klebsiella: a genus of nonmotile rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria; some cause respiratory and other infections


genus Salmonella: a genus of bacteria


salmonella: rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria; cause typhoid fever and food poisoning; can be used as a bioweapon


Salmonella enteritidis: a form of salmonella that causes gastroenteritis in humans


Gartner's bacillus: a form of salmonella that causes gastroenteritis in humans


Salmonella typhimurium: a form of salmonella that causes food poisoning in humans


typhoid bacillus: a form of salmonella that causes typhoid fever


Salmonella typhosa: a form of salmonella that causes typhoid fever


Salmonella typhi: a form of salmonella that causes typhoid fever


genus Serratia: a genus of motile peritrichous bacteria that contain small Gram-negative rod


Serratia: a genus of motile peritrichous bacteria that contain small Gram-negative rod


Serratia marcescens: the type species of the genus Serratia; a species found in water and soil and milk and foods and insects; can cause infections of the endocardium and blood and wounds and urinary tract and respiratory tract; has been tested as a bioweapon


genus Shigella: a genus of bacteria


shigella: rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria; some are pathogenic for warm-blooded animals; can be used as a bioweapon


shiga bacillus: a bacillus that causes dysentery


Shigella dysentariae: a bacillus that causes dysentery


genus Erwinia: a genus of bacteria


erwinia: rod-shaped motile bacteria that attack plants


endospore-forming bacteria: a group of true bacteria


Rickettsiales: pleomorphic Gram-negative microorganisms


order Rickettsiales: pleomorphic Gram-negative microorganisms


Rickettsiaceae: microorganism resembling bacteria inhabiting arthropod tissues but capable of causing disease in vertebrates


family Rickettsiaceae: microorganism resembling bacteria inhabiting arthropod tissues but capable of causing disease in vertebrates


genus Rickettsia: can cause typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever in humans


rickettsia: any of a group of very small rod-shaped bacteria that live in biting arthropods (as ticks and mites) and cause disease in vertebrate hosts; they cause typhus and other febrile diseases in human beings


tumor virus: a cell-free filtrate held to be a virus responsible for a specific neoplasm


wound tumor virus: a tumor virus transmitted by leafhoppers


WTV: a tumor virus transmitted by leafhoppers


vector: (genetics) a virus or other agent that is used to deliver DNA to a cell


cosmid: (genetics) a large vector that is made from a bacteriophage and used to clone genes or gene fragments


Chlamydiaceae: Gram-negative parasites in warm-blooded vertebrates


family Chlamydiaceae: Gram-negative parasites in warm-blooded vertebrates


genus Chlamydia: type genus of the family Chlamydiaceae: disease-causing parasites


chlamydia: coccoid rickettsia infesting birds and mammals; cause infections of eyes and lungs and genitourinary tract


Chlamydia psittaci: bacteria responsible for the sexually transmitted disease chlamydia


C. psittaci: bacteria responsible for the sexually transmitted disease chlamydia


Chlamydia trachomatis: bacteria responsible for the sexually transmitted diseases chlamydia and lymphogranuloma venereum


C. trachomatis: bacteria responsible for the sexually transmitted diseases chlamydia and lymphogranuloma venereum


Mycoplasmatales: coextensive with the family Mycoplasmataceae


order Mycoplasmatales: coextensive with the family Mycoplasmataceae


Mycoplasmataceae: pleomorphic Gram-negative nonmotile microorganism similar to both viruses and bacteria; parasitic in mammals


family Mycoplasmataceae: pleomorphic Gram-negative nonmotile microorganism similar to both viruses and bacteria; parasitic in mammals


genus Mycoplasma: type and sole genus of the family Mycoplasmataceae


mycoplasma: any of a group of small parasitic bacteria that lack cell walls and can survive without oxygen; can cause pneumonia and urinary tract infection


pleuropneumonialike organism: a mycoplasma resistant to antibiotics that causes a kind of pneumonia in humans


PPLO: a mycoplasma resistant to antibiotics that causes a kind of pneumonia in humans


Legionella pneumophilia: the motile aerobic rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium that thrives in central heating and air conditioning systems and can cause Legionnaires' disease


legionella: the motile aerobic rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium that thrives in central heating and air conditioning systems and can cause Legionnaires' disease


nitrobacterium: any of the bacteria in the soil that take part in the nitrogen cycle; they oxidize ammonium compounds into nitrites or oxidize nitrites into nitrates


nitrate bacterium: any of the nitrobacteria that oxidize nitrites into nitrates


nitric bacterium: any of the nitrobacteria that oxidize nitrites into nitrates


nitrite bacterium: any of the nitrobacteria that oxidize ammonia into nitrites


nitrous bacterium: any of the nitrobacteria that oxidize ammonia into nitrites


Actinomycetales: filamentous or rod-shaped bacteria


order Actinomycetales: filamentous or rod-shaped bacteria


actinomycete: any bacteria (some of which are pathogenic for humans and animals) belonging to the order Actinomycetales


Actinomycetaceae: filamentous anaerobic bacteria


family Actinomycetaceae: filamentous anaerobic bacteria


genus Actinomyces: type genus of the family Actinomycetaceae


actinomyces: soil-inhabiting saprophytes and disease-producing plant and animal parasites


Streptomycetaceae: higher bacteria typically aerobic soil saprophytes


family Streptomycetaceae: higher bacteria typically aerobic soil saprophytes


genus Streptomyces: type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae


streptomyces: aerobic bacteria (some of which produce the antibiotic streptomycin)


Streptomyces erythreus: source of the antibiotic erythromycin


Streptomyces griseus: source of the antibiotic streptomycin


potato scab bacteria: cause of a potato disease characterized by brownish corky tissue


Streptomyces scabies: cause of a potato disease characterized by brownish corky tissue


Mycobacteriaceae: a family of bacteria


family Mycobacteriaceae: a family of bacteria


genus Mycobacterium: nonmotile Gram-positive aerobic bacteria


mycobacteria: rod-shaped bacteria some saprophytic or causing diseases


mycobacterium: rod-shaped bacteria some saprophytic or causing diseases


tubercle bacillus: cause of tuberculosis


Mycobacterium tuberculosis: cause of tuberculosis


penicillin-resistant bacteria: bacteria that are unaffected by penicillin


pus-forming bacteria: bacteria that produce pus


rod: any rod-shaped bacterium


streptobacillus: any of various rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria


leprosy bacillus: cause of leprosy


Mycobacterium leprae: cause of leprosy


order Myxobacteria: an order of higher bacteria


Myxobacterales: an order of higher bacteria


order Myxobacterales: an order of higher bacteria


Myxobacteriales: an order of higher bacteria


order Myxobacteriales: an order of higher bacteria


Polyangiaceae: bacteria living mostly in soils and on dung


family Polyangiaceae: bacteria living mostly in soils and on dung


Myxobacteriaceae: bacteria living mostly in soils and on dung


family Myxobacteriaceae: bacteria living mostly in soils and on dung


Polyangium: type genus of the family Polyangiaceae: myxobacteria with rounded fruiting bodies enclosed in a membrane


genus Polyangium: type genus of the family Polyangiaceae: myxobacteria with rounded fruiting bodies enclosed in a membrane


myxobacteria: bacteria that form colonies in self-produced slime; inhabit moist soils or decaying plant matter or animal waste


myxobacterium: bacteria that form colonies in self-produced slime; inhabit moist soils or decaying plant matter or animal waste


myxobacter: bacteria that form colonies in self-produced slime; inhabit moist soils or decaying plant matter or animal waste


gliding bacteria: bacteria that form colonies in self-produced slime; inhabit moist soils or decaying plant matter or animal waste


slime bacteria: bacteria that form colonies in self-produced slime; inhabit moist soils or decaying plant matter or animal waste


Micrococcaceae: spherical or elliptical usually aerobic eubacteria that produce yellow or orange or red pigment; includes toxin-producing forms as well as harmless commensals and saprophytes


family Micrococcaceae: spherical or elliptical usually aerobic eubacteria that produce yellow or orange or red pigment; includes toxin-producing forms as well as harmless commensals and saprophytes


Micrococcus: type genus of the family Micrococcaceae


genus Micrococcus: type genus of the family Micrococcaceae


genus Staphylococcus: includes many pathogenic species


staphylococcus: spherical Gram-positive parasitic bacteria that tend to form irregular colonies; some cause boils or septicemia or infections


staphylococci: spherical Gram-positive parasitic bacteria that tend to form irregular colonies; some cause boils or septicemia or infections


staph: spherical Gram-positive parasitic bacteria that tend to form irregular colonies; some cause boils or septicemia or infections


Lactobacillaceae: lactic acid bacteria and important pathogens; bacteria that ferment carbohydrates chiefly into lactic acid


family Lactobacillaceae: lactic acid bacteria and important pathogens; bacteria that ferment carbohydrates chiefly into lactic acid


Lactobacteriaceae: lactic acid bacteria and important pathogens; bacteria that ferment carbohydrates chiefly into lactic acid


family Lactobacteriaceae: lactic acid bacteria and important pathogens; bacteria that ferment carbohydrates chiefly into lactic acid


genus Lactobacillus: type genus of the family Lactobacillaceae


lactobacillus: a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium that produces lactic acid (especially in milk)


acidophilus: a bacterium that is used to make yogurt and to supplement probiotics


Lactobacillus acidophilus: a bacterium that is used to make yogurt and to supplement probiotics


genus Diplococcus: a genus of bacteria


diplococcus: Gram-positive bacteria usually occurring in pairs


pneumococcus: bacterium causing pneumonia in mice and humans


Diplococcus pneumoniae: bacterium causing pneumonia in mice and humans


genus Streptococcus: a genus of bacteria


streptococcus: spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in pairs or chains; cause e.g. scarlet fever and tonsillitis


streptococci: spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in pairs or chains; cause e.g. scarlet fever and tonsillitis


strep: spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in pairs or chains; cause e.g. scarlet fever and tonsillitis


Streptococcus anhemolyticus: a species of bacteria


Spirochaetales: higher bacteria; slender spiral rodlike forms


order Spirochaetales: higher bacteria; slender spiral rodlike forms


Spirochaetaceae: large coarsely spiral bacteria; free-living in fresh or salt water or commensal in bodies of oysters


family Spirochaetaceae: large coarsely spiral bacteria; free-living in fresh or salt water or commensal in bodies of oysters


Spirochaeta: the type genus of the family Spirochaetaceae; a bacterium that is flexible, undulating, and chiefly aquatic


genus Spirochaeta: the type genus of the family Spirochaetaceae; a bacterium that is flexible, undulating, and chiefly aquatic


spirochete: parasitic or free-living bacteria; many pathogenic to humans and other animals


spirochaete: parasitic or free-living bacteria; many pathogenic to humans and other animals


Treponemataceae: small spirochetes some parasitic or pathogenic


family Treponemataceae: small spirochetes some parasitic or pathogenic


genus Treponema: type genus of Treponemataceae: anaerobic spirochetes with an undulating rigid body; parasitic in warm-blooded animals


treponema: spirochete that causes disease in humans (e.g. syphilis and yaws)


genus Borrelia: small flexible parasitic spirochetes having three to five wavy spirals


borrelia: cause of e.g. European and African relapsing fever


Borrelia burgdorferi: cause of Lyme disease; transmitted primarily by ticks of genus Ixodes


