internal respiration: the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules; processes that take place in the cells and tissues during which energy is released and carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by the blood to be transported to the lungs


cellular respiration: the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules; processes that take place in the cells and tissues during which energy is released and carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by the blood to be transported to the lungs


breathing: the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation; the process of taking in oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide by exhalation


external respiration: the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation; the process of taking in oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide by exhalation


respiration: the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation; the process of taking in oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide by exhalation


ventilation: the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation; the process of taking in oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide by exhalation


respiration: a single complete act of breathing in and out


artificial respiration: an emergency procedure whereby breathing is maintained artificially


cardiography: diagnostic procedure consisting of recording the activity of the heart electronically with a cardiograph (and producing a cardiogram)


electrocardiography: diagnostic procedure consisting of recording the activity of the heart electronically with a cardiograph (and producing a cardiogram)


echocardiography: a noninvasive diagnostic procedure that uses ultrasound to study to structure and motions of the heart


echoencephalography: a noninvasive diagnostic procedure that uses ultrasound to study the anatomy of the brain


cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac massage and artificial respiration; the first treatment for a person who has collapsed and has no pulse and has stopped breathing; attempts to restore circulation of the blood and prevent death or brain damage due to lack of oxygen


CPR: an emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac massage and artificial respiration; the first treatment for a person who has collapsed and has no pulse and has stopped breathing; attempts to restore circulation of the blood and prevent death or brain damage due to lack of oxygen


cardiac resuscitation: an emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac massage and artificial respiration; the first treatment for a person who has collapsed and has no pulse and has stopped breathing; attempts to restore circulation of the blood and prevent death or brain damage due to lack of oxygen


mouth-to-mouth resuscitation: an emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac massage and artificial respiration; the first treatment for a person who has collapsed and has no pulse and has stopped breathing; attempts to restore circulation of the blood and prevent death or brain damage due to lack of oxygen


kiss of life: an emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac massage and artificial respiration; the first treatment for a person who has collapsed and has no pulse and has stopped breathing; attempts to restore circulation of the blood and prevent death or brain damage due to lack of oxygen


Heimlich maneuver: an emergency procedure to help someone who is choking because food is lodged in the trachea


Heimlich manoeuvere: an emergency procedure to help someone who is choking because food is lodged in the trachea


abdominal breathing: breathing in which most of the respiratory effort is done by the abdominal muscles


eupnea: normal relaxed breathing


eupnoea: normal relaxed breathing


hyperpnea: energetic (deep and rapid) respiration that occurs normally after exercise or abnormally with fever or various disorders


hypopnea: slow or shallow breathing


hyperventilation: an increased depth and rate of breathing greater than demanded by the body needs; can cause dizziness and tingling of the fingers and toes and chest pain if continued


panting: breathing heavily (as after exertion)


heaving: breathing heavily (as after exertion)


periodic breathing: abnormal respiration in which periods of shallow and deep breathing alternate


Cheyne-Stokes respiration: abnormal respiration in which periods of shallow and deep breathing alternate


puffing: an act of forcible exhalation


huffing: an act of forcible exhalation


snorting: an act of forcible exhalation


smoke: the act of smoking tobacco or other substances


smoking: the act of smoking tobacco or other substances


puffing: blowing tobacco smoke out into the air


breath: the process of taking in and expelling air during breathing


exhalation: the act of expelling air from the lungs


expiration: the act of expelling air from the lungs


breathing out: the act of expelling air from the lungs


blow: forceful exhalation through the nose or mouth


puff: forceful exhalation through the nose or mouth


insufflation: an act of blowing or breathing on or into something


snore: the act of snoring or producing a snoring sound


snoring: the act of snoring or producing a snoring sound


stertor: the act of snoring or producing a snoring sound


snuffle: the act of breathing heavily through the nose (as when the nose is congested)


sniffle: the act of breathing heavily through the nose (as when the nose is congested)


snivel: the act of breathing heavily through the nose (as when the nose is congested)


wheeze: breathing with a husky or whistling sound


wind: breath


second wind: the return of relatively easy breathing after initial exhaustion during continuous exertion


inhalation: the act of inhaling; the drawing in of air (or other gases) as in breathing


inspiration: the act of inhaling; the drawing in of air (or other gases) as in breathing


aspiration: the act of inhaling; the drawing in of air (or other gases) as in breathing


intake: the act of inhaling; the drawing in of air (or other gases) as in breathing


breathing in: the act of inhaling; the drawing in of air (or other gases) as in breathing


gasp: a short labored intake of breath with the mouth open


pant: a short labored intake of breath with the mouth open


yawn: an involuntary intake of breath through a wide open mouth; usually triggered by fatigue or boredom


yawning: an involuntary intake of breath through a wide open mouth; usually triggered by fatigue or boredom


oscitance: an involuntary intake of breath through a wide open mouth; usually triggered by fatigue or boredom


oscitancy: an involuntary intake of breath through a wide open mouth; usually triggered by fatigue or boredom


puff: a slow inhalation (as of tobacco smoke)


drag: a slow inhalation (as of tobacco smoke)


pull: a slow inhalation (as of tobacco smoke)


toke: a puff of a marijuana or hashish cigarette


consumption: the process of taking food into the body through the mouth (as by eating)


ingestion: the process of taking food into the body through the mouth (as by eating)


intake: the process of taking food into the body through the mouth (as by eating)


uptake: the process of taking food into the body through the mouth (as by eating)


eating: the act of consuming food


feeding: the act of consuming food


bite: the act of gripping or chewing off with the teeth and jaws


chomp: the act of gripping or chewing off with the teeth and jaws


browse: the act of feeding by continual nibbling


browsing: the act of feeding by continual nibbling


coprophagy: eating feces; in human a symptom of some kinds of insanity


coprophagia: eating feces; in human a symptom of some kinds of insanity


electric shock: a reflex response to the passage of electric current through the body


electrical shock: a reflex response to the passage of electric current through the body


shock: a reflex response to the passage of electric current through the body


fart: a reflex that expels intestinal gas through the anus


farting: a reflex that expels intestinal gas through the anus


flatus: a reflex that expels intestinal gas through the anus


wind: a reflex that expels intestinal gas through the anus


breaking wind: a reflex that expels intestinal gas through the anus


swallow: the act of swallowing


drink: the act of swallowing


deglutition: the act of swallowing


aerophagia: swallowing air (usually followed by belching and discomfort and flatulence)


gulp: a large and hurried swallow


draft: a large and hurried swallow


draught: a large and hurried swallow


swig: a large and hurried swallow


gulp: a spasmodic reflex of the throat made as if in swallowing


gulping: a spasmodic reflex of the throat made as if in swallowing


dining: the act of eating dinner


engorgement: eating ravenously or voraciously to satiation


feasting: eating an elaborate meal (often accompanied by entertainment)


banqueting: eating an elaborate meal (often accompanied by entertainment)


geophagy: eating earth, clay, chalk; occurs in some primitive tribes, sometimes in cases of nutritional deficiency or obsessive behavior


geophagia: eating earth, clay, chalk; occurs in some primitive tribes, sometimes in cases of nutritional deficiency or obsessive behavior


graze: the act of grazing


grazing: the act of grazing


lunching: the act of eating lunch


munch: a large bite


Dutch treat: a dinner where each person pays for his own


repletion: eating until excessively full


surfeit: eating until excessively full


supping: ingestion of liquid food with a spoon or by drinking


tasting: taking a small amount into the mouth to test its quality


savoring: taking a small amount into the mouth to test its quality


savouring: taking a small amount into the mouth to test its quality


relishing: taking a small amount into the mouth to test its quality


degustation: taking a small amount into the mouth to test its quality


nibble: gentle biting


nip: a small sharp bite or snip


pinch: a small sharp bite or snip


necrophagia: feeding on corpses or carrion


necrophagy: feeding on corpses or carrion


omophagia: the eating of raw food


scatophagy: the eating of excrement or other filth


sucking: the act of sucking


suck: the act of sucking


suction: the act of sucking


suckling: feeding an infant by giving suck at the breast


lactation: feeding an infant by giving suck at the breast


drinking: the act of consuming liquids


imbibing: the act of consuming liquids


imbibition: the act of consuming liquids


gulping: the drinking of large mouthfuls rapidly


swilling: the drinking of large mouthfuls rapidly


guzzling: the drinking of large mouthfuls rapidly


sip: a small drink


potation: the act of drinking (especially an alcoholic drink)


bondage: sexual practice that involves physically restraining (by cords or handcuffs) one of the partners


outercourse: sexual stimulation without vaginal penetration


safe sex: sexual activity (especially sexual intercourse) with the use of measures (such as latex condoms) to avoid the transmission of disease (especially AIDS)


sexual activity: activities associated with sexual intercourse


sexual practice: activities associated with sexual intercourse


sex: activities associated with sexual intercourse


sex activity: activities associated with sexual intercourse


conception: the act of becoming pregnant; fertilization of an ovum by a spermatozoon


defloration: the act of depriving a woman of her virginity (especially by rupturing the hymen through sexual intercourse)


insemination: the introduction of semen into the genital tract of a female


artificial insemination: the introduction of semen into the oviduct or uterus by some means other than sexual intercourse


