somesthesis: the faculty of bodily perception; sensory systems associated with the body; includes skin senses and proprioception and the internal organs


somaesthesia: the faculty of bodily perception; sensory systems associated with the body; includes skin senses and proprioception and the internal organs


somaesthesis: the faculty of bodily perception; sensory systems associated with the body; includes skin senses and proprioception and the internal organs


somatesthesia: the faculty of bodily perception; sensory systems associated with the body; includes skin senses and proprioception and the internal organs


somataesthesis: the faculty of bodily perception; sensory systems associated with the body; includes skin senses and proprioception and the internal organs


somatosensory system: the faculty of bodily perception; sensory systems associated with the body; includes skin senses and proprioception and the internal organs


somatic sensory system: the faculty of bodily perception; sensory systems associated with the body; includes skin senses and proprioception and the internal organs


somatic sense: the faculty of bodily perception; sensory systems associated with the body; includes skin senses and proprioception and the internal organs


method: a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)


scientific method: a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses


experimental method: the use of controlled observations and measurements to test hypotheses


teaching method: the principles and methods of instruction


pedagogics: the principles and methods of instruction


pedagogy: the principles and methods of instruction


Socratic method: a method of teaching by question and answer; used by Socrates to elicit truths from his students


maieutic method: a method of teaching by question and answer; used by Socrates to elicit truths from his students


method of choice: the best method to achieve a desired result


methodology: the system of methods followed in a particular discipline


mnemonics: a method or system for improving the memory


solution: a method for solving a problem


silver bullet: a simple guaranteed solution for a difficult problem


system: a complex of methods or rules governing behavior


system of rules: a complex of methods or rules governing behavior


accounting: a system that provides quantitative information about finances


discipline: a system of rules of conduct or method of practice


frame of reference: a system of assumptions and standards that sanction behavior and give it meaning


frame: a system of assumptions and standards that sanction behavior and give it meaning


vocabulary: the system of techniques or symbols serving as a means of expression (as in arts or crafts)


gambling system: a system of rules for placing bets that is believed to lead to winning


government: (government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed


honor system: a system of conduct in which participants are trusted not to take unfair advantage of others


logic: a system of reasoning


logical system: a system of reasoning


system of logic: a system of reasoning


Aristotelian logic: the syllogistic logic of Aristotle as developed by Boethius in the Middle Ages


merit system: the system of employing and promoting civil servants on the basis of ability


point system: a system of evaluation based on awarding points according to rules


spoils system: the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power


organon: a system of principles for philosophic or scientific investigations; an instrument for acquiring knowledge


technique: a practical method or art applied to some particular task


antialiasing: (computer graphics) a technique that is used to smooth jagged distortions in curves and diagonal lines so they appear smoother


Benday process: a photoengraving technique for adding shading or texture or tone to a printed image


bonding: (dentistry) a technique for repairing a tooth; resinous material is applied to the surface of the tooth where it adheres to the tooth's enamel


emulation: (computer science) technique of one machine obtaining the same results as another


terminal emulation: (computer science) having a computer act exactly like a terminal


immunofluorescence: (immunology) a technique that uses antibodies linked to a fluorescent dye in order to study antigens in a sample of tissue


photomechanics: the technique of using photomechanical methods to make photographs into plates for printing


simulation: (computer science) the technique of representing the real world by a computer program


computer simulation: (computer science) the technique of representing the real world by a computer program


technicolor: a trademarked method of making color motion pictures


practice: knowledge of how something is usually done


custom: a specific practice of long standing


tradition: a specific practice of long standing


convention: something regarded as a normative example


normal: something regarded as a normative example


pattern: something regarded as a normative example


rule: something regarded as a normative example


formula: something regarded as a normative example


mores: (sociology) the conventions that embody the fundamental values of a group


code of conduct: a set of conventional principles and expectations that are considered binding on any person who is a member of a particular group


code of behavior: a set of conventional principles and expectations that are considered binding on any person who is a member of a particular group


universal: a behavioral convention or pattern characteristic of all members of a particular culture or of all human beings


courtly love: (Middle Ages) a highly conventionalized code of conduct for lovers


knight errantry: (Middle Ages) the code of conduct observed by a knight errant who is wandering in search of deeds of chivalry


protocol: code of correct conduct


habit: an established custom


wont: an established custom


Hadith: (Islam) a tradition based on reports of the sayings and activities of Muhammad and his companions


institution: a custom that for a long time has been an important feature of some group or society


levirate: the biblical institution whereby a man must marry the widow of his childless brother in order to maintain the brother's line


heritage: practices that are handed down from the past by tradition


cognitive state: the state of a person's cognitive processes


state of mind: the state of a person's cognitive processes


enthusiasm: a lively interest


Anglomania: an excessive enthusiasm for all things English


balletomania: extraordinary enthusiasm for ballets


concern: something that interests you because it is important or affects you


worldly concern: the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife


earthly concern: the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife


world: the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife


earth: the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife


interestedness: the state of being interested


matter: a vaguely specified concern


affair: a vaguely specified concern


thing: a vaguely specified concern


least: something that is of no importance


personal business: matters of personal concern


personal matters: matters of personal concern


affairs: matters of personal concern


dirty linen: personal matters that could be embarrassing if made public


dirty laundry: personal matters that could be embarrassing if made public


part: that which concerns a person with regard to a particular role or situation


point of honor: a concern that seriously reflects on your honor


cult of personality: intense devotion to a particular person


amnesia: partial or total loss of memory


memory loss: partial or total loss of memory


blackout: partial or total loss of memory


paramnesia: (psychiatry) a disorder of memory in which dreams or fantasies are confused with reality


anterograde amnesia: loss of memory for events immediately following a trauma; sometimes in effect for events during and for a long time following the trauma


posttraumatic amnesia: loss of memory for events immediately following a trauma; sometimes in effect for events during and for a long time following the trauma


