--- tags: - sentence-transformers - feature-extraction - sentence-similarity - transformers - mteb model-index: - name: bge-large-en-v1.5 results: - task: type: Classification dataset: type: mteb/amazon_counterfactual name: MTEB AmazonCounterfactualClassification (en) config: en split: test revision: e8379541af4e31359cca9fbcf4b00f2671dba205 metrics: - type: accuracy value: 75.8507462686567 - type: ap value: 38.566457320228245 - type: f1 value: 69.69386648043475 - task: type: Classification dataset: type: mteb/amazon_polarity name: MTEB AmazonPolarityClassification config: default split: test revision: e2d317d38cd51312af73b3d32a06d1a08b442046 metrics: - type: accuracy value: 92.416675 - type: ap value: 89.1928861155922 - type: f1 value: 92.39477019574215 - task: type: Classification dataset: type: mteb/amazon_reviews_multi name: MTEB AmazonReviewsClassification (en) config: en split: test revision: 1399c76144fd37290681b995c656ef9b2e06e26d metrics: - type: accuracy value: 48.175999999999995 - type: f1 value: 47.80712792870253 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: arguana name: MTEB ArguAna config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 40.184999999999995 - type: map_at_10 value: 55.654 - type: map_at_100 value: 56.25 - type: map_at_1000 value: 56.255 - type: map_at_3 value: 51.742999999999995 - type: map_at_5 value: 54.129000000000005 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 40.967 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 55.96 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 56.54900000000001 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 56.554 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 51.980000000000004 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 54.44 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 40.184999999999995 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 63.542 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 65.96499999999999 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 66.08699999999999 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 55.582 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 59.855000000000004 - type: precision_at_1 value: 40.184999999999995 - type: precision_at_10 value: 8.841000000000001 - type: precision_at_100 value: 0.987 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.1 - type: precision_at_3 value: 22.238 - type: precision_at_5 value: 15.405 - type: recall_at_1 value: 40.184999999999995 - type: recall_at_10 value: 88.407 - type: recall_at_100 value: 98.72 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 99.644 - type: recall_at_3 value: 66.714 - type: recall_at_5 value: 77.027 - task: type: Clustering dataset: type: mteb/arxiv-clustering-p2p name: MTEB ArxivClusteringP2P config: default split: test revision: a122ad7f3f0291bf49cc6f4d32aa80929df69d5d metrics: - type: v_measure value: 48.567077926750066 - task: type: Clustering dataset: type: mteb/arxiv-clustering-s2s name: MTEB ArxivClusteringS2S config: default split: test revision: f910caf1a6075f7329cdf8c1a6135696f37dbd53 metrics: - type: v_measure value: 43.19453389182364 - task: type: Reranking dataset: type: mteb/askubuntudupquestions-reranking name: MTEB AskUbuntuDupQuestions config: default split: test revision: 2000358ca161889fa9c082cb41daa8dcfb161a54 metrics: - type: map value: 64.46555939623092 - type: mrr value: 77.82361605768807 - task: type: STS dataset: type: mteb/biosses-sts name: MTEB BIOSSES config: default split: test revision: d3fb88f8f02e40887cd149695127462bbcf29b4a metrics: - type: cos_sim_pearson value: 84.9554128814735 - type: cos_sim_spearman value: 84.65373612172036 - type: euclidean_pearson value: 83.2905059954138 - type: euclidean_spearman value: 84.52240782811128 - type: manhattan_pearson value: 82.99533802997436 - type: manhattan_spearman value: 84.20673798475734 - task: type: Classification dataset: type: mteb/banking77 name: MTEB Banking77Classification config: default split: test revision: 0fd18e25b25c072e09e0d92ab615fda904d66300 metrics: - type: accuracy value: 87.78896103896103 - type: f1 value: 87.77189310964883 - task: type: Clustering dataset: type: mteb/biorxiv-clustering-p2p name: MTEB BiorxivClusteringP2P config: default split: test revision: 65b79d1d13f80053f67aca9498d9402c2d9f1f40 metrics: - type: v_measure value: 39.714538337650495 - task: type: Clustering dataset: type: mteb/biorxiv-clustering-s2s name: MTEB BiorxivClusteringS2S config: default split: test revision: 258694dd0231531bc1fd9de6ceb52a0853c6d908 metrics: - type: v_measure value: 36.90108349284447 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: BeIR/cqadupstack name: MTEB CQADupstackAndroidRetrieval config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 32.795 - type: map_at_10 value: 43.669000000000004 - type: map_at_100 value: 45.151 - type: map_at_1000 value: 45.278 - type: map_at_3 value: 40.006 - type: map_at_5 value: 42.059999999999995 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 39.771 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 49.826 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 50.504000000000005 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 50.549 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 47.115 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 48.832 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 39.771 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 50.217999999999996 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 55.454 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 57.37 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 44.885000000000005 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 47.419 - type: precision_at_1 value: 39.771 - type: precision_at_10 value: 9.642000000000001 - type: precision_at_100 value: 1.538 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.198 - type: precision_at_3 value: 21.268 - type: precision_at_5 value: 15.536 - type: recall_at_1 value: 32.795 - type: recall_at_10 value: 62.580999999999996 - type: recall_at_100 value: 84.438 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 96.492 - type: recall_at_3 value: 47.071000000000005 - type: recall_at_5 value: 54.079 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: BeIR/cqadupstack name: MTEB CQADupstackEnglishRetrieval config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 32.671 - type: map_at_10 value: 43.334 - type: map_at_100 value: 44.566 - type: map_at_1000 value: 44.702999999999996 - type: map_at_3 value: 40.343 - type: map_at_5 value: 41.983 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 40.764 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 49.382 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 49.988 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 50.03300000000001 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 47.293 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 48.51 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 40.764 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 49.039 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 53.259 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 55.253 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 45.091 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 46.839999999999996 - type: precision_at_1 value: 40.764 - type: precision_at_10 value: 9.191 - type: precision_at_100 value: 1.476 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.19499999999999998 - type: precision_at_3 value: 21.72 - type: precision_at_5 value: 15.299 - type: recall_at_1 value: 32.671 - type: recall_at_10 value: 58.816 - type: recall_at_100 value: 76.654 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 89.05999999999999 - type: recall_at_3 value: 46.743 - type: recall_at_5 value: 51.783 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: BeIR/cqadupstack name: MTEB CQADupstackGamingRetrieval config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 40.328 - type: map_at_10 value: 53.32599999999999 - type: map_at_100 value: 54.37499999999999 - type: map_at_1000 value: 54.429 - type: map_at_3 value: 49.902 - type: map_at_5 value: 52.002 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 46.332 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 56.858 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 57.522 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 57.54899999999999 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 54.472 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 55.996 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 46.332 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 59.313 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 63.266999999999996 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 64.36 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 53.815000000000005 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 56.814 - type: precision_at_1 value: 46.332 - type: precision_at_10 value: 9.53 - type: precision_at_100 value: 1.238 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.13699999999999998 - type: precision_at_3 value: 24.054000000000002 - type: precision_at_5 value: 16.589000000000002 - type: recall_at_1 value: 40.328 - type: recall_at_10 value: 73.421 - type: recall_at_100 value: 90.059 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 97.81 - type: recall_at_3 value: 59.009 - type: recall_at_5 value: 66.352 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: BeIR/cqadupstack name: MTEB CQADupstackGisRetrieval config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 27.424 - type: map_at_10 value: 36.332 - type: map_at_100 value: 37.347 - type: map_at_1000 value: 37.422 - type: map_at_3 value: 33.743 - type: map_at_5 value: 35.176 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 29.153000000000002 