world affairs: affairs between nations


international affairs: affairs between nations


operations: financial transactions at a brokerage; having to do with the execution of trades and keeping customer records


trading operations: financial transactions at a brokerage; having to do with the execution of trades and keeping customer records


transfer: transferring ownership


transference: transferring ownership


alienation: (law) the voluntary and absolute transfer of title and possession of real property from one person to another


conveyance: act of transferring property title from one person to another


conveyance of title: act of transferring property title from one person to another


conveyancing: act of transferring property title from one person to another


conveying: act of transferring property title from one person to another


quitclaim: act of transferring a title or right or claim to another


delivery: the voluntary transfer of something (title or possession) from one party to another


livery: the voluntary transfer of something (title or possession) from one party to another


legal transfer: the voluntary transfer of something (title or possession) from one party to another


bailment: the delivery of personal property in trust by the bailor to the bailee


lend-lease: the transfer of goods and services to an ally to aid in a common cause


lease-lend: the transfer of goods and services to an ally to aid in a common cause


secularization: transfer of property from ecclesiastical to civil possession


secularisation: transfer of property from ecclesiastical to civil possession


exchange: the act of giving something in return for something received


barter: an equal exchange


swap: an equal exchange


swop: an equal exchange


trade: an equal exchange


horse trade: the swapping of horses (accompanied by much bargaining)


horse trading: the swapping of horses (accompanied by much bargaining)


logrolling: act of exchanging favors for mutual gain; especially trading of influence or votes among legislators to gain passage of certain projects


deal: a particular instance of buying or selling


trade: a particular instance of buying or selling


business deal: a particular instance of buying or selling


arms deal: a deal to provide military arms


penny ante: a business deal on a trivial scale


downtick: a transaction in the stock market at a price below the price of the preceding transaction


uptick: a transaction in the stock market at a price above the price of the preceding transaction


borrowing: obtaining funds from a lender


pawn: borrowing and leaving an article as security for repayment of the loan


rental: the act of paying for the use of something (as an apartment or house or car)


renting: the act of paying for the use of something (as an apartment or house or car)


Seward's Folly: the transaction in 1867 in which the United States Secretary of State William Henry Seward purchased Alaska from Russia


importing: the commercial activity of buying and bringing in goods from a foreign country


importation: the commercial activity of buying and bringing in goods from a foreign country


exporting: the commercial activity of selling and shipping goods to a foreign country


exportation: the commercial activity of selling and shipping goods to a foreign country


smuggling: secretly importing prohibited goods or goods on which duty is due


gunrunning: the smuggling of guns and ammunition into a country secretly and illegally


marketing: the commercial processes involved in promoting and selling and distributing a product or service


direct marketing: marketing via a promotion delivered directly to the individual prospective customer


distribution: the commercial activity of transporting and selling goods from a producer to a consumer


selling: the exchange of goods for an agreed sum of money


merchandising: the exchange of goods for an agreed sum of money


marketing: the exchange of goods for an agreed sum of money


distribution channel: a way of selling a company's product either directly or via distributors


channel: a way of selling a company's product either directly or via distributors


traffic: buying and selling; especially illicit trade


drug traffic: traffic in illegal drugs


drug trafficking: traffic in illegal drugs


narcotraffic: traffic in illegal drugs


simony: traffic in ecclesiastical offices or preferments


barratry: traffic in ecclesiastical offices or preferments


slave trade: traffic in slaves; especially in Black Africans transported to America in the 16th to 19th centuries


slave traffic: traffic in slaves; especially in Black Africans transported to America in the 16th to 19th centuries


retail: the selling of goods to consumers; usually in small quantities and not for resale


wholesale: the selling of goods to merchants; usually in large quantities for resale to consumers


sale: a particular instance of selling


divestiture: the sale by a company of a product line or a subsidiary or a division


sell: the activity of persuading someone to buy


syndication: selling (an article or cartoon) for publication in many magazines or newspapers at the same time


dumping: selling goods abroad at a price below that charged in the domestic market


dutch auction: a method of selling in which the price is reduced until a buyer is found


retailing: the activities involved in selling commodities directly to consumers


telemarketing: the use of the telephone as an interactive medium for promotion and sales


teleselling: the use of the telephone as an interactive medium for promotion and sales


telecommerce: the use of the telephone as an interactive medium for promotion and sales


telemetry: automatic transmission and measurement of data from remote sources by wire or radio or other means


thermometry: the measurement of temperature


thermogravimetry: the measurement of changes in weight as a function of changes in temperature used as a technique of chemically analyzing substances


tonometry: the measurement of intraocular pressure by determining the amount of force needed to make a slight indentation in the cornea


telephone order: receiving orders via telephone


vending: the act of selling goods for a living


peddling: the act of selling goods for a living


hawking: the act of selling goods for a living


vendition: the act of selling goods for a living


venture: a commercial undertaking that risks a loss but promises a profit


viscometry: the measurement of viscosity


viscosimetry: the measurement of viscosity


resale: the selling of something purchased


sale: the general activity of selling


sale: an occasion (usually brief) for buying at specially reduced prices


cut-rate sale: an occasion (usually brief) for buying at specially reduced prices


sales event: an occasion (usually brief) for buying at specially reduced prices


bazaar: a sale of miscellany; often for charity


fair: a sale of miscellany; often for charity


book fair: bazaar at which books are sold or auctioned off in order to raise funds for a worthy cause


bookfair: bazaar at which books are sold or auctioned off in order to raise funds for a worthy cause


craft fair: a fair at which objects made by craftsmen are offered for sale


car boot sale: an outdoor sale at which people sell things from the trunk of their car


boot sale: an outdoor sale at which people sell things from the trunk of their car


clearance sale: a sale to reduce inventory


inventory-clearance sale: a sale to reduce inventory


closeout: a sale intended to dispose of all remaining stock


fire sale: a sale of merchandise supposedly damaged by fire


fire sale: a sale of assets at very low prices typically when the seller faces bankruptcy


garage sale: an outdoor sale of used personal or household items held on the seller's premises


yard sale: an outdoor sale of used personal or household items held on the seller's premises


going-out-of-business sale: a sale of all the tangible assets of a business that is about to close


realization: a sale in order to obtain money (as a sale of stock or a sale of the estate of a bankrupt person) or the money so obtained


realisation: a sale in order to obtain money (as a sale of stock or a sale of the estate of a bankrupt person) or the money so obtained


rummage sale: a sale of donated articles


jumble sale: a sale of donated articles


selloff: a sale of a relatively large number of assets (stocks or bonds or commodities) at a low price typically done to dispose of them rather than as normal trade


white sale: a sale of household linens


undertaking: the trade of a funeral director


upholstery: the craft of upholstering


payment: the act of paying money


defrayal: the act of paying money


defrayment: the act of paying money


evasion: the deliberate act of failing to pay money


nonpayment: the deliberate act of failing to pay money


amortization: payment of an obligation in a series of installments or transfers


amortisation: payment of an obligation in a series of installments or transfers


fee splitting: payment (usually by doctors or lawyers) of part of the fee in return for the referral


overpayment: the act of paying too much


prepayment: payment in advance


ransom: payment for the release of someone


refund: the act of returning money received previously


repayment: the act of returning money received previously


remuneration: the act of paying for goods or services or to recompense for losses


rendering: giving in acknowledgment of obligation


spending: the act of spending or disbursing money


disbursement: the act of spending or disbursing money


disbursal: the act of spending or disbursing money


outlay: the act of spending or disbursing money


tribute: payment by one nation for protection by another


underpayment: the act of paying less than required


expending: the act of spending money for goods or services


expenditure: the act of spending money for goods or services


deficit spending: spending money raised by borrowing; used by governments to stimulate their economy


compensatory spending: spending money raised by borrowing; used by governments to stimulate their economy


pump priming: spending money raised by borrowing; used by governments to stimulate their economy


amortization: the reduction of the value of an asset by prorating its cost over a period of years


amortisation: the reduction of the value of an asset by prorating its cost over a period of years


migration: the movement of persons from one country or locality to another


gold rush: a large migration of people to a newly discovered gold field


stampede: a headlong rush of people on a common impulse


social control: control exerted (actively or passively) by group action


auto limitation: social control achieved as a manifestation of self-will or general consent


sanction: a mechanism of social control for enforcing a society's standards


population control: control over the growth of population; a government program


politics: the activities and affairs involved in managing a state or a government


government: the act of governing; exercising authority


governing: the act of governing; exercising authority


governance: the act of governing; exercising authority


government activity: the act of governing; exercising authority


administration: the act of governing; exercising authority


misgovernment: government that is inefficient or dishonest


misrule: government that is inefficient or dishonest


legislation: the act of making or enacting laws


legislating: the act of making or enacting laws


lawmaking: the act of making or enacting laws


criminalization: legislation that makes something illegal


criminalisation: legislation that makes something illegal


decriminalization: legislation that makes something legal that was formerly illegal


