Republic of Colombia: a republic in northwestern South America with a coastline on the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea; achieved independence from Spain in 1821 under the leadership of Simon Bolivar; Spanish is the official language


Barranquilla: a port city of northern Colombia near the Caribbean on the Magdalena River


Bogota: capital and largest city of Colombia; located in central Colombia on a high fertile plain


capital of Colombia: capital and largest city of Colombia; located in central Colombia on a high fertile plain


Cali: city in southwestern Colombia in a rich agricultural area


Medellin: city in western Colombia; important coffee center


Cartagena: a port city in northwestern Colombia on the Caribbean


Soledad: a city in northern Colombia; a suburb of Barranquilla


Comoro Islands: three main islands and numerous islets in the Indian Ocean between Mozambique and Madagascar


Iles Comores: three main islands and numerous islets in the Indian Ocean between Mozambique and Madagascar


Comoros: a country on the Comoro Islands


Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros: a country on the Comoro Islands


Congo: a republic in west-central Africa; achieved independence from France in 1960


Republic of the Congo: a republic in west-central Africa; achieved independence from France in 1960


French Congo: a republic in west-central Africa; achieved independence from France in 1960


Brazzaville: the capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo


Congo: a republic in central Africa; achieved independence from Belgium in 1960


Democratic Republic of the Congo: a republic in central Africa; achieved independence from Belgium in 1960


Zaire: a republic in central Africa; achieved independence from Belgium in 1960


Belgian Congo: a republic in central Africa; achieved independence from Belgium in 1960


Goma: a city in eastern Congo at the northern end of Lake Kivu near the border with Rwanda


Kananga: a city in southwestern Congo; former name (until 1966) was Luluabourg


Luluabourg: a city in southwestern Congo; former name (until 1966) was Luluabourg


Kinshasa: the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the Congo river opposite Brazzaville


Leopoldville: the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the Congo river opposite Brazzaville


Lubumbashi: a city in southeastern Congo near the border with Zambia; a copper mining center; former name (until 1966) was Elisabethville


Elisabethville: a city in southeastern Congo near the border with Zambia; a copper mining center; former name (until 1966) was Elisabethville


Mesoamerica: Mexico and Central America


Central America: the isthmus joining North America and South America; extends from the southern border of Mexico to the northern border of Colombia


Costa Rica: a republic in Central America; one of the most politically stable countries in Latin America


Republic of Costa Rica: a republic in Central America; one of the most politically stable countries in Latin America


San Jose: the capital and largest city of Costa Rica


capital of Costa Rica: the capital and largest city of Costa Rica


Ivory Coast: a republic in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; one of the most prosperous and politically stable countries in Africa


Cote d'Ivoire: a republic in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; one of the most prosperous and politically stable countries in Africa


Republic of Cote d'Ivoire: a republic in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; one of the most prosperous and politically stable countries in Africa


Abidjan: city recognized by the United States as the capital of the Ivory Coast; largest city of the Ivory Coast


Yamoussukro: capital of the Ivory Coast


Guatemala: a republic in Central America; achieved independence from Spain in 1821; noted for low per capita income and illiteracy; politically unstable


Republic of Guatemala: a republic in Central America; achieved independence from Spain in 1821; noted for low per capita income and illiteracy; politically unstable


Guatemala City: the capital and largest city of Guatemala


capital of Guatemala: the capital and largest city of Guatemala


Belize: a country on the northeastern coast of Central America on the Caribbean; formerly under British control


British Honduras: a country on the northeastern coast of Central America on the Caribbean; formerly under British control


Honduras: a republic in Central America; achieved independence from Spain in 1821; an early center of Mayan culture


Republic of Honduras: a republic in Central America; achieved independence from Spain in 1821; an early center of Mayan culture


Tegucigalpa: the capital and largest city of Honduras


Honduran capital: the capital and largest city of Honduras


San Pedro Sula: industrial city in northwestern Honduras


El Salvador: a republic on the Pacific coast of Central America


Republic of El Salvador: a republic on the Pacific coast of Central America


Salvador: a republic on the Pacific coast of Central America


San Salvador: the capital and largest city of El Salvador; has suffered from recurrent earthquakes


Salvadoran capital: the capital and largest city of El Salvador; has suffered from recurrent earthquakes


Santa Ana: a city in western El Salvador


Nicaragua: a republic in Central America; achieved independence from Spain in 1821


Republic of Nicaragua: a republic in Central America; achieved independence from Spain in 1821


Managua: the capital and largest city of Nicaragua


capital of Nicaragua: the capital and largest city of Nicaragua


Nicaraguan capital: the capital and largest city of Nicaragua


Panama: a republic on the Isthmus of Panama; achieved independence from Colombia in 1903


Republic of Panama: a republic on the Isthmus of Panama; achieved independence from Colombia in 1903


Panama City: the capital and largest city of Panama


capital of Panama: the capital and largest city of Panama


Panamanian capital: the capital and largest city of Panama


Colon: a port city at the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal


Aspinwall: a port city at the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal


Panama Canal Zone: a zone consisting of a strip of land across the Isthmus of Panama that contains the Panama Canal


Canal Zone: a zone consisting of a strip of land across the Isthmus of Panama that contains the Panama Canal


Yucatan: a peninsula in Central America extending into the Gulf of Mexico between the Bay of Campeche and the Caribbean Sea


Yucatan Peninsula: a peninsula in Central America extending into the Gulf of Mexico between the Bay of Campeche and the Caribbean Sea


Yucatan: a state of Mexico on the northern part of the Yucatan Peninsula


Merida: the capital of the Mexican state of Yucatan


Campeche: a Mexican state on the eastern part of the Gulf of Campeche


Campeche: a Mexican city on the Bay of Campeche


Cancun: a popular island resort off the northeastern tip of the Yucatan peninsula


Mexico: a republic in southern North America; became independent from Spain in 1810


United Mexican States: a republic in southern North America; became independent from Spain in 1810


Acapulco: a port and fashionable resort city on the Pacific coast of southern Mexico; known for beaches and water sports (including cliff diving)


Acapulco de Juarez: a port and fashionable resort city on the Pacific coast of southern Mexico; known for beaches and water sports (including cliff diving)


Chihuahua: a state in northern Mexico; mostly high plateau


Chihuahua: a city in northern Mexico in the state of Chihuahua; commercial center of northern Mexico


Ciudad Juarez: a city in northern Mexico on the Rio Grande opposite El Paso


Juarez: a city in northern Mexico on the Rio Grande opposite El Paso


Ciudad Victoria: a city in east central Mexico


Coahuila: a state in northern Mexico; mostly high plateau


Culiacan: a city in northwestern Mexico


Durango: a city in north central Mexico; mining center


Victoria de Durango: a city in north central Mexico; mining center


Guadalajara: a city in southwestern Mexico; a popular health resort and site of architecture from the Spanish colonial era


Hermosillo: a city in northwestern Mexico near the Gulf of California


Leon: a city in central Mexico


Matamoros: a city in northeastern Mexico opposite Brownsville near the mouth of the Rio Grande


Mazatlan: a port city in western Mexico on the Pacific Ocean; tourist center


Mexicali: a city in northwestern Mexico near the California border


Mexico City: the capital and largest city of Mexico is a political and cultural and commercial and industrial center; one of the world's largest cities


Ciudad de Mexico: the capital and largest city of Mexico is a political and cultural and commercial and industrial center; one of the world's largest cities


Mexican capital: the capital and largest city of Mexico is a political and cultural and commercial and industrial center; one of the world's largest cities


capital of Mexico: the capital and largest city of Mexico is a political and cultural and commercial and industrial center; one of the world's largest cities


Monterrey: an industrial city in northeastern Mexico


Nogales: a town in northern Mexico on the border of Arizona


Oaxaca: a city of southeastern Mexico


Oaxaca de Juarez: a city of southeastern Mexico


Orizaba: a city of east central Mexico (west of Veracruz); a popular resort


Puebla: a city in south central Mexico (southeast of Mexico City) on the edge of central Mexican plateau


Puebla de Zaragoza: a city in south central Mexico (southeast of Mexico City) on the edge of central Mexican plateau


Heroica Puebla de Zaragoza: a city in south central Mexico (southeast of Mexico City) on the edge of central Mexican plateau


Quintana Roo: a Mexican state on the eastern side of the Yucatan Peninsula


San Luis Potosi: a city in central Mexico


Santa Maria del Tule: a town in southeastern Mexico near Oaxaca; site of Ahuehuete, a giant Montezuma cypress


Tabasco: a Mexican state on the Gulf of Campeche


Tepic: a city in west central Mexico


Tampico: a port city in eastern Mexico


Torreon: a city in northern Mexico to the west of Monterrey


Tijuana: a Mexican city just to the south of San Diego on the Lower California peninsula; popular among American tourists for racetracks and bullfights


Tuxtla Gutierrez: a city in southeastern Mexico


Veracruz: a major Mexican port on the Gulf of Mexico in the state of Veracruz


Villahermosa: a city in southeastern Mexico; the capital of the state of Tabasco


Villa Hermosa: a city in southeastern Mexico; the capital of the state of Tabasco


Guadalupe Island: a Mexican island in the Pacific to the west of Baja California


Caribbean Island: an island in the Caribbean Sea


West Indies: the string of islands between North America and South America; a popular resort area


the Indies: the string of islands between North America and South America; a popular resort area


British West Indies: the islands in the West Indies that were formerly under British control, including the Bahamas, Saint Lucia, Antigua, Grenada, Jamaica, Barbados, and Trinidad


Antilles: a group of islands in the West Indies


French West Indies: the islands in the Lesser Antilles that are administered by France


Greater Antilles: a group of islands in the western West Indies


Lesser Antilles: a group of islands in the southeastern West Indies


Caribees: a group of islands in the southeastern West Indies


Netherlands Antilles: a group of islands in the Lesser Antilles just to the north of Venezuela that are administered by The Netherlands


Aruba: a popular island resort in the Netherlands Antilles


Bonaire: a popular island resort in the Netherlands Antilles


Curacao: a popular island resort in the Netherlands Antilles


Saba: a island in the Netherlands Antilles that is the top of an extinct volcano


Saint Eustatius: an island in the Netherlands Antilles


St. Eustatius: an island in the Netherlands Antilles


Leeward Islands: a group of islands in the eastern West Indies


Saint Martin: an island in the western Leeward Islands; administered jointly by France and the Netherlands


St. Martin: an island in the western Leeward Islands; administered jointly by France and the Netherlands


