epos: a long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds


Aeneid: an epic in Latin by Virgil; tells the adventures of Aeneas after the Trojan War; provides an illustrious historical background for the Roman Empire


Divine Comedy: a narrative epic poem written by Dante


Divina Commedia: a narrative epic poem written by Dante


free verse: unrhymed verse without a consistent metrical pattern


vers libre: unrhymed verse without a consistent metrical pattern


haiku: an epigrammatic Japanese verse form of three short lines


limerick: a humorous verse form of 5 anapestic lines with a rhyme scheme aabba


lyric: a short poem of songlike quality


lyric poem: a short poem of songlike quality


rondeau: a French verse form of 10 or 13 lines running on two rhymes; the opening phrase is repeated as the refrain of the second and third stanzas


rondel: a French verse form of 10 or 13 lines running on two rhymes; the opening phrase is repeated as the refrain of the second and third stanzas


roundel: English form of rondeau having three triplets with a refrain after the first and third


rondelet: a shorter form of rondeau


sonnet: a verse form consisting of 14 lines with a fixed rhyme scheme


tanka: a form of Japanese poetry; the 1st and 3rd lines have five syllables and the 2nd, 4th, and 5th have seven syllables


terza rima: a verse form with a rhyme scheme: aba bcb cdc, etc.


verse: a piece of poetry


rhyme: a piece of poetry


Iliad: a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the siege of Troy


Odyssey: a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the journey of Odysseus after the fall of Troy


Nibelungenlied: an epic poem written in Middle High German and based on the legends of Siegfried and Teutonic kings


chanson de geste: Old French epic poems


rhapsody: an epic poem adapted for recitation


Petrarchan sonnet: a sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd


Italian sonnet: a sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd


octave: a rhythmic group of eight lines of verse


sestet: a rhythmic group of six lines of verse


Shakespearean sonnet: a sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg


Elizabethan sonnet: a sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg


English sonnet: a sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg


Spenserian sonnet: a sonnet consisting of three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab bcbd cdcd ee


epos: a body of poetry that conveys the traditions of a society by treating some epic theme


ode: a lyric poem with complex stanza forms


epithalamium: an ode honoring a bride and bridegroom


Horatian ode: an ode with several stanzas


Sapphic ode: an ode with several stanzas


Pindaric ode: an ode form used by Pindar; has triple groups of triple units


Pindaric: an ode form used by Pindar; has triple groups of triple units


choral ode: ode sung by the chorus in classical Greek drama


canto: a major division of a long poem


envoy: a brief stanza concluding certain forms of poetry


envoi: a brief stanza concluding certain forms of poetry


quatrain: a stanza of four lines


elegiac stanza: a quatrain in iambic pentameter with abab rhyme scheme


verse: a line of metrical text


verse line: a line of metrical text


iambic: a verse line consisting of iambs


Adonic: a verse line with a dactyl followed by a spondee or trochee; supposedly used in laments by Adonis


Adonic line: a verse line with a dactyl followed by a spondee or trochee; supposedly used in laments by Adonis


versicle: a short verse said or sung by a priest or minister in public worship and followed by a response from the congregation


sursum corda: (Roman Catholic Church) a Latin versicle meaning `lift up your hearts'


response: a phrase recited or sung by the congregation following a versicle by the priest or minister


closed couplet: a rhymed couplet that forms a complete syntactic unit


heroic couplet: a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter and written in an elevated style


heroic stanza: a quatrain consisting of two heroic couplets written in an elevated style; the rhyme scheme is abab


heroic verse: a verse form suited to the treatment of heroic or elevated themes; dactylic hexameter or iambic pentameter


heroic meter: a verse form suited to the treatment of heroic or elevated themes; dactylic hexameter or iambic pentameter


heroic: a verse form suited to the treatment of heroic or elevated themes; dactylic hexameter or iambic pentameter


mock-heroic: a satirical imitation of heroic verse


Spenserian stanza: a stanza with eight lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding Alexandrine with the rhyme pattern abab bcbc c


strophe: one section of a lyric poem or choral ode in classical Greek drama


antistrophe: the section of a choral ode answering a previous strophe in classical Greek drama; the second of two metrically corresponding sections in a poem


potboiler: a literary composition of poor quality that was written quickly to make money (to boil the pot)


tushery: writing of poor quality; characterized by affected choice of archaic words


dictation: matter that has been dictated and transcribed; a dictated passage


cookie: a short line of text that a web site puts on your computer's hard drive when you access the web site


session cookie: a cookie that is stored temporarily and is destroyed when you close the link


precision cookie: a cookie that is saved permanently on your hard drive


text: the words of something written


textual matter: the words of something written


text: the main body of a written work (as distinct from illustrations or footnotes etc.)


machine-displayable text: electronic text that is stored and used in the form of a digital image


machine-readable text: electronic text that is stored as strings of characters and that can be displayed in a variety of formats


typescript: typewritten matter especially a typewritten copy of a manuscript


erasure: a surface area where something has been erased


margin: the blank space that surrounds the text on a page


space: a blank area


blank space: a blank area


place: a blank area


indentation: the space left between the margin and the start of an indented line


indention: the space left between the margin and the start of an indented line


indent: the space left between the margin and the start of an indented line


indenture: the space left between the margin and the start of an indented line


word order: the order of words in a text


core dump: (computer science) dump of the contents of the chief registers in the CPU; usually used for debugging


dump: (computer science) a copy of the contents of a computer storage device; sometimes used in debugging programs


fair copy: a clean copy of a corrected draft


copy: matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials


written matter: matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials


front matter: written matter preceding the main text of a book


prelims: written matter preceding the main text of a book


back matter: written matter following the main text of a book


end matter: written matter following the main text of a book


draft: any of the various versions in the development of a written work


draft copy: any of the various versions in the development of a written work


electronic text: text that is in a form that computer can store or display on a computer screen


soft copy: (computer science) matter that is in a form that a computer can store or display it on a computer screen


hard copy: (computer science) matter that is held in a computer and is typed or printed on paper


installment: a part of a published serial


instalment: a part of a published serial


fascicle: an installment of a printed work


fascicule: an installment of a printed work


section: a self-contained part of a larger composition (written or musical)


subdivision: a self-contained part of a larger composition (written or musical)


above: an earlier section of a written text


sports section: the section of a newspaper that reports on sports


article: a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will)


clause: a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will)


arbitration clause: a clause in a contract providing for arbitration of disputes arising under the contract


deductible: a clause in an insurance policy that relieves the insurer of responsibility to pay the initial loss up to a stated amount


double indemnity: a clause in an insurance policy that provides for double the face value of the policy in the case of accidental death


escalator clause: a clause in a contract that provides for an increase or a decrease in wages or prices or benefits etc. depending on certain conditions (as a change in the cost of living index)


escalator: a clause in a contract that provides for an increase or a decrease in wages or prices or benefits etc. depending on certain conditions (as a change in the cost of living index)


joker: an inconspicuous clause in a document or bill that affects its meaning in a way that is not immediately apparent


reserve clause: a clause that used to be part of the contract with a professional athlete extending the contract for a year beyond its expiration


rider: a clause that is appended to a legislative bill


body: the central message of a communication


book: a major division of a long written composition


chapter: a subdivision of a written work; usually numbered and titled


episode: a brief section of a literary or dramatic work that forms part of a connected series


spot: a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance


spot: a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising


insert: a folded section placed between the leaves of another publication


introduction: the first section of a communication


exordium: (rhetoric) the introductory section of an oration or discourse


narration: (rhetoric) the second section of an oration in which the facts are set forth


opening: the initial part of the introduction


teaser: an attention-getting opening presented at the start of a television show


salutation: word of greeting used to begin a letter


foreword: a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book


preface: a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book


prolusion: a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book


preamble: a preliminary introduction to a statute or constitution (usually explaining its purpose)


prolegomenon: a preliminary discussion inserted at the beginning of a book or treatise


conclusion: the last section of a communication


end: the last section of a communication


close: the last section of a communication


closing: the last section of a communication


ending: the last section of a communication


epilogue: a short passage added at the end of a literary work


epilog: a short passage added at the end of a literary work


epilogue: a short speech (often in verse) addressed directly to the audience by an actor at the end of a play


epilog: a short speech (often in verse) addressed directly to the audience by an actor at the end of a play


peroration: (rhetoric) the concluding section of an oration


appendix: supplementary material that is collected and appended at the back of a book


sequel: a part added to a book or play that continues and extends it


continuation: a part added to a book or play that continues and extends it


addendum: textual matter that is added onto a publication; usually at the end


supplement: textual matter that is added onto a publication; usually at the end


postscript: textual matter that is added onto a publication; usually at the end


shirttail: a brief addendum at the end of a newspaper article


paragraph: one of several distinct subdivisions of a text intended to separate ideas; the beginning is usually marked by a new indented line


passage: a section of text; particularly a section of medium length


excerpt: a passage selected from a larger work


excerption: a passage selected from a larger work


extract: a passage selected from a larger work


selection: a passage selected from a larger work


chrestomathy: a selection of passages from different authors that is compiled as an aid in learning a language


