Mycenaean civilization: the late bronze-age culture of Mycenae that flourished 1400-1100 BC


Mycenaean civilisation: the late bronze-age culture of Mycenae that flourished 1400-1100 BC


Mycenaean culture: the late bronze-age culture of Mycenae that flourished 1400-1100 BC


Paleo-American culture: the prehistoric culture of the earliest human inhabitants of North America and South America


Paleo-Amerind culture: the prehistoric culture of the earliest human inhabitants of North America and South America


Paleo-Indian culture: the prehistoric culture of the earliest human inhabitants of North America and South America


Clovis culture: the Paleo-American culture of Central America and North America; distinguished chiefly by sharp fluted projectile points made of obsidian or chalcedony


Folsom culture: the Paleo-American culture of Central America and North America; distinguished chiefly by a thin finely made flint projectile point having the shape of a leaf


Western culture: the modern culture of western Europe and North America


Western civilization: the modern culture of western Europe and North America


psychedelia: the subculture of users of psychedelic drugs


Rastafari: (Jamaica) a Black youth subculture and religious movement that arose in the ghettos of Kingston, Jamaica, in the 1950s; males grow hair in long dreadlocks and wear woolen caps; use marijuana and listen to reggae music


Rastas: (Jamaica) a Black youth subculture and religious movement that arose in the ghettos of Kingston, Jamaica, in the 1950s; males grow hair in long dreadlocks and wear woolen caps; use marijuana and listen to reggae music


fleet: a group of warships organized as a tactical unit


armada: a large fleet


Spanish Armada: the great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588


Invincible Armada: the great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588


battle fleet: a fleet of warships prepared for battle


fleet: a group of steamships operating together under the same ownership


fleet: group of motor vehicles operating together under the same ownership


motor pool: a fleet of military vehicles controlled by a single agency and available for use as needed


fleet: group of aircraft operating together under the same ownership


alliance: an organization of people (or countries) involved in a pact or treaty


coalition: an organization of people (or countries) involved in a pact or treaty


alignment: an organization of people (or countries) involved in a pact or treaty


alinement: an organization of people (or countries) involved in a pact or treaty


nonalignment: people (or countries) who are not aligned with other people (or countries) in a pact or treaty


nonalinement: people (or countries) who are not aligned with other people (or countries) in a pact or treaty


popular front: a leftist coalition organized against a common opponent


world organization: an international alliance involving many different countries


world organisation: an international alliance involving many different countries


international organization: an international alliance involving many different countries


international organisation: an international alliance involving many different countries


global organization: an international alliance involving many different countries


Commonwealth of Independent States: an alliance made up of states that had been Soviet Socialist Republics in the Soviet Union prior to its dissolution in Dec 1991


CIS: an alliance made up of states that had been Soviet Socialist Republics in the Soviet Union prior to its dissolution in Dec 1991


United Nations: an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security


UN: an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security


deliberative assembly: an assembly of people for the purpose of unhurried consideration and discussion


General Assembly: the supreme deliberative assembly of the United Nations


United Nations Secretariat: the administrative arm of the United Nations


Security Council: a permanent council of the United Nations; responsible for preserving world peace


SC: a permanent council of the United Nations; responsible for preserving world peace


Trusteeship Council: a permanent council of the United Nations that commissions a country (or countries) to undertake the administration of a territory


TC: a permanent council of the United Nations that commissions a country (or countries) to undertake the administration of a territory


Economic and Social Council: a permanent council of the United Nations; responsible for economic and social conditions


ECOSOC: a permanent council of the United Nations; responsible for economic and social conditions


Economic and Social Council commission: a commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations


ECOSOC commission: a commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations


Commission on Human Rights: the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with human rights


Commission on Narcotic Drugs: the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with drug traffic


Commission on the Status of Women: the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with the status of women in different societies


Economic Commission for Africa: the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development of African nations


Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East: the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development of countries in Asia and the Far East


Economic Commission for Europe: the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development in Europe


Economic Commission for Latin America: the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development in Latin America


Population Commission: the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with population control


Social Development Commission: the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with social development


Statistical Commission: the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with statistical data from member nations


International Court of Justice: a court established to settle disputes between members of the United Nations


World Court: a court established to settle disputes between members of the United Nations


United Nations agency: an agency of the United Nations


UN agency: an agency of the United Nations


United Nations Children's Fund: an agency of the United Nations responsible for programs to aid education and the health of children and mothers in developing countries


United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund: an agency of the United Nations responsible for programs to aid education and the health of children and mothers in developing countries


UNICEF: an agency of the United Nations responsible for programs to aid education and the health of children and mothers in developing countries


Food and Agriculture Organization: the United Nations agency concerned with the international organization of food and agriculture


Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: the United Nations agency concerned with the international organization of food and agriculture


FAO: the United Nations agency concerned with the international organization of food and agriculture


General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: a United Nations agency created by a multinational treaty to promote trade by the reduction of tariffs and import quotas


GATT: a United Nations agency created by a multinational treaty to promote trade by the reduction of tariffs and import quotas


International Atomic Energy Agency: the United Nations agency concerned with atomic energy


IAEA: the United Nations agency concerned with atomic energy


International Bank for Reconstruction and Development: a United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments


World Bank: a United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments


IBRD: a United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments


International Civil Aviation Organization: the United Nations agency concerned with civil aviation


ICAO: the United Nations agency concerned with civil aviation


International Development Association: an agency of the United Nations affiliated with the World Bank


IDA: an agency of the United Nations affiliated with the World Bank


International Finance Corporation: a United Nations agency that invests directly in companies and guarantees loans to private investors; affiliated with the World Bank


IFC: a United Nations agency that invests directly in companies and guarantees loans to private investors; affiliated with the World Bank


International Labor Organization: the United Nations agency concerned with the interests of labor


International Labour Organization: the United Nations agency concerned with the interests of labor


ILO: the United Nations agency concerned with the interests of labor


International Maritime Organization: the United Nations agency concerned with international maritime activities


IMO: the United Nations agency concerned with international maritime activities


International Monetary Fund: a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies


IMF: a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies


United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization: an agency of the United Nations that promotes education and communication and the arts


UNESCO: an agency of the United Nations that promotes education and communication and the arts


United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention: an agency of the United Nations that promotes drug control and crime prevention


DCCP: an agency of the United Nations that promotes drug control and crime prevention


United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice: the United Nations office responsible for crime prevention and criminal justice and law reform


Centre for International Crime Prevention: the United Nations office responsible for crime prevention and criminal justice and law reform


World Health Organization: a United Nations agency to coordinate international health activities and to help governments improve health services


WHO: a United Nations agency to coordinate international health activities and to help governments improve health services


World Meteorological Organization: the United Nations agency concerned with the international collection of meteorological data


WMO: the United Nations agency concerned with the international collection of meteorological data


sterling area: the group of countries whose currencies are tied to the British pound sterling


sterling bloc: the group of countries whose currencies are tied to the British pound sterling


scheduled territories: the group of countries whose currencies are tied to the British pound sterling


confederation: a union of political organizations


confederacy: a union of political organizations


federation: a union of political organizations


federation: an organization formed by merging several groups or parties


nation: a federation of tribes (especially Native American tribes)


Creek Confederacy: a North American Indian confederacy organized by the Muskogee that dominated the southeastern part of the United States before being removed to Oklahoma


Hanseatic League: a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas; formed in 1241 and most influential in the 14th century when it included over 100 towns and functioned as an independent political power; the last official assembly was held in 1669


enosis: the union of Greece and Cyprus (which is the goal of a group of Greek Cypriots)


union: a political unit formed from previously independent people or organizations


league: an association of states or organizations or individuals for common action


Iroquois League: a league of Iroquois tribes including originally the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca (the Five Nations); after 1722 they were joined by the Tuscarora (the Six Nations)


League of Iroquois: a league of Iroquois tribes including originally the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca (the Five Nations); after 1722 they were joined by the Tuscarora (the Six Nations)


Five Nations: a league of Iroquois tribes including originally the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca (the Five Nations); after 1722 they were joined by the Tuscarora (the Six Nations)


Six Nations: a league of Iroquois tribes including originally the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca (the Five Nations); after 1722 they were joined by the Tuscarora (the Six Nations)


customs union: an association of nations to promote free trade within the union and set common tariffs for nations that are not members


