insurrection: organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another


revolt: organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another


rising: organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another


uprising: organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another


civil war: a war between factions in the same country


revolution: the overthrow of a government by those who are governed


counterrevolution: a revolution whose aim is to reverse the changes introduced by a previous revolution


insurgency: an organized rebellion aimed at overthrowing a constituted government through the use of subversion and armed conflict


insurgence: an organized rebellion aimed at overthrowing a constituted government through the use of subversion and armed conflict


intifada: an uprising by Palestinian Arabs (in both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank) against Israel in the late 1980s and again in 2000


intifadah: an uprising by Palestinian Arabs (in both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank) against Israel in the late 1980s and again in 2000


pacification: actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency


counterinsurgency: actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency


mutiny: open rebellion against constituted authority (especially by seamen or soldiers against their officers)


Peasant's Revolt: a widespread rebellion in 1381 against poll taxes and other inequities that oppressed the poorer people of England; suppressed by Richard II


Great Revolt: a widespread rebellion in 1381 against poll taxes and other inequities that oppressed the poorer people of England; suppressed by Richard II


combat: an engagement fought between two military forces


armed combat: an engagement fought between two military forces


aggression: violent action that is hostile and usually unprovoked


hostility: violent action that is hostile and usually unprovoked


hostilities: fighting; acts of overt warfare


belligerency: fighting; acts of overt warfare


trench warfare: a type of armed combat in which the opposing troops fight from trenches that face each other


meat grinder: any action resulting in injury or destruction


violence: an act of aggression (as one against a person who resists)


force: an act of aggression (as one against a person who resists)


domestic violence: violence or physical abuse directed toward your spouse or domestic partner; usually violence by men against women


plundering: the act of stealing valuable things from a place


pillage: the act of stealing valuable things from a place


pillaging: the act of stealing valuable things from a place


banditry: the practice of plundering in gangs


rape: the act of despoiling a country in warfare


rapine: the act of despoiling a country in warfare


rustling: the stealing of cattle


looting: plundering during riots or in wartime


robbery: plundering during riots or in wartime


defloration: an act that despoils the innocence or beauty of something


spoil: the act of stripping and taking by force


spoliation: the act of stripping and taking by force


spoilation: the act of stripping and taking by force


despoilation: the act of stripping and taking by force


despoilment: the act of stripping and taking by force


despoliation: the act of stripping and taking by force


ravaging: plundering with excessive damage and destruction


devastation: plundering with excessive damage and destruction


depredation: an act of plundering and pillaging and marauding


predation: an act of plundering and pillaging and marauding


sack: the plundering of a place by an army or mob; usually involves destruction and slaughter


chemical warfare: warfare using chemical agents to kill or injure or incapacitate the enemy


chemical operations: warfare using chemical agents to kill or injure or incapacitate the enemy


biological warfare: the use of bacteria or viruses or toxins to destroy men and animals or food


BW: the use of bacteria or viruses or toxins to destroy men and animals or food


biological attack: the use of bacteria or viruses or toxins to destroy men and animals or food


biologic attack: the use of bacteria or viruses or toxins to destroy men and animals or food


bioattack: the use of bacteria or viruses or toxins to destroy men and animals or food


biological warfare defense: defense against biological warfare


biological warfare defence: defense against biological warfare


BW defense: defense against biological warfare


BW defence: defense against biological warfare


campaign: several related operations aimed at achieving a particular goal (usually within geographical and temporal constraints)


military campaign: several related operations aimed at achieving a particular goal (usually within geographical and temporal constraints)


expedition: a military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in a foreign country


military expedition: a military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in a foreign country


hostile expedition: a military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in a foreign country


Crusade: any of the more or less continuous military expeditions in the 11th to 13th centuries when Christian powers of Europe tried to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims


First Crusade: a Crusade from 1096 to 1099; captured Jerusalem and created a theocracy there


Second Crusade: a Crusade from 1145 to 1147 that failed because of internal disagreements among the crusaders and led to the loss of Jerusalem in 1187


Third Crusade: a Crusade from 1189 to 1192 led by Richard I and the king of France that failed because an army torn by dissensions and fighting on foreign soil could not succeed against forces united by religious zeal


Fourth Crusade: a Crusade from 1202 to 1204 that was diverted into a battle for Constantinople and failed to recapture Jerusalem


Fifth Crusade: a Crusade under papal control from 1218 to 1221 that achieved military victories but failed when dissension arose over accepting the terms they had been offered


Sixth Crusade: a Crusade from 1228 to 1229 led by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II who fell ill and was excommunicated by the Pope; by negotiation Frederick II was able to crown himself king of Jerusalem


Seventh Crusade: a Crusade initiated in 1248 after the loss of Jerusalem in 1244 and defeated in 1249


naval campaign: an operation conducted primarily by naval forces in order to gain or extend or maintain control of the sea


mission: an operation that is assigned by a higher headquarters


military mission: an operation that is assigned by a higher headquarters


combat mission: a mission to capture or defend something


search mission: a mission to discover something


search and destroy mission: an operation developed for United States troops in Vietnam; troops would move through a designated area destroying troops as they found them


sortie: a military action in which besieged troops burst forth from their position


sally: a military action in which besieged troops burst forth from their position


support: a military operation (often involving new supplies of men and materiel) to strengthen a military force or aid in the performance of its mission


reinforcement: a military operation (often involving new supplies of men and materiel) to strengthen a military force or aid in the performance of its mission


reenforcement: a military operation (often involving new supplies of men and materiel) to strengthen a military force or aid in the performance of its mission


dogfight: a violent fight between dogs (sometimes organized illegally for entertainment and gambling)


close support: close-in firing by one unit against an enemy engaged by another unit


direct support: a mission requiring one force to support another specific force and authorizing it to answer directly the supported force's request for assistance


amphibious demonstration: an amphibious operation conducted for the purpose of deceiving the enemy and leading him into a course of action unfavorable to him


diversionary landing: an amphibious diversionary attack


attack: (military) an offensive against an enemy (using weapons)


onslaught: (military) an offensive against an enemy (using weapons)


onset: (military) an offensive against an enemy (using weapons)


onrush: (military) an offensive against an enemy (using weapons)


war: the waging of armed conflict against an enemy


warfare: the waging of armed conflict against an enemy


air raid: an attack by armed planes on a surface target


air attack: an attack by armed planes on a surface target


dogfight: an aerial engagement between fighter planes


ground attack: an attack by ground troops


assault: close fighting during the culmination of a military attack


storm: a direct and violent assault on a stronghold


charge: an impetuous rush toward someone or something


countercharge: a retaliatory charge


banzai attack: a mass attack of troops without concern for casualties; originated by Japanese who accompanied it with yells of `banzai'


banzai charge: a mass attack of troops without concern for casualties; originated by Japanese who accompanied it with yells of `banzai'


diversion: an attack calculated to draw enemy defense away from the point of the principal attack


diversionary attack: an attack calculated to draw enemy defense away from the point of the principal attack


penetration: an attack that penetrates into enemy territory


incursion: an attack that penetrates into enemy territory


interpenetration: the action of penetrating between or among


blitz: a swift and violent military offensive with intensive aerial bombardment


blitzkrieg: a swift and violent military offensive with intensive aerial bombardment


breakthrough: a penetration of a barrier such as an enemy's defense


safety blitz: (American football) defensive players try to break through the offensive line


linebacker blitzing: (American football) defensive players try to break through the offensive line


blitz: (American football) defensive players try to break through the offensive line


mousetrap: (American football) a play in which a defensive player is allowed to cross the line of scrimmage and then blocked off as the runner goes through the place the lineman vacated


trap play: (American football) a play in which a defensive player is allowed to cross the line of scrimmage and then blocked off as the runner goes through the place the lineman vacated


invasion: the act of invading; the act of an army that invades for conquest or plunder


infiltration: a process in which individuals (or small groups) penetrate an area (especially the military penetration of enemy positions without detection)


foray: a sudden short attack


raid: a sudden short attack


maraud: a sudden short attack


inroad: an invasion or hostile attack


swoop: a very rapid raid


strike: an attack that is intended to seize or inflict damage on or destroy an objective


first strike: the initial use of nuclear weapons to attack a country that also has nuclear weapons; considered feasible only when the attacker can destroy the other country's ability to retaliate


surgical strike: an attack (usually without prior warning) intended to deal only with a specific target


preventive strike: a strike that is carried out in order to deter expected aggression by hostile forces


preventive attack: a strike that is carried out in order to deter expected aggression by hostile forces


counterattack: an attack by a defending force against an attacking enemy force in order to regain lost ground or cut off enemy advance units etc.


countermove: an attack by a defending force against an attacking enemy force in order to regain lost ground or cut off enemy advance units etc.