Saint Maarten: an island in the western Leeward Islands; administered jointly by France and the Netherlands


St. Maarten: an island in the western Leeward Islands; administered jointly by France and the Netherlands


Windward Islands: a group of islands in the southeastern West Indies; the southern part of the Lesser Antilles


Windward Isles: a group of islands in the southeastern West Indies; the southern part of the Lesser Antilles


Cuba: the largest island in the West Indies


Cuba: a communist state in the Caribbean on the island of Cuba


Republic of Cuba: a communist state in the Caribbean on the island of Cuba


Havana: the capital and largest city of Cuba; located in western Cuba; one of the oldest cities in the Americas


capital of Cuba: the capital and largest city of Cuba; located in western Cuba; one of the oldest cities in the Americas


Cuban capital: the capital and largest city of Cuba; located in western Cuba; one of the oldest cities in the Americas


Santiago de Cuba: a port city in southeastern Cuba; industrial center


Santiago: a port city in southeastern Cuba; industrial center


Guantanamo: a city in southeastern Cuba; site of a United States naval base


Guadeloupe: an island territory of France located in the eastern West Indies; tourism is the major industry


Hispaniola: an island in the West Indies


Haiti: an island in the West Indies


Hayti: an island in the West Indies


Haiti: a republic in the West Indies on the western part of the island of Hispaniola; achieved independence from France in 1804; the poorest and most illiterate nation in the western hemisphere


Republic of Haiti: a republic in the West Indies on the western part of the island of Hispaniola; achieved independence from France in 1804; the poorest and most illiterate nation in the western hemisphere


Port-au-Prince: the capital and largest city of Haiti


Haitian capital: the capital and largest city of Haiti


Dominican Republic: a republic in the West Indies; located on the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola


Santo Domingo: the capital and largest city of the Dominican Republic


Ciudad Trujillo: the capital and largest city of the Dominican Republic


capital of the Dominican Republic: the capital and largest city of the Dominican Republic


Santiago de los Caballeros: city in the northern Dominican Republic


Santiago: city in the northern Dominican Republic


Puerto Rico: the smallest and easternmost of the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean


Porto Rico: the smallest and easternmost of the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean


Puerto Rico: a self-governing commonwealth associated with the United States occupying the island of Puerto Rico


Porto Rico: a self-governing commonwealth associated with the United States occupying the island of Puerto Rico


Commonwealth of Puerto Rico: a self-governing commonwealth associated with the United States occupying the island of Puerto Rico


PR: a self-governing commonwealth associated with the United States occupying the island of Puerto Rico


San Juan: the capital and largest city of Puerto Rico


Culebra: a small island off the coast of Puerto Rico with miles of beautiful beaches


Vieques: a small island off the coast of Puerto Rico used for target practice by the United States Navy


Jamaica: an island in the West Indies to the south of Cuba and to the west of Haiti


Jamaica: a country on the island of Jamaica; became independent of England in 1962; much poverty; the major industry is tourism


Kingston: capital and largest city of Jamaica


capital of Jamaica: capital and largest city of Jamaica


Jamaican capital: capital and largest city of Jamaica


Montego Bay: port and resort city in northwestern Jamaica


Virgin Islands: a group of islands in northeastern West Indies (east of Puerto Rico) discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1493; owned by United States and Britain


British Virgin Islands: more than 40 northeastern Virgin Islands (15 inhabited); a dependent territory of the United Kingdom


United States Virgin Islands: more than 130 southeastern Virgin Islands; a dependent territory of the United States


American Virgin Islands: more than 130 southeastern Virgin Islands; a dependent territory of the United States


VI: more than 130 southeastern Virgin Islands; a dependent territory of the United States


Barbados: easternmost of the West Indies about 300 miles to the north of Venezuela


Barbados: a parliamentary democracy on the island of Barbados; former British colony; a popular resort area


Bridgetown: capital of Barbados; a port city on the southwestern coast of Barbados


capital of Barbados: capital of Barbados; a port city on the southwestern coast of Barbados


Trinidad: an island in West Indies just off the northeastern coast of Venezuela


Tobago: island in West Indies


Trinidad and Tobago: an island republic in the West Indies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1962


Republic of Trinidad and Tobago: an island republic in the West Indies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1962


Port of Spain: the capital and largest city of Trinidad and Tobago on the west coast of the island of Trinidad


Port-of-Spain: the capital and largest city of Trinidad and Tobago on the west coast of the island of Trinidad


capital of Trinidad and Tobago: the capital and largest city of Trinidad and Tobago on the west coast of the island of Trinidad


Cyprus: an island in the eastern Mediterranean


Cyprus: a country on the island of Cyprus; 80% of the people are of Greek origin and 20% or Turkish origin


Republic of Cyprus: a country on the island of Cyprus; 80% of the people are of Greek origin and 20% or Turkish origin


Nicosia: the capital and largest city of Cyprus


capital of Cyprus: the capital and largest city of Cyprus


Czech Republic: a landlocked republic in central Europe; separated from Slovakia in 1993


Czechoslovakia: a former republic in central Europe; divided into Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993


Pilsen: a town in Czech Republic where Pilsner beer originated


Plzen: a town in Czech Republic where Pilsner beer originated


Prague: the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic in the western part of the country; a cultural and commercial center since the 14th century


Praha: the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic in the western part of the country; a cultural and commercial center since the 14th century


Prag: the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic in the western part of the country; a cultural and commercial center since the 14th century


Czech capital: the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic in the western part of the country; a cultural and commercial center since the 14th century


Austerlitz: a town in Czech Republic; site of the battle of Austerlitz in 1805


Brno: an industrial city in Moravia in Czech Republic to the southeast of Prague


Brunn: an industrial city in Moravia in Czech Republic to the southeast of Prague


Ostrava: an industrial city in northwestern Czech Republic in the Moravian lowlands; located in the coal mining area of Silesia


Moravia: a region in the central and eastern part of the Czech Republic; it lies to the east of Bohemia and to the west of the Carpathians


Bohemia: a historical area and former kingdom in the Czech Republic


Slovakia: a landlocked republic in central Europe; separated from the Czech Republic in 1993


Slovak Republic: a landlocked republic in central Europe; separated from the Czech Republic in 1993


Bratislava: capital and largest city of Slovakia


capital of Slovakia: capital and largest city of Slovakia


Pressburg: capital and largest city of Slovakia


Pozsony: capital and largest city of Slovakia


Benin: a country on western coast of Africa; formerly under French control


Republic of Benin: a country on western coast of Africa; formerly under French control


Dahomey: a country on western coast of Africa; formerly under French control


Porto Novo: the capital of Benin in southwestern part of country on a coastal lagoon


capital of Benin: the capital of Benin in southwestern part of country on a coastal lagoon


Cotonou: chief port of Benin on the Bight of Benin


Togo: a republic on the western coast of Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; formerly under French control


Togolese Republic: a republic on the western coast of Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; formerly under French control


Lome: capital and largest city of Togo; located in the south on the Gulf of Guinea


capital of Togo: capital and largest city of Togo; located in the south on the Gulf of Guinea


northern Europe: the northernmost countries of Europe


Scandinavia: a group of culturally related countries in northern Europe; Finland and Iceland are sometimes considered Scandinavian


Scandinavia: the peninsula in northern Europe occupied by Norway and Sweden


Scandinavian Peninsula: the peninsula in northern Europe occupied by Norway and Sweden


Jutland: peninsula in northern Europe that forms the continental part of Denmark and a northern part of Germany


Jylland: peninsula in northern Europe that forms the continental part of Denmark and a northern part of Germany


Denmark: a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe; consists of the mainland of Jutland and many islands between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea


Kingdom of Denmark: a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe; consists of the mainland of Jutland and many islands between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea


Danmark: a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe; consists of the mainland of Jutland and many islands between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea


Zealand: the largest island of Denmark and the site of Copenhagen


Seeland: the largest island of Denmark and the site of Copenhagen


Sjaelland: the largest island of Denmark and the site of Copenhagen


Copenhagen: the capital and largest city of Denmark; located on the island of Zealand


Kobenhavn: the capital and largest city of Denmark; located on the island of Zealand


Danish capital: the capital and largest city of Denmark; located on the island of Zealand


Arhus: port city of Denmark in eastern Jutland


Aarhus: port city of Denmark in eastern Jutland


Aalborg: a city and port in northern Jutland


Alborg: a city and port in northern Jutland


Viborg: a town of Denmark in north central Jutland


Djibouti: a country in northeastern Africa on the Somali peninsula; formerly under French control but became independent in 1997


Republic of Djibouti: a country in northeastern Africa on the Somali peninsula; formerly under French control but became independent in 1997


Afars and Issas: a country in northeastern Africa on the Somali peninsula; formerly under French control but became independent in 1997


Djibouti: port city on the Gulf of Aden; the capital and largest city of Djibouti


capital of Djibouti: port city on the Gulf of Aden; the capital and largest city of Djibouti


Dominica: a volcanic island in the Windward Islands that was once a stronghold of the Carib Indians


Dominica: a country on the island of Dominica


Commonwealth of Dominica: a country on the island of Dominica


Roseau: the capital and largest city of Dominica


Equatorial Guinea: a country of west central Africa (including islands in the Gulf of Guinea); became independent from Spain in 1968


Republic of Equatorial Guinea: a country of west central Africa (including islands in the Gulf of Guinea); became independent from Spain in 1968


Spanish Guinea: a country of west central Africa (including islands in the Gulf of Guinea); became independent from Spain in 1968


Malabo: the capital and largest city of Equatorial Guinea on the island of Bioko in the Gulf of Guinea


Bioko: an island in the Gulf of Guinea that is part of Equatorial Guinea


Norway: a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula; achieved independence from Sweden in 1905


Kingdom of Norway: a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula; achieved independence from Sweden in 1905


Norge: a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula; achieved independence from Sweden in 1905


Noreg: a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula; achieved independence from Sweden in 1905


Svalbard: a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean


Spitsbergen: islands in the Svalbard archipelago to the east of northern Greenland; belonging to Norway


Spitzbergen: islands in the Svalbard archipelago to the east of northern Greenland; belonging to Norway


Lofoten: a string of islands off the northwestern coast of Norway in the Norwegian Sea


Oslo: the capital and largest city of Norway; the country's main port; located at the head of a fjord on Norway's southern coast