locus classicus: an authoritative and often-quoted passage


place: the passage that is being read


purple passage: a passage full of ornate and flowery language


transition: a passage that connects a topic to one that follows


flashback: a transition (in literary or theatrical works or films) to an earlier event or scene that interrupts the normal chronological development of the story


flash-forward: a transition (in literary or theatrical works or films) to a later event or scene that interrupts the normal chronological development of the story


diary: a daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations


journal: a daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations


web log: a shared on-line journal where people can post diary entries about their personal experiences and hobbies


blog: a shared on-line journal where people can post diary entries about their personal experiences and hobbies


capitalization: writing in capital letters


capitalisation: writing in capital letters


typing: writing done with a typewriter


typewriting: writing done with a typewriter


double-spacing: typing that leaves alternate lines blank


single-spacing: typing that does not leave lines blank


triple-spacing: typing that leaves two lines blank between lines of typing


touch typing: typewriting in which the fingers are trained to hit particular keys; typist can read and type at the same time


touch system: typewriting in which the fingers are trained to hit particular keys; typist can read and type at the same time


printing: text handwritten in the style of printed matter


handwriting: something written by hand


hand: something written by hand


script: something written by hand


hieroglyph: writing that resembles hieroglyphics (usually by being illegible)


hieroglyphic: writing that resembles hieroglyphics (usually by being illegible)


skywriting: writing formed in the sky by smoke released from an airplane


calligraphy: beautiful handwriting


penmanship: beautiful handwriting


chirography: beautiful handwriting


scribble: poor handwriting


scratch: poor handwriting


scrawl: poor handwriting


cacography: poor handwriting


chicken scratch: cramped or illegible handwriting


squiggle: an illegible scrawl


signature: your name written in your own handwriting


allograph: a signature written by one person for another


autograph: a person's own signature


John Hancock: a person's own signature


countersignature: a second confirming signature endorsing a document already signed


countersign: a second confirming signature endorsing a document already signed


endorsement: a signature that validates something


indorsement: a signature that validates something


blank endorsement: an endorsement on commercial paper naming no payee and so payable to the bearer


endorsement in blank: an endorsement on commercial paper naming no payee and so payable to the bearer


sign manual: the signature of a sovereign on an official document


inscription: letters inscribed (especially words engraved or carved) on something


lettering: letters inscribed (especially words engraved or carved) on something


Rosetta Stone: a part of an inscribed granite stela that was originally about six feet tall and was set up in 196 BC; the inscriptions in hieroglyphics and Demotic and Greek gave the first clues to the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphics


superscription: an inscription written above something else


dedication: a short message (as in a book or musical work or on a photograph) dedicating it to someone or something


inscription: a short message (as in a book or musical work or on a photograph) dedicating it to someone or something


epigraph: an engraved inscription


epitaph: an inscription on a tombstone or monument in memory of the person buried there


epitaph: a summary statement of commemoration for a dead person


festschrift: a collection of writings published in honor of a scholar


manuscript: the form of a literary work submitted for publication


ms: the form of a literary work submitted for publication


autograph: something written by one's own hand


manuscript: handwritten book or document


holograph: handwritten book or document


codex: an unbound manuscript of some ancient classic (as distinguished from a scroll)


leaf-book: an unbound manuscript of some ancient classic (as distinguished from a scroll)


palimpsest: a manuscript (usually written on papyrus or parchment) on which more than one text has been written with the earlier writing incompletely erased and still visible


scroll: a document that can be rolled up (as for storage)


roll: a document that can be rolled up (as for storage)


Dead Sea scrolls: (Old Testament) a collection of written scrolls (containing nearly all of the Old Testament) found in a cave near the Dead Sea in the late 1940s


Megillah: (Judaism) the scroll of parchment that contains the biblical story of Esther; traditionally read in synagogues to celebrate Purim


Torah: (Judaism) the scroll of parchment on which the first five books of the Hebrew Scripture is written; is used in a synagogue during services


treatise: a formal exposition


adaptation: a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form


version: a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form


modernization: a modernized version (as of a play)


dissertation: a treatise advancing a new point of view resulting from research; usually a requirement for an advanced academic degree


thesis: a treatise advancing a new point of view resulting from research; usually a requirement for an advanced academic degree


tract: a brief treatise on a subject of interest; published in the form of a booklet


pamphlet: a brief treatise on a subject of interest; published in the form of a booklet


monograph: a detailed and documented treatise on a particular subject


essay: an analytic or interpretive literary composition


composition: an essay (especially one written as an assignment)


paper: an essay (especially one written as an assignment)


report: an essay (especially one written as an assignment)


theme: an essay (especially one written as an assignment)


term paper: a composition intended to indicate a student's progress during a school term


disquisition: an elaborate analytical or explanatory essay or discussion


memoir: an essay on a scientific or scholarly topic


thanatopsis: an essay expressing a view on the subject of death


review: an essay or article that gives a critical evaluation (as of a book or play)


critique: an essay or article that gives a critical evaluation (as of a book or play)


critical review: an essay or article that gives a critical evaluation (as of a book or play)


review article: an essay or article that gives a critical evaluation (as of a book or play)


book review: a critical review of a book (usually a recently published book)


notice: a short critical review


book: a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together)


authority: an authoritative written work


curiosa: books on strange or unusual subjects (especially erotica)


formulary: (pharmacology) a book containing a compilation of pharmaceutical products with their formulas and methods of preparation


pharmacopeia: (pharmacology) a book containing a compilation of pharmaceutical products with their formulas and methods of preparation


last word: an authoritative statement


trade book: a book intended for general readership


trade edition: a book intended for general readership


best seller: a book that has had a large and rapid sale


bestseller: a book that has had a large and rapid sale


bestiary: a medieval book (usually illustrated) with allegorical and amusing descriptions of real and fabled animals


catechism: an elementary book summarizing the principles of a Christian religion; written as questions and answers


cookbook: a book of recipes and cooking directions


cookery book: a book of recipes and cooking directions


instruction book: a book of directions for using or operating some piece of equipment


pop-up book: a book (usually for children) that contains one or more pages such that a three-dimensional structure rises up when a page is opened


pop-up: a book (usually for children) that contains one or more pages such that a three-dimensional structure rises up when a page is opened


storybook: a book containing a collection of stories (usually for children)


tome: a (usually) large and scholarly book


volume: a publication that is one of a set of several similar publications


booklet: a small book usually having a paper cover


brochure: a small book usually having a paper cover


folder: a small book usually having a paper cover


leaflet: a small book usually having a paper cover


pamphlet: a small book usually having a paper cover


blue book: a blue booklet used in universities for writing examinations


ticket book: a book of tickets that can be torn out and used


textbook: a book prepared for use in schools or colleges


text: a book prepared for use in schools or colleges


text edition: a book prepared for use in schools or colleges


schoolbook: a book prepared for use in schools or colleges


school text: a book prepared for use in schools or colleges


crammer: a textbook designed for cramming


introduction: a basic or elementary instructional text


primer: an introductory textbook


reader: one of a series of texts for students learning to read


McGuffey Eclectic Readers: readers that combined lessons in reading with moralistic messages


speller: an introductory textbook to teach spelling


notebook: a book with blank pages for recording notes or memoranda


commonplace book: a notebook in which you enter memorabilia


jotter: a small notebook for rough notes


workbook: a student's book or booklet containing problems with spaces for solving them


copybook: a book containing models of good penmanship; used in teaching penmanship


appointment book: a book containing a calendar and space to keep a record of appointments


appointment calendar: a book containing a calendar and space to keep a record of appointments


catalog: a book or pamphlet containing an enumeration of things


catalogue: a book or pamphlet containing an enumeration of things


phrase book: a book containing common expressions in a foreign language along with their translations


playbook: a book containing the scripts of one or more dramatic plays


playbook: a notebook containing descriptions and diagrams of the plays that a team has practiced (especially an American football team)


prayer book: a book containing prayers


prayerbook: a book containing prayers


breviary: (Roman Catholic Church) a book of prayers to be recited daily certain priests and members of religious orders


missal: (Roman Catholic Church) a book containing all the prayers and responses needed to celebrate Mass throughout the year


Psalter: a collection of Psalms for liturgical use


Book of Psalms: a collection of Psalms for liturgical use


reference book: a book to which you can refer for authoritative facts


reference: a book to which you can refer for authoritative facts


reference work: a book to which you can refer for authoritative facts


book of facts: a book to which you can refer for authoritative facts


review copy: a copy of a newly published book that is sent for review to a writer or periodical


songbook: a book containing a collection of songs


hymnal: a songbook containing a collection of hymns


hymnbook: a songbook containing a collection of hymns


hymnary: a songbook containing a collection of hymns


prayer wheel: a cylinder with prayers written on it; each revolution counts as uttering the prayers; used especially by Buddhists in Tibet


source book: a collection of historically important documents published together as a book


wordbook: a reference book containing words (usually with their meanings)


dictionary: a reference book containing an alphabetical list of words with information about them


lexicon: a reference book containing an alphabetical list of words with information about them


bilingual dictionary: a dictionary giving equivalent words in two languages


desk dictionary: an abridged dictionary of a size convenient to hold in the hand


collegiate dictionary: an abridged dictionary of a size convenient to hold in the hand


etymological dictionary: a dictionary giving the historical origins of each word


gazetteer: a geographical dictionary (as at the back of an atlas)


learner's dictionary: a dictionary specially written for those learning a foreign language


school dictionary: a dictionary specially written for those learning a foreign language


pocket dictionary: a dictionary that is small enough to carry in your pocket


little dictionary: a dictionary that is small enough to carry in your pocket


spell-checker: an electronic dictionary in a word processor that can be used to catch misspelled words


spelling checker: an electronic dictionary in a word processor that can be used to catch misspelled words


unabridged dictionary: a dictionary that has not been shortened by the omitting terms or definitions; a comprehensive dictionary


unabridged: a dictionary that has not been shortened by the omitting terms or definitions; a comprehensive dictionary