AI: the introduction of semen into the oviduct or uterus by some means other than sexual intercourse


sexual intercourse: the act of sexual procreation between a man and a woman; the man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur


intercourse: the act of sexual procreation between a man and a woman; the man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur


sex act: the act of sexual procreation between a man and a woman; the man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur


copulation: the act of sexual procreation between a man and a woman; the man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur


coitus: the act of sexual procreation between a man and a woman; the man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur


coition: the act of sexual procreation between a man and a woman; the man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur


sexual congress: the act of sexual procreation between a man and a woman; the man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur


congress: the act of sexual procreation between a man and a woman; the man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur


sexual relation: the act of sexual procreation between a man and a woman; the man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur


relation: the act of sexual procreation between a man and a woman; the man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur


carnal knowledge: the act of sexual procreation between a man and a woman; the man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur


fuck: slang for sexual intercourse


fucking: slang for sexual intercourse


screw: slang for sexual intercourse


screwing: slang for sexual intercourse


ass: slang for sexual intercourse


nooky: slang for sexual intercourse


nookie: slang for sexual intercourse


piece of ass: slang for sexual intercourse


piece of tail: slang for sexual intercourse


roll in the hay: slang for sexual intercourse


shag: slang for sexual intercourse


shtup: slang for sexual intercourse


pleasure: sexual gratification


hank panky: illicit sexual intercourse


sexual love: sexual activities (often including sexual intercourse) between two people


lovemaking: sexual activities (often including sexual intercourse) between two people


making love: sexual activities (often including sexual intercourse) between two people


love: sexual activities (often including sexual intercourse) between two people


love life: sexual activities (often including sexual intercourse) between two people


penetration: the act (by a man) of inserting his penis into the vagina of a woman


statutory rape: sexual intercourse with a person (girl or boy) who has not reached the age of consent (even if both parties participate willingly)


carnal abuse: sexual intercourse with a person (girl or boy) who has not reached the age of consent (even if both parties participate willingly)


carnal abuse: any lascivious contact by an adult with the sexual organs of a child (especially not involving sexual intercourse)


coupling: the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes


mating: the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes


pairing: the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes


conjugation: the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes


union: the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes


sexual union: the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes


assortative mating: mating of individuals having more traits in common than likely in random mating


disassortative mating: mating of individuals having traits more dissimilar than likely in random mating


unlawful carnal knowledge: forbidden or tabu sexual intercourse between individuals


criminal congress: forbidden or tabu sexual intercourse between individuals


extramarital sex: sexual intercourse between individuals who are not married to one another


free love: sexual intercourse between individuals who are not married to one another


adultery: extramarital sex that willfully and maliciously interferes with marriage relations


criminal conversation: extramarital sex that willfully and maliciously interferes with marriage relations


fornication: extramarital sex that willfully and maliciously interferes with marriage relations


fornication: voluntary sexual intercourse between persons not married to each other


incest: sexual intercourse between persons too closely related to marry (as between a parent and a child)


coitus interruptus: a method of birth control in which coitus is initiated but the penis is deliberately withdrawn before ejaculation


withdrawal method: a method of birth control in which coitus is initiated but the penis is deliberately withdrawn before ejaculation


withdrawal: a method of birth control in which coitus is initiated but the penis is deliberately withdrawn before ejaculation


pulling out: a method of birth control in which coitus is initiated but the penis is deliberately withdrawn before ejaculation


onanism: a method of birth control in which coitus is initiated but the penis is deliberately withdrawn before ejaculation


sodomy: intercourse via the anus, committed by a man with a man or woman


buggery: intercourse via the anus, committed by a man with a man or woman


anal sex: intercourse via the anus, committed by a man with a man or woman


anal intercourse: intercourse via the anus, committed by a man with a man or woman


reproduction: the sexual activity of conceiving and bearing offspring


procreation: the sexual activity of conceiving and bearing offspring


breeding: the sexual activity of conceiving and bearing offspring


facts of life: the sexual activity of conceiving and bearing offspring


miscegenation: reproduction by parents of different races (especially by white and non-white persons)


crossbreeding: reproduction by parents of different races (especially by white and non-white persons)


interbreeding: reproduction by parents of different races (especially by white and non-white persons)


generation: the act of producing offspring or multiplying by such production


multiplication: the act of producing offspring or multiplying by such production


propagation: the act of producing offspring or multiplying by such production


biogenesis: the production of living organisms from other living organisms


biogeny: the production of living organisms from other living organisms


hybridization: (genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids


hybridisation: (genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids


crossbreeding: (genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids


crossing: (genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids


cross: (genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids


interbreeding: (genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids


hybridizing: (genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids


dihybrid cross: hybridization using two traits with two alleles each


monohybrid cross: hybridization using a single trait with two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)


reciprocal cross: hybridization involving a pair of crosses that reverse the sexes associated with each genotype


reciprocal: hybridization involving a pair of crosses that reverse the sexes associated with each genotype


testcross: a cross between an organism whose genotype for a certain trait is unknown and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait so the unknown genotype can be determined from that of the offspring


test-cross: a cross between an organism whose genotype for a certain trait is unknown and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait so the unknown genotype can be determined from that of the offspring


inbreeding: the act of mating closely related individuals


natural family planning: any of several methods of family planning that do not involve sterilization or contraceptive devices or drugs; coitus is avoided during the fertile time of a woman's menstrual cycle


birth control: limiting the number of children born


birth prevention: limiting the number of children born


family planning: limiting the number of children born


contraception: birth control by the use of devices (diaphragm or intrauterine device or condom) or drugs or surgery


contraceptive method: birth control by the use of devices (diaphragm or intrauterine device or condom) or drugs or surgery


oral contraception: contraception achieved by taking oral contraceptive pills


basal body temperature method of family planning: natural family planning in which the fertile period of the woman's menstrual cycle is inferred by noting the rise in basal body temperature that typically occurs with ovulation


basal body temperature method: natural family planning in which the fertile period of the woman's menstrual cycle is inferred by noting the rise in basal body temperature that typically occurs with ovulation


ovulation method of family planning: natural family planning in which the fertile period is inferred from changes in the character and quantity of cervical mucus; ovulation is marked by an increase in mucus that becomes sticky and then clearer and slippery


ovulation method: natural family planning in which the fertile period is inferred from changes in the character and quantity of cervical mucus; ovulation is marked by an increase in mucus that becomes sticky and then clearer and slippery


rhythm method of birth control: natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle)


rhythm method: natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle)


rhythm: natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle)


calendar method of birth control: natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle)


calendar method: natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle)


surgical contraception: contraception by surgical sterilization


servicing: the act of mating by male animals


service: the act of mating by male animals


foreplay: mutual sexual fondling prior to sexual intercourse


arousal: mutual sexual fondling prior to sexual intercourse


stimulation: mutual sexual fondling prior to sexual intercourse


caressing: affectionate play (or foreplay without contact with the genital organs)


cuddling: affectionate play (or foreplay without contact with the genital organs)


fondling: affectionate play (or foreplay without contact with the genital organs)


hugging: affectionate play (or foreplay without contact with the genital organs)


kissing: affectionate play (or foreplay without contact with the genital organs)


necking: affectionate play (or foreplay without contact with the genital organs)


petting: affectionate play (or foreplay without contact with the genital organs)


smooching: affectionate play (or foreplay without contact with the genital organs)


snuggling: affectionate play (or foreplay without contact with the genital organs)


snogging: (British informal) cuddle and kiss


feel: manual stimulation of the genital area for sexual pleasure


perversion: an aberrant sexual practice


sexual perversion: an aberrant sexual practice


oral sex: oral stimulation of the genitals


head: oral stimulation of the genitals


cunnilingus: oral stimulation of the vulva or clitoris


cunnilinctus: oral stimulation of the vulva or clitoris


fellatio: oral stimulation of the penis


fellation: oral stimulation of the penis


cock sucking: slang for fellatio


blowjob: slang for fellatio


soixante-neuf: oral sex practiced simultaneously by two people


sixty-nine: oral sex practiced simultaneously by two people


autoeroticism: using you own body as a sexual object


autoerotism: using you own body as a sexual object


masturbation: manual stimulation of the genital organs (of yourself or another) for sexual pleasure


onanism: manual stimulation of the genital organs (of yourself or another) for sexual pleasure


self-stimulation: manual stimulation of your own genital organ for sexual pleasure