Christiania: the capital and largest city of Norway; the country's main port; located at the head of a fjord on Norway's southern coast


capital of Norway: the capital and largest city of Norway; the country's main port; located at the head of a fjord on Norway's southern coast


Bergen: a port city in southwestern Norway


Stavanger: a port city in southwestern Norway; center for shipbuilding industry


Trondheim: a port in central Norway on Trondheim Fjord


Nidaros: a port in central Norway on Trondheim Fjord


Lindesnes: a cape at the southern tip of Norway


Naze: a cape at the southern tip of Norway


Sweden: a Scandinavian kingdom in the eastern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula


Kingdom of Sweden: a Scandinavian kingdom in the eastern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula


Sverige: a Scandinavian kingdom in the eastern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula


Stockholm: the capital and largest city of Sweden; located in southern Sweden on the Baltic


capital of Sweden: the capital and largest city of Sweden; located in southern Sweden on the Baltic


Malmo: a port in southern Sweden


Lund: a city in southern Sweden


Goteborg: a port in southwestern Sweden; second largest city in Sweden


Goeteborg: a port in southwestern Sweden; second largest city in Sweden


Gothenburg: a port in southwestern Sweden; second largest city in Sweden


Uppsala: a city in east central Sweden to the northwest of Stockholm


Upsala: a city in east central Sweden to the northwest of Stockholm


Germany: a republic in central Europe; split into East Germany and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990


Federal Republic of Germany: a republic in central Europe; split into East Germany and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990


Deutschland: a republic in central Europe; split into East Germany and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990


FRG: a republic in central Europe; split into East Germany and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990


East Germany: a republic in north central Europe on the Baltic; established by the Soviet Union in 1954; reunified with West Germany in 1990


German Democratic Republic: a republic in north central Europe on the Baltic; established by the Soviet Union in 1954; reunified with West Germany in 1990


West Germany: a republic in north central Europe on the North Sea; established in 1949 from the zones of Germany occupied by the British and French and Americans after the German defeat; reunified with East Germany in 1990


Federal Republic of Germany: a republic in north central Europe on the North Sea; established in 1949 from the zones of Germany occupied by the British and French and Americans after the German defeat; reunified with East Germany in 1990


Saxony: an area in Germany around the upper Elbe river; the original home of the Saxons


Sachsen: an area in Germany around the upper Elbe river; the original home of the Saxons


Saxe: an area in Germany around the upper Elbe river; the original home of the Saxons


Lower Saxony: a state in northwestern Germany


Aachen: a city in western Germany near the Dutch and Belgian borders; formerly it was Charlemagne's northern capital


Aken: a city in western Germany near the Dutch and Belgian borders; formerly it was Charlemagne's northern capital


Aix-la-Chapelle: a city in western Germany near the Dutch and Belgian borders; formerly it was Charlemagne's northern capital


Berlin: capital of Germany located in eastern Germany


German capital: capital of Germany located in eastern Germany


West Berlin: the part of Berlin under United States and British and French control until 1989


Bremen: a city of northwestern Germany linked by the Weser River to the port of Bremerhaven and the North Sea; in the Middle Ages it was a leading member of the Hanseatic League


Bremerhaven: a port city in northwestern Germany at the mouth of the Weser River on the North Sea; has a deep natural harbor and is an important shipping center


Chemnitz: a city in east central Germany; formerly called Karl-Marx-Stadt until 1990; noted for textile manufacturing


Karl-Marx-Stadt: a city in east central Germany; formerly called Karl-Marx-Stadt until 1990; noted for textile manufacturing


Dortmund: an industrial city in northwestern Germany; flourished from the 13th to 17th century as a member of the Hanseatic League


Dresden: a city in southeastern Germany on the Elbe River; it was almost totally destroyed by British air raids in 1945


Leipzig: a city in southeastern Germany famous for fairs; formerly a music and publishing center


Solingen: a city in west central Germany noted for cutlery


Weimar: a German city near Leipzig; scene of the adoption in 1919 of the constitution of the Weimar Republic that lasted until 1933


Bavaria: a state in southern Germany famous for its beer; site of an automobile factory


Hameln: a town in northern Germany (near Hanover) that is famous as the setting for the legend of the Pied Piper


Hamelin: a town in northern Germany (near Hanover) that is famous as the setting for the legend of the Pied Piper


Hohenlinden: a town in Bavaria (near Munich)


Bonn: a city in western Germany on the Rhine River; was the capital of West Germany between 1949 and 1989


Cologne: a commercial center and river port in western Germany on the Rhine River; flourished during the 15th century as a member of the Hanseatic League


Koln: a commercial center and river port in western Germany on the Rhine River; flourished during the 15th century as a member of the Hanseatic League


Braunschweig: a city in central Germany


Brunswick: a city in central Germany


Dusseldorf: an industrial city in western Germany on the Rhine


Essen: a city in western Germany; industrial center of the Ruhr


Frankfurt on the Main: a German city; an industrial and commercial and financial center


Frankfurt: a German city; an industrial and commercial and financial center


Frankfort: a German city; an industrial and commercial and financial center


Halle: a city in the Saxony region of Germany on the Saale River; a member of the Hanseatic League during the 13th and 14th centuries


Halle-an-der-Saale: a city in the Saxony region of Germany on the Saale River; a member of the Hanseatic League during the 13th and 14th centuries


Hamburg: a port city in northern Germany on the Elbe River that was founded by Charlemagne in the 9th century and is today the largest port in Germany; in 1241 it formed an alliance with Lubeck that became the basis for the Hanseatic League


Hannover: a port city in northwestern Germany; formerly a member of the Hanseatic League


Hanover: a port city in northwestern Germany; formerly a member of the Hanseatic League


Lubeck: a city in northwestern Germany and an important Baltic port; a leading member of the Hanseatic League


Mannheim: a city in southwestern Germany at the confluence of the Rhine and Neckar rivers


Munich: the capital and largest city of Bavaria in southwestern Germany


Muenchen: the capital and largest city of Bavaria in southwestern Germany


Nuremberg: a city in southeastern Germany; site of Allied trials of Nazi war criminals (1945-46)


Nurnberg: a city in southeastern Germany; site of Allied trials of Nazi war criminals (1945-46)


Potsdam: a city in northeastern Germany; site of the Potsdam Conference in the summer of 1945


Rostock: a city in northeastern Germany near the Baltic sea; an important member of the Hanseatic League in the 14th century


Stuttgart: a city in southwestern Germany famous for innovative architecture


Wiesbaden: a city in western Germany; a spa since Roman times


Wurzburg: a city of south central Germany


Wuerzburg: a city of south central Germany


Rhineland: a picturesque region of Germany around the Rhine river


Rheinland: a picturesque region of Germany around the Rhine river


Palatinate: a territory in southwestern Germany formerly ruled by the counts palatine


Pfalz: a territory in southwestern Germany formerly ruled by the counts palatine


Brandenburg: the territory of an Elector (of the Holy Roman Empire) that expanded to become the kingdom of Prussia in 1701


Prussia: a former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland


Preussen: a former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland


Ruhr: a major industrial and coal mining region in the valley of the Ruhr river in northwestern Germany


Ruhr Valley: a major industrial and coal mining region in the valley of the Ruhr river in northwestern Germany


Thuringia: a historical region of southern Germany


East Timor: a former Portuguese colony that was annexed by Indonesia in 1976; voted for independence from Indonesia in 1999 and in May 2002 became an independent nation


Ecuador: a republic in northwestern South America; became independent from Spain in 1822; the landscape is dominated by the Andes


Republic of Ecuador: a republic in northwestern South America; became independent from Spain in 1822; the landscape is dominated by the Andes


Guayaquil: the largest city of Ecuador


Quito: the capital of Ecuador


capital of Ecuador: the capital of Ecuador


Galapagos Islands: a group of islands in the Pacific off South America; owned by Ecuador; known for unusual animal life


Galapagos: a group of islands in the Pacific off South America; owned by Ecuador; known for unusual animal life


Eritrea: an African country to the north of Ethiopia on the Red Sea; achieved independence from Ethiopia in 1993


State of Eritrea: an African country to the north of Ethiopia on the Red Sea; achieved independence from Ethiopia in 1993


Asmara: the capital of Eritrea


Asmera: the capital of Eritrea


Massawa: a port town in Eritrea on an inlet of the Red Sea


Ethiopia: Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; formerly called Abyssinia


Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; formerly called Abyssinia


Yaltopya: Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; formerly called Abyssinia


Abyssinia: Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; formerly called Abyssinia


Addis Ababa: the capital of Ethiopia and the country's largest city; located in central Ethiopia


New Flower: the capital of Ethiopia and the country's largest city; located in central Ethiopia


capital of Ethiopia: the capital of Ethiopia and the country's largest city; located in central Ethiopia


Fiji Islands: a group of more than 800 islands (100 inhabited) in the southwestern Pacific; larger islands (Viti Levu and Vanua Levu) are of volcanic origin surrounded by coral reefs; smaller islands are coral


Fijis: a group of more than 800 islands (100 inhabited) in the southwestern Pacific; larger islands (Viti Levu and Vanua Levu) are of volcanic origin surrounded by coral reefs; smaller islands are coral


Viti Levu: a volcanic island in the Fijis


Vanua Levu: a volcanic island in the Fijis


Fiji: an independent state within the British Commonwealth located on the Fiji Islands


Republic of Fiji: an independent state within the British Commonwealth located on the Fiji Islands


Suva: the capital and largest city of Fiji (on Viti Levu island)


Finland: republic in northern Europe; achieved independence from Russia in 1917


Republic of Finland: republic in northern Europe; achieved independence from Russia in 1917


Suomi: republic in northern Europe; achieved independence from Russia in 1917


Karelia: a region in Finland and Russia between the Gulf of Finland and the White Sea


Helsinki: the capital and largest city of Finland; located in southern Finland; a major port and commercial and cultural center


Helsingfors: the capital and largest city of Finland; located in southern Finland; a major port and commercial and cultural center


capital of Finland: the capital and largest city of Finland; located in southern Finland; a major port and commercial and cultural center


Finnish capital: the capital and largest city of Finland; located in southern Finland; a major port and commercial and cultural center


Espoo: a city in southern Finland


Tampere: an industrial city in south central Finland


Tammerfors: an industrial city in south central Finland


Aland islands: an archipelago of some 6,000 islands in the Gulf of Bothnia under Finnish control


Aaland islands: an archipelago of some 6,000 islands in the Gulf of Bothnia under Finnish control


Ahvenanmaa: an archipelago of some 6,000 islands in the Gulf of Bothnia under Finnish control