Benelux: a customs union comprising Belgium and Netherlands and Luxembourg


ally: a friendly nation


caste: a social class separated from others by distinctions of hereditary rank or profession or wealth


caste: (Hinduism) a hereditary social class among Hindus; stratified according to ritual purity


jati: (Hinduism) a Hindu caste or distinctive social group of which there are thousands throughout India; a special characteristic is often the exclusive occupation of its male members (such as barber or potter)


varna: (Hinduism) the name for the original social division of Vedic people into four groups (which are subdivided into thousands of jatis)


brahman: the highest of the four varnas: the priestly or sacerdotal category


brahmin: the highest of the four varnas: the priestly or sacerdotal category


rajanya: the second highest of the four varnas: the noble or warrior category


vaisya: the third of the four varnas: the commoners or yeoman farmers or mercantile and professional category


sudra: the lowest of the four varnas: the servants and workers of low status


shudra: the lowest of the four varnas: the servants and workers of low status


meeting: a formally arranged gathering


group meeting: a formally arranged gathering


board meeting: a meeting for administrative purposes


committee meeting: a meeting for administrative purposes


camp meeting: religious (usually evangelistic) meeting held in a large tent or outdoors and lasting several days


caucus: a closed political meeting


conclave: a confidential or secret meeting


conference: a prearranged meeting for consultation or exchange of information or discussion (especially one with a formal agenda)


congress: a meeting of elected or appointed representatives


Congress of Racial Equality: an organization founded by James Leonard Farmer in 1942 to work for racial equality


CORE: an organization founded by James Leonard Farmer in 1942 to work for racial equality


convention: a large formal assembly


Constitutional Convention: the convention of United States statesmen who drafted the United States Constitution in 1787


council: a meeting of people for consultation


encounter group: a meeting of people to develop mutual understanding by freely expressing emotions


forum: a public meeting or assembly for open discussion


plenum: a meeting of a legislative body at which all members are present


psychotherapy group: a meeting of people for psychotherapeutic purposes


stockholders meeting: a meeting at which the management reports to the stockholders of a company


covey: a small collection of people


meeting: a small informal social gathering


get together: a small informal social gathering


North Atlantic Council: a council consisting of permanent representatives of all the member countries of NATO; has political authority and powers of decision


NAC: a council consisting of permanent representatives of all the member countries of NATO; has political authority and powers of decision


council: a body serving in an administrative capacity


city council: a municipal body that can pass ordinances and appropriate funds etc.


executive council: a council that shares the supreme executive power


panchayat: a village council in India or southern Pakistan


panchayet: a village council in India or southern Pakistan


punchayet: a village council in India or southern Pakistan


privy council: an advisory council to a ruler (especially to the British Crown)


divan: a Muslim council of state


diwan: a Muslim council of state


works council: (chiefly Brit) a council representing employer and employees of a plant or business to discuss working conditions etc; also: a committee representing the workers elected to negotiate with management about grievances and wages etc


town meeting: government of a town by an assembly of the qualified voters


summit: a meeting of heads of governments


summit meeting: a meeting of heads of governments


town meeting: a meeting of the inhabitants of a town


council: (Christianity) an assembly of theologians and bishops and other representatives of different churches or dioceses that is convened to regulate matters of discipline or doctrine


ecumenical council: (early Christian church) one of seven gatherings of bishops from around the known world under the presidency of the Pope to regulate matters of faith and morals and discipline


Nicaea: the first ecumenical council in 325 which produced the wording of the Nicene Creed and condemned the heresy of Arianism


First Council of Nicaea: the first ecumenical council in 325 which produced the wording of the Nicene Creed and condemned the heresy of Arianism


Constantinople: the second ecumenical council in 381 which added wording about the Holy Spirit to the Nicene Creed


First Council of Constantinople: the second ecumenical council in 381 which added wording about the Holy Spirit to the Nicene Creed


Ephesus: the third ecumenical council in 431 which declared Mary as mother of God and condemned Pelagius


Council of Ephesus: the third ecumenical council in 431 which declared Mary as mother of God and condemned Pelagius


Chalcedon: the fourth ecumenical council in 451 which defined the two natures (human and divine) of Christ


Council of Chalcedon: the fourth ecumenical council in 451 which defined the two natures (human and divine) of Christ


Constantinople: the fifth ecumenical council in 553 which held Origen's writings to be heretic


Second Council of Constantinople: the fifth ecumenical council in 553 which held Origen's writings to be heretic


Constantinople: the sixth ecumenical council in 680-681 which condemned Monothelitism by defining two wills in Christ, divine and human


Third Council of Constantinople: the sixth ecumenical council in 680-681 which condemned Monothelitism by defining two wills in Christ, divine and human


Nicaea: the seventh ecumenical council in 787 which refuted iconoclasm and regulated the veneration of holy images


Second Council of Nicaea: the seventh ecumenical council in 787 which refuted iconoclasm and regulated the veneration of holy images


Constantinople: the council in 869 that condemned Photius who had become the patriarch of Constantinople without approval from the Vatican, thereby precipitating the schism between the eastern and western churches


Fourth Council of Constantinople: the council in 869 that condemned Photius who had become the patriarch of Constantinople without approval from the Vatican, thereby precipitating the schism between the eastern and western churches


Lateran Council: any of five general councils of the Western Catholic Church that were held in the Lateran Palace


First Lateran Council: the first council of the Western Church held in the Lateran Palace in 1123; focused on church discipline and made plans to recover the Holy Lands from the Muslim `infidels'


Second Lateran Council: the second council of the Western Church in 1139 which put an end to the dogmatic errors of Arnold of Brescia


Third Lateran Council: the Lateran Council in 1179 that condemned the heresies of the Albigenses and the Waldenses


Fourth Lateran Council: the Lateran Council in 1215 was the most important council of the Middle Ages; issued a creed against Albigensianism, published reformatory decrees, promulgated the doctrine of transubstantiation, and clarified church doctrine on the Trinity and Incarnation


Lyons: the council of the Western Church in 1245 that excommunicated Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and planned a new crusade against the Holy Land


First Council of Lyons: the council of the Western Church in 1245 that excommunicated Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and planned a new crusade against the Holy Land


Lyons: the council in 1274 that effected a temporary reunion of the Greek Orthodox with the Roman Catholic Church


Second Council of Lyons: the council in 1274 that effected a temporary reunion of the Greek Orthodox with the Roman Catholic Church


Vienne: the council in 1311-1313 that dealt with alleged crimes of the Knights Templar, planned a new crusade, and took on the reformation of the clergy


Council of Vienne: the council in 1311-1313 that dealt with alleged crimes of the Knights Templar, planned a new crusade, and took on the reformation of the clergy


Constance: the council in 1414-1418 that succeeded in ending the Great Schism in the Roman Catholic Church


Council of Constance: the council in 1414-1418 that succeeded in ending the Great Schism in the Roman Catholic Church


Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence: the council in 1431-1439 that concentrated on the elimination of heresies and on reforms within the Roman Catholic Church


Fifth Lateran Council: the council in 1512-1517 that published disciplinary decrees and planned (but did not carry out) a crusade against Turkey


Council of Trent: a council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 to examine and condemn the teachings of Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers; redefined the Roman Catholic doctrine and abolished various ecclesiastical abuses and strengthened the papacy


Vatican Council: each of two councils of the Roman Catholic Church


First Vatican Council: the Vatican Council in 1869-1870 that proclaimed the infallibility of the pope when speaking ex cathedra


Vatican I: the Vatican Council in 1869-1870 that proclaimed the infallibility of the pope when speaking ex cathedra


Second Vatican Council: the Vatican Council in 1962-1965 that abandoned the universal Latin liturgy and acknowledged ecumenism and made other reforms


Vatican II: the Vatican Council in 1962-1965 that abandoned the universal Latin liturgy and acknowledged ecumenism and made other reforms


Continental Congress: the legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution; they issued the Declaration of Independence and framed Articles of Confederation


congress: a national legislative assembly


diet: a legislative assembly in certain countries (e.g., Japan)


chamber: a deliberative or legislative or administrative or judicial assembly


chamber of commerce: an association of businessmen to protect and promote business interests


parliament: a legislative assembly in certain countries


British Parliament: the British legislative body


Dail Eireann: the lower house of the parliament of the Irish Republic


Dail: the lower house of the parliament of the Irish Republic


Knesset: the Israeli unicameral parliament


Knesseth: the Israeli unicameral parliament


Oireachtas: the parliament of the Irish Republic


Seanad Eireann: the upper house of the parliament of the Irish Republic


Seanad: the upper house of the parliament of the Irish Republic


Duma: a legislative body in the ruling assembly of Russia and of some other republics in the former USSR


soviet: an elected governmental council in a communist country (especially one that is a member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)


