borsht belt: (informal) a resort area in the Catskill Mountains of New York that was patronized primarily by Jewish guests


North Carolina: a state in southeastern United States; one of the original 13 colonies


Old North State: a state in southeastern United States; one of the original 13 colonies


Tar Heel State: a state in southeastern United States; one of the original 13 colonies


NC: a state in southeastern United States; one of the original 13 colonies


North Carolina: one of the British colonies that formed the United States


Cape Fear: a cape in southeastern North Carolina extending into the Atlantic Ocean


Cape Flattery: a cape of northwestern Washington


Cape Froward: a cape on the Strait of Magellan in southern Chile; the most southern point on the mainland of South America


Cape Hatteras: a promontory on Hatteras Island off the Atlantic coast of North Carolina


Hatteras Island: a barrier island running parallel to the North Carolina shore


Raleigh: capital of the state of North Carolina; located in the east central part of the North Carolina


capital of North Carolina: capital of the state of North Carolina; located in the east central part of the North Carolina


Asheville: a town in western North Carolina in the Blue Ridge Mountains to the west of Charlotte


Chapel Hill: a town in central North Carolina; site of the University of North Carolina


Charlotte: the largest city in North Carolina; located in south central North Carolina


Queen City: the largest city in North Carolina; located in south central North Carolina


Durham: a city of north central North Carolina; site of Duke University


Fayetteville: a town in south central North Carolina


Goldsboro: a town that is a major tobacco center in eastern North Carolina


Greensboro: a city of north central North Carolina


Greenville: a city in eastern North Carolina; tobacco market


Wilmington: a town in southeastern North Carolina on the Cape Fear River


Winston-Salem: a city of north central North Carolina


North Dakota: a state of north central United States bordering on Canada


Peace Garden State: a state of north central United States bordering on Canada


ND: a state of north central United States bordering on Canada


Bismarck: capital of the state of North Dakota; located in south central North Dakota overlooking the Missouri river


capital of North Dakota: capital of the state of North Dakota; located in south central North Dakota overlooking the Missouri river


Fargo: largest city in North Dakota; located in eastern North Dakota on the Red river


Ohio: a midwestern state in north central United States in the Great Lakes region


Buckeye State: a midwestern state in north central United States in the Great Lakes region


OH: a midwestern state in north central United States in the Great Lakes region


Akron: a city in northeastern Ohio; the heart of the United States rubber industry


Athens: a town in southeast Ohio


Cleveland: the largest city in Ohio; located in northeastern Ohio on Lake Erie; a major Great Lakes port


Cincinnati: a city in southern Ohio on the Ohio river


Columbus: the state capital of Ohio; located in the center of the state; site of Ohio State University


capital of Ohio: the state capital of Ohio; located in the center of the state; site of Ohio State University


Dayton: a city in southwest Ohio; manufacturing center


Mansfield: a town in north central Ohio


Toledo: an industrial city in northwestern Ohio on Lake Erie


Youngstown: a city in northeast Ohio


Oklahoma: a state in south central United States


Sooner State: a state in south central United States


OK: a state in south central United States


Bartlesville: a town in northeastern Oklahoma


Enid: a town in north central Oklahoma


Lawton: a town in southwest Oklahoma


McAlester: a town in southeastern Oklahoma


Muskogee: a town in eastern Oklahoma on the Arkansas River


Oklahoma City: capital and largest city of Oklahoma; the economy is based on oil and livestock


capital of Oklahoma: capital and largest city of Oklahoma; the economy is based on oil and livestock


Tulsa: a major city of northeastern Oklahoma on the Arkansas river; once known as the oil capital of the world and still heavily involved in the oil and gas industries


Oregon: a state in northwestern United States on the Pacific


Beaver State: a state in northwestern United States on the Pacific


OR: a state in northwestern United States on the Pacific


Bend: a town in central Oregon at the eastern foot of the Cascade Range


Eugene: a city in western Oregon on the Willamette River; site of a university


Klamath Falls: a town in southern Oregon near the California border


Medford: a town in southwestern Oregon; a summer resort


Portland: freshwater port and largest city in Oregon; located in northwestern Oregon on the Willamette River which divides the city into east and west sections; renowned for its beautiful natural setting among the mountains


Salem: capital of the state of Oregon in the northwestern part of the state on the Willamette River


capital of Oregon: capital of the state of Oregon in the northwestern part of the state on the Willamette River


Pennsylvania: a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies


Keystone State: a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies


PA: a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies


Pennsylvania: one of the British colonies that formed the United States


Allentown: a city in eastern Pennsylvania; an industrial and commercial center


Altoona: a town in central Pennsylvania


Bethlehem: a town in eastern Pennsylvania on the Lehigh River to the northwest of Philadelphia; an important center for steel production


Erie: a port city on Lake Erie in northwestern Pennsylvania


Gettysburg: a small town in southern Pennsylvania; site of a national cemetery


Harrisburg: capital of Pennsylvania; located in southern part of state


capital of Pennsylvania: capital of Pennsylvania; located in southern part of state


Hershey: an industrial town to the east of Harrisburg


Chester: a city of southeastern Pennsylvania on the Delaware river (an industrial suburb of Philadelphia)


Philadelphia: the largest city in Pennsylvania; located in the southeastern part of the state on the Delaware river; site of Independence Hall where the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were signed; site of the University of Pennsylvania


City of Brotherly Love: the largest city in Pennsylvania; located in the southeastern part of the state on the Delaware river; site of Independence Hall where the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were signed; site of the University of Pennsylvania


Pittsburgh: a city in southwestern Pennsylvania where the confluence of the Allegheny River and Monongahela River forms the Ohio River; long an important urban industrial area; site of Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh


Scranton: an industrial city of northeastern Pennsylvania


Rhode Island: a state in New England; one of the original 13 colonies; the smallest state


Little Rhody: a state in New England; one of the original 13 colonies; the smallest state


Ocean State: a state in New England; one of the original 13 colonies; the smallest state


RI: a state in New England; one of the original 13 colonies; the smallest state


Rhode Island: one of the British colonies that formed the United States


Providence: the capital and largest city of Rhode Island; located in northeastern Rhode Island on Narragansett Bay; site of Brown University


capital of Rhode Island: the capital and largest city of Rhode Island; located in northeastern Rhode Island on Narragansett Bay; site of Brown University


Newport: a resort city in southeastern Rhode Island; known for the summer homes of millionaires; important yachting center


South Carolina: a state in the Deep South; one of the original 13 colonies


Palmetto State: a state in the Deep South; one of the original 13 colonies


SC: a state in the Deep South; one of the original 13 colonies


South Carolina: one of the British colonies that formed the United States


Columbia: capital and largest city in South Carolina; located in central South Carolina


capital of South Carolina: capital and largest city in South Carolina; located in central South Carolina


Charleston: a port city in southeastern South Carolina


Florence: a town in northeast South Carolina; transportation center


Greenville: a town in northwest South Carolina in the Piedmont


South Dakota: a state in north central United States


Coyote State: a state in north central United States


Mount Rushmore State: a state in north central United States


SD: a state in north central United States


Aberdeen: a town in northeastern South Dakota


Pierre: capital of the state of South Dakota; located in central South Dakota on the Missouri river


capital of South Dakota: capital of the state of South Dakota; located in central South Dakota on the Missouri river


Rapid City: a town in southwestern South Dakota in the eastern part of the Black Hills


Sioux Falls: largest city in South Dakota; located in southeastern South Dakota


Black Hills: mountains in western South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming


Tennessee: a state in east central United States


Volunteer State: a state in east central United States


TN: a state in east central United States


Chattanooga: a city in eastern Tennessee


Columbia: a town in west central Tennessee


Jackson: a town in western Tennessee


Johnson City: a town in northeastern Tennessee


Knoxville: a city in eastern Tennessee on the Tennessee River


Memphis: largest city of Tennessee; located in southwestern Tennessee on bluffs overlooking the Mississippi River


Nashville: capital of the state of Tennessee; located in the north central part of the state on the Cumberland River; known for country music


capital of Tennessee: capital of the state of Tennessee; located in the north central part of the state on the Cumberland River; known for country music


Texas: the second largest state; located in southwestern United States on the Gulf of Mexico


Lone-Star State: the second largest state; located in southwestern United States on the Gulf of Mexico


TX: the second largest state; located in southwestern United States on the Gulf of Mexico


Abilene: a city in central Texas


Amarillo: a city in the northern panhandle of Texas


Arlington: a city in northern Texas between Dallas and Fort Worth


Austin: state capital of Texas on the Colorado River; site of the University of Texas


capital of Texas: state capital of Texas on the Colorado River; site of the University of Texas


Beaumont: a city of southeastern Texas near Houston


Brownsville: a city in southern Texas on the Rio Grande near its mouth into the Gulf of Mexico; has a channel that accommodates oceangoing ships


Bryan: a town of east central Texas


Corpus Christi: a city in southern Texas on an arm of the Gulf of Mexico


Dallas: a large commercial and industrial city in northeastern Texas located in the heart of the northern Texas oil fields


Del Rio: a town in southwest Texas on the Rio Grande to the west of San Antonio


El Paso: a city in western Texas on the Mexican border; located on the northern bank of the Rio Grande across from the Mexican city of Juarez


Fort Worth: a city in northeastern Texas (just to the west of Dallas); a major industrial center


Galveston: a town in southeast Texas on Galveston Island


Galveston Island: an island at the entrance of Galveston Bay


Garland: a city in northeastern Texas (suburb of Dallas)


Houston: the largest city in Texas; located in southeastern Texas near the Gulf of Mexico; site of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration


Laredo: a city in southern Texas on the Rio Grande


Lubbock: a city in northwest Texas to the south of Amarillo


Lufkin: a town in eastern Texas


McAllen: a town in southern Texas on the Rio Grande


Midland: a town in west central Texas


Odessa: a city in western Texas


Paris: a town in northeastern Texas


Plano: a city in northeastern Texas (suburb of Dallas)


San Angelo: a town in west central Texas; formerly a notorious frontier town


San Antonio: a city of south central Texas; site of the Alamo; site of several military bases and a popular haven for vacationers


Sherman: a town in northeastern Texas near the Oklahoma border


Texarkana: a town in northeast Texas adjacent to Texarkana, Arkansas


Tyler: a town in northeast Texas


Victoria: a town in southeast Texas to the southeast of San Antonio


Waco: a city in east central Texas


Wichita Falls: a city in north central Texas near the Oklahoma border


Utah: a state in the western United States; settled in 1847 by Mormons led by Brigham Young