Mariehamn: a town that is the chief port of the Aland islands


Maarianhamina: a town that is the chief port of the Aland islands


Greece: a republic in southeastern Europe on the southern part of the Balkan peninsula; known for grapes and olives and olive oil


Hellenic Republic: a republic in southeastern Europe on the southern part of the Balkan peninsula; known for grapes and olives and olive oil


Ellas: a republic in southeastern Europe on the southern part of the Balkan peninsula; known for grapes and olives and olive oil


Greece: ancient Greece; a country of city-states (especially Athens and Sparta) that reached its peak in the fifth century BCE


Achaea: a region of ancient Greece on the north coast of the Peloponnese


Aegean island: an island in the Aegean Sea


Aegina: an island in the Aegean Sea in the Saronic Gulf


Aigina: an island in the Aegean Sea in the Saronic Gulf


Chios: an island in the Aegean Sea off the west coast of Turkey; belongs to Greece


Khios: an island in the Aegean Sea off the west coast of Turkey; belongs to Greece


Cyclades: a group of over 200 islands in the southern Aegean


Kikladhes: a group of over 200 islands in the southern Aegean


Dodecanese: a group of islands in the southeast Aegean Sea


Dhodhekanisos: a group of islands in the southeast Aegean Sea


Doris: a small region of ancient Greece where the Doric dialect was spoken


Lesbos: an island of eastern Greece in the eastern Aegean Sea; in antiquity it was famous for lyric poetry


Lesvos: an island of eastern Greece in the eastern Aegean Sea; in antiquity it was famous for lyric poetry


Mytilene: an island of eastern Greece in the eastern Aegean Sea; in antiquity it was famous for lyric poetry


Rhodes: a Greek island in the southeast Aegean Sea 10 miles off the Turkish coast; the largest of the Dodecanese; it was colonized before 1000 BC by Dorians from Argos; site of the Colossus of Rhodes


Rodhos: a Greek island in the southeast Aegean Sea 10 miles off the Turkish coast; the largest of the Dodecanese; it was colonized before 1000 BC by Dorians from Argos; site of the Colossus of Rhodes


Aeolis: an ancient coastal region of northwestern Asia Minor (including Lesbos) where the Aeolians founded several cities around 1100 BC


Aeolia: an ancient coastal region of northwestern Asia Minor (including Lesbos) where the Aeolians founded several cities around 1100 BC


Crete: the largest Greek island in the Mediterranean; site of the Minoan civilization that reached its peak in 1600 BC


Kriti: the largest Greek island in the Mediterranean; site of the Minoan civilization that reached its peak in 1600 BC


Knossos: an ancient town on Crete where Bronze Age culture flourished from about 2000 BC to 1400 BC


Cnossos: an ancient town on Crete where Bronze Age culture flourished from about 2000 BC to 1400 BC


Cnossus: an ancient town on Crete where Bronze Age culture flourished from about 2000 BC to 1400 BC


Ithaca: a Greek island to the west of Greece; in Homeric legend Odysseus was its king


Ithaki: a Greek island to the west of Greece; in Homeric legend Odysseus was its king


Egadi Islands: a group of islands off the west coast of Sicily in the Mediterranean


Aegadean Isles: a group of islands off the west coast of Sicily in the Mediterranean


Aegadean Islands: a group of islands off the west coast of Sicily in the Mediterranean


Isole Egadi: a group of islands off the west coast of Sicily in the Mediterranean


Aegates: a group of islands off the west coast of Sicily in the Mediterranean


Athos: an autonomous area in northeastern Greece that is the site of several Greek Orthodox monasteries founded in the tenth century


Mount Athos: an autonomous area in northeastern Greece that is the site of several Greek Orthodox monasteries founded in the tenth century


Athens: the capital and largest city of Greece; named after Athena (its patron goddess)


Athinai: the capital and largest city of Greece; named after Athena (its patron goddess)


capital of Greece: the capital and largest city of Greece; named after Athena (its patron goddess)


Greek capital: the capital and largest city of Greece; named after Athena (its patron goddess)


Areopagus: a hill to the to the west of the Athenian acropolis where met the highest governmental council of ancient Athens and later a judicial court


Dipylon gate: a gateway to the west of ancient Athens near which a distinctive style of pottery has been found


Dipylon: a gateway to the west of ancient Athens near which a distinctive style of pottery has been found


Actium: an ancient town on a promontory in western Greece


Attica: the territory of Athens in ancient Greece where the Ionic dialect was spoken


Corinth: the modern Greek port near the site of the ancient city that was second only to Athens


Korinthos: the modern Greek port near the site of the ancient city that was second only to Athens


Argos: an ancient city in southeastern Greece; dominated the Peloponnese in the 7th century BC


Delphi: an ancient Greek city on the slopes of Mount Parnassus; site of the oracle of Delphi


Mycenae: an ancient city is southern Greece; center of the Mycenaean civilization during the late Bronze Age


Sparta: an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess; the dominant city of the Peloponnesus prior to the 4th century BC


Epirus: an ancient area on the Ionian Sea that flourished as a kingdom in the 3rd century BC; located in northwestern Greece and southern Albania


Laconia: an ancient region of southern Greece in the southeastern Peloponnesus; dominated by Sparta


Lycia: an ancient region on the coast of southwest Asia Minor


Lydia: an ancient region on the coast of western Asia Minor; a powerful kingdom until conquered by the Persians in 546 BC


Nemea: a valley in southeastern Greece where the Nemean Games were held


Ephesus: an ancient Greek city on the western shore of Asia Minor in what is now Turkey; site of the Temple of Artemis; was a major trading center and played an important role in early Christianity


Patras: a port city in western Greece in the northwestern Peloponnese on an inlet of the Ionian Sea; was a major trade center from the 5th century BC to the 3rd century BC; commercial importance revived during the Middle Ages


Patrai: a port city in western Greece in the northwestern Peloponnese on an inlet of the Ionian Sea; was a major trade center from the 5th century BC to the 3rd century BC; commercial importance revived during the Middle Ages


Troy: an ancient city in Asia Minor that was the site of the Trojan War


Ilion: an ancient city in Asia Minor that was the site of the Trojan War


Ilium: an ancient city in Asia Minor that was the site of the Trojan War


Thebes: an ancient Greek city in Boeotia destroyed by Alexander the Great in 336 BC


Boeotia: a district of ancient Greece to the northwest of Athens


Plataea: a former town in Boeotia; site of a battle between the Greeks and Persians in 479 BC


Thessaloniki: a port city in northeastern Greece on an inlet of the Aegean Sea; second largest city of Greece


Salonika: a port city in northeastern Greece on an inlet of the Aegean Sea; second largest city of Greece


Salonica: a port city in northeastern Greece on an inlet of the Aegean Sea; second largest city of Greece


Thessalonica: a port city in northeastern Greece on an inlet of the Aegean Sea; second largest city of Greece


Stagira: an ancient town of Greece where Aristotle was born


Stagirus: an ancient town of Greece where Aristotle was born


Thessalia: a fertile plain on the Aegean Sea in east central Greece; Thessaly was a former region of ancient Greece


Thessaly: a fertile plain on the Aegean Sea in east central Greece; Thessaly was a former region of ancient Greece


Cynoscephalae: the fields in Thessaly where in 197 BC the Romans defeated the Macedonians


Arcadia: a department of Greece in the central Peloponnese


Peloponnese: the southern peninsula of Greece; dominated by Sparta until the 4th century BC


Peloponnesus: the southern peninsula of Greece; dominated by Sparta until the 4th century BC


Peloponnesian Peninsula: the southern peninsula of Greece; dominated by Sparta until the 4th century BC


Lemnos: a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea; famous for a reddish-brown clay that has medicinal properties


Limnos: a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea; famous for a reddish-brown clay that has medicinal properties


Olympia: a plain in Greece in the northwestern Peloponnese; the chief sanctuary of Zeus and the site of the original Olympian Games


Middle East: the area around the eastern Mediterranean; from Turkey to northern Africa and eastward to Iran; the site of such ancient civilizations as Phoenicia and Babylon and Egypt and the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity and Islam; had continuous economic and political turmoil in the 20th century


Mideast: the area around the eastern Mediterranean; from Turkey to northern Africa and eastward to Iran; the site of such ancient civilizations as Phoenicia and Babylon and Egypt and the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity and Islam; had continuous economic and political turmoil in the 20th century


Near East: the area around the eastern Mediterranean; from Turkey to northern Africa and eastward to Iran; the site of such ancient civilizations as Phoenicia and Babylon and Egypt and the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity and Islam; had continuous economic and political turmoil in the 20th century


Mashriq: Arabic name for the Middle East


Fertile Crescent: a geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates


Israel: an ancient kingdom of the Hebrew tribes at the southeastern end of the Mediterranean Sea; founded by Saul around 1025 BC and destroyed by the Assyrians in 721 BC


Israel: Jewish republic in southwestern Asia at eastern end of Mediterranean; formerly part of Palestine


State of Israel: Jewish republic in southwestern Asia at eastern end of Mediterranean; formerly part of Palestine


Yisrael: Jewish republic in southwestern Asia at eastern end of Mediterranean; formerly part of Palestine


Zion: Jewish republic in southwestern Asia at eastern end of Mediterranean; formerly part of Palestine


Sion: Jewish republic in southwestern Asia at eastern end of Mediterranean; formerly part of Palestine


Acre: a town and port in northwestern Israel in the eastern Mediterranean


Akko: a town and port in northwestern Israel in the eastern Mediterranean


Akka: a town and port in northwestern Israel in the eastern Mediterranean


Accho: a town and port in northwestern Israel in the eastern Mediterranean


West Bank: an area between Israel and Jordan on the west bank of the Jordan river; populated largely by Palestinians


Nablus: an ancient city in the West Bank to the north of Jerusalem; the home of Jacob in biblical times


Galilee: an area of northern Israel; formerly the northern part of Palestine and the ancient kingdom of Israel; the scene of Jesus's ministry


Nazareth: a historic town in northern Israel that is mentioned in the Gospels as the home of Joseph and Mary


Gaza Strip: a coastal region at the southeastern corner of the Mediterranean bordering Israel and Egypt


Gaza: a coastal region at the southeastern corner of the Mediterranean bordering Israel and Egypt


Golan Heights: a fortified hilly area between southern Lebanon and southern Syria