bombing: an attack by dropping bombs


bombardment: an attack by dropping bombs


bombardment: the act (or an instance) of subjecting a body or substance to the impact of high-energy particles (as electrons or alpha rays)


bombing run: that part of the flight that begins with the approach to the target; includes target acquisition and ends with the release of the bombs


carpet bombing: an extensive and systematic bombing intended to devastate a large target


area bombing: an extensive and systematic bombing intended to devastate a large target


saturation bombing: an extensive and systematic bombing intended to devastate a large target


dive-bombing: a bombing run in which the bomber releases the bomb while flying straight toward the target


loft bombing: a bombing run in which the bomber approaches the target at a low altitude and pulls up just before releasing the bomb


toss bombing: a bombing run in which the bomber approaches the target at a low altitude and pulls up just before releasing the bomb


over-the-shoulder bombing: a special case of loft bombing in which the bomb is released past the vertical so it is tossed back to the target


bombing: the use of bombs for sabotage; a tactic frequently used by terrorists


suicide bombing: a terrorist bombing carried out by someone who does not hope to survive it


offense: the action of attacking an enemy


offence: the action of attacking an enemy


offensive: the action of attacking an enemy


counteroffensive: a large scale offensive (more than a counterattack) undertaken by a defending force to seize the initiative from an attacking force


dirty war: an offensive conducted by secret police or the military of a regime against revolutionary and terrorist insurgents and marked by the use of kidnapping and torture and murder with civilians often being the victims


rollback: the act of forcing the enemy to withdraw


push back: the act of forcing the enemy to withdraw


peacekeeping: the activity of keeping the peace by military forces (especially when international military forces enforce a truce between hostile groups or nations)


peacekeeping mission: the activity of keeping the peace by military forces (especially when international military forces enforce a truce between hostile groups or nations)


peacekeeping operation: the activity of keeping the peace by military forces (especially when international military forces enforce a truce between hostile groups or nations)


amphibious operation: a military operation by both land and sea forces


amphibious assault: an amphibious operation attacking a land base that is carried out by troops that are landed by naval ships


information gathering: the act of collecting information


intelligence: the operation of gathering information about an enemy


intelligence activity: the operation of gathering information about an enemy


intelligence operation: the operation of gathering information about an enemy


current intelligence: intelligence of all types and forms of immediate interest; usually disseminated without delays for evaluation or interpretation


tactical intelligence: intelligence that is required for the planning and conduct of tactical operations


combat intelligence: intelligence that is required for the planning and conduct of tactical operations


terrain intelligence: tactical intelligence on the natural and man-made characteristics of an area


strategic intelligence: intelligence that is required for forming policy and military plans at national and international levels


signals intelligence: intelligence information gathered from communications intelligence or electronics intelligence or telemetry intelligence


SIGINT: intelligence information gathered from communications intelligence or electronics intelligence or telemetry intelligence


electronics intelligence: intelligence derived from electromagnetic radiations from foreign sources (other than radioactive sources)


ELINT: intelligence derived from electromagnetic radiations from foreign sources (other than radioactive sources)


communications intelligence: technical and intelligence information derived from foreign communications by other than the intended recipients


COMINT: technical and intelligence information derived from foreign communications by other than the intended recipients


telemetry intelligence: intelligence derived from the interception and processing and analysis of foreign telemetry


TELINT: intelligence derived from the interception and processing and analysis of foreign telemetry


clandestine operation: an intelligence operation so planned and executed as to insure concealment


exfiltration operation: a clandestine rescue operation to bring a defector or refugee or an operative and family out of danger


psychological operation: military actions designed to influence the perceptions and attitudes of individuals, groups, and foreign governments


psyop: military actions designed to influence the perceptions and attitudes of individuals, groups, and foreign governments


covert operation: an intelligence operation so planned as to permit plausible denial by the sponsor


black operation: a covert operation not attributable to the organization carrying it out


overt operation: the collection of intelligence openly without concealment


reconnaissance: the act of reconnoitring (especially to gain information about an enemy or potential enemy)


reconnaissance mission: the act of reconnoitring (especially to gain information about an enemy or potential enemy)


recce: reconnaissance (by shortening)


recco: reconnaissance (by shortening)


reccy: reconnaissance (by shortening)


scouting: exploring in order to gain information


exploratory survey: exploring in order to gain information


reconnoitering: exploring in order to gain information


reconnoitring: exploring in order to gain information


air reconnaissance: reconnaissance either by visual observation from the air or through the use of airborne sensors


reconnaissance by fire: a method of reconnaissance in which fire is placed on a suspected enemy position in order to cause the enemy to disclose his presence by moving or returning fire


reconnaissance in force: an offensive operation designed to discover or test the enemy's strength (or to obtain other information)


shufti: a quick look around (originally military slang)


electronic reconnaissance: the detection and identification and evaluation and location of foreign electromagnetic radiations (other than radioactive)


counterintelligence: intelligence activities concerned with identifying and counteracting the threat to security posed by hostile intelligence organizations or by individuals engaged in espionage or sabotage or subversion or terrorism


countersubversion: the aspect of counterintelligence designed to detect and prevent subversive activities


counter-sabotage: counterintelligence designed to detect and counteract sabotage


fire: the act of firing weapons or artillery at an enemy


firing: the act of firing weapons or artillery at an enemy


antiaircraft fire: firing at enemy aircraft


barrage: the heavy fire of artillery to saturate an area rather than hit a specific target


barrage fire: the heavy fire of artillery to saturate an area rather than hit a specific target


battery: the heavy fire of artillery to saturate an area rather than hit a specific target


bombardment: the heavy fire of artillery to saturate an area rather than hit a specific target


shelling: the heavy fire of artillery to saturate an area rather than hit a specific target


broadside: the simultaneous firing of all the armament on one side of a warship


fusillade: rapid simultaneous discharge of firearms


salvo: rapid simultaneous discharge of firearms


volley: rapid simultaneous discharge of firearms


burst: rapid simultaneous discharge of firearms


call fire: fire delivered on a specific target in response to a request from the supported unit


close supporting fire: fire on enemy troops or weapons or positions that are near the supported unit and are the most immediate and serious threat to it


cover: fire that makes it difficult for the enemy to fire on your own individuals or formations


covering fire: fire that makes it difficult for the enemy to fire on your own individuals or formations


deep supporting fire: fire on objectives not in the immediate vicinity of your forces but with the objective of destroying enemy reserves and weapons and interfering with the enemy command and supply and communications


direct supporting fire: fire delivered in support of part of a force (as opposed to general supporting fire delivered in support of the force as a whole)


concentrated fire: fire from two or more weapons directed at a single target or area (as fire by batteries of two or more warships)


massed fire: fire from two or more weapons directed at a single target or area (as fire by batteries of two or more warships)


counterfire: fire intended to neutralize or destroy enemy weapons


counterbattery fire: fire delivered to neutralize or destroy indirect fire weapon systems


counterbombardment: bombardment intended to destroy or neutralize enemy weapons


countermortar fire: mortar fire intended to destroy or neutralize enemy weapons


counterpreparation fire: intensive prearranged fire delivered when the immanence of enemy attack is discovered


crossfire: fire from two or more points so that the lines of fire cross


destruction fire: fire delivered for the sole purpose of destroying material objects


direct fire: fire delivered on a target that is visible to the person aiming it


distributed fire: fire dispersed so as to engage effectively an area target


friendly fire: fire that injures or kills an ally


fratricide: fire that injures or kills an ally


hostile fire: fire that injures or kills an enemy


grazing fire: fire approximately parallel to the ground; the center of the cone of fire does rise above 1 meter from the ground


harassing fire: fire designed to disturb the rest of enemy troops and to curtail movement and to lower enemy morale


indirect fire: fire delivered on a target that is not itself used as the point of aim for the weapons


interdiction fire: fire directed to an area to prevent the enemy from using that area


neutralization fire: fire that is delivered in order to render the target ineffective or unusable


observed fire: fire for which the point of impact (the burst) can be seen by an observer; fire can be adjusted on the basis of the observations


preparation fire: fire delivered on a target in preparation for an assault


radar fire: gunfire aimed a target that is being tracked by radar


dating: use of chemical analysis to estimate the age of geological specimens


geological dating: use of chemical analysis to estimate the age of geological specimens


potassium-argon dating: geological dating that relies on the proportions of radioactive potassium in a rock sample and its decay product, argon


radiocarbon dating: a chemical analysis used to determine the age of organic materials based on their content of the radioisotope carbon-14; believed to be reliable up to 40,000 years


carbon dating: a chemical analysis used to determine the age of organic materials based on their content of the radioisotope carbon-14; believed to be reliable up to 40,000 years


carbon-14 dating: a chemical analysis used to determine the age of organic materials based on their content of the radioisotope carbon-14; believed to be reliable up to 40,000 years


rubidium-strontium dating: geological dating based on the proportions of radioactive rubidium into its decay product strontium; radioactive rubidium has a half-life of 47,000,000,000 years


registration fire: fire delivered to obtain accurate data for subsequent effective engagement of targets


scheduled fire: prearranged fire delivered at a predetermined time


scouring: moving over territory to search for something


searching fire: fire distributed in depth by successive changes in the elevation of the gun


shakedown: a very thorough search of a person or a place


supporting fire: fire delivered by supporting units to protect or assist a unit in combat


suppressive fire: fire on or about a weapon system to degrade its performance below what is needed to fulfill its mission objectives


unobserved fire: fire for which the point of impact (the bursts) cannot be observed


artillery fire: fire delivered by artillery


cannon fire: fire delivered by artillery


cannonade: intense and continuous artillery fire


drumfire: intense and continuous artillery fire


high-angle fire: fire from a cannon that is fired at an elevation greater than that for the maximum range


mortar fire: artillery fire delivered by a mortar


zone fire: artillery or mortar fire delivered in a constant direction at several quadrant elevations


electronic countermeasures: electronic warfare undertaken to prevent or reduce an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum


ECM: electronic warfare undertaken to prevent or reduce an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum


electronic counter-countermeasures: electronic warfare undertaken to insure effective friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum in spite of the enemy's use of electronic warfare


ECCM: electronic warfare undertaken to insure effective friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum in spite of the enemy's use of electronic warfare


electronic warfare-support measures: electronic warfare undertaken under direct control of an operational commander to locate sources of radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition


ESM: electronic warfare undertaken under direct control of an operational commander to locate sources of radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition


electromagnetic intrusion: the deliberate insertion of electromagnetic energy into transmission paths with the objective of confusing or deceiving operators


germ warfare: the use of harmful bacteria as a weapon


bacteriological warfare: the use of harmful bacteria as a weapon


information warfare: the use of information or information technology during a time of crisis or conflict to achieve or promote specific objectives over a specific adversary or adversaries


IW: the use of information or information technology during a time of crisis or conflict to achieve or promote specific objectives over a specific adversary or adversaries


jihad: a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal


jehad: a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal


jihad: a holy war waged by Muslims against infidels


jehad: a holy war waged by Muslims against infidels


international jihad: a holy war waged by Muslims against infidels


world war: a war in which the major nations of the world are involved


measurement: the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule


measuring: the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule


measure: the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule


mensuration: the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule


actinometry: measuring the intensity of electromagnetic radiation (especially of the sun's rays)


algometry: measuring sensitivity to pain or pressure


anemography: recording anemometrical measurements


anemometry: measuring wind speed and direction


angulation: the precise measurement of angles


anthropometry: measurement and study of the human body and its parts and capacities


arterial blood gases: measurement of the pH level and the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in arterial blood; important in diagnosis of many respiratory diseases


audiometry: measuring sensitivity of hearing


bathymetry: measuring the depths of the oceans


plumbing: measuring the depths of the oceans


calibration: the act of checking or adjusting (by comparison with a standard) the accuracy of a measuring instrument


standardization: the act of checking or adjusting (by comparison with a standard) the accuracy of a measuring instrument


standardisation: the act of checking or adjusting (by comparison with a standard) the accuracy of a measuring instrument


tuning: (music) calibrating something (an instrument or electronic circuit) to a standard frequency


adjustment: the act of adjusting something to match a standard


registration: the act of adjusting something to match a standard


readjustment: the act of adjusting something to match a standard


alignment: the act of adjusting or aligning the parts of a device in relation to each other


collimation: the accurate adjustment of the line of sight of a telescope


temperament: an adjustment of the intervals (as in tuning a keyboard instrument) so that the scale can be used to play in different keys


equal temperament: the division of the scale based on an octave that is divided into twelve exactly equal semitones


tune: the adjustment of a radio receiver or other circuit to a required frequency


tune-up: adjustments made to an engine to improve its performance


synchronization: an adjustment that causes something to occur or recur in unison


synchronisation: an adjustment that causes something to occur or recur in unison


synchronizing: an adjustment that causes something to occur or recur in unison


synchronising: an adjustment that causes something to occur or recur in unison


camber: the alignment of the wheels of a motor vehicle closer together at the bottom than at the top


toe-in: the alignment of the front wheels of a motor vehicle closer together at the front than at the back


voicing: the act of adjusting an organ pipe (or wind instrument) so that it conforms to the standards of tone and pitch and color


calorimetry: measurement of quantities of heat


cephalometry: measurement of human heads


densitometry: measuring the optical density of a substance by shining light on it and measuring its transmission


dosimetry: measuring the dose of radiation emitted by a radioactive source


fetometry: measurement of a fetus (especially the diameter of the head)


foetometry: measurement of a fetus (especially the diameter of the head)


hydrometry: the measurement of specific gravity


gravimetry: the measurement of specific gravity


hypsometry: measurement of the elevation of land above sea level


hypsography: measurement of the elevation of land above sea level


mental measurement: a generic term used to cover any application of measurement techniques to the quantification of mental functions


micrometry: measuring with a micrometer


observation: the act of making and recording a measurement


pelvimetry: measurement of the dimensions of the bony birth canal (to determine whether vaginal birth is possible)


photometry: measurement of the properties of light (especially luminous intensity)


cytophotometry: the study of chemical compounds inside a cell by means of a cytophotometer


quantification: the act of discovering or expressing the quantity of something


gradation: the act of arranging in grades


graduation: the act of arranging in grades


shading: a gradation involving small or imperceptible differences between grades


blending: a gradation involving small or imperceptible differences between grades


divergence: the act of moving away in different direction from a common point


divergency: the act of moving away in different direction from a common point


radioactive dating: measurement of the amount of radioactive material (usually carbon 14) that an object contains; can be used to estimate the age of the object


reading: the act of measuring with meters or similar instruments


meter reading: the act of measuring with meters or similar instruments


sampling: measurement at regular intervals of the amplitude of a varying waveform (in order to convert it to digital form)


sounding: the act of measuring depth of water (usually with a sounding line)


sound ranging: locating a source of sound (as an enemy gun) by measurements of the time the sound arrives at microphones in known positions


scaling: act of measuring or arranging or adjusting according to a scale


spirometry: the use of a spirometer to measure vital capacity


surveying: the practice of measuring angles and distances on the ground so that they can be accurately plotted on a map


scalage: the act of scaling in weight or quantity or dimension


scalage: estimation of the amount of lumber in a log


electromyography: diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders with the use of an electromyograph


mammography: a diagnostic procedure to detect breast tumors by the use of X rays


thermography: diagnostic technique using a thermograph to record the heat produced by different parts of the body; used to study blood flow and to detect tumors


mammothermography: the use of thermography to detect breast tumors (which appear as hot spots)


test: any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc


mental test: any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc


mental testing: any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc


psychometric test: any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc


intelligence test: a psychometric test of intelligence


IQ test: a psychometric test of intelligence


Stanford-Binet test: revision of the Binet-Simon Scale


Binet-Simon Scale: the first intelligence test


personality test: any test that is intended to assess personality


projective test: any personality test designed to yield information about someone's personality on the basis of their unrestricted response to ambiguous objects or situations


projective device: any personality test designed to yield information about someone's personality on the basis of their unrestricted response to ambiguous objects or situations


projective technique: any personality test designed to yield information about someone's personality on the basis of their unrestricted response to ambiguous objects or situations


Rorschach: a projective tests using bilaterally symmetrical inkblots; subjects state what they see in the inkblot


Rorschach test: a projective tests using bilaterally symmetrical inkblots; subjects state what they see in the inkblot


inkblot test: a projective tests using bilaterally symmetrical inkblots; subjects state what they see in the inkblot


Thematic Apperception Test: a projective technique using black-and-white pictures; subjects tell a story about each picture


TAT: a projective technique using black-and-white pictures; subjects tell a story about each picture


sub-test: one of a battery of related tests


organization: the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly or methodically


organisation: the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly or methodically


orchestration: an arrangement of events that attempts to achieve a maximum effect


randomization: a deliberately haphazard arrangement of observations so as to simulate chance


randomisation: a deliberately haphazard arrangement of observations so as to simulate chance


systematization: systematic organization; the act of organizing something according to a system or a rationale


systematisation: systematic organization; the act of organizing something according to a system or a rationale


rationalization: systematic organization; the act of organizing something according to a system or a rationale


rationalisation: systematic organization; the act of organizing something according to a system or a rationale


codification: the act of codifying; arranging in a systematic order


formalization: the act of making formal (as by stating formal rules governing classes of expressions)


formalisation: the act of making formal (as by stating formal rules governing classes of expressions)


order: the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement


ordering: the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement


rank order: an arrangement according to rank


scaling: the act of arranging in a graduated series


grading: the act of arranging in a graduated series


succession: the action of following in order


sequence: the action of following in order


alternation: successive change from one thing or state to another and back again


layout: the act of laying out (as by making plans for something)


alphabetization: the act of putting in alphabetical order


alphabetisation: the act of putting in alphabetical order


listing: the act of making a list of items


itemization: the act of making a list of items


itemisation: the act of making a list of items


inventory: making an itemized list of merchandise or supplies on hand


inventorying: making an itemized list of merchandise or supplies on hand


stocktaking: making an itemized list of merchandise or supplies on hand


stock-taking: making an itemized list of merchandise or supplies on hand


stocktake: an instance of stocktaking


stock-take: an instance of stocktaking


roll call: calling out an official list of names


mail call: a call of names of those receiving mail


muster call: a call of the names of personnel at a military assembly


attendance check: a call of students' names in a classroom


grouping: the activity of putting things together in groups


phrasing: the grouping of musical phrases in a melodic line


categorization: the act of distributing things into classes or categories of the same type