Lime disease spirochete: cause of Lyme disease; transmitted primarily by ticks of genus Ixodes


genus Leptospira: very slender aerobic spirochetes; free-living or parasitic in mammals


leptospira: important pathogens causing Weil's disease or canicola fever


plankton: the aggregate of small plant and animal organisms that float or drift in great numbers in fresh or salt water


phytoplankton: photosynthetic or plant constituent of plankton; mainly unicellular algae


planktonic algae: unicellular algae


zooplankton: animal constituent of plankton; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae


nekton: the aggregate of actively swimming animals in a body of water ranging from microscopic organisms to whales


microbe: a minute life form (especially a disease-causing bacterium); the term is not in technical use


bug: a minute life form (especially a disease-causing bacterium); the term is not in technical use


germ: a minute life form (especially a disease-causing bacterium); the term is not in technical use


parasite: an animal or plant that lives in or on a host (another animal or plant); it obtains nourishment from the host without benefiting or killing the host


endoparasite: any of various parasites that live in the internal organs of animals (especially intestinal worms)


entoparasite: any of various parasites that live in the internal organs of animals (especially intestinal worms)


entozoan: any of various parasites that live in the internal organs of animals (especially intestinal worms)


entozoon: any of various parasites that live in the internal organs of animals (especially intestinal worms)


endozoan: any of various parasites that live in the internal organs of animals (especially intestinal worms)


ectoparasite: any external parasitic organism (as fleas)


ectozoan: any external parasitic organism (as fleas)


ectozoon: any external parasitic organism (as fleas)


epizoan: any external parasitic organism (as fleas)


epizoon: any external parasitic organism (as fleas)


host: an animal or plant that nourishes and supports a parasite; it does not benefit and is often harmed by the association


intermediate host: a host that is used by a parasite in the course of its life cycle


definitive host: the host in which the sexual reproduction of a parasite takes place


pathogen: any disease-producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other microorganism)


commensal: either of two different animal or plant species living in close association but not interdependent


myrmecophile: an organism such as an insect that habitually shares the nest of a species of ant


Protoctista: in most modern classifications, replacement for the Protista; includes: Protozoa; Euglenophyta; Chlorophyta; Cryptophyta; Heterokontophyta; Rhodophyta; unicellular protists and their descendant multicellular organisms: regarded as distinct from plants and animals


kingdom Protoctista: in most modern classifications, replacement for the Protista; includes: Protozoa; Euglenophyta; Chlorophyta; Cryptophyta; Heterokontophyta; Rhodophyta; unicellular protists and their descendant multicellular organisms: regarded as distinct from plants and animals


protoctist: any of the unicellular protists


Protista: eukaryotic one-celled living organisms distinct from multicellular plants and animals: protozoa, slime molds, and eukaryotic algae


division Protista: eukaryotic one-celled living organisms distinct from multicellular plants and animals: protozoa, slime molds, and eukaryotic algae


protist: free-living or colonial organisms with diverse nutritional and reproductive modes


protistan: free-living or colonial organisms with diverse nutritional and reproductive modes


protoctist family: any of the families of Protoctista


protoctist genus: any genus of Protoctista


Pyrrophyta: a division of lower plants comprising unicellular and biflagellate algae that form starchy compounds


phylum Pyrrophyta: a division of lower plants comprising unicellular and biflagellate algae that form starchy compounds


Protozoa: in some classifications considered a superphylum or a subkingdom; comprises flagellates; ciliates; sporozoans; amoebas; foraminifers


phylum Protozoa: in some classifications considered a superphylum or a subkingdom; comprises flagellates; ciliates; sporozoans; amoebas; foraminifers


protozoan: any of diverse minute acellular or unicellular organisms usually nonphotosynthetic


protozoon: any of diverse minute acellular or unicellular organisms usually nonphotosynthetic


Sarcodina: characterized by the formation of pseudopods for locomotion and taking food: Actinopoda; Rhizopoda


class Sarcodina: characterized by the formation of pseudopods for locomotion and taking food: Actinopoda; Rhizopoda


sarcodinian: protozoa that move and capture food by forming pseudopods


sarcodine: protozoa that move and capture food by forming pseudopods


Actinopoda: heliozoans; radiolarians


subclass Actinopoda: heliozoans; radiolarians


actinopod: protozoa having stiff rodlike radiating pseudopods


Heliozoa: mostly freshwater protozoa


order Heliozoa: mostly freshwater protozoa


heliozoan: protozoa with spherical bodies and stiff radiating pseudopods


Radiolaria: marine protozoa


order Radiolaria: marine protozoa


radiolarian: protozoa with amoeba-like bodies and radiating filamentous pseudopods


Rhizopoda: creeping protozoans: amoebas and foraminifers


subclass Rhizopoda: creeping protozoans: amoebas and foraminifers


rhizopod: protozoa characterized by a pseudopod


rhizopodan: protozoa characterized by a pseudopod


Amoebida: the animal order including amoebas


order Amoebida: the animal order including amoebas


Amoebina: the animal order including amoebas


order Amoebina: the animal order including amoebas


genus Amoeba: protozoan inhabiting moist soils or bottom vegetation in fresh or salt water


Endamoebidae: a large family of endoparasitic amebas that invade the digestive tract


family Endamoebidae: a large family of endoparasitic amebas that invade the digestive tract


Endamoeba: the type genus of the family Endamoebidae


genus Endamoeba: the type genus of the family Endamoebidae


endameba: any ameba of the genus Endamoeba


ameba: naked freshwater or marine or parasitic protozoa that form temporary pseudopods for feeding and locomotion


amoeba: naked freshwater or marine or parasitic protozoa that form temporary pseudopods for feeding and locomotion


Endamoeba histolytica: the parasitic ameba that causes amebic dysentery in human beings


Foraminifera: foraminifers


order Foraminifera: foraminifers


foram: marine microorganism having a calcareous shell with openings where pseudopods protrude


foraminifer: marine microorganism having a calcareous shell with openings where pseudopods protrude


Globigerinidae: a family of protoctists


family Globigerinidae: a family of protoctists


genus Globigerina: type genus of the family Globigerinidae


globigerina: marine protozoan having a rounded shell with spiny processes


Nummulitidae: a family of fossil protoctists


family Nummulitidae: a family of fossil protoctists


nummulite: large fossil protozoan of the Tertiary period


Testacea: testacean rhizopods


order Testacea: testacean rhizopods


testacean: any of various rhizopods of the order Testacea characterized by having a shell


Arcellidae: soil and freshwater protozoa; cosmopolitan in distribution


family Arcellidae: soil and freshwater protozoa; cosmopolitan in distribution


genus Arcella: type genus of the Arcellidae


arcella: an amoeba-like protozoan with a chitinous shell resembling an umbrella


genus Difflugia: genus of protozoans related to ameba


difflugia: a protozoan with an ovoid shell of cemented sand grains


Ciliata: class of protozoa having cilia or hairlike appendages on part or all of the surface during some part of the life cycle


class Ciliata: class of protozoa having cilia or hairlike appendages on part or all of the surface during some part of the life cycle


Ciliophora: class of protozoa having cilia or hairlike appendages on part or all of the surface during some part of the life cycle


class Ciliophora: class of protozoa having cilia or hairlike appendages on part or all of the surface during some part of the life cycle


ciliate: a protozoan with a microscopic appendage extending from the surface of the cell


ciliated protozoan: a protozoan with a microscopic appendage extending from the surface of the cell


ciliophoran: a protozoan with a microscopic appendage extending from the surface of the cell


Infusoria: in some recent classifications, coextensive with the Ciliata: minute organisms found in decomposing infusions of organic matter


subclass Infusoria: in some recent classifications, coextensive with the Ciliata: minute organisms found in decomposing infusions of organic matter


infusorian: any member of the subclass Infusoria


genus Paramecium: freshwater ciliate with an oval body and long deep oral groove


paramecium: any member of the genus Paramecium


paramecia: any member of the genus Paramecium


genus Tetrahymena: protozoa having four membranous ciliary organelles


tetrahymena: relative of the paramecium; often used in genetics research


genus Stentor: trumpet-shaped protozoa with a ciliated spiral feeding funnel


stentor: any of several trumpet-shaped ciliate protozoans that are members of the genus Stentor


genus Vorticella: ciliated protozoans that have a goblet-shaped body with a retractile stalk


vorticella: any of various protozoa having a transparent goblet-shaped body with a retractile stalk


alga: primitive chlorophyll-containing mainly aquatic eukaryotic organisms lacking true stems and roots and leaves


algae: primitive chlorophyll-containing mainly aquatic eukaryotic organisms lacking true stems and roots and leaves


seaweed: plant growing in the sea, especially marine algae


arame: an edible seaweed with a mild flavor


wrack: dried seaweed especially that cast ashore


seagrass: any of various seaweeds that grow underwater in shallow beds


sea wrack: growth of marine vegetation especially of the large forms such as rockweeds and kelp


wrack: growth of marine vegetation especially of the large forms such as rockweeds and kelp


chlorophyll: any of a group of green pigments found in photosynthetic organisms; there are four naturally occurring forms


chlorophyl: any of a group of green pigments found in photosynthetic organisms; there are four naturally occurring forms


chlorophyll a: a blue-black plant pigment having a blue-green alcohol solution; found in all higher plants


chlorophyll b: a dark-green plant pigment having a brilliant green alcohol solution; generally characteristic of higher plants


chlorophyll c: the chlorophyll present in brown algae, diatoms, and flagellates


chlorofucin: the chlorophyll present in brown algae, diatoms, and flagellates


chlorophyll d: the chlorophyll found (together with chlorophyll a) in red algae


bacteriochlorophyll: a substance in photosensitive bacteria that is related to but different from chlorophyll of higher plants


phycobilin: water-soluble proteinaceous pigments found in red algae and cyanobacteria


phycoerythrin: red pigment in red algae


phycocyanin: blue pigment in algae


Heterokontophyta: algae having chlorophyll a and usually c, and flagella of unequal lengths; terminology supersedes Chrysophyta in some classifications


division Heterokontophyta: algae having chlorophyll a and usually c, and flagella of unequal lengths; terminology supersedes Chrysophyta in some classifications


Chrysophyta: mostly freshwater eukaryotic algae having the chlorophyll masked by brown or yellow pigment; yellow-green and golden-brown algae and diatoms: Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae; some classification systems superseded or subsumed by Heterokontophyta


division Chrysophyta: mostly freshwater eukaryotic algae having the chlorophyll masked by brown or yellow pigment; yellow-green and golden-brown algae and diatoms: Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae; some classification systems superseded or subsumed by Heterokontophyta


golden algae: algae having the pigments chlorophyll and carotene and xanthophyll


yellow-green algae: any alga of the division Chrysophyta with its chlorophyll masked by yellow pigment


Chrysophyceae: all the yellow-green algae having flagella of unequal length


class Chrysophyceae: all the yellow-green algae having flagella of unequal length