Golan: a fortified hilly area between southern Lebanon and southern Syria


Jerusalem: capital and largest city of the modern state of Israel (although its status as capital is disputed); it was captured from Jordan in 1967 in the Six Day War; a holy city for Jews and Christians and Muslims; was the capital of an ancient kingdom


capital of Israel: capital and largest city of the modern state of Israel (although its status as capital is disputed); it was captured from Jordan in 1967 in the Six Day War; a holy city for Jews and Christians and Muslims; was the capital of an ancient kingdom


Bethlehem: a small town near Jerusalem on the West Bank of the Jordan River; early home of David and regarded as the place where Jesus was born


Bayt Lahm: a small town near Jerusalem on the West Bank of the Jordan River; early home of David and regarded as the place where Jesus was born


Bethlehem Ephrathah: a small town near Jerusalem on the West Bank of the Jordan River; early home of David and regarded as the place where Jesus was born


Bethlehem-Judah: a small town near Jerusalem on the West Bank of the Jordan River; early home of David and regarded as the place where Jesus was born


Caesarea: an ancient seaport in northwestern Israel; an important Roman city in ancient Palestine


Sodom: (Old Testament) an ancient city near the Dead Sea that (along with Gomorrah) was destroyed by God for the wickedness of its inhabitants


sodom: any location known for vice and corruption


Gomorrah: (Old Testament) an ancient city near the Dead Sea that (along with Sodom) was destroyed by God for the vice and depravity of its inhabitants


Gomorrha: (Old Testament) an ancient city near the Dead Sea that (along with Sodom) was destroyed by God for the vice and depravity of its inhabitants


Calvary: a hill near Jerusalem where Jesus was crucified


Golgotha: a hill near Jerusalem where Jesus was crucified


Zion: originally a stronghold captured by David (the 2nd king of the Israelites); above it was built a temple and later the name extended to the whole hill; finally it became a synonym for the city of Jerusalem


Sion: originally a stronghold captured by David (the 2nd king of the Israelites); above it was built a temple and later the name extended to the whole hill; finally it became a synonym for the city of Jerusalem


Cotswolds: a range of low hills in southwestern England


Cotswold Hills: a range of low hills in southwestern England


Cheviots: a range of hills on the border between England and Scotland


Cheviot Hills: a range of hills on the border between England and Scotland


Pennines: a system of hills in Britain that extend from the Scottish border in the north to the Trent River in the south; forms the watershed for English rivers


Pennine Chain: a system of hills in Britain that extend from the Scottish border in the north to the Trent River in the south; forms the watershed for English rivers


Seven Hills of Rome: the hills on which the ancient city of Rome was built


Palatine: the most important of the Seven Hills of Rome; supposedly the location of the first settlement and the site of many imperial palaces


Wailing Wall: a wall in Jerusalem; sacred to Jews as a place of prayer and lamentation; its stones are believed to have formed part of the Temple of Solomon


Tel Aviv: the largest city and financial center of Israel; located in western Israel on the Mediterranean


Tel Aviv-Yalo: the largest city and financial center of Israel; located in western Israel on the Mediterranean


Tel Aviv-Jaffa: the largest city and financial center of Israel; located in western Israel on the Mediterranean


Hefa: a major port in northwestern Israel


Haifa: a major port in northwestern Israel


Jaffa: a port in western Israel on the Mediterranean; incorporated into Tel Aviv in 1950


Joppa: a port in western Israel on the Mediterranean; incorporated into Tel Aviv in 1950


Yafo: a port in western Israel on the Mediterranean; incorporated into Tel Aviv in 1950


Palestine: an ancient country in southwestern Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea; a place of pilgrimage for Christianity and Islam and Judaism


Canaan: an ancient country in southwestern Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea; a place of pilgrimage for Christianity and Islam and Judaism


Holy Land: an ancient country in southwestern Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea; a place of pilgrimage for Christianity and Islam and Judaism


Promised Land: an ancient country in southwestern Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea; a place of pilgrimage for Christianity and Islam and Judaism


Palestine: a former British mandate on the east coast of the Mediterranean; divided between Jordan and Israel in 1948


Judah: an ancient kingdom of southern Palestine with Jerusalem as its center


Juda: an ancient kingdom of southern Palestine with Jerusalem as its center


Judea: the southern part of ancient Palestine succeeding the kingdom of Judah; a Roman province at the time of Christ


Judaea: the southern part of ancient Palestine succeeding the kingdom of Judah; a Roman province at the time of Christ


Samaria: an ancient city in central Palestine founded in the 9th century BC as the capital of the northern Hebrew kingdom of Israel; the site is in present-day northwestern Jordan


Philistia: an ancient region on the coast of southwestern Palestine that was strategically located on a trade route between Syria and Egypt; important in biblical times


Roman Republic: the ancient Roman state from 509 BC until Augustus assumed power in 27 BC; was governed by an elected Senate but dissatisfaction with the Senate led to civil wars that culminated in a brief dictatorship by Julius Caesar


Roman Empire: an empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the eastern or Byzantine Empire; at its peak lands in Europe and Africa and Asia were ruled by ancient Rome


Byzantine Empire: a continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395


Byzantium: a continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395


Eastern Roman Empire: a continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395


Western Roman Empire: the western part after the Roman Empire was divided in 395; it lasted only until 476


Western Empire: the western part after the Roman Empire was divided in 395; it lasted only until 476


Byzantium: an ancient city on the Bosporus founded by the Greeks; site of modern Istanbul; in 330 Constantine I rebuilt the city and called it Constantinople and made it his capital


Italian Peninsula: a boot-shaped peninsula in southern Europe extending into the Mediterranean Sea


Ticino: an Italian-speaking region of southern Switzerland


Tessin: an Italian-speaking region of southern Switzerland


Italy: a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD


Italian Republic: a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD


Italia: a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD


Italian region: Italy is divided into 20 regions for administrative purposes


Pompeii: ancient city to the southeast of Naples that was buried by a volcanic eruption from Vesuvius


Herculaneum: ancient city; now destroyed


Abruzzi: a mountainous region of central Italy on the Adriatic


Abruzzi e Molise: a mountainous region of central Italy on the Adriatic


Aquila: the provincial capital of the Abruzzi region in central Italy


L'Aquila: the provincial capital of the Abruzzi region in central Italy


Aquila degli Abruzzi: the provincial capital of the Abruzzi region in central Italy


Basilicata: a region of southern Italy (forming the instep of the Italian `boot')


Lucania: a region of southern Italy (forming the instep of the Italian `boot')


Bolzano: an Italian city in Trentino-Alto Adige near the Austrian border; noted as a resort and for its Alpine scenery


Brescia: an ancient Italian city in central Lombardy


Calabria: a region of southern Italy (forming the toe of the Italian `boot')


Campania: a region of southwestern Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea including the islands of Capri and Ischia


Ferrara: a city in northern Italy


Naples: a port and tourist center in southwestern Italy; capital of the Campania region


Napoli: a port and tourist center in southwestern Italy; capital of the Campania region


Messina: a port city in northeastern Sicily on the Strait of Messina


Capri: an island (part of Campania) in the Bay of Naples in southern Italy; a tourist attraction noted for beautiful scenery


Ischia: a volcanic island (part of Campania) in the Tyrrhenian Sea at the north end of the Bay of Naples


Emilia-Romagna: a region of north central Italy on the Adriatic


Bologna: the capital of Emilia-Romagna; located in northern Italy to the east of the Apennines


Friuli-Venezia Giulia: a region in northeastern Italy


Latium: an ancient region of west central Italy (southeast of Rome) on the Tyrrhenian Sea


Lazio: an ancient region of west central Italy (southeast of Rome) on the Tyrrhenian Sea


Rome: capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire


Roma: capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire


Eternal City: capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire


Italian capital: capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire


capital of Italy: capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire


Lateran: the site in Rome containing the church of Rome and the Lateran Palace


Anzio: a town of central Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea; the Allies established a beachhead at Anzio in World War II


Brindisi: a port city in southeastern Apulia in Italy; a center for the Crusades in the Middle Ages


Tivoli: a town twenty miles to the east of Rome (Tibur is the ancient name); a summer resort during the Roman empire; noted for its waterfalls


Tibur: a town twenty miles to the east of Rome (Tibur is the ancient name); a summer resort during the Roman empire; noted for its waterfalls


Liguria: region of northwestern Italy on the Ligurian Sea


Genoa: a seaport in northwestern Italy; provincial capital of Liguria


Genova: a seaport in northwestern Italy; provincial capital of Liguria


Lombardy: a region of north central Italy bordering Switzerland


Lombardia: a region of north central Italy bordering Switzerland


Cremona: a city in Lombardy on the Po River; noted for the manufacture of fine violins from the 16th to the 18th centuries


La Spezia: a port city in Liguria on an arm of the Ligurian Sea; a major seaport and year-round resort


Milan: the capital of Lombardy in northern Italy; has been an international center of trade and industry since the Middle Ages


Milano: the capital of Lombardy in northern Italy; has been an international center of trade and industry since the Middle Ages


Marche: a region in central Italy


Marches: a region in central Italy


Molise: a region of south central Italy


Papal States: the temporal dominions belonging to the pope (especially in central Italy)


Piedmont: the region of northwestern Italy; includes the Po valley


Piemonte: the region of northwestern Italy; includes the Po valley


Pisa: a city in Tuscany; site of the famous Leaning Tower


Syracuse: a city in southeastern Sicily that was founded by Corinthians in the 8th century BC


Siracusa: a city in southeastern Sicily that was founded by Corinthians in the 8th century BC


Turin: capital city of the Piemonte region of northwestern Italy


Torino: capital city of the Piemonte region of northwestern Italy


Puglia: a region in southeastern Italy on the Adriatic


Apulia: a region in southeastern Italy on the Adriatic


Bari: capital city of the Apulia region on the Adriatic coast


Sardinia: an island in the Mediterranean to the west of Italy


Sardegna: an island in the Mediterranean to the west of Italy


Sardinia: the Italian region on the island of Sardinia; the kingdom of Sardinia was the nucleus for uniting Italy during the 19th century


Sardegna: the Italian region on the island of Sardinia; the kingdom of Sardinia was the nucleus for uniting Italy during the 19th century


Sicily: the largest island in the Mediterranean


Sicilia: the largest island in the Mediterranean


Sicily: the Italian region on the island of Sicily


Sicilia: the Italian region on the island of Sicily


Palermo: the capital of Sicily; located in northwestern Sicily; an important port for 3000 years


