somatic cell: any of the cells of a plant or animal except the reproductive cells; a cell that does not participate in the production of gametes


vegetative cell: any of the cells of a plant or animal except the reproductive cells; a cell that does not participate in the production of gametes


neoplastic cell: a cell that is part of tumor


cancer cell: a cell that is part of a malignant tumor


blastema: a mass of undifferentiated cells from which an organ or body part develops


energid: a biological unit consisting of a nucleus and the body of cytoplasm with which it interacts


protoplast: a biological unit consisting of a nucleus and the body of cytoplasm with which it interacts


pronucleus: the nucleus of the ovum or sperm after fertilization but before they fuse to form the nucleus of the zygote


zygote: (genetics) the diploid cell resulting from the union of a haploid spermatozoon and ovum (including the organism that develops from that cell)


fertilized ovum: (genetics) the diploid cell resulting from the union of a haploid spermatozoon and ovum (including the organism that develops from that cell)


heterozygote: (genetics) an organism having two different alleles of a particular gene and so giving rise to varying offspring


homozygote: (genetics) an organism having two identical alleles of a particular gene and so breeding true for the particular characteristic


parthenote: a cell resulting from parthenogenesis


protoplasm: the substance of a living cell (including cytoplasm and nucleus)


living substance: the substance of a living cell (including cytoplasm and nucleus)


cytoplasm: the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus; is full of proteins that control cell metabolism


cytol: the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus; is full of proteins that control cell metabolism


cytoplast: the intact cytoplasmic content of a cell


cytoskeleton: a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence


cytosol: the aqueous part of the cytoplasm within which various particles and organelles are suspended


ectoplasm: the outer granule-free layer of cytoplasm


endoplasm: the inner portion of the cytoplasm of a cell


hyaloplasm: the clear nongranular portion of the cytoplasm of a cell


ground substance: the clear nongranular portion of the cytoplasm of a cell


lysosome: an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells (especially in leukocytes and liver and kidney cells)


microsome: a tiny granule in the cytoplasm that is where protein synthesis takes place under the direction of mRNA


Golgi body: a netlike structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells (especially in those cells that produce secretions)


Golgi apparatus: a netlike structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells (especially in those cells that produce secretions)


Golgi complex: a netlike structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells (especially in those cells that produce secretions)


dictyosome: a netlike structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells (especially in those cells that produce secretions)


nucleoplasm: the protoplasm that constitutes the nucleus of a cell


karyoplasm: the protoplasm that constitutes the nucleus of a cell


nucleus: a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction


cell nucleus: a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction


karyon: a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction


nucleolus: a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus; such organelles contain RNA and are involved in protein synthesis


nucleole: a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus; such organelles contain RNA and are involved in protein synthesis


nucleolus organizer: the particular part of a chromosome that is associated with a nucleolus after nuclear division


nucleolus organiser: the particular part of a chromosome that is associated with a nucleolus after nuclear division


nucleolar organizer: the particular part of a chromosome that is associated with a nucleolus after nuclear division


nucleolar organiser: the particular part of a chromosome that is associated with a nucleolus after nuclear division


germ plasm: the protoplasm of the germ cells that contains chromosomes and genes


plasm: the protoplasm of the germ cells that contains chromosomes and genes


sex chromatin: chromatin found only in female cells


chromatin: the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins; during mitotic division it condenses into chromosomes


chromatin granule: the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins; during mitotic division it condenses into chromosomes


achromatin: the part of a cell nucleus that is relatively uncolored by stains or dyes


linin: an obsolete term for the network of viscous material in the cell nucleus on which the chromatin granules were thought to be suspended


gene: (genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity


cistron: (genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity


factor: (genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity


dominant gene: gene that produces the same phenotype in the organism whether or not its allele identical


allele: (genetics) either of a pair (or series) of alternative forms of a gene that can occupy the same locus on a particular chromosome and that control the same character


allelomorph: (genetics) either of a pair (or series) of alternative forms of a gene that can occupy the same locus on a particular chromosome and that control the same character


dominant allele: an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different


dominant: an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different


recessive allele: an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical


recessive: an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical


genetic marker: a specific gene that produces a recognizable trait and can be used in family or population studies


homeotic gene: one the genes that are involved in embryologic development


homeobox: one of various similar homeotic genes that are involved in bodily segmentation during embryonic development


homeobox gene: one of various similar homeotic genes that are involved in bodily segmentation during embryonic development


lethal gene: any gene that has an effect that causes the death of the organism at any stage of life


linkage group: any pair of genes that tend to be transmitted together


linked genes: any pair of genes that tend to be transmitted together


modifier: a gene that modifies the effect produced by another gene


modifier gene: a gene that modifies the effect produced by another gene


mutant gene: a gene that has changed so that the normal transmission and expression of a trait is affected


haplotype: (genetics) a combination of alleles (for different genes) that are located closely together on the same chromosome and that tend to be inherited together


cystic fibrosis transport regulator: the gene that is mutated in cystic fibrosis


CFTR: the gene that is mutated in cystic fibrosis


nonallele: genes that are not competitors at the same locus


operator gene: a gene that activates the production of messenger RNA by adjacent structural genes


operon: a segment of DNA containing adjacent genes including structural genes and an operator gene and a regulatory gene


oncogene: a gene that disposes normal cells to change into cancerous tumor cells


transforming gene: a gene that disposes normal cells to change into cancerous tumor cells


polygene: a gene that by itself has little effect on the phenotype but which can act together with others to produce observable variations


proto-oncogene: a normal gene that has the potential to become an oncogene


recessive gene: gene that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its allele is identical


regulatory gene: a gene that produces a repressor substance that inhibits an operator gene


regulator gene: a gene that produces a repressor substance that inhibits an operator gene


repressor gene: gene that prevents a nonallele from being transcribed


structural gene: a gene that controls the production of a specific protein or peptide


suppressor: a gene that suppresses the phenotypic expression of another gene (especially of a mutant gene)


suppresser: a gene that suppresses the phenotypic expression of another gene (especially of a mutant gene)


suppressor gene: a gene that suppresses the phenotypic expression of another gene (especially of a mutant gene)


suppresser gene: a gene that suppresses the phenotypic expression of another gene (especially of a mutant gene)


transgene: an exogenous gene introduced into the genome of another organism


tumor suppressor gene: a suppressor gene that blocks unscheduled cell division


X-linked gene: a gene located on an X chromosome


Y-linked gene: a gene located on a Y chromosome


holandric gene: a gene located on a Y chromosome


chromosome: a threadlike strand of DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order


X chromosome: the sex chromosome that is present in both sexes: singly in males and doubly in females


XX: (genetics) normal complement of sex chromosomes in a female


XXX: (genetics) abnormal complement of three X chromosomes in a female


XXY: (genetics) abnormal complement of sex hormones in a male resulting in Klinefelter's syndrome


XY: (genetics) normal complement of sex hormones in a male


XYY: (genetics) abnormal complement of sex hormones in a male who has two Y chromosomes


Y chromosome: the sex chromosome that is carried by men


sex chromosome: (genetics) a chromosome that determines the sex of an individual


autosome: any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; appear in pairs in body cells but as single chromosomes in spermatozoa


somatic chromosome: any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; appear in pairs in body cells but as single chromosomes in spermatozoa


chromatid: one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis


centromere: a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape


kinetochore: a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape


acentric chromosome: a chromosome lacking a centromere


acrocentric chromosome: a chromosome with the centromere near one end so that one chromosomal arm is short and one is long


karyotype: the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes)


metacentric chromosome: a chromosome having two equal arms because the centromere is in median position


telocentric chromosome: a chromosome like a straight rod with the centromere in terminal position


mitochondrion: an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energy


chondriosome: an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energy


sarcosome: a large mitochondrion in a striated muscle fiber


organelle: a specialized part of a cell; analogous to an organ


cell organelle: a specialized part of a cell; analogous to an organ


cell organ: a specialized part of a cell; analogous to an organ


aster: star-shaped structure formed in the cytoplasm of a cell having fibers like rays that surround the centrosome during mitosis


centriole: one of a pair of small cylindrical cell organelles near the nucleus in animal cells; composed of nine triplet microtubules and form the asters during mitosis


ribosome: an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell; they attach to mRNA and move down it one codon at a time and then stop until tRNA brings the required amino acid; when it reaches a stop codon it falls apart and releases the completed protein molecule for use by the cell


centrosome: small region of cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus; contains the centrioles and serves to organize the microtubules


central body: small region of cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus; contains the centrioles and serves to organize the microtubules


sarcoplasm: the cytoplasm of a striated muscle fiber


vacuole: a tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cell


sclera: the whitish fibrous membrane (albuginea) that with the cornea forms the outer covering and protection of the eyeball


sclerotic coat: the whitish fibrous membrane (albuginea) that with the cornea forms the outer covering and protection of the eyeball


semipermeable membrane: a membrane (as a cell membrane) that allows some molecules to pass through but not others


bone cell: a cell that is part of a bone


embryonic cell: a cell of an embryo


formative cell: a cell of an embryo


blastocyte: an undifferentiated embryonic cell


ameloblast: a cell from which tooth enamel develops


osteoblast: a cell from which bone develops


bone-forming cell: a cell from which bone develops


erythroblast: a nucleated cell in bone marrow from which red blood cells develop


fibroblast: a cell from which connective tissue develops


neuroblast: a cell from which a nerve cell develops


myelocyte: an immature leukocyte normally found in bone marrow


myeloblast: a precursor of leukocytes that normally occurs only in bone marrow


sideroblast: an erythroblast having granules of ferritin


megakaryocyte: a large bone marrow cell; regarded as the source of blood platelets