categorisation: the act of distributing things into classes or categories of the same type


classification: the act of distributing things into classes or categories of the same type


compartmentalization: the act of distributing things into classes or categories of the same type


compartmentalisation: the act of distributing things into classes or categories of the same type


assortment: the act of distributing things into classes or categories of the same type


indexing: the act of classifying and providing an index in order to make items easier to retrieve


reclassification: classifying something again (usually in a new category)


relegation: the act of assigning (someone or something) to a particular class or category


stratification: the act or process or arranging persons into classes or social strata


taxonomy: practice of classifying plants and animals according to their presumed natural relationships


typology: classification according to general type


collection: the act of gathering something together


collecting: the act of gathering something together


assembling: the act of gathering something together


aggregation: the act of gathering something together


agglomeration: the act of collecting in a mass; the act of agglomerating


collation: assembling in proper numerical or logical sequence


compilation: the act of compiling (as into a single book or file or list)


compiling: the act of compiling (as into a single book or file or list)


gather: the act of gathering something


gathering: the act of gathering something


centralization: gathering to a center


centralisation: gathering to a center


harvest: the gathering of a ripened crop


harvesting: the gathering of a ripened crop


harvest home: the gathering of a ripened crop


haying: the harvesting of hay


bottle collection: the activity of collecting bottles


conchology: the collection and study of mollusc shells


shell collecting: the collection and study of mollusc shells


garbage collection: the collection and removal of garbage


garbage pickup: the collection and removal of garbage


trash collection: the collection and removal of garbage


trash pickup: the collection and removal of garbage


numismatics: the collection and study of money (and coins in particular)


numismatology: the collection and study of money (and coins in particular)


coin collecting: the collection and study of money (and coins in particular)


coin collection: the collection and study of money (and coins in particular)


pickup: the act or process of picking up or collecting from various places


philately: the collection and study of postage stamps


stamp collecting: the collection and study of postage stamps


stamp collection: the collection and study of postage stamps


aerophilately: the collection and study of airmail stamps


tax collection: the collection of taxes


sorting: grouping by class or kind or size


territorialization: the act of organizing as a territory


territorialisation: the act of organizing as a territory


triage: sorting and allocating aid on the basis of need for or likely benefit from medical treatment or food


support: the act of bearing the weight of or strengthening


supporting: the act of bearing the weight of or strengthening


shoring: the act of propping up with shores


shoring up: the act of propping up with shores


propping up: the act of propping up with shores


suspension: the act of suspending something (hanging it from above so it moves freely)


dangling: the act of suspending something (hanging it from above so it moves freely)


hanging: the act of suspending something (hanging it from above so it moves freely)


continuance: the act of continuing an activity without interruption


continuation: the act of continuing an activity without interruption


prolongation: the act of prolonging something


protraction: the act of prolonging something


perpetuation: the act of prolonging something


lengthening: the act of prolonging something


repetition: the act of doing or performing again


repeating: the act of doing or performing again


echolalia: (psychiatry) mechanical and meaningless repetition of the words of another person (as in schizophrenia)


iteration: doing or saying again; a repeated performance


redundancy: repetition of an act needlessly


reduplication: the act of repeating over and again (or an instance thereof)


reiteration: the act of repeating over and again (or an instance thereof)


copying: an act of copying


duplication: the act of copying or making a duplicate (or duplicates) of something


gemination: the act of copying or making a duplicate (or duplicates) of something


reproduction: the act of making copies


replication: the act of making copies


replay: the immediate rebroadcast of some action (especially sports action) that has been recorded on videotape


instant replay: the immediate rebroadcast of some action (especially sports action) that has been recorded on videotape


action replay: the immediate rebroadcast of some action (especially sports action) that has been recorded on videotape


sound reproduction: the reproduction of sound


high fidelity: the reproduction of sound with little or no distortion


hi-fi: the reproduction of sound with little or no distortion


headroom: the capacity of a system to reproduce loud sounds without distortion


dynamic headroom: the capacity of a system to reproduce loud sounds without distortion


playback: the act of reproducing recorded sound


imitation: copying (or trying to copy) the actions of someone else


echo: an imitation or repetition


emulation: effort to equal or surpass another


mimicry: the resemblance of an animal species to another species or to natural objects; provides concealment and protection from predators


perseverance: the act of persisting or persevering; continuing or repeating behavior


persistence: the act of persisting or persevering; continuing or repeating behavior


perseveration: the act of persisting or persevering; continuing or repeating behavior


abidance: the act of abiding (enduring without yielding)


pursuance: the continuance of something begun with a view to its completion


prosecution: the continuance of something begun with a view to its completion


survival: something that survives


hangover: something that has survived from the past


holdover: something that has survived from the past


discontinuance: the act of discontinuing or breaking off; an interruption (temporary or permanent)


discontinuation: the act of discontinuing or breaking off; an interruption (temporary or permanent)


disfranchisement: the discontinuation of a franchise; especially the discontinuation of the right to vote


disinheritance: the act by a donor that terminates the right of a person to inherit


phase-out: the act or instance of a planned discontinuation


intervention: (law) a proceeding that permits a person to enter into a lawsuit already in progress; admission of person not an original party to the suit so that person can protect some right or interest that is allegedly affected by the proceedings


procedure: a mode of conducting legal and parliamentary proceedings


procedure: a particular course of action intended to achieve a result


process: a particular course of action intended to achieve a result


medical procedure: a procedure employed by medical or dental practitioners


dental procedure: a procedure employed by a dentist


mapping: (genetics) the process of locating genes on a chromosome


chromosome mapping: (genetics) the process of locating genes on a chromosome


operating procedure: a procedure for operating something or for dealing with a given situation


standing operating procedure: a prescribed procedure to be followed routinely


standard operating procedure: a prescribed procedure to be followed routinely


SOP: a prescribed procedure to be followed routinely


standard procedure: a prescribed procedure to be followed routinely


lockstep: a standard procedure that is followed mindlessly


stiffening: the act of becoming stiff


bureaucratic procedure: needlessly time-consuming procedure


red tape: needlessly time-consuming procedure


objection: (law) a procedure whereby a party to a suit says that a particular line of questioning or a particular witness or a piece of evidence or other matter is improper and should not be continued and asks the court to rule on its impropriety or illegality


recusation: (law) an objection grounded on the judge's relationship to one of the parties


indirection: indirect procedure or action


rigmarole: a long and complicated and confusing procedure


rigamarole: a long and complicated and confusing procedure


routine: an unvarying or habitual method or procedure


modus operandi: an unvarying or habitual method or procedure


rat race: an exhausting routine that leaves no time for relaxation


rut: a settled and monotonous routine that is hard to escape


groove: a settled and monotonous routine that is hard to escape


ceremony: any activity that is performed in an especially solemn elaborate or formal way


tea ceremony: an ancient ritual for preparing and serving and drinking tea


chanoyu: an ancient ritual for preparing and serving and drinking tea


ceremony: the proper or conventional behavior on some solemn occasion


lustrum: a ceremonial purification of the Roman population every five years following the census


ritual: any customary observance or practice


rite: any customary observance or practice


religious ceremony: a ceremony having religious meaning


religious ritual: a ceremony having religious meaning


military ceremony: a military custom performed in observance of some event or anniversary


agape: a religious meal shared as a sign of love and fellowship


love feast: a religious meal shared as a sign of love and fellowship


worship: the activity of worshipping


deification: the elevation of a person (as to the status of a god)


exaltation: the elevation of a person (as to the status of a god)


apotheosis: the elevation of a person (as to the status of a god)


ancestor worship: worship of ancestors


rite: an established ceremony prescribed by a religion


religious rite: an established ceremony prescribed by a religion


vigil: the rite of staying awake for devotional purposes (especially on the eve of a religious festival)


watch: the rite of staying awake for devotional purposes (especially on the eve of a religious festival)


wake: a vigil held over a corpse the night before burial


viewing: a vigil held over a corpse the night before burial


agrypnia: a vigil before certain feasts (as e.g. Easter)


last rites: rites performed in connection with a death or burial


orgy: secret rite in the cults of ancient Greek or Roman deities involving singing and dancing and drinking and sexual activity


popery: offensive terms for the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church


papism: offensive terms for the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church


quotation: the practice of quoting from books or plays etc.


ritual: the prescribed procedure for conducting religious ceremonies


ritualism: exaggerated emphasis on the importance of rites or ritualistic forms in worship


circumcision: the act of circumcising performed on males eight days after birth as a Jewish and Muslim religious rite


Berith: the Jewish rite of circumcision performed on a male child on the eighth day of his life


Berit: the Jewish rite of circumcision performed on a male child on the eighth day of his life


Brith: the Jewish rite of circumcision performed on a male child on the eighth day of his life


Bris: the Jewish rite of circumcision performed on a male child on the eighth day of his life