Oxford English Dictionary: an unabridged dictionary constructed on historical principles


O.E.D.: an unabridged dictionary constructed on historical principles


OED: an unabridged dictionary constructed on historical principles


onomasticon: a list of proper nouns naming persons or places


vocabulary: a listing of the words used in some enterprise


glossary: an alphabetical list of technical terms in some specialized field of knowledge; usually published as an appendix to a text on that field


gloss: an alphabetical list of technical terms in some specialized field of knowledge; usually published as an appendix to a text on that field


thesaurus: a book containing a classified list of synonyms


synonym finder: a book containing a classified list of synonyms


word finder: a thesaurus organized to help you find the word you want but cannot think of


wordfinder: a thesaurus organized to help you find the word you want but cannot think of


handbook: a concise reference book providing specific information about a subject or location


enchiridion: a concise reference book providing specific information about a subject or location


vade mecum: a concise reference book providing specific information about a subject or location


hornbook: a primer that provides instruction in the rudiments or basic skills of a branch of knowledge


manual: a small handbook


consuetudinary: a manual describing the customs of a particular group (especially the ceremonial practices of a monastic order)


consuetudinal: a manual describing the customs of a particular group (especially the ceremonial practices of a monastic order)


grimoire: a manual of black magic (for invoking spirits and demons)


instruction manual: a manual usually accompanying a technical device and explaining how to install or operate it


instructions: a manual usually accompanying a technical device and explaining how to install or operate it


book of instructions: a manual usually accompanying a technical device and explaining how to install or operate it


operating instructions: a manual usually accompanying a technical device and explaining how to install or operate it


reference manual: a manual containing information organized in a summary manner


sex manual: a manual containing instruction in sexual techniques; intended to enhance the reader's sexual life


bible: a book regarded as authoritative in its field


guidebook: something that offers basic information or instruction


guide: something that offers basic information or instruction


field guide: a guidebook describing natural objects of some type that might be encountered in the field


roadbook: a guidebook describing the roads of a country; contains maps and (sometimes) a gazetteer


baedeker: any of a series of travel guidebooks published by the German firm founded by Karl Baedeker


travel guidebook: a guidebook for travelers


itinerary: a guidebook for travelers


reckoner: a handbook of tables used to facilitate computation


ready reckoner: a handbook of tables used to facilitate computation


directory: an alphabetical list of names and addresses


phonebook: a directory containing an alphabetical list of telephone subscribers and their telephone numbers


phone book: a directory containing an alphabetical list of telephone subscribers and their telephone numbers


telephone book: a directory containing an alphabetical list of telephone subscribers and their telephone numbers


telephone directory: a directory containing an alphabetical list of telephone subscribers and their telephone numbers


ballistic identification: identification of the gun that fired a bullet from an analysis of the unique marks that every gun makes on the bullet it fires and on the shell ejected from it


ballistic fingerprinting: identification of the gun that fired a bullet from an analysis of the unique marks that every gun makes on the bullet it fires and on the shell ejected from it


bullet fingerprinting: identification of the gun that fired a bullet from an analysis of the unique marks that every gun makes on the bullet it fires and on the shell ejected from it


biometric identification: the automatic identification of living individuals by using their physiological and behavioral characteristics


biometric authentication: the automatic identification of living individuals by using their physiological and behavioral characteristics


identity verification: the automatic identification of living individuals by using their physiological and behavioral characteristics


key: a generic term for any device whose possession entitles the holder to a means of access


number: a numeral or string of numerals that is used for identification


identification number: a numeral or string of numerals that is used for identification


business card: a card on which are printed the person's name and business affiliation


bank identification number: an identification number consisting of a two-part code assigned to banks and savings associations; the first part shows the location and the second identifies the bank itself


BIN: an identification number consisting of a two-part code assigned to banks and savings associations; the first part shows the location and the second identifies the bank itself


ABA transit number: an identification number consisting of a two-part code assigned to banks and savings associations; the first part shows the location and the second identifies the bank itself


license number: the number on the license plate that identifies the car that bears it


registration number: the number on the license plate that identifies the car that bears it


Social Security number: the number of a particular individual's Social Security account


phone number: the number is used in calling a particular telephone


telephone number: the number is used in calling a particular telephone


number: the number is used in calling a particular telephone


almanac: an annual publication containing tabular information in a particular field or fields arranged according to the calendar of a given year


annual: a reference book that is published regularly once every year


yearly: a reference book that is published regularly once every year


yearbook: a reference book that is published regularly once every year


almanac: an annual publication including weather forecasts and other miscellaneous information arranged according to the calendar of a given year


farmer's calendar: an annual publication including weather forecasts and other miscellaneous information arranged according to the calendar of a given year


ephemeris: an annual publication containing astronomical tables that give the positions of the celestial bodies throughout the year


atlas: a collection of maps in book form


book of maps: a collection of maps in book form


map collection: a collection of maps in book form


dialect atlas: an atlas showing the distribution of distinctive linguistic features


linguistic atlas: an atlas showing the distribution of distinctive linguistic features


encyclopedia: a reference work (often in several volumes) containing articles on various topics (often arranged in alphabetical order) dealing with the entire range of human knowledge or with some particular specialty


cyclopedia: a reference work (often in several volumes) containing articles on various topics (often arranged in alphabetical order) dealing with the entire range of human knowledge or with some particular specialty


encyclopaedia: a reference work (often in several volumes) containing articles on various topics (often arranged in alphabetical order) dealing with the entire range of human knowledge or with some particular specialty


cyclopaedia: a reference work (often in several volumes) containing articles on various topics (often arranged in alphabetical order) dealing with the entire range of human knowledge or with some particular specialty


book of knowledge: an elementary encyclopedia dealing with general knowledge


editing: putting something (as a literary work or a legislative bill) into acceptable form


redaction: putting something (as a literary work or a legislative bill) into acceptable form


copy editing: putting something into a form suitable for a printer


deletion: the omission that is made when an editorial change shortens a written passage


excision: the omission that is made when an editorial change shortens a written passage


cut: the omission that is made when an editorial change shortens a written passage


correction: something substituted for an error


erasure: a correction made by erasing


rewriting: editing that involves writing something again


revising: editing that involves writing something again


revision: the act of rewriting something


revisal: the act of rewriting something


revise: the act of rewriting something


rescript: the act of rewriting something


rewording: changing a particular word or phrase


recasting: changing a particular word or phrase


rephrasing: changing a particular word or phrase


paraphrase: rewording for the purpose of clarification


paraphrasis: rewording for the purpose of clarification


translation: rewording something in less technical terminology


sacred text: writing that is venerated for the worship of a deity


sacred writing: writing that is venerated for the worship of a deity


religious writing: writing that is venerated for the worship of a deity


religious text: writing that is venerated for the worship of a deity


screed: a long piece of writing


scripture: any writing that is regarded as sacred by a religious group


sacred scripture: any writing that is regarded as sacred by a religious group


canon: a collection of books accepted as holy scripture especially the books of the Bible recognized by any Christian church as genuine and inspired


Adi Granth: the principal sacred text of Sikhism contains hymns and poetry as well as the teachings of the first five gurus


Granth: the principal sacred text of Sikhism contains hymns and poetry as well as the teachings of the first five gurus


Granth Sahib: the principal sacred text of Sikhism contains hymns and poetry as well as the teachings of the first five gurus


Avesta: a collection of Zoroastrian texts gathered during the 4th or 6th centuries


Zend-Avesta: a collection of Zoroastrian texts gathered during the 4th or 6th centuries


Bhagavad-Gita: (Hinduism) the sacred `song of God' composed about 200 BC and incorporated into the Mahabharata (a Sanskrit epic); contains a discussion between Krishna and the Indian hero Arjuna on human nature and the purpose of life


Bhagavadgita: (Hinduism) the sacred `song of God' composed about 200 BC and incorporated into the Mahabharata (a Sanskrit epic); contains a discussion between Krishna and the Indian hero Arjuna on human nature and the purpose of life


Gita: (Hinduism) the sacred `song of God' composed about 200 BC and incorporated into the Mahabharata (a Sanskrit epic); contains a discussion between Krishna and the Indian hero Arjuna on human nature and the purpose of life


Mahabharata: (Hinduism) a sacred epic Sanskrit poem of India dealing in many episodes with the struggle between two rival families


Mahabharatam: (Hinduism) a sacred epic Sanskrit poem of India dealing in many episodes with the struggle between two rival families


Mahabharatum: (Hinduism) a sacred epic Sanskrit poem of India dealing in many episodes with the struggle between two rival families