Heterokontae: all the yellow-green algae having flagella of unequal length


class Heterokontae: all the yellow-green algae having flagella of unequal length


Xanthophyceae: yellow-green algae


class Xanthophyceae: yellow-green algae


Bacillariophyceae: marine and freshwater eukaryotic algae: diatoms


class Bacillariophyceae: marine and freshwater eukaryotic algae: diatoms


Diatomophyceae: marine and freshwater eukaryotic algae: diatoms


class Diatomophyceae: marine and freshwater eukaryotic algae: diatoms


diatom: microscopic unicellular marine or freshwater colonial alga having cell walls impregnated with silica


Heterotrichales: yellow-green algae with simple or branching filaments; comprising the single family Tribonemaceae


order Heterotrichales: yellow-green algae with simple or branching filaments; comprising the single family Tribonemaceae


Tribonemaceae: simple filamentous freshwater yellow-green algae


family Tribonemaceae: simple filamentous freshwater yellow-green algae


Tribonema: type genus of Tribonemaceae


genus Tribonema: type genus of Tribonemaceae


genus Conferva: type genus of Tribonemaceae


conferva: any of various algae of the genus Tribonema; algae with branching filaments that form scum in still or stagnant fresh water


confervoid algae: algae resembling confervae especially in having branching filaments


Phaeophyceae: brown algae; mostly marine and littoral eukaryotic algae


class Phaeophyceae: brown algae; mostly marine and littoral eukaryotic algae


Phaeophyta: coextensive with class Phaeophyceae; in some classifications subsumed in the division Heterokontophyta


division Phaeophyta: coextensive with class Phaeophyceae; in some classifications subsumed in the division Heterokontophyta


brown algae: algae having the chlorophyll masked by brown and yellow pigments


Laminariales: in some classifications coextensive with family Laminariaceae: marine brown algae of cold or polar seas


order Laminariales: in some classifications coextensive with family Laminariaceae: marine brown algae of cold or polar seas


Laminariaceae: large family of marine brown algae including many economically important large kelps chiefly of northern waters


family Laminariaceae: large family of marine brown algae including many economically important large kelps chiefly of northern waters


Laminaria: type genus of the family Laminariaceae: perennial brown kelps


genus Laminaria: type genus of the family Laminariaceae: perennial brown kelps


kelp: large brown seaweeds having fluted leathery fronds


sea tangle: any of various kelps especially of the genus Laminaria


tang: any of various kelps especially of the genus Laminaria


tang: any of various coarse seaweeds


sea tang: any of various coarse seaweeds


Fucales: coextensive with the family Fucaceae


order Fucales: coextensive with the family Fucaceae


Cyclosporeae: in more recent classifications superseded by the order Fucales


class Cyclosporeae: in more recent classifications superseded by the order Fucales


Fucaceae: small family of brown algae: gulfweeds; rockweeds


family Fucaceae: small family of brown algae: gulfweeds; rockweeds


fucoid: any of various algae of the family Fucaceae


fucoid algae: any of various algae of the family Fucaceae


fucoid: a fossilized cast or impression of algae of the order Fucales


rockweed: coarse brown seaweed growing on rocks exposed at low tide


genus Fucus: type genus of the family Fucaceae: cartilaginous brown algae


fucus: any member of the genus Fucus


serrated wrack: brown algae seaweed with serrated edges


Fucus serratus: brown algae seaweed with serrated edges


tang: brown algae seaweed with serrated edges


bladderwrack: a common rockweed used in preparing kelp and as manure


black rockweed: a common rockweed used in preparing kelp and as manure


bladder fucus: a common rockweed used in preparing kelp and as manure


tang: a common rockweed used in preparing kelp and as manure


Fucus vesiculosus: a common rockweed used in preparing kelp and as manure


Ascophyllum: brown algae distinguished by compressed or inflated branchlets along the axis


genus Ascophyllum: brown algae distinguished by compressed or inflated branchlets along the axis


bladderwrack: similar to and found with black rockweed


Ascophyllum nodosum: similar to and found with black rockweed


genus Sargassum: a genus of protoctist


gulfweed: brown algae with rounded bladders forming dense floating masses in tropical Atlantic waters as in the Sargasso Sea


sargassum: brown algae with rounded bladders forming dense floating masses in tropical Atlantic waters as in the Sargasso Sea


sargasso: brown algae with rounded bladders forming dense floating masses in tropical Atlantic waters as in the Sargasso Sea


Sargassum bacciferum: brown algae with rounded bladders forming dense floating masses in tropical Atlantic waters as in the Sargasso Sea


Euglenophyta: free-swimming flagellate algae


division Euglenophyta: free-swimming flagellate algae


Euglenophyceae: coextensive with the division Euglenophyta


class Euglenophyceae: coextensive with the division Euglenophyta


Euglenaceae: considered green algae


family Euglenaceae: considered green algae


genus Euglena: type genus of the family Euglenaceae: green algae with a single flagellum


euglena: minute single-celled green freshwater organism having a single flagella; often classed as algae


euglenoid: marine and freshwater green or colorless flagellate organism


euglenophyte: marine and freshwater green or colorless flagellate organism


euglenid: marine and freshwater green or colorless flagellate organism


Chlorophyta: large division of chiefly freshwater eukaryotic algae that possess chlorophyll a and b, store food as starch, and cellulose cell walls; classes Chlorophyceae, Ulvophyceae, and Charophyceae; obviously ancestral to land plants


division Chlorophyta: large division of chiefly freshwater eukaryotic algae that possess chlorophyll a and b, store food as starch, and cellulose cell walls; classes Chlorophyceae, Ulvophyceae, and Charophyceae; obviously ancestral to land plants


Chlorophyceae: algae distinguished chiefly by having flagella and a clear green color, their chlorophyll being masked little if at all by other pigments


class Chlorophyceae: algae distinguished chiefly by having flagella and a clear green color, their chlorophyll being masked little if at all by other pigments


green algae: algae that are clear green in color; often growing on wet ricks or damp wood or the surface of stagnant water


chlorophyte: algae that are clear green in color; often growing on wet ricks or damp wood or the surface of stagnant water


Ulvophyceae: alternative name for the class Chlorophyceae in some classifications


class Ulvophyceae: alternative name for the class Chlorophyceae in some classifications


Ulvales: an order of protoctist


order Ulvales: an order of protoctist


Ulvaceae: thin flat or tubular green algae


family Ulvaceae: thin flat or tubular green algae


sea-lettuce family: thin flat or tubular green algae


Ulva: type genus of the family Ulvaceae; green seaweed having a thallus two cells thick: sea lettuce


genus Ulva: type genus of the family Ulvaceae; green seaweed having a thallus two cells thick: sea lettuce


sea lettuce: seaweed with edible translucent crinkly green fronds


laver: seaweed with edible translucent crinkly green fronds


Volvocales: chiefly freshwater green algae; solitary or colonial


order Volvocales: chiefly freshwater green algae; solitary or colonial


Volvocaceae: unicellular or colonial biflagellate free-swimming flagellates


family Volvocaceae: unicellular or colonial biflagellate free-swimming flagellates


Volvox: type genus of the Volvocaceae; minute pale green flagellates occurring in tiny spherical colonies; minute flagella rotate the colony about an axis


genus Volvox: type genus of the Volvocaceae; minute pale green flagellates occurring in tiny spherical colonies; minute flagella rotate the colony about an axis


Chlamydomonadaceae: green algae some of which are colored red by hematochrome


family Chlamydomonadaceae: green algae some of which are colored red by hematochrome


Chlamydomonas: type genus of the Chlamydomonadaceae; solitary doubly-flagellated plant-like algae common in fresh water and damp soil; multiply freely; often a pest around filtration plants


genus Chlamydomonas: type genus of the Chlamydomonadaceae; solitary doubly-flagellated plant-like algae common in fresh water and damp soil; multiply freely; often a pest around filtration plants


Zygnematales: pond scums; desmids


order Zygnematales: pond scums; desmids


Zygnemales: pond scums; desmids


order Zygnemales: pond scums; desmids


Zygnemataceae: pond scums: common freshwater algae forming green slimy masses


family Zygnemataceae: pond scums: common freshwater algae forming green slimy masses


Zygnema: type genus of the family Zygnemataceae


genus Zygnema: type genus of the family Zygnemataceae


pond scum: free-floating freshwater green algae


genus Spirogyra: a genus of protoctist


spirogyra: freshwater algae consisting of minute filaments containing spiral chlorophyll bands


Chlorococcales: unicellular green algae that reproduce by spores


order Chlorococcales: unicellular green algae that reproduce by spores


Chlorococcum: type genus of Chlorococcales; unicellular green algae occurring singly or in a layer on soil or damp rock


genus Chlorococcum: type genus of Chlorococcales; unicellular green algae occurring singly or in a layer on soil or damp rock


genus Chlorella: nonmotile unicellular green algae potentially important as source of high-grade protein and B-complex vitamins


chlorella: any alga of the genus Chlorella


Oedogoniales: simple or branched filamentous freshwater green algae


order oedogoniales: simple or branched filamentous freshwater green algae


Oedogoniaceae: filamentous green algae


family Oedogoniaceae: filamentous green algae


Oedogonium: type genus of Oedogoniaceae; freshwater green algae having long unbranched filaments; usually free-floating when mature


genus Oedogonium: type genus of Oedogoniaceae; freshwater green algae having long unbranched filaments; usually free-floating when mature


Charophyceae: in some classifications: contains only the order Charales


class Charophyceae: in some classifications: contains only the order Charales


Charales: small order of macroscopic fresh and brackish water algae with a distinct axis: stoneworts


order Charales: small order of macroscopic fresh and brackish water algae with a distinct axis: stoneworts


Characeae: green algae superficially resembling horsetail ferns: stoneworts


family Characeae: green algae superficially resembling horsetail ferns: stoneworts


stonewort: any of various submerged aquatic algae of the genus Chara having nodes with whorled filamentlike branches; usually encrusted with calcium carbonate deposits


Chara: green algae common in freshwater lakes of limestone districts


genus Chara: green algae common in freshwater lakes of limestone districts


Nitella: fragile branching stoneworts


genus Nitella: fragile branching stoneworts


Desmidiaceae: unicellular algae


family Desmidiaceae: unicellular algae


Desmidium: a genus of protoctist


genus Desmidium: a genus of protoctist


desmid: freshwater green algae


Rhodophyta: lower plants; mostly marine and littoral eukaryotic algae


division Rhodophyta: lower plants; mostly marine and littoral eukaryotic algae


Rhodophyceae: coextensive with the Rhodophyta: red algae


class Rhodophyceae: coextensive with the Rhodophyta: red algae


red algae: marine algae in which the chlorophyll is masked by a red or purplish pigment; source of agar and carrageenan


sea moss: any of various red algae having graceful rose to purple fronds (e.g. dulse or carrageen)


Gigartinaceae: a family of protoctist


family Gigartinaceae: a family of protoctist


Chondrus: a genus of protoctist


genus Chondrus: a genus of protoctist


Irish moss: dark purple edible seaweed of the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America


carrageen: dark purple edible seaweed of the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America


carageen: dark purple edible seaweed of the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America


carragheen: dark purple edible seaweed of the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America


Chondrus crispus: dark purple edible seaweed of the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America


