gaseous state: the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity; relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature; the ability to diffuse readily; and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed uniformly throughout any container


plasma: (physical chemistry) a fourth state of matter distinct from solid or liquid or gas and present in stars and fusion reactors; a gas becomes a plasma when it is heated until the atoms lose all their electrons, leaving a highly electrified collection of nuclei and free electrons


possibility: capability of existing or happening or being true


possibleness: capability of existing or happening or being true


conceivableness: the state of being conceivable


conceivability: the state of being conceivable


achievability: the state of being achievable


attainability: the state of being achievable


attainableness: the state of being achievable


potential: the inherent capacity for coming into being


potentiality: the inherent capacity for coming into being


potency: the inherent capacity for coming into being


latency: the state of being not yet evident or active


prospect: the possibility of future success


chance: the possibility of future success


impossibility: incapability of existing or occurring


impossibleness: incapability of existing or occurring


inconceivability: the state of being impossible to conceive


inconceivableness: the state of being impossible to conceive


unattainableness: the state of being unattainable


hopefulness: full of hope


confidence: a state of confident hopefulness that events will be favorable


opportunity: a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances


chance: a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances


brass ring: a rich opportunity or a prize


day: a period of opportunity


fresh start: an opportunity to start over without prejudice


clean slate: an opportunity to start over without prejudice


tabula rasa: an opportunity to start over without prejudice


hearing: an opportunity to state your case and be heard


audience: an opportunity to state your case and be heard


hunting ground: a place where opportunities abound


occasion: an opportunity to do something


opening: opportunity especially for employment or promotion


room: opportunity for


say: the chance to speak


shot: a chance to do something


crack: a chance to do something


street: a situation offering opportunities


throw: a single chance or instance


anticipation: anticipating with confidence of fulfillment


expectation: anticipating with confidence of fulfillment


despair: a state in which all hope is lost or absent


desperation: a state in which all hope is lost or absent


dejection: a state of melancholy depression


nadir: an extreme state of adversity; the lowest point of anything


low-water mark: an extreme state of adversity; the lowest point of anything


purity: being undiluted or unmixed with extraneous material


pureness: being undiluted or unmixed with extraneous material


plainness: the state of being unmixed with other material


impurity: the condition of being impure


impureness: the condition of being impure


adulteration: being mixed with extraneous material; the product of adulterating


debasement: being mixed with extraneous material; the product of adulterating


admixture: the state of impairing the quality or reducing the value of something


alloy: the state of impairing the quality or reducing the value of something


contamination: the state of being contaminated


taint: the state of being contaminated


dust contamination: state of being contaminated with dust


dirtiness: the state of containing dirty impurities


feculence: something that is feculent


putridity: the state of being putrid


financial condition: the condition of (corporate or personal) finances


economic condition: the condition of the economy


boom: a state of economic prosperity


credit crunch: a state in which there is a short supply of cash to lend to businesses and consumers and interest rates are high


liquidity crisis: a state in which there is a short supply of cash to lend to businesses and consumers and interest rates are high


squeeze: a state in which there is a short supply of cash to lend to businesses and consumers and interest rates are high


depression: a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment


slump: a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment


economic crisis: a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment


Great Depression: the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s


full employment: the economic condition when everyone who wishes to work at the going wage rate for their type of labor is employed


prosperity: an economic state of growth with rising profits and full employment


softness: a state of declining economic condition


obligation: the state of being obligated to do or pay something


indebtedness: an obligation to pay money to another party


liability: an obligation to pay money to another party


financial obligation: an obligation to pay money to another party


debt: the state of owing something (especially money)


arrears: the state of being behind in payments


account payable: a liability account showing how much is owed for goods and services purchased on credit


payable: a liability account showing how much is owed for goods and services purchased on credit


score: an amount due (as at a restaurant or bar)


scot and lot: obligations of all kinds taken as a whole


wealth: the state of being rich and affluent; having a plentiful supply of material goods and money


wealthiness: the state of being rich and affluent; having a plentiful supply of material goods and money


affluence: abundant wealth


richness: abundant wealth


ease: a freedom from financial difficulty that promotes a comfortable state


comfort: a freedom from financial difficulty that promotes a comfortable state


lap of luxury: in conditions of wealth and comfort


inherited wealth: wealth that is inherited rather than earned


luxury: wealth as evidenced by sumptuous living


luxuriousness: wealth as evidenced by sumptuous living


opulence: wealth as evidenced by sumptuous living


sumptuousness: wealth as evidenced by sumptuous living


mammon: wealth regarded as an evil influence


silver spoon: the inherited wealth of established upper-class families


old money: the inherited wealth of established upper-class families


sufficiency: sufficient resources to provide comfort and meet obligations


poverty: the state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions


poorness: the state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions


impoverishment: the state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions


privation: a state of extreme poverty


want: a state of extreme poverty


deprivation: a state of extreme poverty


neediness: a state of extreme poverty


destitution: a state without friends or money or prospects


indigence: a state of extreme poverty or destitution


need: a state of extreme poverty or destitution


penury: a state of extreme poverty or destitution


pauperism: a state of extreme poverty or destitution


pauperization: a state of extreme poverty or destitution


beggary: the state of being a beggar or mendicant


mendicancy: the state of being a beggar or mendicant


mendicity: the state of being a beggar or mendicant


impecuniousness: a state of lacking money


pennilessness: a state of lacking money


penuriousness: a state of lacking money


shakeout: an economic condition that results in the elimination of marginally financed participants in an industry


wage setter: any economic condition or variable that serves to set wage rates


sanitary condition: the state of sanitation (clean or dirty)


sanitariness: the state of being conducive to health


hygiene: a condition promoting sanitary practices


asepsis: (of non-living objects) the state of being free of pathogenic organisms


antisepsis: (of non-living objects) the state of being free of pathogenic organisms


sterility: (of non-living objects) the state of being free of pathogenic organisms


sterileness: (of non-living objects) the state of being free of pathogenic organisms


sanitation: the state of being clean and conducive to health


unsanitariness: a state that is not conducive to health


filth: a state characterized by foul or disgusting dirt and refuse


filthiness: a state characterized by foul or disgusting dirt and refuse


foulness: a state characterized by foul or disgusting dirt and refuse


nastiness: a state characterized by foul or disgusting dirt and refuse


dunghill: a foul or degraded condition


tilth: the state of aggregation of soil and its condition for supporting plant growth


cleanness: the state of being clean; without dirt or other impurities


cleanliness: the habit of keeping free of superficial imperfections


spotlessness: the state of being spotlessly clean


immaculateness: the state of being spotlessly clean


orderliness: a condition of regular or proper arrangement


order: a condition of regular or proper arrangement


spit and polish: careful attention to order and appearance (as in the military)


kilter: in working order


kelter: in working order


tidiness: the habit of being tidy


neatness: the state of being neat and smart and trim


spruceness: the state of being neat and smart and trim


trim: a state of arrangement or appearance


trimness: a state of arrangement or appearance


shambles: a condition of great disorder


dirtiness: the state of being unsanitary


uncleanness: the state of being unsanitary


dirt: the state of being covered with unclean things


filth: the state of being covered with unclean things


grime: the state of being covered with unclean things


soil: the state of being covered with unclean things


stain: the state of being covered with unclean things


grease: the state of being covered with unclean things


grunge: the state of being covered with unclean things


befoulment: the state of being polluted


defilement: the state of being polluted


pollution: the state of being polluted


dinginess: discoloration due to dirtiness


dinge: discoloration due to dirtiness


dustiness: the state of being covered with dust


griminess: the state of being grimy


grubbiness: the state of being grimy


smuttiness: the state of being dirty with soot


sootiness: the state of being dirty with soot


sordidness: sordid dirtiness


squalor: sordid dirtiness


squalidness: sordid dirtiness


disorderliness: a condition in which things are not in their expected places


disorder: a condition in which things are not in their expected places


untidiness: the condition of being untidy


sloppiness: a lack of order and tidiness; not cared for


slovenliness: a lack of order and tidiness; not cared for


unkemptness: a lack of order and tidiness; not cared for


shagginess: unkemptness of hair


mess: a state of confusion and disorderliness


messiness: a state of confusion and disorderliness


muss: a state of confusion and disorderliness


mussiness: a state of confusion and disorderliness


disorganization: a condition in which an orderly system has been disrupted


disorganisation: a condition in which an orderly system has been disrupted


disarrangement: a condition in which an orderly system has been disrupted


clutter: a confused multitude of things


jumble: a confused multitude of things


muddle: a confused multitude of things


fuddle: a confused multitude of things


mare's nest: a confused multitude of things


welter: a confused multitude of things


smother: a confused multitude of things


rummage: a jumble of things to be given away


normality: being within certain limits that define the range of normal functioning


normalcy: being within certain limits that define the range of normal functioning


averageness: the state of being that is average; indicates normality but with connotations of mediocrity


commonness: the state of being that is commonly observed


expectedness: the state of being that is commonly observed


typicality: the state of being that is typical


abnormality: an abnormal physical condition resulting from defective genes or developmental deficiencies


abnormalcy: an abnormal physical condition resulting from defective genes or developmental deficiencies


atelectasis: collapse of an expanded lung (especially in infants); also failure of pulmonary alveoli to expand at birth


atypicality: any state that is not typical


untypicality: any state that is not typical


anoxemia: abnormally low oxygen content in arterial blood


arrested development: an abnormal state in which development has stopped prematurely


fixation: an abnormal state in which development has stopped prematurely


infantile fixation: an abnormal state in which development has stopped prematurely


regression: an abnormal state in which development has stopped prematurely


coprolalia: an uncontrollable use of obscene language; often accompanied by mental disorders


aberrance: a state or condition markedly different from the norm


aberrancy: a state or condition markedly different from the norm


aberration: a state or condition markedly different from the norm


deviance: a state or condition markedly different from the norm


cyclopia: a developmental abnormality in which there is only one eye


chromosomal aberration: any change in the normal structure or number of chromosomes; often results in physical or mental abnormalities