Bible: the sacred writings of the Christian religions


Christian Bible: the sacred writings of the Christian religions


Book: the sacred writings of the Christian religions


Good Book: the sacred writings of the Christian religions


Holy Scripture: the sacred writings of the Christian religions


Holy Writ: the sacred writings of the Christian religions


Scripture: the sacred writings of the Christian religions


Word of God: the sacred writings of the Christian religions


Word: the sacred writings of the Christian religions


Genesis: the first book of the Old Testament: tells of Creation; Adam and Eve; the Fall of Man; Cain and Abel; Noah and the flood; God's covenant with Abraham; Abraham and Isaac; Jacob and Esau; Joseph and his brothers


Book of Genesis: the first book of the Old Testament: tells of Creation; Adam and Eve; the Fall of Man; Cain and Abel; Noah and the flood; God's covenant with Abraham; Abraham and Isaac; Jacob and Esau; Joseph and his brothers


Exodus: the second book of the Old Testament: tells of the departure of the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt led by Moses; God gave them the Ten Commandments and the rest of Mosaic law on Mount Sinai during the Exodus


Book of Exodus: the second book of the Old Testament: tells of the departure of the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt led by Moses; God gave them the Ten Commandments and the rest of Mosaic law on Mount Sinai during the Exodus


Leviticus: the third book of the Old Testament; contains Levitical law and ritual precedents


Book of Leviticus: the third book of the Old Testament; contains Levitical law and ritual precedents


Numbers: the fourth book of the Old Testament; contains a record of the number of Israelites who followed Moses out of Egypt


Book of Numbers: the fourth book of the Old Testament; contains a record of the number of Israelites who followed Moses out of Egypt


Deuteronomy: the fifth book of the Old Testament; contains a second statement of Mosaic law


Book of Deuteronomy: the fifth book of the Old Testament; contains a second statement of Mosaic law


mezuzah: religious texts from Deuteronomy inscribed on parchment and rolled up in a case that is attached to the doorframe of many Jewish households in accordance with Jewish law


mezuza: religious texts from Deuteronomy inscribed on parchment and rolled up in a case that is attached to the doorframe of many Jewish households in accordance with Jewish law


Joshua: a book in the Old Testament describing how Joshua led the Israelites into Canaan (the Promised Land) after the death of Moses


Josue: a book in the Old Testament describing how Joshua led the Israelites into Canaan (the Promised Land) after the death of Moses


Book of Joshua: a book in the Old Testament describing how Joshua led the Israelites into Canaan (the Promised Land) after the death of Moses


Judges: a book of the Old Testament that tells the history of Israel under the leaders known as judges


Book of Judges: a book of the Old Testament that tells the history of Israel under the leaders known as judges


Ruth: a book of the Old Testament that tells the story of Ruth who was not an Israelite but who married an Israelite and who stayed with her mother-in-law Naomi after her husband died


Book of Ruth: a book of the Old Testament that tells the story of Ruth who was not an Israelite but who married an Israelite and who stayed with her mother-in-law Naomi after her husband died


I Samuel: the first of two books in the Old Testament that tell of Saul and David


1 Samuel: the first of two books in the Old Testament that tell of Saul and David


II Samuel: the second of two books of the Old Testament that tell of Saul and David


2 Samuel: the second of two books of the Old Testament that tell of Saul and David


I Kings: the first of two Old Testament books telling the histories of the kings of Judah and Israel


1 Kings: the first of two Old Testament books telling the histories of the kings of Judah and Israel


II Kings: the second of two Old Testament books telling the histories of the kings of Judah and Israel


2 Kings: the second of two Old Testament books telling the histories of the kings of Judah and Israel


Paralipomenon: (Old Testament) an obsolete name for the Old Testament books of I Chronicles and II Chronicles which were regarded as supplementary to Kings


I Chronicles: the first of two Old Testament books telling the history of Judah and Israel until the return from the Babylonian Captivity in 536 BC


1 Chronicles: the first of two Old Testament books telling the history of Judah and Israel until the return from the Babylonian Captivity in 536 BC


II Chronicles: the second of two Old Testament books telling the history of Judah and Israel until the return from the Babylonian Captivity in 536 BC


2 Chronicles: the second of two Old Testament books telling the history of Judah and Israel until the return from the Babylonian Captivity in 536 BC


Ezra: an Old Testament book telling of a rabbi's efforts in the 5th century BC to reconstitute Jewish law and worship in Jerusalem after the Babylonian Captivity


Book of Ezra: an Old Testament book telling of a rabbi's efforts in the 5th century BC to reconstitute Jewish law and worship in Jerusalem after the Babylonian Captivity


Nehemiah: an Old Testament book telling how a Jewish official at the court of Artaxerxes I in 444 BC became a leader in rebuilding Jerusalem after the Babylonian Captivity


Book of Nehemiah: an Old Testament book telling how a Jewish official at the court of Artaxerxes I in 444 BC became a leader in rebuilding Jerusalem after the Babylonian Captivity


Esther: an Old Testament book telling of a beautiful Jewess who became queen of Persia and saved her people from massacre


Book of Esther: an Old Testament book telling of a beautiful Jewess who became queen of Persia and saved her people from massacre


Job: a book in the Old Testament containing Job's pleas to God about his afflictions and God's reply


Book of Job: a book in the Old Testament containing Job's pleas to God about his afflictions and God's reply


Psalms: an Old Testament book consisting of a collection of 150 Psalms


Book of Psalms: an Old Testament book consisting of a collection of 150 Psalms


Proverbs: an Old Testament book consisting of proverbs from various Israeli sages (including Solomon)


Book of Proverbs: an Old Testament book consisting of proverbs from various Israeli sages (including Solomon)


Ecclesiastes: an Old Testament book consisting of reflections on the vanity of human life; is traditionally attributed to Solomon but probably was written about 250 BC


Book of Ecclesiastes: an Old Testament book consisting of reflections on the vanity of human life; is traditionally attributed to Solomon but probably was written about 250 BC


Song of Songs: an Old Testament book consisting of a collection of love poems traditionally attributed to Solomon but actually written much later


Song of Solomon: an Old Testament book consisting of a collection of love poems traditionally attributed to Solomon but actually written much later


Canticle of Canticles: an Old Testament book consisting of a collection of love poems traditionally attributed to Solomon but actually written much later


Canticles: an Old Testament book consisting of a collection of love poems traditionally attributed to Solomon but actually written much later


Isaiah: an Old Testament book consisting of Isaiah's prophecies


Book of Isaiah: an Old Testament book consisting of Isaiah's prophecies


Jeremiah: a book in the Old Testament containing the oracles of the prophet Jeremiah


Book of Jeremiah: a book in the Old Testament containing the oracles of the prophet Jeremiah


Lamentations: an Old Testament book lamenting the desolation of Judah after the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BC; traditionally attributed to the prophet Jeremiah


Book of Lamentations: an Old Testament book lamenting the desolation of Judah after the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BC; traditionally attributed to the prophet Jeremiah


Ezekiel: an Old Testament book containing Ezekiel's prophecies of the downfall of Jerusalem and Judah and their subsequent restoration


Ezechiel: an Old Testament book containing Ezekiel's prophecies of the downfall of Jerusalem and Judah and their subsequent restoration


Book of Ezekiel: an Old Testament book containing Ezekiel's prophecies of the downfall of Jerusalem and Judah and their subsequent restoration


Daniel: an Old Testament book that tells of the apocalyptic visions and the experiences of Daniel in the court of Nebuchadnezzar


Book of Daniel: an Old Testament book that tells of the apocalyptic visions and the experiences of Daniel in the court of Nebuchadnezzar


Book of the Prophet Daniel: an Old Testament book that tells of the apocalyptic visions and the experiences of Daniel in the court of Nebuchadnezzar


Hosea: an Old Testament book telling Hosea's prophecies


Book of Hosea: an Old Testament book telling Hosea's prophecies


Joel: an Old Testament book telling Joel's prophecies


Book of Joel: an Old Testament book telling Joel's prophecies


Amos: an Old Testament book telling Amos's prophecies


Book of Amos: an Old Testament book telling Amos's prophecies


Obadiah: an Old Testament book telling Obadiah's prophecies; the shortest book in the Christian Bible


Abdias: an Old Testament book telling Obadiah's prophecies; the shortest book in the Christian Bible


Book of Obadiah: an Old Testament book telling Obadiah's prophecies; the shortest book in the Christian Bible


Jonah: a book in the Old Testament that tells the story of Jonah and the whale


Book of Jonah: a book in the Old Testament that tells the story of Jonah and the whale


Micah: an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Micah foretelling the destruction of Jerusalem


Micheas: an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Micah foretelling the destruction of Jerusalem


Book of Micah: an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Micah foretelling the destruction of Jerusalem


Nahum: an Old Testament book telling Nahum's prophecy of the fall of Nineveh


Book of Nahum: an Old Testament book telling Nahum's prophecy of the fall of Nineveh


Habakkuk: an Old Testament book telling Habakkuk's prophecies


Habacuc: an Old Testament book telling Habakkuk's prophecies


Book of Habakkuk: an Old Testament book telling Habakkuk's prophecies


Zephaniah: an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Zephaniah which are concerned mainly with the approaching judgment by God upon the sinners of Judah