Cape Passero: a cape that forms the southeastern corner of the island of Sicily


Passero Cape: a cape that forms the southeastern corner of the island of Sicily


Agrigento: a town in Italy in southwestern Sicily near the coast; the site of six Greek temples


Acragas: a town in Italy in southwestern Sicily near the coast; the site of six Greek temples


Tuscany: a region in central Italy


Toscana: a region in central Italy


Firenze: a city in central Italy on the Arno; provincial capital of Tuscany; center of the Italian Renaissance from 14th to 16th centuries


Florence: a city in central Italy on the Arno; provincial capital of Tuscany; center of the Italian Renaissance from 14th to 16th centuries


Trentino-Alto Adige: a region of northeastern Italy bordering Austria


Trento: a city in northern Italy (northwest of Venice) on the River Adige; the site of the Council of Trent


Trent: a city in northern Italy (northwest of Venice) on the River Adige; the site of the Council of Trent


Umbria: a mountainous region in central Italy


Valle D'Aosta: a region in northwestern Italy


Veneto: a region of northeastern Italy on the Adriatic


Venezia-Euganea: a region of northeastern Italy on the Adriatic


Venetia: a region of northeastern Italy on the Adriatic


Padua: a city in Veneto


Padova: a city in Veneto


Patavium: a city in Veneto


Venice: the provincial capital of Veneto; built on 118 islands within a lagoon in the Gulf of Venice; has canals instead of streets; one of Italy's major ports and a famous tourist attraction


Venezia: the provincial capital of Veneto; built on 118 islands within a lagoon in the Gulf of Venice; has canals instead of streets; one of Italy's major ports and a famous tourist attraction


Grand Canal: the major waterway in Venice, Italy


Verona: a city in Veneto on the River Adige


Etruria: an ancient country in central Italy; assimilated by the Romans by about 200 BC


Romania: a republic in southeastern Europe with a short coastline on the Black Sea


Roumania: a republic in southeastern Europe with a short coastline on the Black Sea


Rumania: a republic in southeastern Europe with a short coastline on the Black Sea


Brasov: a city in central Romania in the foothills of the Transylvanian Alps


Bucharest: national capital and largest city of Romania in southeastern Romania


Bucharesti: national capital and largest city of Romania in southeastern Romania


Bucuresti: national capital and largest city of Romania in southeastern Romania


capital of Romania: national capital and largest city of Romania in southeastern Romania


Constantina: a Romanian resort city on the Black Sea


Transylvania: a historical plateau region in northwestern Romania that is separated from the rest of the country by the Transylvanian Alps; originally part of Hungary; incorporated into Romania at the end of World War I


Rwanda: a landlocked republic in central Africa; formerly a German colony


Rwandese Republic: a landlocked republic in central Africa; formerly a German colony


Ruanda: a landlocked republic in central Africa; formerly a German colony


Kigali: the national capital and largest city of Rwanda; located in central Rwanda


capital of Rwanda: the national capital and largest city of Rwanda; located in central Rwanda


Yugoslavia: a former country of southeastern Europe bordering the Adriatic Sea; formed in 1918 and named Yugoslavia in 1929; controlled by Marshal Tito as a communist state until his death in 1980


Croatia: a republic in the western Balkans in south-central Europe in the eastern Adriatic coastal area; formerly part of the Habsburg monarchy and Yugoslavia; became independent in 1991


Republic of Croatia: a republic in the western Balkans in south-central Europe in the eastern Adriatic coastal area; formerly part of the Habsburg monarchy and Yugoslavia; became independent in 1991


Hrvatska: a republic in the western Balkans in south-central Europe in the eastern Adriatic coastal area; formerly part of the Habsburg monarchy and Yugoslavia; became independent in 1991


Serbia and Montenegro: a mountainous republic in southeastern Europe bordering on the Adriatic Sea; formed from two of the six republics that made up Yugoslavia until 1992; Serbia and Montenegro were known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until 2003 when they adopted the name of the Union of Serbia and Montenegro


Union of Serbia and Montenegro: a mountainous republic in southeastern Europe bordering on the Adriatic Sea; formed from two of the six republics that made up Yugoslavia until 1992; Serbia and Montenegro were known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until 2003 when they adopted the name of the Union of Serbia and Montenegro


Yugoslavia: a mountainous republic in southeastern Europe bordering on the Adriatic Sea; formed from two of the six republics that made up Yugoslavia until 1992; Serbia and Montenegro were known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until 2003 when they adopted the name of the Union of Serbia and Montenegro


Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: a mountainous republic in southeastern Europe bordering on the Adriatic Sea; formed from two of the six republics that made up Yugoslavia until 1992; Serbia and Montenegro were known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until 2003 when they adopted the name of the Union of Serbia and Montenegro


Jugoslavija: a mountainous republic in southeastern Europe bordering on the Adriatic Sea; formed from two of the six republics that made up Yugoslavia until 1992; Serbia and Montenegro were known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until 2003 when they adopted the name of the Union of Serbia and Montenegro


Kosovo: a Serbian province in southern Serbia and Montenegro populated predominantly by Albanians


Serbia: a historical region in central and northern Yugoslavia; Serbs settled the region in the 6th and 7th centuries


Srbija: a historical region in central and northern Yugoslavia; Serbs settled the region in the 6th and 7th centuries


Montenegro: a former country bordering on the Adriatic Sea; now part of the Union of Serbia and Montenegro


Crna Gora: a former country bordering on the Adriatic Sea; now part of the Union of Serbia and Montenegro


Belgrade: capital and largest city of Serbia and Montenegro; situated on the Danube


Beograd: capital and largest city of Serbia and Montenegro; situated on the Danube


capital of Serbia and Montenegro: capital and largest city of Serbia and Montenegro; situated on the Danube


Bosnia and Herzegovina: a mountainous republic of south-central Europe; formerly part of the Ottoman Empire and then a part of Yugoslavia; voted for independence in 1992 but the mostly Serbian army of Yugoslavia refused to accept the vote and began ethnic cleansing in order to rid Bosnia of its Croats and Muslims


Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina: a mountainous republic of south-central Europe; formerly part of the Ottoman Empire and then a part of Yugoslavia; voted for independence in 1992 but the mostly Serbian army of Yugoslavia refused to accept the vote and began ethnic cleansing in order to rid Bosnia of its Croats and Muslims


Bosna i Hercegovina: a mountainous republic of south-central Europe; formerly part of the Ottoman Empire and then a part of Yugoslavia; voted for independence in 1992 but the mostly Serbian army of Yugoslavia refused to accept the vote and began ethnic cleansing in order to rid Bosnia of its Croats and Muslims


Bosnia-Herzegovina: a mountainous republic of south-central Europe; formerly part of the Ottoman Empire and then a part of Yugoslavia; voted for independence in 1992 but the mostly Serbian army of Yugoslavia refused to accept the vote and began ethnic cleansing in order to rid Bosnia of its Croats and Muslims


Bosnia: a mountainous republic of south-central Europe; formerly part of the Ottoman Empire and then a part of Yugoslavia; voted for independence in 1992 but the mostly Serbian army of Yugoslavia refused to accept the vote and began ethnic cleansing in order to rid Bosnia of its Croats and Muslims


Bosnia: the northern part of Bosnia-Herzegovina


Sarajevo: capital and largest city of Bosnia; scene of the assassination of Francis Ferdinand in 1914 which precipitated World War I


Slovenia: a mountainous republic in central Europe; formerly part of the Habsburg monarchy and Yugoslavia; achieved independence in 1991


Republic of Slovenia: a mountainous republic in central Europe; formerly part of the Habsburg monarchy and Yugoslavia; achieved independence in 1991


Slovenija: a mountainous republic in central Europe; formerly part of the Habsburg monarchy and Yugoslavia; achieved independence in 1991


Ljubljana: the capital of Slovenia


Dubrovnik: a port city in southwestern Croatia on the Adriatic; a popular tourist center


Ragusa: a port city in southwestern Croatia on the Adriatic; a popular tourist center


Split: an old Croatian city on the Adriatic Sea


Zagreb: the capital of Croatia


Dalmatia: a historical region of Croatia on the Adriatic Sea; mountainous with many islands


Greenland: the largest island in the world; lies between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean; a self-governing province of Denmark


Gronland: the largest island in the world; lies between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean; a self-governing province of Denmark


Kalaallit Nunaat: the largest island in the world; lies between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean; a self-governing province of Denmark


Baffin Island: the 5th largest island and the largest island of Arctic Canada; lies between Greenland and Hudson Bay


Labrador: the mainland part of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador in the eastern part of the large Labrador-Ungava Peninsula in northeastern Canada


Canada: a nation in northern North America; the French were the first Europeans to settle in mainland Canada


Acadia: the French-speaking part of the Canadian Maritime Provinces


Laurentian Plateau: a large plateau that occupies more than 40% of the land area of Canada; it extends from the Great Lakes northward to the Arctic Ocean


Laurentian Highlands: a large plateau that occupies more than 40% of the land area of Canada; it extends from the Great Lakes northward to the Arctic Ocean


Canadian Shield: a large plateau that occupies more than 40% of the land area of Canada; it extends from the Great Lakes northward to the Arctic Ocean


Maritime Provinces: the collective name for the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island


Maritimes: the collective name for the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island


Canadian Maritime Provinces: the collective name for the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island


Canadian province: Canada is divided into 12 provinces for administrative purposes


Alberta: one of the three prairie provinces in western Canada; rich in oil and natural gas and minerals


Banff: a popular vacation spot in the Canadian Rockies


Calgary: the largest city in southern Alberta; an oil and gas center and a technology center for Alberta and most of western Canada


Edmonton: the capital of the province of Alberta


British Columbia: a province in western Canada


Nanaimo: a town in southwestern British Columbia on Vancouver Island to the west of Vancouver


Victoria: capital of the Canadian province of British Columbia on Vancouver Island


Vancouver: a port city in southwestern British Columbia on an arm of the Pacific Ocean opposite Vancouver Island; Canada's chief Pacific port and third largest city


Vancouver Island: an island off southwestern Canada (off the southwestern coast of British Columbia); the largest island off the west coast of North America


Manitoba: one of the three prairie provinces in central Canada


Winnipeg: the capital and largest city of Manitoba; located in southern Manitoba; known for severe winters


Churchill: a Canadian town in northern Manitoba on Hudson Bay; important port for shipping grain