self-abuse: manual stimulation of your own genital organ for sexual pleasure


frottage: masturbation by rubbing against another person (as in a crowd)


jacking off: slang for masturbation


jerking off: slang for masturbation


hand job: slang for masturbation


wank: slang for masturbation


promiscuity: indulging in promiscuous (casual and indiscriminate) sexual relations


promiscuousness: indulging in promiscuous (casual and indiscriminate) sexual relations


sleeping around: indulging in promiscuous (casual and indiscriminate) sexual relations


one-night stand: a brief sexual encounter lasting only for a single night


lechery: unrestrained indulgence in sexual activity


homosexuality: a sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the same sex


homosexualism: a sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the same sex


homoeroticism: a sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the same sex


queerness: a sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the same sex


gayness: a sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the same sex


bisexuality: sexual activity with both men and women


inversion: a term formerly used to mean taking on the gender role of the opposite sex


sexual inversion: a term formerly used to mean taking on the gender role of the opposite sex


lesbianism: female homosexuality


sapphism: female homosexuality


tribadism: a form of lesbianism that simulates heterosexual intercourse


heterosexuality: a sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the opposite sex


heterosexualism: a sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the opposite sex


straightness: a sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the opposite sex


pederasty: sexual relations between a man and a boy (usually anal intercourse with the boy as a passive partner)


paederasty: sexual relations between a man and a boy (usually anal intercourse with the boy as a passive partner)


bestiality: sexual activity between a person and an animal


zooerastia: sexual activity between a person and an animal


zooerasty: sexual activity between a person and an animal


sleeping: the suspension of consciousness and decrease in metabolic rate


nap: sleeping for a short period of time (usually not in bed)


catnap: sleeping for a short period of time (usually not in bed)


cat sleep: sleeping for a short period of time (usually not in bed)


forty winks: sleeping for a short period of time (usually not in bed)


short sleep: sleeping for a short period of time (usually not in bed)


snooze: sleeping for a short period of time (usually not in bed)


siesta: a nap in the early afternoon (especially in hot countries)


zizz: a nap


doze: a light fitful sleep


drowse: a light fitful sleep


reaction: a bodily process occurring due to the effect of some antecedent stimulus or agent


response: a bodily process occurring due to the effect of some antecedent stimulus or agent


automatism: any reaction that occurs automatically without conscious thought or reflection (especially the undirected behavior seen in psychomotor epilepsy)


rebound: a reaction to a crisis or setback or frustration


overreaction: an excessive reaction; a reaction with inappropriate emotional behavior


galvanic skin response: a change in the electrical properties of the skin in response to stress or anxiety; can be measured either by recording the electrical resistance of the skin or by recording weak currents generated by the body


GSR: a change in the electrical properties of the skin in response to stress or anxiety; can be measured either by recording the electrical resistance of the skin or by recording weak currents generated by the body


psychogalvanic response: a change in the electrical properties of the skin in response to stress or anxiety; can be measured either by recording the electrical resistance of the skin or by recording weak currents generated by the body


electrodermal response: a change in the electrical properties of the skin in response to stress or anxiety; can be measured either by recording the electrical resistance of the skin or by recording weak currents generated by the body


electrical skin response: a change in the electrical properties of the skin in response to stress or anxiety; can be measured either by recording the electrical resistance of the skin or by recording weak currents generated by the body


Fere phenomenon: a change in the electrical properties of the skin in response to stress or anxiety; can be measured either by recording the electrical resistance of the skin or by recording weak currents generated by the body


Tarchanoff phenomenon: a change in the electrical properties of the skin in response to stress or anxiety; can be measured either by recording the electrical resistance of the skin or by recording weak currents generated by the body


immune response: a bodily defense reaction that recognizes an invading substance (an antigen: such as a virus or fungus or bacteria or transplanted organ) and produces antibodies specific against that antigen


immune reaction: a bodily defense reaction that recognizes an invading substance (an antigen: such as a virus or fungus or bacteria or transplanted organ) and produces antibodies specific against that antigen


immunologic response: a bodily defense reaction that recognizes an invading substance (an antigen: such as a virus or fungus or bacteria or transplanted organ) and produces antibodies specific against that antigen


anamnestic response: renewed rapid production of an antibody on the second (or subsequent) encounter with the same antigen


anamnestic reaction: renewed rapid production of an antibody on the second (or subsequent) encounter with the same antigen


humoral immune response: an immune response (chiefly against bacterial invasion) that is mediated by B cells


cell-mediated immune response: an immune response (chiefly against viral or fungal invasions or transplanted tissue) that involves T cells


complement fixation: an immune response in which an antigen-antibody combination inactivates a complement (so it is unavailable to participate in a second antigen-antibody combination)


tropism: an involuntary orienting response; positive or negative reaction to a stimulus source


ergotropism: an affinity for work


geotropism: an orienting response to gravity


heliotropism: an orienting response to the sun


meteortropism: an effect of climate on biological processes (as the effect on joint pains etc.)


neurotropism: an affinity for neural tissues


phototropism: an orienting response to light


trophotropism: an orienting response to food


thermotropism: an orienting response to warmth


taxis: a locomotor response toward or away from an external stimulus by a motile (and usually simple) organism


chemotaxis: movement by a cell or organism in reaction to a chemical stimulus


negative chemotaxis: movement away from a chemical stimulus


positive chemotaxis: movement toward a chemical stimulus


kinesis: a movement that is a response to a stimulus but is not oriented with respect to the source of stimulation


double take: a delayed reaction indicating surprise


reflex: an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus


reflex response: an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus


reflex action: an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus


instinctive reflex: an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus


innate reflex: an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus


inborn reflex: an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus


unconditioned reflex: an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus


physiological reaction: an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus


conditional reflex: an acquired response that is under the control of (conditional on the occurrence of) a stimulus


conditioned reflex: an acquired response that is under the control of (conditional on the occurrence of) a stimulus


acquired reflex: an acquired response that is under the control of (conditional on the occurrence of) a stimulus


conditional reaction: an acquired response that is under the control of (conditional on the occurrence of) a stimulus


conditioned reaction: an acquired response that is under the control of (conditional on the occurrence of) a stimulus


conditional response: an acquired response that is under the control of (conditional on the occurrence of) a stimulus


conditioned response: an acquired response that is under the control of (conditional on the occurrence of) a stimulus


learned reaction: a reaction that has been acquired by learning


learned response: a reaction that has been acquired by learning


conditioned avoidance: a conditioned response that anticipates the occurrence of an aversive stimulus


conditioned avoidance response: a conditioned response that anticipates the occurrence of an aversive stimulus


knee jerk: a reflex extension of the leg resulting from a sharp tap on the patellar tendon


knee-jerk reflex: a reflex extension of the leg resulting from a sharp tap on the patellar tendon


patellar reflex: a reflex extension of the leg resulting from a sharp tap on the patellar tendon


startle response: a complicated involuntary reaction to a sudden unexpected stimulus (especially a loud noise); involves flexion of most skeletal muscles and a variety of visceral reactions


startle reaction: a complicated involuntary reaction to a sudden unexpected stimulus (especially a loud noise); involves flexion of most skeletal muscles and a variety of visceral reactions


startle reflex: a normal reflex of young infants; a sudden loud noise causes the child to stretch out the arms and flex the legs


Moro reflex: a normal reflex of young infants; a sudden loud noise causes the child to stretch out the arms and flex the legs


wince: a reflex response to sudden pain


flinch: a reflex response to sudden pain


passage: a bodily reaction of changing from one place or stage to another


passing: a bodily reaction of changing from one place or stage to another


light reflex: reflex contraction of the sphincter muscle of the iris in response to a bright light (or certain drugs) causing the pupil to become smaller


pupillary reflex: reflex contraction of the sphincter muscle of the iris in response to a bright light (or certain drugs) causing the pupil to become smaller


miosis: reflex contraction of the sphincter muscle of the iris in response to a bright light (or certain drugs) causing the pupil to become smaller


myosis: reflex contraction of the sphincter muscle of the iris in response to a bright light (or certain drugs) causing the pupil to become smaller


mydriasis: reflex pupillary dilation as a muscle pulls the iris outward; occurs in response to a decrease in light or certain drugs


micturition reflex: relaxation of the urethral sphincter in response to increased pressure in the bladder


pharyngeal reflex: normal reflex consisting of retching; may be produced by touching the soft palate in the back of the mouth


gag reflex: normal reflex consisting of retching; may be produced by touching the soft palate in the back of the mouth


pilomotor reflex: reflex erection of hairs of the skin in response to cold or emotional stress or skin irritation


gooseflesh: reflex erection of hairs of the skin in response to cold or emotional stress or skin irritation


goose bump: reflex erection of hairs of the skin in response to cold or emotional stress or skin irritation


goosebump: reflex erection of hairs of the skin in response to cold or emotional stress or skin irritation