Rhodymeniaceae: a family of protoctist


family Rhodymeniaceae: a family of protoctist


Rhodymenia: type genus of the family Rhodymeniaceae


genus Rhodymenia: type genus of the family Rhodymeniaceae


dulse: coarse edible red seaweed


Rhodymenia palmata: coarse edible red seaweed


Bangiaceae: a family of protoctist


family Bangiaceae: a family of protoctist


Porphyra: a genus of protoctist


genus Porphyra: a genus of protoctist


red laver: edible red seaweeds


laver: edible red seaweeds


eukaryote: an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria; i.e. an organism with `good' or membrane-bound nuclei in its cells


eucaryote: an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria; i.e. an organism with `good' or membrane-bound nuclei in its cells


prokaryote: a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei; bacteria are the prime example but also included are blue-green algae and actinomycetes and mycoplasma


procaryote: a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei; bacteria are the prime example but also included are blue-green algae and actinomycetes and mycoplasma


zooid: one of the distinct individuals forming a colonial animal such as a bryozoan or hydrozoan


Mastigophora: protozoa having flagella


class Mastigophora: protozoa having flagella


Flagellata: protozoa having flagella


class Flagellata: protozoa having flagella


flagellate: a usually nonphotosynthetic free-living protozoan with whiplike appendages; some are pathogens of humans and other animals


flagellate protozoan: a usually nonphotosynthetic free-living protozoan with whiplike appendages; some are pathogens of humans and other animals


flagellated protozoan: a usually nonphotosynthetic free-living protozoan with whiplike appendages; some are pathogens of humans and other animals


mastigophoran: a usually nonphotosynthetic free-living protozoan with whiplike appendages; some are pathogens of humans and other animals


mastigophore: a usually nonphotosynthetic free-living protozoan with whiplike appendages; some are pathogens of humans and other animals


Dinoflagellata: in some classifications considered a phylum of the kingdom Protista; in others included in the plant phylum Pyrrophyta


order Dinoflagellata: in some classifications considered a phylum of the kingdom Protista; in others included in the plant phylum Pyrrophyta


Cilioflagellata: in some classifications considered a phylum of the kingdom Protista; in others included in the plant phylum Pyrrophyta


order Cilioflagellata: in some classifications considered a phylum of the kingdom Protista; in others included in the plant phylum Pyrrophyta


dinoflagellate: chiefly marine protozoa having two flagella; a chief constituent of plankton


genus Noctiluca: a genus of protoctist


noctiluca: large bioluminescent marine protozoan


Noctiluca miliaris: large bioluminescent marine protozoan


Peridiniidae: marine and freshwater dinoflagellates


family Peridiniidae: marine and freshwater dinoflagellates


Peridinium: type genus of the family Peridiniidae


genus Peridinium: type genus of the family Peridiniidae


peridinian: flagellate with a thick test composed of plates


Zoomastigina: in some classifications considered a phylum of the kingdom Protista; holozoic or saprozoic flagellates


subclass Zoomastigina: in some classifications considered a phylum of the kingdom Protista; holozoic or saprozoic flagellates


Leishmania: flagellate protozoan that causes leishmaniasis


genus Leishmania: flagellate protozoan that causes leishmaniasis


zoomastigote: flagellate protozoan lacking photosynthesis and other plant-like characteristics


zooflagellate: flagellate protozoan lacking photosynthesis and other plant-like characteristics


Hypermastigina: cellulose-producing flagellates


order Hypermastigina: cellulose-producing flagellates


hypermastigote: flagellate symbiotic in the intestines of e.g. termites


Polymastigina: small usually parasitic flagellates


order Polymastigina: small usually parasitic flagellates


polymastigote: flagellates with several flagella


genus Costia: a genus of flagellate protoctist


costia: a flagellate that is the cause of the frequently fatal fish disease costiasis


Costia necatrix: a flagellate that is the cause of the frequently fatal fish disease costiasis


genus Giardia: flagellates parasitic in intestines of vertebrates


giardia: a suspected cause of diarrhea in humans


Chilomastix: flagellates parasitic in intestines of vertebrates including humans


genus Chilomastix: flagellates parasitic in intestines of vertebrates including humans


Hexamita: flagellates free-living or parasitic in intestines of birds


genus Hexamita: flagellates free-living or parasitic in intestines of birds


genus Trichomonas: flagellates parasitic in alimentary or genitourinary tracts of vertebrates and invertebrates including humans


trichomonad: cause of trichomoniasis in women and cattle and birds


Phytomastigina: plantlike flagellates containing chlorophyll; often considered unicellular algae


subclass Phytomastigina: plantlike flagellates containing chlorophyll; often considered unicellular algae


plantlike flagellate: unicellular organisms having many characteristics of typical algae


Cryptophyta: a phylum in the kingdom Protoctista


phylum Cryptophyta: a phylum in the kingdom Protoctista


Cryptophyceae: motile usually brownish-green protozoa-like algae


class Cryptophyceae: motile usually brownish-green protozoa-like algae


cryptomonad: common in fresh and salt water appearing along the shore as algal blooms


cryptophyte: common in fresh and salt water appearing along the shore as algal blooms


Sporozoa: strictly parasitic protozoans that are usually immobile; includes plasmodia and coccidia and piroplasms and malaria parasites


class Sporozoa: strictly parasitic protozoans that are usually immobile; includes plasmodia and coccidia and piroplasms and malaria parasites


sporozoan: parasitic spore-forming protozoan


sporozoite: one of the minute active bodies into which sporozoans divide in one stage of their life cycle


trophozoite: a sporozoan in the active feeding stage of its life cycle


merozoite: a cell that arises from the asexual division of a parent sporozoan during its life cycle


Telosporidia: parasitic sporozoans that form spores containing one or more infective sporozoites


subclass Telosporidia: parasitic sporozoans that form spores containing one or more infective sporozoites


Coccidia: an order in the subclass Telosporidia


order Coccidia: an order in the subclass Telosporidia


Eimeriidae: a family of protoctist in the order Coccidia


family Eimeriidae: a family of protoctist in the order Coccidia


genus Eimeria: type genus of the family Eimeriidae; includes serious pathogens


coccidium: parasitic on the digestive epithelium of vertebrates and higher invertebrates


eimeria: parasitic on the digestive epithelium of vertebrates and higher invertebrates


Gregarinida: an order in the subclass Telosporidia


order Gregarinida: an order in the subclass Telosporidia


gregarine: vermiform protozoans parasitic in insects and other invertebrates


Haemosporidia: an order in the subclass Telosporidia


order Haemosporidia: an order in the subclass Telosporidia


haemosporidian: minute protozoans parasitic at some stage of the life cycle in blood cells of vertebrates including many pathogens


Plasmodiidae: malaria parasites


family Plasmodiidae: malaria parasites


genus Plasmodium: type genus of the family Plasmodiidae


plasmodium: parasitic protozoan of the genus Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans


Plasmodium vivax: parasitic protozoan of the genus Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans


malaria parasite: parasitic protozoan of the genus Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans


Haemoproteidae: bird parasites


family Haemoproteidae: bird parasites


haemoproteid: related to malaria parasite and having a phase in the viscera of various birds


Haemoproteus: type genus of the family Haemoproteidae


genus Haemoproteus: type genus of the family Haemoproteidae


genus Leucocytozoon: a genus of protoctist


genus Leucocytozoan: a genus of protoctist


leucocytozoan: parasitic in birds


leucocytozoon: parasitic in birds


Babesiidae: piroplasms and cattle pathogens


family Babesiidae: piroplasms and cattle pathogens


genus Babesia: type genus of the family Babesiidae


genus Piroplasma: type genus of the family Babesiidae


piroplasm: minute parasite of red blood cells of mammals transmitted by a tick and causing diseases of domestic animals


Acnidosporidia: a subclass of Sporozoa


subclass Acnidosporidia: a subclass of Sporozoa


Sarcosporidia: imperfectly known parasites of the muscles of vertebrates


order Sarcosporidia: imperfectly known parasites of the muscles of vertebrates


Sarcocystis: chief genus of the order Sarcosporidia


genus Sarcocystis: chief genus of the order Sarcosporidia


sarcosporidian: parasite of the muscles of vertebrates


sarcocystidean: parasite of the muscles of vertebrates


sarcocystieian: parasite of the muscles of vertebrates


Haplosporidia: an order in the subclass Acnidosporidia


order Haplosporidia: an order in the subclass Acnidosporidia


haplosporidian: parasite in invertebrates and lower vertebrates of no known economic importance


Cnidosporidia: single-host parasites of lower vertebrates and invertebrates


subclass Cnidosporidia: single-host parasites of lower vertebrates and invertebrates


Actinomyxidia: parasites of worms


order Actinomyxidia: parasites of worms


actinomyxidian: parasites of worms


Mycrosporidia: an order in the subclass Cnidosporidia


order Mycrosporidia: an order in the subclass Cnidosporidia


microsporidian: parasite of arthropods and fishes that invade and destroy host cells


Myxosporidia: an order in the subclass Cnidosporidia


order Myxosporidia: an order in the subclass Cnidosporidia


myxosporidian: mostly parasitic in fishes and including various serious pathogens


pseudopod: temporary outgrowth used by some microorganisms as an organ of feeding or locomotion


pseudopodium: temporary outgrowth used by some microorganisms as an organ of feeding or locomotion


plasmodium: multinucleate sheet of cytoplasm characteristic of some stages of such organisms as slime molds


Malacopterygii: an extensive group of teleost fishes having fins supported by flexible cartilaginous rays


superorder Malacopterygii: an extensive group of teleost fishes having fins supported by flexible cartilaginous rays


soft-finned fish: any fish of the superorder Malacopterygii


malacopterygian: any fish of the superorder Malacopterygii


Ostariophysi: in some classifications considered a superorder comprising the Cypriniformes and the Siluriformes


order Ostariophysi: in some classifications considered a superorder comprising the Cypriniformes and the Siluriformes


fish family: any of various families of fish


fish genus: any of various genus of fish


Cypriniformes: an order of animals including almost entirely freshwater fishes: characins; loaches; carp; suckers; sometimes classified as a suborder of Ostariophysi


order Cypriniformes: an order of animals including almost entirely freshwater fishes: characins; loaches; carp; suckers; sometimes classified as a suborder of Ostariophysi


cypriniform fish: a soft-finned fish of the order Cypriniformes


Cobitidae: loaches


family Cobitidae: loaches


loach: slender freshwater fishes of Eurasia and Africa resembling catfishes


Cyprinidae: a family of fish including: carp; tench; roach; rudd; dace


family Cyprinidae: a family of fish including: carp; tench; roach; rudd; dace


cyprinid: soft-finned mainly freshwater fishes typically having toothless jaws and cycloid scales


cyprinid fish: soft-finned mainly freshwater fishes typically having toothless jaws and cycloid scales


carp: any of various freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae


Cyprinus: type genus of the family Cyprinidae: carp


genus Cyprinus: type genus of the family Cyprinidae: carp


domestic carp: large Old World freshwater bottom-feeding fish introduced into Europe from Asia; inhabits ponds and sluggish streams and often raised for food; introduced into United States where it has become a pest