chromosomal anomaly: any change in the normal structure or number of chromosomes; often results in physical or mental abnormalities


chrosomal abnormality: any change in the normal structure or number of chromosomes; often results in physical or mental abnormalities


chromosonal disorder: any change in the normal structure or number of chromosomes; often results in physical or mental abnormalities


monosomy: chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number


trisomy: chrosomal abnormality in which there is one more than the normal number of chromosomes in a cell


deflection: a twist or aberration; especially a perverse or abnormal way of judging or acting


warp: a twist or aberration; especially a perverse or abnormal way of judging or acting


spinal curvature: an abnormal curvature of the vertebral column


kyphosis: an abnormal backward curve to the vertebral column


humpback: an abnormal backward curve to the vertebral column


hunchback: an abnormal backward curve to the vertebral column


lordosis: an abnormal inward (forward) curvature of the vertebral column


hollow-back: an abnormal inward (forward) curvature of the vertebral column


scoliosis: an abnormal lateral curve to the vertebral column


dowager's hump: abnormal spinal curvature that results when osteoporosis causes the spine to collapse; seen most often in elderly women


subnormality: the state of being less than normal (especially with respect to intelligence)


anomaly: deviation from the normal or common order or form or rule


anomalousness: deviation from the normal or common order or form or rule


gynecomastia: excessive development of the breasts in males; usually the result of hormonal imbalance or treatment with certain drugs (including some antihypertensives)


cross-eye: strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward toward the nose


crossed eye: strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward toward the nose


convergent strabismus: strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward toward the nose


esotropia: strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward toward the nose


dwarfism: a genetic abnormality resulting in short stature


nanism: a genetic abnormality resulting in short stature


pycnodysostosis: a form of dwarfism accompanied by fragile bones and bad teeth


lactose intolerance: congenital disorder consisting of an inability to digest milk and milk products; absence or deficiency of lactase results in an inability to hydrolyze lactose


lactase deficiency: congenital disorder consisting of an inability to digest milk and milk products; absence or deficiency of lactase results in an inability to hydrolyze lactose


milk intolerance: congenital disorder consisting of an inability to digest milk and milk products; absence or deficiency of lactase results in an inability to hydrolyze lactose


lactosuria: presence of lactose in the urine; can occur during pregnancy or lactation


myoglobinuria: the presence of myoglobin in the urine


oliguria: abnormally small production of urine; can be a symptom of kidney disease or obstruction of the urinary tract or edema or an imbalance of fluids and electrolytes in the body


phenylketonuria: a genetic disorder of metabolism; lack of the enzyme needed to turn phenylalanine into tyrosine results in an accumulation of phenylalanine in the body fluids which causes various degrees of mental deficiency


PKU: a genetic disorder of metabolism; lack of the enzyme needed to turn phenylalanine into tyrosine results in an accumulation of phenylalanine in the body fluids which causes various degrees of mental deficiency


porphyria: a genetic abnormality of metabolism causing abdominal pains and mental confusion


infantilism: an abnormal condition in which an older child or adult retains infantile characteristics


obstruction: the physical condition of blocking or filling a passage with an obstruction


blockage: the physical condition of blocking or filling a passage with an obstruction


intestinal obstruction: blockage of the intestine (especially the ileum) that prevents the contents of the intestine from passing to the lower bowel


ileus: blockage of the intestine (especially the ileum) that prevents the contents of the intestine from passing to the lower bowel


tamponade: blockage or closure (as of a wound or body cavity) by (or as if by) a tampon (especially to stop bleeding)


tamponage: blockage or closure (as of a wound or body cavity) by (or as if by) a tampon (especially to stop bleeding)


cardiac tamponade: mechanical compression of the heart resulting from large amounts of fluid collecting in the pericardial space and limiting the heart's normal range of motion


ateleiosis: a form of infantilism characterized by physical underdevelopment but normal intelligence


ateliosis: a form of infantilism characterized by physical underdevelopment but normal intelligence


macrocephaly: an abnormally large head; differs from hydrocephalus because there is no increased intracranial pressure and the overgrowth is symmetrical


megacephaly: an abnormally large head; differs from hydrocephalus because there is no increased intracranial pressure and the overgrowth is symmetrical


megalocephaly: an abnormally large head; differs from hydrocephalus because there is no increased intracranial pressure and the overgrowth is symmetrical


microbrachia: abnormally small arms


microcephaly: an abnormally small head and underdeveloped brain


microcephalus: an abnormally small head and underdeveloped brain


nanocephaly: an abnormally small head and underdeveloped brain


pachycheilia: an abnormal thickness of the lips


phimosis: an abnormal tightness of the foreskin preventing retraction over the glans


poisoning: the physiological state produced by a poison or other toxic substance


toxic condition: the physiological state produced by a poison or other toxic substance


intoxication: the physiological state produced by a poison or other toxic substance


alkali poisoning: poisoning resulting from the ingestion of an alkali compound (as lye or ammonia)


caffeinism: poisoning resulting from excessive intake of caffeine containing products


caffeine intoxication: poisoning resulting from excessive intake of caffeine containing products


carbon monoxide poisoning: a toxic condition that results from inhaling and absorbing carbon monoxide gas


cyanide poisoning: poisoning due to ingesting or inhaling cyanide; common in smoke from fires and in industrial chemicals


malathion poisoning: a toxic condition caused by inhaling or ingesting the insecticide Malathion


ergotism: poisoning by ingestion of ergot-infected grain products; characterized by thirst and diarrhea and nausea and cramping and vomiting and abnormal cardiac rhythms; in severe cases it can cause seizures and gangrene of the limbs


mercury poisoning: a toxic condition caused by ingesting or inhaling mercury; acute mercury poisoning causes a metallic taste and vomiting and diarrhea and kidney problems that may lead to death


Minamata disease: a form of mercury poisoning among people who ate fish from mercury-contaminated waters of Minamata Bay off Japan in the 1950s; characterized by severe neurological degeneration


naphthalene poisoning: toxic condition resulting from inhaling or ingesting naphthalene


nicotine poisoning: toxic condition caused by the ingestion or inhalation of large amounts of nicotine


ophidism: poisoning by snake venom


paraquat poisoning: poisoning caused by ingestion of paraquat; characterized by progressive damage to the esophagus and liver and kidneys


parathion poisoning: a toxic condition resulting from inhalation or ingestion of the insecticide parathion; characterized by nausea and abdominal pains and headache and convulsions and sweating


pesticide poisoning: toxic condition resulting from ingesting or inhaling a pesticide


salicylate poisoning: poisoning caused by the excessive ingestion of salicylates (usually aspirin)


context: the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event


circumstance: the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event


setting: the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event


ecology: the environment as it relates to living organisms


setting: the state of the environment in which a situation exists


background: the state of the environment in which a situation exists


scope: the state of the environment in which a situation exists


canvas: the setting for a narrative or fictional or dramatic account


canvass: the setting for a narrative or fictional or dramatic account


home: an environment offering affection and security


milieu: the environmental condition


surroundings: the environmental condition


sphere: a particular environment or walk of life


domain: a particular environment or walk of life


area: a particular environment or walk of life


orbit: a particular environment or walk of life


field: a particular environment or walk of life


arena: a particular environment or walk of life


distaff: the sphere of work by women


front: a sphere of activity involving effort


lotusland: an idyllic realm of contentment and self-indulgence


lotus land: an idyllic realm of contentment and self-indulgence


kingdom: a domain in which something is dominant


land: a domain in which something is dominant


realm: a domain in which something is dominant


lap: an area of control or responsibility


lap of the gods: beyond human control or responsibility


political arena: a sphere of intense political activity


political sphere: a sphere of intense political activity


preserve: a domain that seems to be specially reserved for someone


province: the proper sphere or extent of your activities


responsibility: the proper sphere or extent of your activities


ecclesiastical province: the district within the jurisdiction of an archbishop or a metropolitan or one of the territorial divisions of an ecclesiastical order


showcase: a setting in which something can be displayed to best effect


show window: a setting in which something can be displayed to best effect


street: the streets of a city viewed as a depressed environment in which there is poverty and crime and prostitution and dereliction


environmental condition: the state of the environment


pollution: undesirable state of the natural environment being contaminated with harmful substances as a consequence of human activities


biodegradable pollution: pollution that is rendered harmless by natural processes and so causes no permanent harm


nonbiodegradable pollution: pollution that accumulates in the environment and may appear in the food chain


air pollution: pollution of the atmosphere


acid rain: rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water


acid precipitation: rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water


industrial air pollution: pollution resulting from an industrial plant discharging pollutants into the atmosphere


miasma: unhealthy vapors rising from the ground or other sources


miasm: unhealthy vapors rising from the ground or other sources


small-particle pollution: air pollution caused by fine particles of soot (as from power plants or diesel engines)


smog: air pollution by a mixture of smoke and fog


smogginess: air pollution by a mixture of smoke and fog


noise pollution: annoying and potentially harmful environmental noise


sound pollution: annoying and potentially harmful environmental noise


thermal pollution: harm to lakes and rivers resulting from the release of excessive waste heat into them


water pollution: pollution of the water in rivers and lakes


erosion: condition in which the earth's surface is worn away by the action of water and wind


deforestation: the state of being clear of trees


depopulation: the condition of having reduced numbers of inhabitants (or no inhabitants at all)


climate: the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time


clime: the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time


glaciation: the condition of being covered with glaciers or masses of ice; the result of glacial action


inhospitableness: the environmental condition in a region that lacks a favorable climate or terrain for life or growth


meteorological conditions: the prevailing environmental conditions as they influence the prediction of weather