goose pimple: reflex erection of hairs of the skin in response to cold or emotional stress or skin irritation


goose skin: reflex erection of hairs of the skin in response to cold or emotional stress or skin irritation


horripilation: reflex erection of hairs of the skin in response to cold or emotional stress or skin irritation


plantar reflex: flexion of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked firmly on the outer side from the heel to the front in persons over the age of 2 years; under 2 years the results should be extension of the toes (Babinski reflex)


rooting reflex: reflex consisting of head-turning and sucking movements elicited in a normal infant by gently stroking the side of the mouth or cheek


startle: a sudden involuntary movement


jump: a sudden involuntary movement


start: a sudden involuntary movement


stretch reflex: reflex contraction of a muscle when an attached tendon is pulled; important in maintaining erect posture


myotactic reflex: reflex contraction of a muscle when an attached tendon is pulled; important in maintaining erect posture


suckling reflex: reflex behavior in newborn mammals; includes finding and grasping the nipple in the mouth and sucking on it and swallowing the milk


tremble: a reflex motion caused by cold or fear or excitement


shiver: a reflex motion caused by cold or fear or excitement


shake: a reflex motion caused by cold or fear or excitement


crying: the process of shedding tears (usually accompanied by sobs or other inarticulate sounds)


weeping: the process of shedding tears (usually accompanied by sobs or other inarticulate sounds)


tears: the process of shedding tears (usually accompanied by sobs or other inarticulate sounds)


snivel: whining in a tearful manner


sniveling: whining in a tearful manner


sob: convulsive gasp made while weeping


sobbing: convulsive gasp made while weeping


wailing: loud cries made while weeping


bawling: loud cries made while weeping


calculation: the procedure of calculating; determining something by mathematical or logical methods


computation: the procedure of calculating; determining something by mathematical or logical methods


computing: the procedure of calculating; determining something by mathematical or logical methods


transposition: (mathematics) the transfer of a quantity from one side of an equation to the other along with a change of sign


number crunching: performing complex and lengthy numerical calculations


mathematical process: (mathematics) calculation by mathematical methods


mathematical operation: (mathematics) calculation by mathematical methods


operation: (mathematics) calculation by mathematical methods


recalculation: the act of calculating again (usually to eliminate errors or to include additional data)


permutation: the act of changing the arrangement of a given number of elements


combination: the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order


differentiation: the mathematical process of obtaining the derivative of a function


maximization: the mathematical process of finding the maximum value of a function


division: an arithmetic operation that is the inverse of multiplication; the quotient of two numbers is computed


long division: the operation of division in which the sequence of steps are indicated in detail


short division: the operation of division in which the sequence of steps is performed without writing them out


integration: an operation used in the calculus whereby the integral of a function is determined


multiplication: an arithmetic operation that is the inverse of division; the product of two numbers is computed


times: an arithmetic operation that is the inverse of division; the product of two numbers is computed


subtraction: an arithmetic operation in which the difference between two numbers is calculated


minus: an arithmetic operation in which the difference between two numbers is calculated


summation: the arithmetic operation of summing; calculating the sum of two or more numbers


addition: the arithmetic operation of summing; calculating the sum of two or more numbers


plus: the arithmetic operation of summing; calculating the sum of two or more numbers


exponentiation: the process of raising a quantity to some assigned power


involution: the process of raising a quantity to some assigned power


arithmetic operation: a mathematical operation involving numbers


matrix operation: a mathematical operation involving matrices


matrix addition: the addition of matrices


matrix multiplication: the multiplication of matrices


matrix inversion: determination of a matrix that when multiplied by the given matrix will yield a unit matrix


matrix transposition: the interchange of each row of a square matrix with the corresponding column


construction: drawing a figure satisfying certain conditions as part of solving a problem or proving a theorem


quadrature: the construction of a square having the same area as some other figure


relaxation: a method of solving simultaneous equations by guessing a solution and then reducing the errors that result by successive approximations until all the errors are less than some specified amount


relaxation method: a method of solving simultaneous equations by guessing a solution and then reducing the errors that result by successive approximations until all the errors are less than some specified amount


judgment: the act of judging or assessing a person or situation or event


judgement: the act of judging or assessing a person or situation or event


assessment: the act of judging or assessing a person or situation or event


adjudication: the final judgment in a legal proceeding; the act of pronouncing judgment based on the evidence presented


disapproval: the act of disapproving or condemning


evaluation: act of ascertaining or fixing the value or worth of


rating: act of ascertaining or fixing the value or worth of


marking: evaluation of performance by assigning a grade or score


grading: evaluation of performance by assigning a grade or score


scoring: evaluation of performance by assigning a grade or score


estimate: a judgment of the qualities of something or somebody


estimation: a judgment of the qualities of something or somebody


appraisal: an expert estimation of the quality, quantity, and other characteristics of someone or something


logistic assessment: a judgment of the logistic support required for some particular military operation


value judgment: an assessment that reveals more about the values of the person making the assessment than about the reality of what is assessed


value judgement: an assessment that reveals more about the values of the person making the assessment than about the reality of what is assessed


moralism: judgments about another person's morality


percussion: tapping a part of the body for diagnostic purposes


pleximetry: tapping a part of the body for diagnostic purposes


succussion: shaking a person to determine whether a large amount of liquid is present in a body cavity


auscultation: listening to sounds within the body (usually with a stethoscope)


sensory activity: activity intended to achieve a particular sensory result


sensing: becoming aware of something via the senses


perception: becoming aware of something via the senses


look: the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually


looking: the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually


looking at: the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually


glance: a quick look


glimpse: a quick look


coup d'oeil: a quick look


eye-beaming: a radiant glance of the eye


side-glance: a glance sideways


side-look: a glance sideways


scrutiny: a prolonged intense look


peek: a secret look


peep: a secret look


squint: the act of squinting; looking with the eyes partly closed


stare: a fixed look with eyes open wide


gaze: a long fixed look


regard: a long fixed look


glare: an angry stare


glower: an angry stare


contemplation: a long and thoughtful observation


gape: a stare of amazement (usually with the mouth open)


evil eye: a look that is believed to have the power of inflicting harm


inspection: a formal or official examination


review: a formal or official examination


resurvey: a new survey or study


sightseeing: going about to look at places of interest


rubber-necking: going about to look at places of interest


observation: the act of observing; taking a patient look


observance: the act of observing; taking a patient look


watching: the act of observing; taking a patient look


monitoring: the act of observing something (and sometimes keeping a record of it)


sighting: the act of observing


landfall: the first sighting of land from the sea after a voyage (or flight over water)


stargazing: observation of the stars


watch: a purposeful surveillance to guard or observe


vigil: a purposeful surveillance to guard or observe


stakeout: surveillance of some place or some person by the police (as in anticipation of a crime)


surveillance of disease: the ongoing systematic collection and analysis of data about an infectious disease that can lead to action being taken to control or prevent the disease


listening watch: a watch established for the reception of traffic of interest to the unit maintaining the watch


continuous receiver watch: a watch established for the reception of traffic of interest to the unit maintaining the watch


spying: keeping a secret or furtive watch


lookout: the act of looking out


outlook: the act of looking out


view: the act of looking or seeing or observing


survey: the act of looking or seeing or observing


sight: the act of looking or seeing or observing


eyeful: a full view; a good look


dekko: British slang for a look


listening: the act of hearing attentively


hearing: the act of hearing attentively


relistening: the act of hearing again


rehearing: the act of hearing again


lipreading: perceiving what a person is saying by observing the movements of the lips


taste: a kind of sensing; distinguishing substances by means of the taste buds


tasting: a kind of sensing; distinguishing substances by means of the taste buds


smell: the act of perceiving the odor of something


smelling: the act of perceiving the odor of something


sniff: sensing an odor by inhaling through the nose


snuff: sensing an odor by inhaling through the nose


education: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill


instruction: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill


teaching: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill


pedagogy: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill


didactics: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill


educational activity: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill


coeducation: education of men and women in the same institutions


continuing education: a program of instruction designed primarily for adult students who participate part-time


course: education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings


course of study: education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings


course of instruction: education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings


class: education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings


coursework: work assigned to and done by a student during a course of study; usually it is evaluated as part of the student's grade in the course


adult education: a course (via lectures or correspondence) for adults who are not otherwise engaged in formal study


art class: a class in which you learn to draw or paint


childbirth-preparation class: a course that teaches pregnant women to use breathing and concentration and exercise techniques to use during labor


life class: an art class using a live human model


elementary education: education in elementary subjects (reading and writing and arithmetic) provided to young students at a grade school


extension: an educational opportunity provided by colleges and universities to people who are not enrolled as regular students


extension service: an educational opportunity provided by colleges and universities to people who are not enrolled as regular students


university extension: an educational opportunity provided by colleges and universities to people who are not enrolled as regular students