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 38.233 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 39.109 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 39.164 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 35.876000000000005 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 37.169000000000004 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 29.153000000000002 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 41.439 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 46.42 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 48.242000000000004 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 36.362 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 38.743 - type: precision_at_1 value: 29.153000000000002 - type: precision_at_10 value: 6.315999999999999 - type: precision_at_100 value: 0.927 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.11199999999999999 - type: precision_at_3 value: 15.443000000000001 - type: precision_at_5 value: 10.644 - type: recall_at_1 value: 27.424 - type: recall_at_10 value: 55.364000000000004 - type: recall_at_100 value: 78.211 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 91.74600000000001 - type: recall_at_3 value: 41.379 - type: recall_at_5 value: 47.14 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: BeIR/cqadupstack name: MTEB CQADupstackMathematicaRetrieval config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 19.601 - type: map_at_10 value: 27.826 - type: map_at_100 value: 29.017 - type: map_at_1000 value: 29.137 - type: map_at_3 value: 25.125999999999998 - type: map_at_5 value: 26.765 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 24.005000000000003 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 32.716 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 33.631 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 33.694 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 29.934 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 31.630999999999997 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 24.005000000000003 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 33.158 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 38.739000000000004 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 41.495 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 28.185 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 30.796 - type: precision_at_1 value: 24.005000000000003 - type: precision_at_10 value: 5.908 - type: precision_at_100 value: 1.005 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.13899999999999998 - type: precision_at_3 value: 13.391 - type: precision_at_5 value: 9.876 - type: recall_at_1 value: 19.601 - type: recall_at_10 value: 44.746 - type: recall_at_100 value: 68.82300000000001 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 88.215 - type: recall_at_3 value: 31.239 - type: recall_at_5 value: 37.695 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: BeIR/cqadupstack name: MTEB CQADupstackPhysicsRetrieval config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 30.130000000000003 - type: map_at_10 value: 40.96 - type: map_at_100 value: 42.282 - type: map_at_1000 value: 42.392 - type: map_at_3 value: 37.889 - type: map_at_5 value: 39.661 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 36.958999999999996 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 46.835 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 47.644 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 47.688 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 44.562000000000005 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 45.938 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 36.958999999999996 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 47.06 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 52.345 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 54.35 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 42.301 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 44.635999999999996 - type: precision_at_1 value: 36.958999999999996 - type: precision_at_10 value: 8.479000000000001 - type: precision_at_100 value: 1.284 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.163 - type: precision_at_3 value: 20.244 - type: precision_at_5 value: 14.224999999999998 - type: recall_at_1 value: 30.130000000000003 - type: recall_at_10 value: 59.27 - type: recall_at_100 value: 81.195 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 94.21199999999999 - type: recall_at_3 value: 45.885 - type: recall_at_5 value: 52.016 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: BeIR/cqadupstack name: MTEB CQADupstackProgrammersRetrieval config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 26.169999999999998 - type: map_at_10 value: 36.451 - type: map_at_100 value: 37.791000000000004 - type: map_at_1000 value: 37.897 - type: map_at_3 value: 33.109 - type: map_at_5 value: 34.937000000000005 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 32.877 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 42.368 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 43.201 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 43.259 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 39.763999999999996 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 41.260000000000005 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 32.877 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 42.659000000000006 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 48.161 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 50.345 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 37.302 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 39.722 - type: precision_at_1 value: 32.877 - type: precision_at_10 value: 7.9 - type: precision_at_100 value: 1.236 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.158 - type: precision_at_3 value: 17.846 - type: precision_at_5 value: 12.9 - type: recall_at_1 value: 26.169999999999998 - type: recall_at_10 value: 55.35 - type: recall_at_100 value: 78.755 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 93.518 - type: recall_at_3 value: 40.176 - type: recall_at_5 value: 46.589000000000006 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: BeIR/cqadupstack name: MTEB CQADupstackRetrieval config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 27.15516666666667 - type: map_at_10 value: 36.65741666666667 - type: map_at_100 value: 37.84991666666666 - type: map_at_1000 value: 37.96316666666667 - type: map_at_3 value: 33.74974999999999 - type: map_at_5 value: 35.3765 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 32.08233333333334 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 41.033833333333334 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 41.84524999999999 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 41.89983333333333 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 38.62008333333333 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 40.03441666666666 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 32.08233333333334 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 42.229 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 47.26716666666667 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 49.43466666666667 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 37.36408333333333 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 39.6715 - type: precision_at_1 value: 32.08233333333334 - type: precision_at_10 value: 7.382583333333334 - type: precision_at_100 value: 1.16625 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.15408333333333332 - type: precision_at_3 value: 17.218 - type: precision_at_5 value: 12.21875 - type: recall_at_1 value: 27.15516666666667 - type: recall_at_10 value: 54.36683333333333 - type: recall_at_100 value: 76.37183333333333 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 91.26183333333333 - type: recall_at_3 value: 40.769916666666674 - type: recall_at_5 value: 46.702333333333335 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: BeIR/cqadupstack name: MTEB CQADupstackStatsRetrieval config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 25.749 - type: map_at_10 value: 33.001999999999995 - type: map_at_100 value: 33.891 - type: map_at_1000 value: 33.993 - type: map_at_3 value: 30.703999999999997 - type: map_at_5 value: 31.959 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 28.834 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 35.955 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 36.709 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 36.779 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 33.947 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 35.089 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 28.834 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 37.329 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 41.79 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 44.169000000000004 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 33.184999999999995 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 35.107 - type: precision_at_1 value: 28.834 - type: precision_at_10 value: 5.7669999999999995 - type: precision_at_100 value: 0.876 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.11399999999999999 - type: precision_at_3 value: 14.213000000000001 - type: precision_at_5 value: 9.754999999999999 - type: recall_at_1 value: 25.749 - type: recall_at_10 value: 47.791 - type: recall_at_100 value: 68.255 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 85.749 - type: recall_at_3 value: 36.199 - type: recall_at_5 value: 41.071999999999996 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: BeIR/cqadupstack name: MTEB CQADupstackTexRetrieval config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 17.777 - type: map_at_10 value: 25.201 - type: map_at_100 value: 