Sophonias: an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Zephaniah which are concerned mainly with the approaching judgment by God upon the sinners of Judah


Book of Zephaniah: an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Zephaniah which are concerned mainly with the approaching judgment by God upon the sinners of Judah


Haggai: an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Haggai which are concerned mainly with rebuilding the temples after the Babylonian Captivity


Aggeus: an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Haggai which are concerned mainly with rebuilding the temples after the Babylonian Captivity


Book of Haggai: an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Haggai which are concerned mainly with rebuilding the temples after the Babylonian Captivity


Zechariah: an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Zechariah which are concerned mainly with the renewal of Israel after the Babylonian Captivity


Zacharias: an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Zechariah which are concerned mainly with the renewal of Israel after the Babylonian Captivity


Book of Zachariah: an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Zechariah which are concerned mainly with the renewal of Israel after the Babylonian Captivity


Malachi: an Old Testament book containing the prophecies of Malachi


Malachias: an Old Testament book containing the prophecies of Malachi


Book of Malachi: an Old Testament book containing the prophecies of Malachi


Matthew: one of the Gospels in the New Testament; includes the Sermon on the Mount


Gospel According to Matthew: one of the Gospels in the New Testament; includes the Sermon on the Mount


Mark: the shortest of the four Gospels in the New Testament


Gospel According to Mark: the shortest of the four Gospels in the New Testament


Luke: one of the four Gospels in the New Testament; contains details of Jesus's birth and early life


Gospel of Luke: one of the four Gospels in the New Testament; contains details of Jesus's birth and early life


Gospel According to Luke: one of the four Gospels in the New Testament; contains details of Jesus's birth and early life


John: the last of the four Gospels in the New Testament


Gospel According to John: the last of the four Gospels in the New Testament


Acts of the Apostles: a New Testament book describing the development of the early church from Christ's Ascension to Paul's sojourn at Rome


Acts: a New Testament book describing the development of the early church from Christ's Ascension to Paul's sojourn at Rome


Epistle: a book of the New Testament written in the form of a letter from an Apostle


Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans: a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58


Epistle to the Romans: a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58


Romans: a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58


First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians: a New Testament book containing the first epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Corinth


First Epistle to the Corinthians: a New Testament book containing the first epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Corinth


I Corinthians: a New Testament book containing the first epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Corinth


Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians: a New Testament book containing the second epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Corinth


Second Epistle to the Corinthians: a New Testament book containing the second epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Corinth


II Corinthians: a New Testament book containing the second epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Corinth


Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Galatians: a New Testament book containing the epistle from Saint Paul to the Galatians


Epistle to the Galatians: a New Testament book containing the epistle from Saint Paul to the Galatians


Galatians: a New Testament book containing the epistle from Saint Paul to the Galatians


Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Ephesians: a New Testament book containing the epistle from Saint Paul to the Ephesians which explains the divine plan for the world and the consummation of this in Christ


Epistle to the Ephesians: a New Testament book containing the epistle from Saint Paul to the Ephesians which explains the divine plan for the world and the consummation of this in Christ


Ephesians: a New Testament book containing the epistle from Saint Paul to the Ephesians which explains the divine plan for the world and the consummation of this in Christ


Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Philippians: a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Philippi in Macedonia


Epistle to the Philippians: a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Philippi in Macedonia


Philippians: a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Philippi in Macedonia


Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Colossians: a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to the Colossians in ancient Phrygia


Epistle to the Colossians: a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to the Colossians in ancient Phrygia


Colossians: a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to the Colossians in ancient Phrygia


First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians: a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's first epistle to the Thessalonians


First Epistle to the Thessalonians: a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's first epistle to the Thessalonians


I Thessalonians: a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's first epistle to the Thessalonians


Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians: a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's second epistle to the Thessalonians


Second Epistle to the Thessalonians: a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's second epistle to the Thessalonians


II Thessalonians: a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's second epistle to the Thessalonians


First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy: a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's first epistle to Timothy; contains advice on pastoral matters


First Epistle to Timothy: a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's first epistle to Timothy; contains advice on pastoral matters


I Timothy: a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's first epistle to Timothy; contains advice on pastoral matters


Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy: a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's second epistle to Timothy; contains advice on pastoral matters


Second Epistle to Timothy: a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's second epistle to Timothy; contains advice on pastoral matters


II Timothy: a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's second epistle to Timothy; contains advice on pastoral matters


Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Titus: a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's epistle to Titus; contains advice on pastoral matters


Epistle to Titus: a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's epistle to Titus; contains advice on pastoral matters


Titus: a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's epistle to Titus; contains advice on pastoral matters


Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Philemon: a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to Philemon asking Philemon to forgive the slave for escaping


Epistle to Philemon: a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to Philemon asking Philemon to forgive the slave for escaping


Philemon: a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to Philemon asking Philemon to forgive the slave for escaping


Epistle to the Hebrews: a New Testament book traditionally included among the epistle of Saint Paul but now generally considered not to have been written by him


Hebrews: a New Testament book traditionally included among the epistle of Saint Paul but now generally considered not to have been written by him


Epistle of James: a New Testament book attributed to Saint James the Apostle


James: a New Testament book attributed to Saint James the Apostle


First Epistle of Peter: the first New Testament book traditionally attributed to Saint Peter the Apostle


I Peter: the first New Testament book traditionally attributed to Saint Peter the Apostle


Second Epistle of Peter: the second New Testament book traditionally attributed to Saint Peter the Apostle


II Peter: the second New Testament book traditionally attributed to Saint Peter the Apostle


First Epistle of John: the first New Testament epistle traditionally attributed to Saint John the Apostle


I John: the first New Testament epistle traditionally attributed to Saint John the Apostle


Second Epistel of John: the second New Testament epistle traditionally attributed to Saint John the Apostle


II John: the second New Testament epistle traditionally attributed to Saint John the Apostle


Third Epistel of John: the third New Testament epistle traditionally attributed to Saint John the Apostle


III John: the third New Testament epistle traditionally attributed to Saint John the Apostle


Epistle of Jude: a New Testament book attributed to Saint Jude


Jude: a New Testament book attributed to Saint Jude


Revelation: the last book of the New Testament; contains visionary descriptions of heaven and of conflicts between good and evil and of the end of the world; attributed to Saint John the Apostle


Revelation of Saint John the Divine: the last book of the New Testament; contains visionary descriptions of heaven and of conflicts between good and evil and of the end of the world; attributed to Saint John the Apostle


Apocalypse: the last book of the New Testament; contains visionary descriptions of heaven and of conflicts between good and evil and of the end of the world; attributed to Saint John the Apostle


Book of Revelation: the last book of the New Testament; contains visionary descriptions of heaven and of conflicts between good and evil and of the end of the world; attributed to Saint John the Apostle


family Bible: a large Bible with pages to record marriages and births


Septuagint: the oldest Greek version of the Old Testament; said to have been translated from the Hebrew by Jewish scholars at the request of Ptolemy II


Vulgate: the Latin edition of the Bible translated from Hebrew and Greek mainly by St. Jerome at the end of the 4th century; as revised in 1592 it was adopted as the official text for the Roman Catholic Church


Douay Bible: an English translation of the Vulgate by Roman Catholic scholars


Douay Version: an English translation of the Vulgate by Roman Catholic scholars


Douay-Rheims Bible: an English translation of the Vulgate by Roman Catholic scholars


Douay-Rheims Version: an English translation of the Vulgate by Roman Catholic scholars


Rheims-Douay Bible: an English translation of the Vulgate by Roman Catholic scholars


Rheims-Douay Version: an English translation of the Vulgate by Roman Catholic scholars


Authorized Version: an English translation of the Bible published in 1611


King James Version: an English translation of the Bible published in 1611


King James Bible: an English translation of the Bible published in 1611


Revised Version: a British revision of the Authorized Version


New English Bible: a modern English version of the Bible and Apocrypha


American Standard Version: a revised version of the King James Version


American Revised Version: a revised version of the King James Version


Revised Standard Version: a revision of the American Standard Version


Old Testament: the collection of books comprising the sacred scripture of the Hebrews and recording their history as the chosen people; the first half of the Christian Bible


Torah: the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit


Pentateuch: the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit


Laws: the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit


Torah: the whole body of the Jewish sacred writings and tradition including the oral tradition


Tanakh: the Jewish scriptures which consist of three divisions--the Torah and the Prophets and the Writings


Tanach: the Jewish scriptures which consist of three divisions--the Torah and the Prophets and the Writings


Hebrew Scripture: the Jewish scriptures which consist of three divisions--the Torah and the Prophets and the Writings


Prophets: the second of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures


Nebiim: the second of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures


Haftorah: a short selection from the Prophets read on every Sabbath in a Jewish synagogue following a reading from the Torah


Haftarah: a short selection from the Prophets read on every Sabbath in a Jewish synagogue following a reading from the Torah


Haphtorah: a short selection from the Prophets read on every Sabbath in a Jewish synagogue following a reading from the Torah


Haphtarah: a short selection from the Prophets read on every Sabbath in a Jewish synagogue following a reading from the Torah


Hagiographa: the third of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures


Ketubim: the third of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures


Writings: the third of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures


Testament: either of the two main parts of the Christian Bible


New Testament: the collection of books of the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, the Pauline and other epistles, and Revelation; composed soon after Christ's death; the second half of the Christian Bible


Gospel: the four books in the New Testament (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings


Gospels: the four books in the New Testament (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings


evangel: the four books in the New Testament (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings


Synoptic Gospels: the first three Gospels which describe events in Christ's life from a similar point of view


Synoptics: the first three Gospels which describe events in Christ's life from a similar point of view


Word of God: the message of the Gospel of Christ


Book of Mormon: a sacred text revealed to Joseph Smith in 1830 by an ancient prophet Mormon; supposedly a record of ancient peoples of America translated by Joseph Smith


prayer: a fixed text used in praying


Agnus Dei: a liturgical prayer beginning with these Latin words


Angelus: a prayer said 3 times a day by Roman Catholics in memory of the Annunciation


Ave Maria: a salutation to the Virgin Mary now used in prayers to her


Hail Mary: a salutation to the Virgin Mary now used in prayers to her


Canticle of Simeon: the prayer of Simeon (Luke 2:29-32)


Nunc dimittis: the prayer of Simeon (Luke 2:29-32)


Evening Prayer: (Anglican Church) a daily evening service with prayers prescribed in the Book of Common Prayer


evensong: (Anglican Church) a daily evening service with prayers prescribed in the Book of Common Prayer


Kol Nidre: the opening prayer on the eve of Yom Kippur


service book: a book setting forth the forms of church service


Book of Common Prayer: the Anglican service book of the Church of England; has had several revisions since the Reformation and is widely admired for the dignity and beauty of its language


Litany: a prayer consisting of a series of invocations by the priest with responses from the congregation


Lord's Prayer: the prayer that Christ gave his disciples in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 6:9-13)


Paternoster: (Roman Catholic Church) the Lord's Prayer in Latin; translates as `our father'


Apocrypha: 14 books of the Old Testament included in the Vulgate (except for II Esdras) but omitted in Jewish and Protestant versions of the Bible; eastern Christian churches (except the Coptic Church) accept all these books as canonical; the Russian Orthodox Church accepts these texts as divinely inspired but does not grant them the same status


Additions to Esther: an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Esther


Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Children: an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Daniel


Susanna: an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Daniel


Book of Susanna: an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Daniel


Bel and the Dragon: an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Daniel


Baruch: an Apocryphal book ascribed to Baruch


Book of Baruch: an Apocryphal book ascribed to Baruch


Letter of Jeremiah: an Apocryphal book consisting of a letter ascribed to Jeremiah to the Jews in exile in Babylon warning them against idolatry


Epistle of Jeremiah: an Apocryphal book consisting of a letter ascribed to Jeremiah to the Jews in exile in Babylon warning them against idolatry


Tobit: an Apocryphal book that was a popular novel for several centuries


Book of Tobit: an Apocryphal book that was a popular novel for several centuries


Judith: an Apocryphal book telling how Judith saved her people


Book of Judith: an Apocryphal book telling how Judith saved her people


I Esdra: an Apocryphal book consisting of a compilation from I Chronicles and II Chronicles and Ezra and Nehemiah


1 Esdras: an Apocryphal book consisting of a compilation from I Chronicles and II Chronicles and Ezra and Nehemiah


II Esdras: an Apocryphal book of angelic revelations


2 Esdras: an Apocryphal book of angelic revelations


Ben Sira: an Apocryphal book mainly of maxims (resembling Proverbs in that respect)


Sirach: an Apocryphal book mainly of maxims (resembling Proverbs in that respect)


Ecclesiasticus: an Apocryphal book mainly of maxims (resembling Proverbs in that respect)


Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach: an Apocryphal book mainly of maxims (resembling Proverbs in that respect)


Wisdom of Solomon: an Apocryphal book consisting mainly of a meditation on wisdom; although ascribed to Solomon it was probably written in the first century BC


Wisdom: an Apocryphal book consisting mainly of a meditation on wisdom; although ascribed to Solomon it was probably written in the first century BC


I Maccabees: an Apocryphal book describing the life of Judas Maccabaeus


1 Maccabees: an Apocryphal book describing the life of Judas Maccabaeus


II Maccabees: an Apocryphal book describing the life of Judas Maccabaeus


2 Maccabees: an Apocryphal book describing the life of Judas Maccabaeus


sapiential book: any of the biblical books (Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus) that are considered to contain wisdom


wisdom book: any of the biblical books (Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus) that are considered to contain wisdom


wisdom literature: any of the biblical books (Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus) that are considered to contain wisdom


Pseudepigrapha: 52 texts written between 200 BC and AD 200 but ascribed to various prophets and kings in the Hebrew scriptures; many are apocalyptic in nature


Koran: the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina


Quran: the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina


al-Qur'an: the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina


Book: the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina


sura: one of the sections (or chapters) in the Koran


Fatiha: the first or opening sura of the Quran which is the central prayer of Islam and is used on all special occasions as well as during the five daily prayers


Fatihah: the first or opening sura of the Quran which is the central prayer of Islam and is used on all special occasions as well as during the five daily prayers


Talmudic literature: (Judaism) ancient rabbinical writings


Talmud: the collection of ancient rabbinic writings on Jewish law and tradition (the Mishna and the Gemara) that constitute the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism


Gemara: the second part of the Talmud consisting primarily of commentary on the Mishna


Mishna: the first part of the Talmud; a collection of early oral interpretations of the scriptures that was compiled about AD 200


Mishnah: the first part of the Talmud; a collection of early oral interpretations of the scriptures that was compiled about AD 200


Haggadah: Talmudic literature that does not deal with law but is still part of Jewish tradition


Haggada: Talmudic literature that does not deal with law but is still part of Jewish tradition


Hagada: Talmudic literature that does not deal with law but is still part of Jewish tradition


Halakah: Talmudic literature that deals with law and with the interpretation of the laws on the Hebrew Scriptures


Halaka: Talmudic literature that deals with law and with the interpretation of the laws on the Hebrew Scriptures


Halacha: Talmudic literature that deals with law and with the interpretation of the laws on the Hebrew Scriptures


Sanskrit literature: Hindu literature written in Sanskrit


Hastinapura: one of two classical Hindu epics; a great collection of poetry worked into and around a central heroic narrative (eight times as large as the Iliad and Odyssey combined)


Purana: a body of 18 works written between the first and 11th centuries and incorporating legends and speculative histories of the universe and myths and customary observances


Ramayana: one of two classical Hindu epics telling of the banishment of Rama from his kingdom and the abduction of his wife by a demon and Rama's restoration to the throne


tantra: any of a fairly recent class of Hindu or Buddhist religious literature concerned with ritual acts of body and speech and mind


Vedic literature: (from the Sanskrit word for `knowledge') any of the most ancient sacred writings of Hinduism written in early Sanskrit; traditionally believed to comprise the Samhitas, the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas, and the Upanishads


Veda: (from the Sanskrit word for `knowledge') any of the most ancient sacred writings of Hinduism written in early Sanskrit; traditionally believed to comprise the Samhitas, the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas, and the Upanishads


Samhita: one of four collections of sacred texts


Rig-Veda: a Veda consisting of a collection of Hindu poems dating from before 2000 BC


Sama-Veda: a collection of mantras and tunes for use with the Rig-Veda


Atharva-Veda: a collection of mantras and formulas


Yajur-Veda: a collection of sacrificial formulas and prayers


Brahmana: prose works attached to the Samhitas instructing the bahmins to perform the very elaborate sacrificial rituals


Aranyaka: a treatise resembling a Brahmana but to be read or expounded by anchorites in the quiet of the forest


Vedanga: Vedic texts from the fifth and fourth centuries BC dealing with phonetics and ritual injunctions and linguistics and grammar and etymology and lexicography and prosody and astronomy and astrology


Ayurveda: (Sanskrit) an ancient medical treatise summarizing the Hindu art of healing and prolonging life; sometimes regarded as a 5th Veda


Upanishad: a later sacred text of Hinduism of a mystical nature dealing with metaphysical questions


mantra: (Sanskrit) literally a `sacred utterance' in Vedism; one of a collection of orally transmitted poetic hymns


psalm: any sacred song used to praise the deity


Psalm: one of the 150 lyrical poems and prayers that comprise the Book of Psalms in the Old Testament; said to have been written by David


summary: a brief statement that presents the main points in a concise form


sum-up: a brief statement that presents the main points in a concise form


summarization: the act of preparing a summary (or an instance thereof); stating briefly and succinctly


summarisation: the act of preparing a summary (or an instance thereof); stating briefly and succinctly


argument: a summary of the subject or plot of a literary work or play or movie


literary argument: a summary of the subject or plot of a literary work or play or movie


capitulation: a summary that enumerates the main parts of a topic


compendium: a concise but comprehensive summary of a larger work


condensation: a shortened version of a written work


abridgement: a shortened version of a written work


abridgment: a shortened version of a written work


capsule: a shortened version of a written work


conspectus: an overall summary


curriculum vitae: a summary of your academic and work history


CV: a summary of your academic and work history


resume: a summary of your academic and work history


line score: a summary of the scoring in a game (usually in tabular form)


brief: a condensed written summary or abstract


apercu: a short synopsis


epitome: a brief abstract (as of an article or book)


outline: a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory


synopsis: a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory


abstract: a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory


precis: a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory


overview: a general summary of a subject


recapitulation: a summary at the end that repeats the substance of a longer discussion


recap: a summary at the end that repeats the substance of a longer discussion


review: a summary at the end that repeats the substance of a longer discussion


roundup: a summary list; as in e.g.