atmosphere: the weather or climate at some place


atmospheric state: the weather or climate at some place


air mass: a large body of air with uniform characteristics horizontally


high: an air mass of higher than normal pressure


low: an air mass of lower pressure; often brings precipitation


depression: an air mass of lower pressure; often brings precipitation


anticyclone: (meteorology) winds spiraling outward from a high pressure center; circling clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern


cyclone: (meteorology) rapid inward circulation of air masses about a low pressure center; circling counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern


fog: an atmosphere in which visibility is reduced because of a cloud of some substance


fogginess: an atmosphere in which visibility is reduced because of a cloud of some substance


murk: an atmosphere in which visibility is reduced because of a cloud of some substance


murkiness: an atmosphere in which visibility is reduced because of a cloud of some substance


fug: (British informal) an airless smoky smelly atmosphere


good weather: weather suitable for outdoor activities


calmness: an absence of strong winds or rain


mildness: good weather with comfortable temperatures


clemency: good weather with comfortable temperatures


balminess: the quality of weather that is deliciously mild and soothing


softness: the quality of weather that is deliciously mild and soothing


stillness: calmness without winds


windlessness: calmness without winds


lull: a period of calm weather


quiet: a period of calm weather


bad weather: weather unsuitable for outdoor activities


inclemency: weather unsuitable for outdoor activities


inclementness: weather unsuitable for outdoor activities


raw weather: unpleasantly cold and damp weather


storminess: the state of being stormy


boisterousness: a turbulent and stormy state of the sea


breeziness: a mildly windy state of the air


windiness: a mildly windy state of the air


tempestuousness: a state of wild storminess


choppiness: used of the sea during inclement or stormy weather


roughness: used of the sea during inclement or stormy weather


rough water: used of the sea during inclement or stormy weather


cloudiness: the state of the sky when it is covered by clouds


cloud cover: the state of the sky when it is covered by clouds


overcast: the state of the sky when it is covered by clouds


turbulence: instability in the atmosphere


clear-air turbulence: strong turbulence in an otherwise cloudless region that subjects aircraft to violent updrafts or downdrafts


climate: the prevailing psychological state


mood: the prevailing psychological state


atmosphere: a particular environment or surrounding influence


ambiance: a particular environment or surrounding influence


ambience: a particular environment or surrounding influence


cloud: a cause of worry or gloom or trouble


genius loci: the special atmosphere of a place


gloom: an atmosphere of depression and melancholy


gloominess: an atmosphere of depression and melancholy


glumness: an atmosphere of depression and melancholy


bleakness: a bleak and desolate atmosphere


desolation: a bleak and desolate atmosphere


bareness: a bleak and desolate atmosphere


nakedness: a bleak and desolate atmosphere


Hollywood: a flashy vulgar tone or atmosphere believed to be characteristic of the American film industry


miasma: an unwholesome atmosphere


miasm: an unwholesome atmosphere


spirit: the general atmosphere of a place or situation and the effect that it has on people


tone: the general atmosphere of a place or situation and the effect that it has on people


feel: the general atmosphere of a place or situation and the effect that it has on people


feeling: the general atmosphere of a place or situation and the effect that it has on people


flavor: the general atmosphere of a place or situation and the effect that it has on people


flavour: the general atmosphere of a place or situation and the effect that it has on people


look: the general atmosphere of a place or situation and the effect that it has on people


smell: the general atmosphere of a place or situation and the effect that it has on people


Zeitgeist: the spirit of the time; the spirit characteristic of an age or generation


unsusceptibility: the state of not being susceptible


immunity: the state of not being susceptible


resistance: the capacity of an organism to defend itself against harmful environmental agents


immunity: (medicine) the condition in which an organism can resist disease


resistance: (medicine) the condition in which an organism can resist disease


immunogenicity: the property of eliciting an immune response


active immunity: a form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens


passive immunity: an impermanent form of acquired immunity in which antibodies against a disease are acquired naturally (as through the placenta to an unborn child) or artificially (as by injection of antiserum)


autoimmunity: production of antibodies against the tissues of your own body; produces autoimmune disease or hypersensitivity reactions


acquired immunity: immunity to a particular disease that is not innate but has been acquired during life; immunity can be acquired by the development of antibodies after an attack of an infectious disease or by a pregnant mother passing antibodies through the placenta to a fetus or by vaccination


natural immunity: immunity to disease that occurs as part of an individual's natural biologic makeup


innate immunity: immunity to disease that occurs as part of an individual's natural biologic makeup


racial immunity: natural immunity shared by all members of a particular race


exemption: immunity from an obligation or duty


freedom: immunity from an obligation or duty


amnesty: a period during which offenders are exempt from punishment


diplomatic immunity: exemption from taxation or normal processes of law that is offered to diplomatic personnel in a foreign country


indemnity: legal exemption from liability for damages


impunity: exemption from punishment or loss


grandfather clause: an exemption based on circumstances existing prior to the adoption of some policy; used to enfranchise illiterate whites in south after the American Civil War


subservience: the condition of being something that is useful in reaching an end or carrying out a plan


susceptibility: the state of being susceptible; easily affected


susceptibleness: the state of being susceptible; easily affected


liability: the state of being legally obliged and responsible


taxability: liability to taxation


ratability: the state of being liable to assessment or taxation


rateability: the state of being liable to assessment or taxation


capability: the susceptibility of something to a particular treatment


capacity: the susceptibility of something to a particular treatment


habitus: person's predisposition to be affected by something (as a disease)


activity: (chemistry) the capacity of a substance to take part in a chemical reaction


irritation: (pathology) abnormal sensitivity to stimulation


retroversion: a turning or tilting backward of an organ or body part


retroflection: a turning or tilting backward of an organ or body part


retroflexion: a turning or tilting backward of an organ or body part


sensitivity: susceptibility to a pathogen


predisposition: susceptibility to a pathogen


sensitization: the state of being sensitive (as to an antigen)


sensitisation: the state of being sensitive (as to an antigen)


food allergy: allergic reaction to a substance ingested in food


immediate allergy: an allergic reaction that becomes apparent in a sensitized person only minutes after contact


atopy: an allergic reaction that becomes apparent in a sensitized person only minutes after contact


atopic allergy: an allergic reaction that becomes apparent in a sensitized person only minutes after contact


type I allergic reaction: an allergic reaction that becomes apparent in a sensitized person only minutes after contact


serum sickness: a delayed allergic reaction to the injection of an antiserum caused by an antibody reaction to an antigen in the donor serum


serum disease: a delayed allergic reaction to the injection of an antiserum caused by an antibody reaction to an antigen in the donor serum


delayed allergy: an allergic reaction that becomes apparent only hours after contact


type IV allergic reaction: an allergic reaction that becomes apparent only hours after contact


allergy: hypersensitivity reaction to a particular allergen; symptoms can vary greatly in intensity


allergic reaction: hypersensitivity reaction to a particular allergen; symptoms can vary greatly in intensity


cryesthesia: hypersensitivity to cold


cryaesthesia: hypersensitivity to cold


hypersensitivity reaction: an inappropriate and excessive reaction to an allergen (as pollen or dust or animal hair or certain foods); severity ranges from mild allergy to severe systemic reactions leading to anaphylactic shock


anaphylaxis: hypersensitivity reaction to the ingestion or injection of a substance (a protein or drug) resulting from prior contact with a substance


hypersensitivity: pathological sensitivity


allergic rhinitis: rhinitis caused by an allergic reaction


eosinophilia: a symptom of allergic states; increased eosinophils in the blood


hay fever: a seasonal rhinitis resulting from an allergic reaction to pollen


pollinosis: a seasonal rhinitis resulting from an allergic reaction to pollen


diathesis: constitutional predisposition to a particular disease or abnormality


reactivity: ready susceptibility to chemical change


suggestibility: susceptibility or responsiveness to suggestion


wetness: the condition of containing or being covered by a liquid (especially water)


wateriness: the wetness of ground that is covered or soaked with water


muddiness: the wetness of ground that is covered or soaked with water


sloppiness: the wetness of ground that is covered or soaked with water


moisture: wetness caused by water


wet: wetness caused by water


humidity: wetness in the atmosphere


humidness: wetness in the atmosphere


mugginess: a state of warm humidity


damp: a slight wetness


dampness: a slight wetness


moistness: a slight wetness


dankness: unpleasant wetness


clamminess: unpleasant wetness


rawness: a chilly dampness


sogginess: a heavy wetness


dryness: the condition of not containing or being covered by a liquid (especially water)


waterlessness: the condition of not containing or being covered by a liquid (especially water)


xerotes: the condition of not containing or being covered by a liquid (especially water)


dehydration: dryness resulting from the removal of water


desiccation: dryness resulting from the removal of water


drought: a shortage of rainfall


drouth: a shortage of rainfall


aridity: a deficiency of moisture (especially when resulting from a permanent absence of rainfall)


aridness: a deficiency of moisture (especially when resulting from a permanent absence of rainfall)


thirstiness: a deficiency of moisture (especially when resulting from a permanent absence of rainfall)


sereness: a withered dryness


xeroderma: a mild form of ichthyosis characterized by abnormal dryness and roughness of the skin


xerodermia: a mild form of ichthyosis characterized by abnormal dryness and roughness of the skin


xeroderma pigmentosum: a rare genetic condition characterized by an eruption of exposed skin occurring in childhood and photosensitivity with severe sunburn; inherited as a recessive autosomal trait in which DNA repair processes are defective so they are more likely to chromosome breaks and cancers when exposed to ultraviolet light


xerophthalmia: abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eyes; may be due to a systemic deficiency of vitamin A


xerophthalmus: abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eyes; may be due to a systemic deficiency of vitamin A


xeroma: abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eyes; may be due to a systemic deficiency of vitamin A


conjunctivitis arida: abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eyes; may be due to a systemic deficiency of vitamin A


xerostomia: abnormal dryness of the mouth resulting from decreased secretion of saliva


dry mouth: abnormal dryness of the mouth resulting from decreased secretion of saliva