retrograde amnesia: loss of memory for events immediately preceding a trauma


forgetfulness: tendency to forget


senior moment: a momentary lapse of memory (especially in older people)


selective amnesia: amnesia about particular events that is very convenient for the person who cannot remember


posthypnotic amnesia: selective amnesia after being in a hypnotic state of events occurring during hypnosis or of information designated by the hypnotist


forgetfulness: unawareness caused by neglectful or heedless failure to remember


obliviousness: total forgetfulness


oblivion: total forgetfulness


transient global amnesia: memory disorder seen in middle aged and elderly persons; characterized by an episode of amnesia and bewilderment that lasts for several hours; person is otherwise alert and intellectually active


set: (psychology) being temporarily ready to respond in a particular way


readiness: (psychology) being temporarily ready to respond in a particular way


ivory tower: a state of mind that is discussed as if it were a place


consciousness: an alert cognitive state in which you are aware of yourself and your situation


stream of consciousness: the continuous flow of ideas and feelings that constitute an individual's conscious experience


self: your consciousness of your own identity


ego: your consciousness of your own identity


anima: (Jungian psychology) the inner self (not the external persona) that is in touch with the unconscious


awareness: having knowledge of


consciousness: having knowledge of


cognizance: having knowledge of


cognisance: having knowledge of


knowingness: having knowledge of


incognizance: a lack of knowledge or recognition


self-awareness: awareness of your own individuality


orientation: a person's awareness of self with regard to position and time and place and personal relationships


self-consciousness: self-awareness plus the additional realization that others are similarly aware of you


unselfconsciousness: the quality of being not self-conscious; unawareness of yourself or of others' views of yourself


feel: an intuitive awareness;  or


sense: a general conscious awareness


sense of direction: an awareness of your orientation in space


sense of responsibility: an awareness of your obligations


awareness: state of elementary or undifferentiated consciousness


sentience: state of elementary or undifferentiated consciousness


sensibility: mental responsiveness and awareness


esthesia: mental responsiveness and awareness


aesthesia: mental responsiveness and awareness


waking: the state of remaining awake


wakefulness: a periodic state during which you are conscious and aware of the world


arousal: awakening from sleep


vigil: a period of sleeplessness


unconsciousness: a state lacking normal awareness of the self or environment


automatic pilot: a cognitive state in which you act without self-awareness


autopilot: a cognitive state in which you act without self-awareness


unknowingness: unconsciousness resulting from lack of knowledge or attention


unawareness: unconsciousness resulting from lack of knowledge or attention


blackout: a momentary loss of consciousness


grogginess: marginal consciousness


stupor: marginal consciousness


stupefaction: marginal consciousness


semiconsciousness: marginal consciousness


coma: a state of deep and often prolonged unconsciousness; usually the result of disease or injury


comatoseness: a state of deep and often prolonged unconsciousness; usually the result of disease or injury


diabetic coma: coma that can develop in inadequately treated cases of diabetes mellitus


Kussmaul's coma: coma that can develop in inadequately treated cases of diabetes mellitus


hepatic coma: coma that can occur in severe cases of liver disease


electrosleep: unconsciousness brought about by the passage of a low voltage electric current through the brain


semicoma: a mild comatose state; a coma from which the person can be roused by appropriate stimuli


insensibility: a lack of sensibility


sleeping: the state of being asleep


hebetude: mental lethargy or dullness


trance: a state of mind in which consciousness is fragile and voluntary action is poor or missing; a state resembling deep sleep


semitrance: a trancelike state in which the person can follow instructions but voluntary action is weak or absent


hypnotic trance: a trance induced by the use of hypnosis; the person accepts the suggestions of the hypnotist


religious trance: a trance induced by intense religious devotion; does not show reduced bodily functions that are typical of other trances


ecstatic state: a trance induced by intense religious devotion; does not show reduced bodily functions that are typical of other trances


narcosis: unconsciousness induced by narcotics or anesthesia


nitrogen narcosis: confused or stuporous state caused by high levels of dissolved nitrogen in the blood


subconsciousness: a state of mind not immediately available to consciousness


curiosity: a state in which you want to learn more about something


wonder: a state in which you want to learn more about something


desire to know: curiosity that motivates investigation and study


lust for learning: curiosity that motivates investigation and study


thirst for knowledge: curiosity that motivates investigation and study


interest: a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something


involvement: a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something


curiousness: a state of active curiosity


inquisitiveness: a state of active curiosity


nosiness: offensive inquisitiveness


prying: offensive inquisitiveness


snoopiness: offensive inquisitiveness


confusion: a mental state characterized by a lack of clear and orderly thought and behavior


mental confusion: a mental state characterized by a lack of clear and orderly thought and behavior


confusedness: a mental state characterized by a lack of clear and orderly thought and behavior


muddiness: a mental state characterized by a lack of clear and orderly thought and behavior


disarray: a mental state characterized by a lack of clear and orderly thought and behavior


disorientation: confusion (usually transient) about where you are and how to proceed; uncertainty as to direction


culture shock: a condition of disorientation affecting someone who is suddenly exposed to an unfamiliar culture or way of life or set of attitudes


distraction: mental turmoil


daze: confusion characterized by lack of clarity


fog: confusion characterized by lack of clarity


haze: confusion characterized by lack of clarity


half-cock: confusion resulting from lack of preparation


jamais vu: the experience of being unfamiliar with a person or situation that is actually very familiar; associated with certain types of epilepsy


bewilderment: confusion resulting from failure to understand


obfuscation: confusion resulting from failure to understand


puzzlement: confusion resulting from failure to understand


befuddlement: confusion resulting from failure to understand


mystification: confusion resulting from failure to understand


bafflement: confusion resulting from failure to understand


bemusement: confusion resulting from failure to understand


perplexity: trouble or confusion resulting from complexity


mystery: something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained


enigma: something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained


secret: something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained


closed book: something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained


tangle: something jumbled or confused


snarl: something jumbled or confused


maze: something jumbled or confused


dilemma: state of uncertainty or perplexity especially as requiring a choice between equally unfavorable options