sketch: short descriptive summary (of events)


survey: short descriptive summary (of events)


resume: short descriptive summary (of events)


summation: a concluding summary (as in presenting a case before a law court)


summing up: a concluding summary (as in presenting a case before a law court)


rundown: a concluding summary (as in presenting a case before a law court)


document: writing that provides information (especially information of an official nature)


written document: writing that provides information (especially information of an official nature)


papers: writing that provides information (especially information of an official nature)


articles of incorporation: a legal document that creates a corporation; it is filed with a state by the founders of a corporation and is governed by the laws of the state


ballot: a document listing the alternatives that is used in voting


brevet: a document entitling a commissioned officer to hold a higher rank temporarily (but without higher pay)


capitulation: a document containing the terms of surrender


certificate: a document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts


certification: a document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts


credential: a document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts


credentials: a document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts


charter: a document incorporating an institution and specifying its rights; includes the articles of incorporation and the certificate of incorporation


commercial document: a document of or relating to commerce


commercial instrument: a document of or relating to commerce


confession: a written document acknowledging an offense and signed by the guilty party


confession: the document that spells out the belief system of a given church (especially the Reformation churches of the 16th century)


Augsburg Confession: the document drawn up in 1555 to defend the catholicity of Lutheran doctrine and to justify innovations in Lutheran practice; is still in effect today


copula: an equating verb (such as `be' or `become') that links the subject with the complement of a sentence


copulative: an equating verb (such as `be' or `become') that links the subject with the complement of a sentence


linking verb: an equating verb (such as `be' or `become') that links the subject with the complement of a sentence


frequentative: a verb form that serves to express frequent repetition of an action


copyright: a document granting exclusive right to publish and sell literary or musical or artistic work


right of first publication: a document granting exclusive right to publish and sell literary or musical or artistic work


enclosure: something (usually a supporting document) that is enclosed in an envelope with a covering letter


inclosure: something (usually a supporting document) that is enclosed in an envelope with a covering letter


form: a printed document with spaces in which to write


application form: a form to use when making an application


claim form: a form to use when filing a claim


order form: a form to use when placing an order


questionnaire: a form containing a set of questions; submitted to people to gain statistical information


personality inventory: a questionnaire that is supposed to yield a description of a person's personality traits


personality assessment: a questionnaire that is supposed to yield a description of a person's personality traits


self-report personality inventory: a personality inventory in which a person is asked which of a list of traits and characteristics describe her or him or to indicate which behaviors and hypothetical choices he or she would make


self-report inventory: a personality inventory in which a person is asked which of a list of traits and characteristics describe her or him or to indicate which behaviors and hypothetical choices he or she would make


California Personality Inventory: a self-report personality inventory originally derived from the MMPI; consists of several hundred yes-no questions and yields scores on a number of scales including dominance and self acceptance and self control and socialization and achievement etc.


CPI: a self-report personality inventory originally derived from the MMPI; consists of several hundred yes-no questions and yields scores on a number of scales including dominance and self acceptance and self control and socialization and achievement etc.


Eysenck Personality Inventory: a self-report personality inventory based on Hans Eysenck's factor analysis of personality which assumes three basic factors (the two most important being extraversion to introversion and neuroticism)


EPI: a self-report personality inventory based on Hans Eysenck's factor analysis of personality which assumes three basic factors (the two most important being extraversion to introversion and neuroticism)


Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory: a self-report personality inventory consisting of 550 items that describe feelings or actions which the person is asked to agree with or disagree with; many scales estimating traits and qualities of personality have been developed using MMPI items


MMPI: a self-report personality inventory consisting of 550 items that describe feelings or actions which the person is asked to agree with or disagree with; many scales estimating traits and qualities of personality have been developed using MMPI items


Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire: a self-report personality inventory developed by Raymond B. Cattell to measure the 16 personality dimensions that emerged from his factor analysis of a wide range of traits


16 PF: a self-report personality inventory developed by Raymond B. Cattell to measure the 16 personality dimensions that emerged from his factor analysis of a wide range of traits


requisition: an official form on which a request in made


requisition form: an official form on which a request in made


tax form: a form to use when paying your taxes


telegraph form: a form to use when sending a telegram


absentee ballot: (election) a ballot that is cast while absent (usually mailed in prior to election day)


certificate of incorporation: state approval of the articles of incorporation of a corporation


bank charter: a charter authorizing the operation of a bank


Magna Carta: the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215


Magna Charta: the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215


The Great Charter: the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215


royal charter: a charter granted by the sovereign (especially in Great Britain)


card: a card certifying the identity of the bearer


identity card: a card certifying the identity of the bearer


donor card: a card that you carry on your person and that authorizes the use of your organs for transplantation after your death


keycard: a plastic card that has a magnetically coded strip that is scanned in order to operate a mechanism


membership card: a card certifying membership in an organization


union card: a card certifying membership in a labor union


library card: a card certifying the bearer's right to use the library


borrower's card: a card certifying the bearer's right to use the library


ration card: a card certifying the bearer's right to purchase rationed goods


birth certificate: a copy of the official document giving details of a person's birth


diploma: a document certifying the successful completion of a course of study


sheepskin: a document certifying the successful completion of a course of study


Higher National Diploma: a diploma given for vocational training that prepares the student for a career in a particular area; good students may progress to a course leading to a degree


HND: a diploma given for vocational training that prepares the student for a career in a particular area; good students may progress to a course leading to a degree


commission: an official document issued by a government and conferring on the recipient the rank of an officer in the armed forces


military commission: an official document issued by a government and conferring on the recipient the rank of an officer in the armed forces


bill of health: a certificate saying that a departing ship's company is healthy (to be presented at the next port of arrival)


registration: a document certifying an act of registering


teaching certificate: a certificate saying that the holder is qualified to teach in the public schools


teacher's certificate: a certificate saying that the holder is qualified to teach in the public schools


legal document: (law) a document that states some contractual relationship or grants some right


legal instrument: (law) a document that states some contractual relationship or grants some right


official document: (law) a document that states some contractual relationship or grants some right


instrument: (law) a document that states some contractual relationship or grants some right


derivative instrument: a financial instrument whose value is based on another security


derivative: a financial instrument whose value is based on another security


futures contract: an agreement to buy or sell a specific amount of a commodity or financial instrument at a particular price on a stipulated future date; the contract can be sold before the settlement date


stock-index futures: a futures contract based on a stock index; a bet on the future price of the indexed group of stocks


negotiable instrument: an unconditional order or promise to pay an amount of money


list: a database containing an ordered array of items (names or topics)


listing: a database containing an ordered array of items (names or topics)


item: a distinct part that can be specified separately in a group of things that could be enumerated on a list


point: a distinct part that can be specified separately in a group of things that could be enumerated on a list


agenda item: one of the items to be considered


incidental: an item that is incidental


inventory item: an item listed in an inventory


line item: an item in an appropriation bill


news item: an item in a newspaper


place: an item on a list or in a sequence


position: an item on a list or in a sequence


postposition: (linguistics) the placing of one linguistic element after another (as placing a modifier after the word that it modifies in a sentence or placing an affix after the base to which it is attached)


preposition: (linguistics) the placing of one linguistic element before another (as placing a modifier before the word it modifies in a sentence or placing an affix before the base to which it is attached)


topicalization: (linguistics) emphasis placed on the topic or focus of a sentence by preposing it to the beginning of the sentence; placing the topic at the beginning of the sentence is typical for English


ammunition: information that can be used to attack or defend a claim or argument or viewpoint


factoid: a brief (usually one sentence and usually trivial) news item


factoid: something resembling a fact; unverified (often invented) information that is given credibility because it appeared in print


papyrus: a document written on papyrus


agenda: a list of matters to be taken up (as at a meeting)


agendum: a list of matters to be taken up (as at a meeting)


order of business: a list of matters to be taken up (as at a meeting)


A-list: a list of names of specially favored people


docket: (law) the calendar of a court; the list of cases to be tried or a summary of the court's activities


order of the day: the order of business for an assembly on a given day


order paper: a printed copy of the order of the day


order book: a printed copy of the order of the day


network programming: the schedule of programs to be broadcast on a network


batting order: (baseball) a list of batters in the order in which they will bat


card: (baseball) a list of batters in the order in which they will bat


lineup: (baseball) a list of batters in the order in which they will bat


cleanup: (baseball) the fourth position in the batting order (usually filled by the best batter on the team)


cleanup position: (baseball) the fourth position in the batting order (usually filled by the best batter on the team)


cleanup spot: (baseball) the fourth position in the batting order (usually filled by the best batter on the team)


bibliography: a list of writings with time and place of publication (such as the writings of a single author or the works referred to in preparing a document etc.)