extracurricular activity: educational activities not falling within the scope of the regular curriculum


dramatics: participation in theatrical productions as an extracurricular activity


athletics: participation in sports events as an extracurricular activity


higher education: education provided by a college or university


secondary education: education beyond the elementary grades; provided by a high school or college preparatory school


spectator sport: a sport that many people find entertaining to watch


teaching: the profession of a teacher


instruction: the profession of a teacher


pedagogy: the profession of a teacher


team sport: a sport that involves competition between teams of players


team teaching: a method of coordinated classroom teaching involving a team of teachers working together with a single group of students


catechesis: oral religious instruction (as before baptism or confirmation)


catechetical instruction: teaching religious principles by questions and answers


language teaching: teaching people to speak and understand a foreign language


teaching reading: teaching beginners to read


phonics: teaching reading by training beginners to associate letters with their sound values


whole-word method: teaching reading by training beginners to associate printed words with spoken words


schooling: the act of teaching at school


indoctrination: teaching someone to accept doctrines uncritically


brainwashing: forcible indoctrination into a new set of attitudes and beliefs


inculcation: teaching or impressing upon the mind by frequent instruction or repetition


ingraining: teaching or impressing upon the mind by frequent instruction or repetition


instilling: teaching or impressing upon the mind by frequent instruction or repetition


tutelage: teaching pupils individually (usually by a tutor hired privately)


tuition: teaching pupils individually (usually by a tutor hired privately)


tutorship: teaching pupils individually (usually by a tutor hired privately)


lesson: a unit of instruction


dance lesson: a lesson in dancing


music lesson: a lesson in performing music


piano lesson: a lesson in playing the piano


violin lesson: a less in playing the violin


tennis lesson: a lesson in playing tennis


golf lesson: a lesson in playing golf


history lesson: a lesson in the facts of history


correspondence course: a course offered (by mail) by a correspondence school


course of lectures: a series of lectures dealing with a subject


directed study: a course of study that is supervised and controlled by a specialist in the subject


elective course: a course that the student can select from among alternatives


elective: a course that the student can select from among alternatives


extension course: a course offered as part of an extension service


work-study program: an educational plan in which students alternate between paid employment and formal study


home study: a course of study carried out at home rather than in a classroom


industrial arts: a course in the methods of using tools and machinery as taught in secondary schools and technical schools


orientation course: a course introducing a new situation or environment


orientation: a course introducing a new situation or environment


propaedeutic: a course that provides an introduction to an art or science (or to more advanced study generally)


propaedeutics: a course that provides an introduction to an art or science (or to more advanced study generally)


refresher course: a course that reviews and updates a topic for those who have not kept abreast of developments


refresher: a course that reviews and updates a topic for those who have not kept abreast of developments


required course: a course that all students are required to take


seminar: a course offered for a small group of advanced students


shop class: a course of instruction in a trade (as carpentry or electricity)


shop: a course of instruction in a trade (as carpentry or electricity)


workshop: a brief intensive course for a small group; emphasizes problem solving


sleep-learning: teaching during sleep (as by using recordings to teach a foreign language to someone who is asleep)


hypnopedia: teaching during sleep (as by using recordings to teach a foreign language to someone who is asleep)


spoonfeeding: teaching in an overly simplified way that discourages independent thought


lecture: teaching by giving a discourse on some subject (typically to a class)


lecturing: teaching by giving a discourse on some subject (typically to a class)


lecture demonstration: presentation of an example of what the lecturer is discoursing about


talk: the act of giving a talk to an audience


chalk talk: a talk that uses a blackboard and chalk


athletic training: the course of practice and exercise and diet undertaken by an athlete


fartlek: a method of athletic training (especially for runners) in which strenuous effort and normal effort alternate in a continuous exercise


discipline: training to improve strength or self-control


training: activity leading to skilled behavior


preparation: activity leading to skilled behavior


grooming: activity leading to skilled behavior


drill: (military) the training of soldiers to march (as in ceremonial parades) or to perform the manual of arms


exercise: systematic training by multiple repetitions


practice: systematic training by multiple repetitions


drill: systematic training by multiple repetitions


practice session: systematic training by multiple repetitions


recitation: systematic training by multiple repetitions


fire drill: an exercise intended to train people in duties and escape procedures to be followed in case of fire


manual of arms: (military) a prescribed drill in handling a rifle


manual: (military) a prescribed drill in handling a rifle


order arms: a position in the manual of arms; the rifle is held vertically on the right side with the butt on the ground; often used as a command


military training: training soldiers in military procedures


basic training: the initial period of training for new military personnel; involves intense physical activity and behavioral discipline


retraining: training for a new occupation


schooling: the training of an animal (especially the training of a horse for dressage)


skull session: teaching strategy to an athletic team


skull practice: teaching strategy to an athletic team


toilet training: training a young child to use the toilet


military drill: training in marching and the use of weapons


close-order drill: (military) military drill of troops in standard marching (shoulder-to-shoulder)


square-bashing: drill on a barracks square


rehearsal: (psychology) a form of practice; repetition of information (silently or aloud) in order to keep it in short-term memory


rehearsal: a practice session in preparation for a public performance (as of a play or speech or concert)


dry run: a practice session in preparation for a public performance (as of a play or speech or concert)


dress rehearsal: a full uninterrupted rehearsal in costumes shortly before the first performance


run-through: an uninterrupted rehearsal


walk-through: a first perfunctory rehearsal of a theatrical production in which actors read their lines from the script and move as directed


review: practice intended to polish performance or refresh the memory


brushup: practice intended to polish performance or refresh the memory


rub up: a review that refreshes your memory


scrimmage: (American football) practice play between a football team's squads


shadowboxing: sparring with an imaginary opponent (for exercise or training)


target practice: practice in shooting at targets


representation: an activity that stands as an equivalent of something or results in an equivalent


model: the act of representing something (usually on a smaller scale)


modelling: the act of representing something (usually on a smaller scale)


modeling: the act of representing something (usually on a smaller scale)


simulation: the act of imitating the behavior of some situation or some process by means of something suitably analogous (especially for the purpose of study or personnel training)


dramatization: a dramatic representation


dramatisation: a dramatic representation


guerrilla theater: dramatization of a social issue; enacted outside in a park or on the street


street theater: dramatization of a social issue; enacted outside in a park or on the street


puppetry: a stilted dramatic performance (as if by puppets)


pageant: an elaborate representation of scenes from history etc; usually involves a parade with rich costumes


pageantry: an elaborate representation of scenes from history etc; usually involves a parade with rich costumes


figuration: representing figuratively as by emblem or allegory


symbolizing: the act of representing something with a symbol


symbolising: the act of representing something with a symbol


schematization: providing a chart or outline of a system


schematisation: providing a chart or outline of a system


diagramming: providing a chart or outline of a system


pictorial representation: visual representation as by photography or painting


picturing: visual representation as by photography or painting


typification: the act of representing by a type or symbol; the action of typifying


depiction: representation by drawing or painting etc


delineation: representation by drawing or painting etc


portrayal: representation by drawing or painting etc


portraiture: the activity of making portraits


imaging: (medicine) obtaining pictures of the interior of the body


tomography: (medicine) obtaining pictures of the interior of the body


X-raying: obtaining images by the use of X rays


X-radiation: obtaining images by the use of X rays


computerized tomography: a method of examining body organs by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis


computed tomography: a method of examining body organs by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis


CT: a method of examining body organs by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis


computerized axial tomography: a method of examining body organs by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis


computed axial tomography: a method of examining body organs by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis


CAT: a method of examining body organs by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis


sonography: using the reflections of high-frequency sound waves to construct an image of a body organ (a sonogram); commonly used to observe fetal growth or study bodily organs


ultrasonography: using the reflections of high-frequency sound waves to construct an image of a body organ (a sonogram); commonly used to observe fetal growth or study bodily organs


echography: using the reflections of high-frequency sound waves to construct an image of a body organ (a sonogram); commonly used to observe fetal growth or study bodily organs


ultrasound: using the reflections of high-frequency sound waves to construct an image of a body organ (a sonogram); commonly used to observe fetal growth or study bodily organs


A-scan ultrasonography: the use of ultrasonography to measure the length of the eyeball


B-scan ultrasonography: the use of ultrasonography to view structure in the back of the eye


positron emission tomography: using a computerized radiographic technique to examine the metabolic activity in various tissues (especially in the brain)


PET: using a computerized radiographic technique to examine the metabolic activity in various tissues (especially in the brain)


magnetic resonance imaging: the use of nuclear magnetic resonance of protons to produce proton density images


MRI: the use of nuclear magnetic resonance of protons to produce proton density images


functional magnetic resonance imaging: a form of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain that registers blood flow to functioning areas of the brain


fMRI: a form of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain that registers blood flow to functioning areas of the brain


blood-oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging: functional magnetic resonance imaging that relies on intrinsic changes in hemoglobin oxygenation