osteoclast: cell that functions in the breakdown and resorption of bone tissue


osteocyte: mature bone cell


blood cell: either of two types of cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) and sometimes including platelets


blood corpuscle: either of two types of cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) and sometimes including platelets


corpuscle: either of two types of cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) and sometimes including platelets


akaryocyte: a cell without a nucleus (as an erythrocyte)


akaryote: a cell without a nucleus (as an erythrocyte)


acaryote: a cell without a nucleus (as an erythrocyte)


megalocyte: abnormally large red blood cell (associated with pernicious anemia)


macrocyte: abnormally large red blood cell (associated with pernicious anemia)


megaloblast: abnormally large red blood cell present in pernicious anemia and folic acid deficiency


leukocyte: blood cells that engulf and digest bacteria and fungi; an important part of the body's defense system


leucocyte: blood cells that engulf and digest bacteria and fungi; an important part of the body's defense system


white blood cell: blood cells that engulf and digest bacteria and fungi; an important part of the body's defense system


white cell: blood cells that engulf and digest bacteria and fungi; an important part of the body's defense system


white blood corpuscle: blood cells that engulf and digest bacteria and fungi; an important part of the body's defense system


white corpuscle: blood cells that engulf and digest bacteria and fungi; an important part of the body's defense system


WBC: blood cells that engulf and digest bacteria and fungi; an important part of the body's defense system


packed cells: a preparation of blood cells separated from the liquid plasma


histiocyte: a macrophage that is found in connective tissue


macrophage: a large phagocyte; some are fixed and other circulate in the blood stream


phagocyte: a cell that engulfs and digests debris and invading microorganisms


scavenger cell: a cell that engulfs and digests debris and invading microorganisms


fixed phagocyte: a phagocyte that does not circulate in the blood but is fixed in the liver or spleen or bone marrow etc.


free phagocyte: a phagocyte that circulates in the blood


lymphocyte: an agranulocytic leukocyte that normally makes up a quarter of the white blood cell count but increases in the presence of infection


lymph cell: an agranulocytic leukocyte that normally makes up a quarter of the white blood cell count but increases in the presence of infection


B cell: a lymphocyte derived from bone marrow that provides humoral immunity; it recognizes free antigen molecules in solution and matures into plasma cells that secrete immunoglobulin (antibodies) that inactivate the antigens


B lymphocyte: a lymphocyte derived from bone marrow that provides humoral immunity; it recognizes free antigen molecules in solution and matures into plasma cells that secrete immunoglobulin (antibodies) that inactivate the antigens


T cell: a small lymphocyte developed in the thymus; it orchestrates the immune system's response to infected or malignant cells


T lymphocyte: a small lymphocyte developed in the thymus; it orchestrates the immune system's response to infected or malignant cells


helper T cell: T cell with CD4 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and secretes lymphokines that stimulate B cells and killer T cells; helper T cells are infected and killed by the AIDS virus


helper cell: T cell with CD4 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and secretes lymphokines that stimulate B cells and killer T cells; helper T cells are infected and killed by the AIDS virus


CD4 T cell: T cell with CD4 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and secretes lymphokines that stimulate B cells and killer T cells; helper T cells are infected and killed by the AIDS virus


CD4 cell: T cell with CD4 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and secretes lymphokines that stimulate B cells and killer T cells; helper T cells are infected and killed by the AIDS virus


killer T cell: T cell with CD8 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and binds to the infected cell and kill it


killer cell: T cell with CD8 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and binds to the infected cell and kill it


cytotoxic T cell: T cell with CD8 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and binds to the infected cell and kill it


CD8 T cell: T cell with CD8 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and binds to the infected cell and kill it


CD8 cell: T cell with CD8 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and binds to the infected cell and kill it


lymphoblast: an immature lymphocyte


plasma cell: a cell that develops from a B lymphocyte in reaction to a specific antigen; found in bone marrow and sometimes in the blood


plasmacyte: a cell that develops from a B lymphocyte in reaction to a specific antigen; found in bone marrow and sometimes in the blood


plasmablast: the precursor of a plasma cell


granulocyte: a leukocyte that has granules in its cytoplasm


monocyte: a type of granular leukocyte that functions in the ingestion of bacteria


monoblast: a large immature monocyte normally found in bone marrow


basophil: a leukocyte with basophilic granules easily stained by basic stains


basophile: a leukocyte with basophilic granules easily stained by basic stains


neutrophil: the chief phagocytic leukocyte; stains with either basic or acid dyes


neutrophile: the chief phagocytic leukocyte; stains with either basic or acid dyes


microphage: a neutrophil that ingests small things (as bacteria)


eosinophil: a leukocyte readily stained with eosin


eosinophile: a leukocyte readily stained with eosin


red blood cell: a mature blood cell that contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the bodily tissues; a biconcave disc that has no nucleus


RBC: a mature blood cell that contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the bodily tissues; a biconcave disc that has no nucleus


erythrocyte: a mature blood cell that contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the bodily tissues; a biconcave disc that has no nucleus


acanthocyte: an abnormal red blood cell that has thorny projections of protoplasm


microcyte: an abnormally small red blood cell (less than 5 microns in diameter)


reticulocyte: an immature red blood cell containing a network of filaments or granules


sickle cell: an abnormal red blood cell that has a crescent shape and an abnormal form of hemoglobin


siderocyte: an abnormal red blood cell containing granules of iron not bound in hemoglobin


spherocyte: an abnormal spherical red blood cell


target cell: an abnormal red blood cell with the appearance of a dark ring surrounding a dark center; associated with anemia


fovea: area consisting of a small depression in the retina containing cones and where vision is most acute


fovea centralis: area consisting of a small depression in the retina containing cones and where vision is most acute


parafovea: area of the retina immediately surrounding the fovea


macula: a small yellowish central area of the retina that is rich in cones and that mediates clear detailed vision


macula lutea: a small yellowish central area of the retina that is rich in cones and that mediates clear detailed vision


macular area: a small yellowish central area of the retina that is rich in cones and that mediates clear detailed vision


yellow spot: a small yellowish central area of the retina that is rich in cones and that mediates clear detailed vision


visual cell: one of the cells of the retina that is sensitive to light


blind spot: the point where the optic nerve enters the retina; not sensitive to light


optic disc: the point where the optic nerve enters the retina; not sensitive to light


optic disk: the point where the optic nerve enters the retina; not sensitive to light


cone: a visual receptor cell in the retina that is sensitive to bright light and to color


cone cell: a visual receptor cell in the retina that is sensitive to bright light and to color


retinal cone: a visual receptor cell in the retina that is sensitive to bright light and to color


rod: a visual receptor cell that is sensitive to dim light


rod cell: a visual receptor cell that is sensitive to dim light


retinal rod: a visual receptor cell that is sensitive to dim light


fat cell: cells composed of fat


adipose cell: cells composed of fat


reproductive cell: a spermatozoon or an ovum; a cell responsible for transmitting DNA to the next generation


germ cell: a spermatozoon or an ovum; a cell responsible for transmitting DNA to the next generation


sex cell: a spermatozoon or an ovum; a cell responsible for transmitting DNA to the next generation


gamete: a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes


anisogamete: either of a pair of unlike gametes especially those unlike in size


isogamete: either of a pair of conjugating gametes of the same size and structure


sperm: the male reproductive cell; the male gamete


sperm cell: the male reproductive cell; the male gamete


spermatozoon: the male reproductive cell; the male gamete


spermatozoan: the male reproductive cell; the male gamete


acrosome: a process at the anterior end of a sperm cell that produces enzymes to facilitate penetration of the egg


ovum: the female reproductive cell; the female gamete


egg cell: the female reproductive cell; the female gamete


ootid: mature ovum after penetration by sperm but before the formation of a zygote


ovule: a small or immature ovum


gametocyte: an immature animal or plant cell that develops into a gamete by meiosis


oocyte: a female gametocyte that develops into an ovum after two meiotic divisions


polar body: a small cell containing little cytoplasm that is produced along with the oocyte and later discarded


spermatocele: a swelling on the epididymis or the testis; usually contains spermatozoa


spermatocyte: a male gametocyte that develops into four spermatids


spermatid: an immature gamete produced by a spermatocyte; develops into a spermatozoon


muscle cell: an elongated contractile cell that forms the muscles of the body


muscle fiber: an elongated contractile cell that forms the muscles of the body


muscle fibre: an elongated contractile cell that forms the muscles of the body


Leydig cell: a cell in the testes that secretes the hormone testosterone


Leydig's cell: a cell in the testes that secretes the hormone testosterone


Sertoli cell: elongated cells found in the seminiferous tubules of the testis; apparently they nourish the spermatids