Beehive State: a state in the western United States; settled in 1847 by Mormons led by Brigham Young


Mormon State: a state in the western United States; settled in 1847 by Mormons led by Brigham Young


UT: a state in the western United States; settled in 1847 by Mormons led by Brigham Young


Ogden: a town in northern Utah settled by Mormons


Provo: a city in north central Utah settled by Mormons


Salt Lake City: the capital and largest city of Utah; located near the Great Salt Lake in north central Utah; world capital of the Mormon Church


capital of Utah: the capital and largest city of Utah; located near the Great Salt Lake in north central Utah; world capital of the Mormon Church


Vermont: a state in New England


Green Mountain State: a state in New England


VT: a state in New England


Montpelier: capital of the state of Vermont; located in north central Vermont


capital of Vermont: capital of the state of Vermont; located in north central Vermont


Bennington: a town in southwestern Vermont


Brattleboro: a town in southeastern Vermont on the Connecticut River


Burlington: the largest city in Vermont; located in northwestern Vermont on Lake Champlain; site of the University of Vermont


Rutland: a town in central Vermont


Virginia: a state in the eastern United States; one of the original 13 colonies; one of the Confederate States in the American Civil War


Old Dominion: a state in the eastern United States; one of the original 13 colonies; one of the Confederate States in the American Civil War


Old Dominion State: a state in the eastern United States; one of the original 13 colonies; one of the Confederate States in the American Civil War


VA: a state in the eastern United States; one of the original 13 colonies; one of the Confederate States in the American Civil War


Virginia: one of the British colonies that formed the United States


Richmond: capital of the state of Virginia located in the east central part of the state; was capital of the Confederacy during the American Civil War


capital of Virginia: capital of the state of Virginia located in the east central part of the state; was capital of the Confederacy during the American Civil War


Blacksburg: a university town in southwestern Virginia (west of Roanoke) in the Allegheny Mountains


Jamestown: a former village on the James River in Virginia to the north of Norfolk; site of the first permanent English settlement in America in 1607


Newport News: a port city in southeastern Virginia at the mouth of the James River off Hampton Roads; large shipyards


Norfolk: port city located in southeastern Virginia on the Elizabeth River at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay; headquarters of the Atlantic fleet of the United States Navy


Lynchburg: a city in central Virginia


Portsmouth: a port city in southeastern Virginia on the Elizabeth River opposite Norfolk; naval base; shipyards


Roanoke: a city in southwestern Virginia


Virginia Beach: the largest city in Virginia; long overshadowed by Norfolk but growing rapidly since 1970; with 28 miles of public beaches tourism is a major factor in the economy; site of three United States Navy bases


Bull Run: a creek in northeastern Virginia where two battles were fought in the American Civil War


Chancellorsville: a village in northeastern Virginia


Fredericksburg: a town in northeastern Virginia on the Rappahannock River


Petersburg: a town in southeastern Virginia (south of Richmond); scene of heavy fighting during the American Civil War


Spotsylvania: a village in northeastern Virginia where battles were fought during the American Civil War


Yorktown: a historic village in southeastern Virginia to the north of Newport News; site of the last battle of the American Revolution


Mount Vernon: the former residence of George Washington in northeastern Virginia overlooking the Potomac river


Washington: a state in northwestern United States on the Pacific


Evergreen State: a state in northwestern United States on the Pacific


WA: a state in northwestern United States on the Pacific


Aberdeen: a town in western Washington


Bellingham: a town in northwestern Washington on a bay near the Canadian border


Kennewick: a town in southern Washington on the Columbia River


Olympia: capital of the state of Washington; located in western Washington on Puget Sound


capital of Washington: capital of the state of Washington; located in western Washington on Puget Sound


Seattle: a major port of entry and the largest city in Washington; located in west central Washington on the protected waters of Puget Sound with the snow-capped peaks of the Cascade Range and Mount Ranier visible to the south and east; an aerospace and computer center; site of the University of Washington


Spokane: a city in eastern Washington near the Idaho border


Tacoma: a city in west central Washington on an arm of Puget Sound to the south of Seattle


Vancouver: a town in southwestern Washington on the Columbia River across from Portland, Oregon


Walla Walla: a town in southeastern Washington near the Oregon border


Yakima: a town in south central Washington


West Virginia: a state in east central United States


Mountain State: a state in east central United States


WV: a state in east central United States


Beckley: a city in southern West Virginia


Charleston: state capital of West Virginia in the central part of the state on the Kanawha river


capital of West Virginia: state capital of West Virginia in the central part of the state on the Kanawha river


Clarksburg: a city in northern West Virginia


Fayetteville: a town in central West Virginia on the New River


Huntington: a city of western West Virginia on the Ohio river at the mouth of the Kanawha


Harpers Ferry: a small town in northeastern West Virginia that was the site of a raid in 1859 by the abolitionist John Brown and his followers who captured an arsenal that was located there


Harper's Ferry: a small town in northeastern West Virginia that was the site of a raid in 1859 by the abolitionist John Brown and his followers who captured an arsenal that was located there


Morgantown: a city in northern West Virginia on the Monongahela river near the Pennsylvania border; site of the University of West Virginia


Parkersburg: a city in northwestern West Virginia on the Ohio river


Wheeling: a city in the northern panhandle of West Virginia on the Ohio river


Wisconsin: a midwestern state in north central United States


Badger State: a midwestern state in north central United States


WI: a midwestern state in north central United States


Appleton: a town in eastern Wisconsin


Eau Claire: a town in west central Wisconsin


Green Bay: a city of eastern Wisconsin on an arm of Lake Michigan


La Crosse: a town in western Wisconsin on the Mississippi River


Madison: capital of the state of Wisconsin; located in the southern part of state; site of the main branch of the University of Wisconsin


capital of Wisconsin: capital of the state of Wisconsin; located in the southern part of state; site of the main branch of the University of Wisconsin


Milwaukee: largest city of Wisconsin; located in southeastern Wisconsin on the western shore of Lake Michigan; a flourishing agricultural center known for its breweries


Racine: a city in southeastern Wisconsin on Lake Michigan to the south of Milwaukee


Superior: a town in northwest Wisconsin on Lake Superior across from Duluth


Watertown: a town in southeastern Wisconsin


Wausau: a town in north central Wisconsin


Wyoming: a state in the western United States; mountainous in the west and north with the Great Plains in the east


Equality State: a state in the western United States; mountainous in the west and north with the Great Plains in the east


WY: a state in the western United States; mountainous in the west and north with the Great Plains in the east


Casper: a city of east central Wyoming on the North Platte river


Cheyenne: the capital and largest city of Wyoming; located in the southeastern corner of the state


capital of Wyoming: the capital and largest city of Wyoming; located in the southeastern corner of the state


Jackson: a town in western Wyoming


Lander: a town in central Wyoming


Laramie: a university town in southeast Wyoming


Rock Springs: a town of southwest Wyoming near the Utah border


Uruguay: a South American republic on the southeast coast of South America; achieved independence from Brazil in 1825


Montevideo: the capital and largest city of Uruguay; a cosmopolitan city and one of the busiest ports in South America


capital of Uruguay: the capital and largest city of Uruguay; a cosmopolitan city and one of the busiest ports in South America


Vanuatu: a volcanic island republic in Melanesia; independent since 1980


Republic of Vanuatu: a volcanic island republic in Melanesia; independent since 1980


New Hebrides: a volcanic island republic in Melanesia; independent since 1980


Port Vila: capital of Vanuatu


Vila: capital of Vanuatu


capital of Vanuatu: capital of Vanuatu


Holy See: the smallest sovereign state in the world; the see of the Pope (as the Bishop of Rome); home of the Pope and the central administration of the Roman Catholic Church; achieved independence from Italy in 1929


The Holy See: the smallest sovereign state in the world; the see of the Pope (as the Bishop of Rome); home of the Pope and the central administration of the Roman Catholic Church; achieved independence from Italy in 1929


State of the Vatican City: the smallest sovereign state in the world; the see of the Pope (as the Bishop of Rome); home of the Pope and the central administration of the Roman Catholic Church; achieved independence from Italy in 1929


Vatican City: the capital of the State of the Vatican City


Citta del Vaticano: the capital of the State of the Vatican City


Guiana Highlands: a mountainous tableland in northern South America; extends from Venezuela into Guyana and northern Brazil


Venezuela: a republic in northern South America on the Caribbean; achieved independence from Spain in 1811; rich in oil


Republic of Venezuela: a republic in northern South America on the Caribbean; achieved independence from Spain in 1811; rich in oil


Caracas: the capital and largest city of Venezuela


capital of Venezuela: the capital and largest city of Venezuela


Ciudad Bolivar: a port in eastern Venezuela on the Orinoco river


Cumana: a port city in northeastern Venezuela on the Caribbean Sea; founded in 1523, it is the oldest European settlement in South America


Maracaibo: a port city in northwestern Venezuela; a major oil center


Maracay: a city in north central Venezuela; cattle center


Valencia: an industrial city in northern Venezuela


Vietnam: a communist state in Indochina on the South China Sea; achieved independence from France in 1945


Socialist Republic of Vietnam: a communist state in Indochina on the South China Sea; achieved independence from France in 1945


Viet Nam: a communist state in Indochina on the South China Sea; achieved independence from France in 1945


Annam: a communist state in Indochina on the South China Sea; achieved independence from France in 1945


North Vietnam: a former country in southeastern Asia that existed from 1954 (after the defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu) until 1975 when South Vietnam collapsed at the end of the Vietnam War


South Vietnam: a former country in southeastern Asia that existed from 1954 (after the defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu) until 1975 when it was defeated and annexed by North Vietnam


Hanoi: the capital city of Vietnam; located in North Vietnam


capital of Vietnam: the capital city of Vietnam; located in North Vietnam


Ho Chi Minh City: a city in South Vietnam; formerly (as Saigon) it was the capital of French Indochina


Saigon: a city in South Vietnam; formerly (as Saigon) it was the capital of French Indochina


Haiphong: a port city in northern Vietnam; industrial center


Yemen: a republic on the southwestern shores of the Arabian Peninsula on the Indian Ocean; formed in 1990


Republic of Yemen: a republic on the southwestern shores of the Arabian Peninsula on the Indian Ocean; formed in 1990


Aden: an important port of Yemen; located on the Gulf of Aden; its strategic location has made it a major trading center of southern Arabia since ancient times