BOLD FMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging that relies on intrinsic changes in hemoglobin oxygenation


fluoroscopy: examination of body structures using a fluoroscope


radioscopy: (radiology) examination of the inner structure of opaque objects using X rays or other penetrating radiation


radiology: (radiology) examination of the inner structure of opaque objects using X rays or other penetrating radiation


photography: the act of taking and printing photographs


picture taking: the act of taking and printing photographs


radiography: photography that uses other kinds of radiation than visible light


roentgenography: radiography that uses X-rays to produce a roentgenogram


X-ray photography: radiography that uses X-rays to produce a roentgenogram


xerography: forming an image by the action of light on a specially coated charged plate; the latent image is developed with powders that adhere only to electrically charged areas


xeroradiography: radiography using X-rays and xerographic (rather than roentgenographic) techniques


angiography: roentgenographic examination of blood vessels after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium; produces an angiogram


lymphangiography: roentgenographic examination of lymph nodes and lymph vessels after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium; produces a lymphangiogram


lymphography: roentgenographic examination of lymph nodes and lymph vessels after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium; produces a lymphangiogram


arteriography: roentgenographic examination of arteries


arthrography: roentgenographic examination of a joint after injection of radiopaque contrast medium; produces an arthrogram


venography: roentgenographic examination of veins


cholangiography: roentgenographic examination of the bile ducts after a contrast medium has been injected


encephalography: roentgenography of the brain after spinal fluid has been replaced by a gas (usually oxygen); produces an encephalogram


myelography: roentgenography of the spinal cord to detect possible lesions (usually after injection of a contrast medium into the subarachnoid space)


pyelography: roentgenography of the kidney and ureters (usually after injection with a radiopaque dye)


intravenous pyelography: performing pyelography with intravenous injection of a contrast medium


IVP: performing pyelography with intravenous injection of a contrast medium


telephotography: photography using a telephoto lens


telephotography: transmission and reproduction of photographs and charts and pictures over a distance


radiophotography: transmission of photographs by radio waves


exposure: the act of exposing film to light


overexposure: the act of exposing film to too much light or for too long a time


underexposure: the act of exposing film to too little light or for too short a time


time exposure: exposure of a film for a relatively long time (more than half a second)


filming: the act of making a film


cinematography: the act of making a film


motion-picture photography: the act of making a film


take: the act of photographing a scene or part of a scene without interruption


retake: a shot or scene that is photographed again


animation: the making of animated cartoons


creation: the human act of creating


creative activity: the human act of creating


re-creation: the act of creating again


creating from raw materials: the act of creating something that is different from the materials that went into it


spinning: creating thread


weaving: creating fabric


netting: creating nets


knitting: creating knitted wear


crocheting: creating a garment of needlework


lace making: the act or art of making handmade lace


tatting: the act or art of making handmade lace


mintage: act or process of minting coins


molding: the act of creating something by casting it in a mold


casting: the act of creating something by casting it in a mold


needlework: work (such as sewing or embroidery) that is done with a needle


needlecraft: work (such as sewing or embroidery) that is done with a needle


recording: the act of making a record (especially an audio record)


transcription: the act of making a record (especially an audio record)


lip synchronization: combining audio and video recording in such a way that the sound is perfectly synchronized with the action that produced it; especially synchronizing the movements of a speaker's lips with the sound of his speech


lip synchronisation: combining audio and video recording in such a way that the sound is perfectly synchronized with the action that produced it; especially synchronizing the movements of a speaker's lips with the sound of his speech


lip synch: combining audio and video recording in such a way that the sound is perfectly synchronized with the action that produced it; especially synchronizing the movements of a speaker's lips with the sound of his speech


lip sync: combining audio and video recording in such a way that the sound is perfectly synchronized with the action that produced it; especially synchronizing the movements of a speaker's lips with the sound of his speech


mastering: the act of making a master recording from which copies can be made


construction: the act of constructing something


building: the act of constructing something


crenelation: the action of constructing ramparts with gaps for firing guns or arrows


crenellation: the action of constructing ramparts with gaps for firing guns or arrows


erecting: the act of building or putting up


erection: the act of building or putting up


house-raising: construction by a group of neighbors


fabrication: the act of constructing something (as a piece of machinery)


assembly: the act of constructing something (as a piece of machinery)


dry walling: the activity of building stone walls without mortar


dismantling: the act of taking something apart (as a piece of machinery)


dismantlement: the act of taking something apart (as a piece of machinery)


disassembly: the act of taking something apart (as a piece of machinery)


grading: changing the ground level to a smooth horizontal or gently sloping surface


leveling: changing the ground level to a smooth horizontal or gently sloping surface


road construction: the construction of roads


shipbuilding: the construction of ships


ship building: the construction of ships


production: the act or process of producing something


rustication: the construction of masonry or brickwork in a rustic manner


cottage industry: small-scale industry that can be carried on at home by family members using their own equipment


production: the creation of value or wealth by producing goods and services


production: (economics) manufacturing or mining or growing something (usually in large quantities) for sale


mass production: the production of large quantities of a standardized article (often using assembly line techniques)


overproduction: too much production or more than expected


overrun: too much production or more than expected


underproduction: inadequate production or less than expected


output: production of a certain amount


yield: production of a certain amount


capacity: the maximum production possible


breeding: the production of animals or plants by inbreeding or hybridization


brewing: the production of malt beverages (as beer or ale) from malt and hops by grinding and boiling them and fermenting the result with yeast


autosexing: (especially of domestic fowl) breeding to reveal differential sex characteristics at hatching


cattle breeding: breeding cattle


dog breeding: breeding dogs


horse breeding: breeding horses


cultivation: (agriculture) production of food by preparing the land to grow crops (especially on a large scale)


cultivation: the act of raising or growing plants (especially on a large scale)


aquaculture: rearing aquatic animals or cultivating aquatic plants for food


beekeeping: the cultivation of bees on a commercial scale for the production of honey


apiculture: the cultivation of bees on a commercial scale for the production of honey


farming: the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock


agriculture: the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock


husbandry: the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock


animal husbandry: breeding and caring for farm animals


arboriculture: the cultivation of tree for the production of timber


tree farming: the cultivation of tree for the production of timber


culture: the raising of plants or animals


cranberry culture: the cultivation of cranberries


monoculture: the cultivation of a single crop (on a farm or area or country)


tillage: the cultivation of soil for raising crops


dairying: the business of a dairy


dairy farming: the business of a dairy


gardening: the cultivation of plants


horticulture: the cultivation of plants


plowing: tilling the land with a plow


ploughing: tilling the land with a plow


tilling: cultivation of the land in order to raise crops


hydroponics: a technique of growing plants (without soil) in water containing dissolved nutrients


aquiculture: a technique of growing plants (without soil) in water containing dissolved nutrients


tank farming: a technique of growing plants (without soil) in water containing dissolved nutrients


drip culture: a hydroponic method of growing plants by allowing nutrient solutions to drip slowly onto an inert medium in which the plants are growing


mixed farming: growing crops and feed and livestock all on the same farm


planting: putting seeds or young plants in the ground to grow


insemination: the act of sowing (of seeds in the ground or, figuratively, of germs in the body or ideas in the mind, etc.)


stratification: the placing of seeds in damp sand or sawdust or peat moss in order to preserve them or promote germination


ranching: farming for the raising of livestock (particularly cattle)


strip cropping: cultivation of crops in strips following the contours of the land to minimize erosion


subsistence farming: farming that provides for the basic needs of the farmer without surpluses for marketing


culture: (biology) the growing of microorganisms in a nutrient medium (such as gelatin or agar)


starter: a culture containing yeast or bacteria that is used to start the process of fermentation or souring in making butter or cheese or dough


naturalization: the introduction of animals or plants to places where they flourish but are not indigenous


naturalisation: the introduction of animals or plants to places where they flourish but are not indigenous


landscaping: working as a landscape gardener


landscape gardening: working as a landscape gardener


market gardening: the growing of vegetables or flowers for market


flower gardening: the cultivation of flowering plants


floriculture: the cultivation of flowering plants


tree surgery: treatment of damaged or decaying trees


roundup: the activity of gathering livestock together so that they can be counted or branded or sold


harvest: the season for gathering crops


harvest time: the season for gathering crops


haying: the season for cutting and drying and storing grass as fodder


haying time: the season for cutting and drying and storing grass as fodder


rainmaking: activity intended to produce rain


generation: the production of heat or electricity


mining: the act of extracting ores or coal etc from the earth


excavation: the act of extracting ores or coal etc from the earth


placer mining: mining valuable minerals from a placer by washing or dredging


strip mining: the mining of ore or coal from an open mine


opencast mining: the mining of ore or coal from an open mine


quarrying: the extraction of building stone or slate from an open surface quarry


boring: the act of drilling a hole in the earth in the hope of producing petroleum