Sertoli's cell: elongated cells found in the seminiferous tubules of the testis; apparently they nourish the spermatids


striated muscle cell: an elongated contractile cell in striated muscle tissue


striated muscle fiber: an elongated contractile cell in striated muscle tissue


myofibril: one of many contractile filaments that make up a striated muscle fiber


myofibrilla: one of many contractile filaments that make up a striated muscle fiber


sarcostyle: one of many contractile filaments that make up a striated muscle fiber


sarcomere: one of the segments into which a myofibril is divided


smooth muscle: muscle tissue that does not appear striated under the microscope; has the form of thin layers or sheets


smooth muscle: a muscle that contracts without conscious control and found in walls of internal organs such as stomach and intestine and bladder and blood vessels (excluding the heart)


involuntary muscle: a muscle that contracts without conscious control and found in walls of internal organs such as stomach and intestine and bladder and blood vessels (excluding the heart)


smooth muscle cell: cells of the smooth muscles


immune system: a system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response


integumentary system: the skin and its appendages


reticuloendothelial system: a widely distributed system consisting of all the cells able to ingest bacteria or colloidal particles etc, except for certain white blood cells


RES: a widely distributed system consisting of all the cells able to ingest bacteria or colloidal particles etc, except for certain white blood cells


mononuclear phagocyte system: a widely distributed system of free and fixed macrophages derived from bone marrow


MPS: a widely distributed system of free and fixed macrophages derived from bone marrow


system of macrophages: a widely distributed system of free and fixed macrophages derived from bone marrow


muscular structure: the muscular system of an organism


musculature: the muscular system of an organism


muscle system: the muscular system of an organism


musculoskeletal system: the system of muscles and tendons and ligaments and bones and joints and associated tissues that move the body and maintain its form


nervous system: the sensory and control apparatus consisting of a network of nerve cells


systema nervosum: the sensory and control apparatus consisting of a network of nerve cells


neural structure: a structure that is part of the nervous system


reflex arc: the neural path of a reflex


center: a cluster of nerve cells governing a specific bodily process


centre: a cluster of nerve cells governing a specific bodily process


nerve center: a cluster of nerve cells governing a specific bodily process


nerve centre: a cluster of nerve cells governing a specific bodily process


auditory center: the part of the brain (in a fold of the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe on both sides of the brain) that receives impulses from the ear by way of the auditory nerve


nerve fiber: a threadlike extension of a nerve cell


nerve fibre: a threadlike extension of a nerve cell


medullated nerve fiber: a nerve fiber encased in a sheath of myelin


myelinated nerve fiber: a nerve fiber encased in a sheath of myelin


Ranvier's nodes: small gaps in the myelin sheath of medullated axons


nodes of Ranvier: small gaps in the myelin sheath of medullated axons


medullary sheath: a layer of myelin encasing (and insulating) the axons of medullated nerve fibers


myelin sheath: a layer of myelin encasing (and insulating) the axons of medullated nerve fibers


neurolemma: thin membranous sheath around a nerve fiber


neurilemma: thin membranous sheath around a nerve fiber


Schwann cell: any cell that covers the nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system and forms the myelin sheath


effector: a nerve fiber that terminates on a muscle or gland and stimulates contraction or secretion


end organ: a specialized structure at the peripheral end of some motor or sensory nerve fibers


nerve cell: a cell that is specialized to conduct nerve impulses


neuron: a cell that is specialized to conduct nerve impulses


brain cell: a nerve cell in the brain


Golgi's cell: a neuron in the cerebral cortex with short dendrites and with either a long axon or a short axon that ramifies in the grey matter


Golgi cell: a neuron in the cerebral cortex with short dendrites and with either a long axon or a short axon that ramifies in the grey matter


Purkinje cell: a large densely branching neuron that is the characteristic cell of the cerebellar cortex


end-plate: the flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle


endplate: the flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle


motor end plate: the flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle


osmoreceptor: sensory end organ that responds to changes in osmotic pressure


motor neuron: a neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord


efferent neuron: a neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord


motor nerve fiber: a neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord


motoneuron: a neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord


sensory neuron: a neuron conducting impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord


afferent neuron: a neuron conducting impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord


neuroglia: sustentacular tissue that surrounds and supports neurons in the central nervous system; glial and neural cells together compose the tissue of the central nervous system


glia: sustentacular tissue that surrounds and supports neurons in the central nervous system; glial and neural cells together compose the tissue of the central nervous system


neurogliacyte: a cell of the neuroglia


neuroglial cell: a cell of the neuroglia


glial cell: a cell of the neuroglia


astroglia: tissue consisting of large stellate neuroglial cells


macroglia: tissue consisting of large stellate neuroglial cells


astrocyte: comparatively large neuroglial cell


fibrous astrocyte: star-shaped cells with long processes; found in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord


protoplasmic astrocyte: a kind of astrocyte found in the grey matter


microglia: neuroglial tissue of mesodermal origin that can become phagocytic


microgliacyte: a cell of the microglia that may become phagocytic and collect waste products of nerve tissue


oligodendroglia: tissue consisting of glial cells with sheetlike processes that form the myelin sheath of nerve fibers


oligodendria: tissue consisting of glial cells with sheetlike processes that form the myelin sheath of nerve fibers


oligodendrocyte: a cell of the oligodendroglia


axon: long nerve fiber that conducts away from the cell body of the neuron


axone: long nerve fiber that conducts away from the cell body of the neuron


nerve ending: the terminal structure of an axon that does not end at a synapse


nerve end: the terminal structure of an axon that does not end at a synapse


free nerve ending: microscopic sensory nerve endings in the skin that are not connected to any specific sensory receptor


Pacinian corpuscle: a specialized bulblike nerve ending located in the subcutaneous tissue of the skin; occurs abundantly in the skin of palms and soles and joints and genitals


proprioceptor: special nerve endings in the muscles and tendons and other organs that respond to stimuli regarding the position and movement of the body


dendrite: short fiber that conducts toward the cell body of the neuron


hybridoma: a hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a lymphocyte and a tumor cell; used to culture a specific monoclonal antibody


process: a natural prolongation or projection from a part of an organism either animal or plant


outgrowth: a natural prolongation or projection from a part of an organism either animal or plant


appendage: a natural prolongation or projection from a part of an organism either animal or plant


caruncle: an outgrowth on a plant or animal such as a fowl's wattle or a protuberance near the hilum of certain seeds


caruncula: an outgrowth on a plant or animal such as a fowl's wattle or a protuberance near the hilum of certain seeds


wattle: a fleshy wrinkled and often brightly colored fold of skin hanging from the neck or throat of certain birds (chickens and turkeys) or lizards


lappet: a fleshy wrinkled and often brightly colored fold of skin hanging from the neck or throat of certain birds (chickens and turkeys) or lizards


condyle: a round bump on a bone where it forms a joint with another bone


condylar process: the condyle of the ramus of the mandible that articulates with the skull


condyloid process: the condyle of the ramus of the mandible that articulates with the skull


mandibular condyle: the condyle of the ramus of the mandible that articulates with the skull


coronoid process: a sharp triangular process projecting from a bone


processus coronoideus: a sharp triangular process projecting from a bone


coronoid process of the mandible: the coronoid process that provides an attachment for the temporal muscle


lateral condyle: a condyle on the outer side of the lower extremity of the femur


medial condyle: a condyle on the inner side of the lower extremity of the femur


epicondyle: a projection on a bone above a condyle serving for the attachment of muscles and ligaments


lateral epicondyle: epicondyle near the lateral condyle of the femur


fimbria: thin projections forming a fringe (especially around the ovarian end of the Fallopian tube)


apophysis: (anatomy) a natural outgrowth or projection on an organ or body part such as the process of a vertebra


spicule: small pointed structure serving as a skeletal element in various marine and freshwater invertebrates e.g. sponges and corals


spiculum: small pointed structure serving as a skeletal element in various marine and freshwater invertebrates e.g. sponges and corals


osteophyte: small abnormal bony outgrowth


papilla: a small projection of tissue at the base of a hair or tooth or feather


papilla: a small nipple-shaped protuberance concerned with taste, touch, or smell


synapse: the junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle


neuromuscular junction: the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies


myoneural junction: the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies


nerve: any bundle of nerve fibers running to various organs and tissues of the body


nervus: any bundle of nerve fibers running to various organs and tissues of the body


motor nerve: a nerve that conveys impulses toward or to muscles or glands


efferent nerve: a nerve that conveys impulses toward or to muscles or glands


efferent: a nerve that conveys impulses toward or to muscles or glands


motor fiber: a nerve fiber that carries impulses toward the muscles or glands


efferent fiber: a nerve fiber that carries impulses toward the muscles or glands


sensory nerve: a nerve that passes impulses from receptors toward or to the central nervous system


afferent nerve: a nerve that passes impulses from receptors toward or to the central nervous system


afferent: a nerve that passes impulses from receptors toward or to the central nervous system


sensory fiber: a nerve fiber that carries impulses toward the central nervous system


afferent fiber: a nerve fiber that carries impulses toward the central nervous system


lemniscus: a bundle of sensory nerve fibers going to the thalamus


fillet: a bundle of sensory nerve fibers going to the thalamus


fiber bundle: a bundle of fibers (especially nerve fibers)


fibre bundle: a bundle of fibers (especially nerve fibers)


fascicle: a bundle of fibers (especially nerve fibers)


fasciculus: a bundle of fibers (especially nerve fibers)


nerve pathway: a bundle of myelinated nerve fibers following a path through the brain


tract: a bundle of myelinated nerve fibers following a path through the brain


nerve tract: a bundle of myelinated nerve fibers following a path through the brain


pathway: a bundle of myelinated nerve fibers following a path through the brain


commissure: a bundle of nerve fibers passing from one side to the other of the brain or spinal cord


cranial nerve: any of the 12 paired nerves that originate in the brain stem


depressor: any nerve whose activity tends to reduce the activity or tone of the body part it serves