Palestine Liberation Organization: a political movement uniting Palestinian Arabs in an effort to create an independent state of Palestine; when formed in 1964 it was a terrorist organization dominated by Yasser Arafat's al-Fatah; in 1968 Arafat became chairman; received recognition by the United Nations and by Arab states in 1974 as a government in exile; has played a largely political role since the creation of the Palestine National Authority


PLO: a political movement uniting Palestinian Arabs in an effort to create an independent state of Palestine; when formed in 1964 it was a terrorist organization dominated by Yasser Arafat's al-Fatah; in 1968 Arafat became chairman; received recognition by the United Nations and by Arab states in 1974 as a government in exile; has played a largely political role since the creation of the Palestine National Authority


Palestine National Authority: combines the Gaza Strip and the West Bank under a political unit with limited autonomy and a police force; created in 1993 by an agreement between Israel and the PLO


Palestinian National Authority: combines the Gaza Strip and the West Bank under a political unit with limited autonomy and a police force; created in 1993 by an agreement between Israel and the PLO


Palestine Authority: combines the Gaza Strip and the West Bank under a political unit with limited autonomy and a police force; created in 1993 by an agreement between Israel and the PLO


Sinn Fein: an Irish republican political movement founded in 1905 to promote independence from England and unification of Ireland; became the political branch of the Irish Republican Army


Red Guard: a radical political movement by Chinese youths who espoused Maoist principles


syndicalism: a radical political movement that advocates bringing industry and government under the control of labor unions


indaba: a council at which indigenous peoples of southern Africa meet to discuss some important question


Jirga: a Pashto term for a decision making assembly of male elders


Loya Jirga: a grand council or grand assembly used to resolve political conflicts or other national problems


powwow: a council of or with Native Americans


synod: a council convened to discuss ecclesiastical business


world council: a council with representatives from different nations


blue ribbon commission: an independent and exclusive commission of nonpartisan statesmen and experts formed to investigate some important governmental issue


blue ribbon committee: an independent and exclusive commission of nonpartisan statesmen and experts formed to investigate some important governmental issue


board: a committee having supervisory powers


appeal board: a board of officials that are not judicial but are appointed to hear appeals


appeals board: a board of officials that are not judicial but are appointed to hear appeals


board of appeals: a board of officials that are not judicial but are appointed to hear appeals


board of selectmen: a board of officials elected to administer the public business of a New England town


board of regents: a committee of university officers who have general supervision over the welfare and conduct of students


board of trustees: a governing board elected or appointed to direct the policies of an educational institution


Federal Reserve Board: the seven-member board governing the Federal Reserve System


governing board: a board that manages the affairs of an institution


secretariat: an administrative unit responsible for maintaining records and other secretarial duties; especially for international organizations


secretariate: an administrative unit responsible for maintaining records and other secretarial duties; especially for international organizations


committee: a special group delegated to consider some matter;  - Milton Berle


commission: a special group delegated to consider some matter;  - Milton Berle


election commission: a commission delegated to supervise an election


fairness commission: a commission delegated to ensure opportunities for the expression of opposing views


planning commission: a commission delegated to propose plans for future activities and developments


conservancy: a commission with jurisdiction over fisheries and navigation in a port or river


committee: a self-constituted organization to promote something


citizens committee: a self-constituted organization to promote something


select committee: a parliamentary committee appointed for some special purpose


subcommittee: a subset of committee members organized for a specific purpose


vigilance committee: a volunteer committee to maintain order where an efficient legal system does not exist


welcoming committee: a committee to welcome new residents to a community


standing committee: a permanent committee


Ways and Means Committee: a permanent committee of the United States House of Representatives that makes recommendations to the US House on all bills that would raise revenue


steering committee: a committee to arrange the order of business for some larger (legislative) body


ethics committee: a committee appointed to consider ethical issues


ethics panel: a committee appointed to consider ethical issues


finance committee: a committee appointed to consider financial issues


politburo: the chief executive and political committee of the Communist Party


political action committee: committee formed by a special-interest group to raise money for their favorite political candidates


PAC: committee formed by a special-interest group to raise money for their favorite political candidates


presidium: a permanent executive committee in socialist countries that has all the powers of some larger legislative body and that acts for it when it is not in session


praesidium: a permanent executive committee in socialist countries that has all the powers of some larger legislative body and that acts for it when it is not in session


symposium: a meeting or conference for the public discussion of some topic especially one in which the participants form an audience and make presentations


seminar: any meeting for an exchange of ideas


colloquium: an academic meeting or seminar usually led by a different lecturer and on a different topic at each meeting


Potsdam Conference: a conference held in Potsdam in the summer of 1945 where Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill drew up plans for the administration of Germany and Poland after World War II ended


Yalta Conference: a conference held in Yalta in February 1945 where Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill planned the final stages of World War II and agreed to the territorial division of Europe


research colloquium: a colloquium at which the results of (scientific) research are reported


Bench: the magistrate or judge or judges sitting in court in judicial capacity to compose the court collectively


border patrol: a group of officers who patrol the borders of a country


harbor patrol: patrol of officers who police a harbor area


patrol: a group that goes through a region at regular intervals for the purpose of security


court: the family and retinue of a sovereign or prince


royal court: the family and retinue of a sovereign or prince


court: an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business


tribunal: an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business


judicature: an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business


appellate court: a court whose jurisdiction is to review decisions of lower courts or agencies


appeals court: a court whose jurisdiction is to review decisions of lower courts or agencies


court of appeals: a court whose jurisdiction is to review decisions of lower courts or agencies


circuit court of appeals: one of the twelve federal United States courts of appeals that cover a group of states known as a `circuit'


circuit: (law) a judicial division of a state or the United States (so-called because originally judges traveled and held court in different locations); one of the twelve groups of states in the United States that is covered by a particular circuit court of appeals


assizes: the county courts of England (replaced in 1971 by Crown courts)


court of assize: the county courts of England (replaced in 1971 by Crown courts)


court of assize and nisi prius: the county courts of England (replaced in 1971 by Crown courts)


chancery: a court with jurisdiction in equity


court of chancery: a court with jurisdiction in equity


consistory: a church tribunal or governing body


criminal court: a court having jurisdiction over criminal cases


drumhead court-martial: a military court convened to hear urgent charges of offenses committed in action


court-martial: a military court to try members of the armed services who are accused of serious breaches of martial law


special court-martial: a court-martial to try soldiers for offenses less serious that than those committed in action; consists of at least three officers


divorce court: a court having jurisdiction over the termination of marriage contracts


family court: a court in some states in the United States that has jurisdiction over family disputes (especially those involving children)


domestic relations court: a court in some states in the United States that has jurisdiction over family disputes (especially those involving children)


court of domestic relations: a court in some states in the United States that has jurisdiction over family disputes (especially those involving children)


federal court: a court establish by the authority of a federal government


Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court: a secret federal court created in 1978 by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act; responsible for authorizing wiretaps and other forms of electronic surveillance and for authorizing searches of suspected spies and terrorists by the Department of Justice or United States intelligence agencies


F.I.S.C.: a secret federal court created in 1978 by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act; responsible for authorizing wiretaps and other forms of electronic surveillance and for authorizing searches of suspected spies and terrorists by the Department of Justice or United States intelligence agencies


inferior court: any court whose decisions can be appealed to a higher court


lower court: any court whose decisions can be appealed to a higher court


Inquisition: a former tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church (1232-1820) created to discover and suppress heresy


Spanish Inquisition: an inquisition initiated in 1478 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain (especially from the 15th to the 17th centuries)


Roman Inquisition: an inquisition set up in Italy in 1542 to curb the number of Protestants


Congregation of the Inquisition: an inquisition set up in Italy in 1542 to curb the number of Protestants


juvenile court: a court having jurisdiction over dependent and delinquent children


kangaroo court: an irregular unauthorized court


military court: a judicial court of commissioned officers for the discipline and punishment of military personnel


moot court: a mock court where law students argue hypothetical cases


night court: a criminal court (in large cities) that sits at night


Old Bailey: the central criminal court in London


provost court: a military court for trying people charged with minor offenses in an occupied area


police court: a court that has power to prosecute for minor offenses and to bind over for trial in a superior court anyone accused of serious offenses


probate court: a court having jurisdiction over the probate of wills and the administration of estates


quarter sessions: a local court with criminal jurisdiction and sometimes administrative functions


Rota: (Roman Catholic Church) the supreme ecclesiastical tribunal for cases appealed to the Holy See from diocesan courts


Star Chamber: a former English court that became notorious for its arbitrary methods and severe punishments


superior court: any court that has jurisdiction above an inferior court


Supreme Court: the highest federal court in the United States; has final appellate jurisdiction and has jurisdiction over all other courts in the nation