Hodeida: an important port in Yemen on the Red Sea


Al-Hudaydah: an important port in Yemen on the Red Sea


Mukalla: a port in southern Yemen on the Gulf of Aden to the east of Aden


Al-Mukalla: a port in southern Yemen on the Gulf of Aden to the east of Aden


Sana: the capital and largest city of Yemen; on the central plateau


Sanaa: the capital and largest city of Yemen; on the central plateau


Sana'a: the capital and largest city of Yemen; on the central plateau


Zambia: a republic in central Africa; formerly controlled by Great Britain and called Northern Rhodesia until it gained independence within the commonwealth in 1964


Republic of Zambia: a republic in central Africa; formerly controlled by Great Britain and called Northern Rhodesia until it gained independence within the commonwealth in 1964


Northern Rhodesia: a republic in central Africa; formerly controlled by Great Britain and called Northern Rhodesia until it gained independence within the commonwealth in 1964


Lusaka: the capital and largest city of Zambia


capital of Zambia: the capital and largest city of Zambia


Low Countries: the lowland region of western Europe on the North Sea: Belgium and Luxembourg and the Netherlands


Lusitania: ancient region and Roman province on the Iberian Peninsula; corresponds roughly to modern Portugal and parts of Spain


Silesia: a region of central Europe rich in deposits of coal and iron ore; annexed by Prussia in 1742 but now largely in Poland


Slask: a region of central Europe rich in deposits of coal and iron ore; annexed by Prussia in 1742 but now largely in Poland


Slezsko: a region of central Europe rich in deposits of coal and iron ore; annexed by Prussia in 1742 but now largely in Poland


Schlesien: a region of central Europe rich in deposits of coal and iron ore; annexed by Prussia in 1742 but now largely in Poland


Big Sur: a picturesque coastal region of California to the south of San Francisco


Silicon Valley: a region in California to the south of San Francisco that is noted for its concentration of high-technology industries


Zimbabwe: a landlocked republic in south central Africa formerly called Rhodesia; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1980


Republic of Zimbabwe: a landlocked republic in south central Africa formerly called Rhodesia; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1980


Rhodesia: a landlocked republic in south central Africa formerly called Rhodesia; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1980


Southern Rhodesia: a landlocked republic in south central Africa formerly called Rhodesia; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1980


Harare: the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe


Salisbury: the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe


capital of Zimbabwe: the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe


Bulawayo: industrial city in southwestern Zimbabwe


Arabian Desert: a desert on the Arabian Peninsula in southwestern Asia


Great Arabian Desert: a desert on the Arabian Peninsula in southwestern Asia


Arabian Desert: a desert in Egypt between the Nile River and the Red Sea


Eastern Desert: a desert in Egypt between the Nile River and the Red Sea


Atacama Desert: a desert in northern Chile rich in nitrate and copper deposits


Australian Desert: general name given to all desert areas in Australia


Great Australian Desert: general name given to all desert areas in Australia


Black Rock Desert: a desert in northwestern Nevada


Chihuahuan Desert: a desert in western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico


Colorado Desert: an arid region of southeastern California


Dasht-e-Kavir: a salt desert in north central Iran


Kavir Desert: a salt desert in north central Iran


Great Salt Desert: a salt desert in north central Iran


Dasht-e-Lut: a desert in eastern Iran


Lut Desert: a desert in eastern Iran


Death Valley: a desert area that is part of the Mojave Desert in eastern California and southwestern Nevada; contains the lowest point in North America


Gibson Desert: a desert area in western Australia


Gila Desert: a desert area in southern Arizona


Gobi: a desert in central China


Gobi Desert: a desert in central China


Great Sandy Desert: a desert region in northwestern Australia to the north of the Gibson Desert


Great Victoria Desert: a desert region in south central Australia to the north of the Nullarbor Plain


Kalahari: a desert in southwestern Africa - largely Botswana


Kalahari Desert: a desert in southwestern Africa - largely Botswana


Kara Kum: a desert in Turkmenistan to the south of the Aral Sea


Qara Qum: a desert in Turkmenistan to the south of the Aral Sea


Turkestan Desert: a desert in Turkmenistan to the south of the Aral Sea


Kyzyl Kum: a desert in Uzbekistan to the southeast of the Aral Sea


Kizil Kum: a desert in Uzbekistan to the southeast of the Aral Sea


Qizil Qum: a desert in Uzbekistan to the southeast of the Aral Sea


Libyan Desert: the northeastern part of the Sahara Desert in Libya and Egypt and Sudan


Mojave: a desert area in southern California and western Arizona


Mojave Desert: a desert area in southern California and western Arizona


Mohave: a desert area in southern California and western Arizona


Mohave Desert: a desert area in southern California and western Arizona


Namib Desert: a desert in Namibia extending along the coast between the high plateau and the Atlantic Ocean


Nefud: a desert in northern Saudi Arabia that is noted for its red sand and violent winds


An Nefud: a desert in northern Saudi Arabia that is noted for its red sand and violent winds


Nafud: a desert in northern Saudi Arabia that is noted for its red sand and violent winds


An Nafud: a desert in northern Saudi Arabia that is noted for its red sand and violent winds


Negev: a desert in southern Israel


Negev Desert: a desert in southern Israel


Nubian Desert: an arid sandstone plateau in northeastern Sudan between the Nile and the Red Sea


Painted Desert: a desert on a high plateau in northeastern Arizona


Patagonian Desert: a semiarid region in southern South America


Rub al-Khali: a desert in southern Saudi Arabia


Ar Rimsal: a desert in southern Saudi Arabia


Dahna: a desert in southern Saudi Arabia


Great Sandy Desert: a desert in southern Saudi Arabia


Sahara: the world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern Africa


Sahara Desert: the world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern Africa


Sub-Saharan Africa: the region of Africa to the south of the Sahara Desert


Black Africa: the region of Africa to the south of the Sahara Desert


Simpson Desert: a desert region of central Australia


Sinai: a desert on the Sinai Peninsula in northeastern Egypt


Sinai Desert: a desert on the Sinai Peninsula in northeastern Egypt


Sonoran Desert: a desert in southwestern Arizona


Syrian Desert: a desert of northern Arabia occupying western Iraq, southern Syria, eastern Jordan, and northern Saudi Arabia


Taklimakan Desert: a desert in western China


Taklamakan Desert: a desert in western China


Thar Desert: a desert to the east of the Indus River in northwestern India and southeastern Pakistan


Great Indian Desert: a desert to the east of the Indus River in northwestern India and southeastern Pakistan


Cameroon: an inactive volcano in western Cameroon; highest peak on the West African coast


Citlaltepetl: an extinct volcano in southern Mexico between Mexico City and Veracruz; the highest peak in Mexico (18,695 feet)


Mount Orizaba: an extinct volcano in southern Mexico between Mexico City and Veracruz; the highest peak in Mexico (18,695 feet)


Mt Orizaba: an extinct volcano in southern Mexico between Mexico City and Veracruz; the highest peak in Mexico (18,695 feet)


Pico de Orizaba: an extinct volcano in southern Mexico between Mexico City and Veracruz; the highest peak in Mexico (18,695 feet)


Colima: an active volcano in southwestern Mexico


Nevado de Colima: an active volcano in southwestern Mexico


Volcan de Colima: an active volcano in southwestern Mexico


Cotacachi: an Andean volcano in northern Ecuador; last erupted in 1955


Cotopaxi: the world's largest active volcano; located in the Andes in north central Ecuador


Demavend: an active volcano in northern Iran


El Misti: the world's 2nd largest active volcano; located in the Andes in southern Peru


Etna: an inactive volcano in Sicily; last erupted in 1961; the highest volcano in Europe (10,500 feet)


Mount Etna: an inactive volcano in Sicily; last erupted in 1961; the highest volcano in Europe (10,500 feet)


Mt Etna: an inactive volcano in Sicily; last erupted in 1961; the highest volcano in Europe (10,500 feet)


Fuego: a volcano in south central Guatemala


Fuji: an extinct volcano in south central Honshu that is the highest peak in Japan; last erupted in 1707; famous for its symmetrical snow-capped peak; a sacred mountain and site for pilgrimages


Mount Fuji: an extinct volcano in south central Honshu that is the highest peak in Japan; last erupted in 1707; famous for its symmetrical snow-capped peak; a sacred mountain and site for pilgrimages


Fujiyama: an extinct volcano in south central Honshu that is the highest peak in Japan; last erupted in 1707; famous for its symmetrical snow-capped peak; a sacred mountain and site for pilgrimages


Fujinoyama: an extinct volcano in south central Honshu that is the highest peak in Japan; last erupted in 1707; famous for its symmetrical snow-capped peak; a sacred mountain and site for pilgrimages


Fuji-san: an extinct volcano in south central Honshu that is the highest peak in Japan; last erupted in 1707; famous for its symmetrical snow-capped peak; a sacred mountain and site for pilgrimages


Galeras: an active volcano in southeastern Colombia in the Andes


Pasto: an active volcano in southeastern Colombia in the Andes


Guallatiri: the world's highest volcano; in the Andes in northern Chile; last erupted in 1959


Huainaputina: an inactive volcano in the Andes in southern Peru; last erupted in 1783


Klyuchevskaya: an inactive volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula; last erupted in 1946


Krakatau: a small volcanic island in Indonesia between Java and Sumatra; its violent eruption in 1883 was the greatest in recorded history


Krakatao: a small volcanic island in Indonesia between Java and Sumatra; its violent eruption in 1883 was the greatest in recorded history


Krakatoa: a small volcanic island in Indonesia between Java and Sumatra; its violent eruption in 1883 was the greatest in recorded history


New Siberian Islands: a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean to the north of Siberia and to the east of the Laptev Sea


Lascar: a volcano in the Andes in Chile


Mauna Kea: an active volcano on north central Hawaii Island; highest peak in the Hawaiian Islands


Mauna Loa: an active volcano on south central Hawaii Island


Nyamuragira: an active volcano in eastern Congo


Nyiragongo: an active volcano in eastern Congo


Purace: an inactive volcano in the Andes in southern Colombia; last erupted in 1950


Sangay: an inactive volcano in the Andes in central Ecuador; last erupted in 1946


Tupungatito: an inactive volcano in central Chile; last erupted in 1959


Mount Saint Helens: an active volcano in the Cascade Range in southwestern Washington; erupted violently in 1980 after 123 years of inactivity


Mount St. Helens: an active volcano in the Cascade Range in southwestern Washington; erupted violently in 1980 after 123 years of inactivity


Mt. St. Helens: an active volcano in the Cascade Range in southwestern Washington; erupted violently in 1980 after 123 years of inactivity


Scythia: an ancient area of Eurasia extending from the Black Sea to the Aral Sea that was populated by Scythians from the eighth to the fourth century BC