26.423999999999996 - type: map_at_1000 value: 26.544 - type: map_at_3 value: 22.869 - type: map_at_5 value: 24.023 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 21.473 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 29.12 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 30.144 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 30.215999999999998 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 26.933 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 28.051 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 21.473 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 30.003 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 35.766 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 38.501000000000005 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 25.773000000000003 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 27.462999999999997 - type: precision_at_1 value: 21.473 - type: precision_at_10 value: 5.482 - type: precision_at_100 value: 0.975 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.13799999999999998 - type: precision_at_3 value: 12.205 - type: precision_at_5 value: 8.692 - type: recall_at_1 value: 17.777 - type: recall_at_10 value: 40.582 - type: recall_at_100 value: 66.305 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 85.636 - type: recall_at_3 value: 28.687 - type: recall_at_5 value: 33.089 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: BeIR/cqadupstack name: MTEB CQADupstackUnixRetrieval config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 26.677 - type: map_at_10 value: 36.309000000000005 - type: map_at_100 value: 37.403999999999996 - type: map_at_1000 value: 37.496 - type: map_at_3 value: 33.382 - type: map_at_5 value: 34.98 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 31.343 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 40.549 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 41.342 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 41.397 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 38.029 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 39.451 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 31.343 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 42.1 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 47.089999999999996 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 49.222 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 36.836999999999996 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 39.21 - type: precision_at_1 value: 31.343 - type: precision_at_10 value: 7.164 - type: precision_at_100 value: 1.0959999999999999 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.13899999999999998 - type: precision_at_3 value: 16.915 - type: precision_at_5 value: 11.940000000000001 - type: recall_at_1 value: 26.677 - type: recall_at_10 value: 55.54599999999999 - type: recall_at_100 value: 77.094 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 92.01 - type: recall_at_3 value: 41.191 - type: recall_at_5 value: 47.006 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: BeIR/cqadupstack name: MTEB CQADupstackWebmastersRetrieval config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 24.501 - type: map_at_10 value: 33.102 - type: map_at_100 value: 34.676 - type: map_at_1000 value: 34.888000000000005 - type: map_at_3 value: 29.944 - type: map_at_5 value: 31.613999999999997 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 29.447000000000003 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 37.996 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 38.946 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 38.995000000000005 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 35.079 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 36.69 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 29.447000000000003 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 39.232 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 45.247 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 47.613 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 33.922999999999995 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 36.284 - type: precision_at_1 value: 29.447000000000003 - type: precision_at_10 value: 7.648000000000001 - type: precision_at_100 value: 1.516 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.23900000000000002 - type: precision_at_3 value: 16.008 - type: precision_at_5 value: 11.779 - type: recall_at_1 value: 24.501 - type: recall_at_10 value: 51.18899999999999 - type: recall_at_100 value: 78.437 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 92.842 - type: recall_at_3 value: 35.808 - type: recall_at_5 value: 42.197 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: BeIR/cqadupstack name: MTEB CQADupstackWordpressRetrieval config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 22.039 - type: map_at_10 value: 30.377 - type: map_at_100 value: 31.275 - type: map_at_1000 value: 31.379 - type: map_at_3 value: 27.98 - type: map_at_5 value: 29.358 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 24.03 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 32.568000000000005 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 33.403 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 33.475 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 30.436999999999998 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 31.796000000000003 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 24.03 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 35.198 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 39.668 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 42.296 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 30.709999999999997 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 33.024 - type: precision_at_1 value: 24.03 - type: precision_at_10 value: 5.564 - type: precision_at_100 value: 0.828 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.117 - type: precision_at_3 value: 13.309000000000001 - type: precision_at_5 value: 9.39 - type: recall_at_1 value: 22.039 - type: recall_at_10 value: 47.746 - type: recall_at_100 value: 68.23599999999999 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 87.852 - type: recall_at_3 value: 35.852000000000004 - type: recall_at_5 value: 41.410000000000004 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: climate-fever name: MTEB ClimateFEVER config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 15.692999999999998 - type: map_at_10 value: 26.903 - type: map_at_100 value: 28.987000000000002 - type: map_at_1000 value: 29.176999999999996 - type: map_at_3 value: 22.137 - type: map_at_5 value: 24.758 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 35.57 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 47.821999999999996 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 48.608000000000004 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 48.638999999999996 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 44.452000000000005 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 46.546 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 35.57 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 36.567 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 44.085 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 47.24 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 29.964000000000002 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 32.511 - type: precision_at_1 value: 35.57 - type: precision_at_10 value: 11.485 - type: precision_at_100 value: 1.9619999999999997 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.256 - type: precision_at_3 value: 22.237000000000002 - type: precision_at_5 value: 17.471999999999998 - type: recall_at_1 value: 15.692999999999998 - type: recall_at_10 value: 43.056 - type: recall_at_100 value: 68.628 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 86.075 - type: recall_at_3 value: 26.918999999999997 - type: recall_at_5 value: 34.14 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: dbpedia-entity name: MTEB DBPedia config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 9.53 - type: map_at_10 value: 20.951 - type: map_at_100 value: 30.136000000000003 - type: map_at_1000 value: 31.801000000000002 - type: map_at_3 value: 15.021 - type: map_at_5 value: 17.471999999999998 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 71.0 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 79.176 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 79.418 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 79.426 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 78.125 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 78.61200000000001 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 58.5 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 44.106 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 49.268 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 56.711999999999996 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 48.934 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 45.826 - type: precision_at_1 value: 71.0 - type: precision_at_10 value: 35.0 - type: precision_at_100 value: 11.360000000000001 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 2.046 - type: precision_at_3 value: 52.833 - type: precision_at_5 value: 44.15 - type: recall_at_1 value: 9.53 - type: recall_at_10 value: 26.811 - type: recall_at_100 value: 55.916999999999994 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 79.973 - type: recall_at_3 value: 16.413 - type: recall_at_5 value: 19.980999999999998 - task: type: Classification dataset: type: mteb/emotion name: MTEB EmotionClassification config: default split: test revision: 4f58c6b202a23cf9a4da393831edf4f9183cad37 metrics: - type: accuracy value: 51.519999999999996 - type: f1 value: 46.36601294761231 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: fever name: MTEB FEVER config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 74.413 - type: map_at_10 value: 83.414 - type: map_at_100 value: 83.621 - type: map_at_1000 value: 83.635 - type: map_at_3 value: 82.337 - type: map_at_5 value: 83.039 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 80.19800000000001 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 87.715 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 87.778 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 87.779 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 87.106 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 87.555 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 80.19800000000001 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 87.182 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 87.90299999999999 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 88.143 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 85.60600000000001 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 86.541 - type: precision_at_1 value: 80.19800000000001 - type: precision_at_10 value: 10.531 - type: precision_at_100 value: 1.113 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.11499999999999999 - type: precision_at_3 value: 32.933 - type: precision_at_5 value: 20.429 - type: recall_at_1 value: 74.413 - type: recall_at_10 value: 94.363 - type: recall_at_100 value: 97.165 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 98.668 - type: recall_at_3 value: 90.108 - type: recall_at_5 value: 92.52 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: fiqa name: MTEB FiQA2018 config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 22.701 - type: map_at_10 value: 37.122 - type: map_at_100 value: 39.178000000000004 - type: map_at_1000 value: 39.326 - type: map_at_3 value: 32.971000000000004 - type: map_at_5 value: 35.332 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 44.753 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 53.452 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 54.198 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 54.225 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 50.952 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 52.464 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 44.753 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 45.021 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 52.028 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 54.596000000000004 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 41.622 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 42.736000000000004 - type: precision_at_1 value: 44.753 - type: precision_at_10 value: 12.284 - type: precision_at_100 value: 1.955 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.243 - type: precision_at_3 value: 27.828999999999997 - type: precision_at_5 value: 20.061999999999998 - type: recall_at_1 value: 22.701 - type: recall_at_10 value: 51.432 - type: recall_at_100 value: 77.009 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 92.511 - type: recall_at_3 value: 37.919000000000004 - type: recall_at_5 value: 44.131 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: hotpotqa name: MTEB HotpotQA config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 40.189 - type: map_at_10 value: 66.24600000000001 - type: map_at_100 value: 67.098 - type: map_at_1000 value: 67.149 - type: map_at_3 value: 62.684 - type: map_at_5 value: 64.974 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 80.378 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 86.127 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 86.29299999999999 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 86.297 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 85.31400000000001 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 85.858 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 80.378 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 74.101 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 76.993 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 77.948 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 69.232 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 72.04599999999999 - type: precision_at_1 value: 80.378 - type: precision_at_10 value: 15.595999999999998 - type: precision_at_100 value: 1.7840000000000003 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.191 - type: precision_at_3 value: 44.884 - type: precision_at_5 value: 29.145 - type: recall_at_1 value: 40.189 - type: recall_at_10 value: 77.981 - type: recall_at_100 value: 89.21 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 95.48299999999999 - type: recall_at_3 value: 67.326 - type: recall_at_5 value: 72.863 - task: type: Classification dataset: type: mteb/imdb name: MTEB ImdbClassification config: default split: test revision: 3d86128a09e091d6018b6d26cad27f2739fc2db7 metrics: - type: accuracy value: 92.84599999999999 - type: ap value: 89.4710787567357 - type: f1 value: 92.83752676932258 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: msmarco name: MTEB MSMARCO config: default split: dev revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 23.132 - type: map_at_10 value: 35.543 - type: map_at_100 value: 36.702 - type: map_at_1000 value: 36.748999999999995 - type: map_at_3 value: 31.737 - type: map_at_5 value: 33.927 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 23.782 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 36.204 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 37.29 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 37.330999999999996 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 32.458999999999996 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 34.631 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 23.782 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 42.492999999999995 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 47.985 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 49.141 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 34.748000000000005 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 38.651 - type: precision_at_1 value: 23.782 - type: precision_at_10 value: 6.665 - type: precision_at_100 value: 0.941 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.104 - type: precision_at_3 value: 14.776 - type: precision_at_5 value: 10.84 - type: recall_at_1 value: 23.132 - type: recall_at_10 value: 63.794 - type: recall_at_100 value: 89.027 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 97.807 - type: recall_at_3 value: 42.765 - type: recall_at_5 value: 52.11 - task: type: Classification dataset: type: mteb/mtop_domain name: MTEB MTOPDomainClassification (en) config: en split: test revision: d80d48c1eb48d3562165c59d59d0034df9fff0bf metrics: - type: accuracy value: 94.59188326493388 - type: f1 value: 94.3842594786827 - task: type: Classification dataset: type: mteb/mtop_intent name: MTEB MTOPIntentClassification (en) config: en split: test revision: ae001d0e6b1228650b7bd1c2c65fb50ad11a8aba metrics: - type: accuracy value: 79.49384404924761 - type: f1 value: 59.7580539534629 - task: type: Classification dataset: type: mteb/amazon_massive_intent name: MTEB MassiveIntentClassification (en) config: en split: test revision: 31efe3c427b0bae9c22cbb560b8f15491cc6bed7 metrics: - type: accuracy value: 77.56220578345663 - type: f1 value: 75.27228165561478 - task: type: Classification dataset: type: mteb/amazon_massive_scenario name: MTEB MassiveScenarioClassification (en) config: en split: test revision: 7d571f92784cd94a019292a1f45445077d0ef634 metrics: - type: accuracy value: 80.53463349024884 - type: f1 value: 80.4893958236536 - task: type: Clustering dataset: type: mteb/medrxiv-clustering-p2p name: MTEB MedrxivClusteringP2P config: default split: test revision: e7a26af6f3ae46b30dde8737f02c07b1505bcc73 metrics: - type: v_measure value: 32.56100273484962 - task: type: Clustering dataset: type: mteb/medrxiv-clustering-s2s name: MTEB MedrxivClusteringS2S config: default split: test revision: 35191c8c0dca72d8ff3efcd72aa802307d469663 metrics: - type: v_measure value: 31.470380028839607 - task: type: Reranking dataset: type: mteb/mind_small name: MTEB MindSmallReranking config: default split: test revision: 3bdac13927fdc888b903db93b2ffdbd90b295a69 metrics: - type: map value: 32.06102792457849 - type: mrr value: 33.30709199672238 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: nfcorpus name: MTEB NFCorpus config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 6.776999999999999 - type: map_at_10 value: 14.924000000000001 - type: map_at_100 value: 18.955 - type: map_at_1000 value: 20.538999999999998 - type: map_at_3 value: 10.982 - type: map_at_5 value: 12.679000000000002 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 47.988 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 57.232000000000006 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 57.818999999999996 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 57.847 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 54.901999999999994 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 56.481 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 46.594 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 38.129000000000005 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 35.54 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 44.172 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 43.025999999999996 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 41.052 - type: precision_at_1 value: 47.988 - type: precision_at_10 value: 28.111000000000004 - type: precision_at_100 value: 8.929 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 2.185 - type: precision_at_3 value: 40.144000000000005 - type: precision_at_5 value: 35.232 - type: recall_at_1 value: 6.776999999999999 - type: recall_at_10 