decriminalisation: legislation that makes something legal that was formerly illegal


trust busting: (law) government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws)


winemaking: the craft and science of growing grapes and making wine


wine making: the craft and science of growing grapes and making wine


viticulture: the cultivation of grapes and grape vines; grape growing


viniculture: the cultivation of grapes and grape vines; grape growing


enactment: the passing of a law by a legislative body


passage: the passing of a law by a legislative body


enforcement: the act of enforcing; ensuring observance of or obedience to


coercion: the act of compelling by force of authority


execution: the act of accomplishing some aim or executing some order


implementation: the act of accomplishing some aim or executing some order


carrying out: the act of accomplishing some aim or executing some order


imposition: the act of imposing something (as a tax or an embargo)


infliction: the act of imposing something (as a tax or an embargo)


protection: the imposition of duties or quotas on imports in order to protect domestic industry against foreign competition


trade protection: the imposition of duties or quotas on imports in order to protect domestic industry against foreign competition


law enforcement: ensuring obedience to the laws


vigilantism: the actions of a vigilance committee in trying to enforce the laws


domination: social control by dominating


bossism: domination of a political organization by a party boss


mastery: the act of mastering or subordinating someone


subordination: the act of mastering or subordinating someone


monopolization: domination (of a market or commodity) to the exclusion of others


monopolisation: domination (of a market or commodity) to the exclusion of others


socialization: the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture


socialisation: the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture


acculturation: the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture


enculturation: the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture


cultivation: socialization through training and education to develop one's mind or manners


breeding: helping someone grow up to be an accepted member of the community


bringing up: helping someone grow up to be an accepted member of the community


fostering: helping someone grow up to be an accepted member of the community


fosterage: helping someone grow up to be an accepted member of the community


nurture: helping someone grow up to be an accepted member of the community


raising: helping someone grow up to be an accepted member of the community


rearing: helping someone grow up to be an accepted member of the community


upbringing: helping someone grow up to be an accepted member of the community


duty: the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force; ; - John D.Rockefeller Jr


responsibility: the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force; ; - John D.Rockefeller Jr


obligation: the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force; ; - John D.Rockefeller Jr


moral obligation: an obligation arising out of considerations of right and wrong


noblesse oblige: the obligation of those of high rank to be honorable and generous (often used ironically)


burden of proof: the duty of proving a disputed charge


civic duty: the responsibilities of a citizen


civic responsibility: the responsibilities of a citizen


jury duty: the civic duty to serve on a jury


filial duty: duty of a child to its parents


imperative: some duty that is essential and urgent


incumbency: a duty that is incumbent upon you


legal duty: acts which the law requires be done or forborne


fiduciary duty: the legal duty of a fiduciary to act in the best interests of the beneficiary


due care: the care that a reasonable man would exercise under the circumstances; the standard for determining legal duty


ordinary care: the care that a reasonable man would exercise under the circumstances; the standard for determining legal duty


reasonable care: the care that a reasonable man would exercise under the circumstances; the standard for determining legal duty


foster care: supervised care for delinquent or neglected children usually in an institution or substitute home


great care: more attention and consideration than is normally bestowed by prudent persons


providence: the guardianship and control exercised by a deity


slight care: such care as a careless or inattentive person would exercise


line of duty: all that is normally required in some area of responsibility


white man's burden: the supposed responsibility of the white race to provide care for their non-white subjects


obedience: behavior intended to please your parents


respect: behavior intended to please your parents


occupation: the control of a country by military forces of a foreign power


military control: the control of a country by military forces of a foreign power


management: the act of managing something


direction: the act of managing something


conducting: the direction of an orchestra or choir


database management: creation and maintenance of a database


finance: the management of money and credit and banking and investments


homemaking: the management of a household


misconduct: bad or dishonest management by persons supposed to act on another's behalf


mismanagement: management that is careless or inefficient


misdirection: management that is careless or inefficient


screwup: the complete mismanagement or mishandling of a situation


treatment: the management of someone or something


handling: the management of someone or something


bioremediation: the act of treating waste or pollutants by the use of microorganisms (as bacteria) that can break down the undesirable substances


dealing: method or manner of conduct in relation to others


supervision: management by overseeing the performance or operation of a person or group


supervising: management by overseeing the performance or operation of a person or group


superintendence: management by overseeing the performance or operation of a person or group


oversight: management by overseeing the performance or operation of a person or group


invigilation: keeping watch over examination candidates to prevent cheating


administration: a method of tending to or managing the affairs of a some group of people (especially the group's business affairs)


disposal: a method of tending to or managing the affairs of a some group of people (especially the group's business affairs)


conducting: the way of administering a business


line management: administration of the activities contributing directly to an organization's output


organization: the act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business


organisation: the act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business


running: the act of administering or being in charge of something


administrivia: the tiresome but essential details that must be taken care of and tasks that must be performed in running an organization


polity: shrewd or crafty management of public affairs


nonprofit organization: an organization chartered for other than profit-making activities


nonprofit: an organization chartered for other than profit-making activities


not-for-profit: an organization chartered for other than profit-making activities


rationalization: the organization of a business according to scientific principles of management in order to increase efficiency


rationalisation: the organization of a business according to scientific principles of management in order to increase efficiency


reorganization: the imposition of a new organization; organizing differently (often involving extensive and drastic changes)


reorganisation: the imposition of a new organization; organizing differently (often involving extensive and drastic changes)


shake-up: the imposition of a new organization; organizing differently (often involving extensive and drastic changes)


shakeup: the imposition of a new organization; organizing differently (often involving extensive and drastic changes)


self-organization: organizing yourself (especially organizing your own labor union)


self-organisation: organizing yourself (especially organizing your own labor union)


syndication: organizing into or administering as a syndicate


authorization: the act of conferring legality or sanction or formal warrant


authorisation: the act of conferring legality or sanction or formal warrant


empowerment: the act of conferring legality or sanction or formal warrant


sanction: the act of final authorization


license: the act of giving a formal (usually written) authorization


permission: the act of giving a formal (usually written) authorization


permit: the act of giving a formal (usually written) authorization


benefit of clergy: sanction by a religious rite


name: by the sanction or authority of


nihil obstat: authoritative approval


certification: the act of certifying or bestowing a franchise on


enfranchisement: the act of certifying or bestowing a franchise on


disenfranchisement: the act of withdrawing certification or terminating a franchise


accreditation: the act of granting credit or recognition (especially with respect to educational institution that maintains suitable standards)


commission: the act of granting authority to undertake certain functions


commissioning: the act of granting authority to undertake certain functions


mandate: the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory


delegating: authorizing subordinates to make certain decisions


delegation: authorizing subordinates to make certain decisions


relegating: authorizing subordinates to make certain decisions


relegation: authorizing subordinates to make certain decisions


deputation: authorizing subordinates to make certain decisions


devolution: the delegation of authority (especially from a central to a regional government)


devolvement: the delegation of authority (especially from a central to a regional government)


loan approval: formal authorization to get a loan (usually from a bank)


rubber stamp: routine authorization of an action without questions


clearance: permission to proceed


conge: formal permission to depart


congee: formal permission to depart


allowance: the act of allowing


dispensation: an exemption from some rule or obligation


variance: an official dispensation to act contrary to a rule or regulation (typically a building regulation)


toleration: official recognition of the right of individuals to hold dissenting opinions (especially in religion)


channelization: management through specified channels of communication


channelisation: management through specified channels of communication


canalization: management through specified channels of communication


canalisation: management through specified channels of communication


canalization: the production of a canal or a conversion to canals


canalisation: the production of a canal or a conversion to canals


preparation: the activity of putting or setting in order in advance of some act or purpose


readying: the activity of putting or setting in order in advance of some act or purpose


deployment: the distribution of forces in preparation for battle or work


groundwork: preliminary preparation as a basis or foundation


redeployment: the withdrawal and redistribution of forces in an attempt to use them more effectively


redisposition: the withdrawal and redistribution of forces in an attempt to use them more effectively


makeready: final preparation and adjustments


priming: the act of making something ready


planning: an act of formulating a program for a definite course of action


scheduling: setting an order and time for planned events


programming: setting an order and time for planned events


programing: setting an order and time for planned events


turnaround: act or process of unloading and loading and servicing a vessel or aircraft for a return trip


turnround: act or process of unloading and loading and servicing a vessel or aircraft for a return trip


warm-up: exercising in preparation for strenuous activity


tune-up: exercising in preparation for strenuous activity


prolusion: exercising in preparation for strenuous activity


guidance: the act of guiding or showing the way


steering: the act of guiding or showing the way


coup d'etat: a sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force


coup: a sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force


putsch: a sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force


takeover: a sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force


countercoup: a sudden and decisive overthrow of a government that gained power by a coup d'etat