Vesuvius: a volcano in southwestern Italy on the Mediterranean coast; a Plinian eruption in 79 AD buried Pompeii and killed Pliny the Elder; last erupted in 1944


Mount Vesuvius: a volcano in southwestern Italy on the Mediterranean coast; a Plinian eruption in 79 AD buried Pompeii and killed Pliny the Elder; last erupted in 1944


Mt. Vesuvius: a volcano in southwestern Italy on the Mediterranean coast; a Plinian eruption in 79 AD buried Pompeii and killed Pliny the Elder; last erupted in 1944


North Africa: an area of northern Africa between the Sahara and the Mediterranean Sea


West Africa: an area of western Africa between the Sahara Desert and the Gulf of Guinea


Dar al-Islam: areas where Muslims are in the majority


House of Islam: areas where Muslims are in the majority


Dar al-harb: areas where Muslims are in the minority and are persecuted


House of War: areas where Muslims are in the minority and are persecuted


life: a motive for living


rational motive: a motive that can be defended by reasoning or logical argument


reason: a rational motive for a belief or action


ground: a rational motive for a belief or action


occasion: reason


score: grounds


account: grounds


why: the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase `the whys and wherefores'


wherefore: the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase `the whys and wherefores'


incentive: a positive motivational influence


inducement: a positive motivational influence


motivator: a positive motivational influence


moral force: an efficient incentive


dynamic: an efficient incentive


disincentive: a negative motivational influence


deterrence: a negative motivational influence


irrational motive: a motivation that is inconsistent with reason or logic


urge: an instinctive motive


impulse: an instinctive motive


abience: (psychology) an urge to withdraw or avoid a situation or an object


adience: (psychology) an urge to accept or approach a situation or an object


death instinct: (psychoanalysis) an unconscious urge to die


death wish: (psychoanalysis) an unconscious urge to die


Thanatos: (psychoanalysis) an unconscious urge to die


irrational impulse: a strong spontaneous and irrational motivation


compulsion: an urge to do or say something that might be better left undone or unsaid


irresistible impulse: an urge to do or say something that might be better left undone or unsaid


mania: an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action


passion: an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action


cacoethes: an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action


agromania: an intense desire to be alone or out in the open


dipsomania: an intense persistent desire to drink alcoholic beverages to excess


alcoholism: an intense persistent desire to drink alcoholic beverages to excess


potomania: an intense persistent desire to drink alcoholic beverages to excess


egomania: an intense and irresistible love for yourself and concern for your own needs


kleptomania: an irresistible impulse to steal in the absence of any economic motive


logorrhea: pathologically excessive (and often incoherent) talking


logomania: pathologically excessive (and often incoherent) talking


monomania: a mania restricted to one thing or idea


possession: a mania restricted to one thing or idea


necrophilia: an irresistible sexual attraction to dead bodies


necrophilism: an irresistible sexual attraction to dead bodies


necromania: an irresistible sexual attraction to dead bodies


phaneromania: an irresistible desire to pick at superficial body parts (as in obsessive nail-biting)


pyromania: an uncontrollable desire to set fire to things


trichotillomania: an irresistible urge to pull out your own hair


wanderlust: very strong or irresistible impulse to travel


itchy feet: very strong or irresistible impulse to travel


compulsion: an irrational motive for performing trivial or repetitive actions, even against your will


obsession: an irrational motive for performing trivial or repetitive actions, even against your will


onomatomania: obsession with a particular word which the person uses repeatedly or which intrudes into consciousness


ethical motive: motivation based on ideas of right and wrong


ethics: motivation based on ideas of right and wrong


morals: motivation based on ideas of right and wrong


morality: motivation based on ideas of right and wrong


hedonism: the pursuit of pleasure as a matter of ethical principle


conscience: motivation deriving logically from ethical or moral principles that govern a person's thoughts and actions


scruples: motivation deriving logically from ethical or moral principles that govern a person's thoughts and actions


moral sense: motivation deriving logically from ethical or moral principles that govern a person's thoughts and actions


sense of right and wrong: motivation deriving logically from ethical or moral principles that govern a person's thoughts and actions


wee small voice: an inner voice that judges your behavior


small voice: an inner voice that judges your behavior


voice of conscience: an inner voice that judges your behavior


sense of shame: a motivating awareness of ethical responsibility


sense of duty: a motivating awareness of ethical responsibility


Inner Light: a divine presence believed by Quakers to enlighten and guide the soul


Light: a divine presence believed by Quakers to enlighten and guide the soul


Light Within: a divine presence believed by Quakers to enlighten and guide the soul


Christ Within: a divine presence believed by Quakers to enlighten and guide the soul


psychic energy: an actuating force or factor


mental energy: an actuating force or factor


incitement: something that incites or provokes; a means of arousing or stirring to action


incitation: something that incites or provokes; a means of arousing or stirring to action


provocation: something that incites or provokes; a means of arousing or stirring to action


signal: any incitement to action


libidinal energy: (psychoanalysis) psychic energy produced by the libido


cathexis: (psychoanalysis) the libidinal energy invested in some idea or person or object


charge: (psychoanalysis) the libidinal energy invested in some idea or person or object


acathexis: (psychoanalysis) a lack of cathexis; a condition in which significant objects or memories arouse no emotion in an individual


Aare: a river in north central Switzerland that runs northeast into the Rhine


Aar: a river in north central Switzerland that runs northeast into the Rhine


Aare River: a river in north central Switzerland that runs northeast into the Rhine


Abukir: a bay on the Mediterranean Sea in northern Egypt


Abukir Bay: a bay on the Mediterranean Sea in northern Egypt


abyss: a bottomless gulf or pit; any unfathomable (or apparently unfathomable) cavity or chasm or void extending below (often used figuratively)


abysm: a bottomless gulf or pit; any unfathomable (or apparently unfathomable) cavity or chasm or void extending below (often used figuratively)


abyssal zone: the deep sea (2000 meters or more) where there is no light


Acheron: (Greek mythology) a river in Hades across which the souls of the dead were carried by Charon


River Acheron: (Greek mythology) a river in Hades across which the souls of the dead were carried by Charon


achondrite: a stony meteor lacking chondrules


acicula: a needlelike part or structure of a plant or animal or crystal; as a spine or bristle or crystal


Aconcagua: the highest mountain in the western hemisphere; located in the Andes in western Argentina (22,834 feet high)


Adams: a mountain peak in southwestern Washington in the Cascade Range (12,307 feet high)


Mount Adams: a mountain peak in southwestern Washington in the Cascade Range (12,307 feet high)


Adam's Peak: a mountain peak in south central Sri Lanka (7,360 feet high)


Samanala: a mountain peak in south central Sri Lanka (7,360 feet high)


Adige: a river in northern Italy that flows southeast into the Adriatic Sea


River Adige: a river in northern Italy that flows southeast into the Adriatic Sea


Adirondacks: a mountain range in northeastern New York State; a popular resort area


Adirondack Mountains: a mountain range in northeastern New York State; a popular resort area


Admiralty Range: mountains in Antarctica to the north of Victoria Land


adjunct: something added to another thing but not an essential part of it


Adriatic: an arm of the Mediterranean between Slovenia and Croatia and Montenegro and Albania on the east and Italy on the west


Adriatic Sea: an arm of the Mediterranean between Slovenia and Croatia and Montenegro and Albania on the east and Italy on the west


Aegean: an arm of the Mediterranean between Greece and Turkey; a main trade route for the ancient civilizations of Crete and Greece and Rome and Persia


Aegean Sea: an arm of the Mediterranean between Greece and Turkey; a main trade route for the ancient civilizations of Crete and Greece and Rome and Persia


Aegospotami: a creek emptying into the Hellespont in present-day Turkey; at its mouth in 405 BC the Spartan fleet under Lysander defeated the Athenians and ended the Peloponnesian War


Aegospotamos: a creek emptying into the Hellespont in present-day Turkey; at its mouth in 405 BC the Spartan fleet under Lysander defeated the Athenians and ended the Peloponnesian War


aerie: the lofty nest of a bird of prey (such as a hawk or eagle)


aery: the lofty nest of a bird of prey (such as a hawk or eagle)


eyrie: the lofty nest of a bird of prey (such as a hawk or eagle)


eyry: the lofty nest of a bird of prey (such as a hawk or eagle)


aerolite: a stony meteorite consisting of silicate minerals


Africa: the second largest continent; located to the south of Europe and bordered to the west by the South Atlantic and to the east by the Indian Ocean


agent: an active and efficient cause; capable of producing a certain effect


airborne transmission: a transmission mechanism in the which the infectious agent is spread as an aerosol and usually enters a person through the respiratory tract


air bubble: a bubble of air


Aire: a river in northern England that flows southeast through West Yorkshire


River Aire: a river in northern England that flows southeast through West Yorkshire


Aire River: a river in northern England that flows southeast through West Yorkshire


Alabama: a river in Alabama formed by the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers near Montgomery; flows southwestward to become a tributary of the Mobile River


Alabama River: a river in Alabama formed by the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers near Montgomery; flows southwestward to become a tributary of the Mobile River


Alaska Peninsula: a peninsula of southwestern Alaska (a continuation of the Aleutian Islands)


Alaska Range: a mountain range in south central Alaska; contains Mount McKinley


Aldebaran: the brightest star in Taurus


Algol: the second brightest star in Perseus; the first known eclipsing binary


Alleghenies: the western part of the Appalachian Mountains; extending from northern Pennsylvania to southwestern Virginia


Allegheny Mountains: the western part of the Appalachian Mountains; extending from northern Pennsylvania to southwestern Virginia


Allegheny: a river that rises in Pennsylvania and flows north into New York and then back south through Pennsylvania again to join the Monongahela River at Pittsburgh which is the beginning of the Ohio River


Allegheny River: a river that rises in Pennsylvania and flows north into New York and then back south through Pennsylvania again to join the Monongahela River at Pittsburgh which is the beginning of the Ohio River


alluvial sediment: clay or silt or gravel carried by rushing streams and deposited where the stream slows down


alluvial deposit: clay or silt or gravel carried by rushing streams and deposited where the stream slows down


alluvium: clay or silt or gravel carried by rushing streams and deposited where the stream slows down


alluvion: clay or silt or gravel carried by rushing streams and deposited where the stream slows down


alluvial flat: a flat resulting from repeated deposits of alluvial material by running water


alluvial plain: a flat resulting from repeated deposits of alluvial material by running water


alp: any high mountain


Alpha Centauri: brightest star in Centaurus; second nearest star to the sun


Rigil Kent: brightest star in Centaurus; second nearest star to the sun


Rigil: brightest star in Centaurus; second nearest star to the sun


Alpha Crucis: the brightest star in the Southern Cross


alpha particle: a positively charged particle that is the nucleus of the helium atom; emitted from natural or radioactive isotopes