depressor nerve: any nerve whose activity tends to reduce the activity or tone of the body part it serves


peduncle: a bundle of myelinated neurons joining different parts of the brain


cerebral peduncle: a bundle of myelinated neurons joining different parts of the brain


hemisphere: either half of the cerebrum


cerebral hemisphere: either half of the cerebrum


left hemisphere: the cerebral hemisphere to the left of the corpus callosum that controls the right half of the body


left brain: the cerebral hemisphere to the left of the corpus callosum that controls the right half of the body


pyriform area: pear-shaped neural structure on either side of the brain in the rhinencephalon


piriform area: pear-shaped neural structure on either side of the brain in the rhinencephalon


pyriform lobe: pear-shaped neural structure on either side of the brain in the rhinencephalon


piriform lobe: pear-shaped neural structure on either side of the brain in the rhinencephalon


right hemisphere: the cerebral hemisphere to the right of the corpus callosum that controls the left half of the body


right brain: the cerebral hemisphere to the right of the corpus callosum that controls the left half of the body


rhinencephalon: a center in the cerebral hemispheres that governs the sense of smell in lower animals; in humans it seems to mediate complex emotional behavior


olfactory brain: a center in the cerebral hemispheres that governs the sense of smell in lower animals; in humans it seems to mediate complex emotional behavior


olfactory nerve: a collective term for numerous olfactory filaments in the nasal mucosa


nervii olfactorii: a collective term for numerous olfactory filaments in the nasal mucosa


first cranial nerve: a collective term for numerous olfactory filaments in the nasal mucosa


olfactory bulb: one of two enlargements at the terminus of the olfactory nerve at the base of the brain just above the nasal cavities


optic nerve: the cranial nerve that serves the retina


nervus opticus: the cranial nerve that serves the retina


second cranial nerve: the cranial nerve that serves the retina


optic tract: the cranial nerve that serves the retina


oculomotor: supplies extrinsic muscles of the eye


oculomotor nerve: supplies extrinsic muscles of the eye


nervus oculomotorius: supplies extrinsic muscles of the eye


third cranial nerve: supplies extrinsic muscles of the eye


trochlear: either of the two cranial nerves on either side that control the superior oblique muscles of the eyes


trochlear nerve: either of the two cranial nerves on either side that control the superior oblique muscles of the eyes


trochlearis: either of the two cranial nerves on either side that control the superior oblique muscles of the eyes


fourth cranial nerve: either of the two cranial nerves on either side that control the superior oblique muscles of the eyes


trigeminal: the main sensory nerve of the face and motor nerve for the muscles of mastication


trigeminal nerve: the main sensory nerve of the face and motor nerve for the muscles of mastication


trigeminus: the main sensory nerve of the face and motor nerve for the muscles of mastication


nervus trigeminus: the main sensory nerve of the face and motor nerve for the muscles of mastication


fifth cranial nerve: the main sensory nerve of the face and motor nerve for the muscles of mastication


abducent: a small motor nerve supplying the lateral rectus muscle of the eye


abducent nerve: a small motor nerve supplying the lateral rectus muscle of the eye


abducens: a small motor nerve supplying the lateral rectus muscle of the eye


abducens nerve: a small motor nerve supplying the lateral rectus muscle of the eye


nervus abducens: a small motor nerve supplying the lateral rectus muscle of the eye


sixth cranial nerve: a small motor nerve supplying the lateral rectus muscle of the eye


facial: cranial nerve that supplies facial muscles


facial nerve: cranial nerve that supplies facial muscles


nervus facialis: cranial nerve that supplies facial muscles


seventh cranial nerve: cranial nerve that supplies facial muscles


acoustic nerve: a composite sensory nerve supplying the hair cells of the vestibular organ and the hair cells of the cochlea


auditory nerve: a composite sensory nerve supplying the hair cells of the vestibular organ and the hair cells of the cochlea


vestibulocochlear nerve: a composite sensory nerve supplying the hair cells of the vestibular organ and the hair cells of the cochlea


nervus vestibulocochlearis: a composite sensory nerve supplying the hair cells of the vestibular organ and the hair cells of the cochlea


eighth cranial nerve: a composite sensory nerve supplying the hair cells of the vestibular organ and the hair cells of the cochlea


glossopharyngeal nerve: sensory nerve to the pharynx and back of the tongue; motor fibers innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx; includes parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion


nervus glossopharyngeus: sensory nerve to the pharynx and back of the tongue; motor fibers innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx; includes parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion


ninth cranial nerve: sensory nerve to the pharynx and back of the tongue; motor fibers innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx; includes parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion


vagus: a mixed nerve that supplies the pharynx and larynx and lungs and heart and esophagus and stomach and most of the abdominal viscera


vagus nerve: a mixed nerve that supplies the pharynx and larynx and lungs and heart and esophagus and stomach and most of the abdominal viscera


nervus vagus: a mixed nerve that supplies the pharynx and larynx and lungs and heart and esophagus and stomach and most of the abdominal viscera


pneumogastric: a mixed nerve that supplies the pharynx and larynx and lungs and heart and esophagus and stomach and most of the abdominal viscera


pneumogastric nerve: a mixed nerve that supplies the pharynx and larynx and lungs and heart and esophagus and stomach and most of the abdominal viscera


tenth cranial nerve: a mixed nerve that supplies the pharynx and larynx and lungs and heart and esophagus and stomach and most of the abdominal viscera


wandering nerve: a mixed nerve that supplies the pharynx and larynx and lungs and heart and esophagus and stomach and most of the abdominal viscera


accessory nerve: arises from two sets of roots (cranial and spinal) that unite to form the nerve


spinal accessory: arises from two sets of roots (cranial and spinal) that unite to form the nerve


nervus accessorius: arises from two sets of roots (cranial and spinal) that unite to form the nerve


eleventh cranial nerve: arises from two sets of roots (cranial and spinal) that unite to form the nerve


hypoglossal: supplies intrinsic muscles of the tongue and other tongue muscles


hypoglossal nerve: supplies intrinsic muscles of the tongue and other tongue muscles


nervus hypoglosus: supplies intrinsic muscles of the tongue and other tongue muscles


twelfth cranial nerve: supplies intrinsic muscles of the tongue and other tongue muscles


central nervous system: the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord


CNS: the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord


systema nervosum centrale: the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord


brain: that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord


encephalon: that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord


neencephalon: the part of the brain having the most recent phylogenetic origin; the cerebral cortex and related parts


neoencephalon: the part of the brain having the most recent phylogenetic origin; the cerebral cortex and related parts


neopallium: the cortical part of the neencephalon


neocortex: the cortical part of the neencephalon


archipallium: the olfactory cortex of the cerebrum


paleocortex: the olfactory cortex of the cerebrum


metencephalon: the part of the hindbrain that develops into the pons and the cerebellum


paleencephalon: the more primitive parts of the brain phylogenetically; most structures other than the cerebral cortex


paleoencephalon: the more primitive parts of the brain phylogenetically; most structures other than the cerebral cortex


palaeencephalon: the more primitive parts of the brain phylogenetically; most structures other than the cerebral cortex


leptomeninges: the two innermost layers of the meninges; cerebrospinal fluid circulates between these innermost layers


dura mater: the outermost (and toughest) of the 3 meninges


dura: the outermost (and toughest) of the 3 meninges


arachnoid: the middle of the 3 meninges


arachnoid membrane: the middle of the 3 meninges


pia mater: the highly vascular innermost of the 3 meninges


subarachnoid space: a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid


neuropil: the complex network of unmyelinated axones, dendrites, and glial branches that form the bulk of the central nervous system's grey matter and in which nerve cell bodies are embedded


neuropile: the complex network of unmyelinated axones, dendrites, and glial branches that form the bulk of the central nervous system's grey matter and in which nerve cell bodies are embedded


grey matter: greyish nervous tissue containing cell bodies as well as fibers; forms the cerebral cortex consisting of unmyelinated neurons


gray matter: greyish nervous tissue containing cell bodies as well as fibers; forms the cerebral cortex consisting of unmyelinated neurons


grey substance: greyish nervous tissue containing cell bodies as well as fibers; forms the cerebral cortex consisting of unmyelinated neurons


gray substance: greyish nervous tissue containing cell bodies as well as fibers; forms the cerebral cortex consisting of unmyelinated neurons


substantia grisea: greyish nervous tissue containing cell bodies as well as fibers; forms the cerebral cortex consisting of unmyelinated neurons


white matter: whitish nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths


substantia alba: whitish nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths


pituitary: the master gland of the endocrine system; located at the base of the brain


pituitary gland: the master gland of the endocrine system; located at the base of the brain


pituitary body: the master gland of the endocrine system; located at the base of the brain


hypophysis: the master gland of the endocrine system; located at the base of the brain


hypophyseal stalk: the funnel-shaped stalk connecting the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus


anterior pituitary: the anterior lobe of the pituitary body; primarily glandular in nature


anterior pituitary gland: the anterior lobe of the pituitary body; primarily glandular in nature


adenohypophysis: the anterior lobe of the pituitary body; primarily glandular in nature


pars distilis: the anterior part of the anterior pituitary


pars anterior: the anterior part of the anterior pituitary


pars intermedia: a thin piece of tissue that has become part of the posterior pituitary


posterior pituitary: the posterior lobe of the pituitary body; primarily glandular in nature


posterior pituitary gland: the posterior lobe of the pituitary body; primarily glandular in nature