restraint: the act of controlling by restraining someone or something


collar: a figurative restraint


leash: a figurative restraint


damper: a depressing restraint


bridle: the act of restraining power or action or limiting excess


check: the act of restraining power or action or limiting excess


curb: the act of restraining power or action or limiting excess


immobilization: the act of limiting movement or making incapable of movement


immobilisation: the act of limiting movement or making incapable of movement


immobilizing: the act of limiting movement or making incapable of movement


confinement: the act of restraining of a person's liberty by confining them


imprisonment: the act of confining someone in a prison (or as if in a prison)


internment: the act of confining someone in a prison (or as if in a prison)


lockdown: the act of confining prisoners to their cells (usually to regain control during a riot)


house arrest: confinement to your own home


false imprisonment: (law) confinement without legal authority


custody: holding by the police


containment: the act of containing; keeping something from spreading


ring containment: a strategy of defense in cases of bioterrorism; vaccination only of people exposed and others who are in contact with them


suppression: the act of withholding or withdrawing some book or writing from publication or circulation


curtailment: the act of withholding or withdrawing some book or writing from publication or circulation


crackdown: severely repressive actions


regimentation: the imposition of order or discipline


reimposition: imposition again


restraint of trade: any act that tends to prevent free competition in business


restriction: the act of keeping something within specified bounds (by force if necessary)


confinement: the act of keeping something within specified bounds (by force if necessary)


classification: restriction imposed by the government on documents or weapons that are available only to certain authorized people


declassification: reduction or removal by the government of restrictions on a classified document or weapon


stipulation: a restriction that is insisted upon as a condition for an agreement


specification: a restriction that is insisted upon as a condition for an agreement


circumscription: the act of circumscribing


constraint: the act of constraining; the threat or use of force to control the thoughts or behavior of others


swaddling clothes: restrictions placed on the immature


constriction: the action or process of compressing


vasoconstriction: decrease in the diameter of blood vessels


privation: act of depriving someone of food or money or rights


deprivation: act of depriving someone of food or money or rights


pauperization: the act of making someone poor


pauperisation: the act of making someone poor


impoverishment: the act of making someone poor


starvation: the act of depriving of food or subjecting to famine


starving: the act of depriving of food or subjecting to famine


appeasement: the act of appeasing (as by acceding to the demands of)


calming: the act of appeasing (as by acceding to the demands of)


pacification: the act of appeasing someone or causing someone to be more favorably inclined


mollification: the act of appeasing someone or causing someone to be more favorably inclined


placation: the act of placating and overcoming distrust and animosity


conciliation: the act of placating and overcoming distrust and animosity


propitiation: the act of placating and overcoming distrust and animosity


internationalization: the act of bringing something under international control


internationalisation: the act of bringing something under international control


nationalization: changing something from private to state ownership or control


nationalisation: changing something from private to state ownership or control


communization: changing something from private to state ownership or control


communisation: changing something from private to state ownership or control


denationalization: changing something from state to private ownership or control


denationalisation: changing something from state to private ownership or control


privatization: changing something from state to private ownership or control


privatisation: changing something from state to private ownership or control


nationalization: the action of rendering national in character


nationalisation: the action of rendering national in character


nationalization: the action of forming or becoming a nation


nationalisation: the action of forming or becoming a nation


detribalization: the act of causing tribal people to abandon their customs and adopt urban ways of living


detribalisation: the act of causing tribal people to abandon their customs and adopt urban ways of living


collectivization: the organization of a nation or economy on the basis of collectivism


collectivisation: the organization of a nation or economy on the basis of collectivism


communization: the organization of a nation of the basis of communism


communisation: the organization of a nation of the basis of communism


communization: a change from private property to public property owned by the community


communisation: a change from private property to public property owned by the community


federation: the act of constituting a political unity out of a number of separate states or colonies or provinces so that each member retains the management of its internal affairs


discrimination: unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice


favoritism: unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice


favouritism: unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice


patronage: (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support


nomenklatura: the system of patronage in communist countries; controlled by committees in the Communist Party


ableism: discrimination in favor of the able-bodied


ablism: discrimination in favor of the able-bodied


able-bodiedism: discrimination in favor of the able-bodied


able-bodism: discrimination in favor of the able-bodied


ageism: discrimination against middle-aged and elderly people


agism: discrimination against middle-aged and elderly people


cronyism: favoritism shown to friends and associates (as by appointing them to positions without regard for their qualifications)


fattism: discrimination against people who are overweight


fatism: discrimination against people who are overweight


heterosexism: discrimination in favor of heterosexual and against homosexual people


nepotism: favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs)


racism: discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race


racialism: discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race


racial discrimination: discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race


racial profiling: a form of racism consisting of the (alleged) policy of policemen who stop and search vehicles driven by persons belonging to particular racial groups


secularization: the activity of changing something (art or education or society or morality etc.) so it is no longer under the control or influence of religion


secularisation: the activity of changing something (art or education or society or morality etc.) so it is no longer under the control or influence of religion


rollover: the act of changing the institution that invests your pension plan without incurring a tax penalty


sexism: discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of the opposite sex


male chauvinism: activity indicative of belief in the superiority of men over women


chauvinism: activity indicative of belief in the superiority of men over women


antifeminism: activity indicative of belief in the superiority of men over women


sexual discrimination: discrimination (usually in employment) that excludes one sex (usually women) to the benefit of the other sex


mobilization: act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency:


mobilisation: act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency:


militarization: act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency:


militarisation: act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency:


arming: the act of equiping with weapons in preparation for war


armament: the act of equiping with weapons in preparation for war


equipping: the act of equiping with weapons in preparation for war


outfitting: the act of renovating and fitting out a ship


refit: outfitting a ship again (by repairing or replacing parts)


rearmament: the act of arming again


disarming: act of reducing or depriving of arms


disarmament: act of reducing or depriving of arms


conscription: compulsory military service


muster: compulsory military service


draft: compulsory military service


selective service: compulsory military service


levy: the act of drafting into military service


levy en masse: the act of drafting into military service


demobilization: act of changing from a war basis to a peace basis including disbanding or discharging troops


demobilisation: act of changing from a war basis to a peace basis including disbanding or discharging troops


remilitarization: the act of militarizing again


remilitarisation: the act of militarizing again


standardization: the imposition of standards or regulations


standardisation: the imposition of standards or regulations


normalization: the imposition of standards or regulations


normalisation: the imposition of standards or regulations


stabilization: the act of stabilizing something or making it more stable


stabilisation: the act of stabilizing something or making it more stable


destabilization: the action of destabilizing; making something less stable (especially of a government or country or economy)


destabilisation: the action of destabilizing; making something less stable (especially of a government or country or economy)


stylization: the act of stylizing; causing to conform to a particular style


stylisation: the act of stylizing; causing to conform to a particular style


conventionalization: the act of conventionalizing; conforming to a conventional style


conventionalisation: the act of conventionalizing; conforming to a conventional style


taxation: the imposition of taxes; the practice of the government in levying taxes on the subjects of a state


punishment: the act of punishing


penalty: the act of punishing


penalization: the act of punishing


penalisation: the act of punishing


beating: the act of inflicting corporal punishment with repeated blows


thrashing: the act of inflicting corporal punishment with repeated blows


licking: the act of inflicting corporal punishment with repeated blows


drubbing: the act of inflicting corporal punishment with repeated blows


lacing: the act of inflicting corporal punishment with repeated blows


trouncing: the act of inflicting corporal punishment with repeated blows


whacking: the act of inflicting corporal punishment with repeated blows


castigation: verbal punishment


chastisement: verbal punishment


corporal punishment: the infliction of physical injury on someone convicted of committing a crime


cruel and unusual punishment: punishment prohibited by the 8th amendment to the U.S. Constitution; includes torture or degradation or punishment too severe for the crime committed


detention: a punishment in which a student must stay at school after others have gone home


discipline: the act of punishing


correction: the act of punishing


economic strangulation: punishment of a group by cutting off commercial dealings with them


self-flagellation: self-punishment inflicted by whipping


imprisonment: putting someone in prison or in jail as lawful punishment


music: punishment for one's actions


medicine: punishment for one's actions


self-punishment: punishment inflicted on yourself


spanking: the act of slapping on the buttocks


stick: threat of a penalty


whipping: beating with a whip or strap or rope as a form of punishment


tanning: beating with a whip or strap or rope as a form of punishment


flogging: beating with a whip or strap or rope as a form of punishment


lashing: beating with a whip or strap or rope as a form of punishment


flagellation: beating with a whip or strap or rope as a form of punishment


flagellation: beating as a source of erotic or religious stimulation


horsewhipping: the act of whipping with a horsewhip


electric shock: the use of electricity to administer punishment or torture


execution: putting a condemned person to death


executing: putting a condemned person to death


capital punishment: putting a condemned person to death


death penalty: putting a condemned person to death


gauntlet: a form of punishment in which a person is forced to run between two lines of men facing each other and armed with clubs or whips to beat the victim