Alpine glacier: a glacier that moves down from a high valley


Alpine type of glacier: a glacier that moves down from a high valley


Alps: a large mountain system in south-central Europe; scenic beauty and winter sports make them a popular tourist attraction


the Alps: a large mountain system in south-central Europe; scenic beauty and winter sports make them a popular tourist attraction


Altai Mountains: a mountain range in central Asia that extends a thousand miles from Kazakhstan eastward into western Mongolia and northern China


Altay Mountains: a mountain range in central Asia that extends a thousand miles from Kazakhstan eastward into western Mongolia and northern China


Altair: double star 15.7 light years from Earth; the brightest star in the Aquila constellation


altocumulus: a cumulus cloud at an intermediate altitude of 2 or 3 miles


altocumulus cloud: a cumulus cloud at an intermediate altitude of 2 or 3 miles


altostratus: a stratus cloud at an intermediate altitude of 2 or 3 miles


altostratus cloud: a stratus cloud at an intermediate altitude of 2 or 3 miles


Amazon: a major South American river; arises in the Andes and flows eastward into the South Atlantic; the world's 2nd longest river (4000 miles)


Amazon River: a major South American river; arises in the Andes and flows eastward into the South Atlantic; the world's 2nd longest river (4000 miles)


America: North America and South America and Central America


American Falls: a part of Niagara Falls in western New York (north of Buffalo)


ammonite: one of the coiled chambered fossil shells of extinct mollusks


ammonoid: one of the coiled chambered fossil shells of extinct mollusks


Amur: an Asian river between China and Russia; flows into the Sea of Okhotsk


Amur River: an Asian river between China and Russia; flows into the Sea of Okhotsk


Heilong Jiang: an Asian river between China and Russia; flows into the Sea of Okhotsk


Heilong: an Asian river between China and Russia; flows into the Sea of Okhotsk


Ancohuma: a mountain peak in the Andes in Bolivia (20,960 feet high)


Andaman Sea: part of the Bay of Bengal to the west of the Malay Peninsula


Andes: a mountain range in South America running 5000 miles along the Pacific coast


Andromeda: a constellation in the northern hemisphere between Cassiopeia and Pegasus; contains the Andromeda galaxy


Angara: a river in southeastern Siberia that flows northwest from Lake Baikal to become a tributary of the Yenisei River


Angara River: a river in southeastern Siberia that flows northwest from Lake Baikal to become a tributary of the Yenisei River


Tunguska: a river in southeastern Siberia that flows northwest from Lake Baikal to become a tributary of the Yenisei River


Upper Tunguska: a river in southeastern Siberia that flows northwest from Lake Baikal to become a tributary of the Yenisei River


Angel: the highest waterfall; has more than one leap; flow varies seasonally


Angel Falls: the highest waterfall; has more than one leap; flow varies seasonally


anion: a negatively charged ion


Annapurna: a mountain in the Himalayas in Nepal (26,500 feet high)


Anapurna: a mountain in the Himalayas in Nepal (26,500 feet high)


Antarctica: an extremely cold continent at the south pole almost entirely below the Antarctic Circle; covered by an ice cap up to 13,000 feet deep


Antarctic continent: an extremely cold continent at the south pole almost entirely below the Antarctic Circle; covered by an ice cap up to 13,000 feet deep


Antarctic Ocean: the southern waters surrounding Antarctica


Antarctic Peninsula: a large peninsula of Antarctica that extends some 1200 miles north toward South America; separates the Weddell Sea from the South Pacific


Palmer Peninsula: a large peninsula of Antarctica that extends some 1200 miles north toward South America; separates the Weddell Sea from the South Pacific


Antares: the brightest star in Scorpius


anthill: a mound of earth made by ants as they dig their nest


formicary: a mound of earth made by ants as they dig their nest


antibaryon: the antiparticle of a baryon; a hadron with a baryon number of -1


antilepton: the antiparticle of a lepton


antimeson: the antiparticle of a meson


antimuon: the antiparticle of a muon; decays to positron and neutrino and antineutrino


positive muon: the antiparticle of a muon; decays to positron and neutrino and antineutrino


antineutrino: the antiparticle of a neutrino


antineutron: the antiparticle of a neutron


antiparticle: a particle that has the same mass as another particle but has opposite values for its other properties; interaction of a particle and its antiparticle results in annihilation and the production of radiant energy


antiproton: an unstable negatively charged proton; the antiparticle of a proton


antiquark: the antiparticle of a quark


antitauon: an antilepton of very great mass


tau-plus particle: an antilepton of very great mass


Antlia: a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Hydra and Vela


Apalachicola: a river in northwestern Florida formed by the confluence of the Chattahoochee River and the Flint River at the Florida border


Apalachicola River: a river in northwestern Florida formed by the confluence of the Chattahoochee River and the Flint River at the Florida border


Apennines: a mountain range extending the length of the Italian peninsula


aperture: a natural opening in something


Apollo asteroid: an asteroid whose orbit crosses the Earth's orbit


Appalachians: a mountain range in the eastern United States extending from Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico; a historic barrier to early westward expansion of the United States


Appalachian Mountains: a mountain range in the eastern United States extending from Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico; a historic barrier to early westward expansion of the United States


Apus: a constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere near Octans


Aquarius: a zodiacal constellation in the southern hemisphere; between Capricornus and Pisces


aquifer: underground bed or layer yielding ground water for wells and springs etc


Aquila: a constellation in the Milky Way near Cygnus; contains the star Altair


Ara: a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Telescopium and Norma


Arabian Sea: a northwestern arm of the Indian Ocean between India and Arabia


Arafura Sea: a part of the western Pacific Ocean to the north of Australia and to the south of New Guinea and the eastern islands of Indonesia


Araguaia: a river in central Brazil that flows generally northward (with many falls) to join the Tocantins River


Araguaia River: a river in central Brazil that flows generally northward (with many falls) to join the Tocantins River


Araguaya: a river in central Brazil that flows generally northward (with many falls) to join the Tocantins River


Araguaya River: a river in central Brazil that flows generally northward (with many falls) to join the Tocantins River


Ararat: the mountain peak that Noah's ark landed on as the waters of the great flood receded


Mount Ararat: the mountain peak that Noah's ark landed on as the waters of the great flood receded


Mt. Ararat: the mountain peak that Noah's ark landed on as the waters of the great flood receded


Aras: a river that rises in northeastern Turkey (near the source of the Euphrates) and flows generally eastward through Armenia to the Caspian Sea; ancient name was Araxes


Araxes: a river that rises in northeastern Turkey (near the source of the Euphrates) and flows generally eastward through Armenia to the Caspian Sea; ancient name was Araxes


Arauca: a river that rises in northern Colombia and flows generally eastward to the Orinoco in central Venezuela


archeological remains: a relic that has been excavated from the soil


archipelago: a group of many islands in a large body of water


Arctic Ocean: ice covered waters surrounding the North Pole; mostly covered with solid ice or with ice floes and icebergs


Arcturus: the 4th brightest star and the brightest star in the constellation Bootes; 36 light-years from Earth


arete: a sharp narrow ridge found in rugged mountains


Argo: formerly a large constellation in the southern hemisphere between Canis Major and the Southern Cross; now divided into Carina and Pyxis and Puppis and Vela


Argun: a river in eastern Asia that arises in China and flows northeast along the border between China and Russia to become a tributary of the Amur River


Argun River: a river in eastern Asia that arises in China and flows northeast along the border between China and Russia to become a tributary of the Amur River


Ergun He: a river in eastern Asia that arises in China and flows northeast along the border between China and Russia to become a tributary of the Amur River


Aries: a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Pisces and Taurus


Aristarchus: a bright crater on the Moon


Arkansas: a river that rises in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and flows southeast through Kansas and Oklahoma and through Arkansas to become a tributary of the Mississippi River


Arkansas River: a river that rises in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and flows southeast through Kansas and Oklahoma and through Arkansas to become a tributary of the Mississippi River


Arno: a river in central Italy rising in the Apennines and flowing through Florence and Pisa to the Ligurian Sea


Arno River: a river in central Italy rising in the Apennines and flowing through Florence and Pisa to the Ligurian Sea


River Arno: a river in central Italy rising in the Apennines and flowing through Florence and Pisa to the Ligurian Sea


arroyo: a stream or brook


ascent: an upward slope or grade (as in a road)


acclivity: an upward slope or grade (as in a road)


rise: an upward slope or grade (as in a road)


raise: an upward slope or grade (as in a road)


climb: an upward slope or grade (as in a road)


upgrade: an upward slope or grade (as in a road)


Asia: the largest continent with 60% of the earth's population; it is joined to Europe on the west to form Eurasia; it is the site of some of the world's earliest civilizations


asterism: (astronomy) a cluster of stars (or a small constellation)


asteroid: any of numerous small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal that move around the sun (mainly between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter)


asthenosphere: the lower layer of the crust


Atacama Trench: a depression in the floor of the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Chile


Atlantic: the 2nd largest ocean; separates North and South America on the west from Europe and Africa on the east


Atlantic Ocean: the 2nd largest ocean; separates North and South America on the west from Europe and Africa on the east


Atlantic Coast: a coast of the Atlantic Ocean


Atlas Mountains: a mountain range in northern Africa between the Mediterranean and the Sahara Desert; extends from southwestern Morocco to northern Tunisia


atmosphere: the envelope of gases surrounding any celestial body


atoll: an island consisting of a circular coral reef surrounding a lagoon


Auriga: a conspicuous constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Great Bear and Orion at edge of Milky Way


Charioteer: a conspicuous constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Great Bear and Orion at edge of Milky Way


Australia: the smallest continent; between the South Pacific and the Indian Ocean


Australian Alps: a range of mountains in Australia that forms the southern end of the Great Dividing Range


Avon: a river in central England that flows through Stratford-on-Avon and empties into the Severn


River Avon: a river in central England that flows through Stratford-on-Avon and empties into the Severn


Upper Avon: a river in central England that flows through Stratford-on-Avon and empties into the Severn


Upper Avon River: a river in central England that flows through Stratford-on-Avon and empties into the Severn


Avon: a river in southwestern England rising in Gloucestershire and flowing through Bristol to empty into the estuary of the Severn