neurohypophysis: the posterior lobe of the pituitary body; primarily glandular in nature


pars nervosa: the posterior lobe of the pituitary body; primarily glandular in nature


pineal gland: a small endocrine gland in the brain; situated beneath the back part of the corpus callosum; secretes melatonin


pineal body: a small endocrine gland in the brain; situated beneath the back part of the corpus callosum; secretes melatonin


epiphysis cerebri: a small endocrine gland in the brain; situated beneath the back part of the corpus callosum; secretes melatonin


epiphysis: a small endocrine gland in the brain; situated beneath the back part of the corpus callosum; secretes melatonin


islands of Langerhans: cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part of that organ; secrete insulin and other hormones


isles of Langerhans: cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part of that organ; secrete insulin and other hormones


islets of Langerhans: cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part of that organ; secrete insulin and other hormones


cerebellum: a major division of the vertebrate brain; situated above the medulla oblongata and beneath the cerebrum in humans


cerebellar hemisphere: either of two lateral lobes of the cerebellum


dentate nucleus: a large laminar nucleus of grey matter within the white matter of each cerebral hemisphere


vermis: the narrow central part of the cerebellum between the two hemispheres


vermis cerebelli: the narrow central part of the cerebellum between the two hemispheres


paleocerebellum: the anterior lobe of the cerebellum which was one of the earliest parts of the hindbrain to develop in mammals


cerebral cortex: the layer of unmyelinated neurons (the grey matter) forming the cortex of the cerebrum


cerebral mantle: the layer of unmyelinated neurons (the grey matter) forming the cortex of the cerebrum


pallium: the layer of unmyelinated neurons (the grey matter) forming the cortex of the cerebrum


cortex: the layer of unmyelinated neurons (the grey matter) forming the cortex of the cerebrum


cortical area: any of various regions of the cerebral cortex


cortical region: any of various regions of the cerebral cortex


association area: cortical areas that are neither motor or sensory but are thought to be involved in higher processing of information


association cortex: cortical areas that are neither motor or sensory but are thought to be involved in higher processing of information


geniculate body: one of four small oval masses that protrude slightly from the underside of the thalamus and function as synaptic centers on the way to the cerebral cortex


lateral geniculate body: a neural structure that serves as a processing station on the way from the retina to the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex


corpus geniculatum laterale: a neural structure that serves as a processing station on the way from the retina to the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex


lateral geniculate: a neural structure that serves as a processing station on the way from the retina to the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex


medial geniculate body: a neural structure that serves as the last of a series of processing centers along the auditory pathway from the cochlea to the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex


corpus geniculatum mediale: a neural structure that serves as the last of a series of processing centers along the auditory pathway from the cochlea to the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex


medial geniculate: a neural structure that serves as the last of a series of processing centers along the auditory pathway from the cochlea to the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex


auditory area: the cortical area that receives auditory information from the medial geniculate body


auditory cortex: the cortical area that receives auditory information from the medial geniculate body


Broca's area: the motor speech center in the left hemisphere of the brain in most people


Broca's center: the motor speech center in the left hemisphere of the brain in most people


Broca's gyrus: the motor speech center in the left hemisphere of the brain in most people


Broca's convolution: the motor speech center in the left hemisphere of the brain in most people


convolution of Broca: the motor speech center in the left hemisphere of the brain in most people


Brodmann's area: one of the cortical areas mapped out on the basis of its cytoarchitecture


frontal gyrus: any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum


temporal gyrus: any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum


parietal gyrus: any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the parietal lobe of the cerebrum


occipital gyrus: any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum


language area: a large cortical area (in the left hemisphere in most people) containing all the centers associated with language


language zone: a large cortical area (in the left hemisphere in most people) containing all the centers associated with language


motor area: the cortical area that influences motor movements


motor region: the cortical area that influences motor movements


motor cortex: the cortical area that influences motor movements


Rolando's area: the cortical area that influences motor movements


excitable area: the cortical area that influences motor movements


sensorium: the areas of the brain that process and register incoming sensory information and make possible the conscious awareness of the world


sensorimotor area: an area of the cortex including the precentral gyrus and the postcentral gyrus and combining sensory and motor functions


sensorimotor region: an area of the cortex including the precentral gyrus and the postcentral gyrus and combining sensory and motor functions


visual area: the cortical area that receives information from the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus


visual cortex: the cortical area that receives information from the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus


Wernicke's area: the auditory word center; located in the posterior part of the superior temporal convolution in most people


Wernicke's center: the auditory word center; located in the posterior part of the superior temporal convolution in most people


cortex: the tissue forming the outer layer of an organ or structure in plant or animal


medulla: the inner part of an organ or structure in plant or animal


adrenal cortex: the cortex of the adrenal gland; secretes corticosterone and sex hormones


renal cortex: the cortex of the kidney containing the glomeruli and the convoluted tubules


adrenal medulla: the medulla of the adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine


corpus callosum: a broad transverse nerve tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres


pyramidal tract: any of the important motor nerves on each side of the central nervous system that run from the sensorimotor areas of the cortex through the brainstem to motor neurons of the cranial nerve nuclei and the ventral root of the spinal cord


pyramidal motor system: any of the important motor nerves on each side of the central nervous system that run from the sensorimotor areas of the cortex through the brainstem to motor neurons of the cranial nerve nuclei and the ventral root of the spinal cord


corticospinal tract: any of the important motor nerves on each side of the central nervous system that run from the sensorimotor areas of the cortex through the brainstem to motor neurons of the cranial nerve nuclei and the ventral root of the spinal cord


cerebrum: anterior portion of the brain consisting of two hemispheres; dominant part of the brain in humans


fold: a folded part (as in skin or muscle)


plica: a folded part (as in skin or muscle)


gyrus: a convex fold or elevation in the surface of the brain


convolution: a convex fold or elevation in the surface of the brain


central gyrus: either of two gyri on either side of the central sulcus


precentral gyrus: the convolution of the frontal lobe that is bounded in back by the central sulcus and that contains the motor area


precordium: the external surface of the body overlying the heart and stomach


postcentral gyrus: the convolution of parietal lobe that is bounded in front by the central sulcus


lobe: (anatomy) a somewhat rounded subdivision of a bodily organ or part


lobule: a small lobe or subdivision of a lobe


frontal lobe: that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying directly behind the forehead


frontal cortex: that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying directly behind the forehead


prefrontal lobe: the anterior part of the frontal lobe


prefrontal cortex: the anterior part of the frontal lobe


parietal lobe: that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying below the crown of the head


parietal cortex: that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying below the crown of the head


occipital lobe: that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying in the back of the head


occipital cortex: that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying in the back of the head


striate cortex: the part of the occipital cortex that receives the fibers of the optic radiation from the lateral geniculate body and is the primary receptive area for vision


striate area: the part of the occipital cortex that receives the fibers of the optic radiation from the lateral geniculate body and is the primary receptive area for vision


first visual area: the part of the occipital cortex that receives the fibers of the optic radiation from the lateral geniculate body and is the primary receptive area for vision


area 17 of Brodmann: the part of the occipital cortex that receives the fibers of the optic radiation from the lateral geniculate body and is the primary receptive area for vision


Brodmann's area 17: the part of the occipital cortex that receives the fibers of the optic radiation from the lateral geniculate body and is the primary receptive area for vision


temporal lobe: that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying inside the temples of the head


temporal ccortex: that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying inside the temples of the head


medulla oblongata: lower or hindmost part of the brain; continuous with spinal cord; (`bulb' is an old term for medulla oblongata)


medulla: lower or hindmost part of the brain; continuous with spinal cord; (`bulb' is an old term for medulla oblongata)


bulb: lower or hindmost part of the brain; continuous with spinal cord; (`bulb' is an old term for medulla oblongata)


amygdala: an almond-shaped neural structure in the anterior part of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum; intimately connected with the hypothalamus and the hippocampus and the cingulate gyrus; as part of the limbic system it plays an important role in motivation and emotional behavior


amygdaloid nucleus: an almond-shaped neural structure in the anterior part of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum; intimately connected with the hypothalamus and the hippocampus and the cingulate gyrus; as part of the limbic system it plays an important role in motivation and emotional behavior


corpus amygdaloideum: an almond-shaped neural structure in the anterior part of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum; intimately connected with the hypothalamus and the hippocampus and the cingulate gyrus; as part of the limbic system it plays an important role in motivation and emotional behavior


forebrain: the anterior portion of the brain; the part of the brain that develops from the anterior part of the neural tube


prosencephalon: the anterior portion of the brain; the part of the brain that develops from the anterior part of the neural tube


hippocampus: a complex neural structure (shaped like a sea horse) consisting of grey matter and located on the floor of each lateral ventricle; intimately involved in motivation and emotion as part of the limbic system; has a central role in the formation of memories


cingulate gyrus: a long curved structure on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres; the cortical part of the limbic system


gyrus cinguli: a long curved structure on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres; the cortical part of the limbic system


telencephalon: the anterior division of the forebrain; the cerebrum and related parts of the hypothalamus


diencephalon: the posterior division of the forebrain; connects the cerebral hemispheres with the mesencephalon


interbrain: the posterior division of the forebrain; connects the cerebral hemispheres with the mesencephalon


betweenbrain: the posterior division of the forebrain; connects the cerebral hemispheres with the mesencephalon


thalmencephalon: the posterior division of the forebrain; connects the cerebral hemispheres with the mesencephalon