value: 19.289 - type: recall_at_100 value: 36.359 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 67.54 - type: recall_at_3 value: 11.869 - type: recall_at_5 value: 14.999 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: nq name: MTEB NQ config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 31.108000000000004 - type: map_at_10 value: 47.126000000000005 - type: map_at_100 value: 48.171 - type: map_at_1000 value: 48.199 - type: map_at_3 value: 42.734 - type: map_at_5 value: 45.362 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 34.936 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 49.571 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 50.345 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 50.363 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 45.959 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 48.165 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 34.936 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 55.028999999999996 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 59.244 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 59.861 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 46.872 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 51.217999999999996 - type: precision_at_1 value: 34.936 - type: precision_at_10 value: 9.099 - type: precision_at_100 value: 1.145 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.12 - type: precision_at_3 value: 21.456 - type: precision_at_5 value: 15.411 - type: recall_at_1 value: 31.108000000000004 - type: recall_at_10 value: 76.53999999999999 - type: recall_at_100 value: 94.39 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 98.947 - type: recall_at_3 value: 55.572 - type: recall_at_5 value: 65.525 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: quora name: MTEB QuoraRetrieval config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 71.56400000000001 - type: map_at_10 value: 85.482 - type: map_at_100 value: 86.114 - type: map_at_1000 value: 86.13 - type: map_at_3 value: 82.607 - type: map_at_5 value: 84.405 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 82.42 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 88.304 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 88.399 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 88.399 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 87.37 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 88.024 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 82.45 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 89.06500000000001 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 90.232 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 90.305 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 86.375 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 87.85300000000001 - type: precision_at_1 value: 82.45 - type: precision_at_10 value: 13.486999999999998 - type: precision_at_100 value: 1.534 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.157 - type: precision_at_3 value: 37.813 - type: precision_at_5 value: 24.773999999999997 - type: recall_at_1 value: 71.56400000000001 - type: recall_at_10 value: 95.812 - type: recall_at_100 value: 99.7 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 99.979 - type: recall_at_3 value: 87.966 - type: recall_at_5 value: 92.268 - task: type: Clustering dataset: type: mteb/reddit-clustering name: MTEB RedditClustering config: default split: test revision: 24640382cdbf8abc73003fb0fa6d111a705499eb metrics: - type: v_measure value: 57.241876648614145 - task: type: Clustering dataset: type: mteb/reddit-clustering-p2p name: MTEB RedditClusteringP2P config: default split: test revision: 282350215ef01743dc01b456c7f5241fa8937f16 metrics: - type: v_measure value: 64.66212576446223 - task: type: Retrieval dataset: type: scidocs name: MTEB SCIDOCS config: default split: test revision: None metrics: - type: map_at_1 value: 5.308 - type: map_at_10 value: 13.803 - type: map_at_100 value: 16.176 - type: map_at_1000 value: 16.561 - type: map_at_3 value: 9.761000000000001 - type: map_at_5 value: 11.802 - type: mrr_at_1 value: 26.200000000000003 - type: mrr_at_10 value: 37.621 - type: mrr_at_100 value: 38.767 - type: mrr_at_1000 value: 38.815 - type: mrr_at_3 value: 34.117 - type: mrr_at_5 value: 36.107 - type: ndcg_at_1 value: 26.200000000000003 - type: ndcg_at_10 value: 22.64 - type: ndcg_at_100 value: 31.567 - type: ndcg_at_1000 value: 37.623 - type: ndcg_at_3 value: 21.435000000000002 - type: ndcg_at_5 value: 18.87 - type: precision_at_1 value: 26.200000000000003 - type: precision_at_10 value: 11.74 - type: precision_at_100 value: 2.465 - type: precision_at_1000 value: 0.391 - type: precision_at_3 value: 20.033 - type: precision_at_5 value: 16.64 - type: recall_at_1 value: 5.308 - type: recall_at_10 value: 23.794999999999998 - type: recall_at_100 value: 50.015 - type: recall_at_1000 value: 79.283 - type: recall_at_3 value: 12.178 - type: recall_at_5 value: 16.882 - task: type: STS dataset: type: mteb/sickr-sts name: MTEB SICK-R config: default split: test revision: a6ea5a8cab320b040a23452cc28066d9beae2cee metrics: - type: cos_sim_pearson value: 84.93231134675553 - type: cos_sim_spearman value: 81.68319292603205 - type: euclidean_pearson value: 81.8396814380367 - type: euclidean_spearman value: 81.24641903349945 - type: manhattan_pearson value: 81.84698799204274 - type: manhattan_spearman value: 81.24269997904105 - task: type: STS dataset: type: mteb/sts12-sts name: MTEB STS12 config: default split: test revision: a0d554a64d88156834ff5ae9920b964011b16384 metrics: - type: cos_sim_pearson value: 86.73241671587446 - type: cos_sim_spearman value: 79.05091082971826 - type: euclidean_pearson value: 83.91146869578044 - type: euclidean_spearman value: 79.87978465370936 - type: manhattan_pearson value: 83.90888338917678 - type: manhattan_spearman value: 79.87482848584241 - task: type: STS dataset: type: mteb/sts13-sts name: MTEB STS13 config: default split: test revision: 7e90230a92c190f1bf69ae9002b8cea547a64cca metrics: - type: cos_sim_pearson value: 85.14970731146177 - type: cos_sim_spearman value: 86.37363490084627 - type: euclidean_pearson value: 83.02154218530433 - type: euclidean_spearman value: 83.80258761957367 - type: manhattan_pearson value: 83.01664495119347 - 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type: cos_sim_pearson value: 84.95069052788875 - type: cos_sim_spearman value: 86.4867991595147 - type: euclidean_pearson value: 84.31013325754635 - type: euclidean_spearman value: 85.01529258006482 - type: manhattan_pearson value: 84.26995570085374 - type: manhattan_spearman value: 84.96982104986162 - task: type: STS dataset: type: mteb/sts17-crosslingual-sts name: MTEB STS17 (en-en) config: en-en split: test revision: af5e6fb845001ecf41f4c1e033ce921939a2a68d metrics: - type: cos_sim_pearson value: 87.54617647971897 - type: cos_sim_spearman value: 87.49834181751034 - type: euclidean_pearson value: 86.01015322577122 - type: euclidean_spearman value: 84.63362652063199 - type: manhattan_pearson value: 86.13807574475706 - type: manhattan_spearman value: 84.7772370721132 - task: type: STS dataset: type: mteb/sts22-crosslingual-sts name: MTEB STS22 (en) config: en split: test revision: 6d1ba47164174a496b7fa5d3569dae26a6813b80 metrics: - type: cos_sim_pearson value: 67.20047755786615 - type: cos_sim_spearman value: 67.05324077987636 - 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type: max_f1 value: 77.6957163958641 license: mit language: - en ---

FlagEmbedding

Model List | FAQ | Usage | Evaluation | Train | Contact | Citation | License

More details please refer to our Github: [FlagEmbedding](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding). [English](README.md) | [中文](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/blob/master/README_zh.md) FlagEmbedding can map any text to a low-dimensional dense vector which can be used for tasks like retrieval, classification, clustering, or semantic search. And it also can be used in vector databases for LLMs. ************* 🌟**Updates**🌟 ************* - 10/12/2023: Release [LLM-Embedder](./FlagEmbedding/llm_embedder/README.md), a unified embedding model to support diverse retrieval augmentation needs for LLMs. [Paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.07554.pdf) :fire: - 09/15/2023: The [technical report](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.07597.pdf) of BGE has been released - 09/15/2023: The [masive training data](https://data.baai.ac.cn/details/BAAI-MTP) of BGE has been released - 09/12/2023: New models: - **New reranker model**: release cross-encoder models `BAAI/bge-reranker-base` and `BAAI/bge-reranker-large`, which are more powerful than embedding model. We recommend to use/fine-tune them to re-rank top-k documents returned by embedding models. - **update embedding model**: release `bge-*-v1.5` embedding model to alleviate the issue of the similarity distribution, and enhance its retrieval ability without instruction.
More - 09/07/2023: Update [fine-tune code](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/blob/master/FlagEmbedding/baai_general_embedding/README.md): Add script to mine hard negatives and support adding instruction during fine-tuning. - 08/09/2023: BGE Models are integrated into **Langchain**, you can use it like [this](#using-langchain); C-MTEB **leaderboard** is [available](https://huggingface.co/spaces/mteb/leaderboard). - 08/05/2023: Release base-scale and small-scale models, **best performance among the models of the same size 🤗** - 08/02/2023: Release `bge-large-*`(short for BAAI General Embedding) Models, **rank 1st on MTEB and C-MTEB benchmark!** :tada: :tada: - 08/01/2023: We release the [Chinese Massive Text Embedding Benchmark](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/blob/master/C_MTEB) (**C-MTEB**), consisting of 31 test dataset.