Supreme Court of the United States: the highest federal court in the United States; has final appellate jurisdiction and has jurisdiction over all other courts in the nation


United States Supreme Court: the highest federal court in the United States; has final appellate jurisdiction and has jurisdiction over all other courts in the nation


supreme court: the highest court in most states of the United States


state supreme court: the highest court in most states of the United States


high court: the highest court in most states of the United States


traffic court: a court that has power to prosecute for traffic offenses


trial court: the first court before which the facts of a case are decided


repertoire: a collection of works (plays, songs, operas, ballets) that an artist or company can perform and do perform for short intervals on a regular schedule


repertory: a collection of works (plays, songs, operas, ballets) that an artist or company can perform and do perform for short intervals on a regular schedule


repertory: the entire range of skills or aptitudes or devices used in a particular field or occupation


repertoire: the entire range of skills or aptitudes or devices used in a particular field or occupation


representation: a body of legislators that serve in behalf of some constituency


agency: an administrative unit of government


federal agency: an administrative unit of government


government agency: an administrative unit of government


bureau: an administrative unit of government


office: an administrative unit of government


authority: an administrative unit of government


independent agency: an agency of the United States government that is created by an act of Congress and is independent of the executive departments


intelligence: a unit responsible for gathering and interpreting information about an enemy


intelligence service: a unit responsible for gathering and interpreting information about an enemy


intelligence agency: a unit responsible for gathering and interpreting information about an enemy


military intelligence: an agency of the armed forces that obtains and analyzes and uses information of strategic or tactical military value


military intelligence agency: an agency of the armed forces that obtains and analyzes and uses information of strategic or tactical military value


United States intelligence agency: an intelligence service in the United States


Intelligence Community: a group of government agencies and organizations that carry out intelligence activities for the United States government; headed by the Director of Central Intelligence


National Intelligence Community: a group of government agencies and organizations that carry out intelligence activities for the United States government; headed by the Director of Central Intelligence


United States Intelligence Community: a group of government agencies and organizations that carry out intelligence activities for the United States government; headed by the Director of Central Intelligence


IC: a group of government agencies and organizations that carry out intelligence activities for the United States government; headed by the Director of Central Intelligence


Advanced Research and Development Activity: an agency of the Intelligence Community that conducts advanced research and development related to information technology


ARDA: an agency of the Intelligence Community that conducts advanced research and development related to information technology


Defense Intelligence Agency: an intelligence agency of the United States in the Department of Defense; is responsible for providing intelligence in support of military planning and operations and weapons acquisition


DIA: an intelligence agency of the United States in the Department of Defense; is responsible for providing intelligence in support of military planning and operations and weapons acquisition


Defense Logistics Agency: a logistics combat support agency in the Department of Defense; provides worldwide support for military missions


Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service: the organization in the Defense Logistics Agency that inventories and evaluates and sells reusable United States government surplus


DRMS: the organization in the Defense Logistics Agency that inventories and evaluates and sells reusable United States government surplus


Defense Technical Information Center: the agency in the Department of Defense that provides scientific and technical information to federal agencies and their contractors


DTIC: the agency in the Department of Defense that provides scientific and technical information to federal agencies and their contractors


international intelligence agency: an intelligence agency outside the United States


Canadian Security Intelligence Service: Canada's main foreign intelligence agency that gathers and analyzes information to provide security intelligence for the Canadian government


CSIS: Canada's main foreign intelligence agency that gathers and analyzes information to provide security intelligence for the Canadian government


Central Intelligence Machinery: the United Kingdom's central unit for the tasking and coordination and funding of intelligence and security agencies


CIM: the United Kingdom's central unit for the tasking and coordination and funding of intelligence and security agencies


Communications Security Establishment: Canadian agency that gathers communications intelligence and assist law enforcement and security agencies


CSE: Canadian agency that gathers communications intelligence and assist law enforcement and security agencies


Criminal Intelligence Services of Canada: an agency of the Canadian government that unifies the intelligence units of Canadian law enforcement agencies


CISC: an agency of the Canadian government that unifies the intelligence units of Canadian law enforcement agencies


Department of Justice Canada: an agency of the Canadian government that provides litigation and legal advice and opinions to the government


DoJC: an agency of the Canadian government that provides litigation and legal advice and opinions to the government


Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence: the Pakistan intelligence agency; a powerful and almost autonomous political and military force; has procured nuclear technology and delivery capabilities; has had strong ties with the Taliban and other militant Islamic groups


Inter-Services Intelligence: the Pakistan intelligence agency; a powerful and almost autonomous political and military force; has procured nuclear technology and delivery capabilities; has had strong ties with the Taliban and other militant Islamic groups


ISI: the Pakistan intelligence agency; a powerful and almost autonomous political and military force; has procured nuclear technology and delivery capabilities; has had strong ties with the Taliban and other militant Islamic groups


Foreign Intelligence Service: Russia's intelligence service responsible for foreign operations, intelligence-gathering and analysis, and the exchange of intelligence information; collaborates with other countries to oppose proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, terrorism and organized crime


Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki: Russia's intelligence service responsible for foreign operations, intelligence-gathering and analysis, and the exchange of intelligence information; collaborates with other countries to oppose proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, terrorism and organized crime


SVR: Russia's intelligence service responsible for foreign operations, intelligence-gathering and analysis, and the exchange of intelligence information; collaborates with other countries to oppose proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, terrorism and organized crime


International Relations and Security Network: Switzerland's information network for security and defense studies and for peace and conflict research and for international relations


ISN: Switzerland's information network for security and defense studies and for peace and conflict research and for international relations


international law enforcement agency: an international administrative unit responsible for law enforcement


Interpol: an international intelligence agency permitting collaboration among intelligence agencies around the world


Iraqi Intelligence Service: the most notorious and possibly the most important arm of Iraq's security system


IIS: the most notorious and possibly the most important arm of Iraq's security system


Iraqi Mukhabarat: the most notorious and possibly the most important arm of Iraq's security system


Republican Guard: formerly Iraq's elite military unit whose primary role was to protect the government in Baghdad


Haganah: the clandestine military wing of the Jewish leadership during the British rule over the mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948; became the basis for the Israeli defense force


Israeli Defense Force: the ground and air and naval forces of Israel


IDF: the ground and air and naval forces of Israel


Sayeret Matkal: Israel's elite secret commando unit responsible for counterterrorist and top secret intelligence gathering and hostage rescue missions


Sayeret Mat'kal: Israel's elite secret commando unit responsible for counterterrorist and top secret intelligence gathering and hostage rescue missions


sayeret: Israel's elite secret commando unit responsible for counterterrorist and top secret intelligence gathering and hostage rescue missions


Special Air Service: a specialist regiment of the British army that is trained in commando techniques of warfare and used in clandestine operations (especially against terrorist groups)


SAS: a specialist regiment of the British army that is trained in commando techniques of warfare and used in clandestine operations (especially against terrorist groups)


A'man: the Israeli military intelligence which produces comprehensive national intelligence briefings for the prime minister and the cabinet


Mossad: the Israeli foreign intelligence agency


Secret Intelligence Service: the government agency in the United Kingdom that is responsible for internal security and counterintelligence overseas


MI: the government agency in the United Kingdom that is responsible for internal security and counterintelligence overseas


Military Intelligence Section 6: the government agency in the United Kingdom that is responsible for internal security and counterintelligence overseas


Security Intelligence Review Committee: an agency of the Canadian government that oversees the activities of the Criminal Intelligence Services of Canada and has the power to intrude on the privacy of suspected terrorists or spies


SIRC: an agency of the Canadian government that oversees the activities of the Criminal Intelligence Services of Canada and has the power to intrude on the privacy of suspected terrorists or spies


Security Service: the government agency in the United Kingdom that is responsible for internal security and counterintelligence on British territory


MI: the government agency in the United Kingdom that is responsible for internal security and counterintelligence on British territory


Military Intelligence Section 5: the government agency in the United Kingdom that is responsible for internal security and counterintelligence on British territory


Shin Bet: the Israeli domestic counterintelligence and internal security agency


General Security Services: the Israeli domestic counterintelligence and internal security agency


National Reconnaissance Office: an intelligence agency in the United States Department of Defense that designs and builds and operates space reconnaissance systems to detect trouble spots worldwide and to monitor arms control agreements and environmental issues and to help plan military operations


NRO: an intelligence agency in the United States Department of Defense that designs and builds and operates space reconnaissance systems to detect trouble spots worldwide and to monitor arms control agreements and environmental issues and to help plan military operations