New Brunswick: a province in southeastern Canada


Fredericton: the provincial capital of New Brunswick


Saint John: a port in eastern Canada; the largest city in New Brunswick


St. John: a port in eastern Canada; the largest city in New Brunswick


Newfoundland and Labrador: a Canadian province on the island of Newfoundland and on the mainland along the coast of the Labrador Sea; became Canada's 10th province in 1949


Newfoundland: an island in the north Atlantic


Saint John's: a port and provincial capital of Newfoundland


St. John's: a port and provincial capital of Newfoundland


Northwest Territories: a large territory in northwestern Canada; part is now Nunavut


Nunavut: an Arctic territory in northern Canada created in 1999 and governed solely by the Inuit; includes the eastern part of what was the Northwest Territories and most of the islands of the Arctic Archipelago


Arctic Archipelago: all the islands that lie to the north of mainland Canada and the Arctic Circle


Yellowknife: a town in the Northwest Territories in northern Canada on the Great Slave Lake


Nova Scotia: the Canadian province in the Maritimes consisting of the Nova Scotia peninsula and Cape Breton Island; French settlers who called the area Acadia were exiled to Louisiana by the British in the 1750s and their descendants are know as Cajuns


Cape Breton Island: an island that forms the northeastern part of Nova Scotia


Nova Scotia: a peninsula in eastern Canada between the Bay of Fundy and the Saint Lawrence River


Halifax: provincial capital and largest city of Nova Scotia


Ontario: a prosperous and industrialized province in central Canada


Ottawa: the capital of Canada (located in southeastern Ontario across the Ottawa river from Quebec)


Canadian capital: the capital of Canada (located in southeastern Ontario across the Ottawa river from Quebec)


capital of Canada: the capital of Canada (located in southeastern Ontario across the Ottawa river from Quebec)


Hamilton: a port city in southeastern Ontario at the western end of Lake Ontario


Kingston: a town in southeast Ontario on Lake Ontario near the head of the Saint Lawrence River


Sault Sainte Marie: a town of southern Ontario opposite northern Michigan


Sudbury: a city in south central Canada in Ontario; a major nickel mining center


Thunder Bay: a port city in Ontario on Lake Superior


Toronto: the provincial capital and largest city in Ontario (and the largest city in Canada)


Windsor: a city in southeastern Ontario on the Detroit River opposite Detroit


Prince Edward Island: an island in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence; the smallest province of Canada


Charlottetown: the provincial capital and largest city of Prince Edward Island


Quebec: the largest province of Canada; a French colony from 1663 to 1759 when it was lost to the British


Quebec: the French-speaking capital of the province of Quebec; situated on the Saint Lawrence River


Quebec City: the French-speaking capital of the province of Quebec; situated on the Saint Lawrence River


Montreal: a city in southern Quebec province on the Saint Lawrence River; the largest city in Quebec and 2nd largest in Canada; the 2nd largest French-speaking city in the world


Saskatchewan: one of the three prairie provinces in west central Canada


Regina: the provincial capital of Saskatchewan


Saskatoon: a city in central Saskatchewan; the largest city in the province


Dawson: a town in northwestern Canada in the Yukon on the Yukon River; a boom town around 1900 when gold was discovered in the Klondike


Yukon: a territory in northwestern Canada; site of the Klondike gold rush in the 1890s


Yukon Territory: a territory in northwestern Canada; site of the Klondike gold rush in the 1890s


Klondike: a region in northwestern Canada where gold was discovered in 1896 but exhausted by 1910


Whitehorse: the provincial capital of the Yukon Territory


Australia: a nation occupying the whole of the Australian continent; Aboriginal tribes are thought to have migrated from southeastern Asia 20,000 years ago; first Europeans were British convicts sent there as a penal colony


Commonwealth of Australia: a nation occupying the whole of the Australian continent; Aboriginal tribes are thought to have migrated from southeastern Asia 20,000 years ago; first Europeans were British convicts sent there as a penal colony


Canberra: the capital of Australia; located in southeastern Australia


Australian capital: the capital of Australia; located in southeastern Australia


capital of Australia: the capital of Australia; located in southeastern Australia


Australian state: one of the several states constituting Australia


Queensland: a state in northeastern Australia


Brisbane: capital and largest city of Queensland state; located in the southeastern corner of Queensland on the Pacific; settled by British as a penal colony; 3rd largest city in Australia


New South Wales: an Australian state in southeastern Australia


Sydney: the largest Australian city located in southeastern Australia on the Tasman Sea; state capital of New South Wales; Australia's chief port


Wagga Wagga: a town on the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales; agricultural trading center


Victoria: a state in southeastern Australia


Melbourne: the capital of Victoria state and 2nd largest Australian city; a financial and commercial center


Tasmania: an island off the southeastern coast of Australia


Tasmania: an Australian state on the island of Tasmania


Hobart: a port and state capital of Tasmania


South Australia: a state in south central Australia


Adelaide: the state capital of South Australia


Western Australia: a state containing the western third of Australia


Perth: the state capital of Western Australia


Northern Territory: a territory in north central Australia


Darwin: provincial capital of the Northern Territory of Australia


Norfolk Island: an island territory of Australia in the Pacific Ocean off the eastern coast of Australia; formerly a British penal colony


Nullarbor Plain: a vast arid plain of southern Australia stretching inland from the Great Australian Bight; has sparse vegetation and no surface water and is almost uninhabited; the site of a major rocket research center


Aleutian Islands: an archipelago in the North Pacific extending southwest from Alaska


Aleutians: an archipelago in the North Pacific extending southwest from Alaska


Oceania: a large group of islands in the south Pacific including Melanesia and Micronesia and Polynesia (and sometimes Australasia and the Malay Archipelago)


Oceanica: a large group of islands in the south Pacific including Melanesia and Micronesia and Polynesia (and sometimes Australasia and the Malay Archipelago)


Australasia: Australia, New Zealand, and neighboring islands in the South Pacific


Austronesia: islands of central and South Pacific (Indonesia and Melanesia and Micronesia and Polynesia)


Melanesia: the islands in the southwestern part of Oceania


Micronesia: the islands in the northwestern part of Oceania


Micronesia: a country scattered over Micronesia with a constitutional government in free association with the United States; achieved independence in 1986


Federated States of Micronesia: a country scattered over Micronesia with a constitutional government in free association with the United States; achieved independence in 1986


TT: a country scattered over Micronesia with a constitutional government in free association with the United States; achieved independence in 1986


Kolonia: capital of Micronesia


Mariana Islands: a chain of coral and volcanic islands in Micronesia (including Guam and the Northern Marianas) halfway between New Guinea and Japan; discovered by Magellan in 1521


Marianas: a chain of coral and volcanic islands in Micronesia (including Guam and the Northern Marianas) halfway between New Guinea and Japan; discovered by Magellan in 1521


Ladrone Islands: a chain of coral and volcanic islands in Micronesia (including Guam and the Northern Marianas) halfway between New Guinea and Japan; discovered by Magellan in 1521


Northern Marianas: a self-governing territory comprising all of the Mariana Islands except Guam


Northern Mariana Islands: a self-governing territory comprising all of the Mariana Islands except Guam


Saipan: the largest island in the Northern Marianas and the administrative center of the commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in union with the United States


Guam: the largest and southernmost island in the Marianas which is administered as a territory of the United States; it was ceded by Spain to the United States in 1898


GU: the largest and southernmost island in the Marianas which is administered as a territory of the United States; it was ceded by Spain to the United States in 1898


Wake Island: an island in the western Pacific between Guam and Hawaii


Wake: an island in the western Pacific between Guam and Hawaii


Caroline Islands: a long archipelago of more than 500 islands in Micronesia to the east of the Philippines


Marshall Islands: a group of coral islands in eastern Micronesia


Marshall Islands: a republic (under United States protection) on the Marshall Islands


Republic of the Marshall Islands: a republic (under United States protection) on the Marshall Islands


Bikini: an atoll in the Marshall Islands; formerly used by the United States as a site for testing nuclear weapons


Eniwetok: an atoll in the Marshall Islands; site of an amphibious assault in World War II; later used temporarily by the United States to test atomic bombs


Kwajalein: an atoll in the western Marshall Islands that was used as a Japanese air and naval base during World War II


Gilbert Islands: a group of islands in Micronesia to the southwest of Hawaii; formerly part of the British colony of Gilbert and Ellice Islands until it became part of the Republic of Kiribati in 1979


Tuvalu: a group of coral islands in Micronesia to the southwest of Hawaii


Ellice Islands: a group of coral islands in Micronesia to the southwest of Hawaii


Tuvalu: a small island republic on the Tuvalu islands; formerly part of the British colony of Gilbert and Ellice Islands until it withdrew in 1975 and became independent of the United Kingdom in 1978


Funafuti: capital of Tuvalu


Kiribati: an island republic in the west central Pacific just to the south of the equator


Republic of Kiribati: an island republic in the west central Pacific just to the south of the equator


Tarawa: national capital of Kiribati


Bairiki: national capital of Kiribati


Gilbert and Ellice Islands: a former British possession in Micronesia


Nauru: a small island in the central Pacific Ocean 2,800 miles to the southwest of Hawaii; in Micronesia to the west of the Gilbert Islands


Nauru Island: a small island in the central Pacific Ocean 2,800 miles to the southwest of Hawaii; in Micronesia to the west of the Gilbert Islands


Pleasant Island: a small island in the central Pacific Ocean 2,800 miles to the southwest of Hawaii; in Micronesia to the west of the Gilbert Islands


Nauru: an island republic on Nauru Island; phosphate exports support the economy


Republic of Nauru: an island republic on Nauru Island; phosphate exports support the economy


Polynesia: the islands in the eastern part of Oceania


Malay Archipelago: a group of islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans between Asia and Australia


East Indies: a group of islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans between Asia and Australia


East India: a group of islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans between Asia and Australia


Sunda Islands: a chain of islands in the western Malay Archipelago


Greater Sunda Islands: a chain of islands including Borneo and Celebes and Java and Sumatra


Lesser Sunda Islands: a chain of islands forming a province of Indonesia to the east of Java; includes Bali and Timor


Nusa Tenggara: a chain of islands forming a province of Indonesia to the east of Java; includes Bali and Timor


Bismarck Archipelago: a group of islands in the southwestern Pacific to the northeast of New Guinea; part of Papua New Guinea


Admiralty Islands: a group of islands in the Bismarck Archipelago


Borneo: 3rd largest island in the world; in the western Pacific to the north of Java; largely covered by dense jungle and rain forest; part of the Malay Archipelago