quandary: state of uncertainty or perplexity especially as requiring a choice between equally unfavorable options


double bind: (psychology) an unresolvable dilemma; situation in which a person receives contradictory messages from a person who is very powerful


cognitive factor: something immaterial (as a circumstance or influence) that contributes to producing a result


divine guidance: (theology) a special influence of a divinity on the minds of human beings


inspiration: (theology) a special influence of a divinity on the minds of human beings


difficulty: a factor causing trouble in achieving a positive result or tending to produce a negative result


trouble: a source of difficulty


problem: a source of difficulty


pressure point: where problems or difficulties are likely to occur


can of worms: a source of unpredictable trouble and complexity


deep water: serious trouble


growing pains: problems that arise in enlarging an enterprise (especially in the early stages)


hydra: trouble that cannot be overcome by a single effort because of its many aspects or its persistent and pervasive quality


matter: a problem


facer: (a dated Briticism) a serious difficulty with which one is suddenly faced


killer: a difficulty that is hard to deal with


kink: a difficulty or flaw in a plan or operation


pisser: a very disagreeable difficulty


pitfall: an unforeseen or unexpected or surprising difficulty


booby trap: an unforeseen or unexpected or surprising difficulty


snorter: something outstandingly difficult


hindrance: something immaterial that interferes with or delays action or progress


hinderance: something immaterial that interferes with or delays action or progress


deterrent: something immaterial that interferes with or delays action or progress


impediment: something immaterial that interferes with or delays action or progress


balk: something immaterial that interferes with or delays action or progress


baulk: something immaterial that interferes with or delays action or progress


check: something immaterial that interferes with or delays action or progress


handicap: something immaterial that interferes with or delays action or progress


albatross: (figurative) something that hinders or handicaps


millstone: (figurative) something that hinders or handicaps


bind: something that hinders as if with bonds


diriment impediment: (canon law) an impediment that invalidates a marriage (such as the existence of a prior marriage)


drag: something that slows or delays progress


obstacle: something immaterial that stands in the way and must be circumvented or surmounted


obstruction: something immaterial that stands in the way and must be circumvented or surmounted


straitjacket: anything immaterial that severely hinders or confines


barrier: any condition that makes it difficult to make progress or to achieve an objective


roadblock: any condition that makes it difficult to make progress or to achieve an objective


hang-up: an unforeseen obstacle


hitch: an unforeseen obstacle


rub: an unforeseen obstacle


snag: an unforeseen obstacle


hurdle: an obstacle that you are expected to overcome


stymie: a thwarting and distressing situation


stymy: a thwarting and distressing situation


ideological barrier: a barrier to cooperation or interaction resulting from conflicting ideologies


iron curtain: an impenetrable barrier to communication or information especially as imposed by rigid censorship and secrecy; used by Winston Churchill in 1946 to describe the demarcation between democratic and communist countries


language barrier: barrier to communication resulting from speaking different languages


bamboo curtain: an ideological barrier around communist China especially in the 1950s and 1960s


color bar: barrier preventing blacks from participating in various activities with whites


colour bar: barrier preventing blacks from participating in various activities with whites


color line: barrier preventing blacks from participating in various activities with whites


colour line: barrier preventing blacks from participating in various activities with whites


Jim Crow: barrier preventing blacks from participating in various activities with whites


determinant: a determining or causal element or factor


determiner: a determining or causal element or factor


determinative: a determining or causal element or factor


determining factor: a determining or causal element or factor


causal factor: a determining or causal element or factor


clincher: a point or fact or remark that settles something conclusively


decisive factor: a point or fact or remark that settles something conclusively


influence: a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do


imponderable: a factor whose effects cannot be accurately assessed


imprint: a distinctive influence


morale builder: something or someone who influences by building or strengthening morale


pestilence: a pernicious and malign influence that is hard to get rid of


canker: a pernicious and malign influence that is hard to get rid of


support: something providing immaterial assistance to a person or cause or interest


anchor: a central cohesive source of support and stability


mainstay: a central cohesive source of support and stability


keystone: a central cohesive source of support and stability


backbone: a central cohesive source of support and stability


linchpin: a central cohesive source of support and stability


lynchpin: a central cohesive source of support and stability


lifeline: support that enables people to survive or to continue doing something (often by providing an essential connection)


temptation: something that seduces or has the quality to seduce


enticement: something that seduces or has the quality to seduce


forbidden fruit: originally an apple from the tree of knowledge of good and evil in the Garden of Eden; it is now used to refer to anything that is tempting but dangerous (as sexuality)


bait: anything that serves as an enticement


come-on: anything that serves as an enticement


hook: anything that serves as an enticement


lure: anything that serves as an enticement


sweetener: anything that serves as an enticement


allurement: attractiveness


equivalent: a person or thing equal to another in value or measure or force or effect or significance etc


counterpart: a person or thing having the same function or characteristics as another


opposite number: a person or thing having the same function or characteristics as another


vis-a-vis: a person or thing having the same function or characteristics as another


match: something that resembles or harmonizes with


mismatch: a bad or unsuitable match


complement: either of two parts that mutually complete each other


substitute: a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another


replacement: a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another


ersatz: an artificial or inferior substitute or imitation


successor: a thing or person that immediately replaces something or someone


succedaneum: (medicine) something that can be used as a substitute (especially any medicine that may be taken in place of another)


certainty: the state of being certain


assurance: freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities


self-assurance: freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities


confidence: freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities


self-confidence: freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities


authority: freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities


sureness: freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities


certitude: total certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant


cocksureness: total certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant


overconfidence: total certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant


reliance: certainty based on past experience


trust: certainty based on past experience


doubt: the state of being unsure of something


uncertainty: the state of being unsure of something


incertitude: the state of being unsure of something


dubiety: the state of being unsure of something


doubtfulness: the state of being unsure of something


dubiousness: the state of being unsure of something


mental reservation: an unstated doubt that prevents you from accepting something wholeheartedly


reservation: an unstated doubt that prevents you from accepting something wholeheartedly


arriere pensee: an unstated doubt that prevents you from accepting something wholeheartedly


misgiving: doubt about someone's honesty


mistrust: doubt about someone's honesty


distrust: doubt about someone's honesty


suspicion: doubt about someone's honesty


incredulity: doubt about the truth of something


disbelief: doubt about the truth of something


skepticism: doubt about the truth of something


mental rejection: doubt about the truth of something


indecision: doubt concerning two or more possible alternatives or courses of action


indecisiveness: doubt concerning two or more possible alternatives or courses of action


irresolution: doubt concerning two or more possible alternatives or courses of action


hesitation: indecision in speech or action


vacillation: indecision in speech or action


wavering: indecision in speech or action


peradventure: doubt or uncertainty as to whether something is the case


suspense: an uncertain cognitive state


morbidity: an abnormally gloomy or unhealthy state of mind


morbidness: an abnormally gloomy or unhealthy state of mind


preoccupation: the mental state of being preoccupied by something


preoccupancy: the mental state of being preoccupied by something


absorption: the mental state of being preoccupied by something


engrossment: the mental state of being preoccupied by something


obsession: an unhealthy and compulsive preoccupation with something or someone


fixation: an unhealthy and compulsive preoccupation with something or someone


abstractedness: preoccupation with something to the exclusion of all else


abstraction: preoccupation with something to the exclusion of all else


reverie: an abstracted state of absorption


revery: an abstracted state of absorption


dream: a state of mind characterized by abstraction and release from reality


brown study: a state of deep absorption or thoughtfulness


absentmindedness: preoccupation so great that the ordinary demands on attention are ignored


process: (psychology) the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents


cognitive process: (psychology) the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents


mental process: (psychology) the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents


operation: (psychology) the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents


cognitive operation: (psychology) the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents


process: a mental process that you are not directly aware of


unconscious process: a mental process that you are not directly aware of


basic cognitive process: cognitive processes involved in obtaining and storing knowledge


attention: the process whereby a person concentrates on some features of the environment to the (relative) exclusion of others


attending: the process whereby a person concentrates on some features of the environment to the (relative) exclusion of others


attention span: the length of time you can concentrate on some idea or activity


attentiveness: paying particular notice (as to children or helpless people)


heed: paying particular notice (as to children or helpless people)


regard: paying particular notice (as to children or helpless people)


paying attention: paying particular notice (as to children or helpless people)


clock-watching: paying excessive attention to the clock (in anticipation of stopping work)


ear: attention to what is said


eye: attention to what is seen


notice: the act of noticing or paying attention


observation: the act of noticing or paying attention


observance: the act of noticing or paying attention


notice: polite or favorable attention


mind: attention


advertence: the process of being heedful


advertency: the process of being heedful


concentration: complete attention; intense mental effort


engrossment: complete attention; intense mental effort


absorption: complete attention; intense mental effort


immersion: complete attention; intense mental effort


mental note: special attention with intent to remember


focus: the concentration of attention or energy on something


focusing: the concentration of attention or energy on something


focussing: the concentration of attention or energy on something


focal point: the concentration of attention or energy on something


direction: the concentration of attention or energy on something


centering: the concentration of attention or energy on something


particularism: a focus on something particular


specialism: the concentration of your efforts on a particular field of study or occupation


study: a state of deep mental absorption


hang-up: an emotional preoccupation


hobbyhorse: a topic to which one constantly reverts


watchfulness: the process of paying close and continuous attention


wakefulness: the process of paying close and continuous attention


vigilance: the process of paying close and continuous attention


alertness: the process of paying close and continuous attention


jealousy: zealous vigilance; -Paul Blanshard


inattention: lack of attention


inattentiveness: a lack of attentiveness (as to children or helpless people)


heedlessness: a lack of attentiveness (as to children or helpless people)


distraction: an obstacle to attention


disregard: lack of attention and due care


neglect: lack of attention and due care


oversight: an unintentional omission resulting from failure to notice something


inadvertence: an unintentional omission resulting from failure to notice something


omission: neglecting to do something; leaving out or passing over something


pretermission: letting pass without notice


exception: a deliberate act of omission


exclusion: a deliberate act of omission


elision: a deliberate act of omission


intuition: instinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes)


feeling: an intuitive understanding of something


intuitive feeling: an intuitive understanding of something


sprachgefuhl: an intuitive feeling for the natural idiom of a language


gnosis: intuitive knowledge of spiritual truths; said to have been possessed by ancient Gnostics


insight: grasping the inner nature of things intuitively


sixth sense: grasping the inner nature of things intuitively


immediacy: immediate intuitive awareness


immediate apprehension: immediate intuitive awareness


perception: the process of perceiving


apperception: the process whereby perceived qualities of an object are related to past experience


constancy: (psychology) the tendency for perceived objects to give rise to very similar perceptual experiences in spite of wide variations in the conditions of observation


perceptual constancy: (psychology) the tendency for perceived objects to give rise to very similar perceptual experiences in spite of wide variations in the conditions of observation


brightness constancy: the tendency for a visual object to be perceived as having the same brightness under widely different conditions of illumination


color constancy: the tendency for a color to look the same under widely different viewing conditions


colour constancy: the tendency for a color to look the same under widely different viewing conditions


shape constancy: the tendency to perceive the shape of a rigid object as constant despite differences in the viewing angle (and consequent differences in the shape of the pattern projected on the retina of the eye)


size constancy: the tendency to perceive the veridical size of a familiar object despite differences in their distance (and consequent differences in the size of the pattern projected on the retina of the eye)