River Avon: a river in southwestern England rising in Gloucestershire and flowing through Bristol to empty into the estuary of the Severn


backwater: a body of water that was created by a flood or tide or by being held or forced back by a dam


badlands: deeply eroded barren land


Baffin Bay: a body of water between Greenland and northeastern Canada; connected with the Arctic Ocean to the north and with the Atlantic Ocean (via the Labrador Sea) to the south; icebound in winter


Balaton: a large shallow lake in western Hungary


Lake Balaton: a large shallow lake in western Hungary


Plattensee: a large shallow lake in western Hungary


Balkans: the major mountain range of Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula


Balkan Mountains: the major mountain range of Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula


Balkan Mountain Range: the major mountain range of Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula


Baltic: a sea in northern Europe; stronghold of the Russian navy


Baltic Sea: a sea in northern Europe; stronghold of the Russian navy


bank: a long ridge or pile


bank: sloping land (especially the slope beside a body of water)


bank: a slope in the turn of a road or track; the outside is higher than the inside in order to reduce the effects of centrifugal force


cant: a slope in the turn of a road or track; the outside is higher than the inside in order to reduce the effects of centrifugal force


camber: a slope in the turn of a road or track; the outside is higher than the inside in order to reduce the effects of centrifugal force


bar: a submerged (or partly submerged) ridge in a river or along a shore


barbecue pit: a pit where wood or charcoal is burned to make a bed of hot coals suitable for barbecuing meat


Barents Sea: the part of the Arctic Ocean to the north of Norway and Russia


barrier: anything serving to maintain separation by obstructing vision or access


barrier island: a long narrow sandy island (wider than a reef) running parallel to the shore


barrier reef: a long coral reef near and parallel to the shore


baryon: any of the elementary particles having a mass equal to or greater than that of a proton and that participate in strong interactions; a hadron with a baryon number of +1


heavy particle: any of the elementary particles having a mass equal to or greater than that of a proton and that participate in strong interactions; a hadron with a baryon number of +1


base: the bottom or lowest part


basin: a natural depression in the surface of the land often with a lake at the bottom of it


bay: an indentation of a shoreline larger than a cove but smaller than a gulf


embayment: an indentation of a shoreline larger than a cove but smaller than a gulf


Bay of Bengal: an arm of the Indian Ocean to the east of India


Bay of Biscay: an arm of the Atlantic Ocean in western Europe; bordered by the west coast of France and the north coast of Spain


Bay of Fundy: a bay of the North Atlantic between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; noted for rapid tides as great as 70 feet


Bay of Naples: an arm of the Tyrrhenian Sea at Naples


bayou: a swampy arm or slow-moving outlet of a lake (term used mainly in Mississippi and Louisiana)


beach: an area of sand sloping down to the water of a sea or lake


beachfront: a strip of land running along a beach


Beaufort Sea: part of the Arctic Ocean to the northeast of Alaska


bed: a depression forming the ground under a body of water


bottom: a depression forming the ground under a body of water


bed: (geology) a stratum of rock (especially sedimentary rock)


bedrock: solid unweathered rock lying beneath surface deposits of soil


beehive: a structure that provides a natural habitation for bees; as in a hollow tree


hive: a structure that provides a natural habitation for bees; as in a hollow tree


honeycomb: a structure of small hexagonal cells constructed from beeswax by bees and used to store honey and larvae


belay: something to which a mountain climber's rope can be secured


ben: a mountain or tall hill


Bering Sea: part of the North Pacific between Alaska and Siberia; connected to the Arctic Ocean by the Bering Strait


Bering Strait: a strait connecting the Bering Sea to the Arctic Ocean


Berkshires: a low mountain range in western Massachusetts; a resort area


Berkshire Hills: a low mountain range in western Massachusetts; a resort area


berm: a narrow ledge or shelf typically at the top or bottom of a slope


Beta Centauri: the second brightest star in Centaurus


Beta Crucis: the second brightest star in the Southern Cross


beta particle: a high-speed electron or positron emitted in the decay of a radioactive isotope


Betelgeuse: the second brightest star in Orion


Alpha Orionis: the second brightest star in Orion


Big Dipper: a group of seven bright stars in the constellation Ursa Major


Dipper: a group of seven bright stars in the constellation Ursa Major


Plough: a group of seven bright stars in the constellation Ursa Major


Charles's Wain: a group of seven bright stars in the constellation Ursa Major


Wain: a group of seven bright stars in the constellation Ursa Major


Wagon: a group of seven bright stars in the constellation Ursa Major


Bighorn: a river that flows from central Wyoming to the Yellowstone River in southern Montana


Bighorn River: a river that flows from central Wyoming to the Yellowstone River in southern Montana


bight: a broad bay formed by an indentation in the shoreline


Bight of Benin: a broad indentation of the Gulf of Guinea in western Africa


Big Sioux River: a river that rises in northeastern South Dakota and flows southward to join the Missouri River at Sioux City, Iowa


billabong: a branch of a river made by water flowing from the main stream only when the water level is high


billabong: a stagnant pool of water in the bed of a stream that flows intermittently


binary star: a system of two stars that revolve around each other under their mutual gravitation


binary: a system of two stars that revolve around each other under their mutual gravitation


double star: a system of two stars that revolve around each other under their mutual gravitation


biological agent: any bacterium or virus or toxin that could be used in biological warfare


biohazard: any bacterium or virus or toxin that could be used in biological warfare


bird's nest: nest where birds lay their eggs and hatch their young


bird nest: nest where birds lay their eggs and hatch their young


birdnest: nest where birds lay their eggs and hatch their young


Biscayne Bay: a narrow bay formed by an inlet from the Atlantic Ocean in southeastern Florida


Bismarck Sea: an arm of the South Pacific to the southwest of the Bismarck Archipelago


bit: a small fragment of something broken off from the whole


chip: a small fragment of something broken off from the whole


flake: a small fragment of something broken off from the whole


fleck: a small fragment of something broken off from the whole


scrap: a small fragment of something broken off from the whole


black body: a hypothetical object capable of absorbing all the electromagnetic radiation falling on it


blackbody: a hypothetical object capable of absorbing all the electromagnetic radiation falling on it


full radiator: a hypothetical object capable of absorbing all the electromagnetic radiation falling on it


Black Forest: a hilly forest region in southwestern Germany


Schwarzwald: a hilly forest region in southwestern Germany


Black Hills: mountains in southwestern South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming; sacred to the Sioux (whites settling in the Black Hills led to the Battle of Little Bighorn); site of Mount Rushmore


black hole: a region of space resulting from the collapse of a star; extremely high gravitational field


Black Sea: a sea between Europe and Asia; a popular resort area of eastern Europeans


Euxine Sea: a sea between Europe and Asia; a popular resort area of eastern Europeans


bladder stone: a calculus formed in the bladder


cystolith: a calculus formed in the bladder


blade: something long and thin resembling a blade of grass


blanket: anything that covers


mantle: anything that covers


blood-brain barrier: a mechanism that creates a barrier between brain tissues and circulating blood; serves to protect the central nervous system


Blue Nile: a headstream of the Nile; joins the White Nile at Khartoum to form the Nile


Blue Ridge Mountains: a range of the Appalachians extending from southern Pennsylvania to northern Georgia


Blue Ridge: a range of the Appalachians extending from southern Pennsylvania to northern Georgia


blue sky: the sky as viewed during daylight


blue: the sky as viewed during daylight


blue air: the sky as viewed during daylight


wild blue yonder: the sky as viewed during daylight


bluff: a high steep bank (usually formed by river erosion)


b-meson: exceedingly short-lived meson


body: an individual 3-dimensional object that has mass and that is distinguishable from other objects


body of water: the part of the earth's surface covered with water (such as a river or lake or ocean)


water: the part of the earth's surface covered with water (such as a river or lake or ocean)


bog: wet spongy ground of decomposing vegetation; has poorer drainage than a swamp; soil is unfit for cultivation but can be cut and dried and used for fuel


peat bog: wet spongy ground of decomposing vegetation; has poorer drainage than a swamp; soil is unfit for cultivation but can be cut and dried and used for fuel


Bo Hai: an inlet of the Yellow Sea, on the coast of Eastern China


Po Hai: an inlet of the Yellow Sea, on the coast of Eastern China


bolt-hole: a hole through which an animal may bolt when pursued into its burrow or den


bonanza: an especially rich vein of precious ore


Bonete: a mountain in the Andes in Argentina (22,546 feet high)


Bootes: a constellation in the northern hemisphere near Ursa Major


borrow pit: a pit created to provide earth that can be used as fill at another site


boson: any particle that obeys Bose-Einstein statistics but not the Pauli exclusion principle; all nuclei with an even mass number are bosons


Bosporus: a strait connecting the Mediterranean and the Black Sea; separates the European and Asian parts of Turkey; an important shipping route


bottomland: low-lying alluvial land near a river


bottom: low-lying alluvial land near a river


bottom quark: a quark with a charge of -1/3 and a mass about 10,000 times that of an electron


beauty quark: a quark with a charge of -1/3 and a mass about 10,000 times that of an electron


Bougainville Trench: a depression in the floor of the Pacific Ocean between New Guinea and the Solomon Islands


boulder: a large smooth mass of rock detached from its place of origin


bowlder: a large smooth mass of rock detached from its place of origin


brae: a slope or hillside


Brahmaputra: an Asian river; flows into the Bay of Bengal


Brahmaputra River: an Asian river; flows into the Bay of Bengal


branch: a stream or river connected to a larger one


branched chain: an open chain of atoms with one or more side chains attached to it


Brazos: a river that rises in Mexico and flows across Texas into the Gulf of Mexico


Brazos River: a river that rises in Mexico and flows across Texas into the Gulf of Mexico


breach: an opening (especially a gap in a dike or fortification)


Brenner Pass: an Alpine mountain pass connecting Innsbruck in Austria with Bolzano in Italy that has long been a route for trade and for invasions


brickbat: a fragment of brick used as a weapon


Bristol Channel: an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean between southern Wales and southwestern England


brook: a natural stream of water smaller than a river (and often a tributary of a river)


creek: a natural stream of water smaller than a river (and often a tributary of a river)


brooklet: a small brook


bubble: a hollow globule of gas (e.g., air or carbon dioxide)


bullet hole: a hole made by a bullet passing through it


burrow: a hole made by an animal, usually for shelter


tunnel: a hole made by an animal, usually for shelter


butte: a hill that rises abruptly from the surrounding region; has a flat top and sloping sides


Buzzards Bay: an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean in southeastern Massachusetts


Cachi: a mountain in the Andes in Argentina (22,047 feet high)