Kalimantan: 3rd largest island in the world; in the western Pacific to the north of Java; largely covered by dense jungle and rain forest; part of the Malay Archipelago


Bougainville: the largest of the Solomon Islands; a province of Papua New Guinea


Guadalcanal: a mountainous island; the largest of the Solomon Islands in the independent state that is a member of the British Commonwealth


New Britain: the largest island in the Bismarck Archipelago; part of Papua New Guinea


New Caledonia: an island to the to the east of Australia and to the north of New Zealand


New Guinea: a Pacific island to the north of Australia; the 2nd largest island in the world; the western part is governed by Indonesia and the eastern part is Papua New Guinea


Papua New Guinea: a parliamentary democracy on the eastern half of the island of New Guinea; in 1975 it became an independent state within the Commonwealth of Nations


Independent State of Papua New Guinea: a parliamentary democracy on the eastern half of the island of New Guinea; in 1975 it became an independent state within the Commonwealth of Nations


Papua: the southeastern part of Papua New Guinea


Port Moresby: the administrative capital and largest city of Papua New Guinea


capital of Papua New Guinea: the administrative capital and largest city of Papua New Guinea


New Ireland: an island in the Bismarck Archipelago; part of Papua New Guinea


Austria-Hungary: a geographical area in central and eastern Europe; broken into separate countries at the end of World War I


Austria: a mountainous republic in central Europe; under the Habsburgs (1278-1918) Austria maintained control of the Holy Roman Empire and was a leader in European politics until the 19th century


Republic of Austria: a mountainous republic in central Europe; under the Habsburgs (1278-1918) Austria maintained control of the Holy Roman Empire and was a leader in European politics until the 19th century


Oesterreich: a mountainous republic in central Europe; under the Habsburgs (1278-1918) Austria maintained control of the Holy Roman Empire and was a leader in European politics until the 19th century


Tyrol: a picturesque mountainous province of western Austria and northern Italy


Tirol: a picturesque mountainous province of western Austria and northern Italy


Vienna: the capital and largest city of Austria; located on the Danube in northeastern Austria; was the home of Beethoven and Brahms and Haydn and Mozart and Schubert and Strauss


Austrian capital: the capital and largest city of Austria; located on the Danube in northeastern Austria; was the home of Beethoven and Brahms and Haydn and Mozart and Schubert and Strauss


capital of Austria: the capital and largest city of Austria; located on the Danube in northeastern Austria; was the home of Beethoven and Brahms and Haydn and Mozart and Schubert and Strauss


Graz: an industrial city is southeastern Austria


Linz: city in northern Austria on the Danube; noted as a cultural center


Lentia: city in northern Austria on the Danube; noted as a cultural center


Salzburg: city in western Austria; a music center and birthplace of Mozart


Innsbruck: city in southwestern Austria; known as a summer and winter resort


Wagram: a town in northeastern Austria


Bahamas: island country in the Atlantic to the east of Florida and Cuba; a popular winter resort


Commonwealth of the Bahamas: island country in the Atlantic to the east of Florida and Cuba; a popular winter resort


Bahama Islands: island country in the Atlantic to the east of Florida and Cuba; a popular winter resort


Nassau: the capital of the Bahamas


capital of the Bahamas: the capital of the Bahamas


Arabian Peninsula: a peninsula between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf; strategically important for its oil resources


Arabia: a peninsula between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf; strategically important for its oil resources


Bahrain: an island country in the Persian Gulf off the coast of Saudi Arabia; oil revenues funded progressive programs until reserves were exhausted in 1970s


State of Bahrain: an island country in the Persian Gulf off the coast of Saudi Arabia; oil revenues funded progressive programs until reserves were exhausted in 1970s


Bahrein: an island country in the Persian Gulf off the coast of Saudi Arabia; oil revenues funded progressive programs until reserves were exhausted in 1970s


Bahrain: an island in the Persian Gulf


Bahrain Island: an island in the Persian Gulf


Bahrein: an island in the Persian Gulf


Bahrein Island: an island in the Persian Gulf


Manama: the capital of Bahrain; located at the northern end of Bahrain Island


capital of Bahrain: the capital of Bahrain; located at the northern end of Bahrain Island


Bangladesh: a Muslim republic in southern Asia bordered by India to the north and west and east and the Bay of Bengal to the south; formerly part of India and then part of Pakistan; it achieved independence in 1971


People's Republic of Bangladesh: a Muslim republic in southern Asia bordered by India to the north and west and east and the Bay of Bengal to the south; formerly part of India and then part of Pakistan; it achieved independence in 1971


Bangla Desh: a Muslim republic in southern Asia bordered by India to the north and west and east and the Bay of Bengal to the south; formerly part of India and then part of Pakistan; it achieved independence in 1971


East Pakistan: a Muslim republic in southern Asia bordered by India to the north and west and east and the Bay of Bengal to the south; formerly part of India and then part of Pakistan; it achieved independence in 1971


Dhaka: the capital and largest city of Bangladesh


Dacca: the capital and largest city of Bangladesh


capital of Bangladesh: the capital and largest city of Bangladesh


Chittagong: a port city and industrial center in southeastern Bangladesh on the Bay of Bengal


Flanders: a medieval country in northern Europe that included regions now parts of northern France and Belgium and southwestern Netherlands


Belgium: a monarchy in northwestern Europe; headquarters for the European Union and for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization


Kingdom of Belgium: a monarchy in northwestern Europe; headquarters for the European Union and for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization


Belgique: a monarchy in northwestern Europe; headquarters for the European Union and for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization


Bruxelles: the capital and largest city of Belgium; seat of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization


Brussels: the capital and largest city of Belgium; seat of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization


Belgian capital: the capital and largest city of Belgium; seat of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization


capital of Belgium: the capital and largest city of Belgium; seat of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization


Aalst: a town in central Belgium


Antwerpen: a busy port and financial center in northern Belgium on the Scheldt river; it has long been a center for the diamond industry and the first stock exchange was opened there in 1460


Antwerp: a busy port and financial center in northern Belgium on the Scheldt river; it has long been a center for the diamond industry and the first stock exchange was opened there in 1460


Anvers: a busy port and financial center in northern Belgium on the Scheldt river; it has long been a center for the diamond industry and the first stock exchange was opened there in 1460


Bruges: a city in northwestern Belgium that is connected by canal to the North Sea; in the 13th century it was a leading member of the Hanseatic League; the old city (known as the City of Bridges) is a popular tourist attraction


City of Bridges: a city in northwestern Belgium that is connected by canal to the North Sea; in the 13th century it was a leading member of the Hanseatic League; the old city (known as the City of Bridges) is a popular tourist attraction


Charleroi: city in southwestern Belgium; center of an industrial region


Gent: port city in northwestern Belgium and industrial center; famous for cloth industry


Gand: port city in northwestern Belgium and industrial center; famous for cloth industry


Ghent: port city in northwestern Belgium and industrial center; famous for cloth industry


Liege: city in eastern Belgium; largest French-speaking city in Belgium


Luik: city in eastern Belgium; largest French-speaking city in Belgium


Namur: a city in south central Belgium situated on a promontory between the Meuse River and the Sambre River; the site of intense fighting in World War I and World War II


Waterloo: a town in central Belgium where in 1815 Napoleon met his final defeat


Bhutan: a landlocked principality in the Himalayas to the northeast of India


Kingdom of Bhutan: a landlocked principality in the Himalayas to the northeast of India


Botswana: a landlocked republic in south-central Africa that became independent from British control in the 1960s


Republic of Botswana: a landlocked republic in south-central Africa that became independent from British control in the 1960s


Gaborone: capital and largest city of Botswana in the extreme southeast


capital of Botswana: capital and largest city of Botswana in the extreme southeast


Bolivia: a landlocked republic in central South America; Simon Bolivar founded Bolivia in 1825 after winning independence from Spain


Republic of Bolivia: a landlocked republic in central South America; Simon Bolivar founded Bolivia in 1825 after winning independence from Spain


La Paz: capital city in western Bolivia and the administrative seat of Bolivia's government; largest city in Bolivia


capital of Bolivia: capital city in western Bolivia and the administrative seat of Bolivia's government; largest city in Bolivia


Santa Cruz: a city in central Bolivia


Sucre: the judicial capital and seat of the judiciary in Bolivia


Brazil: the largest Latin American country and the largest Portuguese speaking country in the world; located in the central and northeastern part of South America; world's leading coffee exporter


Federative Republic of Brazil: the largest Latin American country and the largest Portuguese speaking country in the world; located in the central and northeastern part of South America; world's leading coffee exporter


Brasil: the largest Latin American country and the largest Portuguese speaking country in the world; located in the central and northeastern part of South America; world's leading coffee exporter


Acre: a territory of western Brazil bordering on Bolivia and Peru


Belem: port city in northern Brazil in the Amazon delta; main port and commercial center for the Amazon River basin


Para: port city in northern Brazil in the Amazon delta; main port and commercial center for the Amazon River basin


Feliz Lusitania: port city in northern Brazil in the Amazon delta; main port and commercial center for the Amazon River basin


Santa Maria de Belem: port city in northern Brazil in the Amazon delta; main port and commercial center for the Amazon River basin


St. Mary of Bethlehem: port city in northern Brazil in the Amazon delta; main port and commercial center for the Amazon River basin


Belo Horizonte: city in southeastern Brazil to the north of Rio de Janeiro; the first of Brazil's planned communities


Brasilia: the capital of Brazil; a city built on the central plateau and inaugurated in 1960


Brazilian capital: the capital of Brazil; a city built on the central plateau and inaugurated in 1960


capital of Brazil: the capital of Brazil; a city built on the central plateau and inaugurated in 1960


Curitiba: a city in southeastern Brazil


Joao Pessoa: a city in northeastern Brazil near the Atlantic Ocean to the north of Recife


Governador Valadares: a city in eastern Brazil to the northeast of Belo Horizonte


Limeira: a city of southeastern Brazil (northwest of Sao Paulo)


Natal: a port city in northeastern Brazil


Osasco: a city in southeastern Brazil; suburb of Sao Paulo


Rio de Janeiro: the former capital and 2nd largest city of Brazil; chief Brazilian port; famous as a tourist attraction


Rio: the former capital and 2nd largest city of Brazil; chief Brazilian port; famous as a tourist attraction


Recife: a port city of northeastern Brazil on the Atlantic


Pernambuco: a port city of northeastern Brazil on the Atlantic


Santos: a port city in southwestern Brazil on an offshore island near Sao Paulo