gantlet: a form of punishment in which a person is forced to run between two lines of men facing each other and armed with clubs or whips to beat the victim


kick in the butt: punishment inflicted by kicking the victim in the behind


stoning: the act of pelting with stones; punishment inflicted by throwing stones at the victim (even unto death)


lapidation: the act of pelting with stones; punishment inflicted by throwing stones at the victim (even unto death)


burning: execution by fire


burning at the stake: execution by fire


auto-da-fe: the burning to death of heretics (as during the Spanish Inquisition)


hanging: a form of capital punishment; victim is suspended by the neck from a gallows or gibbet until dead


electrocution: execution by electricity


burning: execution by electricity


decapitation: execution by cutting off the victim's head


beheading: execution by cutting off the victim's head


crucifixion: the act of executing by a method widespread in the ancient world; the victim's hands and feet are bound or nailed to a cross


penance: voluntary self-punishment in order to atone for some wrongdoing


self-mortification: voluntary self-punishment in order to atone for some wrongdoing


self-abasement: voluntary self-punishment in order to atone for some wrongdoing


commitment: the official act of consigning a person to confinement (as in a prison or mental hospital)


committal: the official act of consigning a person to confinement (as in a prison or mental hospital)


consignment: the official act of consigning a person to confinement (as in a prison or mental hospital)


commutation: (law) the reduction in severity of a punishment imposed by law


re-sentencing: (law) the reduction in severity of a punishment imposed by law


corrections: the social control of offenders through a system of imprisonment and rehabilitation and probation and parole


exchange: the act of changing one thing for another thing


interchange: the act of changing one thing for another thing


rally: (sports) an unbroken sequence of several successive strokes


exchange: (sports) an unbroken sequence of several successive strokes


tradeoff: an exchange that occurs as a compromise


trade-off: an exchange that occurs as a compromise


submission: the act of submitting; usually surrendering power to another


compliance: the act of submitting; usually surrendering power to another


obedience: the act of obeying; dutiful or submissive behavior with respect to another person


obeisance: the act of obeying; dutiful or submissive behavior with respect to another person


truckling: the act of obeying meanly (especially obeying in a humble manner or for unworthy reasons)


prostration: abject submission; the emotional equivalent of prostrating your body


strife: bitter conflict; heated often violent dissension


tug-of-war: any hard struggle between equally matched groups


turf war: a bitter struggle for territory or power or control or rights


countercurrent: actions counter to the main group activity


crosscurrent: actions counter to the main group activity


direct action: a protest action by labor or minority groups to obtain their demands


competition: the act of competing as for profit or a prize


contention: the act of competing as for profit or a prize


rivalry: the act of competing as for profit or a prize


battle of wits: a contest in which intelligence rather than violence is used


contest: a struggle between rivals


bidding contest: a series of competing bids


popularity contest: competition (real or figurative) for popular support


resistance: group action in opposition to those in power


nonresistance: group refusal to resort to violence even in defense against violence


confrontation: the act of hostile groups opposing each other


opposition: the act of hostile groups opposing each other


sales resistance: resistance by potential customers to aggressive selling practices


discord: strife resulting from a lack of agreement


discordance: strife resulting from a lack of agreement


defiance: a defiant act


road rage: violence exhibited by drivers in traffic


riot: a public act of violence by an unruly mob


public violence: a public act of violence by an unruly mob


race riot: a riot caused by hatred for one another of members of different races in the same community


dispute: coming into conflict with


contravention: coming into conflict with


fight: the act of fighting; any contest or struggle


fighting: the act of fighting; any contest or struggle


combat: the act of fighting; any contest or struggle


scrap: the act of fighting; any contest or struggle


fencing: the art or sport of fighting with swords (especially the use of foils or epees or sabres to score points under a set of rules)


in-fighting: conflict between members of the same organization (usually concealed from outsiders)


set-to: a brief but vigorous fight


shock: the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat


impact: the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat


hassle: disorderly fighting


scuffle: disorderly fighting


tussle: disorderly fighting


dogfight: disorderly fighting


rough-and-tumble: disorderly fighting


aggro: (informal British usage) aggravation or aggression


duel: a prearranged fight with deadly weapons by two people (accompanied by seconds) in order to settle a quarrel over a point of honor


affaire d'honneur: a prearranged fight with deadly weapons by two people (accompanied by seconds) in order to settle a quarrel over a point of honor


blow: a powerful stroke with the fist or a weapon


counterblow: a return blow; a retaliatory blow


swing: a sweeping blow or stroke


fistfight: a fight with bare fists


fisticuffs: a fight with bare fists


slugfest: a fight with bare fists


stab: a strong blow with a knife or other sharp pointed instrument


thrust: a strong blow with a knife or other sharp pointed instrument


knife thrust: a strong blow with a knife or other sharp pointed instrument


lunge: (fencing) an attacking thrust made with one foot forward and the back leg straight and with the sword arm outstretched forward


straight thrust: (fencing) an attacking thrust made with one foot forward and the back leg straight and with the sword arm outstretched forward


passado: (fencing) an attacking thrust made with one foot forward and the back leg straight and with the sword arm outstretched forward


parry: (fencing) blocking a lunge or deflecting it with a circular motion of the sword


remise: (fencing) a second thrust made on the same lunge (as when your opponent fails to riposte)


riposte: (fencing) a counterattack made immediately after successfully parrying the opponents lunge


stinger: a sharp stinging blow


thump: a heavy blow with the hand


uppercut: a swinging blow directed upward (especially at an opponent's chin)


hammer: the act of pounding (delivering repeated heavy blows)


pound: the act of pounding (delivering repeated heavy blows)


hammering: the act of pounding (delivering repeated heavy blows)


pounding: the act of pounding (delivering repeated heavy blows)


shot: a blow hard enough to cause injury


cheap shot: an illegal and unsportsmanlike act of unnecessary violence


wallop: a severe blow


battering: the act of subjecting to strong attack


banging: the act of subjecting to strong attack


beating: the act of overcoming or outdoing


whipping: the act of overcoming or outdoing


affray: a noisy fight


disturbance: a noisy fight


fray: a noisy fight


ruffle: a noisy fight


brawl: a noisy fight in a crowd


free-for-all: a noisy fight in a crowd


knife fight: fighting with knives


snickersnee: fighting with knives


cut-and-thrust: fighting with knives


rumble: a fight between rival gangs of adolescents


gang fight: a fight between rival gangs of adolescents


single combat: a fight between two people


obstructionism: deliberate interference


protest: the act of protesting; a public (often organized) manifestation of dissent


objection: the act of protesting; a public (often organized) manifestation of dissent


dissent: the act of protesting; a public (often organized) manifestation of dissent


rebellion: refusal to accept some authority or code or convention


punch-up: a fistfight


demonstration: a public display of group feelings (usually of a political nature)


manifestation: a public display of group feelings (usually of a political nature)


counterdemonstration: a demonstration held in opposition to another demonstration


walkout: the act of walking out (of a meeting or organization) as a sign of protest


Boston Tea Party: demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor; organized as a protest against taxes on tea


peace march: a protest march against (a particular) war and in favor of peace


sit-in: a form of civil disobedience in which demonstrators occupy seats and refuse to move


work-in: occasion when workers continue to work as a protest against e.g. proposed dismissal or closure of the factory


protest march: occasion when you can express opposition by marching (usually on some government institution) without a license


insubordination: an insubordinate act


rebelliousness: an insubordinate act


contumacy: obstinate rebelliousness and insubordination; resistance to authority


disobedience: the failure to obey


noncompliance: the failure to obey


civil disobedience: a group's refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral (as in protest against discrimination)


contempt: a willful disobedience to or disrespect for the authority of a court or legislative body


contempt of Congress: deliberate obstruction of the operation of the federal legislative branch


contempt of court: disrespect for the rules of a court of law


civil contempt: a failure to follow a court order that benefits someone else


contumacy: willful refusal to appear before a court or comply with a court order; can result in a finding of contempt of court


criminal contempt: an act of disrespect that impedes the administration of justice


obstruction of justice: impeding those who seek justice in a court (as by trying to influence or intimidate any juror or witness or officer of the court); can result in a finding of contempt of court


due process: (law) the administration of justice according to established rules and principles; based on the principle that a person cannot be deprived of life or liberty or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards


due process of law: (law) the administration of justice according to established rules and principles; based on the principle that a person cannot be deprived of life or liberty or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards


legal action: a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another; one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or for prevention of a wrong


action: a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another; one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or for prevention of a wrong


action at law: a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another; one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or for prevention of a wrong


action: an act by a government body or supranational organization


lawsuit: a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy


suit: a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy


case: a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy


cause: a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy


causa: a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy


civil suit: a lawsuit alleging violations of civil law by the defendant


class action: a lawsuit brought by a representative member of a large group of people on behalf of all members of the group