Caelum: a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Columba and Eridanus


calculus: a hard lump produced by the concretion of mineral salts; found in hollow organs or ducts of the body


concretion: a hard lump produced by the concretion of mineral salts; found in hollow organs or ducts of the body


caldera: a large crater caused by the violent explosion of a volcano that collapses into a depression


Callisto: the second largest of Jupiter's satellites


Caloosahatchee: a river in southern Florida that flows westerly to the Gulf of Mexico; forms the western end of the Cross-Florida Waterway


Caloosahatchee River: a river in southern Florida that flows westerly to the Gulf of Mexico; forms the western end of the Cross-Florida Waterway


Cam: a river in east central England that flows past Cambridge to join the Ouse River


River Cam: a river in east central England that flows past Cambridge to join the Ouse River


Cam River: a river in east central England that flows past Cambridge to join the Ouse River


Cambrian Mountains: a rugged plateau that runs north to south through central Wales


Canadian: a river rising in northeastern New Mexico and flowing eastward across the Texas panhandle to become a tributary of the Arkansas River in Oklahoma


Canadian River: a river rising in northeastern New Mexico and flowing eastward across the Texas panhandle to become a tributary of the Arkansas River in Oklahoma


Canadian Falls: a part of Niagara Falls in Ontario


Horseshoe Falls: a part of Niagara Falls in Ontario


canal: (astronomy) an indistinct surface feature of Mars once thought to be a system of channels; they are now believed to be an optical illusion


Canandaigua Lake: a glacial lake in central New York; one of the Finger Lakes


Lake Canandaigua: a glacial lake in central New York; one of the Finger Lakes


Cancer: a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini


Canis Major: a constellation to the southeast of Orion; contains Sirius


Great Dog: a constellation to the southeast of Orion; contains Sirius


Canis Minor: a constellation to the east of Orion; contains Procyon


Little Dog: a constellation to the east of Orion; contains Procyon


Canopus: supergiant star 650 light years from Earth; second brightest star in the sky


Cantabrian Mountains: a range of mountains in northern Spain along the coast of the Bay of Biscay


canyon: a ravine formed by a river in an area with little rainfall


canon: a ravine formed by a river in an area with little rainfall


canyonside: the steeply sloping side of a canyon


cape: a strip of land projecting into a body of water


ness: a strip of land projecting into a body of water


Cape Canaveral: a sandy promontory (formerly Cape Kennedy) extending into the Atlantic Ocean from a barrier island off the eastern coast of Florida; the site of a NASA center for spaceflight


Cape Kennedy: a sandy promontory (formerly Cape Kennedy) extending into the Atlantic Ocean from a barrier island off the eastern coast of Florida; the site of a NASA center for spaceflight


Cape Cod Bay: the southern part of Massachusetts Bay


Cape Fear River: a river in North Carolina that flows southeast to the Atlantic Ocean at Cape Fear


Capella: the brightest star in Auriga


Cape Sable: a promontory on the far southern part of Nova Scotia


Cape Sable: a cape at the southwest tip of Florida; the southernmost part of the United States mainland


Cape Trafalgar: a small cape in southwestern Spain


Cape York: the northern tip of Cape York Peninsula at the Torres Strait; the northernmost point of the Australian mainland


Cape York Peninsula: a peninsula in Queensland in northeastern Australia between the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Coral Sea


Capricornus: a faint zodiacal constellation in the southern hemisphere; between Sagittarius and Aquarius


Capricorn: a faint zodiacal constellation in the southern hemisphere; between Sagittarius and Aquarius


Caribbean: an arm of the Atlantic Ocean between North and South America; the origin of the Gulf stream


Caribbean Sea: an arm of the Atlantic Ocean between North and South America; the origin of the Gulf stream


Carina: a keel-shaped constellation in the southern hemisphere; contains the start Canopus


Carlsbad Caverns: a group of caverns in southeastern New Mexico noted for their stalactites and stalagmites


Carpathians: a mountain range in central Europe that extends from Slovakia and southern Poland southeastward through western Ukraine to northeastern Romania; a popular resort area


Carpathian Mountains: a mountain range in central Europe that extends from Slovakia and southern Poland southeastward through western Ukraine to northeastern Romania; a popular resort area


carpet: a natural object that resembles or suggests a carpet


cascade: a small waterfall or series of small waterfalls


Cascades: a mountain range in the northwestern United States extending through Washington and Oregon and northern California; a part of the Coast Range


Cascade Range: a mountain range in the northwestern United States extending through Washington and Oregon and northern California; a part of the Coast Range


Cascade Mountains: a mountain range in the northwestern United States extending through Washington and Oregon and northern California; a part of the Coast Range


Caspian: a large saltwater lake between Iran and Russia fed by the Volga River; the largest inland body of water in the world


Caspian Sea: a large saltwater lake between Iran and Russia fed by the Volga River; the largest inland body of water in the world


Cassiopeia: a W-shaped constellation in the northern hemisphere near Polaris


Castor: a multiple star with 6 components; second brightest in Gemini; close to Pollux


Alpha Geminorum: a multiple star with 6 components; second brightest in Gemini; close to Pollux


cataract: a large waterfall; violent rush of water over a precipice


Cataract Canyon: a tributary of the Grand Canyon


catch: anything that is caught (especially if it is worth catching)


cation: a positively charged ion


Catskills: a range of the Appalachians to the west of the Hudson in southeastern New York; includes many popular resort areas


Catskill Mountains: a range of the Appalachians to the west of the Hudson in southeastern New York; includes many popular resort areas


Caucasus: the mountain range in Caucasia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea that forms part of the traditional border between Europe and Asia


Caucasus Mountains: the mountain range in Caucasia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea that forms part of the traditional border between Europe and Asia


cave: a geological formation consisting of an underground enclosure with access from the surface of the ground or from the sea


cavern: a large cave or a large chamber in a cave


cavern: any large dark enclosed space


Cayuga Lake: a glacial lake in central New York; the longest of the Finger Lakes


Lake Cayuga: a glacial lake in central New York; the longest of the Finger Lakes


celestial body: natural objects visible in the sky


heavenly body: natural objects visible in the sky


Centaurus: a conspicuous constellation in the southern hemisphere near the Southern Cross


Centaur: a conspicuous constellation in the southern hemisphere near the Southern Cross


Cepheus: a faint constellation in the northern hemisphere near Cassiopeia and the pole star


Ceres: the largest asteroid and the first discovered


Cetus: a large constellation on the equator near Pisces and Aquarius


chain: (chemistry) a series of linked atoms (generally in an organic molecule)


chemical chain: (chemistry) a series of linked atoms (generally in an organic molecule)


Chamaeleon: a faint constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere near Apus and Mensa


Chameleon: a faint constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere near Apus and Mensa


Changtzu: a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal (24,780 feet high)


channel: a deep and relatively narrow body of water (as in a river or a harbor or a strait linking two larger bodies) that allows the best passage for vessels


Chao Phraya: a river in Thailand formed by the confluence of the Nan and Ping Rivers; flows southward past Bangkok and empties into the Gulf of Thailand


chap: a crack in a lip caused usually by cold


Charles: a river in eastern Massachusetts that empties into Boston Harbor and that separates Cambridge from Boston


Charles River: a river in eastern Massachusetts that empties into Boston Harbor and that separates Cambridge from Boston


charm quark: a quark with an electric charge of +2/3 and a mass 2900 times that of an electron and a charm of +1


chasm: a deep opening in the earth's surface


Chattahoochee: a river rising in northern Georgia and flowing southwest and south to join the Flint River at the Florida border where they form the Apalachicola River


Chattahoochee River: a river rising in northern Georgia and flowing southwest and south to join the Flint River at the Florida border where they form the Apalachicola River


Baikal: the largest freshwater lake in Asia or Europe and the deepest lake in the world


Lake Baikal: the largest freshwater lake in Asia or Europe and the deepest lake in the world


Baykal: the largest freshwater lake in Asia or Europe and the deepest lake in the world


Lake Baykal: the largest freshwater lake in Asia or Europe and the deepest lake in the world


Lake Chelan: a narrow very deep lake in central Washington in the Cascade Range


Coeur d'Alene Lake: a lake in northern Idaho


Lake Tahoe: a lake on the border between Nevada and California to the west of Carson City; a popular resort area


Chesapeake Bay: a large inlet of the North Atlantic between Virginia and Maryland; fed by Susquehanna River


Chimborazo: a mountain peak in the Andes in Ecuador (20,560 feet high)


chink: a narrow opening as e.g. between planks in a wall


chip: a piece of dried bovine dung


cow chip: a piece of dried bovine dung


cow dung: a piece of dried bovine dung


buffalo chip: a piece of dried bovine dung


Chiron: an asteroid discovered in 1977; it is unique in having an orbit lying mainly between the orbits of Saturn and Uranus


chondrite: a rock of meteoric origin containing chondrules


chondrule: small granule (of e.g. chrysolite) found in some meteoric rocks


chromosphere: a gaseous layer of the sun's atmosphere (extending from the photosphere to the corona) that is visible during a total eclipse of the sun


Chukchi Peninsula: peninsula of northeastern Siberia across the Bering Strait from northwestern Alaska


Chukchi Sea: part of the Arctic Ocean just to the north of the Bering Strait


Cimarron: a river that rises in northeastern New Mexico and flows eastward into Oklahoma where it becomes a tributary of the Arkansas River


Cimarron River: a river that rises in northeastern New Mexico and flows eastward into Oklahoma where it becomes a tributary of the Arkansas River


cinder: a fragment of incombustible matter left after a wood or coal or charcoal fire


clinker: a fragment of incombustible matter left after a wood or coal or charcoal fire


Circinus: a small faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Musca and Triangulum Australe


cirque: a steep-walled semicircular basin in a mountain; may contain a lake


corrie: a steep-walled semicircular basin in a mountain; may contain a lake


cwm: a steep-walled semicircular basin in a mountain; may contain a lake


cirrocumulus: a cloud at a high altitude consisting of a series of regularly arranged small clouds resembling ripples


cirrocumulus cloud: a cloud at a high altitude consisting of a series of regularly arranged small clouds resembling ripples


cirrostratus: a thin uniform layer of hazy cloud at high altitude


cirrostratus cloud: a thin uniform layer of hazy cloud at high altitude


cirrus: a wispy white cloud (usually of fine ice crystals) at a high altitude (4 to 8 miles)


cirrus cloud: a wispy white cloud (usually of fine ice crystals) at a high altitude (4 to 8 miles)


clast: (geology) a constituent fragment of a clastic rock


clastic rock: (geology) a rock composed of broken pieces of older rocks


cliff: a steep high face of rock


drop: a steep high face of rock


drop-off: a steep high face of rock


Clinch River: a river that rises in southwestern Virginia and flows generally southwestward across eastern Tennessee to the Tennessee River


closed chain: (chemistry) a chain of atoms in a molecule that forms a closed loop


ring: (chemistry) a chain of atoms in a molecule that forms a closed loop


closed universe: (cosmology) a universe that is spatially closed and in which there is sufficient matter to halt the expansion that began with the big bang; the visible matter is only 10 percent of the matter required for closure but there may be large amounts of dark matter


cloud: a visible mass of water or ice particles suspended at a considerable altitude


cloud bank: a layer of clouds seen from a distance


Clyde: a river in western Scotland that flows from the southern uplands into the Firth of Clyde; navigable by oceangoing vessels as far as Glasgow


coast: a slope down which sleds may coast


coastal plain: a plain adjacent to a coast


coastland: land in a coastal area


Coast Range: a string of mountain ranges along the Pacific coast of North America from southeastern Alaska to Lower California