drilling: the act of drilling a hole in the earth in the hope of producing petroleum


oil production: the act of drilling a hole in the earth in the hope of producing petroleum


sericulture: the production of raw silk by raising silkworms


industry: the organized action of making of goods and services for sale


manufacture: the organized action of making of goods and services for sale


industrialization: the development of industry on an extensive scale


industrialisation: the development of industry on an extensive scale


industrial enterprise: the development of industry on an extensive scale


devising: the act that results in something coming to be


fashioning: the act that results in something coming to be


making: the act that results in something coming to be


foliation: the production of foil by cutting or beating metal into thin leaves


mapmaking: the making of maps and charts


cartography: the making of maps and charts


moviemaking: the production of movies


movie making: the production of movies


film making: the production of movies


fabrication: the act of making something (a product) from raw materials


manufacture: the act of making something (a product) from raw materials


manufacturing: the act of making something (a product) from raw materials


formation: the act of fabricating something in a particular shape


shaping: the act of fabricating something in a particular shape


filing: the act of using a file (as in shaping or smoothing an object)


forging: shaping metal by heating and hammering


metalworking: the activity of making things out of metal in a skillful manner


metalwork: the activity of making things out of metal in a skillful manner


granulation: the act of forming something into granules or grains


grooving: the cutting of spiral grooves on the inside of the barrel of a firearm


rifling: the cutting of spiral grooves on the inside of the barrel of a firearm


turning: the activity of shaping something on a lathe


newspeak: deliberately ambiguous and contradictory language use to mislead and manipulate the public


prefabrication: the manufacture of sections of a building at the factory so they can be easily and rapidly assembled at the building site


confection: the act of creating something (a medicine or drink or soup etc.) by compounding or mixing a variety of components


concoction: the act of creating something (a medicine or drink or soup etc.) by compounding or mixing a variety of components


lamination: bonding thin sheets together


tanning: making leather from rawhide


veneering: the act of applying veneer


creating by mental acts: the act of creating something by thinking


formation: creation by mental activity


affixation: formation of a word by means of an affix


prefixation: formation of a word by means of a prefix


suffixation: formation of a word by means of a suffix


design: the act of working out the form of something (as by making a sketch or outline or plan)


designing: the act of working out the form of something (as by making a sketch or outline or plan)


planning: the act or process of drawing up plans or layouts for some project or enterprise


city planning: determining and drawing up plans for the future physical arrangement and condition of a community


town planning: determining and drawing up plans for the future physical arrangement and condition of a community


urban planning: determining and drawing up plans for the future physical arrangement and condition of a community


zoning: dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc


programming: creating a sequence of instructions to enable the computer to do something


programing: creating a sequence of instructions to enable the computer to do something


computer programming: creating a sequence of instructions to enable the computer to do something


computer programing: creating a sequence of instructions to enable the computer to do something


logic programming: creating a program that enables the computer to reason logically


logic programing: creating a program that enables the computer to reason logically


object-oriented programming: creating a program that can use and support objects


object-oriented programing: creating a program that can use and support objects


verbal creation: creating something by the use of speech and language


writing: the act of creating written works


authorship: the act of creating written works


composition: the act of creating written works


penning: the act of creating written works


adoxography: fine writing in praise of trivial or base subjects


drafting: writing a first version to be filled out and polished later


dramatization: conversion into dramatic form


dramatisation: conversion into dramatic form


fabrication: writing in a fictional form


fictionalization: writing in a fictional form


fictionalisation: writing in a fictional form


historiography: the writing of history


metrification: writing a metrical composition (or the metrical structure of a composition)


novelization: converting something into the form of a novel


novelisation: converting something into the form of a novel


redaction: the act of putting something in writing


lexicography: the act of writing dictionaries


realization: making real or giving the appearance of reality


realisation: making real or giving the appearance of reality


actualization: making real or giving the appearance of reality


actualisation: making real or giving the appearance of reality


objectification: the act of representing an abstraction as a physical thing


depersonalization: representing a human being as a physical thing deprived of personal qualities or individuality


depersonalisation: representing a human being as a physical thing deprived of personal qualities or individuality


reification: representing a human being as a physical thing deprived of personal qualities or individuality


externalization: embodying in an outward form


externalisation: embodying in an outward form


exteriorization: embodying in an outward form


exteriorisation: embodying in an outward form


hypostatization: regarding something abstract as a material thing


hypostatisation: regarding something abstract as a material thing


reification: regarding something abstract as a material thing


embodiment: giving concrete form to an abstract concept


soul: the human embodiment of something


personification: the act of attributing human characteristics to abstract ideas etc.


incarnation: the act of attributing human characteristics to abstract ideas etc.


art: the creation of beautiful or significant things


artistic creation: the creation of beautiful or significant things


artistic production: the creation of beautiful or significant things


arts and crafts: the arts of decorative design and handicraft


ceramics: the art of making and decorating pottery


decalcomania: the art of transfering designs from specially prepared paper to a wood or glass or metal surface


decantation: the act of gently pouring off a clear liquor (as from its original bottle) without disturbing the lees


decoupage: the art of decorating a surface with shapes or pictures and then coating it with vanish or lacquer


drawing: the creation of artistic pictures or diagrams


draftsmanship: the creation of artistic pictures or diagrams


drafting: the creation of artistic pictures or diagrams


glyptography: carving or engraving (especially on stones)


gastronomy: the art and practice of choosing and preparing and eating good food


origami: the Japanese art of folding paper into shapes representing objects (e.g., flowers or birds)


painting: creating a picture with paints


distemper: a method of painting in which the pigments are mixed with water and a binder; used for painting posters or murals or stage scenery


fresco: a durable method of painting on a wall by using watercolors on wet plaster


impasto: painting that applies the pigment thickly so that brush or palette knife marks are visible


perfumery: the art of making perfumes


printmaking: artistic design and manufacture of prints as woodcuts or silkscreens


sculpture: creating figures or designs in three dimensions


carving: creating figures or designs in three dimensions


modeling: a preliminary sculpture in wax or clay from which a finished work can be copied


modelling: a preliminary sculpture in wax or clay from which a finished work can be copied


molding: a preliminary sculpture in wax or clay from which a finished work can be copied


moulding: a preliminary sculpture in wax or clay from which a finished work can be copied


topiary: making decorative shapes by trimming shrubs or trees


pyrography: the act of producing drawings on wood or leather by using heated tools or a fine flame


tracing: the act of drawing a plan or diagram or outline


oil painting: the art or method of painting with oil paints


watercolor: the art or technique of painting with watercolors


water-color: the art or technique of painting with watercolors


watercolour: the art or technique of painting with watercolors


water-colour: the art or technique of painting with watercolors


engraving: making engraved or etched plates and printing designs from them


etching: making engraved or etched plates and printing designs from them


steel engraving: the act of engraving on a steel plate


aquatint: a method of etching that imitates the broad washes of a water color


serigraphy: the act of making a print by the silkscreen method


lithography: the act of making a lithographic print


composing: musical creation


composition: musical creation


arrangement: the act of arranging and adapting a piece of music


arranging: the act of arranging and adapting a piece of music


transcription: the act of arranging and adapting a piece of music


orchestration: the act of arranging a piece of music for an orchestra and assigning parts to the different musical instruments


instrumentation: the act of arranging a piece of music for an orchestra and assigning parts to the different musical instruments


realization: the completion or enrichment of a piece of music left sparsely notated by a composer


realisation: the completion or enrichment of a piece of music left sparsely notated by a composer


recapitulation: (music) the repetition of themes introduced earlier (especially when one is composing the final part of a movement)


invention: the act of inventing


neologism: the act of inventing a word or phrase


neology: the act of inventing a word or phrase


coinage: the act of inventing a word or phrase


devisal: the act of devising something


contrivance: the act of devising something


conceptualization: inventing or contriving an idea or explanation and formulating it mentally


conceptualisation: inventing or contriving an idea or explanation and formulating it mentally


formulation: inventing or contriving an idea or explanation and formulating it mentally


approach: ideas or actions intended to deal with a problem or situation


attack: ideas or actions intended to deal with a problem or situation


plan of attack: ideas or actions intended to deal with a problem or situation


framing: formulation of the plans and important details


avenue: a line of approach


creating by removal: the act of creating by removing something


excavation: the act of digging


digging: the act of digging


dig: the act of digging


carving: removing parts from hard material to create a desired pattern or shape


cutting: removing parts from hard material to create a desired pattern or shape


petroglyph: a carving or line drawing on rock (especially one made by prehistoric people)


truncation: the replacement of an edge or solid angle (as in cutting a gemstone) by a plane (especially by a plane that is equally inclined to the adjacent faces)