bill: a list of particulars (as a playbill or bill of fare)


bill of entry: a list of goods received at a customhouse for export or import


bill of goods: a consignment of merchandise


blacklist: a list of people who are out of favor


black book: a list of people who are out of favor


shitlist: a list of people who are out of favor


calendar: a list or register of events (appointments or social events or court cases etc)


calorie chart: a list of foods and information about their caloric content


canon: a complete list of saints that have been recognized by the Roman Catholic Church


catalog: a complete list of things; usually arranged systematically


catalogue: a complete list of things; usually arranged systematically


discography: a descriptive catalog of musical recordings


library catalog: an enumeration of all the resources of a library


library catalogue: an enumeration of all the resources of a library


card catalog: a library catalog in which each publication is described on a separate file card


card catalogue: a library catalog in which each publication is described on a separate file card


parts catalog: a list advertising parts for machinery along with prices


parts catalogue: a list advertising parts for machinery along with prices


seed catalog: a list advertising seeds and their prices


seed catalogue: a list advertising seeds and their prices


character set: an ordered list of characters that are used together in writing or printing


checklist: a list of items (names or tasks etc.) to be checked or consulted


class list: a list issued by examiners that categorizes students according to the class of honours they achieved in their degree examinations


honours list: a list issued by examiners that categorizes students according to the class of honours they achieved in their degree examinations


clericalism: a policy of supporting the influence and power of the clergy in secular or political matters


codex: an official list of chemicals or medicines etc.


contents: a list of divisions (chapters or articles) and the pages on which they start


table of contents: a list of divisions (chapters or articles) and the pages on which they start


corrigenda: a list of printing errors in a book along with their corrections


credits: a list of acknowledgements of those who contributed to the creation of a film (usually run at the end of the film)


criminal record: a list of crimes for which an accused person has been previously convicted


record: a list of crimes for which an accused person has been previously convicted


directory: (computer science) a listing of the files stored in memory (usually on a hard disk)


distribution list: list of names to whom a communication should be sent


subdirectory: (computer science) a directory that is listed in another directory


enumeration: a numbered list


numbering: a numbered list


FAQ: a list of questions that are frequently asked (about a given topic) along with their answers


free list: a list of commodities that are not subject to tariffs


grocery list: a list of groceries to be purchased


grocery list: a list of heterogenous items that someone wants


shopping list: a list of heterogenous items that someone wants


hit list: a list of victims to be eliminated (as by murder)


hit parade: a ranked list of the songs that are most popular at a given time


index: an alphabetical listing of names and topics along with page numbers where they are discussed


concordance: an index of all main words in a book along with their immediate contexts


key: a list of words or phrases that explain symbols or abbreviations


key word: a word that is used as a pattern to decode an encrypted message


key: a list of answers to a test


parts inventory: an inventory of replacement parts


inventory: a detailed list of all the items in stock


stock list: a detailed list of all the items in stock


mailing list: a list of names and addresses to which advertising material is mailed


menu: a list of dishes available at a restaurant


bill of fare: a list of dishes available at a restaurant


card: a list of dishes available at a restaurant


carte du jour: a list of dishes available at a restaurant


carte: a list of dishes available at a restaurant


masthead: a listing printed in all issues of a newspaper or magazine (usually on the editorial page) that gives the name of the publication and the names of the editorial staff, etc.


flag: a listing printed in all issues of a newspaper or magazine (usually on the editorial page) that gives the name of the publication and the names of the editorial staff, etc.


menu: (computer science) a list of options available to a computer user


computer menu: (computer science) a list of options available to a computer user


drop-down menu: a menu of options that appears below the item when the computer user clicks on it


hierarchical menu: a secondary menu that appears while you are holding the cursor over an item on the primary menu


cascading menu: a secondary menu that appears while you are holding the cursor over an item on the primary menu


submenu: a secondary menu that appears while you are holding the cursor over an item on the primary menu


necrology: a list of people who died recently


playlist: a list of musical selections for performance or for broadcast by radio


play list: a list of musical selections for performance or for broadcast by radio


portfolio: a list of the financial assets held by an individual or a bank or other financial institution


posting: (bookkeeping) a listing on the company's records


price list: a listing of prices for different goods or services


push-down list: a list in which the next item to be removed is the item most recently stored (LIFO)


push-down stack: a list in which the next item to be removed is the item most recently stored (LIFO)


stack: a list in which the next item to be removed is the item most recently stored (LIFO)


queue: (information processing) an ordered list of tasks to be performed or messages to be transmitted


roll: a list of names


roster: a list of names


death-roll: a list of persons killed in a war or other disaster


schedule: an ordered list of times at which things are planned to occur


shopping list: a list of items to be purchased


short list: a list of applicants winnowed from a longer list who have been deemed suitable and from which the successful person will be chosen


shortlist: a list of applicants winnowed from a longer list who have been deemed suitable and from which the successful person will be chosen


sick list: a list of those who are ill (e.g. on a warship or in a regiment etc)


slate: a list of candidates nominated by a political party to run for election to public offices


ticket: a list of candidates nominated by a political party to run for election to public offices


standing: an ordered listing of scores or results showing the relative positions of competitors (individuals or teams) in a sporting event


wish list: a list of events that you wish would occur


timetable: a schedule of times of arrivals and departures


timetable: a schedule listing events and the times at which they will take place


muster roll: a list of names of officers and men in a military unit or ship's company


church roll: a list of the members of church


rota: a roster of names showing the order in which people should perform certain duties


waiting list: a roster of those waiting to obtain something


a la carte: a menu having individual dishes listed with separate prices


prix fixe: a menu listing fixed meals at fixed prices


table d'hote: a menu offering a complete meal with limited choices at a fixed price


alphabet: a character set that includes letters and is used to write a language


Roman alphabet: the alphabet evolved by the ancient Romans which serves for writing most of the languages of western Europe


Latin alphabet: the alphabet evolved by the ancient Romans which serves for writing most of the languages of western Europe


Hebrew alphabet: a Semitic alphabet used since the 5th century BC for writing the Hebrew language (and later for writing Yiddish and Ladino)


Hebraic alphabet: a Semitic alphabet used since the 5th century BC for writing the Hebrew language (and later for writing Yiddish and Ladino)


Hebrew script: a Semitic alphabet used since the 5th century BC for writing the Hebrew language (and later for writing Yiddish and Ladino)


Greek alphabet: the alphabet used by ancient Greeks


Cyrillic alphabet: an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages (Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Ukrainian, and some other Slavic languages)


Cyrillic: an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages (Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Ukrainian, and some other Slavic languages)


Arabic alphabet: the alphabet of 28 characters derived from Aramaic and used for writing Arabic languages (and borrowed for writing Urdu)


alphanumerics: a character set that includes letters and digits and punctuation


alphanumeric characters: a character set that includes letters and digits and punctuation


phonetic alphabet: an alphabet of characters intended to represent specific sounds of speech


sound alphabet: an alphabet of characters intended to represent specific sounds of speech


visible speech: a phonetic alphabet invented by Melville Bell in the 19th century


manual alphabet: an alphabet used by the deaf; letters are represented by finger positions


finger alphabet: an alphabet used by the deaf; letters are represented by finger positions


passport: a document issued by a country to a citizen allowing that person to travel abroad and re-enter the home country


patent: a document granting an inventor sole rights to an invention


patent of invention: a document granting an inventor sole rights to an invention


platform: a document stating the aims and principles of a political party


political platform: a document stating the aims and principles of a political party


political program: a document stating the aims and principles of a political party


program: a document stating the aims and principles of a political party


plank: an endorsed policy in the platform of a political party


ship's papers: official papers which a ship is legally required to have; related to ownership, cargo, etc.


manifest: a customs document listing the contents put on a ship or plane


push-down queue: a queue in which the last item to go in is the first item to come out (LIFO)


cadaster: a public register showing the details of ownership and value of land; made for the purpose of taxation


cadastre: a public register showing the details of ownership and value of land; made for the purpose of taxation


written record: a written document preserving knowledge of facts or events


written account: a written document preserving knowledge of facts or events


blotter: the daily written record of events (as arrests) in a police station


day book: the daily written record of events (as arrests) in a police station


police blotter: the daily written record of events (as arrests) in a police station


rap sheet: the daily written record of events (as arrests) in a police station


charge sheet: the daily written record of events (as arrests) in a police station


casebook: a book in which detailed written records of a case are kept and which are a source of information for subsequent work


chronology: a record of events in the order of their occurrence


Domesday Book: record of a British census and land survey in 1085-1086 ordered by William the Conqueror


Doomsday Book: record of a British census and land survey in 1085-1086 ordered by William the Conqueror


dossier: a collection of papers containing detailed information about a particular person or subject (usually a person's record)


entry: an item inserted in a written record


log: a written record of events on a voyage (of a ship or plane)


logbook: a book in which the log is written


log: a written record of messages sent or received


bell book: a logbook in which all orders concerning the main engines of a ship are recorded


note: a brief written record


paper trail: the written evidence of someone's activities


timecard: a card recording an employee's starting and quitting times each work day


timeline: a sequence of related events arranged in chronological order and displayed along a line (usually drawn left to right or top to bottom)


time sheet: a record of the hours worked by employees