perception: knowledge gained by perceiving


discernment: perception of that which is obscure


perceptiveness: perception of that which is obscure


penetration: clear or deep perception of a situation


insight: clear or deep perception of a situation


cognizance: range or scope of what is perceived


remark: explicit notice


detection: the perception that something has occurred or some state exists


sensing: the perception that something has occurred or some state exists


visual perception: perception by means of the eyes


beholding: perception by means of the eyes


seeing: perception by means of the eyes


contrast: the perceptual effect of the juxtaposition of very different colors


face recognition: the visual perception of familiar faces


object recognition: the visual perception of familiar objects


visual space: the visual perception of space


auditory perception: the perception of sound as a meaningful phenomenon


sound perception: the perception of sound as a meaningful phenomenon


speech perception: the auditory perception (and comprehension) of speech


musical perception: the auditory perception of musical sounds


melody: the perception of pleasant arrangements of musical notes


tonal pattern: the perception of pleasant arrangements of musical notes


sensation: an unelaborated elementary awareness of stimulation


esthesis: an unelaborated elementary awareness of stimulation


aesthesis: an unelaborated elementary awareness of stimulation


sense experience: an unelaborated elementary awareness of stimulation


sense impression: an unelaborated elementary awareness of stimulation


sense datum: an unelaborated elementary awareness of stimulation


threshold: the smallest detectable sensation


limen: the smallest detectable sensation


absolute threshold: the lowest level of stimulation that a person can detect


pain threshold: the lowest intensity of stimulation at which pain is experienced


difference threshold: the smallest change in stimulation that a person can detect


differential threshold: the smallest change in stimulation that a person can detect


difference limen: the smallest change in stimulation that a person can detect


differential limen: the smallest change in stimulation that a person can detect


just-noticeable difference: (psychophysics) the difference between two stimuli that (under properly controlled experimental conditions) is detected as often as it is undetected


jnd: (psychophysics) the difference between two stimuli that (under properly controlled experimental conditions) is detected as often as it is undetected


masking: the blocking of one sensation resulting from the presence of another sensation


vision: the perceptual experience of seeing


visual sensation: the perceptual experience of seeing


smell: the sensation that results when olfactory receptors in the nose are stimulated by particular chemicals in gaseous form


odor: the sensation that results when olfactory receptors in the nose are stimulated by particular chemicals in gaseous form


odour: the sensation that results when olfactory receptors in the nose are stimulated by particular chemicals in gaseous form


olfactory sensation: the sensation that results when olfactory receptors in the nose are stimulated by particular chemicals in gaseous form


olfactory perception: the sensation that results when olfactory receptors in the nose are stimulated by particular chemicals in gaseous form


scent: an odor left in passing by which a person or animal can be traced


musk: the scent of a greasy glandular secretion from the male musk deer


aroma: a distinctive odor that is pleasant


fragrance: a distinctive odor that is pleasant


perfume: a distinctive odor that is pleasant


scent: a distinctive odor that is pleasant


incense: the pleasing scent produced when incense is burned


malodor: a distinctive odor that is offensively unpleasant


malodour: a distinctive odor that is offensively unpleasant


stench: a distinctive odor that is offensively unpleasant


stink: a distinctive odor that is offensively unpleasant


reek: a distinctive odor that is offensively unpleasant


fetor: a distinctive odor that is offensively unpleasant


foetor: a distinctive odor that is offensively unpleasant


mephitis: a distinctive odor that is offensively unpleasant


niff: an unpleasant smell


pong: an unpleasant smell


taste: the sensation that results when taste buds in the tongue and throat convey information about the chemical composition of a soluble stimulus


taste sensation: the sensation that results when taste buds in the tongue and throat convey information about the chemical composition of a soluble stimulus


gustatory sensation: the sensation that results when taste buds in the tongue and throat convey information about the chemical composition of a soluble stimulus


taste perception: the sensation that results when taste buds in the tongue and throat convey information about the chemical composition of a soluble stimulus


gustatory perception: the sensation that results when taste buds in the tongue and throat convey information about the chemical composition of a soluble stimulus


relish: the taste experience when a savoury condiment is taken into the mouth


flavor: the taste experience when a savoury condiment is taken into the mouth


flavour: the taste experience when a savoury condiment is taken into the mouth


sapidity: the taste experience when a savoury condiment is taken into the mouth


savor: the taste experience when a savoury condiment is taken into the mouth


savour: the taste experience when a savoury condiment is taken into the mouth


smack: the taste experience when a savoury condiment is taken into the mouth


nip: the taste experience when a savoury condiment is taken into the mouth


tang: the taste experience when a savoury condiment is taken into the mouth


lemon: a distinctive tart flavor characteristic of lemons


vanilla: a distinctive fragrant flavor characteristic of vanilla beans


sweet: the taste experience when sugar dissolves in the mouth


sweetness: the taste experience when sugar dissolves in the mouth


sugariness: the taste experience when sugar dissolves in the mouth


sour: the taste experience when vinegar or lemon juice is taken into the mouth


sourness: the taste experience when vinegar or lemon juice is taken into the mouth


tartness: the taste experience when vinegar or lemon juice is taken into the mouth


acidity: the taste experience when something acidic is taken into the mouth


acidulousness: the taste experience when something acidic is taken into the mouth


bitter: the taste experience when quinine or coffee is taken into the mouth


bitterness: the taste experience when quinine or coffee is taken into the mouth


acridity: having an acrid smell


salt: the taste experience when common salt is taken into the mouth


saltiness: the taste experience when common salt is taken into the mouth


salinity: the taste experience when common salt is taken into the mouth


astringency: a sharp astringent taste; the taste experience when a substance causes the mouth to pucker


astringence: a sharp astringent taste; the taste experience when a substance causes the mouth to pucker


finish: (wine tasting) the taste of a wine on the back of the tongue (as it is swallowed)