Coast Mountains: a string of mountain ranges along the Pacific coast of North America from southeastern Alaska to Lower California


Cocytus: (Greek mythology) a river in Hades that was said to be a tributary of the Acheron


River Cocytus: (Greek mythology) a river in Hades that was said to be a tributary of the Acheron


coffee grounds: the dregs remaining after brewing coffee


col: a pass between mountain peaks


gap: a pass between mountain peaks


collector: a crater that has collected cosmic material hitting the earth


collision course: a course of a moving object that will lead to a collision if it continues unchanged


Colorado: an important river in the southwestern United States; rises in the Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado and flows southwest through Utah into Arizona (where it flows through the Grand Canyon) and then southward through the southern tip of Nevada, then forming the border between California and Arizona and finally into Mexico where it empties into the Gulf of California; the main source of water in the southwestern United States


Colorado River: an important river in the southwestern United States; rises in the Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado and flows southwest through Utah into Arizona (where it flows through the Grand Canyon) and then southward through the southern tip of Nevada, then forming the border between California and Arizona and finally into Mexico where it empties into the Gulf of California; the main source of water in the southwestern United States


Colorado: a river in Texas; flows southeast into the Gulf of Mexico


Colorado River: a river in Texas; flows southeast into the Gulf of Mexico


Colorado Plateau: a large plateau to the south and west of the Rocky Mountains; abuts mountains on the north and east and ends in an escarpment overlooking lowlands to the south and west; the Grand Canyon is carved out of the southwestern corner


Columba: a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Puppis and Caelum


Dove: a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Puppis and Caelum


Columbia: a North American river; rises in southwestern Canada and flows southward across Washington to form the border between Washington and Oregon before emptying into the Pacific; known for its salmon runs in the spring


Columbia River: a North American river; rises in southwestern Canada and flows southward across Washington to form the border between Washington and Oregon before emptying into the Pacific; known for its salmon runs in the spring


coma: (astronomy) the luminous cloud of particles surrounding the frozen nucleus of a comet; forms as the comet approaches the sun and is warmed


Coma Berenices: a constellation in the northern hemisphere between Ursa Major and Bootes; contains a cluster of some 10,000 galaxies


comet: (astronomy) a relatively small extraterrestrial body consisting of a frozen mass that travels around the sun in a highly elliptical orbit


commemorative: an object (such as a coin or postage stamp) made to mark an event or honor a person


Communism Peak: the highest mountain peak in the Pamir Mountains; near the Chinese border in northeastern Tajikistan (24,590 feet high)


Mount Communism: the highest mountain peak in the Pamir Mountains; near the Chinese border in northeastern Tajikistan (24,590 feet high)


Stalin Peak: the highest mountain peak in the Pamir Mountains; near the Chinese border in northeastern Tajikistan (24,590 feet high)


Mount Garmo: the highest mountain peak in the Pamir Mountains; near the Chinese border in northeastern Tajikistan (24,590 feet high)


Congo: a major African river (one of the world's longest); flows through Congo into the South Atlantic


Congo River: a major African river (one of the world's longest); flows through Congo into the South Atlantic


Zaire River: a major African river (one of the world's longest); flows through Congo into the South Atlantic


Connecticut: a river in the northeastern United States; flows south from northern New Hampshire along the border between New Hampshire and Vermont and through Massachusetts and Connecticut where it empties into Long Island Sound


Connecticut River: a river in the northeastern United States; flows south from northern New Hampshire along the border between New Hampshire and Vermont and through Massachusetts and Connecticut where it empties into Long Island Sound


consolidation: something that has consolidated into a compact mass


Constance: a lake in southeastern Germany on the northern side of the Swiss Alps; forms part of the Rhine River


Lake Constance: a lake in southeastern Germany on the northern side of the Swiss Alps; forms part of the Rhine River


Bodensee: a lake in southeastern Germany on the northern side of the Swiss Alps; forms part of the Rhine River


constellation: a configuration of stars as seen from the earth


continent: one of the large landmasses of the earth


continental glacier: a glacier that spreads out from a central mass of ice


continental shelf: the relatively shallow (up to 200 meters) seabed surrounding a continent


continental slope: the steep descent of the seabed from the continental shelf to the abyssal zone


bathyal zone: the steep descent of the seabed from the continental shelf to the abyssal zone


bathyal district: the steep descent of the seabed from the continental shelf to the abyssal zone


contrail: an artificial cloud created by an aircraft; caused either by condensation due to the reduction in air pressure above the wing surface or by water vapor in the engine exhaust


condensation trail: an artificial cloud created by an aircraft; caused either by condensation due to the reduction in air pressure above the wing surface or by water vapor in the engine exhaust


Cook Strait: a narrow strait separating the North Island and South Island in New Zealand


Coosa: river that rises in northwestern Georgia and flows southwest through eastern Alabama to join the Tallapoosa River near Montgomery and form the Alabama River


Coosa River: river that rises in northwestern Georgia and flows southwest through eastern Alabama to join the Tallapoosa River near Montgomery and form the Alabama River


Copernicus: a conspicuous crater on the Moon


coprolite: fossil excrement; petrified dung


coprolith: a hard mass of fecal matter


fecalith: a hard mass of fecal matter


faecalith: a hard mass of fecal matter


stercolith: a hard mass of fecal matter


coral reef: a reef consisting of coral consolidated into limestone


Coral Sea: an arm of the South Pacific to the northeast of Australia


core: the central part of the Earth


core: a cylindrical sample of soil or rock obtained with a hollow drill


corner: a projecting part where two sides or edges meet


Corona Borealis: a small constellation in the northern hemisphere between Bootes and Hercules


Coropuna: a mountain peak in the Andes in Peru (21,083 feet high)


Corvus: a small quadrilateral constellation in the southern hemisphere near Virgo


Crow: a small quadrilateral constellation in the southern hemisphere near Virgo


couple: (physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces that act along parallel lines


cove: a small inlet


cove: small or narrow cave in the side of a cliff or mountain


covering: a natural object that covers or envelops


natural covering: a natural object that covers or envelops


cover: a natural object that covers or envelops


Crab Nebula: a remnant of a supernova detected first in 1054 AD


crack: a long narrow opening


cleft: a long narrow opening


crevice: a long narrow opening


fissure: a long narrow opening


scissure: a long narrow opening


crag: a steep rugged rock or cliff


cranny: a small opening or crevice (especially in a rock face or wall)


crater: a bowl-shaped depression formed by the impact of a meteorite or bomb


Crater: a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Hydra and Corvus


craton: the part of a continent that is stable and forms the central mass of the continent; typically Precambrian


crevasse: a deep fissure


Cross-Florida Waterway: a waterway used by small boats to travel between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico through Lake Okeechobee and the Caloosahatchee_Canal and the Caloosahatchee River


Okeechobee Waterway: a waterway used by small boats to travel between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico through Lake Okeechobee and the Caloosahatchee_Canal and the Caloosahatchee River


crust: the outer layer of the Earth


Earth's crust: the outer layer of the Earth


crust: a hard outer layer that covers something


incrustation: a hard outer layer that covers something


encrustation: a hard outer layer that covers something


crystal: a rock formed by the solidification of a substance; has regularly repeating internal structure; external plane faces


crystallization: a rock formed by the solidification of a substance; has regularly repeating internal structure; external plane faces


crystallite: any of numerous minute rudimentary crystalline bodies of unknown composition found in glassy igneous rock


cultivated land: arable land that is worked by plowing and sowing and raising crops


farmland: arable land that is worked by plowing and sowing and raising crops


plowland: arable land that is worked by plowing and sowing and raising crops


ploughland: arable land that is worked by plowing and sowing and raising crops


tilled land: arable land that is worked by plowing and sowing and raising crops


tillage: arable land that is worked by plowing and sowing and raising crops


tilth: arable land that is worked by plowing and sowing and raising crops


Cumberland: a river that rises in southeastern Kentucky and flows westward through northern Tennessee to become a tributary of the Ohio River in southwestern Kentucky


Cumberland River: a river that rises in southeastern Kentucky and flows westward through northern Tennessee to become a tributary of the Ohio River in southwestern Kentucky


Cumberland Gap: a pass through the Cumberland Mountains between Virginia and Kentucky that early settlers used in order to move west


Cumberland Mountains: the southwestern part of the Appalachians


Cumberland Plateau: the southwestern part of the Appalachians


cumulonimbus: a dark cloud of great vertical extent charged with electricity; associated with thunderstorms


cumulonimbus cloud: a dark cloud of great vertical extent charged with electricity; associated with thunderstorms


thundercloud: a dark cloud of great vertical extent charged with electricity; associated with thunderstorms


cumulus: a globular cloud


cumulus cloud: a globular cloud


Cuquenan: a famous waterfall in Venezuela


Cuquenan Falls: a famous waterfall in Venezuela


Kukenaam: a famous waterfall in Venezuela


Kukenaam Falls: a famous waterfall in Venezuela


curtain: any barrier to communication or vision


cutting: a piece cut off from the main part of something


Cygnus: a constellation in the northern hemisphere between Pegasus and Draco in the Milky Way; contains a black hole


dale: an open river valley (in a hilly area)


dander: small scales from animal skins or hair or bird feathers that can cause allergic reactions in some people


dandruff: loose scales shed from the scalp


Danube: the 2nd longest European river (after the Volga); flows from southwestern Germany to the Black Sea


Danube River: the 2nd longest European river (after the Volga); flows from southwestern Germany to the Black Sea


Danau: the 2nd longest European river (after the Volga); flows from southwestern Germany to the Black Sea


Darling: an Australian river; tributary of the Murray River


Darling River: an Australian river; tributary of the Murray River