Cyprinus carpio: large Old World freshwater bottom-feeding fish introduced into Europe from Asia; inhabits ponds and sluggish streams and often raised for food; introduced into United States where it has become a pest


leather carp: scaleless domestic carp


mirror carp: domestic carp with some large shining scales


Abramis: European fishes


genus Abramis: European fishes


European bream: European freshwater fish having a flattened body and silvery scales; of little value as food


Abramis brama: European freshwater fish having a flattened body and silvery scales; of little value as food


Tinca: tench


genus Tinca: tench


tench: freshwater dace-like game fish of Europe and western Asia noted for ability to survive outside water


Tinca tinca: freshwater dace-like game fish of Europe and western Asia noted for ability to survive outside water


Leuciscus: a genus of fish including: dace, chub


genus Leuciscus: a genus of fish including: dace, chub


dace: small European freshwater fish with a slender bluish-green body


Leuciscus leuciscus: small European freshwater fish with a slender bluish-green body


chub: European freshwater game fish with a thick spindle-shaped body


Leuciscus cephalus: European freshwater game fish with a thick spindle-shaped body


shiner: any of numerous small silvery North American cyprinid fishes especially of the genus Notropis


Notropis: shiners


genus Notropis: shiners


emerald shiner: small blunt-nosed fish of Great Lakes and Mississippi valley with a greenish luster


Notropis atherinoides: small blunt-nosed fish of Great Lakes and Mississippi valley with a greenish luster


common shiner: the common North American shiner


silversides: the common North American shiner


Notropis cornutus: the common North American shiner


Notemigonus: golden shiners


genus Notemigonus: golden shiners


golden shiner: shiner of eastern North America having golden glints; sometimes also called `bream'


Notemigonus crysoleucas: shiner of eastern North America having golden glints; sometimes also called `bream'


Rutilus: roaches


genus Rutilus: roaches


roach: European freshwater food fish having a greenish back


Rutilus rutilus: European freshwater food fish having a greenish back


Scardinius: rudds


genus Scardinius: rudds


rudd: European freshwater fish resembling the roach


Scardinius erythrophthalmus: European freshwater fish resembling the roach


Phoxinus: minnows


genus Phoxinus: minnows


minnow: very small European freshwater fish common in gravelly streams


Phoxinus phoxinus: very small European freshwater fish common in gravelly streams


Gobio: true gudgeons


genus Gobio: true gudgeons


gudgeon: small slender European freshwater fish often used as bait by anglers


Gobio gobio: small slender European freshwater fish often used as bait by anglers


Carassius: goldfish


genus Carassius: goldfish


goldfish: small golden or orange-red freshwater fishes of Eurasia used as pond or aquarium fishes


Carassius auratus: small golden or orange-red freshwater fishes of Eurasia used as pond or aquarium fishes


silverfish: a silvery variety of Carassius auratus


crucian carp: European carp closely resembling wild goldfish


Carassius carassius: European carp closely resembling wild goldfish


Carassius vulgaris: European carp closely resembling wild goldfish


Electrophoridae: small family comprising the electric eels


family Electrophoridae: small family comprising the electric eels


Electrophorus: type genus of the family Electrophoridae; electric eels


genus Electrophorus: type genus of the family Electrophoridae; electric eels


electric eel: eel-shaped freshwater fish of South America having electric organs in its body


Electrophorus electric: eel-shaped freshwater fish of South America having electric organs in its body


Catostomidae: suckers; closely related to the family Cyprinidae


family Catostomidae: suckers; closely related to the family Cyprinidae


catostomid: a cypriniform fish of the family Catostomidae


sucker: mostly North American freshwater fishes with a thick-lipped mouth for feeding by suction; related to carps


Catostomus: type genus of the family Catostomidae


genus Catostomus: type genus of the family Catostomidae


Ictiobus: buffalo fishes


genus Ictiobus: buffalo fishes


buffalo fish: any of several large suckers of the Mississippi valley


buffalofish: any of several large suckers of the Mississippi valley


black buffalo: fish of the lower Mississippi


Ictiobus niger: fish of the lower Mississippi


Hypentelium: a genus of fish in the family Catostomidae


genus Hypentelium: a genus of fish in the family Catostomidae


hog sucker: widely distributed in warm clear shallow streams


hog molly: widely distributed in warm clear shallow streams


Hypentelium nigricans: widely distributed in warm clear shallow streams


Maxostoma: a genus of fish in the family Catostomidae


genus Maxostoma: a genus of fish in the family Catostomidae


redhorse: North American sucker with reddish fins


redhorse sucker: North American sucker with reddish fins


Cyprinodontidae: large family of small soft-finned fishes; killifishes; flagfishes; swordtails; guppies


family Cyprinodontidae: large family of small soft-finned fishes; killifishes; flagfishes; swordtails; guppies


cyprinodont: any member of the family Cyprinodontidae


killifish: small mostly marine warm-water carp-like schooling fishes; used as bait or aquarium fishes or in mosquito control


Fundulus: killifish


genus Fundulus: killifish


mummichog: silver-and-black killifish of saltwater marshes along the Atlantic coast of the United States


Fundulus heteroclitus: silver-and-black killifish of saltwater marshes along the Atlantic coast of the United States


striped killifish: black-barred fish of bays and coastal marshes of the Atlantic and Gulf Coast of the United States


mayfish: black-barred fish of bays and coastal marshes of the Atlantic and Gulf Coast of the United States


may fish: black-barred fish of bays and coastal marshes of the Atlantic and Gulf Coast of the United States


Fundulus majalis: black-barred fish of bays and coastal marshes of the Atlantic and Gulf Coast of the United States


genus Rivulus: killifish


rivulus: found in small streams of tropical America; often kept in aquariums; usually hermaphroditic


Jordanella: flagfishes


genus Jordanella: flagfishes


flagfish: a fish with a dark-blue back and whitish sides with red stripes; found in swamps and streams of Florida


American flagfish: a fish with a dark-blue back and whitish sides with red stripes; found in swamps and streams of Florida


Jordanella floridae: a fish with a dark-blue back and whitish sides with red stripes; found in swamps and streams of Florida


Xyphophorus: swordtails


genus Xyphophorus: swordtails


swordtail: freshwater fish of Central America having a long swordlike tail; popular aquarium fish


helleri: freshwater fish of Central America having a long swordlike tail; popular aquarium fish


topminnow: freshwater fish of Central America having a long swordlike tail; popular aquarium fish


Xyphophorus helleri: freshwater fish of Central America having a long swordlike tail; popular aquarium fish


Lebistes: guppies


genus Lebistes: guppies


guppy: small freshwater fish of South America and the West Indies; often kept in aquariums


rainbow fish: small freshwater fish of South America and the West Indies; often kept in aquariums


Lebistes reticulatus: small freshwater fish of South America and the West Indies; often kept in aquariums


Poeciliidae: topminnows


family Poeciliidae: topminnows


topminnow: small usually brightly-colored viviparous surface-feeding fishes of fresh or brackish warm waters; often used in mosquito control


poeciliid fish: small usually brightly-colored viviparous surface-feeding fishes of fresh or brackish warm waters; often used in mosquito control


poeciliid: small usually brightly-colored viviparous surface-feeding fishes of fresh or brackish warm waters; often used in mosquito control


live-bearer: small usually brightly-colored viviparous surface-feeding fishes of fresh or brackish warm waters; often used in mosquito control


Gambusia: mosquitofish


genus Gambusia: mosquitofish


mosquitofish: silvery topminnow with rows of black spots of tropical North America and West Indies; important in mosquito control


Gambusia affinis: silvery topminnow with rows of black spots of tropical North America and West Indies; important in mosquito control


Platypoecilus: platys


genus Platypoecilus: platys


platy: small stocky Mexican fish; popular aquarium fish


Platypoecilus maculatus: small stocky Mexican fish; popular aquarium fish


Mollienesia: mollies


genus Mollienesia: mollies


mollie: popular aquarium fish


molly: popular aquarium fish


Berycomorphi: an order of spiny-finned fish in the superorder Acanthopterygii


order Berycomorphi: an order of spiny-finned fish in the superorder Acanthopterygii


Holocentridae: squirrelfishes and soldierfishes


family Holocentridae: squirrelfishes and soldierfishes


Holocentrus: type genus of the family Holocentridae; squirrelfishes


genus Holocentrus: type genus of the family Holocentridae; squirrelfishes


squirrelfish: very small, brightly colored (especially red) nocturnal fishes of shallow waters or tropical reefs; they make sounds like a squirrel's bark


reef squirrelfish: on reefs from Bermuda and Florida to northern South America


Holocentrus coruscus: on reefs from Bermuda and Florida to northern South America


deepwater squirrelfish: a squirrelfish found from South Carolina to Bermuda and Gulf of Mexico


Holocentrus bullisi: a squirrelfish found from South Carolina to Bermuda and Gulf of Mexico


Holocentrus ascensionis: bright red fish of West Indies and Bermuda


soldierfish: the larger squirrelfishes


soldier-fish: the larger squirrelfishes


Anomalopidae: a family of fish including: flashlight fishes


family Anomalopidae: a family of fish including: flashlight fishes


genus Anomalops: type genus of the family Anomalopidae


anomalops: fish having a luminous organ beneath eye; of warm waters of the western Pacific and Puerto Rico


flashlight fish: fish having a luminous organ beneath eye; of warm waters of the western Pacific and Puerto Rico


Krypterophaneron: a genus of fish in the family Anomalopidae


genus Krypterophaneron: a genus of fish in the family Anomalopidae


Photoblepharon: a genus of fish in the family Anomalopidae


genus Photoblepharon: a genus of fish in the family Anomalopidae


flashlight fish: fish of deep dark waters having a light organ below each eye


Photoblepharon palpebratus: fish of deep dark waters having a light organ below each eye


Zeomorphi: dories


order Zeomorphi: dories


Zeidae: a family of fish in the order Zeomorphi


family Zeidae: a family of fish in the order Zeomorphi


dory: marine fishes widely distributed in mid-waters and deep slope waters


Zeus: type genus of the family Zeidae


genus Zeus: type genus of the family Zeidae


John Dory: European dory


Zeus faber: European dory


Caproidae: boarfishes


family Caproidae: boarfishes


Capros: a genus of fish in the family Caproidae


genus Capros: a genus of fish in the family Caproidae


boarfish: fish with a projecting snout


Capros aper: fish with a projecting snout


Antigonia: a genus of fish in the family Caproidae


genus Antigonia: a genus of fish in the family Caproidae


boarfish: fish with large eyes and long snouts


Solenichthyes: bellows fishes; shrimpfishes; cornetfishes; pipefishes; small order of chiefly tropical marine fishes of varied and bizarre form all having a small mouth at the end of a drawn-out tubular snout


order Solenichthyes: bellows fishes; shrimpfishes; cornetfishes; pipefishes; small order of chiefly tropical marine fishes of varied and bizarre form all having a small mouth at the end of a drawn-out tubular snout


Fistulariidae: cornetfishes


family Fistulariidae: cornetfishes


Fistularia: type genus of the family Fistulariidae


genus Fistularia: type genus of the family Fistulariidae


cornetfish: slender tropical fish with a long tubular snout and bony plates instead of scales