Briss: the Jewish rite of circumcision performed on a male child on the eighth day of his life


nudism: going without clothes as a social practice


naturism: going without clothes as a social practice


systematism: the habitual practice of systematization and classification


transvestism: the practice of adopting the clothes or the manner or the sexual role of the opposite sex


transvestitism: the practice of adopting the clothes or the manner or the sexual role of the opposite sex


cross dressing: the practice of adopting the clothes or the manner or the sexual role of the opposite sex


service: the act of public worship following prescribed rules


religious service: the act of public worship following prescribed rules


divine service: the act of public worship following prescribed rules


church service: a service conducted in a house of worship


church: a service conducted in a house of worship


devotional: a short religious service


prayer meeting: a service at which people sing hymns and pray together


prayer service: a service at which people sing hymns and pray together


chapel service: a service conducted in a place of worship that has its own altar


chapel: a service conducted in a place of worship that has its own altar


liturgy: a rite or body of rites prescribed for public worship


Christian liturgy: the Christian worship services


office: a religious rite or service prescribed by ecclesiastical authorities


Divine Office: canonical prayers recited daily by priests (e.g. the breviary of the Roman Catholic Church)


Little Office: a Roman Catholic office honoring the Virgin Mary; similar to but shorter than the Divine Office


Office of the Dead: an office read or sung before a burial mass in the Roman Catholic Church


committal service: service committing a body to the grave


none: a service in the Roman Catholic Church formerly read or chanted at 3 PM (the ninth hour counting from sunrise) but now somewhat earlier


vesper: a late afternoon or evening worship service


placebo: (Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead


watch night: a devotional service (especially on New Year's Eve)


sacrament: a formal religious ceremony conferring a specific grace on those who receive it; the two Protestant ceremonies are baptism and the Lord's Supper; in the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church there are seven traditional rites accepted as instituted by Jesus: baptism and confirmation and Holy Eucharist and penance and holy orders and matrimony and extreme unction


Last Supper: the traditional Passover supper of Jesus with his disciples on the eve of his crucifixion


Lord's Supper: the traditional Passover supper of Jesus with his disciples on the eve of his crucifixion


Seder: (Judaism) the ceremonial dinner on the first night (or both nights) of Passover


Passover supper: (Judaism) the ceremonial dinner on the first night (or both nights) of Passover


Holy Eucharist: a Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine


Eucharist: a Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine


sacrament of the Eucharist: a Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine


Holy Sacrament: a Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine


Liturgy: a Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine


Eucharistic liturgy: a Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine


Lord's Supper: a Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine


Offertory: the part of the Eucharist when bread and wine are offered to God


Communion: the act of participating in the celebration of the Eucharist


Holy Communion: the act of participating in the celebration of the Eucharist


sacramental manduction: the act of participating in the celebration of the Eucharist


manduction: the act of participating in the celebration of the Eucharist


intercommunion: participation in Holy Communion by members of more than one church (eg Catholic and Orthodox)


betrothal: the act of becoming betrothed or engaged


espousal: the act of becoming betrothed or engaged


matrimony: the ceremony or sacrament of marriage


marriage: the act of marrying; the nuptial ceremony


wedding: the act of marrying; the nuptial ceremony


marriage ceremony: the act of marrying; the nuptial ceremony


rite of passage: a ritual performed in some cultures at times when an individual changes status (as from adolescence to adulthood)


bridal: archaic terms for a wedding or wedding feast


espousal: archaic terms for a wedding or wedding feast


civil marriage: a marriage performed by a government official rather than by a clergyman


love match: a marriage for love's sake; not an arranged marriage


baptism: a Christian sacrament signifying spiritual cleansing and rebirth


affusion: the act of baptizing someone by pouring water on their head


aspersion: the act of sprinkling water in baptism (rare)


sprinkling: the act of sprinkling water in baptism (rare)


christening: giving a Christian name at baptism


immersion: a form of baptism in which part or all of a person's body is submerged


trine immersion: baptism by immersion three times (in the names in turn of the Trinity)


confirmation: a sacrament admitting a baptized person to full participation in the church


confirmation: a ceremony held in the synagogue (usually at Pentecost) to admit as adult members of the Jewish community young men and women who have successfully completed a course of study in Judaism


penance: a Catholic sacrament; repentance and confession and atonement and absolution


confession: (Roman Catholic Church) the act of a penitent disclosing his sinfulness before a priest in the sacrament of penance in the hope of absolution


shrift: the act of being shriven


anointing of the sick: a Catholic sacrament; a priest anoints a dying person with oil and prays for salvation


extreme unction: a Catholic sacrament; a priest anoints a dying person with oil and prays for salvation


last rites: a Catholic sacrament; a priest anoints a dying person with oil and prays for salvation


holy order: the sacrament of ordination


sanctification: a religious ceremony in which something is made holy


beatification: (Roman Catholic Church) an act of the Pope who declares that a deceased person lived a holy life and is worthy of public veneration; a first step toward canonization


canonization: (Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church) the act of admitting a deceased person into the canon of saints


canonisation: (Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church) the act of admitting a deceased person into the canon of saints


consecration: (religion) sanctification of something by setting it apart (usually with religious rites) as dedicated to God


communalism: loyalty and commitment to the interests of your own minority or ethnic group rather than to society as a whole


consecration: a solemn commitment of your life or your time to some cherished purpose (to a service or a goal)


Oblation: the act of offering the bread and wine of the Eucharist


religious offering: the act of offering the bread and wine of the Eucharist


oblation: the act of contributing to the funds of a church or charity


offering: the act of contributing to the funds of a church or charity


unction: anointing as part of a religious ceremony or healing ritual


inunction: anointing as part of a religious ceremony or healing ritual


libation: the act of pouring a liquid offering (especially wine) as a religious ceremony


prayer: the act of communicating with a deity (especially as a petition or in adoration or contrition or thanksgiving)


supplication: the act of communicating with a deity (especially as a petition or in adoration or contrition or thanksgiving)


Mass: (Roman Catholic Church and Protestant Churches) the celebration of the Eucharist


High Mass: a solemn and elaborate Mass with music


Low Mass: a Mass recited without music


Requiem: a Mass celebrated for the dead


devotion: (usually plural) religious observance or prayers (usually spoken silently)


bhakti: (Hinduism) loving devotion to a deity leading to salvation and nirvana; open to all persons independent of caste or sex


novena: a Roman Catholic devotion consisting of prayers on nine consecutive days


Stations: (Roman Catholic Church) a devotion consisting of fourteen prayers said before a series of fourteen pictures or carvings representing successive incidents during Jesus' passage from Pilate's house to his crucifixion at Calvary


Stations of the Cross: (Roman Catholic Church) a devotion consisting of fourteen prayers said before a series of fourteen pictures or carvings representing successive incidents during Jesus' passage from Pilate's house to his crucifixion at Calvary


blessing: the act of praying for divine protection


benediction: the act of praying for divine protection


idolization: the act of worshiping blindly and to excess


idolisation: the act of worshiping blindly and to excess


adoration: the worship given to God alone


latria: the worship given to God alone


idolatry: the worship of idols; the worship of images that are not God


idol worship: the worship of idols; the worship of images that are not God


bardolatry: the idolization of William Shakespeare


iconolatry: the worship of sacred images


idolatry: religious zeal; the willingness to serve God


devotion: religious zeal; the willingness to serve God


veneration: religious zeal; the willingness to serve God


cultism: religious zeal; the willingness to serve God


idiolatry: the worship of yourself


autolatry: the worship of yourself


self-worship: the worship of yourself


bibliolatry: the worship of the Bible


Bible-worship: the worship of the Bible


verbolatry: the worship of words


grammatolatry: the worship of words


word-worship: the worship of words


symbolatry: the worship of symbols


symbololatry: the worship of symbols


symbol-worship: the worship of symbols


anthropolatry: the worship of human beings


worship of man: the worship of human beings


gyneolatry: the worship of women


gynaeolatry: the worship of women


woman-worship: the worship of women


lordolatry: the worship of a lord because of his rank or title


thaumatolatry: the worship of miracles


miracle-worship: the worship of miracles


topolatry: the worship of places


place-worship: the worship of places


arborolatry: the worship of trees


tree-worship: the worship of trees


astrolatry: the worship of planets or stars


worship of heavenly bodies: the worship of planets or stars


cosmolatry: the worship of the cosmos


diabolatry: the acts or rites of worshiping devils


demonolatry: the acts or rites of worshiping devils


devil-worship: the acts or rites of worshiping devils


pyrolatry: the worship of fire


fire-worship: the worship of fire


hagiolatry: the worship of saints


hierolatry: the worship of saints


heliolatry: the worship of the sun


sun-worship: the worship of the sun


zoolatry: the worship of animals


animal-worship: the worship of animals


ichthyolatry: the worship of fish


fish-worship: the worship of fish


monolatry: the worship of a single god but without claiming that it is the only god


ophiolatry: the worship of snakes


serpent-worship: the worship of snakes


moon-worship: the worship of the moon


selenolatry: the worship of the moon


energizing: the activity of causing to have energy and be active


activating: the activity of causing to have energy and be active


activation: the activity of causing to have energy and be active


electrification: the activity of thrilling or markedly exciting some person or group