basal ganglion: any of several masses of subcortical grey matter at the base of each cerebral hemisphere that seem to be involved in the regulation of voluntary movement


caudate nucleus: a tail-shaped basal ganglion located in a lateral ventricle of the brain


caudate: a tail-shaped basal ganglion located in a lateral ventricle of the brain


claustrum: a layer of grey matter in the brain adjacent to the lenticular nucleus


lenticular nucleus: a basal ganglion shaped like a lens and including the outer reddish putamen and the inner pale yellow pallidum


lentiform nucleus: a basal ganglion shaped like a lens and including the outer reddish putamen and the inner pale yellow pallidum


pallidum: the inner pale yellow part of the lenticular nucleus


globus pallidus: the inner pale yellow part of the lenticular nucleus


paleostriatum: the inner pale yellow part of the lenticular nucleus


putamen: the outer reddish part of the lenticular nucleus


subthalamic nucleus: an oval mass of grey matter located in the caudal part of the subthalamus; associated with the striate body


limbic system: a system of functionally related neural structures in the brain that are involved in emotional behavior


visceral brain: a system of functionally related neural structures in the brain that are involved in emotional behavior


limbic brain: a system of functionally related neural structures in the brain that are involved in emotional behavior


subthalamus: the ventral part of the thalamus


thalamus: large egg-shaped structures of grey matter that form the dorsal subdivision of the diencephalon


hypothalamus: a basal part of the diencephalon governing autonomic nervous system


corpus striatum: a striped mass of white and grey matter located in front of the thalamus in each cerebral hemisphere; consists of the caudate nucleus and the lenticular nucleus


striatum: a striped mass of white and grey matter located in front of the thalamus in each cerebral hemisphere; consists of the caudate nucleus and the lenticular nucleus


striate body: a striped mass of white and grey matter located in front of the thalamus in each cerebral hemisphere; consists of the caudate nucleus and the lenticular nucleus


midbrain: the middle portion of the brain


mesencephalon: the middle portion of the brain


substantia nigra: a layer of deeply pigmented grey matter in the midbrain; associated with the striate body; is involved in metabolic disturbances associated with Parkinson's disease and with Huntington's disease


nucleus niger: a layer of deeply pigmented grey matter in the midbrain; associated with the striate body; is involved in metabolic disturbances associated with Parkinson's disease and with Huntington's disease


locus niger: a layer of deeply pigmented grey matter in the midbrain; associated with the striate body; is involved in metabolic disturbances associated with Parkinson's disease and with Huntington's disease


superior colliculus: an essential visual center between the retina and the striate cortex


inferior colliculus: an essential auditory center in the midbrain


hindbrain: the posterior portion of the brain including cerebellum and brainstem


rhombencephalon: the posterior portion of the brain including cerebellum and brainstem


myelencephalon: the posterior part of the hindbrain in developing vertebrates; forms the medulla oblongata in adults


pons: a band of nerve fibers linking the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum with the midbrain


pons Varolii: a band of nerve fibers linking the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum with the midbrain


brainstem: the part of the brain continuous with the spinal cord and comprising the medulla oblongata and pons and midbrain and parts of the hypothalamus


brain-stem: the part of the brain continuous with the spinal cord and comprising the medulla oblongata and pons and midbrain and parts of the hypothalamus


brain stem: the part of the brain continuous with the spinal cord and comprising the medulla oblongata and pons and midbrain and parts of the hypothalamus


reticulum: any fine network (especially one in the body composed of cells or blood vessels)


neural network: any network of neurons or nuclei that function together to perform some function in the body


neural net: any network of neurons or nuclei that function together to perform some function in the body


nucleus: any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord


reticular formation: a complex neural network in the central core of the brainstem; monitors the state of the body and functions in such processes as arousal and sleep and attention and muscle tone


RF: a complex neural network in the central core of the brainstem; monitors the state of the body and functions in such processes as arousal and sleep and attention and muscle tone


reticular activating system: the network in the reticular formation that serves an alerting or arousal function


RAS: the network in the reticular formation that serves an alerting or arousal function


ventricle: one of four connected cavities in the brain; is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and contains cerebrospinal fluid


fourth ventricle: an irregular ventricle between the third ventricle and the central canal of the spinal cord


third ventricle: a narrow ventricle in the midplane below the corpus callosum; communicates with the fourth ventricle via the Sylvian aqueduct


lateral ventricle: either of two horseshoe-shaped ventricles one in each cerebral hemisphere; they communicate with the third ventricle via the foramen of Monro


cerebral aqueduct: a canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles


Sylvian aqueduct: a canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles


aqueductus cerebri: a canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles


radiation: a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain


spinal cord: a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain; a long tubelike structure extending from the base of the brain through the vertebral canal to the upper lumbar region


medulla spinalis: a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain; a long tubelike structure extending from the base of the brain through the vertebral canal to the upper lumbar region


spinal fluid: clear liquid produced in the ventricles of the brain; fills and protects cavities in the brain and spinal cord


cerebrospinal fluid: clear liquid produced in the ventricles of the brain; fills and protects cavities in the brain and spinal cord


peripheral nervous system: the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord


systema nervosum periphericum: the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord


autonomic nervous system: the part of the nervous system of vertebrates that controls involuntary actions of the smooth muscles and heart and glands


ANS: the part of the nervous system of vertebrates that controls involuntary actions of the smooth muscles and heart and glands


radial nerve: largest branch of the brachial plexus; extends down the humerus to the lateral epicondyle where it divides into one branch that goes to the skin on the back of the hand and another that goes to the underlying extensor muscles


nervus radialis: largest branch of the brachial plexus; extends down the humerus to the lateral epicondyle where it divides into one branch that goes to the skin on the back of the hand and another that goes to the underlying extensor muscles


musculospiral nerve: largest branch of the brachial plexus; extends down the humerus to the lateral epicondyle where it divides into one branch that goes to the skin on the back of the hand and another that goes to the underlying extensor muscles


sympathetic nervous system: originates in the thoracic regions of the spinal cord; opposes physiological effects of the parasympathetic: reduces digestive secretions; speeds the heart; contracts blood vessels


splanchnic nerve: any of several nerves of the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system that innervate viscera and blood vessels


parasympathetic nervous system: originates in the brain stem and lower part of the spinal cord; opposes physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system: stimulates digestive secretions; slows the heart; constricts the pupils; dilates blood vessels


parasympathetic: originates in the brain stem and lower part of the spinal cord; opposes physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system: stimulates digestive secretions; slows the heart; constricts the pupils; dilates blood vessels


brachial plexus: a network of nerves formed by cervical and thoracic spinal nerves and supplying the arm and parts of the shoulder


plexus brachialis: a network of nerves formed by cervical and thoracic spinal nerves and supplying the arm and parts of the shoulder


cardiac plexus: a plexus of nerves supplying the heart and nearby structures


plexus cardiacus: a plexus of nerves supplying the heart and nearby structures


carotid plexus: a plexus of nerves surrounding the internal carotid artery


plexus caroticus: a plexus of nerves surrounding the internal carotid artery


cervical plexus: a nerve plexus lying beneath the sternocleidomastoid muscle


plexus cervicalis: a nerve plexus lying beneath the sternocleidomastoid muscle


choroid plexus: a vascular plexus of the cerebral ventricles that regulate intraventricular pressure


plexus choroideus: a vascular plexus of the cerebral ventricles that regulate intraventricular pressure


coccygeal plexus: a small plexus formed by the fifth sacral and coccygeal nerves


plexus coccygeus: a small plexus formed by the fifth sacral and coccygeal nerves


hypogastric plexus: a plexus of nerves serving the pelvic viscera


plexus hypogastricus: a plexus of nerves serving the pelvic viscera


lumbar plexus: a plexus of nerves formed by the ventral branches of the first four lumbar nerves


plexus lumbalis: a plexus of nerves formed by the ventral branches of the first four lumbar nerves


lumbar plexus: a lymphatic plexus located along the lower portion of the aorta and iliac vessels


plexus lumbalis: a lymphatic plexus located along the lower portion of the aorta and iliac vessels


lumbosacral plexus: a nerve plexus formed by the ventral divisions of the coccygeal and sacral and lumbar nerves; supplies the lower limbs and perineum and coccygeal area


mesenteric plexus: a plexus of autonomic nerves


plexus mesentericus: a plexus of autonomic nerves


myenteric plexus: a plexus of unmyelinated fibers and postganglionic autonomic cell bodies in the muscular coat of the esophagus and stomach and intestines


plexus myentericus: a plexus of unmyelinated fibers and postganglionic autonomic cell bodies in the muscular coat of the esophagus and stomach and intestines


periarterial plexus: an autonomic plexus that accompanies an artery


plexus periarterialis: an autonomic plexus that accompanies an artery


plexus dentalis: a plexus of nerves serving the teeth


pterygoid plexus: a plexus of veins draining the region of the pterygoid muscles and draining into the internal maxillary and anterior facial veins


pulmonary plexis: one of two autonomic nerve plexuses in each lung


plexus pulmonalis: one of two autonomic nerve plexuses in each lung


sacral plexus: a nerve plexus formed by the 4th and 5th lumbar and 1st, 2nd, 3rd sacral nerves; supplies the pelvic region and lower limbs


plexus sacralis: a nerve plexus formed by the 4th and 5th lumbar and 1st, 2nd, 3rd sacral nerves; supplies the pelvic region and lower limbs


solar plexus: a large plexus of sympathetic nerves in the abdomen behind the stomach