Gasterosteidae: sticklebacks


family Gasterosteidae: sticklebacks


stickleback: small (2-4 inches) pugnacious mostly scaleless spiny-backed fishes of northern fresh and littoral waters having elaborate courtship; subjects of much research


prickleback: small (2-4 inches) pugnacious mostly scaleless spiny-backed fishes of northern fresh and littoral waters having elaborate courtship; subjects of much research


Gasterosteus: type genus of the family Gasterosteidae


genus gasterosteus: type genus of the family Gasterosteidae


three-spined stickleback: of rivers and coastal regions


Gasterosteus aculeatus: of rivers and coastal regions


ten-spined stickleback: confined to rivers


Gasterosteus pungitius: confined to rivers


Syngnathidae: pipefishes


family Syngnathidae: pipefishes


pipefish: fish with long tubular snout and slim body covered with bony plates


needlefish: fish with long tubular snout and slim body covered with bony plates


Syngnathus: type genus of the family Syngnathidae


genus Syngnathus: type genus of the family Syngnathidae


dwarf pipefish: small (4 inches) fish found off the Florida Gulf Coast


Syngnathus hildebrandi: small (4 inches) fish found off the Florida Gulf Coast


Cosmocampus: a genus of fish in the family Syngnathidae


genus Cosmocampus: a genus of fish in the family Syngnathidae


deepwater pipefish: a fish 8 inches long; found from eastern Florida to western Caribbean


Cosmocampus profundus: a fish 8 inches long; found from eastern Florida to western Caribbean


Hippocampus: seahorses


genus Hippocampus: seahorses


seahorse: small fish with horse-like heads bent sharply downward and curled tails; swim in upright position


sea horse: small fish with horse-like heads bent sharply downward and curled tails; swim in upright position


Macrorhamphosidae: bellows fishes


family Macrorhamphosidae: bellows fishes


snipefish: small bottom-dwelling fish of warm seas having a compressed body and a long snout with a toothless mouth


bellows fish: small bottom-dwelling fish of warm seas having a compressed body and a long snout with a toothless mouth


Centriscidae: shrimpfishes


family Centriscidae: shrimpfishes


shrimpfish: slender tropical shallow-water East Indian fish covered with transparent plates


shrimp-fish: slender tropical shallow-water East Indian fish covered with transparent plates


Aulostomidae: trumpetfishes


family Aulostomidae: trumpetfishes


Aulostomus: type genus of the Aulostomidae


genus Aulostomus: type genus of the Aulostomidae


trumpetfish: tropical Atlantic fish with a long snout; swims snout down


Aulostomus maculatus: tropical Atlantic fish with a long snout; swims snout down


cytostome: mouth of a protozoan


cilium: a hairlike projection from the surface of a cell; provides locomotion in free-swimming unicellular organisms


flagellum: a lash-like appendage used for locomotion (e.g., in sperm cells and some bacteria and protozoa)


flame cell: organ of excretion in flatworms


investment: outer layer or covering of an organ or part or organism


pellicle: thin protective membrane in some protozoa


embryo: an animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life


conceptus: an animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life


fertilized egg: an animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life


blastocoel: the fluid-filled cavity inside a blastula


blastocoele: the fluid-filled cavity inside a blastula


blastocele: the fluid-filled cavity inside a blastula


segmentation cavity: the fluid-filled cavity inside a blastula


cleavage cavity: the fluid-filled cavity inside a blastula


blastoderm: a layer of cells on the inside of the blastula


germinal disc: a layer of cells on the inside of the blastula


blastodisc: a layer of cells on the inside of the blastula


germinal area: a layer of cells on the inside of the blastula


blastomere: any cell resulting from cleavage of a fertilized egg


fetus: an unborn or unhatched vertebrate in the later stages of development showing the main recognizable features of the mature animal


foetus: an unborn or unhatched vertebrate in the later stages of development showing the main recognizable features of the mature animal


monster: (medicine) a grossly malformed and usually nonviable fetus


teras: (medicine) a grossly malformed and usually nonviable fetus


abortus: a human fetus whose weight is less than 0.5 kilogram when removed or expelled from the mother's body


egg: animal reproductive body consisting of an ovum or embryo together with nutritive and protective envelopes; especially the thin-shelled reproductive body laid by e.g. female birds


ovipositor: egg-laying tubular structure at the end of the abdomen in many female insects and some fishes


chalaza: one of two spiral bands of tissue connecting the egg yolk to the enclosing membrane at either end of the shell


nit: egg or young of an insect parasitic on mammals especially a sucking louse; often attached to a hair or item of clothing


spawn: the mass of eggs deposited by fish or amphibians or molluscs


roe: the eggs or egg-laden ovary of a fish


roe: the egg mass or spawn of certain crustaceans such as the lobster


blastula: early stage of an embryo produced by cleavage of an ovum; a liquid-filled sphere whose wall is composed of a single layer of cells; during this stage (about eight days after fertilization) implantation in the wall of the uterus occurs


blastosphere: early stage of an embryo produced by cleavage of an ovum; a liquid-filled sphere whose wall is composed of a single layer of cells; during this stage (about eight days after fertilization) implantation in the wall of the uterus occurs


blastocyst: the blastula of a placental mammal in which some differentiation of cells has occurred


blastodermic vessicle: the blastula of a placental mammal in which some differentiation of cells has occurred


trophoblast: the membrane that forms the wall of the blastocyst in early development; aids implantation in the uterine wall


gastrula: double-walled stage of the embryo resulting from invagination of the blastula; the outer layer of cells is the ectoderm and the inner layer differentiates into the mesoderm and endoderm


morula: a solid mass of blastomeres that forms when the zygote splits; develops into the blastula


archenteron: central cavity of the gastrula; becomes the intestinal or digestive cavity


blastopore: the opening into the archenteron


layer: thin structure composed of a single thickness of cells


embryonic tissue: tissue in an embryo


germ layer: (embryology) any of the 3 layers of cells differentiated in embryos following gastrulation


ectoderm: the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue


exoderm: the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue


ectoblast: the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue


neural tube: a tube of ectodermal tissue in the embryo from which the brain and spinal cord develop


mesoderm: the middle germ layer that develops into muscle and bone and cartilage and blood and connective tissue


mesoblast: the middle germ layer that develops into muscle and bone and cartilage and blood and connective tissue


chordamesoderm: the area of mesoderm that forms the notochord


chordomesoderm: the area of mesoderm that forms the notochord


mesenchyme: mesodermal tissue that forms connective tissue and blood and smooth muscles


endoderm: the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems


entoderm: the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems


endoblast: the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems


entoblast: the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems


hypoblast: the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems


silkworm seed: eggs of a silkworm


yolk: nutritive material of an ovum stored for the nutrition of an embryo (especially the yellow mass of a bird or reptile egg)


vitellus: nutritive material of an ovum stored for the nutrition of an embryo (especially the yellow mass of a bird or reptile egg)


yolk sac: membranous structure enclosing the yolk of eggs in birds, reptiles, marsupials, and some fishes; circulates nutrients to the developing embryo


yolk sac: membranous structure that functions as the circulatory system in mammalian embryos until the heart becomes functional


vitelline sac: membranous structure that functions as the circulatory system in mammalian embryos until the heart becomes functional


umbilical vesicle: membranous structure that functions as the circulatory system in mammalian embryos until the heart becomes functional


vesicula umbilicus: membranous structure that functions as the circulatory system in mammalian embryos until the heart becomes functional


fang: hollow or grooved tooth of a venomous snake; used to inject its poison


fang: canine tooth of a carnivorous animal; used to seize and tear its prey


tusk: a long pointed tooth specialized for fighting or digging; especially in an elephant or walrus or hog


Chordata: comprises true vertebrates and animals having a notochord


phylum Chordata: comprises true vertebrates and animals having a notochord


chordate: any animal of the phylum Chordata having a notochord or spinal column


notochord: a flexible rodlike structure that forms the supporting axis of the body in the lowest chordates and lowest vertebrates and in embryos of higher vertebrates


urochord: a notochord of a larval tunicate typically confined to the caudal region


chordate family: any family in the phylum Chordata


chordate genus: any genus in the phylum Chordata


Cephalochordata: lancelets


subphylum Cephalochordata: lancelets


cephalochordate: fish-like animals having a notochord rather than a true spinal column


Amphioxidae: lancelets


family Amphioxidae: lancelets


Branchiostomidae: lancelets


family Branchiostomidae: lancelets


genus Amphioxus: type genus of the Amphioxidae


lancelet: small translucent lancet-shaped burrowing marine animal; primitive forerunner of the vertebrates


amphioxus: small translucent lancet-shaped burrowing marine animal; primitive forerunner of the vertebrates


Urochordata: tunicates


subphylum Urochordata: tunicates


Urochorda: tunicates


subphylum Urochorda: tunicates


Tunicata: tunicates


subphylum Tunicata: tunicates


tunicate: primitive marine animal having a saclike unsegmented body and a urochord that is conspicuous in the larva


urochordate: primitive marine animal having a saclike unsegmented body and a urochord that is conspicuous in the larva


urochord: primitive marine animal having a saclike unsegmented body and a urochord that is conspicuous in the larva


Ascidiaceae: sometimes classified as an order: sea squirts


class Ascidiaceae: sometimes classified as an order: sea squirts


ascidian: minute sedentary marine invertebrate having a saclike body with siphons through which water enters and leaves


siphon: a tubular organ in an aquatic animal (especially in mollusks) through which water can be taken in or expelled


syphon: a tubular organ in an aquatic animal (especially in mollusks) through which water can be taken in or expelled


sea squirt: ascidian that can contract its body and eject streams of water


Thaliacea: small class of free-swimming tunicates; sometimes classified as an order


class Thaliacea: small class of free-swimming tunicates; sometimes classified as an order


Salpidae: a small family of tunicates in the class Thaliacea


family Salpidae: a small family of tunicates in the class Thaliacea


genus Salpa: type (perhaps sole) genus of the Salpidae


salp: minute floating marine tunicate having a transparent body with an opening at each end


salpa: minute floating marine tunicate having a transparent body with an opening at each end


Doliolidae: oceanic tunicates


family Doliolidae: oceanic tunicates


genus Doliolum: type genus of the Doliolidae


doliolum: free-swimming oceanic tunicate with a barrel-shaped transparent body


Larvacea: small free-swimming tunicates; sometimes classified as an order


class Larvacea: small free-swimming tunicates; sometimes classified as an order


larvacean: any member of the class Larvacea


genus Appendicularia: a genus of chordates in the class Larvacea


appendicularia: free-swimming tadpole-shaped pelagic tunicate resembling larvae of other tunicates


ascidian tadpole: free-swimming larva of ascidians; they have a tail like a tadpole that contains the notochord


Vertebrata: fishes; amphibians; reptiles; birds; mammals


subphylum Vertebrata: fishes; amphibians; reptiles; birds; mammals


Craniata: fishes; amphibians; reptiles; birds; mammals


subphylum Craniata: fishes; amphibians; reptiles; birds; mammals


vertebrate: animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain enclosed in a skull or cranium


craniate: animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain enclosed in a skull or cranium