revival: bringing again into activity and prominence


resurgence: bringing again into activity and prominence


revitalization: bringing again into activity and prominence


revitalisation: bringing again into activity and prominence


revivification: bringing again into activity and prominence


rebirth: the revival of learning and culture


Renaissance: the revival of learning and culture


Renascence: the revival of learning and culture


regeneration: the activity of spiritual or physical renewal


resurrection: a revival from inactivity and disuse


resuscitation: the act of reviving a person and returning them to consciousness


vivification: the activity of giving vitality and vigour to something


invigoration: the activity of giving vitality and vigour to something


animation: the activity of giving vitality and vigour to something


presentation: the activity of formally presenting something (as a prize or reward)


concealment: the activity of keeping something secret


concealing: the activity of keeping something secret


hiding: the activity of keeping something secret


disguise: the act of concealing the identity of something by modifying its appearance


camouflage: the act of concealing the identity of something by modifying its appearance


mask: activity that tries to conceal something


cover: the act of concealing the existence of something by obstructing the view of it


covering: the act of concealing the existence of something by obstructing the view of it


screening: the act of concealing the existence of something by obstructing the view of it


masking: the act of concealing the existence of something by obstructing the view of it


cover: a false identity and background (especially one created for an undercover agent)


cover-up: concealment that attempts to prevent something scandalous from becoming public


blue wall of silence: the secrecy of police officers who lie or look the other way to protect other police officers


blue wall: the secrecy of police officers who lie or look the other way to protect other police officers


wall of silence: the secrecy of police officers who lie or look the other way to protect other police officers


burying: concealing something under the ground


burial: concealing something under the ground


reburying: the act of burying again


reburial: the act of burying again


smoke screen: an action intended to conceal or confuse or obscure


smokescreen: an action intended to conceal or confuse or obscure


stealth: avoiding detection by moving carefully


stealing: avoiding detection by moving carefully


money laundering: concealing the source of illegally gotten money


placement: the act of putting something in a certain place


location: the act of putting something in a certain place


locating: the act of putting something in a certain place


position: the act of putting something in a certain place


positioning: the act of putting something in a certain place


emplacement: the act of putting something in a certain place


juxtaposition: the act of positioning close together (or side by side)


apposition: the act of positioning close together (or side by side)


collocation: the act of positioning close together (or side by side)


tessellation: the careful juxtaposition of shapes in a pattern


interposition: the act or fact of interposing one thing between or among others


intervention: the act or fact of interposing one thing between or among others


orientation: the act of orienting


planting: the act of fixing firmly in place


implantation: the act of planting or setting in the ground


repositioning: the act of placing in a new position


set: the act of putting something in position


superposition: the placement of one thing on top of another


fingering: the placement of the fingers for playing different notes (or sequences of notes) on a musical instrument


superposition: (geometry) the placement of one object ideally in the position of another one in order to show that the two coincide


stay: continuing or remaining in a place or state


residency: the act of dwelling in a place


residence: the act of dwelling in a place


abidance: the act of dwelling in a place


lodging: the act of lodging


occupancy: an act of being a tenant or occupant


tenancy: an act of being a tenant or occupant


inhabitancy: the act of dwelling in or living permanently in a place (said of both animals and men)


inhabitation: the act of dwelling in or living permanently in a place (said of both animals and men)


habitation: the act of dwelling in or living permanently in a place (said of both animals and men)


cohabitation: the act of living together and having a sexual relationship (especially without being married)


concubinage: cohabitation without being legally married


camping: the act of encamping and living in tents in a camp


encampment: the act of encamping and living in tents in a camp


bivouacking: the act of encamping and living in tents in a camp


tenting: the act of encamping and living in tents in a camp


sojourn: a temporary stay (e.g., as a guest)


visit: a temporary stay (e.g., as a guest)


call: a visit in an official or professional capacity


round: (often plural) a series of professional calls (usually in a set order)


call: a brief social visit


visiting: the activity of making visits


stop: a brief stay in the course of a journey


stopover: a brief stay in the course of a journey


layover: a brief stay in the course of a journey


night-stop: a break in a journey for the night


pit stop: a brief stop at a pit during an automobile race to take on fuel or service the car


pit stop: a stop during an automobile trip for rest and refreshment


stand: a stop made by a touring musical or theatrical group to give a performance


provision: the activity of supplying or providing something


supply: the activity of supplying or providing something


supplying: the activity of supplying or providing something


irrigation: supplying dry land with water by means of ditches etc


feeding: the act of supplying food and nourishment


alimentation: the act of supplying food and nourishment


infant feeding: feeding an infant


demand feeding: feeding a baby or animal whenever it shows a need


forced feeding: feeding that consists of the delivery of a nutrient solution (as through a nasal tube) to someone who cannot or will not eat


gavage: feeding that consists of the delivery of a nutrient solution (as through a nasal tube) to someone who cannot or will not eat


nasogastric feeding: feeding consisting of delivering liquid nutrients through a tube passing through the nose and into the stomach


gastrogavage: feeding a nutrient solution into the stomach through a tube through a surgically created opening


nursing: nourishing at the breast


breast feeding: nourishing at the breast


intravenous feeding: administration of nutrients through a vein


IV: administration of nutrients through a vein


overfeeding: excessive feeding


spoonfeeding: feeding someone (as a baby) from a spoon


schedule feeding: feeding a baby or animal according to a fixed schedule (e.g., every 4 hours)


total parenteral nutrition: administration of a nutritionally adequate solution through a catheter into the vena cava; used in cases of long-term coma or severe burns or severe gastrointestinal syndromes


TPN: administration of a nutritionally adequate solution through a catheter into the vena cava; used in cases of long-term coma or severe burns or severe gastrointestinal syndromes


hyperalimentation: administration of a nutritionally adequate solution through a catheter into the vena cava; used in cases of long-term coma or severe burns or severe gastrointestinal syndromes


fueling: the activity of supplying or taking on fuel


refueling: the activity of supplying or taking on fuel


healthcare: the preservation of mental and physical health by preventing or treating illness through services offered by the health profession


health care: the preservation of mental and physical health by preventing or treating illness through services offered by the health profession


healthcare delivery: the provision of health care


health care delivery: the provision of health care


care delivery: the provision of health care


issue: the act of providing an item for general use or for official purposes (usually in quantity)


issuing: the act of providing an item for general use or for official purposes (usually in quantity)


issuance: the act of providing an item for general use or for official purposes (usually in quantity)


stock issue: (corporation law) the authorization and delivery of shares of stock for sale to the public or the shares thus offered at a particular time


logistics: handling an operation that involves providing labor and materials be supplied as needed


purveyance: the act of supplying something


stocking: the activity of supplying a stock of something


subvention: the act or process of providing aid or help of any sort


demand: the act of demanding


exaction: act of demanding or levying by force or authority


extortion: unjust exaction (as by the misuse of authority)


claim: demand for something as rightful or due


insurance claim: demand for payment in accordance with an insurance policy


drain: a gradual depletion of energy or resources


brain drain: depletion or loss of intellectual and technical personnel


inactivity: being inactive; being less active


pause: temporary inactivity


respite: a pause from doing something (as work)


recess: a pause from doing something (as work)


break: a pause from doing something (as work)


time out: a pause from doing something (as work)


spring break: a week or more of recess during the spring term at school


hesitation: the act of pausing uncertainly


waver: the act of pausing uncertainly


falter: the act of pausing uncertainly


faltering: the act of pausing uncertainly


intermission: the act of suspending activity temporarily


freeze: an interruption or temporary suspension of progress or movement


halt: an interruption or temporary suspension of progress or movement


wait: the act of waiting (remaining inactive in one place while expecting something)


waiting: the act of waiting (remaining inactive in one place while expecting something)


rest: freedom from activity (work or strain or responsibility)


ease: freedom from activity (work or strain or responsibility)


repose: freedom from activity (work or strain or responsibility)


relaxation: freedom from activity (work or strain or responsibility)


bedrest: confinement to bed continuously (as in the case of some sick or injured persons)


bed rest: confinement to bed continuously (as in the case of some sick or injured persons)


laziness: relaxed and easy activity


lie-in: a long stay in bed in the morning


quiescence: quiet and inactive restfulness


quiescency: quiet and inactive restfulness


dormancy: quiet and inactive restfulness


sleeping: quiet and inactive restfulness


vegetation: inactivity that is passive and monotonous, comparable to the inactivity of plant life


leisure: freedom to choose a pastime or enjoyable activity


idleness: having no employment


idling: having no employment


loafing: having no employment


dolce far niente: carefree idleness


free time: time that is free from duties or responsibilities


spare time: time that is free from duties or responsibilities


vacationing: the act of taking a vacation


busman's holiday: a holiday where you do the same things you do at work


caravanning: the practice of taking holidays in a caravan


delay: the act of delaying; inactivity resulting in something being put off until a later time


holdup: the act of delaying; inactivity resulting in something being put off until a later time


demurrage: detention of a ship or freight car or other cargo beyond its scheduled time of departure


forbearance: a delay in enforcing rights or claims or privileges; refraining from acting


postponement: act of putting off to a future time


deferment: act of putting off to a future time


deferral: act of putting off to a future time


adjournment: the act of postponing to another time or place


prorogation: discontinuation of the meeting (of a legislative body) without dissolving it