class-action suit: a lawsuit brought by a representative member of a large group of people on behalf of all members of the group


countersuit: a suit brought against someone who has sued you


criminal suit: a lawsuit alleging violations of criminal law by the defendant


moot: a hypothetical case that law students argue as an exercise


paternity suit: a lawsuit filed to determine the father of a child born out of wedlock (and to provide for the support of the child once paternity is determined)


bastardy proceeding: a lawsuit filed to determine the father of a child born out of wedlock (and to provide for the support of the child once paternity is determined)


antitrust case: a legal action brought against parties who are charged with limiting free competition in the market place


civil action: legal action to protect a private civil right or to compel a civil remedy (as distinguished from criminal prosecution)


counterclaim: a claim filed in opposition to another claim in a legal action


custody case: a legal action to determine custody (usually of children following a divorce)


lis pendens: a pending lawsuit


proceeding: (law) the institution of a sequence of steps by which legal judgments are invoked


legal proceeding: (law) the institution of a sequence of steps by which legal judgments are invoked


proceedings: (law) the institution of a sequence of steps by which legal judgments are invoked


adoption: a legal proceeding that creates a parent-child relation between persons not related by blood; the adopted child is entitled to all privileges belonging to a natural child of the adoptive parents (including the right to inherit)


appeal: (law) a legal proceeding in which the appellant resorts to a higher court for the purpose of obtaining a review of a lower court decision and a reversal of the lower court's judgment or the granting of a new trial


reversal: a judgment by a higher court that the judgment of a lower court was incorrect and should be set aside


affirmation: a judgment by a higher court that the judgment of a lower court was correct and should stand


bankruptcy: a legal process intended to insure equality among the creditors of a corporation declared to be insolvent


receivership: a court action that places property under the control of a receiver during litigation so that it can be preserved for the benefit of all


litigation: a legal proceeding in a court; a judicial contest to determine and enforce legal rights


judicial proceeding: a legal proceeding in a court; a judicial contest to determine and enforce legal rights


custody battle: litigation to settle custody of the children of a divorced couple


vexatious litigation: litigation shown to have been instituted maliciously and without probable cause


presentment: an accusation of crime made by a grand jury on its own initiative


notification: an accusation of crime made by a grand jury on its own initiative


naturalization: the proceeding whereby a foreigner is granted citizenship


naturalisation: the proceeding whereby a foreigner is granted citizenship


judgment: (law) the determination by a court of competent jurisdiction on matters submitted to it


judgement: (law) the determination by a court of competent jurisdiction on matters submitted to it


judicial decision: (law) the determination by a court of competent jurisdiction on matters submitted to it


confession of judgment: a judgment entered after a written confession by the debtor without the expense of ordinary legal proceedings


confession of judgement: a judgment entered after a written confession by the debtor without the expense of ordinary legal proceedings


cognovit judgment: a judgment entered after a written confession by the debtor without the expense of ordinary legal proceedings


cognovit judgement: a judgment entered after a written confession by the debtor without the expense of ordinary legal proceedings


default judgment: a judgment entered in favor of the plaintiff when the defendant defaults (fails to appear in court)


default judgement: a judgment entered in favor of the plaintiff when the defendant defaults (fails to appear in court)


judgment by default: a judgment entered in favor of the plaintiff when the defendant defaults (fails to appear in court)


judgement by default: a judgment entered in favor of the plaintiff when the defendant defaults (fails to appear in court)


non prosequitur: a judgment entered in favor of the defendant when the plaintiff has not continued his action (e.g., has not appeared in court)


non pros: a judgment entered in favor of the defendant when the plaintiff has not continued his action (e.g., has not appeared in court)


final judgment: a judgment disposing of the case before the court; after the judgment (or an appeal from it) is rendered all that remains is to enforce the judgment


final decision: a judgment disposing of the case before the court; after the judgment (or an appeal from it) is rendered all that remains is to enforce the judgment


conviction: (criminal law) a final judgment of guilty in a criminal case and the punishment that is imposed


judgment of conviction: (criminal law) a final judgment of guilty in a criminal case and the punishment that is imposed


condemnation: (criminal law) a final judgment of guilty in a criminal case and the punishment that is imposed


sentence: (criminal law) a final judgment of guilty in a criminal case and the punishment that is imposed


judgment in personam: a judgment rendered against an individual (or corporation) for the payment of money damages


judgement in personam: a judgment rendered against an individual (or corporation) for the payment of money damages


personal judgment: a judgment rendered against an individual (or corporation) for the payment of money damages


personal judgement: a judgment rendered against an individual (or corporation) for the payment of money damages


judgment in rem: a judgment pronounced on the status of some particular subject or property or thing (as opposed to one pronounced on persons)


judgement in rem: a judgment pronounced on the status of some particular subject or property or thing (as opposed to one pronounced on persons)


judgment of dismissal: a judgment disposing of the matter without a trial


judgement of dismissal: a judgment disposing of the matter without a trial


dismissal: a judgment disposing of the matter without a trial


judgment on the merits: judgment rendered through analysis and adjudication of the factual issues presented


judgement on the merits: judgment rendered through analysis and adjudication of the factual issues presented


summary judgment: a judgment rendered by the court prior to a verdict because no material issue of fact exists and one party or the other is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law


summary judgement: a judgment rendered by the court prior to a verdict because no material issue of fact exists and one party or the other is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law


judgment on the pleadings: a judgment rendered by the court prior to a verdict because no material issue of fact exists and one party or the other is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law


judgement on the pleadings: a judgment rendered by the court prior to a verdict because no material issue of fact exists and one party or the other is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law


arbitration: the act of deciding as an arbiter; giving authoritative judgment


arbitrament: the act of deciding as an arbiter; giving authoritative judgment


arbitrement: the act of deciding as an arbiter; giving authoritative judgment


opinion: the reason for a court's judgment (as opposed to the decision itself)


ruling: the reason for a court's judgment (as opposed to the decision itself)


Bakke decision: a ruling by the Supreme Court on affirmative action; the Court ruled in 1978 that medical schools are entitled to consider race as a factor in their admission policy


fatwa: a ruling on a point of Islamic law that is given by a recognized authority


umpirage: the act of umpiring


officiation: the act of umpiring


officiating: the act of umpiring


refereeing: the act of umpiring


finding: the decision of a court on issues of fact or law


verdict: (law) the findings of a jury on issues of fact submitted to it for decision; can be used in formulating a judgment


finding of fact: (law) the findings of a jury on issues of fact submitted to it for decision; can be used in formulating a judgment


finding of law: a finding as to the applicability of a rule of law to particular facts


conclusion of law: a finding as to the applicability of a rule of law to particular facts


compromise verdict: a verdict resulting from improper compromises between jurors on material issues


directed verdict: a verdict entered by the court in a jury trial without consideration by the jury


false verdict: a manifestly unjust verdict; not true to the evidence


general verdict: an ordinary verdict declaring which party prevails without any special findings of fact


partial verdict: (criminal law) a finding that the defendant is guilty of some charges but innocent of others


quotient verdict: an improper and unacceptable kind of compromise verdict


special verdict: a verdict rendered on certain specific factual issues posed by the court without finding for one party or the other


acquittal: a judgment of not guilty


murder conviction: conviction for murder


rape conviction: conviction for rape


robbery conviction: conviction for robbery


eviction: the expulsion of someone (such as a tenant) from the possession of land by process of law


dispossession: the expulsion of someone (such as a tenant) from the possession of land by process of law


legal ouster: the expulsion of someone (such as a tenant) from the possession of land by process of law


ouster: a wrongful dispossession


actual eviction: the physical ouster of a tenant from the leased premises; the tenant is relieved of any further duty to pay rent


eviction: action by a landlord that compels a tenant to leave the premises (as by rendering the premises unfit for occupancy); no physical expulsion or legal process is involved


constructive eviction: action by a landlord that compels a tenant to leave the premises (as by rendering the premises unfit for occupancy); no physical expulsion or legal process is involved


retaliatory eviction: an eviction in reprisal for the tenant's good-faith complaints against the landlord; illegal in many states


legalization: the act of making lawful


legalisation: the act of making lawful


legitimation: the act of making lawful


legitimation: the act of rendering a person legitimate


trial: (law) the determination of a person's innocence or guilt by due process of law


court-martial: a trial that is conducted by a military court


ordeal: a primitive method of determining a person's guilt or innocence by subjecting the accused person to dangerous or painful tests believed to be under divine control; escape was usually taken as a sign of innocence


trial by ordeal: a primitive method of determining a person's guilt or innocence by subjecting the accused person to dangerous or painful tests believed to be under divine control; escape was usually taken as a sign of innocence