safety: the state of being certain that adverse effects will not be caused by some agent under defined conditions


biosafety: safety from exposure to infectious agents


risklessness: safety as a consequence of entailing no risk


invulnerability: having the strength to withstand attack


impregnability: having the strength to withstand attack


salvation: the state of being saved or preserved from harm


security: the state of being free from danger or injury


peace: the general security of public places


public security: the general security of public places


secureness: the state of freedom from fear or danger


indemnity: protection against future loss


insurance: protection against future loss


protection: the condition of being protected


shelter: the condition of being protected


collective security: a system for international peace


Pax Romana: the Roman peace; the long period of peace enforced on states in the Roman Empire


radioprotection: protection against harmful effects of radiation


cause of death: the causal agent resulting in death


killer: the causal agent resulting in death


danger: the condition of being susceptible to harm or injury


danger: a cause of pain or injury or loss


clear and present danger: a standard for judging when freedom of speech can be abridged


hazardousness: the state of being dangerous


perilousness: the state of being dangerous


insecurity: the state of being subject to danger or injury


hazard: a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune


jeopardy: a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune


peril: a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune


risk: a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune


endangerment: a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune


health hazard: hazard to the health of those exposed to it


biohazard: hazard to humans or the environment resulting from biological agents or conditions


moral hazard: (economics) the lack of any incentive to guard against a risk when you are protected against it (as by insurance)


occupational hazard: any condition of a job that can result in illness or injury


sword of Damocles: a constant and imminent peril


powder keg: a potentially explosive state


menace: something that is a source of danger


threat: something that is a source of danger


yellow peril: the threat to Western civilization said to arise from the power of Asiatic peoples


riskiness: a state of danger involving risk


peril: a state of danger involving risk


speculativeness: financial risk


vulnerability: the state of being vulnerable or exposed


exposure: the state of being vulnerable or exposed


insecureness: the state of being exposed to risk or anxiety


tension: the physical condition of being stretched or strained


tensity: the physical condition of being stretched or strained


tenseness: the physical condition of being stretched or strained


tautness: the physical condition of being stretched or strained


tonicity: the elastic tension of living muscles, arteries, etc. that facilitate response to stimuli


tonus: the elastic tension of living muscles, arteries, etc. that facilitate response to stimuli


tone: the elastic tension of living muscles, arteries, etc. that facilitate response to stimuli


catatonia: extreme tonus; muscular rigidity; a common symptom in catatonic schizophrenia


muscular tonus: normal tonicity of the muscles


muscle tone: normal tonicity of the muscles


myotonia: abnormally long muscular contractions; slow relaxation of a muscle after a contraction


acromyotonia: myotonia of the extremities only; causes spastic deformity of the hand or foot


myotonia congenita: a mild, rare, congenital form of myotonia characterized by muscle stiffness


Thomsen's disease: a mild, rare, congenital form of myotonia characterized by muscle stiffness


atonicity: lack of normal muscular tension or tonus


atony: lack of normal muscular tension or tonus


atonia: lack of normal muscular tension or tonus


amyotonia: lack of normal muscular tension or tonus


laxness: the condition of being physiologically lax


laxity: the condition of being physiologically lax


condition: the state of (good) health (especially in the phrases `in condition' or `in shape' or `out of condition' or `out of shape')


shape: the state of (good) health (especially in the phrases `in condition' or `in shape' or `out of condition' or `out of shape')


fitness: good physical condition; being in shape or in condition


physical fitness: good physical condition; being in shape or in condition


fettle: a state of fitness and good health


repair: a formal way of referring to the condition of something


soundness: a state or condition free from damage or decay


seaworthiness: fitness to traverse the seas


fitness: fitness to traverse the seas


airworthiness: fitness to fly


unfitness: poor physical condition; being out of shape or out of condition (as from a life of ease and luxury)


softness: poor physical condition; being out of shape or out of condition (as from a life of ease and luxury)


infirmity: the state of being weak in health or body (especially from old age)


frailty: the state of being weak in health or body (especially from old age)


debility: the state of being weak in health or body (especially from old age)


feebleness: the state of being weak in health or body (especially from old age)


frailness: the state of being weak in health or body (especially from old age)


valetudinarianism: the state of being weak in health or body (especially from old age)


asthenia: an abnormal loss of strength


astheny: an abnormal loss of strength


cachexia: any general reduction in vitality and strength of body and mind resulting from a debilitating chronic disease


cachexy: any general reduction in vitality and strength of body and mind resulting from a debilitating chronic disease


wasting: any general reduction in vitality and strength of body and mind resulting from a debilitating chronic disease


disability: the condition of being unable to perform as a consequence of physical or mental unfitness


disablement: the condition of being unable to perform as a consequence of physical or mental unfitness


handicap: the condition of being unable to perform as a consequence of physical or mental unfitness


impairment: the condition of being unable to perform as a consequence of physical or mental unfitness


disability of walking: a disability that interferes with or prevents walking


abasia: inability to walk


abasia trepidans: abasia due to trembling of the legs


atactic abasia: abasia due to ataxia of the legs


ataxic abasia: abasia due to ataxia of the legs


choreic abasia: abasia related to abnormal movements of the legs


paralytic abasia: abasia related to paralysis of the leg muscles


paroxysmal trepidant abasia: abasia related to spasticity of the legs


spastic abasia: abasia due to spastic contractions of the leg muscles


lameness: disability of walking due to crippling of the legs or feet


limping: disability of walking due to crippling of the legs or feet


gimp: disability of walking due to crippling of the legs or feet


gimpiness: disability of walking due to crippling of the legs or feet


gameness: disability of walking due to crippling of the legs or feet


claudication: disability of walking due to crippling of the legs or feet


intermittent claudication: lameness due to pain in leg muscles because the blood supply is inadequate; pain subsides with rest


astasia: inability to stand due to muscular incoordination


amputation: a condition of disability resulting from the loss of one or more limbs


sequela: any abnormality following or resulting from a disease or injury or treatment


hearing impairment: impairment of the sense of hearing


hearing disorder: impairment of the sense of hearing


deafness: partial or complete loss of hearing


hearing loss: partial or complete loss of hearing


conductive hearing loss: hearing loss due to problems with the bones of the middle ear


conduction deafness: hearing loss due to problems with the bones of the middle ear


middle-ear deafness: hearing loss due to problems with the bones of the middle ear


hyperacusis: abnormal acuteness of hearing due to increased irritability of the sensory neural mechanism; characterized by intolerance for ordinary sound levels


hyperacusia: abnormal acuteness of hearing due to increased irritability of the sensory neural mechanism; characterized by intolerance for ordinary sound levels


auditory hyperesthesia: abnormal acuteness of hearing due to increased irritability of the sensory neural mechanism; characterized by intolerance for ordinary sound levels


sensorineural hearing loss: hearing loss due to failure of the auditory nerve


nerve deafness: hearing loss due to failure of the auditory nerve


tone deafness: an inability to distinguish differences in pitch


tin ear: an inability to distinguish differences in pitch


deaf-mutism: congenital deafness that results in inability to speak


deaf-muteness: congenital deafness that results in inability to speak


mutism: the condition of being unable or unwilling to speak


muteness: the condition of being unable or unwilling to speak


analgesia: absence of the sense of pain without loss of consciousness


dysomia: impairment of the sense of smell


anosmia: absence of the sense of smell (as by damage to olfactory nasal tissue or the olfactory nerve or by obstruction of the nasal passages)


hyposmia: lessened sensitivity to odors


visual impairment: impairment of the sense of sight


visual defect: impairment of the sense of sight


vision defect: impairment of the sense of sight


visual disorder: impairment of the sense of sight


myopia: (ophthalmology) eyesight abnormality resulting from the eye's faulty refractive ability; distant objects appear blurred


nearsightedness: (ophthalmology) eyesight abnormality resulting from the eye's faulty refractive ability; distant objects appear blurred


shortsightedness: (ophthalmology) eyesight abnormality resulting from the eye's faulty refractive ability; distant objects appear blurred


astigmatism: (ophthalmology) impaired eyesight resulting usually from irregular conformation of the cornea; common in nearsighted people


astigmia: (ophthalmology) impaired eyesight resulting usually from irregular conformation of the cornea; common in nearsighted people


anopia: sightlessness (especially because of a structural defect in or the absence of an eye)


hyperopia: abnormal condition in which vision for distant objects is better than for near objects


hypermetropia: abnormal condition in which vision for distant objects is better than for near objects


hypermetropy: abnormal condition in which vision for distant objects is better than for near objects


farsightedness: abnormal condition in which vision for distant objects is better than for near objects


longsightedness: abnormal condition in which vision for distant objects is better than for near objects


hemeralopia: inability to see clearly in bright light


day blindness: inability to see clearly in bright light


hemianopia: blindness in one half of the visual field of one or both eyes


hemianopsia: blindness in one half of the visual field of one or both eyes


quadrantanopia: blindness in one fourth of the visual field


metamorphopsia: a defect of vision in which objects appear to be distorted; usually due to a defect in the retina


nyctalopia: inability to see clearly in dim light; due to a deficiency of vitamin A or to a retinal disorder


night blindness: inability to see clearly in dim light; due to a deficiency of vitamin A or to a retinal disorder


moon blindness: inability to see clearly in dim light; due to a deficiency of vitamin A or to a retinal disorder


photoretinitis: damage to the retina resulting from exposure of the eye to the sun without adequate protection


presbyopia: a reduced ability to focus on near objects caused by loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens after age 45


farsightedness: a reduced ability to focus on near objects caused by loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens after age 45


eye condition: the condition of the optical properties of the eye


anisometropia: difference in the refractive power of the two eyes


isometropia: equality of refractive power in the two eyes


snowblindness: temporary blindness caused by exposure to sunlight reflected from snow or ice


snow-blindness: temporary blindness caused by exposure to sunlight reflected from snow or ice