coeliac plexus: a large plexus of sympathetic nerves in the abdomen behind the stomach


plexus celiacus: a large plexus of sympathetic nerves in the abdomen behind the stomach


abdominal nerve plexus: a large plexus of sympathetic nerves in the abdomen behind the stomach


pit of the stomach: a slight depression in the midline just below the sternum (where a blow can affect the solar plexus)


epigastric fossa: a slight depression in the midline just below the sternum (where a blow can affect the solar plexus)


reproductive system: organs and tissues involved in the production and maturation of gametes and in their union and subsequent development as offspring


genital system: organs and tissues involved in the production and maturation of gametes and in their union and subsequent development as offspring


urogenital system: the system that includes all organs involved in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urine


urogenital apparatus: the system that includes all organs involved in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urine


urinary system: the system that includes all organs involved in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urine


urinary apparatus: the system that includes all organs involved in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urine


genitourinary system: the system that includes all organs involved in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urine


genitourinary apparatus: the system that includes all organs involved in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urine


systema urogenitale: the system that includes all organs involved in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urine


apparatus urogenitalis: the system that includes all organs involved in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urine


respiratory system: the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide; in terrestrial animals this is accomplished by breathing


systema respiratorium: the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide; in terrestrial animals this is accomplished by breathing


respiratory tract: the passages through which air enters and leaves the body


airway: the passages through which air enters and leaves the body


lower respiratory tract: the bronchi and lungs


upper respiratory tract: the nose and throat and trachea


sensory system: the body's system of sense organs


tract: a system of body parts that together serve some particular purpose


urinary tract: the organs and tubes involved in the production and excretion of urine


vascular system: the vessels and tissue that carry or circulate fluids such as blood or lymph or sap through the body of an animal or plant


circulatory system: the organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body


cardiovascular system: the organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body


fetal circulation: the system of blood vessels and structures through which blood moves in a fetus


foetal circulation: the system of blood vessels and structures through which blood moves in a fetus


bladder: a distensible membranous sac (usually containing liquid or gas)


vesica: a distensible membranous sac (usually containing liquid or gas)


urinary bladder: a membranous sac for temporary retention of urine


introitus: entrance or opening to a hollow organ or tube (especially the vaginal opening)


urethral orifice: the orifice through which urine is discharged


external orifice: the orifice through which urine is discharged


ureter: either of a pair of thick-walled tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder


urethra: duct through which urine is discharged in most mammals and which serves as the male genital duct


reproductive organ: any organ involved in sexual reproduction


sex organ: any organ involved in sexual reproduction


female reproductive system: the reproductive system of females


male reproductive system: the reproductive system of males


genitalia: external sex organ


genital organ: external sex organ


genitals: external sex organ


private parts: external sex organ


privates: external sex organ


crotch: external sex organ


pudendum: human external genital organs collectively especially of a female


female genitalia: external female sex organs


female genitals: external female sex organs


female genital organ: external female sex organs


fanny: external female sex organs


female internal reproductive organ: the reproductive organs of a woman


male genitalia: external male sex organs


male genitals: external male sex organs


male genital organ: external male sex organs


family jewels: external male sex organs


male internal reproductive organ: the reproductive organs of a man


ovary: (vertebrates) one of usually two organs that produce ova and secrete estrogen and progesterone


ovotestis: hermaphroditic gonad that contains both testicular and ovarian tissue


sac: a structure resembling a bag in an animal


target organ: (radiology) organ intended to receive the therapeutic dose of a radioactive substance


taret organ: (endocrinology) organ most affected by a particular hormone


acinus: one of the small sacs or saclike dilations in a compound gland


bursa: a small fluid-filled sac located between movable parts of the body especially at joints


cisterna: a sac or cavity containing fluid especially lymph or cerebrospinal fluid


cistern: a sac or cavity containing fluid especially lymph or cerebrospinal fluid


pouch: (anatomy) saclike structure in any of various animals (as a marsupial or gopher or pelican)


pocket: (anatomy) saclike structure in any of various animals (as a marsupial or gopher or pelican)


cheek pouch: a membranous pouch inside the mouth of many rodents (as a gopher)


marsupium: an external abdominal pouch in most marsupials where newborn offspring are suckled


scrotum: the external pouch that contains the testes


vesicle: a small anatomically normal sac or bladderlike structure (especially one containing fluid)


cyst: a small anatomically normal sac or bladderlike structure (especially one containing fluid)


blister: (pathology) an elevation of the skin filled with serous fluid


bulla: (pathology) an elevation of the skin filled with serous fluid


bleb: (pathology) an elevation of the skin filled with serous fluid


follicle: any small spherical group of cells containing a cavity


hair follicle: a small tubular cavity containing the root of a hair; small muscles and sebaceous glands are associated with them


Graafian follicle: a vascular body in a mammalian ovary enclosing a developing egg


corpus luteum: yellow endocrine tissue that forms in a ruptured Graafian follicle following the release of an ovum; it degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun


Fallopian tube: either of a pair of tubes conducting the egg from the ovary to the uterus


uterine tube: either of a pair of tubes conducting the egg from the ovary to the uterus


oviduct: either of a pair of tubes conducting the egg from the ovary to the uterus


uterus: a hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of females; contains the developing fetus


womb: a hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of females; contains the developing fetus


uterine cavity: the space inside the uterus between the cervical canal and the Fallopian tubes


cervical canal: a spindle-shaped canal extending from the uterus to the vagina


canalis cervicis uteri: a spindle-shaped canal extending from the uterus to the vagina


decidua: the epithelial tissue of the endometrium


endometrium: (pregnancy) the mucous membrane that lines the uterus; thickens under hormonal control and (if pregnancy does not occur) is shed in menstruation; if pregnancy occurs it is shed along with the placenta at parturition


myometrium: the smooth muscle forming the wall of the uterus


liposome: an artificially made microscopic vesicle into which nucleic acids can be packaged; used in molecular biology as a transducing vector


umbilical cord: membranous duct connecting the fetus with the placenta


umbilical: membranous duct connecting the fetus with the placenta


placenta: the vascular structure in the uterus of most mammals providing oxygen and nutrients for and transferring wastes from the developing fetus


afterbirth: the placenta and fetal membranes that are expelled from the uterus after the baby is born


vagina: the lower part of the female reproductive tract; a moist canal in female mammals extending from the labia minora to the uterus


cunt: obscene terms for female genitals


puss: obscene terms for female genitals


pussy: obscene terms for female genitals


slit: obscene terms for female genitals


snatch: obscene terms for female genitals


twat: obscene terms for female genitals


vulva: external parts of the female genitalia


hymen: a fold of tissue that partly covers the entrance to the vagina of a virgin


maidenhead: a fold of tissue that partly covers the entrance to the vagina of a virgin


virginal membrane: a fold of tissue that partly covers the entrance to the vagina of a virgin


imperforate hymen: hymen that is completely closed so that menstrual blood cannot flow out


mons: a mound of fatty tissue covering the pubic area in women


mons veneris: a mound of fatty tissue covering the pubic area in women


mons pubis: a mound of fatty tissue covering the pubic area in women


labium: a liplike structure that bounds a bodily orifice (especially any of the four labiate folds of a woman's vulva)


labia majora: the two outer folds of the vulva


pudendal cleft: the fissure between the labia majora


urogenital cleft: the fissure between the labia majora


rima pudendi: the fissure between the labia majora


rima vulvae: the fissure between the labia majora


pudendal cleavage: the fissure between the labia majora


pudendal slit: the fissure between the labia majora


vulvar slit: the fissure between the labia majora


labia minora: the two inner folds of the vulva


vestibule of the vagina: the space between the labia minora containing the orifice of the urethra


erectile organ: an organ containing erectile tissue


clitoris: a female sexual organ homologous to the penis


clit: a female sexual organ homologous to the penis


button: a female sexual organ homologous to the penis


Cowper's gland: either of two glands that discharge a component of seminal fluid into the urethra; homologous to Bartholin's gland in the female


bulbourethral gland: either of two glands that discharge a component of seminal fluid into the urethra; homologous to Bartholin's gland in the female