Scopes trial: a highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school; Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow; Scopes was convicted but the verdict was later reversed


show trial: a trial held for show; the guilt of the accused person has been decided in advance


review: (law) a judicial reexamination of the proceedings of a court (especially by an appellate court)


bill of review: a proceeding brought to obtain an explanation or an alteration or a reversal of a decree by the court that rendered it


judicial review: review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court


plea: an answer indicating why a suit should be dismissed


double jeopardy: the prosecution of a defendant for a criminal offense for which he has already been tried; prohibited in the fifth amendment to the United States Constitution


prosecution: the institution and conduct of legal proceedings against a defendant for criminal behavior


criminal prosecution: the institution and conduct of legal proceedings against a defendant for criminal behavior


test case: a representative legal action whose outcome is likely to become a precedent


test suit: a representative legal action whose outcome is likely to become a precedent


defense: a defendant's answer or plea denying the truth of the charges against him


defence: a defendant's answer or plea denying the truth of the charges against him


denial: a defendant's answer or plea denying the truth of the charges against him


demurrer: a defendant's answer or plea denying the truth of the charges against him


entrapment: a defense that claims the defendant would not have broken the law if not tricked into doing it by law enforcement officials


mistrial: a trial that is invalid or inconclusive


retrial: a new trial in which issues already litigated and to which the court has already rendered a verdict or decision are reexamined by the same court; occurs when the initial trial is found to have been improper or unfair due to procedural errors


hearing: (law) a proceeding (usually by a court) where evidence is taken for the purpose of determining an issue of fact and reaching a decision based on that evidence


administrative hearing: a hearing that takes place outside the judicial process before hearing examiners who have been granted judicial authority specifically for the purpose of conducting such hearings


competence hearing: a hearing to determine legal capacity (to determine whether the defendant can understand the charges and cooperate with a lawyer in preparing a defense)


fair hearing: a hearing that is granted in extraordinary situations where the normal judicial process would be inadequate to secure due process because the person would be harmed or denied their rights before a judicial remedy became available (as in deportation or loss of welfare benefits)


quo warranto: a hearing to determine by what authority someone has an office or franchise or liberty


separation: the social act of separating or parting company


divorce: the legal dissolution of a marriage


divorcement: the legal dissolution of a marriage


legal separation: (law) the cessation of cohabitation of man and wife (either by mutual agreement or under a court order)


separation: (law) the cessation of cohabitation of man and wife (either by mutual agreement or under a court order)


quarantine: isolation to prevent the spread of infectious disease


seclusion: the act of secluding yourself from others


cocooning: retreating to the seclusion of your home (as for privacy or escape)


isolation: the act of isolating something; setting something apart from others


closing off: the act of isolating something; setting something apart from others


segregation: the act of segregating or sequestering


sequestration: the act of segregating or sequestering


integration: the action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community


integrating: the action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community


desegregation: the action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community


separationism: advocacy of a policy of strict separation of church and state


separatism: advocacy of a policy of strict separation of church and state


withdrawal: the act of ceasing to participate in an activity


cooperation: joint operation or action


brainstorming: a group problem-solving technique in which members spontaneously share ideas and solutions


teamwork: cooperative work done by a team (especially when it is effective)


conformity: acting according to certain accepted standards


conformation: acting according to certain accepted standards


compliance: acting according to certain accepted standards


abidance: acting according to certain accepted standards


formality: compliance with formal rules


line: acting in conformity


honoring: conformity with law or custom or practice etc.


observance: conformity with law or custom or practice etc.


punctilio: strict observance of formalities


nonobservance: a lack of conformity with law or custom or practice etc.


nonconformity: failure to conform to accepted standards of behavior


nonconformance: failure to conform to accepted standards of behavior


keeping: conformity or harmony


collaboration: act of working jointly


coaction: act of working jointly


collaboration: act of cooperating traitorously with an enemy that is occupying your country


collaborationism: act of cooperating traitorously with an enemy that is occupying your country


quislingism: act of cooperating traitorously with an enemy that is occupying your country


compromise: a middle way between two extremes


via media: a middle way between two extremes


concurrence: acting together, as agents or circumstances or events


concurrency: acting together, as agents or circumstances or events


reconciliation: the reestablishing of cordial relations


rapprochement: the reestablishing of cordial relations


selflessness: acting with less concern for yourself than for the success of the joint activity


self-sacrifice: acting with less concern for yourself than for the success of the joint activity


commitment: the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action


allegiance: the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action


loyalty: the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action


dedication: the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action


devotion: commitment to some purpose


cultism: devotion to the doctrine or a cult or to the practices of a cult


hobbyism: a devotion to hobbies


enlistment: the act of enlisting (as in a military service)


reenlistment: a renewed enlistment


faith: loyalty or allegiance to a cause or a person


fetish: excessive or irrational devotion to some activity


fetich: excessive or irrational devotion to some activity


party spirit: devotion to a political party


aid: the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose


assist: the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose


assistance: the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose


help: the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose


facilitation: act of assisting or making easier the progress or improvement of something


hand: physical assistance


helping hand: physical assistance


recourse: act of turning to for assistance


resort: act of turning to for assistance


refuge: act of turning to for assistance


thanks: with the help of or owing to


social work: any of various services designed to aid the poor and aged and to increase the welfare of children


casework: close sociological study of a maladjusted person or family for diagnosis and treatment


relief: assistance in time of difficulty


succor: assistance in time of difficulty


succour: assistance in time of difficulty


ministration: assistance in time of difficulty


lift: the act of giving temporary assistance


service: an act of help or assistance


disservice: an act intended to help that turns out badly


ill service: an act intended to help that turns out badly


ill turn: an act intended to help that turns out badly


childcare: a service involving care for other people's children


child care: a service involving care for other people's children


community service: an unpaid service for the benefit of the public that is performed by lawbreakers as part (or all) of their sentence


community service: a service that is performed for the benefit of the public or its institutions


public service: a service that is performed for the benefit of the public or its institutions


daycare: childcare during the day while parents work


day care: childcare during the day while parents work


help desk: a service that provides information and assistance to the users of a computer network


helpdesk: a service that provides information and assistance to the users of a computer network


seating: the service of ushering people to their seats


accommodation: the act of providing something (lodging or seat or food) to meet a need


boost: the act of giving hope or support to someone


encouragement: the act of giving hope or support to someone


comfort: assistance, such as that provided to an enemy or to a known criminal


boost: the act of giving a push


morale building: anything that serves to increase morale


morale booster: anything that serves to increase morale


consolation: the act of consoling; giving relief in affliction


comfort: the act of consoling; giving relief in affliction


solace: the act of consoling; giving relief in affliction


simplification: elimination of superfluous details


oversimplification: an act of excessive simplification; the act of making something seem simpler than it really is


simplism: an act of excessive simplification; the act of making something seem simpler than it really is


rationalization: (mathematics) the simplification of an expression or equation by eliminating radicals without changing the value of the expression or the roots of the equation


rationalisation: (mathematics) the simplification of an expression or equation by eliminating radicals without changing the value of the expression or the roots of the equation


support: aiding the cause or policy or interests of


attachment: faithful support for a cause or political party or religion


adherence: faithful support for a cause or political party or religion


adhesion: faithful support for a cause or political party or religion


ecclesiasticism: excessive adherence to ecclesiastical forms and activities


kabbalism: adherence to some extreme traditional theological concept or interpretation


cabalism: adherence to some extreme traditional theological concept or interpretation


royalism: adherence or attachment to a monarchy or to the principle of monarchal government


traditionalism: adherence to tradition (especially in cultural or religious matters)


backing: the act of providing approval and support


backup: the act of providing approval and support


championship: the act of providing approval and support


patronage: the act of providing approval and support


advocacy: active support of an idea or cause etc.; especially the act of pleading or arguing for something


protagonism: active support of an idea or cause etc.; especially the act of pleading or arguing for something


drumbeat: a vehement and vociferous advocacy of a cause


insistence: the act of insisting on something


insistency: the act of insisting on something


urging: the act of earnestly supporting or encouraging


auspices: kindly endorsement and guidance


protection: kindly endorsement and guidance


aegis: kindly endorsement and guidance


sponsorship: the act of sponsoring (either officially or financially)


endorsement: the act of endorsing


indorsement: the act of endorsing


blessing: the formal act of approving


approval: the formal act of approving


approving: the formal act of approving


reassurance: the act of reassuring; restoring someone's confidence


support: the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or necessities


sustenance: the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence


sustentation: the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence


sustainment: the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence


maintenance: the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence


upkeep: the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence


logistic support: assistance between and within military commands


logistic assistance: assistance between and within military commands


integrated logistic support: the pooling of specific resources by subscribing nations for the support of some joint operation


mutual aid: arrangements made between nations to assist each other


international logistic support: arrangements made between nations to assist each other


interdepartmental support: provision of logistic (or administrative) support by one or more of the military services to one or more departments or agencies of the United States government


interagency support: provision of logistic (or administrative) support by one or more of the military services to one or more departments or agencies of the United States government


inter-service support: action by one military service to provide logistic (or administrative) support to another military service