flatness: a deficiency in flavor


mellowness: a taste (especially of fruit) that is ripe and of full flavor


sound: the subjective sensation of hearing something


auditory sensation: the subjective sensation of hearing something


music: any agreeable (pleasing and harmonious) sounds


euphony: any agreeable (pleasing and harmonious) sounds


music: (music) the sounds produced by singers or musical instruments (or reproductions of such sounds)


piano music: the sound of music produced by a piano


music of the spheres: an inaudible music that Pythagoras thought was produced by the celestial


tone: a steady sound without overtones


pure tone: a steady sound without overtones


harmonic: a tone that is a component of a complex sound


fundamental: the lowest tone of a harmonic series


fundamental frequency: the lowest tone of a harmonic series


first harmonic: the lowest tone of a harmonic series


overtone: a harmonic with a frequency that is a multiple of the fundamental frequency


partial: a harmonic with a frequency that is a multiple of the fundamental frequency


partial tone: a harmonic with a frequency that is a multiple of the fundamental frequency


noise: the auditory experience of sound that lacks musical quality; sound that is a disagreeable auditory experience


dissonance: the auditory experience of sound that lacks musical quality; sound that is a disagreeable auditory experience


racket: the auditory experience of sound that lacks musical quality; sound that is a disagreeable auditory experience


dub: the new sounds added by dubbing


synesthesia: a sensation that normally occurs in one sense modality occurs when another modality is stimulated


synaesthesia: a sensation that normally occurs in one sense modality occurs when another modality is stimulated


chromesthesia: a form of synesthesia in which nonvisual stimulation results in the experience of color sensations


chromaesthesia: a form of synesthesia in which nonvisual stimulation results in the experience of color sensations


colored hearing: a form of chromesthesia in which experiences of color accompany auditory stimuli


colored audition: a form of chromesthesia in which experiences of color accompany auditory stimuli


somesthesia: the perception of tactual or proprioceptive or gut sensations


somaesthesia: the perception of tactual or proprioceptive or gut sensations


somatesthesia: the perception of tactual or proprioceptive or gut sensations


somatic sensation: the perception of tactual or proprioceptive or gut sensations


feeling: a physical sensation that you experience


constriction: a tight feeling in some part of the body


tightness: a tight feeling in some part of the body


tactual sensation: the faculty of perceiving (via the skin) pressure or heat or pain


tactility: the faculty of perceiving (via the skin) pressure or heat or pain


touch perception: the faculty of perceiving (via the skin) pressure or heat or pain


skin perceptiveness: the faculty of perceiving (via the skin) pressure or heat or pain


kinesthesia: the perception of body position and movement and muscular tensions etc


kinaesthesia: the perception of body position and movement and muscular tensions etc


feeling of movement: the perception of body position and movement and muscular tensions etc


touch: the sensation produced by pressure receptors in the skin


touch sensation: the sensation produced by pressure receptors in the skin


tactual sensation: the sensation produced by pressure receptors in the skin


tactile sensation: the sensation produced by pressure receptors in the skin


feeling: the sensation produced by pressure receptors in the skin


pins and needles: a sharp tingling sensation from lack of circulation


prickling: a somatic sensation as from many tiny prickles


tingle: a somatic sensation as from many tiny prickles


tingling: a somatic sensation as from many tiny prickles


creepiness: an uneasy sensation as of insects creeping on your skin


cutaneous sensation: a sensation localized on the skin


haptic sensation: a sensation localized on the skin


skin sensation: a sensation localized on the skin


tickle: a cutaneous sensation often resulting from light stroking


itch: an irritating cutaneous sensation that produces a desire to scratch


itchiness: an irritating cutaneous sensation that produces a desire to scratch


itching: an irritating cutaneous sensation that produces a desire to scratch


pruritus: an intense itching sensation that can have various causes (as by allergies or infection or lymphoma or jaundice etc.)


pruritus ani: chronic itching of the skin around the anus


pruritus vulvae: persistent itching of the external female genitalia


topognosia: recognition of the location of a stimulus on the skin


topognosis: recognition of the location of a stimulus on the skin


urtication: a sensation of having been stung by nettles


pressure: the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin


pressure sensation: the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin


pain: a somatic sensation of acute discomfort


pain sensation: a somatic sensation of acute discomfort


painful sensation: a somatic sensation of acute discomfort


mittelschmerz: pain in the area of the ovary that is felt at the time of ovulation (usually midway through the menstrual cycle)


phantom limb pain: pain felt by an amputee that seems to be located in the missing limb


twinge: a sharp stab of pain


temperature: the somatic sensation of cold or heat


heat: the sensation caused by heat energy


warmth: the sensation caused by heat energy


cold: the sensation produced by low temperatures


coldness: the sensation produced by low temperatures


comfort zone: the temperature range (between 28 and 30 degrees Centigrade) at which the naked human body is able to maintain a heat balance without shivering or sweating


believing: the cognitive process that leads to convictions


doublethink: believing two contradictory ideas at the same time


structure: the complex composition of knowledge as elements and their combinations


arrangement: an organized structure for arranging or classifying


organization: an organized structure for arranging or classifying


organisation: an organized structure for arranging or classifying


system: an organized structure for arranging or classifying


classification system: a system for classifying things


Dewey decimal classification: a system used by libraries to classify nonfictional publications into subject categories; the subject is indicated by a three-digit numeral and further specification is given by numerals following a decimal point; publications are shelved by number


Dewey decimal system: a system used by libraries to classify nonfictional publications into subject categories; the subject is indicated by a three-digit numeral and further specification is given by numerals following a decimal point; publications are shelved by number


decimal system of classification: a system used by libraries to classify nonfictional publications into subject categories; the subject is indicated by a three-digit numeral and further specification is given by numerals following a decimal point; publications are shelved by number


contrivance: an artificial or unnatural or obviously contrived arrangement of details or parts etc.