drilling: the act of drilling


boring: the act of drilling


gouge: the act of gouging


puncture: the act of puncturing or perforating


centesis: (surgery) the act of puncturing a body cavity or organ with a hollow needle in order to draw out fluid


abdominocentesis: centesis of the belly to remove fluid for diagnosis


paracentesis: centesis of the belly to remove fluid for diagnosis


amniocentesis: (pregnancy) extraction by centesis of amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman (after the 15th week of pregnancy) to aid in the diagnosis of fetal abnormalities


amnio: (pregnancy) extraction by centesis of amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman (after the 15th week of pregnancy) to aid in the diagnosis of fetal abnormalities


arthrocentesis: removal of fluid from a joint by centesis


celiocentesis: removal of fluid from the abdomen by centesis


lumbar puncture: removal by centesis of fluid from the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region of the spinal cord for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes


spinal puncture: removal by centesis of fluid from the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region of the spinal cord for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes


spinal tap: removal by centesis of fluid from the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region of the spinal cord for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes


thoracocentesis: removal of fluid from the chest by centesis for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes


thoracentesis: removal of fluid from the chest by centesis for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes


fetoscopy: prenatal diagnosis that allows direct observation of a fetus in the uterus and the withdrawal of fetal blood


foetoscopy: prenatal diagnosis that allows direct observation of a fetus in the uterus and the withdrawal of fetal blood


perforation: the act of punching a hole (especially a row of holes as for ease of separation)


prick: the act of puncturing with a small point


pricking: the act of puncturing with a small point


venipuncture: (medicine) puncture of a vein through the skin in order to withdraw blood for analysis or to start an intravenous drip or to inject medication or a radiopaque dye


film editing: the activity of selecting the scenes to be shown and putting them together to create a film


cutting: the activity of selecting the scenes to be shown and putting them together to create a film


search: the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone


hunt: the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone


hunting: the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone


exploration: a careful systematic search


foraging: the act of searching for food and provisions


forage: the act of searching for food and provisions


frisk: the act of searching someone for concealed weapons or illegal drugs


frisking: the act of searching someone for concealed weapons or illegal drugs


strip search: searching someone for concealed weapons or illegal drugs by having them remove their clothes


looking: the act of searching visually


looking for: the act of searching visually


manhunt: an organized search (by police) for a person (charged with a crime)


quest: the act of searching for something


seeking: the act of searching for something


ransacking: a thorough search for something (often causing disorder or confusion)


rummage: a thorough search for something (often causing disorder or confusion)


probe: an exploratory action or expedition


use: the act of using


usage: the act of using


utilization: the act of using


utilisation: the act of using


employment: the act of using


exercise: the act of using


play: utilization or exercise


misuse: improper or excessive use


abuse: improper or excessive use


substance abuse: excessive use of drugs


drug abuse: excessive use of drugs


habit: excessive use of drugs


alcohol abuse: excessive use of alcohol and alcoholic drinks


alcoholic abuse: excessive use of alcohol and alcoholic drinks


alcoholism abuse: excessive use of alcohol and alcoholic drinks


exploitation: the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful


development: the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful


land development: making an area of land more useful


water development: making an area of water more useful


water project: making an area of water more useful


water program: making an area of water more useful


recycling: the act of processing used or abandoned materials for use in creating new products


bottle collection: collecting bottles for reuse


application: the act of bringing something to bear; using it for a particular purpose


practical application: the act of bringing something to bear; using it for a particular purpose


misapplication: wrong use or application


technology: the practical application of science to commerce or industry


engineering: the practical application of science to commerce or industry


aeronautical engineering: the activity of designing and constructing aircraft


automotive technology: the activity of designing and constructing automobiles


automotive engineering: the activity of designing and constructing automobiles


chemical engineering: the activity of applying chemistry to the solution of practical problems


communications technology: the activity of designing and constructing and maintaining communication systems


digital communications technology: the design and construction of communications technology that transmits information in digital form


computer technology: the activity of designing and constructing and programming computers


high technology: highly advanced technological development (especially in electronics)


high tech: highly advanced technological development (especially in electronics)


rail technology: the activity of designing and constructing and operating railroads


railroading: the activity of designing and constructing and operating railroads


magnetic levitation: high-speed rail technology; train is suspended on a magnetic cushion above a magnetized track and so travels free of friction


maglev: high-speed rail technology; train is suspended on a magnetic cushion above a magnetized track and so travels free of friction


overexploitation: exploitation to the point of diminishing returns


overuse: exploitation to the point of diminishing returns


overutilization: exploitation to the point of diminishing returns


overutilisation: exploitation to the point of diminishing returns


capitalization: the act of capitalizing on an opportunity


capitalisation: the act of capitalizing on an opportunity


commercialization: the act of commercializing something; involving something in commerce


commercialisation: the act of commercializing something; involving something in commerce


capitalization: an estimation of the value of a business


capitalisation: an estimation of the value of a business


market capitalization: an estimation of the value of a business that is obtained by multiplying the number of shares outstanding by the current price of a share


market capitalisation: an estimation of the value of a business that is obtained by multiplying the number of shares outstanding by the current price of a share


electrification: the act of providing electricity


unitization: the joint development of a petroleum resource that straddles territory controlled by different companies


unitisation: the joint development of a petroleum resource that straddles territory controlled by different companies


military action: a military engagement


action: a military engagement


limited war: a war whose objective is less than the unconditional defeat of the enemy


psychological warfare: the use of psychological tactics to destroy the opponents' morale


war of nerves: the use of psychological tactics to destroy the opponents' morale


battle: a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war


conflict: a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war


fight: a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war


engagement: a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war


blockade: a war measure that isolates some area of importance to the enemy


encirclement: a war measure that isolates some area of importance to the enemy


defense: (military) military action or resources protecting a country against potential enemies


defence: (military) military action or resources protecting a country against potential enemies


defensive measure: (military) military action or resources protecting a country against potential enemies


electronic warfare: military action involving the use of electromagnetic energy to determine or exploit or reduce or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum


EW: military action involving the use of electromagnetic energy to determine or exploit or reduce or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum


operation: activity by a military or naval force (as a maneuver or campaign)


military operation: activity by a military or naval force (as a maneuver or campaign)


combined operation: a military operation carried out cooperatively by two or more allied nations or a military operation carried out by coordination of sea, land, and air forces


police action: a local military action without declaration of war; against violators of international peace and order


resistance: the military action of resisting the enemy's advance


saber rattling: the ostentatious display of military power (with the implied threat that it might be used)


sabre rattling: the ostentatious display of military power (with the implied threat that it might be used)


Armageddon: any catastrophically destructive battle


pitched battle: a fierce battle fought in close combat between troops in predetermined positions at a chosen time and place


naval battle: a pitched battle between naval fleets


conflict: an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals); --Thomas Paine


struggle: an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals); --Thomas Paine


battle: an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals); --Thomas Paine


brush: a minor short-term fight


clash: a minor short-term fight


encounter: a minor short-term fight


skirmish: a minor short-term fight


close-quarter fighting: hand-to-hand fighting at close quarters


contretemps: an awkward clash


class struggle: conflict between social or economic classes (especially between the capitalist and proletariat classes)


class war: conflict between social or economic classes (especially between the capitalist and proletariat classes)


class warfare: conflict between social or economic classes (especially between the capitalist and proletariat classes)


maneuver: a military training exercise


manoeuvre: a military training exercise


simulated military operation: a military training exercise


air defense: defensive measures designed to destroy attacking enemy aircraft or missiles or to nullify their effectiveness


active air defense: air defense by the use aircraft or missiles or artillery or electronic countermeasures


passive air defense: air defense by the use of deception or dispersion or protective construction


civil defense: activities organized by civilians for their own protection in time of war or disaster


stand: a defensive effort


repulsion: the act of repulsing or repelling an attack; a successful defensive stand


standoff: the act of repulsing or repelling an attack; a successful defensive stand


hasty defense: a defense organized while in contact with the enemy or when time is limited


hasty defence: a defense organized while in contact with the enemy or when time is limited


deliberate defense: a defense organized before contact is made with the enemy and while time for organization is available; usually includes a fortified zone (with pillboxes) and communication systems


deliberate defence: a defense organized before contact is made with the enemy and while time for organization is available; usually includes a fortified zone (with pillboxes) and communication systems


biological defense: procedures involved in taking defensive measures against attacks using biological agents


biological defence: procedures involved in taking defensive measures against attacks using biological agents


biodefense: procedures involved in taking defensive measures against attacks using biological agents


biodefence: procedures involved in taking defensive measures against attacks using biological agents


chemical defense: procedures involved in taking defensive measures against attacks using chemical agents


chemical defence: procedures involved in taking defensive measures against attacks using chemical agents


mining: laying explosive mines in concealed places to destroy enemy personnel and equipment


minelaying: laying explosive mines in concealed places to destroy enemy personnel and equipment


rebellion: organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another