## Model List `bge` is short for `BAAI general embedding`. | Model | Language | | Description | query instruction for retrieval [1] | |:-------------------------------|:--------:| :--------:| :--------:|:--------:| | [BAAI/llm-embedder](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/llm-embedder) | English | [Inference](./FlagEmbedding/llm_embedder/README.md) [Fine-tune](./FlagEmbedding/llm_embedder/README.md) | a unified embedding model to support diverse retrieval augmentation needs for LLMs | See [README](./FlagEmbedding/llm_embedder/README.md) | | [BAAI/bge-reranker-large](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-reranker-large) | Chinese and English | [Inference](#usage-for-reranker) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/reranker) | a cross-encoder model which is more accurate but less efficient [2] | | | [BAAI/bge-reranker-base](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-reranker-base) | Chinese and English | [Inference](#usage-for-reranker) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/reranker) | a cross-encoder model which is more accurate but less efficient [2] | | | [BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5) | English | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | version 1.5 with more reasonable similarity distribution | `Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: ` | | [BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5) | English | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | version 1.5 with more reasonable similarity distribution | `Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: ` | | [BAAI/bge-small-en-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-small-en-v1.5) | English | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | version 1.5 with more reasonable similarity distribution | `Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: ` | | [BAAI/bge-large-zh-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-zh-v1.5) | Chinese | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | version 1.5 with more reasonable similarity distribution | `为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章：` | | [BAAI/bge-base-zh-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-base-zh-v1.5) | Chinese | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | version 1.5 with more reasonable similarity distribution | `为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章：` | | [BAAI/bge-small-zh-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-small-zh-v1.5) | Chinese | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | version 1.5 with more reasonable similarity distribution | `为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章：` | | [BAAI/bge-large-en](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-en) | English | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | :trophy: rank **1st** in [MTEB](https://huggingface.co/spaces/mteb/leaderboard) leaderboard | `Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: ` | | [BAAI/bge-base-en](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-base-en) | English | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | a base-scale model but with similar ability to `bge-large-en` | `Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: ` | | [BAAI/bge-small-en](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-small-en) | English | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) |a small-scale model but with competitive performance | `Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: ` | | [BAAI/bge-large-zh](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-zh) | Chinese | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | :trophy: rank **1st** in [C-MTEB](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/C_MTEB) benchmark | `为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章：` | | [BAAI/bge-base-zh](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-base-zh) | Chinese | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | a base-scale model but with similar ability to `bge-large-zh` | `为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章：` | | [BAAI/bge-small-zh](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-small-zh) | Chinese | [Inference](#usage-for-embedding-model) [Fine-tune](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) | a small-scale model but with competitive performance | `为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章：` | [1\]: If you need to search the relevant passages to a query, we suggest to add the instruction to the query; in other cases, no instruction is needed, just use the original query directly. In all cases, **no instruction** needs to be added to passages. [2\]: Different from embedding model, reranker uses question and document as input and directly output similarity instead of embedding. To balance the accuracy and time cost, cross-encoder is widely used to re-rank top-k documents retrieved by other simple models. For examples, use bge embedding model to retrieve top 100 relevant documents, and then use bge reranker to re-rank the top 100 document to get the final top-3 results. All models have been uploaded to Huggingface Hub, and you can see them at https://huggingface.co/BAAI. If you cannot open the Huggingface Hub, you also can download the models at https://model.baai.ac.cn/models . ## Frequently asked questions
1. How to fine-tune bge embedding model? Following this [example](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune) to prepare data and fine-tune your model. Some suggestions: - Mine hard negatives following this [example](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune#hard-negatives), which can improve the retrieval performance. - If you pre-train bge on your data, the pre-trained model cannot be directly used to calculate similarity, and it must be fine-tuned with contrastive learning before computing similarity. - If the accuracy of the fine-tuned model is still not high, it is recommended to use/fine-tune the cross-encoder model (bge-reranker) to re-rank top-k results. Hard negatives also are needed to fine-tune reranker.
2. The similarity score between two dissimilar sentences is higher than 0.5 **Suggest to use bge v1.5, which alleviates the issue of the similarity distribution.** Since we finetune the models by contrastive learning with a temperature of 0.01, the similarity distribution of the current BGE model is about in the interval \[0.6, 1\]. So a similarity score greater than 0.5 does not indicate that the two sentences are similar. For downstream tasks, such as passage retrieval or semantic similarity, **what matters is the relative order of the scores, not the absolute value.** If you need to filter similar sentences based on a similarity threshold, please select an appropriate similarity threshold based on the similarity distribution on your data (such as 0.8, 0.85, or even 0.9).
3. When does the query instruction need to be used For the `bge-*-v1.5`, we improve its retrieval ability when not using instruction. No instruction only has a slight degradation in retrieval performance compared with using instruction. So you can generate embedding without instruction in all cases for convenience. For a retrieval task that uses short queries to find long related documents, it is recommended to add instructions for these short queries. **The best method to decide whether to add instructions for queries is choosing the setting that achieves better performance on your task.** In all cases, the documents/passages do not need to add the instruction.