coordinate system: a system that uses coordinates to establish position


frame of reference: a system that uses coordinates to establish position


reference system: a system that uses coordinates to establish position


reference frame: a system that uses coordinates to establish position


Cartesian coordinate system: a coordinate system for which the coordinates of a point are its distances from a set perpendicular lines that intersect at the origin of the system


data structure: (computer science) the organization of data (and its storage allocations in a computer)


design: an arrangement scheme


plan: an arrangement scheme


distribution: (statistics) an arrangement of values of a variable showing their observed or theoretical frequency of occurrence


statistical distribution: (statistics) an arrangement of values of a variable showing their observed or theoretical frequency of occurrence


equidistribution: a flat distribution having equal frequencies of occurrence


genetic map: graphical representation of the arrangement of genes on a chromosome


kinship system: (anthropology) the system of social relationships that constitute kinship in a particular culture, including the terminology that is used and the reciprocal obligations that are entailed


lattice: an arrangement of points or particles or objects in a regular periodic pattern in 2 or 3 dimensions


living arrangement: an arrangement to allow people (or ideas) to coexist


redundancy: (electronics) a system design that duplicates components to provide alternatives in case one component fails


topology: the configuration of a communication network


network topology: the configuration of a communication network


bus topology: the topology of a network whose components are connected by a busbar


bus: the topology of a network whose components are connected by a busbar


loop topology: the topology of a network whose components are serially connected in such a way that the last component is connected to the first component


loop: the topology of a network whose components are serially connected in such a way that the last component is connected to the first component


star topology: the topology of a network whose components are connected to a hub


star: the topology of a network whose components are connected to a hub


mesh topology: the topology of a network whose components are all connected directly to every other component


mesh: the topology of a network whose components are all connected directly to every other component


physical topology: the appearance of the network


logical topology: the way the network works


unitization: (psychology) the configuration of smaller units of information into large coordinated units


unitisation: (psychology) the configuration of smaller units of information into large coordinated units


chunking: (psychology) the configuration of smaller units of information into large coordinated units


configuration: an arrangement of parts or elements


constellation: an arrangement of parts or elements


space lattice: a 3-dimensional geometric arrangement of the atoms or molecules or ions composing a crystal


crystal lattice: a 3-dimensional geometric arrangement of the atoms or molecules or ions composing a crystal


Bravais lattice: a 3-dimensional geometric arrangement of the atoms or molecules or ions composing a crystal


hierarchical structure: a structure of data having several levels arranged in a treelike structure


hierarchical data structure: a structure of data having several levels arranged in a treelike structure


hierarchical classification system: a classification system where entries are arranged based on some hierarchical structure


file system: a system of classifying into files (usually arranged alphabetically)


filing system: a system of classifying into files (usually arranged alphabetically)


classification: the basic cognitive process of arranging into classes or categories


categorization: the basic cognitive process of arranging into classes or categories


categorisation: the basic cognitive process of arranging into classes or categories


sorting: the basic cognitive process of arranging into classes or categories


grouping: a system for classifying things into groups


pigeonholing: a system for classifying things into groups


rating system: a system of classifying according to quality or merit or amount


scoring system: a system of classifying according to quality or merit or amount


ABO blood group system: a classification system for the antigens of human blood; used in blood transfusion therapy; four groups are A and B and AB and O


ABO system: a classification system for the antigens of human blood; used in blood transfusion therapy; four groups are A and B and AB and O


ABO group: a classification system for the antigens of human blood; used in blood transfusion therapy; four groups are A and B and AB and O


appraisal: the classification of someone or something with respect to its worth


assessment: the classification of someone or something with respect to its worth


critical appraisal: an appraisal based on careful analytical evaluation


critical analysis: an appraisal based on careful analytical evaluation


criticism: a serious examination and judgment of something


critique: a serious examination and judgment of something


examen: a critical study (as of a writer's work)


knock: negative criticism


roast: negative criticism


self-criticism: criticism of yourself


attribution: assigning to a cause or source


ascription: assigning to a cause or source


attribution: assigning some quality or character to a person or thing


ascription: assigning some quality or character to a person or thing


zoomorphism: the attribution of animal forms or qualities to a god


animatism: the attribution of consciousness and personality to natural phenomena such as thunderstorms and earthquakes and to objects such as plants and stones


imputation: the attribution to a source or cause


externalization: attributing to outside causes


externalisation: attributing to outside causes


cross-classification: classification according to more than one attribute at the same time


cross-division: classification according to more than one attribute at the same time


subsumption: incorporating something under a more general category


evaluation: an appraisal of the value of something


valuation: an appraisal of the value of something


rating: an appraisal of the value of something


overvaluation: too high a value or price assigned to something


undervaluation: too low a value or price assigned to something


pricing: the evaluation of something in terms of its price


price gouging: pricing above the market price when no alternative retailer is available


reevaluation: the evaluation of something a second time (or more)


mark: a number or letter indicating quality (especially of a student's performance)


grade: a number or letter indicating quality (especially of a student's performance)


score: a number or letter indicating quality (especially of a student's performance)


grade point: a numerical value assigned to a letter grade received in a course taken at a college or university multiplied by the number of credit hours awarded for the course


percentile: (statistics) any of the 99 numbered points that divide an ordered set of scores into 100 parts each of which contains one-hundredth of the total


centile: (statistics) any of the 99 numbered points that divide an ordered set of scores into 100 parts each of which contains one-hundredth of the total


decile: (statistics) any of nine points that divided a distribution of ranked scores into equal intervals where each interval contains one-tenth of the scores


quartile: (statistics) any of three points that divide an ordered distribution into four parts each containing one quarter of the scores


bond rating: an evaluation by a rating company of the probability that a particular bond issue will default


assay: an appraisal of the state of affairs


check: an appraisal of the state of affairs


countercheck: something that checks the correctness of a previous check


double check: something that checks the correctness of a previous check


diagnostic test: an assay conducted for diagnostic purposes


diagnostic assay: an assay conducted for diagnostic purposes


Apgar score: an assessment of the physical condition of a newborn infant; involves heart rate and muscle tone and respiratory effort and color and reflex responsiveness


agglutination test: a blood test used to identify unknown antigens; blood with the unknown antigen is mixed with a known antibody and whether or not agglutination occurs helps to identify the antigen; used in tissue matching and blood grouping and diagnosis of infections


heterophil test: a blood test to detect heterophil antibodies that agglutinate sheep red blood cells; positive result indicates infectious mononucleosis