representation: the act of representing; standing in for someone or some group and speaking with authority in their behalf


proportional representation: representation of all parties in proportion to their popular vote


employment: the act of giving someone a job


engagement: the act of giving someone a job


shape-up: a way of hiring longshoremen by the day; applicants gather around a union boss who selects those to be hired


call-back: the recall of an employee after a layoff


booking: the act of reserving (a place or passage) or engaging the services of (a person or group)


reservation: the act of reserving (a place or passage) or engaging the services of (a person or group)


admiration: a favorable judgment


appreciation: a favorable judgment


adoration: the act of admiring strongly


idolization: the act of admiring strongly


idolisation: the act of admiring strongly


glorification: the act of glorifying (as in worship)


idealization: a portrayal of something as ideal


idealisation: a portrayal of something as ideal


glorification: a portrayal of something as ideal


sentimentalization: the act of indulging in sentiment


sentimentalisation: the act of indulging in sentiment


romanticization: the act of indulging in sentiment


romanticisation: the act of indulging in sentiment


reward: an act performed to strengthen approved behavior


reinforcement: an act performed to strengthen approved behavior


carrot: promise of reward as in


disparagement: the act of speaking contemptuously of


dispraise: the act of speaking contemptuously of


belittling: the act of belittling


deprecation: the act of expressing disapproval (especially of yourself)


denigration: the act of expressing disapproval (especially of yourself)


aspersion: an abusive attack on a person's character or good name


calumny: an abusive attack on a person's character or good name


slander: an abusive attack on a person's character or good name


defamation: an abusive attack on a person's character or good name


denigration: an abusive attack on a person's character or good name


attack: strong criticism


detraction: the act of discrediting or detracting from someone's reputation (especially by slander)


behavior: manner of acting or controlling yourself


behaviour: manner of acting or controlling yourself


conduct: manner of acting or controlling yourself


doings: manner of acting or controlling yourself


behavior: (psychology) the aggregate of the responses or reactions or movements made by an organism in any situation


behaviour: (psychology) the aggregate of the responses or reactions or movements made by an organism in any situation


territoriality: the behavior of a male animal that defines and defends its territory


aggression: deliberately unfriendly behavior


aggravation: unfriendly behavior that causes anger or resentment


irritation: unfriendly behavior that causes anger or resentment


provocation: unfriendly behavior that causes anger or resentment


last straw: the final irritation that stretches your patience beyond the limit


exacerbation: violent and bitter exasperation


bitchery: aggressive remarks and behavior like that of a spiteful malicious woman


bullying: the act of intimidating a weaker person to make them do something


intimidation: the act of intimidating a weaker person to make them do something


terrorization: the act of inspiring with fear


terrorisation: the act of inspiring with fear


frightening: the act of inspiring with fear


twit: aggravation by deriding or mocking or criticizing


taunt: aggravation by deriding or mocking or criticizing


taunting: aggravation by deriding or mocking or criticizing


raising hell: making trouble just for the fun of it


hell raising: making trouble just for the fun of it


self-assertion: the act of asserting yourself in an aggressive manner


condemnation: (law) the act of condemning (as land forfeited for public use) or judging to be unfit for use (as a food product or an unsafe building)


stigmatization: the act of stigmatizing


stigmatisation: the act of stigmatizing


branding: the act of stigmatizing


bohemianism: conduct characteristic of a bohemian


dirty pool: conduct that is unfair or unethical or unsportsmanlike


dirty tricks: underhand commercial or political behavior designed to discredit an opponent


discourtesy: a lack of politeness; a failure to show regard for others; wounding the feelings or others


offense: a lack of politeness; a failure to show regard for others; wounding the feelings or others


offence: a lack of politeness; a failure to show regard for others; wounding the feelings or others


offensive activity: a lack of politeness; a failure to show regard for others; wounding the feelings or others


easiness: the quality of being easy in behavior or style


derision: the act of deriding or treating with contempt


ridicule: the act of deriding or treating with contempt


mock: the act of mocking or ridiculing


indelicacy: an impolite act or expression


insolence: an offensive disrespectful impudent act


insult: a deliberately offensive act or something producing the effect of deliberate disrespect


affront: a deliberately offensive act or something producing the effect of deliberate disrespect


indignity: an affront to one's dignity or self-esteem


scandalization: the act of scandalizing


scandalisation: the act of scandalizing


outrage: the act of scandalizing


presumption: a kind of discourtesy in the form of an act of presuming


rebuff: a deliberate discourteous act (usually as an expression of anger or disapproval)


slight: a deliberate discourteous act (usually as an expression of anger or disapproval)


snub: a refusal to recognize someone you know


cut: a refusal to recognize someone you know


cold shoulder: a refusal to recognize someone you know


silent treatment: an aloof refusal to speak to someone you know


the way of the world: the manner in which people typically behave or things typically happen


the ways of the world: the manner in which people typically behave or things typically happen


benevolence: an act intending or showing kindness and good will


benefaction: an act intending or showing kindness and good will


cupboard love: a show of affection motivated by selfishness


favor: an act of gracious kindness


favour: an act of gracious kindness


turn: a favor for someone


good turn: a favor for someone


forgiveness: the act of excusing a mistake or offense


pardon: the act of excusing a mistake or offense


condonation: a pardon by treating the offender as if the offense had not occurred


mercy: alleviation of distress; showing great kindness toward the distressed


exculpation: the act of freeing from guilt or blame


endearment: the act of showing affection


politeness: the act of showing regard for others


civility: the act of showing regard for others


reverence: an act showing respect (especially a bow or curtsy)


courtesy: a courteous or respectful or considerate act


gesture: something done as an indication of intention


beau geste: a gracious (but usually meaningless) gesture


attention: a courteous act indicating affection


gallantry: polite attentiveness to women


deference: a courteous expression (by word or deed) of esteem or regard


respect: a courteous expression (by word or deed) of esteem or regard


court: respectful deference


homage: respectful deference


last respects: the act of expressing respect for someone who has died


props: proper respect


devoir: formal expression of respect


consideration: a considerate and thoughtful act


thoughtfulness: a considerate and thoughtful act


assembly: the social act of assembling


assemblage: the social act of assembling


gathering: the social act of assembling


mobilization: act of marshaling and organizing and making ready for use or action


mobilisation: act of marshaling and organizing and making ready for use or action


economic mobilization: mobilization of the economy


economic mobilisation: mobilization of the economy


rallying: the act of mobilizing for a common purpose


convocation: the act of convoking


calling together: the act of convoking


meeting: the social act of assembling for some common purpose


coming together: the social act of assembling for some common purpose


service call: a trip made by a repairman to visit the location of something in need of service


assignation: a secret rendezvous (especially between lovers)


tryst: a secret rendezvous (especially between lovers)


rendezvous: a meeting planned at a certain time and place


congregation: the act of congregating


congregating: the act of congregating


convention: the act of convening


convening: the act of convening


concentration: bringing together military forces


session: a meeting devoted to a particular activity


course session: a regularly scheduled session as part of a course of study


class period: a regularly scheduled session as part of a course of study


recitation: a regularly scheduled session as part of a course of study


socialization: the act of meeting for social purposes


socialisation: the act of meeting for social purposes


socializing: the act of meeting for social purposes


socialising: the act of meeting for social purposes


visit: the act of going to see some person in a professional capacity


visit: the act of visiting in an official capacity (as for an inspection)


flying visit: a visit that last for only a very short time


visit: the act of going to see some person or place or thing for a short time


attendance: the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.)


attending: the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.)


appearance: formal attendance (in court or at a hearing) of a party in an action


appearing: formal attendance (in court or at a hearing) of a party in an action


coming into court: formal attendance (in court or at a hearing) of a party in an action


presence: the act of being present


turnout: attendance for a particular event or purpose (as to vote in an election)


nonattendance: the failure to attend


nonappearance: failure to appear (especially as at court)


absence: failure to be present


absenteeism: habitual absence from work


truancy: failure to attend (especially school)


hooky: failure to attend (especially school)


return: a reciprocal group action


paying back: a reciprocal group action


getting even: a reciprocal group action


answer: a nonverbal reaction


requital: an act of requiting; returning in kind


payment: an act of requiting; returning in kind


retaliation: action taken in return for an injury or offense


revenge: action taken in return for an injury or offense


vengeance: the act of taking revenge (harming someone in retaliation for something harmful that they have done) especially in the next life; --Romans 12:19; --James Garfield


retribution: the act of taking revenge (harming someone in retaliation for something harmful that they have done) especially in the next life; --Romans 12:19; --James Garfield


payback: the act of taking revenge (harming someone in retaliation for something harmful that they have done) especially in the next life; --Romans 12:19; --James Garfield