procrastination: the act of procrastinating; putting off or delaying or defering an action to a later time


cunctation: the act of procrastinating; putting off or delaying or defering an action to a later time


shillyshally: the act of procrastinating; putting off or delaying or defering an action to a later time


slowdown: the act of slowing down or falling behind


lag: the act of slowing down or falling behind


retardation: the act of slowing down or falling behind


dalliance: the deliberate act of delaying and playing instead of working


dawdling: the deliberate act of delaying and playing instead of working


trifling: the deliberate act of delaying and playing instead of working


filibuster: (law) a tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches


interjection: the action of interjecting or interposing an action or remark that interrupts


interposition: the action of interjecting or interposing an action or remark that interrupts


interpolation: the action of interjecting or interposing an action or remark that interrupts


interpellation: the action of interjecting or interposing an action or remark that interrupts


tarriance: the act of tarrying


lingering: the act of tarrying


breaking off: an instance of sudden interruption


abruption: an instance of sudden interruption


heckling: shouting to interrupt a speech with which you disagree


barracking: shouting to interrupt a speech with which you disagree


abstinence: act or practice of refraining from indulging an appetite


asceticism: rigorous self-denial and active self-restraint


ascesis: rigorous self-denial and active self-restraint


chastity: abstaining from sexual relations (as because of religious vows)


celibacy: abstaining from sexual relations (as because of religious vows)


sexual abstention: abstaining from sexual relations (as because of religious vows)


mortification: (Christianity) the act of mortifying the lusts of the flesh by self-denial and privation (especially by bodily pain or discomfort inflicted on yourself)


self-denial: the act of denying yourself; controlling your impulses


self-discipline: the act of denying yourself; controlling your impulses


self-control: the act of denying yourself; controlling your impulses


sobriety: abstaining from excess


temperance: abstaining from excess


teetotaling: abstaining from alcohol


teetotalism: abstaining from alcohol


fast: abstaining from food


fasting: abstaining from food


diet: the act of restricting your food intake (or your intake of particular foods)


dieting: the act of restricting your food intake (or your intake of particular foods)


traffic control: control of the flow of traffic in a building or a city


point duty: the control of traffic by a policeman stationed at an intersection


price-fixing: control (by agreement among producers or by government) of the price of a commodity in interstate commerce


inhibition: (psychology) the conscious exclusion of unacceptable thoughts or desires


suppression: (psychology) the conscious exclusion of unacceptable thoughts or desires


tolerance: the act of tolerating something


lenience: lightening a penalty or excusing from a chore by judges or parents or teachers


leniency: lightening a penalty or excusing from a chore by judges or parents or teachers


clemency: leniency and compassion shown toward offenders by a person or agency charged with administering justice


mercifulness: leniency and compassion shown toward offenders by a person or agency charged with administering justice


mercy: leniency and compassion shown toward offenders by a person or agency charged with administering justice


pleasure: an activity that affords enjoyment


luxuriation: an activity that affords excessive pleasure and enjoyment


enjoyment: act of receiving pleasure from something


delectation: act of receiving pleasure from something


lamentation: the passionate and demonstrative activity of expressing grief


mourning: the passionate and demonstrative activity of expressing grief


laughter: the activity of laughing; the manifestation of joy or mirth or scorn


satisfaction: act of fulfilling a desire or need or appetite


gratification: the act or an instance of satisfying


satiation: the act of achieving full gratification


self-gratification: the act of satisfying your own desires and giving yourself pleasure


head trip: the act of satisfying your own desires and giving yourself pleasure


indulgence: the act of indulging or gratifying a desire


indulging: the act of indulging or gratifying a desire


pampering: the act of indulging or gratifying a desire


humoring: the act of indulging or gratifying a desire


pleasing: the act of one who pleases


overindulgence: excessive indulgence


excess: excessive indulgence


orgy: any act of immoderate indulgence


binge: any act of immoderate indulgence


splurge: any act of immoderate indulgence


hindrance: the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding


hinderance: the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding


interference: the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding


antagonism: (biochemistry) interference in or inhibition of the physiological action of a chemical substance by another having a similar structure


obstruction: the act of obstructing


blockage: the act of blocking


closure: the act of blocking


occlusion: the act of blocking


naval blockade: the interdiction of a nation's lines of communication at sea by the use of naval power


siege: the action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified place and isolates it while continuing to attack


besieging: the action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified place and isolates it while continuing to attack


beleaguering: the action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified place and isolates it while continuing to attack


military blockade: the action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified place and isolates it while continuing to attack


relief: the act of freeing a city or town that has been besieged


stall: a tactic used to mislead or delay


stalling: a tactic used to mislead or delay


stonewalling: stalling or delaying especially by refusing to answer questions or cooperate


stop: the act of stopping something


stoppage: the act of stopping something


complication: the act or process of complicating


deterrence: the act or process of discouraging actions or preventing occurrences by instilling fear or doubt or anxiety


discouragement: the act of discouraging


nuclear deterrence: the military doctrine that an enemy will be deterred from using nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence


countermine: (military) a tunnel dug to defeat similar activities by the enemy


prevention: the act of preventing


bar: the act of preventing


averting: the act of preventing something from occurring


debarment: the act of prevention by legal means


disqualification: the act of preventing someone from participating by finding them unqualified


interception: the act of intercepting; preventing something from proceeding or arriving


nonproliferation: the prevention of something increasing or spreading (especially the prevention of an increase in the number of countries possessing nuclear weapons)


non-proliferation: the prevention of something increasing or spreading (especially the prevention of an increase in the number of countries possessing nuclear weapons)


obviation: the act of preventing something by anticipating and disposing of it effectively


forestalling: the act of preventing something by anticipating and disposing of it effectively


preclusion: the act of preventing something by anticipating and disposing of it effectively


prophylaxis: the prevention of disease


save: (sports) the act of preventing the opposition from scoring


suppression: forceful prevention; putting down by power or authority


crushing: forceful prevention; putting down by power or authority


quelling: forceful prevention; putting down by power or authority


stifling: forceful prevention; putting down by power or authority


tax avoidance: the minimization of tax liability by lawful methods


recusation: (law) the disqualification of a judge or jury by reason of prejudice or conflict of interest; a judge can be recused by objections of either party or judges can disqualify themselves


recusal: (law) the disqualification of a judge or jury by reason of prejudice or conflict of interest; a judge can be recused by objections of either party or judges can disqualify themselves


group action: action taken by a group of people


social activity: activity considered appropriate on social occasions


communalism: the practice of communal living and common ownership


confederation: the act of forming an alliance or confederation


alliance: the act of forming an alliance or confederation


association: the act of consorting with or joining with others


fraternization: associating with others in a brotherly or friendly way; especially with an enemy


fraternisation: associating with others in a brotherly or friendly way; especially with an enemy


affiliation: the act of becoming formally connected or joined


reaffiliation: affiliation anew


mingling: the action of people mingling and coming into contact


decolonization: the action of changing from colonial to independent status


decolonisation: the action of changing from colonial to independent status


disbandment: the act of disbanding


disestablishment: the act terminating an established state of affairs; especially ending a connection with the Church of England


distribution: the act of distributing or spreading or apportioning


redistribution: distributing again


dispensation: the act of dispensing (giving out in portions)


allotment: the act of distributing by allotting or apportioning; distribution according to a plan


apportionment: the act of distributing by allotting or apportioning; distribution according to a plan


apportioning: the act of distributing by allotting or apportioning; distribution according to a plan


allocation: the act of distributing by allotting or apportioning; distribution according to a plan


parceling: the act of distributing by allotting or apportioning; distribution according to a plan


parcelling: the act of distributing by allotting or apportioning; distribution according to a plan


assignation: the act of distributing by allotting or apportioning; distribution according to a plan


reallotment: a new apportionment (especially a new apportionment of congressional seats in the United States on the basis of census results)


reapportionment: a new apportionment (especially a new apportionment of congressional seats in the United States on the basis of census results)


reallocation: a new apportionment (especially a new apportionment of congressional seats in the United States on the basis of census results)


reshuffle: a redistribution of something


deal: the act of apportioning or distributing something


new deal: a reapportioning of something


rationing: the act of rationing


parcel: the allotment of some amount by dividing something


portion: the allotment of some amount by dividing something


share: the allotment of some amount by dividing something


deal: the act of distributing playing cards


misdeal: an incorrect deal


revenue sharing: distribution of part of the federal tax income to states and municipalities


sharing: a distribution in shares


share-out: a distribution in shares


generosity: acting generously


unselfishness: acting generously


giving: the act of giving


gift: the act of giving


bestowal: the act of conferring an honor or presenting a gift


bestowment: the act of conferring an honor or presenting a gift


conferral: the act of conferring an honor or presenting a gift


conferment: the act of conferring an honor or presenting a gift


accordance: the act of granting rights


accordance of rights: the act of granting rights


endowment: the act of endowing with a permanent source of income


social welfare: governmental provision of economic assistance to persons in need


welfare: governmental provision of economic assistance to persons in need


public assistance: governmental provision of economic assistance to persons in need


social insurance: government provision for unemployed, injured, or aged people; financed by contributions from employers and employees as well as by government revenue


national insurance: social insurance program in Britain; based on contributions from employers and employees; provides payments to unemployed and sick and retired people as well as medical services


supplementary benefit: benefits paid to bring incomes up to minimum levels established by law


social assistance: benefits paid to bring incomes up to minimum levels established by law


national assistance: benefits paid to bring incomes up to minimum levels established by law