Amniota: higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals) possessing an amnion during development


amniote: any member of the Amniota


amnion: thin innermost membranous sac enclosing the developing embryo of higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals)


amniotic sac: thin innermost membranous sac enclosing the developing embryo of higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals)


amnios: thin innermost membranous sac enclosing the developing embryo of higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals)


chorion: the outermost membranous sac enclosing the embryo in higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals)


chorionic villus: one of the tiny villi that stick out of the fetal chorion and combine with the mother's uterine tissue to form the placenta


allantois: the vascular fetal membrane that lies below the chorion and develops from the hindgut in many embryonic higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals)


chorioallantois: the very vascular fetal membrane composed of the fused chorion and adjacent wall of the allantois


chorioallantoic membrane: the very vascular fetal membrane composed of the fused chorion and adjacent wall of the allantois


aquatic vertebrate: animal living wholly or chiefly in or on water


Agnatha: superclass of eel-shaped chordates lacking jaws and pelvic fins: lampreys; hagfishes; some extinct forms


superclass Agnatha: superclass of eel-shaped chordates lacking jaws and pelvic fins: lampreys; hagfishes; some extinct forms


jawless vertebrate: eel-shaped vertebrate without jaws or paired appendages including the cyclostomes and some extinct forms


jawless fish: eel-shaped vertebrate without jaws or paired appendages including the cyclostomes and some extinct forms


agnathan: eel-shaped vertebrate without jaws or paired appendages including the cyclostomes and some extinct forms


Ostracodermi: extinct group of armored jawless vertebrates; taxonomy is not clear


order Ostracodermi: extinct group of armored jawless vertebrates; taxonomy is not clear


ostracoderm: extinct fish-like jawless vertebrate having a heavily armored body; of the Paleozoic


Heterostraci: extinct group of armored jawless fishes or fish-like vertebrate; taxonomy is not clear


suborder Heterostraci: extinct group of armored jawless fishes or fish-like vertebrate; taxonomy is not clear


heterostracan: extinct jawless fish with the anterior part of the body covered with bony plates; of the Silurian and Devonian


Osteostraci: extinct group of armored fish-like vertebrates; taxonomy is not clear


suborder Osteostraci: extinct group of armored fish-like vertebrates; taxonomy is not clear


Cephalaspida: extinct group of armored fish-like vertebrates; taxonomy is not clear


suborder Cephalaspida: extinct group of armored fish-like vertebrates; taxonomy is not clear


osteostracan: extinct jawless fish of the Devonian with armored head


cephalaspid: extinct jawless fish of the Devonian with armored head


Anaspida: extinct order of jawless vertebrates


order Anaspida: extinct order of jawless vertebrates


anaspid: extinct small freshwater jawless fish usually having a heterocercal tail and an armored head; of the Silurian and Devonian


Conodonta: extinct order of primitive vertebrates; the precise taxonomy is not clear; in some classifications considered a separate phylum


order Conodonta: extinct order of primitive vertebrates; the precise taxonomy is not clear; in some classifications considered a separate phylum


Conodontophorida: extinct order of primitive vertebrates; the precise taxonomy is not clear; in some classifications considered a separate phylum


order Conodontophorida: extinct order of primitive vertebrates; the precise taxonomy is not clear; in some classifications considered a separate phylum


conodont: small (2 inches long) extinct eellike fish with a finned tail and a notochord and having cone-shaped teeth containing cellular bone; late Cambrian to late Triassic; possible predecessor of the cyclostomes


conodont: the tiny fossil cone-shaped tooth of a primitive vertebrate of order Conodonta


Cyclostomata: primitive jawless aquatic vertebrate: lampreys; hagfishes


order Cyclostomata: primitive jawless aquatic vertebrate: lampreys; hagfishes


cyclostome: primitive aquatic vertebrate


Petromyzoniformes: lampreys as distinguished from hagfishes


suborder Petromyzoniformes: lampreys as distinguished from hagfishes


Hyperoartia: lampreys as distinguished from hagfishes


suborder Hyperoartia: lampreys as distinguished from hagfishes


Petromyzontidae: lampreys


family Petromyzontidae: lampreys


lamprey: primitive eellike freshwater or anadromous cyclostome having round sucking mouth with a rasping tongue


lamprey eel: primitive eellike freshwater or anadromous cyclostome having round sucking mouth with a rasping tongue


lamper eel: primitive eellike freshwater or anadromous cyclostome having round sucking mouth with a rasping tongue


Petromyzon: typical lampreys


genus Petromyzon: typical lampreys


sea lamprey: large anadromous lamprey sometimes used as food; destructive of native fish fauna in the Great Lakes


Petromyzon marinus: large anadromous lamprey sometimes used as food; destructive of native fish fauna in the Great Lakes


Myxiniformes: hagfishes as distinguished from lampreys


suborder Myxiniformes: hagfishes as distinguished from lampreys


Hyperotreta: hagfishes as distinguished from lampreys


suborder Hyperotreta: hagfishes as distinguished from lampreys


Myxinoidei: hagfishes as distinguished from lampreys


Myxinoidea: hagfishes as distinguished from lampreys


suborder Myxinoidei: hagfishes as distinguished from lampreys


Myxinidae: slime-producing marine animals: hagfishes


family Myxinidae: slime-producing marine animals: hagfishes


hagfish: eellike cyclostome having a tongue with horny teeth in a round mouth surrounded by eight tentacles; feeds on dead or trapped fishes by boring into their bodies


hag: eellike cyclostome having a tongue with horny teeth in a round mouth surrounded by eight tentacles; feeds on dead or trapped fishes by boring into their bodies


slime eels: eellike cyclostome having a tongue with horny teeth in a round mouth surrounded by eight tentacles; feeds on dead or trapped fishes by boring into their bodies


Myxine: type genus of the Myxinidae (typical hagfishes)


genus Myxine: type genus of the Myxinidae (typical hagfishes)


Myxine glutinosa: typical hagfish


genus Eptatretus: a genus of fossil fish of the family Myxinidae


eptatretus: a fossil hagfish of the genus Eptatretus


Myxinikela: fossil hagfishes


genus Myxinikela: fossil hagfishes


Myxinikela siroka: fossil hagfish of the Pennsylvanian period (c. 300 million years ago) that resembled modern hagfishes


Gnathostomata: comprising all vertebrates with upper and lower jaws


superclass Gnathostomata: comprising all vertebrates with upper and lower jaws


gnathostome: a vertebrate animal possessing true jaws


Placodermi: extinct group of bony-plated fishes with primitive jaws


class Placodermi: extinct group of bony-plated fishes with primitive jaws


placoderm: fish-like vertebrate with bony plates on head and upper body; dominant in seas and rivers during the Devonian; considered the earliest vertebrate with jaws


Chondrichthyes: cartilaginous fishes


class Chondrichthyes: cartilaginous fishes


cartilaginous fish: fishes in which the skeleton may be calcified but not ossified


chondrichthian: fishes in which the skeleton may be calcified but not ossified


Holocephali: chimaeras and extinct forms


subclass Holocephali: chimaeras and extinct forms


holocephalan: fish with high compressed head and a body tapering off into a long tail


holocephalian: fish with high compressed head and a body tapering off into a long tail


Chimaeridae: a family of Holocephali


family Chimaeridae: a family of Holocephali


genus Chimaera: type genus of the Chimaeridae


chimaera: a deep-sea fish with a tapering body, smooth skin, and long threadlike tail


rabbitfish: large European chimaera


Chimaera monstrosa: large European chimaera


Elasmobranchii: sharks; rays; dogfishes; skates


subclass Elasmobranchii: sharks; rays; dogfishes; skates


Selachii: sharks; rays; dogfishes; skates


subclass Selachii: sharks; rays; dogfishes; skates


elasmobranch: any of numerous fishes of the class Chondrichthyes characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton and placoid scales: sharks; rays; skates


selachian: any of numerous fishes of the class Chondrichthyes characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton and placoid scales: sharks; rays; skates


shark: any of numerous elongate mostly marine carnivorous fishes with heterocercal caudal fins and tough skin covered with small toothlike scales


Hexanchidae: primitive sharks


family Hexanchidae: primitive sharks


Hexanchus: a genus of Hexanchidae


genus Hexanchus: a genus of Hexanchidae


cow shark: large primitive shark widely distributed in warm seas


six-gilled shark: large primitive shark widely distributed in warm seas


Hexanchus griseus: large primitive shark widely distributed in warm seas


Lamnidae: oceanic sharks


family Lamnidae: oceanic sharks


Isuridae: in some classifications another name for the family Lamnidae


family Isuridae: in some classifications another name for the family Lamnidae


mackerel shark: fierce pelagic and oceanic sharks


Lamna: a genus of Lamnidae


genus Lamna: a genus of Lamnidae


porbeagle: voracious pointed-nose shark of northern Atlantic and Pacific


Lamna nasus: voracious pointed-nose shark of northern Atlantic and Pacific


Isurus: mako sharks


genus Isurus: mako sharks


mako: powerful mackerel shark of the Atlantic and Pacific


mako shark: powerful mackerel shark of the Atlantic and Pacific


shortfin mako: very swift active bluish shark found worldwide in warm waters; important game fish


Isurus oxyrhincus: very swift active bluish shark found worldwide in warm waters; important game fish


longfin mako: similar to shortfin mako but darker blue


Isurus paucus: similar to shortfin mako but darker blue


bonito shark: common blue-grey shark of southwest Pacific; sport and food fish


blue pointed: common blue-grey shark of southwest Pacific; sport and food fish


Isurus glaucus: common blue-grey shark of southwest Pacific; sport and food fish


Carcharodon: man-eating sharks


genus Carcharodon: man-eating sharks


great white shark: large aggressive shark widespread in warm seas; known to attack humans


white shark: large aggressive shark widespread in warm seas; known to attack humans


man-eater: large aggressive shark widespread in warm seas; known to attack humans


man-eating shark: large aggressive shark widespread in warm seas; known to attack humans


Carcharodon carcharias: large aggressive shark widespread in warm seas; known to attack humans


Cetorhinus: comprising only the basking sharks; in some classifications considered the type genus of a separate family Cetorhinidae


genus Cetorhinus: comprising only the basking sharks; in some classifications considered the type genus of a separate family Cetorhinidae


Cetorhinidae: in some older classifications considered the family of the basking sharks


family Cetorhinidae: in some older classifications considered the family of the basking sharks


basking shark: large harmless plankton-eating northern shark; often swims slowly or floats at the sea surface


Cetorhinus maximus: large harmless plankton-eating northern shark; often swims slowly or floats at the sea surface


Alopiidae: thresher sharks


family Alopiidae: thresher sharks


Alopius: type genus of the family Alopiidae; in some classifications considered a genus of the family Lamnidae


genus Alopius: type genus of the family Alopiidae; in some classifications considered a genus of the family Lamnidae


thresher: large pelagic shark of warm seas with a whiplike tail used to round up small fish on which to feed


thrasher: large pelagic shark of warm seas with a whiplike tail used to round up small fish on which to feed


thresher shark: large pelagic shark of warm seas with a whiplike tail used to round up small fish on which to feed


fox shark: large pelagic shark of warm seas with a whiplike tail used to round up small fish on which to feed