National Security Agency: the United States cryptologic organization that coordinates and directs highly specialized activities to protect United States information systems and to produce foreign intelligence information


NSA: the United States cryptologic organization that coordinates and directs highly specialized activities to protect United States information systems and to produce foreign intelligence information


United States Secret Service: the United States intelligence agency that protects current and former presidents and vice presidents and their immediate families and protects distinguished foreign visitors; detects and apprehends counterfeiters; suppresses forgery of government securities and documents


US Secret Service: the United States intelligence agency that protects current and former presidents and vice presidents and their immediate families and protects distinguished foreign visitors; detects and apprehends counterfeiters; suppresses forgery of government securities and documents


USSS: the United States intelligence agency that protects current and former presidents and vice presidents and their immediate families and protects distinguished foreign visitors; detects and apprehends counterfeiters; suppresses forgery of government securities and documents


Secret Service: the United States intelligence agency that protects current and former presidents and vice presidents and their immediate families and protects distinguished foreign visitors; detects and apprehends counterfeiters; suppresses forgery of government securities and documents


SS: the United States intelligence agency that protects current and former presidents and vice presidents and their immediate families and protects distinguished foreign visitors; detects and apprehends counterfeiters; suppresses forgery of government securities and documents


law enforcement agency: an agency responsible for insuring obedience to the laws


Occupational Safety and Health Administration: a government agency in the Department of Labor to maintain a safe and healthy work environment


OSHA: a government agency in the Department of Labor to maintain a safe and healthy work environment


organ: a government agency or instrument devoted to the performance of some specific function


admiralty: the department in charge of the navy (as in Great Britain)


Patent and Trademark Office Database: the government bureau in the Department of Commerce that keeps a record of patents and trademarks and grants new ones


Patent Office: the government bureau in the Department of Commerce that keeps a record of patents and trademarks and grants new ones


central bank: a government monetary authority that issues currency and regulates the supply of credit and holds the reserves of other banks and sells new issues of securities for the government


European Central Bank: the central bank of those members of the European Union who share a common currency


Federal Reserve System: the central bank of the United States; incorporates 12 Federal Reserve branch banks and all national banks and state-chartered commercial banks and some trust companies


Federal Reserve: the central bank of the United States; incorporates 12 Federal Reserve branch banks and all national banks and state-chartered commercial banks and some trust companies


Fed: the central bank of the United States; incorporates 12 Federal Reserve branch banks and all national banks and state-chartered commercial banks and some trust companies


FRS: the central bank of the United States; incorporates 12 Federal Reserve branch banks and all national banks and state-chartered commercial banks and some trust companies


Federal Reserve Bank: one of 12 regional banks that monitor and act as depositories for banks in their region


reserve bank: one of 12 regional banks that monitor and act as depositories for banks in their region


Federal Trade Commission: an independent agency of the United States federal government that maintains fair and free competition; enforces federal antitrust laws; educates the public about identity theft


FTC: an independent agency of the United States federal government that maintains fair and free competition; enforces federal antitrust laws; educates the public about identity theft


Office of Inspector General: the investigative arm of the Federal Trade Commission


OIG: the investigative arm of the Federal Trade Commission


General Services Administration: a central management agency that sets Federal policy for Federal procurement and real property management and information resources management


GSA: a central management agency that sets Federal policy for Federal procurement and real property management and information resources management


Federal Protective Service: an agency in the General Services Administration that is a security organization to provide a safe environment where Federal agencies can conduct their business


FPS: an agency in the General Services Administration that is a security organization to provide a safe environment where Federal agencies can conduct their business


Bank of England: the central bank of England and Wales


Bundesbank: the central bank of Germany


Bank of Japan: the central bank of Japan


office: professional or clerical workers in an office


office staff: professional or clerical workers in an office


research staff: a group of associated research workers in a university or library or laboratory


sales staff: those in a business who are responsible for sales


security staff: those in an organization responsible for preventing spying or theft


service staff: those in a business responsible for maintaining the physical plant


maintenance staff: those in a business responsible for maintaining the physical plant


Small Business Administration: an independent agency of the United States government that protects the interests of small businesses and ensures that they receive a fair share of government contracts


SBA: an independent agency of the United States government that protects the interests of small businesses and ensures that they receive a fair share of government contracts


redevelopment authority: a public administrative unit given responsibility for the renovation of blighted urban areas


regulatory agency: a governmental agency that regulates businesses in the public interest


regulatory authority: a governmental agency that regulates businesses in the public interest


Selective Service: an independent federal agency that administers compulsory military service


Selective Service System: an independent federal agency that administers compulsory military service


SSS: an independent federal agency that administers compulsory military service


weather bureau: an administrative unit responsible for gathering and interpreting meteorological data for weather study and forecasts


advertising agency: an agency that designs advertisement to call public attention to its clients


ad agency: an agency that designs advertisement to call public attention to its clients


credit bureau: a private firm that maintains consumer credit data files and provides credit information to authorized users for a fee


detective agency: an agency that makes inquiries for its clients


employment agency: an agency that finds people to fill particular jobs or finds jobs for unemployed people


employment office: an agency that finds people to fill particular jobs or finds jobs for unemployed people


placement office: an office that finds suitable employment for applicants


placement center: an office that finds suitable employment for applicants


hiring hall: a union-operated placement office where jobs are allotted to applicants according to seniority or rotation


mercantile agency: an organization that provides businesses with credit ratings of other firms


commercial agency: an organization that provides businesses with credit ratings of other firms


news agency: an agency to collects news reports for newspapers and distributes it electronically


press agency: an agency to collects news reports for newspapers and distributes it electronically


wire service: an agency to collects news reports for newspapers and distributes it electronically


press association: an agency to collects news reports for newspapers and distributes it electronically


news organization: an agency to collects news reports for newspapers and distributes it electronically


news organisation: an agency to collects news reports for newspapers and distributes it electronically


syndicate: a news agency that sells features or articles or photographs etc. to newspapers for simultaneous publication


service agency: a business that makes its facilities available to others for a fee; achieves economy of scale


service bureau: a business that makes its facilities available to others for a fee; achieves economy of scale


service firm: a business that makes its facilities available to others for a fee; achieves economy of scale


travel agency: an agency that arranges personal travel


United States government: the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States


United States: the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States


U.S. government: the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States


US Government: the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States


U.S.: the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States


executive branch: the branch of the United States government that is responsible for carrying out the laws


Executive Office of the President: the branch of the United States government that is responsible for carrying out the laws


legislative branch: the branch of the United States government that has the power of legislating


United States Government Printing Office: an agency of the legislative branch that provides printing and binding services for Congress and the departments and establishments of the federal government


US Government Printing Office: an agency of the legislative branch that provides printing and binding services for Congress and the departments and establishments of the federal government


Government Printing Office: an agency of the legislative branch that provides printing and binding services for Congress and the departments and establishments of the federal government


GPO: an agency of the legislative branch that provides printing and binding services for Congress and the departments and establishments of the federal government


judicial branch: the branch of the United States government responsible for the administration of justice


Capital: the federal government of the United States


Washington: the federal government of the United States


civil service: government workers; usually hired on the basis of competitive examinations


Whitehall: the British civil service


county council: the elected governing body of a county


diplomatic service: the body of diplomatic personnel


diplomatic corps: the body of diplomatic personnel


corps diplomatique: the body of diplomatic personnel


government officials: people elected or appointed to administer a government


officialdom: people elected or appointed to administer a government


quorum: a gathering of the minimal number of members of an organization to conduct business


minyan: the quorum required by Jewish law to be present for public worship (at least ten males over thirteen years of age)


rally: a large gathering of people intended to arouse enthusiasm


mass meeting: a large gathering of people intended to arouse enthusiasm


pep rally: a rally (especially of students) before a game


cell: a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement


cadre: a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement


sleeper cell: a cell of sleepers


terrorist cell: a cell of terrorists (usually 3 to 5 members)


radical cell: a cell of terrorists (usually 3 to 5 members)


operational cell: a terrorist cell that performs clandestine activities


intelligence cell: a terrorist cell whose members are trained to perform reconnaissance and surveillance


auxiliary cell: a terrorist cell responsible for logistics; usually large and less compartmentalized than other terrorist cells


fifth column: a subversive group that supports the enemy and engages in espionage or sabotage; an enemy in your midst


Trojan horse: a subversive group that supports the enemy and engages in espionage or sabotage; an enemy in your midst


political unit: a unit with political responsibilities


political entity: a unit with political responsibilities


amphictyony: an association of neighboring states or tribes in ancient Greece; established originally to defend a common religious center


lunatic fringe: a political unit with extreme and fanatical views


revolutionary group: a political unit organized to promote revolution


underground: a secret group organized to overthrow a government or occupation force


resistance: a secret group organized to overthrow a government or occupation force