Bartholin's gland: either of the two posterior vestibular glands that secrete a lubricating mucus; homologous to Cowper's gland in the male


cervical glands: mucus-secreting glands in the mucosa of the uterine cervix


cervical glands of the uterus: mucus-secreting glands in the mucosa of the uterine cervix


glandulae cervicales uteri: mucus-secreting glands in the mucosa of the uterine cervix


seminiferous tubule: any of the numerous long convoluted tubules in the testis which are the sites where spermatozoa mature


gonad: a gland in which gametes (sex cells) are produced


sex gland: a gland in which gametes (sex cells) are produced


testis: one of the two male reproductive glands that produce spermatozoa and secrete androgens


testicle: one of the two male reproductive glands that produce spermatozoa and secrete androgens


orchis: one of the two male reproductive glands that produce spermatozoa and secrete androgens


ball: one of the two male reproductive glands that produce spermatozoa and secrete androgens


ballock: one of the two male reproductive glands that produce spermatozoa and secrete androgens


bollock: one of the two male reproductive glands that produce spermatozoa and secrete androgens


nut: one of the two male reproductive glands that produce spermatozoa and secrete androgens


egg: one of the two male reproductive glands that produce spermatozoa and secrete androgens


cobblers: a man's testicles (from Cockney rhyming slang: cobbler's awl rhymes with ball)


male reproductive gland: the reproductive organs of a man


undescended testis: a testis that fails to move into the scrotum as the male fetus develops


undescended testicle: a testis that fails to move into the scrotum as the male fetus develops


epididymis: a convoluted tubule in each testis; carries sperm to vas deferens


rete testis: network of tubules carrying sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vasa efferentia


vasa efferentia: the several highly convoluted tubules that lead from the rete testis to the vas deferens and form the head of the epididymis


vas deferens: a duct that carries spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct


ductus deferens: a duct that carries spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct


penis: the male organ of copulation (`member' is a euphemism)


phallus: the male organ of copulation (`member' is a euphemism)


member: the male organ of copulation (`member' is a euphemism)


cock: obscene terms for penis


prick: obscene terms for penis


dick: obscene terms for penis


shaft: obscene terms for penis


pecker: obscene terms for penis


peter: obscene terms for penis


tool: obscene terms for penis


putz: obscene terms for penis


micropenis: an abnormally small penis


microphallus: an abnormally small penis


prepuce: a fold of skin covering the tip of the penis


foreskin: a fold of skin covering the tip of the penis


prepuce: a fold of skin covering the tip of the clitoris


foreskin: a fold of skin covering the tip of the clitoris


seminal duct: the efferent duct of the testis in man


ejaculatory duct: a part of the seminal duct formed by the duct from the seminal vesicle and the vas deferens; passes through the prostate gland


seminal vesicle: either of a pair of glands located on either side of the male urinary bladder that open into the vas deferens and that secrete many components of semen during ejaculation


spermatic cord: a structure resembling a cord that suspends the testis within the scrotum and contains the vas deferens and other vessels and nerves


respiratory organ: any organ involved in the process of respiration


book lung: organ in many arachnids containing many thin folds of membrane resembling the leaves of a book


alveolus: a tiny sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of tiny air passageways


air sac: a tiny sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of tiny air passageways


air cell: a tiny sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of tiny air passageways


nasal cavity: either of the two cavities lying between the floor of the cranium and the roof of the mouth and extending from the face to the pharynx


nasopharynx: cavity forming the upper part of the pharynx


oropharynx: cavity formed by the pharynx at the back of the mouth


laryngopharynx: the lower part of the pharynx


pharyngeal tonsil: a collection of lymphatic tissue in the throat behind the uvula (on the posterior wall and roof of the nasopharynx)


adenoid: a collection of lymphatic tissue in the throat behind the uvula (on the posterior wall and roof of the nasopharynx)


Luschka's tonsil: a collection of lymphatic tissue in the throat behind the uvula (on the posterior wall and roof of the nasopharynx)


third tonsil: a collection of lymphatic tissue in the throat behind the uvula (on the posterior wall and roof of the nasopharynx)


tonsilla pharyngealis: a collection of lymphatic tissue in the throat behind the uvula (on the posterior wall and roof of the nasopharynx)


tonsilla adenoidea: a collection of lymphatic tissue in the throat behind the uvula (on the posterior wall and roof of the nasopharynx)


larynx: a cartilaginous structure at the top of the trachea; contains elastic vocal cords that are the source of the vocal tone in speech


voice box: a cartilaginous structure at the top of the trachea; contains elastic vocal cords that are the source of the vocal tone in speech


arytenoid: either of two small cartilages at the back of the larynx to which the vocal folds are attached


arytaenoid: either of two small cartilages at the back of the larynx to which the vocal folds are attached


arytenoid cartilage: either of two small cartilages at the back of the larynx to which the vocal folds are attached


thyroid cartilage: the largest cartilage of the larynx


Adam's apple: the largest cartilage of the larynx


vocal cord: either of two pairs of folds of mucous membrane projecting into the larynx


vocal fold: either of two pairs of folds of mucous membrane projecting into the larynx


vocal band: either of two pairs of folds of mucous membrane projecting into the larynx


plica vocalis: either of two pairs of folds of mucous membrane projecting into the larynx


false vocal cord: either of the upper two vocal cords that are not involved in vocalization


false vocal fold: either of the upper two vocal cords that are not involved in vocalization


superior vocal cord: either of the upper two vocal cords that are not involved in vocalization


ventricular fold: either of the upper two vocal cords that are not involved in vocalization


vestibular fold: either of the upper two vocal cords that are not involved in vocalization


true vocal cord: either of the two lower vocal folds that come together to form the glottis; produce a vocal tone when they are approximated and air from the lungs passes between them


true vocal fold: either of the two lower vocal folds that come together to form the glottis; produce a vocal tone when they are approximated and air from the lungs passes between them


inferior vocal cord: either of the two lower vocal folds that come together to form the glottis; produce a vocal tone when they are approximated and air from the lungs passes between them


inferior vocal fold: either of the two lower vocal folds that come together to form the glottis; produce a vocal tone when they are approximated and air from the lungs passes between them


cartilaginous structure: body structure given shape by cartilage


cartilaginous tube: a duct with cartilaginous walls


bronchus: either of the two main branches of the trachea


bronchial tube: either of the two main branches of the trachea


bronchiole: any of the smallest bronchial ducts; ending in alveoli


trachea: membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi


windpipe: membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi


trachea: one of the tubules forming the respiratory system of most insects and many arachnids


alimentary canal: tubular passage of mucous membrane and muscle extending about 8.3 meters from mouth to anus; functions in digestion and elimination


alimentary tract: tubular passage of mucous membrane and muscle extending about 8.3 meters from mouth to anus; functions in digestion and elimination


digestive tube: tubular passage of mucous membrane and muscle extending about 8.3 meters from mouth to anus; functions in digestion and elimination


digestive tract: tubular passage of mucous membrane and muscle extending about 8.3 meters from mouth to anus; functions in digestion and elimination


gastrointestinal tract: tubular passage of mucous membrane and muscle extending about 8.3 meters from mouth to anus; functions in digestion and elimination


GI tract: tubular passage of mucous membrane and muscle extending about 8.3 meters from mouth to anus; functions in digestion and elimination


enteron: the alimentary canal (especially of an embryo or a coelenterate)


digestive gland: any gland having ducts that pour secretions into the digestive tract


salivary gland: any of three pairs of glands in the mouth and digestive system that secrete saliva for digestion


parotid gland: a large salivary gland that produces 50% of daytime saliva; in human beings it is located in front of and below each ear


sublingual gland: a small salivary gland that produces mucin (the viscous component of saliva); in human beings it is located on either side of the mouth under the tongue


sublingual salivary gland: a small salivary gland that produces mucin (the viscous component of saliva); in human beings it is located on either side of the mouth under the tongue


submaxillary gland: a salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva; discharges saliva into the mouth under the tongue


submaxillary salivary gland: a salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva; discharges saliva into the mouth under the tongue


submandibular gland: a salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva; discharges saliva into the mouth under the tongue


submandibular salivary gland: a salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva; discharges saliva into the mouth under the tongue


mandibular gland: a salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva; discharges saliva into the mouth under the tongue


esophagus: the passage between the pharynx and the stomach


oesophagus: the passage between the pharynx and the stomach


gorge: the passage between the pharynx and the stomach


gullet: the passage between the pharynx and the stomach


epicardia: the short part of the esophagus extending downward from the diaphragm to the stomach


intestine: the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus


bowel: the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus


gut: the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus


hindgut: the caudal part of the alimentary canal in vertebrate embryos


small intestine: the longest part of the alimentary canal; where digestion is completed


duodenum: the part of the small intestine between the stomach and the jejunum


pylorus: a small circular opening between the stomach and the duodenum


jejunum: the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum


ileum: the part of the small intestine between the jejunum and the cecum


large intestine: beginning with the cecum and ending with the rectum; includes the cecum and the colon and the rectum; extracts moisture from food residues which are later excreted as feces


colon: the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted


megacolon: an abnormal enlargement of the colon; can be congenital (as in Hirschsprung's disease) or acquired (as when children refuse to defecate)


cecum: the cavity in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens


caecum: the cavity in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens


blind gut: the cavity in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens


ileocecal valve: valve between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine; prevents material from flowing back from the large to the small intestine


transverse colon: the part of the large intestine that extends across the abdominal cavity and joins the ascending to the descending colon


ascending colon: the part of the large intestine that ascends from the cecum to the transverse colon


descending colon: the part of the large intestine that descends from the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon


sigmoid colon: the s-shaped curve between the descending colon and the rectum


sigmoid flexure: the s-shaped curve between the descending colon and the rectum


appendix: a vestigial process that extends from the lower end of the cecum and that resembles a small pouch


vermiform appendix: a vestigial process that extends from the lower end of the cecum and that resembles a small pouch


vermiform process: a vestigial process that extends from the lower end of the cecum and that resembles a small pouch


cecal appendage: a vestigial process that extends from the lower end of the cecum and that resembles a small pouch


rectum: the terminal section of the alimentary canal; from the sigmoid flexure to the anus


anus: the excretory opening at the end of the alimentary canal


arse: vulgar slang for anus


arsehole: vulgar slang for anus


asshole: vulgar slang for anus


bunghole: vulgar slang for anus


imperforate anus: a congenital defect of the anus; there is partial or complete obstruction of the anal opening


perineum: the general region between the anus and the genital organs


head: the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains


caput: the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains


poll: the part of the head between the ears


human head: the head of a human being


bullethead: a head shaped like a bullet


attic: informal terms for a human head


bean: informal terms for a human head


bonce: informal terms for a human head