Alopius vulpinus: large pelagic shark of warm seas with a whiplike tail used to round up small fish on which to feed


Orectolobidae: nurse sharks and carpet sharks


family Orectolobidae: nurse sharks and carpet sharks


Orectolobus: carpet sharks


genus Orectolobus: carpet sharks


carpet shark: shark of the western Pacific with flattened body and mottled skin


Orectolobus barbatus: shark of the western Pacific with flattened body and mottled skin


Ginglymostoma: nurse sharks


genus Ginglymostoma: nurse sharks


nurse shark: small bottom-dwelling shark of warm shallow waters on both coasts of North America and South America and from southeast Asia to Australia


Ginglymostoma cirratum: small bottom-dwelling shark of warm shallow waters on both coasts of North America and South America and from southeast Asia to Australia


Carchariidae: sand sharks; in some classifications coextensive with family Carcharhinidae


family Carchariidae: sand sharks; in some classifications coextensive with family Carcharhinidae


Odontaspididae: sand sharks; in some classifications coextensive with family Carcharhinidae


family Odontaspididae: sand sharks; in some classifications coextensive with family Carcharhinidae


Carcharias: type and sole genus of Carchariidae: sand sharks


genus Carcharias: type and sole genus of Carchariidae: sand sharks


Odontaspis: type and sole genus of Carchariidae: sand sharks


genus Odontaspis: type and sole genus of Carchariidae: sand sharks


sand tiger: shallow-water shark with sharp jagged teeth found on both sides of Atlantic; sometimes dangerous to swimmers


sand shark: shallow-water shark with sharp jagged teeth found on both sides of Atlantic; sometimes dangerous to swimmers


Carcharias taurus: shallow-water shark with sharp jagged teeth found on both sides of Atlantic; sometimes dangerous to swimmers


Odontaspis taurus: shallow-water shark with sharp jagged teeth found on both sides of Atlantic; sometimes dangerous to swimmers


Rhincodontidae: small-toothed sharks comprising only one species


family Rhincodontidae: small-toothed sharks comprising only one species


Rhincodon: whale sharks


genus Rhincodon: whale sharks


whale shark: large spotted shark of warm surface waters worldwide; resembles a whale and feeds chiefly on plankton


Rhincodon typus: large spotted shark of warm surface waters worldwide; resembles a whale and feeds chiefly on plankton


Scyliorhinidae: small bottom-dwelling sharks


family Scyliorhinidae: small bottom-dwelling sharks


cat shark: small bottom-dwelling sharks with cat-like eyes; found along continental slopes


Carcharhinidae: largest family of living sharks; found worldwide especially in tropical waters; dorsal fin lacks spines: requiem sharks including tiger sharks and soupfin sharks


family Carcharhinidae: largest family of living sharks; found worldwide especially in tropical waters; dorsal fin lacks spines: requiem sharks including tiger sharks and soupfin sharks


requiem shark: any of numerous sharks from small relatively harmless bottom-dwellers to large dangerous oceanic and coastal species


Carcharhinus: type genus of the Carcharhinidae


genus Carcharhinus: type genus of the Carcharhinidae


bull shark: a most common shark in temperate and tropical coastal waters worldwide; heavy-bodied and dangerous


cub shark: a most common shark in temperate and tropical coastal waters worldwide; heavy-bodied and dangerous


Carcharhinus leucas: a most common shark in temperate and tropical coastal waters worldwide; heavy-bodied and dangerous


sandbar shark: most common grey shark along coasts of middle Atlantic states; sluggish and occasionally caught by fishermen


Carcharhinus plumbeus: most common grey shark along coasts of middle Atlantic states; sluggish and occasionally caught by fishermen


blacktip shark: widely distributed shallow-water shark with fins seemingly dipped in ink


sandbar shark: widely distributed shallow-water shark with fins seemingly dipped in ink


Carcharhinus limbatus: widely distributed shallow-water shark with fins seemingly dipped in ink


whitetip shark: large deep-water shark with white-tipped dorsal fin; worldwide distribution; most dangerous shark


oceanic whitetip shark: large deep-water shark with white-tipped dorsal fin; worldwide distribution; most dangerous shark


white-tipped shark: large deep-water shark with white-tipped dorsal fin; worldwide distribution; most dangerous shark


Carcharinus longimanus: large deep-water shark with white-tipped dorsal fin; worldwide distribution; most dangerous shark


dusky shark: relatively slender blue-grey shark; nearly worldwide in tropical and temperate waters


Carcharhinus obscurus: relatively slender blue-grey shark; nearly worldwide in tropical and temperate waters


Negaprion: lemon sharks


genus Negaprion: lemon sharks


lemon shark: common shallow-water schooling shark of the Atlantic from North Carolina to Brazil and off west Africa; dangerous


Negaprion brevirostris: common shallow-water schooling shark of the Atlantic from North Carolina to Brazil and off west Africa; dangerous


Prionace: blue sharks


genus Prionace: blue sharks


blue shark: slender cosmopolitan, pelagic shark; blue body shades to white belly; dangerous especially during maritime disasters


great blue shark: slender cosmopolitan, pelagic shark; blue body shades to white belly; dangerous especially during maritime disasters


Prionace glauca: slender cosmopolitan, pelagic shark; blue body shades to white belly; dangerous especially during maritime disasters


Galeocerdo: tiger sharks


genus Galeocerdo: tiger sharks


tiger shark: large dangerous warm-water shark with striped or spotted body


Galeocerdo cuvieri: large dangerous warm-water shark with striped or spotted body


Galeorhinus: a genus of Carcharhinidae


genus Galeorhinus: a genus of Carcharhinidae


soupfin shark: Pacific shark valued for its fins (used by Chinese in soup) and liver (rich in vitamin A)


soupfin: Pacific shark valued for its fins (used by Chinese in soup) and liver (rich in vitamin A)


soup-fin: Pacific shark valued for its fins (used by Chinese in soup) and liver (rich in vitamin A)


Galeorhinus zyopterus: Pacific shark valued for its fins (used by Chinese in soup) and liver (rich in vitamin A)


dogfish: any of several small sharks


Triakidae: small sharks with smooth skins and lacking spines on their dorsal fins


family Triakidae: small sharks with smooth skins and lacking spines on their dorsal fins


Mustelus: smooth dogfishes


genus Mustelus: smooth dogfishes


smooth dogfish: small bottom-dwelling shark found along both Atlantic coasts


smoothhound: smooth dogfish of European coastal waters


smoothhound shark: smooth dogfish of European coastal waters


Mustelus mustelus: smooth dogfish of European coastal waters


American smooth dogfish: found along the Atlantic coast of the Americas


Mustelus canis: found along the Atlantic coast of the Americas


Florida smoothhound: found from the northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil


Mustelus norrisi: found from the northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil


Triaenodon: a genus of Triakidae


genus Triaenodon: a genus of Triakidae


whitetip shark: smooth dogfish of Pacific and Indian Oceans and Red Sea having white-tipped dorsal and caudal fins


reef whitetip shark: smooth dogfish of Pacific and Indian Oceans and Red Sea having white-tipped dorsal and caudal fins


Triaenodon obseus: smooth dogfish of Pacific and Indian Oceans and Red Sea having white-tipped dorsal and caudal fins


Squalidae: dogfishes having a spine in each dorsal fin


family Squalidae: dogfishes having a spine in each dorsal fin


spiny dogfish: small bottom-dwelling dogfishes


Squalus: spiny dogfishes


genus Squalus: spiny dogfishes


Atlantic spiny dogfish: destructive dogfish of the Atlantic coastal waters of America and Europe; widely used in anatomy classes


Squalus acanthias: destructive dogfish of the Atlantic coastal waters of America and Europe; widely used in anatomy classes


Pacific spiny dogfish: dogfish of Pacific coast of North America


Squalus suckleyi: dogfish of Pacific coast of North America


Sphyrnidae: hammerhead sharks; bonnethead sharks


family Sphyrnidae: hammerhead sharks; bonnethead sharks


Sphyrna: type genus of the Sphyrnidae


genus Sphyrna: type genus of the Sphyrnidae


hammerhead: medium-sized live-bearing shark with eyes at either end of a flattened hammer-shaped head; worldwide in warm waters; can be dangerous


hammerhead shark: medium-sized live-bearing shark with eyes at either end of a flattened hammer-shaped head; worldwide in warm waters; can be dangerous


smooth hammerhead: fished for the hides and vitamin-rich liver


Sphyrna zygaena: fished for the hides and vitamin-rich liver


smalleye hammerhead: fished for the hide and vitamin-rich liver


Sphyrna tudes: fished for the hide and vitamin-rich liver


shovelhead: small harmless hammerhead having a spade-shaped head; abundant in bays and estuaries


bonnethead: small harmless hammerhead having a spade-shaped head; abundant in bays and estuaries


bonnet shark: small harmless hammerhead having a spade-shaped head; abundant in bays and estuaries


Sphyrna tiburo: small harmless hammerhead having a spade-shaped head; abundant in bays and estuaries


Squatinidae: bottom-dwelling ray-like sharks


family Squatinidae: bottom-dwelling ray-like sharks


Squatina: type genus of the Squatinidae: angel sharks


genus Squatina: type genus of the Squatinidae: angel sharks


angel shark: sharks with broad flat bodies and winglike pectoral fins but that swim the way sharks do


angelfish: sharks with broad flat bodies and winglike pectoral fins but that swim the way sharks do


Squatina squatina: sharks with broad flat bodies and winglike pectoral fins but that swim the way sharks do


monkfish: sharks with broad flat bodies and winglike pectoral fins but that swim the way sharks do


ray: cartilaginous fishes having horizontally flattened bodies and enlarged winglike pectoral fins with gills on the underside; most swim by moving the pectoral fins


Torpediniformes: rays with bodies shaped like torpedoes


order Torpediniformes: rays with bodies shaped like torpedoes


Torpedinidae: electric rays


family Torpedinidae: electric rays


electric ray: any sluggish bottom-dwelling ray of the order Torpediniformes having a rounded body and electric organs on each side of the head capable of emitting strong electric discharges


crampfish: any sluggish bottom-dwelling ray of the order Torpediniformes having a rounded body and electric organs on each side of the head capable of emitting strong electric discharges


numbfish: any sluggish bottom-dwelling ray of the order Torpediniformes having a rounded body and electric organs on each side of the head capable of emitting strong electric discharges


torpedo: any sluggish bottom-dwelling ray of the order Torpediniformes having a rounded body and electric organs on each side of the head capable of emitting strong electric discharges


Rajiformes: fish with dorsoventrally flattened bodies; includes: rays; skates; guitarfishes; sawfishes


order Rajiformes: fish with dorsoventrally flattened bodies; includes: rays; skates; guitarfishes; sawfishes


Batoidei: fish with dorsoventrally flattened bodies; includes: rays; skates; guitarfishes; sawfishes


order Batoidei: fish with dorsoventrally flattened bodies; includes: rays; skates; guitarfishes; sawfishes


Pristidae: large primitive rays with elongated snouts


family Pristidae: large primitive rays with elongated snouts


sawfish: primitive ray with sharp teeth on each edge of a long flattened snout


Pristis: type genus of the Pristidae