## Usage ### Usage for Embedding Model Here are some examples for using `bge` models with [FlagEmbedding](#using-flagembedding), [Sentence-Transformers](#using-sentence-transformers), [Langchain](#using-langchain), or [Huggingface Transformers](#using-huggingface-transformers). #### Using FlagEmbedding ``` pip install -U FlagEmbedding ``` If it doesn't work for you, you can see [FlagEmbedding](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/blob/master/FlagEmbedding/baai_general_embedding/README.md) for more methods to install FlagEmbedding. ```python from FlagEmbedding import FlagModel sentences_1 = ["样例数据-1", "样例数据-2"] sentences_2 = ["样例数据-3", "样例数据-4"] model = FlagModel('BAAI/bge-large-zh-v1.5', query_instruction_for_retrieval="为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章：", use_fp16=True) # Setting use_fp16 to True speeds up computation with a slight performance degradation embeddings_1 = model.encode(sentences_1) embeddings_2 = model.encode(sentences_2) similarity = embeddings_1 @ embeddings_2.T print(similarity) # for s2p(short query to long passage) retrieval task, suggest to use encode_queries() which will automatically add the instruction to each query # corpus in retrieval task can still use encode() or encode_corpus(), since they don't need instruction queries = ['query_1', 'query_2'] passages = ["样例文档-1", "样例文档-2"] q_embeddings = model.encode_queries(queries) p_embeddings = model.encode(passages) scores = q_embeddings @ p_embeddings.T ``` For the value of the argument `query_instruction_for_retrieval`, see [Model List](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master#model-list). By default, FlagModel will use all available GPUs when encoding. Please set `os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"]` to select specific GPUs. You also can set `os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"]=""` to make all GPUs unavailable. #### Using Sentence-Transformers You can also use the `bge` models with [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net): ``` pip install -U sentence-transformers ``` ```python from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer sentences_1 = ["样例数据-1", "样例数据-2"] sentences_2 = ["样例数据-3", "样例数据-4"] model = SentenceTransformer('BAAI/bge-large-zh-v1.5') embeddings_1 = model.encode(sentences_1, normalize_embeddings=True) embeddings_2 = model.encode(sentences_2, normalize_embeddings=True) similarity = embeddings_1 @ embeddings_2.T print(similarity) ``` For s2p(short query to long passage) retrieval task, each short query should start with an instruction (instructions see [Model List](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master#model-list)). But the instruction is not needed for passages. ```python from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer queries = ['query_1', 'query_2'] passages = ["样例文档-1", "样例文档-2"] instruction = "为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章：" model = SentenceTransformer('BAAI/bge-large-zh-v1.5') q_embeddings = model.encode([instruction+q for q in queries], normalize_embeddings=True) p_embeddings = model.encode(passages, normalize_embeddings=True) scores = q_embeddings @ p_embeddings.T ``` #### Using Langchain You can use `bge` in langchain like this: ```python from langchain.embeddings import HuggingFaceBgeEmbeddings model_name = "BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5" model_kwargs = {'device': 'cuda'} encode_kwargs = {'normalize_embeddings': True} # set True to compute cosine similarity model = HuggingFaceBgeEmbeddings( model_name=model_name, model_kwargs=model_kwargs, encode_kwargs=encode_kwargs, query_instruction="为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章：" ) model.query_instruction = "为这个句子生成表示以用于检索相关文章：" ``` #### Using HuggingFace Transformers With the transformers package, you can use the model like this: First, you pass your input through the transformer model, then you select the last hidden state of the first token (i.e., [CLS]) as the sentence embedding. ```python from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel import torch # Sentences we want sentence embeddings for sentences = ["样例数据-1", "样例数据-2"] # Load model from HuggingFace Hub tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('BAAI/bge-large-zh-v1.5') model = AutoModel.from_pretrained('BAAI/bge-large-zh-v1.5') model.eval() # Tokenize sentences encoded_input = tokenizer(sentences, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt') # for s2p(short query to long passage) retrieval task, add an instruction to query (not add instruction for passages) # encoded_input = tokenizer([instruction + q for q in queries], padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt') # Compute token embeddings with torch.no_grad(): model_output = model(**encoded_input) # Perform pooling. In this case, cls pooling. sentence_embeddings = model_output[0][:, 0] # normalize embeddings sentence_embeddings = torch.nn.functional.normalize(sentence_embeddings, p=2, dim=1) print("Sentence embeddings:", sentence_embeddings) ``` ### Usage for Reranker Different from embedding model, reranker uses question and document as input and directly output similarity instead of embedding. You can get a relevance score by inputting query and passage to the reranker. The reranker is optimized based cross-entropy loss, so the relevance score is not bounded to a specific range. #### Using FlagEmbedding ``` pip install -U FlagEmbedding ``` Get relevance scores (higher scores indicate more relevance): ```python from FlagEmbedding import FlagReranker reranker = FlagReranker('BAAI/bge-reranker-large', use_fp16=True) # Setting use_fp16 to True speeds up computation with a slight performance degradation score = reranker.compute_score(['query', 'passage']) print(score) scores = reranker.compute_score([['what is panda?', 'hi'], ['what is panda?', 'The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), sometimes called a panda bear or simply panda, is a bear species endemic to China.']]) print(scores) ``` #### Using Huggingface transformers ```python import torch from transformers import AutoModelForSequenceClassification, AutoTokenizer tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('BAAI/bge-reranker-large') model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained('BAAI/bge-reranker-large') model.eval() pairs = [['what is panda?', 'hi'], ['what is panda?', 'The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), sometimes called a panda bear or simply panda, is a bear species endemic to China.']] with torch.no_grad(): inputs = tokenizer(pairs, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt', max_length=512) scores = model(**inputs, return_dict=True).logits.view(-1, ).float() print(scores) ``` ## Evaluation `baai-general-embedding` models achieve **state-of-the-art performance on both MTEB and C-MTEB leaderboard!** For more details and evaluation tools see our [scripts](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/blob/master/C_MTEB/README.md). - **MTEB**: | Model Name | Dimension | Sequence Length | Average (56) | Retrieval (15) |Clustering (11) | Pair Classification (3) | Reranking (4) | STS (10) | Summarization (1) | Classification (12) | |:----:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:| | [BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5) | 1024 | 512 | **64.23** | **54.29** | 46.08 | 87.12 | 60.03 | 83.11 | 31.61 | 75.97 | | [BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5) | 768 | 512 | 63.55 | 53.25 | 45.77 | 86.55 | 58.86 | 82.4 | 31.07 | 75.53 | | [BAAI/bge-small-en-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-small-en-v1.5) | 384 | 512 | 62.17 |51.68 | 43.82 | 84.92 | 58.36 | 81.59 | 30.12 | 74.14 | | [bge-large-en](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-en) | 1024 | 512 | 63.98 | 53.9 | 46.98 | 85.8 | 59.48 | 81.56 | 32.06 | 76.21 | | [bge-base-en](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-base-en) | 768 | 512 | 63.36 | 53.0 | 46.32 | 85.86 | 58.7 | 81.84 | 29.27 | 75.27 | | [gte-large](https://huggingface.co/thenlper/gte-large) | 1024 | 512 | 63.13 | 52.22 | 46.84 | 85.00 | 59.13 | 83.35 | 31.66 | 73.33 | | [gte-base](https://huggingface.co/thenlper/gte-base) | 768 | 512 | 62.39 | 51.14 | 46.2 | 84.57 | 58.61 | 82.3 | 31.17 | 73.01 | | [e5-large-v2](https://huggingface.co/intfloat/e5-large-v2) | 1024| 512 | 62.25 | 50.56 | 44.49 | 86.03 | 56.61 | 82.05 | 30.19 | 75.24 | | [bge-small-en](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-small-en) | 384 | 512 | 62.11 | 51.82 | 44.31 | 83.78 | 57.97 | 80.72 | 30.53 | 74.37 | | [instructor-xl](https://huggingface.co/hkunlp/instructor-xl) | 768 | 512 | 61.79 | 49.26 | 44.74 | 86.62 | 57.29 | 83.06 | 32.32 | 61.79 | | [e5-base-v2](https://huggingface.co/intfloat/e5-base-v2) | 768 | 512 | 61.5 | 50.29 | 43.80 | 85.73 | 55.91 | 81.05 | 30.28 | 73.84 | | [gte-small](https://huggingface.co/thenlper/gte-small) | 384 | 512 | 61.36 | 49.46 | 44.89 | 83.54 | 57.7 | 82.07 | 30.42 | 72.31 | | [text-embedding-ada-002](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/embeddings) | 1536 | 8192 | 60.99 | 49.25 | 45.9 | 84.89 | 56.32 | 80.97 | 30.8 | 70.93 | | [e5-small-v2](https://huggingface.co/intfloat/e5-base-v2) | 384 | 512 | 59.93 | 49.04 | 39.92 | 84.67 | 54.32 | 80.39 | 31.16 | 72.94 | | [sentence-t5-xxl](https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/sentence-t5-xxl) | 768 | 512 | 59.51 | 42.24 | 43.72 | 85.06 | 56.42 | 82.63 | 30.08 | 73.42 | | [all-mpnet-base-v2](https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/all-mpnet-base-v2) | 768 | 514 | 57.78 | 43.81 | 43.69 | 83.04 | 59.36 | 80.28 | 27.49 | 65.07 | | [sgpt-bloom-7b1-msmarco](https://huggingface.co/bigscience/sgpt-bloom-7b1-msmarco) | 4096 | 2048 | 57.59 | 48.22 | 38.93 | 81.9 | 55.65 | 77.74 | 33.6 | 66.19 | - **C-MTEB**: We create the benchmark C-MTEB for Chinese text embedding which consists of 31 datasets from 6 tasks. Please refer to [C_MTEB](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/blob/master/C_MTEB/README.md) for a detailed introduction. | Model | Embedding dimension | Avg | Retrieval | STS | PairClassification | Classification | Reranking | Clustering | |:-------------------------------|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:| | [**BAAI/bge-large-zh-v1.5**](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-zh-v1.5) | 1024 | **64.53** | 70.46 | 56.25 | 81.6 | 69.13 | 65.84 | 48.99 | | [BAAI/bge-base-zh-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-base-zh-v1.5) | 768 | 63.13 | 69.49 | 53.72 | 79.75 | 68.07 | 65.39 | 47.53 | | [BAAI/bge-small-zh-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-small-zh-v1.5) | 512 | 57.82 | 61.77 | 49.11 | 70.41 | 63.96 | 60.92 | 44.18 | | [BAAI/bge-large-zh](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-zh) | 1024 | 64.20 | 71.53 | 54.98 | 78.94 | 68.32 | 65.11 | 48.39 | | [bge-large-zh-noinstruct](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-zh-noinstruct) | 1024 | 63.53 | 70.55 | 53 | 76.77 | 68.58 | 64.91 | 50.01 | | [BAAI/bge-base-zh](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-base-zh) | 768 | 62.96 | 69.53 | 54.12 | 77.5 | 67.07 | 64.91 | 47.63 | | [multilingual-e5-large](https://huggingface.co/intfloat/multilingual-e5-large) | 1024 | 58.79 | 63.66 | 48.44 | 69.89 | 67.34 | 56.00 | 48.23 | | [BAAI/bge-small-zh](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-small-zh) | 512 | 58.27 | 63.07 | 49.45 | 70.35 | 63.64 | 61.48 | 45.09 | | [m3e-base](https://huggingface.co/moka-ai/m3e-base) | 768 | 57.10 | 56.91 | 50.47 | 63.99 | 67.52 | 59.34 | 47.68 | | [m3e-large](https://huggingface.co/moka-ai/m3e-large) | 1024 | 57.05 | 54.75 | 50.42 | 64.3 | 68.2 | 59.66 | 48.88 | | [multilingual-e5-base](https://huggingface.co/intfloat/multilingual-e5-base) | 768 | 55.48 | 61.63 | 46.49 | 67.07 | 65.35 | 54.35 | 40.68 | | [multilingual-e5-small](https://huggingface.co/intfloat/multilingual-e5-small) | 384 | 55.38 | 59.95 | 45.27 | 66.45 | 65.85 | 53.86 | 45.26 | | [text-embedding-ada-002(OpenAI)](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/embeddings/what-are-embeddings) | 1536 | 53.02 | 52.0 | 43.35 | 69.56 | 64.31 | 54.28 | 45.68 | | [luotuo](https://huggingface.co/silk-road/luotuo-bert-medium) | 1024 | 49.37 | 44.4 | 42.78 | 66.62 | 61 | 49.25 | 44.39 | | [text2vec-base](https://huggingface.co/shibing624/text2vec-base-chinese) | 768 | 47.63 | 38.79 | 43.41 | 67.41 | 62.19 | 49.45 | 37.66 | | [text2vec-large](https://huggingface.co/GanymedeNil/text2vec-large-chinese) | 1024 | 47.36 | 41.94 | 44.97 | 70.86 | 60.66 | 49.16 | 30.02 | - **Reranking**: See [C_MTEB](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/blob/master/C_MTEB/) for evaluation script. | Model | T2Reranking | T2RerankingZh2En\* | T2RerankingEn2Zh\* | MMarcoReranking | CMedQAv1 | CMedQAv2 | Avg | |:-------------------------------|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:| | text2vec-base-multilingual | 64.66 | 62.94 | 62.51 | 14.37 | 48.46 | 48.6 | 50.26 | | multilingual-e5-small | 65.62 | 60.94 | 56.41 | 29.91 | 67.26 | 66.54 | 57.78 | | multilingual-e5-large | 64.55 | 61.61 | 54.28 | 28.6 | 67.42 | 67.92 | 57.4 | | multilingual-e5-base | 64.21 | 62.13 | 54.68 | 29.5 | 66.23 | 66.98 | 57.29 | | m3e-base | 66.03 | 62.74 | 56.07 | 17.51 | 77.05 | 76.76 | 59.36 | | m3e-large | 66.13 | 62.72 | 56.1 | 16.46 | 77.76 | 78.27 | 59.57 | | bge-base-zh-v1.5 | 66.49 | 63.25 | 57.02 | 29.74 | 80.47 | 84.88 | 63.64 | | bge-large-zh-v1.5 | 65.74 | 63.39 | 57.03 | 28.74 | 83.45 | 85.44 | 63.97 | | [BAAI/bge-reranker-base](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-reranker-base) | 67.28 | 63.95 | 60.45 | 35.46 | 81.26 | 84.1 | 65.42 | | [BAAI/bge-reranker-large](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-reranker-large) | 67.6 | 64.03 | 61.44 | 37.16 | 82.15 | 84.18 | 66.09 | \* : T2RerankingZh2En and T2RerankingEn2Zh are cross-language retrieval tasks ## Train ### BAAI Embedding We pre-train the models using [retromae](https://github.com/staoxiao/RetroMAE) and train them on large-scale pairs data using contrastive learning. **You can fine-tune the embedding model on your data following our [examples](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/finetune).** We also provide a [pre-train example](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/pretrain). Note that the goal of pre-training is to reconstruct the text, and the pre-trained model cannot be used for similarity calculation directly, it needs to be fine-tuned. More training details for bge see [baai_general_embedding](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/blob/master/FlagEmbedding/baai_general_embedding/README.md). ### BGE Reranker Cross-encoder will perform full-attention over the input pair, which is more accurate than embedding model (i.e., bi-encoder) but more time-consuming than embedding model. Therefore, it can be used to re-rank the top-k documents returned by embedding model. We train the cross-encoder on a multilingual pair data, The data format is the same as embedding model, so you can fine-tune it easily following our [example](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/examples/reranker). More details please refer to [./FlagEmbedding/reranker/README.md](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/tree/master/FlagEmbedding/reranker) ## Contact If you have any question or suggestion related to this project, feel free to open an issue or pull request. You also can email Shitao Xiao(stxiao@baai.ac.cn) and Zheng Liu(liuzheng@baai.ac.cn). ## Citation If you find this repository useful, please consider giving a star :star: and citation ``` @misc{bge_embedding, title={C-Pack: Packaged Resources To Advance General Chinese Embedding}, author={Shitao Xiao and Zheng Liu and Peitian Zhang and Niklas Muennighoff}, year={2023}, eprint={2309.07597}, archivePrefix={arXiv}, primaryClass={cs.CL} } ``` ## License FlagEmbedding is licensed under the [MIT License](https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding/blob/master/LICENSE). The released models can be used for commercial purposes free of charge.