Social Security: social welfare program in the U.S.; includes old-age and survivors insurance and some unemployment insurance and old-age assistance


relief: aid for the aged or indigent or handicapped


dole: money received from the state


pogy: money received from the state


pogey: money received from the state


unemployment compensation: payment by a United States agency to unemployed people


old-age insurance: insurance paid to the elderly


survivors insurance: insurance paid to surviving spouses


disability insurance: social insurance for the disabled


health care: social insurance for the ill and injured


Medicare: health care for the aged; a federally administered system of health insurance available to persons aged 65 and over


Medicaid: health care for the needy; a federally and state-funded program


primary health care: health care that is provided by a health care professional in the first contact of a patient with the health care system


philanthropy: voluntary promotion of human welfare


philanthropic gift: voluntary promotion of human welfare


charity: an activity or gift that benefits the public at large


contribution: act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially to a charity


donation: act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially to a charity


subscription: a pledged contribution


alms: money or goods contributed to the poor


alms-giving: making voluntary contributions to aid the poor


almsgiving: making voluntary contributions to aid the poor


handout: giving money or food or clothing to a needy person


commerce: transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services)


commercialism: transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services)


mercantilism: transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services)


trade: the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services


fair trade: trade that is conducted legally


fair trade: trade that satisfies certain criteria on the supply chain of the goods involved, usually including fair payment for producers; often with other social and environmental considerations


free trade: international trade free of government interference


North American Free Trade Agreement: an agreement for free trade between the United States and Canada and Mexico; became effective in 1994 for ten years


NAFTA: an agreement for free trade between the United States and Canada and Mexico; became effective in 1994 for ten years


e-commerce: commerce conducted electronically (as on the internet)


exchange: reciprocal transfer of equivalent sums of money (especially the currencies of different countries)


interchange: reciprocal transfer of equivalent sums of money (especially the currencies of different countries)


conversion: act of exchanging one type of money or security for another


unitization: conversion of an investment trust into a unit investment trust


unitisation: conversion of an investment trust into a unit investment trust


lending: disposing of money or property with the expectation that the same thing (or an equivalent) will be returned


loaning: disposing of money or property with the expectation that the same thing (or an equivalent) will be returned


usury: the act of lending money at an exorbitant rate of interest


arbitrage: a kind of hedged investment meant to capture slight differences in price; when there is a difference in the price of something on two different markets the arbitrageur simultaneously buys at the lower price and sells at the higher price


risk arbitrage: arbitrage involving risk; as in the simultaneous purchase of stock in a target company and sale of stock in its potential acquirer; if the takeover fails the arbitrageur may lose a great deal of money


takeover arbitrage: arbitrage involving risk; as in the simultaneous purchase of stock in a target company and sale of stock in its potential acquirer; if the takeover fails the arbitrageur may lose a great deal of money


initial public offering: a corporation's first offer to sell stock to the public


IPO: a corporation's first offer to sell stock to the public


initial offering: a corporation's first offer to sell stock to the public


commercial enterprise: the activity of providing goods and services involving financial and commercial and industrial aspects


business enterprise: the activity of providing goods and services involving financial and commercial and industrial aspects


business: the activity of providing goods and services involving financial and commercial and industrial aspects


business activity: activity undertaken as part of a commercial enterprise


commercial activity: activity undertaken as part of a commercial enterprise


operation: a business especially one run on a large scale


business: the volume of commercial activity


trade: the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers


patronage: the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers


wash: any enterprise in which losses and gains cancel out


custom: habitual patronage


land-office business: very large and profitable volume of commercial activity


field: a particular kind of commercial enterprise


field of operation: a particular kind of commercial enterprise


line of business: a particular kind of commercial enterprise


market: the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold


marketplace: the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold


market place: the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold


black market: an illegal market in which goods or currencies are bought and sold in violation of rationing or controls


buyer's market: a market in which more people want to sell than want to buy


buyers' market: a market in which more people want to sell than want to buy


soft market: a market in which more people want to sell than want to buy


grey market: an unofficial market in which goods are bought and sold at prices lower than the official price set by a regulatory agency


gray market: an unofficial market in which goods are bought and sold at prices lower than the official price set by a regulatory agency


seller's market: a market in which more people want to buy than want to sell


sellers' market: a market in which more people want to buy than want to sell


labor market: the market in which workers compete for jobs and employers compete for workers


employee-owned enterprise: a commercial enterprise owned by the people who work for it


employee-owned business: a commercial enterprise owned by the people who work for it


finance: the commercial activity of providing funds and capital


corporate finance: the financial activities of corporation


financing: the act of financing


funding: the act of financing


high finance: large and complex financial transactions (often used with the implication that those individuals or institutions who engage in them are unethical)


investing: the act of investing; laying out money or capital in an enterprise with the expectation of profit


investment: the act of investing; laying out money or capital in an enterprise with the expectation of profit


foreign direct investment: investing in United States businesses by foreign citizens (often involves stock ownership of the business)


leverage: investing with borrowed money as a way to amplify potential gains (at the risk of greater losses)


leveraging: investing with borrowed money as a way to amplify potential gains (at the risk of greater losses)


flotation: financing a commercial enterprise by bond or stock shares


floatation: financing a commercial enterprise by bond or stock shares


banking: transacting business with a bank; depositing or withdrawing funds or requesting a loan etc.


home banking: banking in which transactions are conducted by means of electronic communication (via telephone or computer)


banking: engaging in the business of keeping money for savings and checking accounts or for exchange or for issuing loans and credit etc.


cooperative: a jointly owned commercial enterprise (usually organized by farmers or consumers) that produces and distributes goods and services and is run for the benefit of its owners


co-op: a jointly owned commercial enterprise (usually organized by farmers or consumers) that produces and distributes goods and services and is run for the benefit of its owners


discount business: the business of selling merchandise at a discount


real-estate business: the business of selling real estate


advertising: the business of drawing public attention to goods and services


publicizing: the business of drawing public attention to goods and services


hard sell: forceful and insistent advertising


soft sell: suggestive or persuasive advertising


circularization: circulating printed notices as a means of advertising


circularisation: circulating printed notices as a means of advertising


publication: the business of issuing printed matter for sale or distribution


publishing: the business of issuing printed matter for sale or distribution


desktop publishing: (computer science) the use of microcomputers with graphics capacity to produce printed materials


publication: the communication of something to the public; making information generally known


republication: the act of publishing again


republishing: the act of publishing again


contribution: a writing for publication especially one of a collection of writings as an article or story


serialization: publication in serial form


serialisation: publication in serial form


typography: the craft of composing type and printing from it


printing: the business of producing printed material for sale or distribution


gravure: the act of intaglio printing


photogravure: using photography to produce a plate for printing


rotogravure: using photography to produce a plate for printing


issue: the act of issuing printed materials


publication: the act of issuing printed materials


packaging: the business of packing


meatpacking: wholesale packaging of meat for future sale (including slaughtering and processing and distribution to retailers)


meat packing: wholesale packaging of meat for future sale (including slaughtering and processing and distribution to retailers)


meat-packing business: wholesale packaging of meat for future sale (including slaughtering and processing and distribution to retailers)


unitization: the act of packaging cargo into unit loads


unitisation: the act of packaging cargo into unit loads


catering: providing food and services


agribusiness: a large-scale farming enterprise


agriculture: a large-scale farming enterprise


factory farm: a large-scale farming enterprise


truck farming: growing vegetables for the market


construction: the commercial activity involved in repairing old structures or constructing new ones


building: the commercial activity involved in repairing old structures or constructing new ones


jerry-building: construction of inferior buildings for a quick profit


slating: the act of laying slates for a roof


transportation: the commercial enterprise of moving goods and materials


shipping: the commercial enterprise of moving goods and materials


transport: the commercial enterprise of moving goods and materials


air transportation: transportation by air


air transport: transportation by air


navigation: ship traffic


hauling: the activity of transporting goods by truck


trucking: the activity of transporting goods by truck


truckage: the activity of transporting goods by truck


cartage: the work of taking something away in a cart or truck and disposing of it


carting: the work of taking something away in a cart or truck and disposing of it


freight: transporting goods commercially at rates cheaper than express rates


freightage: transporting goods commercially at rates cheaper than express rates


express: rapid transport of goods


expressage: rapid transport of goods


ferry: transport by boat or aircraft


ferrying: transport by boat or aircraft


carriage trade: trade from upper-class customers


transaction: the act of transacting within or between groups (as carrying on commercial activities)


dealing: the act of transacting within or between groups (as carrying on commercial activities)


dealings: the act of transacting within or between groups (as carrying on commercial activities)


affairs: transactions of professional or public interest