retinal detachment: visual impairment resulting from the retina becoming separated from the choroid in the back of the eye; treated by photocoagulation


detachment of the retina: visual impairment resulting from the retina becoming separated from the choroid in the back of the eye; treated by photocoagulation


detached retina: visual impairment resulting from the retina becoming separated from the choroid in the back of the eye; treated by photocoagulation


scotoma: an isolated area of diminished vision within the visual field


annular scotoma: a circular scotoma surrounding the center of the field of vision


central scotoma: a scotoma that involves the fixation point


hemianopic scotoma: a scotoma involving half of the visual field


paracentral scotoma: a scotoma that is adjacent to the fixation point


scintillating scotoma: a localized area of diminished vision edged by shimmering colored lights; in many people it indicates the onset of migraine


flittering scotoma: a localized area of diminished vision edged by shimmering colored lights; in many people it indicates the onset of migraine


tunnel vision: visual impairment involving a loss of peripheral vision


eyelessness: blindness due to loss of the eyes


figural blindness: inability to see shapes and contours


strabismus: abnormal alignment of one or both eyes


squint: abnormal alignment of one or both eyes


walleye: strabismus in which one or both eyes are directed outward


divergent strabismus: strabismus in which one or both eyes are directed outward


exotropia: strabismus in which one or both eyes are directed outward


torticollis: an unnatural condition in which the head leans to one side because the neck muscles on that side are contracted


wryneck: an unnatural condition in which the head leans to one side because the neck muscles on that side are contracted


dysfunction: (medicine) any disturbance in the functioning of an organ or body part or a disturbance in the functioning of a social group


disfunction: (medicine) any disturbance in the functioning of an organ or body part or a disturbance in the functioning of a social group


paralysis: loss of the ability to move a body part


palsy: loss of the ability to move a body part


paresis: a slight or partial paralysis


paraparesis: a slight paralysis or weakness of both legs


metroptosis: prolapse of the uterus


descensus uteri: prolapse of the uterus


nephroptosis: prolapse of the kidney


nephroptosia: prolapse of the kidney


ptosis: drooping of the upper eyelid caused by muscle paralysis and weakness


brow ptosis: sagging eyebrows


prolapse: the slipping or falling out of place of an organ (as the uterus)


prolapsus: the slipping or falling out of place of an organ (as the uterus)


descensus: the slipping or falling out of place of an organ (as the uterus)


paraplegia: paralysis of the lower half of the body (most often as a result of trauma)


hemiplegia: paralysis of one side of the body


unilateral paralysis: paralysis of one side of the body


quadriplegia: paralysis of both arms and both legs


hypoesthesia: impairment of tactile sensitivity; decrease of sensitivity


hypesthesia: impairment of tactile sensitivity; decrease of sensitivity


knock-knee: an inward slant of the thigh


genu valgum: an inward slant of the thigh


tibia valga: an inward slant of the thigh


pigeon toes: disability in which the toes are turned inward; often associated with knock-knee


bow leg: outward curvature of the legs


bow legs: outward curvature of the legs


bandy legs: outward curvature of the legs


unsoundness: a condition of damage or decay


disrepair: in need of repairs


decay: an inferior state resulting from the process of decaying


putrefaction: a state of decay usually accompanied by an offensive odor


rot: a state of decay usually accompanied by an offensive odor


putrescence: in a state of progressive putrefaction


putridness: in a state of progressive putrefaction


rottenness: in a state of progressive putrefaction


corruption: in a state of progressive putrefaction


decomposition: in a decomposed state


disintegration: in a decomposed state


disintegration: a loss (or serious disruption) of organization in some system


deterioration: a symptom of reduced quality or strength


impairment: a symptom of reduced quality or strength


rancidity: the state of being rancid; having a rancid scent or flavor (as of old cooking oil)


corrosion: a state of deterioration in metals caused by oxidation or chemical action


devastation: the state of being decayed or destroyed


desolation: the state of being decayed or destroyed


ruin: an irrecoverable state of devastation and destruction


ruination: an irrecoverable state of devastation and destruction


decrepitude: a state of deterioration due to old age or long use


dilapidation: a state of deterioration due to old age or long use


wear: impairment resulting from long use


blight: a state or condition being blighted


end: a final state


destruction: a final state


death: a final state


foulness: disgusting wickedness and immorality


impropriety: the condition of being improper


iniquity: absence of moral or spiritual values


wickedness: absence of moral or spiritual values


darkness: absence of moral or spiritual values


dark: absence of moral or spiritual values


light: a condition of spiritual awareness; divine illumination


illumination: a condition of spiritual awareness; divine illumination


malady: any unwholesome or desperate condition


revocation: the state of being cancelled or annulled


annulment: the state of being cancelled or annulled


merchantability: the state of being fit for market; ready to be bought or sold


sale: the state of being purchasable; offered or exhibited for selling


urinary hesitancy: difficulty in beginning the flow of urine; associated with prostate enlargement in men and with narrowing of the urethral opening in women; may be caused by emotional stress in either men or women


wall: a difficult or awkward situation


sarcoidosis: a chronic disease of unknown cause marked by the formation of nodules in the lungs and liver and lymph glands and salivary glands


morphea: localized scleroderma


scleroderma: an autoimmune disease that affects the blood vessels and connective tissue; fibrous connective tissue is deposited in the skin


dermatosclerosis: an autoimmune disease that affects the blood vessels and connective tissue; fibrous connective tissue is deposited in the skin


thrombocytopenic purpura: purpura associated with a reduction in circulating blood platelets which can result from a variety of factors


idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: purpura associated with a reduction in circulating blood platelets which can result from a variety of factors


purpura hemorrhagica: purpura associated with a reduction in circulating blood platelets which can result from a variety of factors


Werlhof's disease: purpura associated with a reduction in circulating blood platelets which can result from a variety of factors


sex-linked disorder: any disease or abnormality that is determined by the sex hormones


Turner's syndrome: a chromosomal disorder in females who have only one X chromosome; marked by dwarfism and heart abnormalities and underdeveloped sex organs


urinary tract infection: any infection of any of the organs of the urinary tract


pyelonephritis: inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis caused by bacterial infection


acute pyelonephritis: pyelonephritis resulting from the spread of a bladder infection


carotenemia: excess carotene in the blood stream; can cause the skin to turn a pale yellow or red color


xanthemia: excess carotene in the blood stream; can cause the skin to turn a pale yellow or red color


chronic pyelonephritis: pyelonephritis that develops slowly and can lead to renal failure if untreated; often associated with a kidney stone or with narrowing of the urinary passageways


nongonococcal urethritis: sexually transmitted urethritis (usually caused by chlamydia)


NGU: sexually transmitted urethritis (usually caused by chlamydia)


rhinorrhea: persistent watery mucus discharge from the nose (as in the common cold)


rhinosporidiosis: fungal infection of the nose; often acquired while swimming


urethritis: inflammation of the urethra; results in painful urination


nonspecific urethritis: inflammation of the urethra of unknown cause


NSU: inflammation of the urethra of unknown cause


sodoku: the form of ratbite fever occurring in the Far East


spirillum fever: the form of ratbite fever occurring in the Far East


stasis: an abnormal state in which the normal flow of a liquid (such as blood) is slowed or stopped


steatorrhea: the presence of greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces which are frothy and foul smelling and floating; a symptom of disorders of fat metabolism and malabsorption syndrome


stridor: a whistling sound when breathing (usually heard on inspiration); indicates obstruction of the trachea or larynx


tinnitus: a ringing or booming sensation in one or both ears; a symptom of an ear infection or Meniere's disease


climax: the most severe stage of a disease


serration: the condition of being serrated


turgor: (biology) the normal rigid state of fullness of a cell or blood vessel or capillary resulting from pressure of the contents against the wall or membrane


shin splints: painful inflammation of the muscles around the shins; frequent among runners


hepatolenticular degeneration: a rare inherited disorder of copper metabolism; copper accumulates in the liver and then in the red blood cells and brain


Wilson's disease: a rare inherited disorder of copper metabolism; copper accumulates in the liver and then in the red blood cells and brain


homozygosity: the state of being homozygous; having two identical alleles of the same gene


heterozygosity: the state of being heterozygous; having two different alleles of the same gene


neotony: the state resulting when juvenile characteristics are retained by the adults of a species


plurality: the state of being plural


polyvalence: (toxicology) the state of being capable of counteracting more than one toxin or antigen or kind of microorganism


polyvalency: (toxicology) the state of being capable of counteracting more than one toxin or antigen or kind of microorganism


polyvalence: (chemistry) the state of having a valence greater than two


polyvalency: (chemistry) the state of having a valence greater than two


multivalence: (chemistry) the state of having a valence greater than two


multivalency: (chemistry) the state of having a valence greater than two


amphidiploidy: the condition of being amphidiploid


diploidy: the condition of being diploid


haploidy: the condition of being haploid


heteroploidy: the condition of being heteroploid


polyploidy: the condition of being polyploid


mosaicism: the condition in which an organism has two or more cell populations that differ in genetic makeup


orphanage: the condition of being a child without living parents


orphanhood: the condition of being a child without living parents


kraurosis: atrophy and shriveling of the skin or mucous membrane


kraurosis vulvae: kraurosis of the vulva; often a precancerous lesion


oligospermia: insufficient spermatozoa in the semen


tenesmus: painful spasm of the anal sphincter along with an urgent desire to defecate without the significant production of feces; associated with irritable bowel syndrome


stigmatism: the condition of having or being marked by stigmata


transsexualism: condition in which a person assumes the identity and permanently acts the part of the gender opposite to his or her biological sex


trismus: prolonged spasm of the jaw muscles


uratemia: presence of abnormal amounts of uric acid salts in the blood; symptom of gout


uraturia: presence of abnormally large amounts of uric acid in the urine; symptom of gout


ureterocele: prolapse of the end of the ureter into the bladder; may obstruct urine flow