reprisal: a retaliatory action against an enemy in wartime


reciprocation: the act of making or doing something in return


feud: a bitter quarrel between two parties


war: an active struggle between competing entities


warfare: an active struggle between competing entities


drug war: conflict between law enforcement and those who deal in illegal drugs


trench warfare: a struggle (usually prolonged) between competing entities in which neither side is able to win


vendetta: a feud in which members of the opposing parties murder each other


blood feud: a feud in which members of the opposing parties murder each other


tit for tat: an equivalent given in return


aggression: the act of initiating hostilities


democratization: the action of making something democratic


democratisation: the action of making something democratic


consolidation: the act of combining into an integral whole


integration: the act of combining into an integral whole


centralization: the act of consolidating power under a central control


centralisation: the act of consolidating power under a central control


decentralization: the spread of power away from the center to local branches or governments


decentralisation: the spread of power away from the center to local branches or governments


incorporation: consolidating two or more things; union in (or into) one body


amalgamation: the combination of two or more commercial companies


merger: the combination of two or more commercial companies


uniting: the combination of two or more commercial companies


vertical integration: absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution


vertical combination: absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution


horizontal integration: absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level


horizontal combination: absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level


engagement: the act of sharing in the activities of a group


participation: the act of sharing in the activities of a group


involvement: the act of sharing in the activities of a group


involution: the act of sharing in the activities of a group


non-engagement: withdrawing from the activities of a group


nonparticipation: withdrawing from the activities of a group


non-involvement: withdrawing from the activities of a group


isolation: a country's withdrawal from international politics


commitment: an engagement by contract involving financial obligation


incurrence: the act of incurring (making yourself subject to something undesirable)


intervention: the act of intervening (as to mediate a dispute, etc.)


intercession: the act of intervening (as to mediate a dispute, etc.)


mediation: the act of intervening for the purpose of bringing about a settlement


intermediation: the act of intervening for the purpose of bringing about a settlement


matchmaking: mediation in order to bring about a marriage between others


group participation: participation by all members of a group


neutrality: nonparticipation in a dispute or war


annulment: (law) a formal termination (of a relationship or a judicial proceeding etc)


invalidation: (law) a formal termination (of a relationship or a judicial proceeding etc)


dissolution of marriage: an annulment of a marriage


vindication: the act of vindicating or defending against criticism or censure etc.


exoneration: the act of vindicating or defending against criticism or censure etc.


whitewash: a specious or deceptive clearing that attempts to gloss over failings and defects


justification: the act of defending or explaining or making excuses for by reasoning; - H.J.Muller


rehabilitation: vindication of a person's character and the re-establishment of that person's reputation


job action: a temporary action by workers to protest management decision or to make demands


go-slow: a form of protest by workers in which they deliberately slow down in order to cause problem from their employers


work to rule: a job action in which workers cause a slowdown by doing only the minimum amount required by the rules of the workplace


passive resistance: peaceful resistance to a government by fasting or refusing to cooperate


nonviolent resistance: peaceful resistance to a government by fasting or refusing to cooperate


nonviolence: peaceful resistance to a government by fasting or refusing to cooperate


hunger strike: a voluntary fast undertaken as a means of protest


Ramadan: (Islam) a fast (held from sunrise to sunset) that is carried out during the Islamic month of Ramadan


Satyagraha: the form of nonviolent resistance initiated in India by Mahatma Gandhi in order to oppose British rule and to hasten political reforms


recusancy: refusal to submit to established authority; originally the refusal of Roman Catholics to attend services of the Church of England


strike: a group's refusal to work in protest against low pay or bad work conditions


work stoppage: a group's refusal to work in protest against low pay or bad work conditions


sit-down: a strike in which workers refuse to leave the workplace until a settlement is reached


sit-down strike: a strike in which workers refuse to leave the workplace until a settlement is reached


sympathy strike: a strike in support of other workers who are on strike; a strike not resulting from direct grievances against the workers' employer


sympathetic strike: a strike in support of other workers who are on strike; a strike not resulting from direct grievances against the workers' employer


walkout: a strike in which the workers walk out


wildcat strike: a strike undertaken by workers without approval from the officials of their union


unsnarling: the act of releasing from a snarled or tangled condition


untangling: the act of releasing from a snarled or tangled condition


disentanglement: the act of releasing from a snarled or tangled condition


extrication: the act of releasing from a snarled or tangled condition


sabotage: a deliberate act of destruction or disruption in which equipment is damaged


extermination: the act of exterminating


liquidation: the act of exterminating


genocide: systematic killing of a racial or cultural group


race murder: systematic killing of a racial or cultural group


racial extermination: systematic killing of a racial or cultural group


holocaust: an act of mass destruction and loss of life (especially in war or by fire)


Holocaust: the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime from 1941 until 1945


final solution: the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime from 1941 until 1945


throw: casting an object in order to determine an outcome randomly


cast: the act of throwing dice


roll: the act of throwing dice


natural: (craps) a first roll of 7 or 11 that immediately wins the stake


flip: the act of flipping a coin


toss: the act of flipping a coin


flip: a sudden, quick movement


strafe: an attack of machine-gun fire or cannon fire from a low flying airplane


surprise attack: an attack without warning


coup de main: an attack without warning


terrorist attack: a surprise attack involving the deliberate use of violence against civilians in the hope of attaining political or religious aims


ambush: the act of concealing yourself and lying in wait to attack by surprise


ambuscade: the act of concealing yourself and lying in wait to attack by surprise


lying in wait: the act of concealing yourself and lying in wait to attack by surprise


trap: the act of concealing yourself and lying in wait to attack by surprise


pre-emptive strike: a surprise attack that is launched in order to prevent the enemy from doing it to you


dry-gulching: the act of killing from ambush


emancipation: freeing someone from the control of another; especially a parent's relinquishing authority and control over a minor child


clearing: the act of freeing from suspicion


manumission: the formal act of freeing from slavery


radio observation: an observation made with a radio telescope


stupidity: a stupid mistake


betise: a stupid mistake


folly: a stupid mistake


foolishness: a stupid mistake


imbecility: a stupid mistake


admission: the act of admitting someone to enter


admittance: the act of admitting someone to enter


readmission: the act of admitting someone again


matriculation: admission to a group (especially a college or university)


matric: admission to a group (especially a college or university)


remarriage: the act of marrying again


renewal: the act of renewing


self-renewal: the act of renewing yourself (or itself)


replication: the repetition of an experiment in order to test the validity of its conclusion


amnesty: the formal act of liberating someone


pardon: the formal act of liberating someone


free pardon: the formal act of liberating someone


demolition: the act of demolishing


spoliation: (law) the intentional destruction of a document or an alteration of it that destroys its value as evidence


vandalism: willful wanton and malicious destruction of the property of others


hooliganism: willful wanton and malicious destruction of the property of others


malicious mischief: willful wanton and malicious destruction of the property of others


recession: the act of ceding back


ceding back: the act of ceding back


amendment: the act of amending or correcting


emendation: a correction by emending; a correction resulting from critical editing


hit: a murder carried out by an underworld syndicate


infanticide: murdering an infant


shoot-down: murder by shooting someone down in cold blood


tyrannicide: killing a tyrant


thuggee: murder and robbery by thugs


transmutation: an act that changes the form or character or substance of something


transubstantiation: an act that changes the form or character or substance of something


barrage jamming: electronic jamming over a wide range of frequencies simultaneously


spot jamming: electronic jamming of a specific channel or frequency


selective jamming: electronic jamming of a specific channel or frequency


electronic deception: the deliberate use of electromagnetic energy in a manner intended to convey misleading information


manipulative electronic deception: actions to eliminate revealing telltale indicators that could be used by the enemy (or to convey misleading indicators)


electronic manipulative deception: actions to eliminate revealing telltale indicators that could be used by the enemy (or to convey misleading indicators)


simulative electronic deception: actions to represent friendly notional or actual capabilities to mislead hostile forces


electronic simulative deception: actions to represent friendly notional or actual capabilities to mislead hostile forces


imitative electronic deception: the introduction of electromagnetic energy into enemy systems that imitates enemy emissions


electronic imitative deception: the introduction of electromagnetic energy into enemy systems that imitates enemy emissions


waste: (law) reduction in the value of an estate caused by act or neglect


permissive waste: (law) reduction in the value of an estate caused by act or neglect


colonization: the act of colonizing; the establishment of colonies


colonisation: the act of colonizing; the establishment of colonies


settlement: the act of colonizing; the establishment of colonies


resettlement: the transportation of people (as a family or colony) to a new settlement (as after an upheaval of some kind)


relocation: the transportation of people (as a family or colony) to a new settlement (as after an upheaval of some kind)


dismount: the act of dismounting (a horse or bike etc.)


radiation: the act of spreading outward from a central source


emission: the act of emitting; causing to flow forth


emanation: the act of emitting; causing to flow forth


discharge: the act of venting


venting: the act of venting


jamming: deliberate radiation or reflection of electromagnetic energy for the purpose of disrupting enemy use of electronic devices or systems