Maquis: the French underground that fought against the German occupation in World War II


autocracy: a political system governed by a single individual


autarchy: a political system governed by a single individual


constitutionalism: a constitutional system of government (usually with a written constitution)


democracy: a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them


republic: a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them


commonwealth: a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them


diarchy: a form of government having two joint rulers


dyarchy: a form of government having two joint rulers


gerontocracy: a political system governed by old men


gynecocracy: a political system governed by a woman


gynarchy: a political system governed by a woman


hegemony: the dominance or leadership of one social group or nation over others


mobocracy: a political system in which a mob is the source of control; government by the masses


ochlocracy: a political system in which a mob is the source of control; government by the masses


oligarchy: a political system governed by a few people


plutocracy: a political system governed by the wealthy people


republic: a form of government whose head of state is not a monarch


technocracy: a form of government in which scientists and technical experts are in control


theocracy: a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)


hierocracy: a ruling body composed of clergy


parliamentary democracy: a democracy having a parliament


monarchy: an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority


parliamentary monarchy: a monarchy having a parliament


capitalism: an economic system based on private ownership of capital


capitalist economy: an economic system based on private ownership of capital


venture capitalism: capitalism that invests in innovative enterprises (especially high technology) where the potential profits are large


black economy: a hidden sector of the economy where private cash transactions go unreported


industrialism: an economic system built on large industries rather than on agriculture or craftsmanship


market economy: an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices


free enterprise: an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices


private enterprise: an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices


laissez-faire economy: an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices


mixed economy: an economic system that combines private and state enterprises


non-market economy: an economy that is not a market economy


state capitalism: an economic system that is primarily capitalistic but there is some degree of government ownership of the means of production


state socialism: an economic system in which the government owns most means of production but some degree of private capitalism is allowed


communism: a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership


International: any of several international socialist organizations


socialism: an economic system based on state ownership of capital


socialist economy: an economic system based on state ownership of capital


Nazism: a form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism and obedience to a strong leader


Naziism: a form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism and obedience to a strong leader


national socialism: a form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism and obedience to a strong leader


Falange: the Spanish Nazi party under Franco


economy: the system of production and distribution and consumption


economic system: the system of production and distribution and consumption


managed economy: a non-market economy in which government intervention is important in allocating goods and resources and determining prices


mercantilism: an economic system (Europe in 18th century) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests


mercantile system: an economic system (Europe in 18th century) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests


communist economy: the managed economy of a communist state


pluralism: a social organization in which diversity of racial or religious or ethnic or cultural groups is tolerated


political system: the members of a social organization who are in power


form of government: the members of a social organization who are in power


Bolshevism: Soviet communism


collectivism: Soviet communism


sovietism: Soviet communism


revisionism: a moderate evolutionary form of Marxism


revisionism: any dangerous departure from the teachings of Marx


ecosystem: a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment


generation: group of genetically related organisms constituting a single step in the line of descent


posterity: all future generations


descendants: all of the offspring of a given progenitor


posterity: all of the offspring of a given progenitor


coevals: all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age


contemporaries: all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age


generation: all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age


beat generation: a United States youth subculture of the 1950s; rejected possessions or regular work or traditional dress; for communal living and psychedelic drugs and anarchism; favored modern forms of jazz (e.g., bebop)


beats: a United States youth subculture of the 1950s; rejected possessions or regular work or traditional dress; for communal living and psychedelic drugs and anarchism; favored modern forms of jazz (e.g., bebop)


beatniks: a United States youth subculture of the 1950s; rejected possessions or regular work or traditional dress; for communal living and psychedelic drugs and anarchism; favored modern forms of jazz (e.g., bebop)


Beatles: a rock group from Liverpool who between 1962 and 1970 produced a variety of hit songs and albums (most of them written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon)


teddy boys: a British youth subculture that first appeared in the 1950s; mainly from unskilled backgrounds, they adopted a pseudo-Edwardian dress code and rock'n'roll music; proletarian and xenophobic, they were involved in race riots in the United Kingdom


punks: a youth subculture closely associated with punk rock music in the late 1970s; in part a reaction to the hippy subculture; dress was optional but intended to shock (plastic garbage bags or old school uniforms) and hair was dyed in bright colors (in Mohican haircuts or sometimes spiked in bright plumes)


rockers: originally a British youth subculture that evolved out of the teddy boys in the 1960s; wore black leather jackets and jeans and boots; had greased hair and rode motorcycles and listened to rock'n'roll; were largely unskilled manual laborers


bikers: originally a British youth subculture that evolved out of the teddy boys in the 1960s; wore black leather jackets and jeans and boots; had greased hair and rode motorcycles and listened to rock'n'roll; were largely unskilled manual laborers


skinheads: a youth subculture that appeared first in England in the late 1960s as a working-class reaction to the hippies; hair was cropped close to the scalp; wore work-shirts and short jeans (supported by suspenders) and heavy red boots; involved in attacks against Asians and football hooliganism


bootboys: a youth subculture that appeared first in England in the late 1960s as a working-class reaction to the hippies; hair was cropped close to the scalp; wore work-shirts and short jeans (supported by suspenders) and heavy red boots; involved in attacks against Asians and football hooliganism


mods: a youth subculture that began in London in the early 1960s; a working-class movement with highly stylized dress and short hair; listened to rhythm and blues music and travelled on motor scooters


baby boom: the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II


baby-boom generation: the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II


generation X: the generation following the baby boom (especially Americans and Canadians born in the 1960s and 1970s)


gen X: the generation following the baby boom (especially Americans and Canadians born in the 1960s and 1970s)


peer group: contemporaries of the same status


moiety: one of two basic subdivisions of a tribe


tribe: a social division of (usually preliterate) people


folk: a social division of (usually preliterate) people


totem: a clan or tribe identified by their kinship to a common totemic object


tableau: a group of people attractively arranged (as if in a painting)


tableau vivant: a group of people attractively arranged (as if in a painting)


Tribes of Israel: twelve kin groups of ancient Israel each traditionally descended from one of the twelve sons of Jacob


Twelve Tribes of Israel: twelve kin groups of ancient Israel each traditionally descended from one of the twelve sons of Jacob


Lost Tribes: the ten Tribes of Israel that were deported into captivity in Assyria around 720 BC (leaving only the tribes of Judah and Benjamin)


venation: (botany) the arrangement of veins in a leaf


vernation: (botany) the arrangement of young leaves in a leaf bud before it opens


combination: a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock


combination: a coordinated sequence of chess moves


Fibonacci sequence: a sequence of numbers in which each number equals the sum of the two preceding numbers


phyle: a tribe of ancient Athenians


colony: a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government


settlement: a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government


frontier settlement: a settlement on the frontier of civilization


outpost: a settlement on the frontier of civilization


Plantation: a newly established colony (especially in the colonization of North America)


proprietary colony: a colony given to a proprietor to govern (in 17th century)


commonwealth: a world organization of autonomous states that are united in allegiance to a central power but are not subordinate to it or to one another


commune: a body of people or families living together and sharing everything


lobby: a group of people who try actively to influence legislation


pressure group: a group of people who try actively to influence legislation


third house: a group of people who try actively to influence legislation


National Rifle Association: a powerful lobby that advocates the right to own and bear arms and rejects any gun regulation by the government