ureterostenosis: stenosis of the ureter


urethrocele: prolapse of the urethra into the vagina


uricaciduria: presence of abnormal amounts of uric acid in the urine; symptom of gout


urocele: extravasation of urine into the scrotal sac


uropathy: any pathology of the urinary tract


varicocele: dilatation of the veins associated with the spermatic cord in the testes


varicosis: pathological condition of being varicose or having varicose veins


varicosity: varix or varicose condition in which a vein is swollen and tortuous


varix: abnormally enlarged or twisted blood vessel or lymphatic vessel


viremia: the presence of a virus in the blood stream


viraemia: the presence of a virus in the blood stream


volvulus: abnormal twisting of the intestines (usually in the area of the ileum or sigmoid colon) resulting in intestinal obstruction


xanthopsia: visual defect in which objects appear to have a yellowish hue; sometimes occurs in cases of jaundice


absolution: the condition of being formally forgiven by a priest in the sacrament of penance


automation: the condition of being automatically operated or controlled


brutalization: the condition of being treated in a cruel and savage manner


brutalisation: the condition of being treated in a cruel and savage manner


condemnation: the condition of being strongly disapproved of


deification: the condition of being treated like a god


diversification: the condition of being varied


exoneration: the condition of being relieved from blame or obligation


facilitation: the condition of being made easy (or easier)


frizz: the condition of being formed into small tight curls


fruition: the condition of bearing fruit


hiding: the state of being hidden


hospitalization: the condition of being treated as a patient in a hospital


hypertonia: (of muscular tissue) the state of being hypertonic


hypertonus: (of muscular tissue) the state of being hypertonic


hypertonicity: (of muscular tissue) the state of being hypertonic


hypotonia: (of muscular tissue) the state of being hypotonic


hypotonus: (of muscular tissue) the state of being hypotonic


hypotonicity: (of muscular tissue) the state of being hypotonic


hypertonicity: (of a solution) the extent to which a solution has a higher osmotic pressure than some other


hypotonicity: (of a solution) the extent to which a solution has a lower osmotic pressure than some other


identification: the condition of having the identity (of a person or object) established


impaction: the condition of being pressed closely together and firmly fixed


ionization: the condition of being dissociated into ions (as by heat or radiation or chemical reaction or electrical discharge)


ionisation: the condition of being dissociated into ions (as by heat or radiation or chemical reaction or electrical discharge)


irradiation: the condition of being exposed to radiation


leakiness: the condition of permitting leaks or leakage


lubrication: the condition of having been made smooth or slippery by the application of a lubricant


mechanization: the condition of having a highly technical implementation


mechanisation: the condition of having a highly technical implementation


motivation: the condition of being motivated


mummification: a condition resembling that of a mummy


paternity: the state of being a father


preservation: the condition of being (well or ill) preserved


prognathism: the condition of being prognathous; the condition of having a projecting jaw


rustication: the condition naturally attaching to life in the country


rustiness: the condition of being coated or clogged with rust


scandalization: the condition of being shocked (as by improper behavior)


scandalisation: the condition of being shocked (as by improper behavior)


slot: a position in a hierarchy or organization


toehold: a relatively insignificant position from which future progress might be made


submission: the condition of having submitted to control by someone or something else


urbanization: the condition of being urbanized


urbanisation: the condition of being urbanized


utilization: the state of having been made use of


substance: material of a particular kind or constitution


chemistry: the chemical composition and properties of a substance or object


material: the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object


stuff: the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object


ylem: (cosmology) the original matter that (according to the big bang theory) existed before the formation of the chemical elements


dark matter: (cosmology) a hypothetical form of matter that is believed to make up 90 percent of the universe; it is invisible (does not absorb or emit light) and does not collide with atomic particles but exerts gravitational force


antimatter: matter consisting of elementary particles that are the antiparticles of those making up normal substances


micronutrient: a substance needed only in small amounts for normal body function (e.g., vitamins or minerals)


philosopher's stone: hypothetical substance that the alchemists believed to be capable of changing base metals into gold


philosophers' stone: hypothetical substance that the alchemists believed to be capable of changing base metals into gold


elixir: hypothetical substance that the alchemists believed to be capable of changing base metals into gold


precursor: a substance from which another substance is formed (especially by a metabolic reaction)


phlogiston: a hypothetical substance once believed to be present in all combustible materials and to be released during burning


chyme: a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum


glop: any gummy shapeless matter; usually unpleasant


impurity: worthless or dangerous material that should be removed


dross: worthless or dangerous material that should be removed


acceptor: (chemistry) in the formation of a coordinate bond it is the compound to which electrons are donated


adduct: a compound formed by an addition reaction


actinoid: any of a series of radioactive elements with atomic numbers 89 through 103


actinide: any of a series of radioactive elements with atomic numbers 89 through 103


actinon: any of a series of radioactive elements with atomic numbers 89 through 103


allergen: any substance that can cause an allergy


assay: a substance that is undergoing an analysis of its components


pyrogen: any substance that can cause a rise in body temperature


pyrectic: any substance that can cause a rise in body temperature


pyrogen: any substance characterized by its great flammability


aldehyde: any of a class of highly reactive chemical compounds; used in making resins and dyes and organic acids


alkapton: an acid formed as an intermediate product of the metabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine


alcapton: an acid formed as an intermediate product of the metabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine


homogentisic acid: an acid formed as an intermediate product of the metabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine


antiknock: any of various compounds that are added to gasoline to reduce engine knocking


ragweed pollen: pollen of the ragweed plant is a common allergen


atom: (nontechnical usage) a tiny piece of anything


molecule: (nontechnical usage) a tiny piece of anything


particle: (nontechnical usage) a tiny piece of anything


corpuscle: (nontechnical usage) a tiny piece of anything


mote: (nontechnical usage) a tiny piece of anything


speck: (nontechnical usage) a tiny piece of anything


ammunition: any nuclear or chemical or biological material that can be used as a weapon of mass destruction


floccule: a small loosely aggregated mass of flocculent material suspended in or precipitated from a liquid


floc: a small loosely aggregated mass of flocculent material suspended in or precipitated from a liquid


HAZMAT: an abbreviation for `hazardous material' used on warning signs


mixture: (chemistry) a substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together (not in fixed proportions and not with chemical bonding)


alloy: a mixture containing two or more metallic elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements usually fused together or dissolving into each other when molten


metal: a mixture containing two or more metallic elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements usually fused together or dissolving into each other when molten


botulinum toxin: any of several neurotoxins that are produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum; causes muscle paralysis


botulinum toxin A: a neurotoxin (trade name Botox) that is used clinically in small quantities to treat strabismus and facial spasms and other neurological disorders characterized by abnormal muscle contractions; is also used by cosmetic surgeons to smooth frown lines temporarily


Botox: a neurotoxin (trade name Botox) that is used clinically in small quantities to treat strabismus and facial spasms and other neurological disorders characterized by abnormal muscle contractions; is also used by cosmetic surgeons to smooth frown lines temporarily


colloid: a mixture with properties between those of a solution and fine suspension


composition: a mixture of ingredients


dispersed phase: (of colloids) a substance in the colloidal state


dispersed particles: (of colloids) a substance in the colloidal state


dispersing phase: (of colloids) a substance in which another is colloidally dispersed


dispersion medium: (of colloids) a substance in which another is colloidally dispersed


dispersing medium: (of colloids) a substance in which another is colloidally dispersed


mechanical mixture: a mixture whose components can be separated by mechanical means


eutectic: a mixture of substances having a minimum melting point


solution: a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances; frequently (but not necessarily) a liquid solution


aqueous solution: a solution in water


Ringer's solution: an aqueous solution containing the chlorides of sodium and potassium and calcium that is isotonic to animal tissues; used to correct dehydration and (in physiological experiments) as a medium for in vitro preparations


Ringer solution: an aqueous solution containing the chlorides of sodium and potassium and calcium that is isotonic to animal tissues; used to correct dehydration and (in physiological experiments) as a medium for in vitro preparations


saline solution: an isotonic solution of sodium chloride and distilled water


saline: an isotonic solution of sodium chloride and distilled water


polyelectrolyte: an electrolyte of high molecular weight


gel: a colloid in a more solid form than a sol


colloidal gel: a colloid in a more solid form than a sol


hydrogel: a colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium


sol: a colloid that has a continuous liquid phase in which a solid is suspended in a liquid


colloidal solution: a colloid that has a continuous liquid phase in which a solid is suspended in a liquid


colloidal suspension: a colloid that has a continuous liquid phase in which a solid is suspended in a liquid


hydrocolloid: a substance that forms a gel with water


suspension: a mixture in which fine particles are suspended in a fluid where they are supported by buoyancy


slurry: a suspension of insoluble particles (as plaster of Paris or lime or clay etc.) usually in water


resuspension: a renewed suspension of insoluble particles after they have been precipitated


precipitate: a precipitated solid substance in suspension or after settling or filtering


sludge: the precipitate produced by sewage treatment


domoic acid: a neurotoxin that is deadly for humans; found in various marine algae


acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene: any of a class of composite plastics used to make car bodies and cases for computers and other appliances


ABS: any of a class of composite plastics used to make car bodies and cases for computers and other appliances