NRA: a powerful lobby that advocates the right to own and bear arms and rejects any gun regulation by the government


lobby: the people who support some common cause or business or principle or sectional interest


hierarchy: the organization of people at different ranks in an administrative body


power structure: the organization of people at different ranks in an administrative body


pecking order: the organization of people at different ranks in an administrative body


chain: a series of things depending on each other as if linked together


concatenation: a series of things depending on each other as if linked together


catena: a chain of connected ideas or passages or objects so arranged that each member is closely related to the preceding and following members (especially a series of patristic comments elucidating Christian dogma)


daisy chain: (figurative) a series of associated things or people or experiences


cordon: a series of sentinels or of military posts enclosing or guarding some place or thing


course: a connected series of events or actions or developments


line: a connected series of events or actions or developments


cycle: a series of poems or songs on the same theme


electromotive series: a serial arrangement of metallic elements or ions according to their electrode potentials determined under specified conditions; the order shows the tendency of one metal to reduce the ions of any other metal below it in the series


electromotive force series: a serial arrangement of metallic elements or ions according to their electrode potentials determined under specified conditions; the order shows the tendency of one metal to reduce the ions of any other metal below it in the series


electrochemical series: a serial arrangement of metallic elements or ions according to their electrode potentials determined under specified conditions; the order shows the tendency of one metal to reduce the ions of any other metal below it in the series


hierarchy: a series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system


celestial hierarchy: the collective body of angels


data hierarchy: an arrangement of data consisting of sets and subsets such that every subset of a set is of lower rank than the set


taxonomy: a classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure or origin etc


class structure: the organization of classes within a society


caste system: a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity


social organization: the people in a society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships


social organisation: the people in a society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships


social structure: the people in a society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships


social system: the people in a society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships


structure: the people in a society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships


racial segregation: segregation by race


petty apartheid: racial segregation enforced primarily in public transportation and hotels and restaurants and other public places


de facto segregation: segregation (especially in schools) that happens in fact although not required by law


de jure segregation: segregation that is imposed by law


purdah: the traditional Hindu or Muslim system of keeping women secluded


sex segregation: the traditional Hindu or Muslim system of keeping women secluded


ulema: the body of Mullahs (Muslim scholars trained in Islam and Islamic law) who are the interpreters of Islam's sciences and doctrines and laws and the chief guarantors of continuity in the spiritual and intellectual history of the Islamic community


ulama: the body of Mullahs (Muslim scholars trained in Islam and Islamic law) who are the interpreters of Islam's sciences and doctrines and laws and the chief guarantors of continuity in the spiritual and intellectual history of the Islamic community


segregation: a social system that provides separate facilities for minority groups


separatism: a social system that provides separate facilities for minority groups


white separatism: a social system in which white people live separately from members of other races


directorate: a group of persons chosen to govern the affairs of a corporation or other large institution


board of directors: a group of persons chosen to govern the affairs of a corporation or other large institution


staggered board of directors: a board of directors a portion of whose members are elected each year instead of all members being elected annually


management: those in charge of running a business


house: the management of a gambling house or casino


leadership: the body of people who lead a group


leaders: the body of people who lead a group


advisory board: a board appointed to advise the chief administrator


planning board: a board appointed to advise the chief administrator


cabinet: persons appointed by a head of state to head executive departments of government and act as official advisers


British Cabinet: the senior ministers of the British government


shadow cabinet: a group of senior members of the political party that is out of power; these members would probably assume corresponding positions as ministers in the British Cabinet if their party was elected


United States Cabinet: a board to advise the President; members are the secretaries of executive departments; the United States constitution does not provide for the cabinet


US Cabinet: a board to advise the President; members are the secretaries of executive departments; the United States constitution does not provide for the cabinet


draft board: a board to select personnel for involuntary military service


Kashag: the advisory board of the Tibetan government-in-exile


stock company: a company whose capital is represented by stock


joint-stock company: a company (usually unincorporated) which has the capital of its members pooled in a common fund; transferable shares represent ownership interest; shareholders are legally liable for all debts of the company


closed corporation: a corporation owned by a few people; shares have no public market


close corporation: a corporation owned by a few people; shares have no public market


private corporation: a corporation owned by a few people; shares have no public market


privately held corporation: a corporation owned by a few people; shares have no public market


family business: a corporation that is entirely owned by the members of a single family


closely held corporation: stock is publicly traded but most is held by a few shareholders who have no plans to sell


shell corporation: a company that is incorporated but has no assets or operations


shell entity: a company that is incorporated but has no assets or operations


Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: a federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions


FDIC: a federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions


Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation: a corporation authorized by Congress to provide a secondary market for residential mortgages


Freddie Mac: a corporation authorized by Congress to provide a secondary market for residential mortgages


FHLMC: a corporation authorized by Congress to provide a secondary market for residential mortgages


Federal National Mortgage Association: a federally chartered corporation that purchases mortgages


Fannie Mae: a federally chartered corporation that purchases mortgages


FNMA: a federally chartered corporation that purchases mortgages


conventicle: a secret unauthorized meeting for religious worship


date: a meeting arranged in advance


appointment: a meeting arranged in advance


engagement: a meeting arranged in advance


visit: a meeting arranged by the visitor to see someone (such as a doctor or lawyer) for treatment or advice


blind date: a date with a stranger


double date: a date in which two couples participate


tryst: a date; usually with a member of the opposite sex


rendezvous: a date; usually with a member of the opposite sex


luncheon meeting: a meeting for lunch; usually to conduct business while eating


lunch meeting: a meeting for lunch; usually to conduct business while eating


power breakfast: a meeting of influential people to conduct business while eating breakfast


revival: an evangelistic meeting intended to reawaken interest in religion


revival meeting: an evangelistic meeting intended to reawaken interest in religion


argosy: one or more large merchant ships


upper class: the class occupying the highest position in the social hierarchy


upper crust: the class occupying the highest position in the social hierarchy


elite: a group or class of persons enjoying superior intellectual or social or economic status


elite group: a group or class of persons enjoying superior intellectual or social or economic status


chosen: an exclusive group of people


elect: an exclusive group of people


cream: the best people or things in a group


pick: the best people or things in a group


gentry: the most powerful members of a society


aristocracy: the most powerful members of a society


intelligentsia: an educated and intellectual elite


clerisy: an educated and intellectual elite


culturati: people interested in culture and cultural activities


literati: the literary intelligentsia


landed gentry: the gentry who own land (considered as a class)


squirearchy: the gentry who own land (considered as a class)


ruling class: the class of people exerting power or authority


people in power: the class of people exerting power or authority


society: the fashionable elite


high society: the fashionable elite


beau monde: the fashionable elite


smart set: the fashionable elite


bon ton: the fashionable elite


few: a small elite group


nobility: a privileged class holding hereditary titles


aristocracy: a privileged class holding hereditary titles


noblesse: members of the nobility (especially of the French nobility)


peerage: the peers of a kingdom considered as a group


baronage: the peers of a kingdom considered as a group


baronetage: the collective body of baronets


knighthood: aristocrats holding the rank of knight


samurai: feudal Japanese military aristocracy


ninja: a class of 14th century Japanese who were trained in martial arts and were hired for espionage and assassinations


artillery: an army unit that uses big guns


artillery unit: an army unit that uses big guns


musketry: musketeers and their muskets collectively


battery: group of guns or missile launchers operated together at one place


cavalry: a highly mobile army unit


horse cavalry: an army unit mounted on horseback


mechanized cavalry: an armored unit of a modern army equipped with motor vehicles


infantry: an army unit consisting of soldiers who fight on foot


foot: an army unit consisting of soldiers who fight on foot


paratroops: infantry trained and equipped to parachute


militia: civilians trained as soldiers but not part of the regular army


reserves: civilians trained as soldiers but not part of the regular army


militia: the entire body of physically fit civilians eligible by law for military service; ; --United States Constitution


home guard: a volunteer unit formed to defend the homeland while the regular army is fighting elsewhere


territorial: a territorial military unit


territorial reserve: a territorial military unit


National Guard: United States military reserves recruited by the states and equipped by the federal government; subject to call by either


home reserve: United States military reserves recruited by the states and equipped by the federal government; subject to call by either


National Guard Bureau: the agency that administers the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard; provides liaison between the Army and the Air Force and various National Guard units


NGB: the agency that administers the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard; provides liaison between the Army and the Air Force and various National Guard units


Territorial Army: British unit of nonprofessional soldiers organized for the defense of Great Britain


terrorist organization: a political movement that uses terror as a weapon to achieve its goals


terrorist group: a political movement that uses terror as a weapon to achieve its goals


foreign terrorist organization: a political movement that uses terror as a weapon to achieve its goals


FTO: a political movement that uses terror as a weapon to achieve its goals


standing army: a permanent army of paid soldiers


Union Army: the northern army during the American Civil War


Confederate Army: the southern army during the American Civil War


Army of the Confederacy: the southern army during the American Civil War


Continental Army: the American army during the American Revolution


United States Army: the army of the United States of America; the agency that organizes and trains soldiers for land warfare


US Army: the army of the United States of America; the agency that organizes and trains soldiers for land warfare


U. S. Army: the army of the United States of America; the agency that organizes and trains soldiers for land warfare


Army: the army of the United States of America; the agency that organizes and trains soldiers for land warfare


USA: the army of the United States of America; the agency that organizes and trains soldiers for land warfare


United States Army Rangers: a specially trained elite unit of the United States Army


United States Military Academy: a school for training men and women to become officers in the United States Army


US Military Academy: a school for training men and women to become officers in the United States Army


Army Intelligence: an agency of the United States Army responsible for providing timely and relevant and accurate and synchronized intelligence to tactical and operational and strategic level commanders


AI: an agency of the United States Army responsible for providing timely and relevant and accurate and synchronized intelligence to tactical and operational and strategic level commanders


Ballistic Missile Defense Organization: an agency in the Department of Defense that is responsible for making ballistic missile defense a reality


BMDO: an agency in the Department of Defense that is responsible for making ballistic missile defense a reality


Defense Information Systems Agency: a combat support agency in the Department of Defense responsible for developing and operating and supporting information systems to serve the needs of the President and the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff


DISA: a combat support agency in the Department of Defense responsible for developing and operating and supporting information systems to serve the needs of the President and the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff


National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency: a combat support agency that provides geographic intelligence in support of national security


NGA: a combat support agency that provides geographic intelligence in support of national security


Casualty Care Research Center: an agency in the Department of Defense that is a national center for research on all aspects of injury control and casualty care


CCRC: an agency in the Department of Defense that is a national center for research on all aspects of injury control and casualty care


Army National Guard: a civilian reserve component of the United States Army comprised of guardsmen who serve during overseas peacekeeping missions and during local emergencies


ARNG: a civilian reserve component of the United States Army comprised of guardsmen who serve during overseas peacekeeping missions and during local emergencies


military personnel: soldiers collectively


soldiery: soldiers collectively


troops: soldiers collectively


friendly: troops belonging to or allied with your own military forces


hostile: troops belonging to the enemy's military forces


cavalry: troops trained to fight on horseback


horse cavalry: troops trained to fight on horseback


horse: troops trained to fight on horseback


garrison: the troops who maintain and guard a fortified place


rank and file: the ordinary members of an organization (such as the enlisted soldiers of an army)


rank: the ordinary members of an organization (such as the enlisted soldiers of an army)


coven: an assembly of witches; usually 13 witches


sabbat: a midnight meeting of witches to practice witchcraft and sorcery; in the Middle Ages it was supposed to be a demonic orgy


witches' Sabbath: a midnight meeting of witches to practice witchcraft and sorcery; in the Middle Ages it was supposed to be a demonic orgy


assortment: a collection containing a variety of sorts of things


mixture: a collection containing a variety of sorts of things


mixed bag: a collection containing a variety of sorts of things


miscellany: a collection containing a variety of sorts of things


miscellanea: a collection containing a variety of sorts of things


variety: a collection containing a variety of sorts of things


salmagundi: a collection containing a variety of sorts of things


smorgasbord: a collection containing a variety of sorts of things


potpourri: a collection containing a variety of sorts of things


motley: a collection containing a variety of sorts of things


grab bag: an assortment of miscellaneous items


witches' brew: a fearsome mixture


witches' broth: a fearsome mixture


witch's brew: a fearsome mixture


range: a variety of different things or activities


selection: an assortment of things from which a choice can be made


odds and ends: a motley assortment of things


oddments: a motley assortment of things


melange: a motley assortment of things


farrago: a motley assortment of things


ragbag: a motley assortment of things


mishmash: a motley assortment of things


mingle-mangle: a motley assortment of things


hodgepodge: a motley assortment of things


hotchpotch: a motley assortment of things


gallimaufry: a motley assortment of things


omnium-gatherum: a motley assortment of things


alphabet soup: a confusing assortment


litter: the offspring at one birth of a multiparous mammal


batch: a collection of things or persons to be handled together


clutch: a collection of things or persons to be handled together


schmeer: (Yiddish) a batch of things that go together


schmear: (Yiddish) a batch of things that go together


shmear: (Yiddish) a batch of things that go together


batch: all the loaves of bread baked at the same time


clutch: a number of birds hatched at the same time


membership: the body of members of an organization or group


rank: the body of members of an organization or group


branch: a division of some larger or more complex organization


subdivision: a division of some larger or more complex organization


arm: a division of some larger or more complex organization


clientele: customers collectively


patronage: customers collectively


business: customers collectively


rank and file: people who constitute the main body of any group


rabble: disparaging terms for the common people


riffraff: disparaging terms for the common people


ragtag: disparaging terms for the common people


ragtag and bobtail: disparaging terms for the common people


smart money: people who are highly experienced or who have inside information


trash: worthless people


scum: worthless people


convocation: a group gathered in response to a summons


alma mater: your alma mater is a school you graduated from


deputation: a group of representatives or delegates


commission: a group of representatives or delegates


delegation: a group of representatives or delegates


delegacy: a group of representatives or delegates


mission: a group of representatives or delegates


diplomatic mission: a mission serving diplomatic ends


embassy: an ambassador and his entourage collectively


High Commission: an embassy of one British Commonwealth country to another


legation: a permanent diplomatic mission headed by a minister


foreign mission: a permanent diplomatic mission headed by a minister


mission: an organization of missionaries in a foreign land sent to carry on religious work


missionary post: an organization of missionaries in a foreign land sent to carry on religious work


missionary station: an organization of missionaries in a foreign land sent to carry on religious work


foreign mission: an organization of missionaries in a foreign land sent to carry on religious work


press corps: a group of journalists representing different publications who all cover the same topics


occupational group: a body of people doing the same kind of work


vocation: a body of people doing the same kind of work


opposition: a body of people united in opposing something


Iraqi National Congress: a heterogeneous collection of groups united in their opposition to Saddam Hussein's government of Iraq; formed in 1992 it is comprised of Sunni and Shiite Arabs and Kurds who hope to build a new government


INC: a heterogeneous collection of groups united in their opposition to Saddam Hussein's government of Iraq; formed in 1992 it is comprised of Sunni and Shiite Arabs and Kurds who hope to build a new government


Opposition: the major political party opposed to the party in office and prepared to replace it if elected


commando: an amphibious military unit trained for raids into enemy territory


contingent: a temporary military unit


detail: a temporary military unit


general staff: military officers assigned to assist a senior officer in planning military policy


headquarters: (plural) a military unit consisting of a commander and the headquarters staff


headquarters staff: military staff stationed at headquarters


high command: the highest leaders in an organization (e.g. the commander-in-chief and senior officers of the military)


supreme headquarters: the highest leaders in an organization (e.g. the commander-in-chief and senior officers of the military)


posse: a temporary police force


posse comitatus: a temporary police force


kingdom: a monarchy with a king or queen as head of state


empire: a monarchy with an emperor as head of state


Mogul empire: an empire established by the Mogul conquerors of India that reigned from 1526 to 1857


Second Empire: the imperial government of Napoleon III in France from 1852-1870


rogue's gallery: a collection of pictures of criminals


galere: a coterie of undesirable people


rogue's gallery: a coterie of undesirable people


hard core: the most dedicated and intensely loyal nucleus of a group or movement


foundation: an institution supported by an endowment


charity: a foundation created to promote the public good (not for assistance to any particular individuals)


philanthropic foundation: a foundation that provides funds for science or art or education or religion or relief from disease etc.


private foundation: a charity that does not receive a major part of its support from the public


public charity: a charity that is deemed to receive the major part of its support from the public (rather than from a small group of individuals)


institute: an association organized to promote art or science or education


sisterhood: an association or society of women who are linked together by a common religion or trade or interest


sistership: an association or society of women who are linked together by a common religion or trade or interest


exhibition: a collection of things (goods or works of art etc.) for public display


exposition: a collection of things (goods or works of art etc.) for public display


expo: a collection of things (goods or works of art etc.) for public display


art exhibition: an exhibition of art objects (paintings or statues)


retrospective: an exhibition of a representative selection of an artist's life work


peepshow: an exhibition of pictures or objects viewed through a small hole or magnifying glass


raree-show: an exhibition of pictures or objects viewed through a small hole or magnifying glass


fair: a competitive exhibition of farm products


book fair: fair organized by publishers or booksellers to promote the sale of books


bookfair: fair organized by publishers or booksellers to promote the sale of books


fair: gathering of producers to promote business


side: one of two or more contesting groups


working group: a group of people working together temporarily until some goal is achieved


working party: a group of people working together temporarily until some goal is achieved


expedition: an organized group of people undertaking a journey for a particular purpose


Lewis and Clark Expedition: an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States; led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark; traveled from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River from 1803 to 1806


senior high school: a public secondary school usually including grades 9 through 12


senior high: a public secondary school usually including grades 9 through 12


high: a public secondary school usually including grades 9 through 12


highschool: a public secondary school usually including grades 9 through 12


high school: a public secondary school usually including grades 9 through 12


junior high school: a secondary school usually including 7th and 8th grades


junior high: a secondary school usually including 7th and 8th grades