Mylar: a thin polyester film


pina cloth: a fine cloth made from pineapple fibers


Plasticine: a synthetic material resembling clay but remaining soft; used as a substitute for clay or wax in modeling (especially in schools)


plastic: generic name for certain synthetic or semisynthetic materials that can be molded or extruded into objects or films or filaments or used for making e.g. coatings and adhesives


plasticizer: a substance added to plastics or other materials to make them more pliable


plasticiser: a substance added to plastics or other materials to make them more pliable


thermoplastic: a material that softens when heated and hardens again when cooled


thermoplastic resin: a material that softens when heated and hardens again when cooled


saran: any of various thermoplastic resins used to make things


acrylic: a glassy thermoplastic; can be cast and molded or used in coatings and adhesives


acrylic resin: a glassy thermoplastic; can be cast and molded or used in coatings and adhesives


acrylate resin: a glassy thermoplastic; can be cast and molded or used in coatings and adhesives


polymethyl methacrylate: a transparent plastic used as a substitute for glass


Lucite: a transparent thermoplastic acrylic resin


Perspex: a transparent thermoplastic acrylic resin


Plexiglas: a light transparent weather resistant thermoplastic


plexiglass: a light transparent weather resistant thermoplastic


polyethylene: a lightweight thermoplastic; used especially in packaging and insulation


polythene: a lightweight thermoplastic; used especially in packaging and insulation


acetyl: the organic group of acetic acid (CH3CO-)


acetyl group: the organic group of acetic acid (CH3CO-)


acetyl radical: the organic group of acetic acid (CH3CO-)


ethanoyl group: the organic group of acetic acid (CH3CO-)


ethanoyl radical: the organic group of acetic acid (CH3CO-)


acyl: any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group


acyl group: any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group


aggregate: material such as sand or gravel used with cement and water to make concrete, mortar, or plaster


alcohol group: the chemical group -OH


alcohol radical: the chemical group -OH


aldehyde group: the chemical group -CHO


aldehyde radical: the chemical group -CHO


polyvinyl acetate: a vinyl polymer used especially in paints or adhesives


PVA: a vinyl polymer used especially in paints or adhesives


polyvinyl chloride: a polymer of vinyl chloride used instead of rubber in electric cables


PVC: a polymer of vinyl chloride used instead of rubber in electric cables


styrene: a colorless oily liquid; the monomer for polystyrene


cinnamene: a colorless oily liquid; the monomer for polystyrene


phenylethylene: a colorless oily liquid; the monomer for polystyrene


vinylbenzene: a colorless oily liquid; the monomer for polystyrene


polystyrene: a polymer of styrene; a rigid transparent thermoplastic


Styrofoam: a light resilient foam of polystyrene


thermosetting compositions: a material that hardens when heated and cannot be remolded


thermosetting resin: a material that hardens when heated and cannot be remolded


Bakelite: a thermosetting plastic used as electric insulators and for making plastic ware and telephone receivers etc.


Teflon: a material used to coat cooking utensils and in industrial applications where sticking is to be avoided


polytetrafluoroethylene: a material used to coat cooking utensils and in industrial applications where sticking is to be avoided


Vinylite: any of various vinyl resins


raw material: material suitable for manufacture or use or finishing


staple: material suitable for manufacture or use or finishing


feedstock: the raw material that is required for some industrial process


sorbate: a material that has been or is capable of being taken up by another substance by either absorption or adsorption


sorbent: a material that sorbs another substance; i.e. that has the capacity or tendency to take it up by either absorption or adsorption


sorbent material: a material that sorbs another substance; i.e. that has the capacity or tendency to take it up by either absorption or adsorption


absorbent material: a material having capacity or tendency to absorb another substance


absorbent: a material having capacity or tendency to absorb another substance


absorbate: a material that has been or is capable of being absorbed


sponge: a porous mass of interlacing fibers that forms the internal skeleton of various marine animals and usable to absorb water or any porous rubber or cellulose product similarly used


absorber: (physics) material in a nuclear reactor that absorbs radiation


absorbent cotton: cotton made absorbent by removal of the natural wax


absorption indicator: an indicator used in reactions that involve precipitation


adsorbent: a material having capacity or tendency to adsorb another substance


adsorbent material: a material having capacity or tendency to adsorb another substance


adsorbate: a material that has been or is capable of being adsorbed


acaricide: a chemical agent used to kill mites


acaracide: a chemical agent used to kill mites


acaroid resin: an alcohol-soluble resin from Australian trees; used in varnishes and in manufacturing paper


accaroid resin: an alcohol-soluble resin from Australian trees; used in varnishes and in manufacturing paper


accroides: an alcohol-soluble resin from Australian trees; used in varnishes and in manufacturing paper


accroides resin: an alcohol-soluble resin from Australian trees; used in varnishes and in manufacturing paper


accroides gum: an alcohol-soluble resin from Australian trees; used in varnishes and in manufacturing paper


gum accroides: an alcohol-soluble resin from Australian trees; used in varnishes and in manufacturing paper


acetic acid: a colorless pungent liquid widely used in manufacturing plastics and pharmaceuticals


ethanoic acid: a colorless pungent liquid widely used in manufacturing plastics and pharmaceuticals


acetin: any of three liquid acetates that are formed when acetic acid and glycerin are heated together


acetum: a dilute solution of acetic acid that is used as a solvent (e.g. for a drug)


acetate: a salt or ester of acetic acid


ethanoate: a salt or ester of acetic acid


dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane: an insecticide that is also toxic to animals and humans; banned in the United States since 1972


DDT: an insecticide that is also toxic to animals and humans; banned in the United States since 1972


larvacide: an insecticide that kills the larvae of insects


lead arsenate: a poisonous white solid (Pb3[AsO4]2) used as an insecticide


tetraethyl lead: a clear oily poisonous liquid added to gasoline to prevent knocking


lead tetraethyl: a clear oily poisonous liquid added to gasoline to prevent knocking


acetone: the simplest ketone; a highly inflammable liquid widely used as an organic solvent and as material for making plastics


propanone: the simplest ketone; a highly inflammable liquid widely used as an organic solvent and as material for making plastics


dimethyl ketone: the simplest ketone; a highly inflammable liquid widely used as an organic solvent and as material for making plastics


acetylene: a colorless flammable gas used chiefly in welding and in organic synthesis


ethyne: a colorless flammable gas used chiefly in welding and in organic synthesis


alkyne: a colorless flammable gas used chiefly in welding and in organic synthesis


adobe: the clay from which adobe bricks are made


Agent Orange: a herbicide used in the Vietnam War to defoliate forest areas


alicyclic compound: an aliphatic compound that contains a ring of atoms


aliphatic compound: organic compound that is an alkane or alkene or alkyne or their derivative


alkylbenzene: organic compound that has an alkyl group bound to a benzene ring


alkyl halide: organic compound in which halogen atoms have been substituted for hydrogen atoms in an alkane


haloalkane: organic compound in which halogen atoms have been substituted for hydrogen atoms in an alkane


amino acid: organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group


aminoalkanoic acid: organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group


alanine: a crystalline amino acid that occurs in many proteins


argil: a white clay (especially a white clay used by potters)


arsenical: a pesticide or drug containing arsenic


asparagine: a crystalline amino acid found in proteins and in many plants (e.g., asparagus)


aspartic acid: a crystalline amino acid found in proteins and occurring naturally in sugar beets and sugar cane


canavanine: an amino acid found in the jack bean


chlorobenzene: a colorless volatile flammable liquid with an almond odor that is made from chlorine and benzene; used as a solvent and in the production of phenol and DDT and other organic compounds


chlorofluorocarbon: a fluorocarbon with chlorine; formerly used as a refrigerant and as a propellant in aerosol cans


CFC: a fluorocarbon with chlorine; formerly used as a refrigerant and as a propellant in aerosol cans


chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile: a tear gas that is stronger than CN gas but wears off faster; can be deployed by grenades or cluster bombs; can cause skin burns and fatal pulmonary edema


CS gas: a tear gas that is stronger than CN gas but wears off faster; can be deployed by grenades or cluster bombs; can cause skin burns and fatal pulmonary edema


chloroacetophenone: a tear gas that is weaker than CS gas but lasts longer


CN gas: a tear gas that is weaker than CS gas but lasts longer


citrate: a salt or ester of citric acid


citrulline: an amino acid that does not occur in proteins but is an intermediate in the conversion of ornithine to arginine


cysteine: an amino acid containing sulfur that is found in most proteins; oxidizes on exposure to air to form cystine


cystine: a crystalline amino acid found in proteins (especially keratin); discovered in bladder stones


diamagnet: a substance that exhibits diamagnetism


diamine: any organic compound containing two amino groups


dopa: amino acid that is formed in the liver and converted into dopamine in the brain


dihydroxyphenylalanine: amino acid that is formed in the liver and converted into dopamine in the brain


L-dopa: the levorotatory form of dopa (trade names Bendopa and Brocadopa and Larodopa); as a drug it is used to treat Parkinson's disease


levodopa: the levorotatory form of dopa (trade names Bendopa and Brocadopa and Larodopa); as a drug it is used to treat Parkinson's disease


Bendopa: the levorotatory form of dopa (trade names Bendopa and Brocadopa and Larodopa); as a drug it is used to treat Parkinson's disease


Brocadopa: the levorotatory form of dopa (trade names Bendopa and Brocadopa and Larodopa); as a drug it is used to treat Parkinson's disease


Larodopa: the levorotatory form of dopa (trade names Bendopa and Brocadopa and Larodopa); as a drug it is used to treat Parkinson's disease


endonuclease: a nuclease that cleaves nucleic acids at interior bonds and so produces fragments of various sizes


enol: an organic compound that contains a hydroxyl group bonded to a carbon atom which in turn is doubly bonded to another carbon atom


essential amino acid: an amino acid that is required by animals but that they cannot synthesize; must be supplied in the diet


exonuclease: a nuclease that releases one nucleotide at a time (serially) beginning at one of a nucleic acid


gamma aminobutyric acid: an amino acid that is found in the central nervous system; acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter


GABA: an amino acid that is found in the central nervous system; acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter


glutamic acid: an amino acid occurring in proteins; important in the nitrogen metabolism of plants; used in monosodium glutamate to enhance the flavor of meats


glutaminic acid: an amino acid occurring in proteins; important in the nitrogen metabolism of plants; used in monosodium glutamate to enhance the flavor of meats


glutamine: a crystalline amino acid occurring in proteins; important in protein metabolism


glutathione peroxidase: an enzyme in the body that is a powerful scavenger of free radicals


glycine: the simplest amino acid found in proteins and the principal amino acid in sugar cane


hydroxyproline: a crystalline amino acid obtained from gelatin or collagen


iodoamino acid: an amino acid with iodine added


ornithine: an amino acid that does not occur in proteins but is important in the formation of urea


acid: any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt


acid-base indicator: an indicator that changes color on going from acidic to basic solutions


alpha-linolenic acid: a polyunsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbon atoms; the only omega-3 fatty acid found in vegetable products; it is most abundant in canola oil; a fatty acid essential for nutrition


alpha-naphthol: an isomer of naphthol used in dyes


alpha-naphthol test: biochemical indicator of the presence of carbohydrates in a solution; if carbohydrates are present a violet ring is formed by reaction with alpha-naphthol in the presence of sulfuric acid


Molisch's test: biochemical indicator of the presence of carbohydrates in a solution; if carbohydrates are present a violet ring is formed by reaction with alpha-naphthol in the presence of sulfuric acid


Molisch test: biochemical indicator of the presence of carbohydrates in a solution; if carbohydrates are present a violet ring is formed by reaction with alpha-naphthol in the presence of sulfuric acid


Molisch reaction: biochemical indicator of the presence of carbohydrates in a solution; if carbohydrates are present a violet ring is formed by reaction with alpha-naphthol in the presence of sulfuric acid


aromatic compound: a hydrocarbon containing one or more benzene rings that are characteristic of the benzene series of compounds


arsenate: a salt or ester of arsenic acid


arsenic acid: an acid formed from arsenic pentoxide


arsenide: a compound of arsenic with a more positive element


cerotic acid: a white solid fatty acid found in waxes (such as beeswax)


hexacosanoic acid: a white solid fatty acid found in waxes (such as beeswax)


chlorate: any salt of chloric acid


chloric acid: (HClO3) a strong unstable acid with an acrid odor found in chlorate salts


chlorous acid: (HClO2) a strongly oxidizing acid; known only in solution


monobasic acid: an acid containing only one replaceable hydrogen atom per molecule


dibasic acid: an acid containing two replaceable hydrogen atoms per molecule


dibasic salt: a salt derived by replacing two hydrogen atoms per molecule


tribasic acid: an acid containing three replaceable hydrogen atoms per molecule


tritium: a radioactive isotope of hydrogen; atoms of tritium have three times the mass of ordinary hydrogen atoms


tetrabasic acid: an acid containing four replaceable hydrogen atoms per molecule


fulminic acid: (CNOH) an unstable acid occurring mainly in the form of explosive salts and esters that is isomeric with cyanic acid


gamma acid: a crystalline acid used to make azo dyes


heavy metal: a metal of relatively high density (specific gravity greater than about 5) or of high relative atomic weight (especially one that is poisonous like mercury or lead)


hexanedioic acid: a carboxylic acid used in the manufacture of nylon


adipic acid: a carboxylic acid used in the manufacture of nylon


HMG-CoA reductase: a liver enzyme that is responsible for producing cholesterol


5-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase: a liver enzyme that is responsible for producing cholesterol


horseradish peroxidase: an enzyme used in immunohistochemistry to label antigens and their antibodies


hydrazoic acid: a colorless explosive liquid that is volatile and poisonous and foul-smelling


azoimide: a colorless explosive liquid that is volatile and poisonous and foul-smelling


hydrogen azide: a colorless explosive liquid that is volatile and poisonous and foul-smelling


HN: a colorless explosive liquid that is volatile and poisonous and foul-smelling


hydriodic acid: (HI) a colorless or yellow aqueous solution of hydrogen iodide


hydrochlorofluorocarbon: a fluorocarbon that is replacing chlorofluorocarbon as a refrigerant and propellant in aerosol cans; considered to be somewhat less destructive to the atmosphere


HCFC: a fluorocarbon that is replacing chlorofluorocarbon as a refrigerant and propellant in aerosol cans; considered to be somewhat less destructive to the atmosphere


hydrogen cyanide: a highly poisonous gas or volatile liquid that smells like bitter almonds; becomes a gas at around 90 degree Fahrenheit and is most dangerous when inhaled; the anhydride of hydrocyanic acid; used in manufacturing


hydrocyanic acid: a solution of hydrogen cyanide in water; weak solutions are used in fumigating and in the synthesis of organic compounds


prussic acid: a solution of hydrogen cyanide in water; weak solutions are used in fumigating and in the synthesis of organic compounds


hydrolysate: a product of hydrolysis


hydroxy acid: any acid that has hydroxyl groups in addition to the hydroxyl group in the acid itself


hydroxybenzoic acid: a crystalline derivative of benzoic acid


hypochlorite: any salt or ester of hypochlorous acid


hyponitrous acid: an explosive white crystalline weak acid (H2N2O2)


hypophosphoric acid: a crystalline tetrabasic acid (H4P2O6)


hypophosphorous acid: a clear or yellow monobasic acid (H3PO2)


phosphorous acid: a clear or yellow monobasic acid (H3PO2)


orthophosphorous acid: a clear or yellow monobasic acid (H3PO2)


juniperic acid: a crystalline acid found in the exudations of some conifers


lysergic acid: a crystalline acid often used in medical research; obtained from ergotic alkaloids


manganic acid: a dibasic acid (H2MnO4) found only in solution and in manganate salts


metaphosphoric acid: a glassy solid acid ([HPO3]n) often used as a dehydrating agent


polyphosphoric acid: a series of oxyacids of phosphorus


pyrogallol: a toxic white lustrous crystalline phenol used to treat certain skin diseases and as a photographic developer


pyrogallic acid: a toxic white lustrous crystalline phenol used to treat certain skin diseases and as a photographic developer


pyrophosphoric acid: a solid acid formed by reactions of orthophosphoric acid


pyrophosphate: a salt or ester of pyrophosphoric acid


methacrylic acid: an unsaturated acid (C4H6O2) used to make resins and plastics


2-methylpropenoic acid: an unsaturated acid (C4H6O2) used to make resins and plastics


mucic acid: a solid acid (C6H10O8) found in milk or sugar


selenic acid: a strong acid (H2SeO4) analogous to sulfuric acid


suberic acid: a dicarboxylic acid found in cork


octanedioic acid: a dicarboxylic acid found in cork


succinic acid: a dicarboxylic acid (C4H6O4) active in metabolic processes


sulfonate: a salt of sulphonic acid


sulfonic acid: an acid derived from sulphuric acid


sulphonic acid: an acid derived from sulphuric acid


titanic acid: a white weak acid that is a hydrated form of titanium dioxide


titanium dioxide: a white powder used as a pigment for its high covering power and durability


titanium oxide: a white powder used as a pigment for its high covering power and durability


titanic oxide: a white powder used as a pigment for its high covering power and durability


titania: a white powder used as a pigment for its high covering power and durability


adulterant: any substance that lessens the purity or effectiveness of a substance


adulterator: any substance that lessens the purity or effectiveness of a substance


alkyl: any of a series of univalent groups of the general formula CnH2n+1 derived from aliphatic hydrocarbons


alkyl group: any of a series of univalent groups of the general formula CnH2n+1 derived from aliphatic hydrocarbons


alkyl radical: any of a series of univalent groups of the general formula CnH2n+1 derived from aliphatic hydrocarbons


allyl: the univalent unsaturated organic radical C3H5; derived from propylene


allyl group: the univalent unsaturated organic radical C3H5; derived from propylene


allyl radical: the univalent unsaturated organic radical C3H5; derived from propylene


amino: the radical -NH2


amino group: the radical -NH2


aminomethane: a methyl with the hydrogen atom replaced by an amino radical


amyl: a hydrocarbon radical that occurs in many organic compounds


anionic compound: a compound characterized by an active anion


anionic detergent: a class of synthetic detergents in which the molecules do not ionize in aqueous solutions


anionic: a class of synthetic detergents in which the molecules do not ionize in aqueous solutions


non-ionic detergent: a class of synthetic detergents in which the molecules do not ionize in aqueous solutions


base: any of various water-soluble compounds capable of turning litmus blue and reacting with an acid to form a salt and water


alkali: any of various water-soluble compounds capable of turning litmus blue and reacting with an acid to form a salt and water


base metal: a metal that is common and not considered precious


binary compound: chemical compound composed of only two elements


chelate: a heterocyclic compound having a metal ion attached by coordinate bonds to at least two nonmetal ions


chelate compound: a heterocyclic compound having a metal ion attached by coordinate bonds to at least two nonmetal ions


atom: (physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element


isotope: one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons


radioisotope: a radioactive isotope of an element; produced either naturally or artificially


label: a radioactive isotope that is used in a compound in order to trace the mechanism of a chemical reaction


halon: a compound in which the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon have been replaced by bromine and other halogen atoms; very stable; used in fire extinguishers although it is thought to release bromine that depletes the ozone layer


bromoform: colorless liquid haloform CHBr3


tribromomethane: colorless liquid haloform CHBr3


fluoroform: colorless gas haloform CHF3 (similar to chloroform)


trifluoromethane: colorless gas haloform CHF3 (similar to chloroform)


iodoform: sweet smelling yellow solid haloform CHI3


tri-iodomethane: sweet smelling yellow solid haloform CHI3


haloform: compounds with the formula CHX3, where X is a halogen atom


monad: (chemistry) an atom having a valence of one


azido group: the univalent group N3- derived from hydrazoic acid


azido radical: the univalent group N3- derived from hydrazoic acid


azo group: the bivalent group -N=N- united to two hydrocarbon groups


azo radical: the bivalent group -N=N- united to two hydrocarbon groups


group: (chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule


radical: (chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule


chemical group: (chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule


fullerene: a form of carbon having a large molecule consisting of an empty cage of sixty or more carbon atoms


buckminsterfullerene: a spheroidal fullerene; the first known example of a fullerene


buckyball: a spheroidal fullerene; the first known example of a fullerene