Widal test: a test for detecting typhoid fever and other salmonella infections


Widal's test: a test for detecting typhoid fever and other salmonella infections


bioassay: appraisal of the biological activity of a substance by testing its effect on an organism and comparing the result with some agreed standard


bio-assay: appraisal of the biological activity of a substance by testing its effect on an organism and comparing the result with some agreed standard


immunoassay: identification of a substance (especially a protein) by its action as an antigen


immunochemical assay: identification of a substance (especially a protein) by its action as an antigen


radioimmunoassay: immunoassay of a substance that has been radioactively labeled


biopsy: examination of tissues or liquids from the living body to determine the existence or cause of a disease


cloze procedure: a test for diagnosing reading ability; words are deleted from a prose passage and the reader is required to fill in the blanks


cloze test: a test for diagnosing reading ability; words are deleted from a prose passage and the reader is required to fill in the blanks


fecal occult test: a test performed at home in which you collect specimens of your stool that are tested for traces of blood; used to detect colorectal cancers


faecal occult test: a test performed at home in which you collect specimens of your stool that are tested for traces of blood; used to detect colorectal cancers


stool test: a test performed at home in which you collect specimens of your stool that are tested for traces of blood; used to detect colorectal cancers


GI series: diagnostic tests of the alimentary canal; usually involves inserting a contrast medium (such as barium sulfate) and taking an X-ray


glucose tolerance test: test of the body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates; used in the diagnosis of hypoglycemia and diabetes mellitus


complement fixation test: a blood test in which a sample of serum is exposed to a particular antigen and complement in order to determine whether or not antibodies to that particular antigen are present; used as a diagnostic test


Wassermann test: a blood test to detect syphilis; a complement fixation test is used to detect antibodies to the syphilis organism treponema; a positive reaction indicates the presence of antibodies and therefore syphilis infection


Wasserman reaction: a blood test to detect syphilis; a complement fixation test is used to detect antibodies to the syphilis organism treponema; a positive reaction indicates the presence of antibodies and therefore syphilis infection


Wassermann: a blood test to detect syphilis; a complement fixation test is used to detect antibodies to the syphilis organism treponema; a positive reaction indicates the presence of antibodies and therefore syphilis infection


blood test: a serologic analysis of a sample of blood


PSA blood test: a blood test that measures levels of a protein called prostate specific antigen that is manufactured exclusively by the prostate gland; men with prostate problems usually have elevated levels of PSA


chorionic villus sampling: a prenatal test to detect birth defects at an early stage of pregnancy; tissue from the chorionic villi is assayed


chorionic villus biopsy: a prenatal test to detect birth defects at an early stage of pregnancy; tissue from the chorionic villi is assayed


needle biopsy: biopsy of deep tissue that is obtained through a hollow needle


Pap test: a method of examining stained cells in a cervical smear for early diagnosis of uterine cancer


Papanicolaou test: a method of examining stained cells in a cervical smear for early diagnosis of uterine cancer


smear test: a method of examining stained cells in a cervical smear for early diagnosis of uterine cancer


paternity test: a test based on blood groups to determine whether a particular man could be the biological father of a particular child; negative results prove he was not the father but positive results show only that he could be


PKU test: a test of newborn infants for phenylketonuria


pregnancy test: a physiological test to determine whether a woman is pregnant


Friedman test: pregnancy test that involves injecting some of the woman's urine into an unmated female rabbit and later examining the ovaries of the rabbit; presence of corpora lutea indicates that the woman is pregnant


rabbit test: pregnancy test that involves injecting some of the woman's urine into an unmated female rabbit and later examining the ovaries of the rabbit; presence of corpora lutea indicates that the woman is pregnant


Queckenstedt's test: a test to determine whether there is a blockage of the spinal canal


radioactive iodine test: test of thyroid function in which the patient is given an oral dose of radioactive iodine-131


radioactive iodine excretion test: radioactive iodine test that measures the amount of radioactive iodine excreted in the urine


radioactive iodine uptake test: radioactive iodine test that measures the amount of radioactive iodine taken up by the thyroid gland


RAIU: radioactive iodine test that measures the amount of radioactive iodine taken up by the thyroid gland


Rubin test: test to determine the patency or occlusion of the Fallopian tubes


skin test: any test to determine immunity or sensitivity to a disease by introducing small amounts on or into the skin


Dick test: a skin test to determine your susceptibility to scarlet fever


patch test: a test to determine allergic sensitivity by applying small pads soaked with allergen to the unbroken skin


Schick test: a skin test for immunity to diphtheria


scratch test: a test to determine allergic sensitivity to various substances by applying them to scratches in the skin


tuberculin test: a skin test to determine past or present infection with the tuberculosis bacterium; based on hypersensitivity of the skin to tuberculin


tuberculin skin test: a skin test to determine past or present infection with the tuberculosis bacterium; based on hypersensitivity of the skin to tuberculin


Mantoux test: tuberculin (a derivative of tubercle bacillus) is injected intradermally; a red area appearing 1-3 days later signifies an exposure (past or present) to tubercle bacilli and the need for further testing


tine test: a tuberculin test in which a disk with several tines bearing tuberculin antigen is used to puncture the skin; development of a hard red area indicates past or present exposure to tubercle bacilli and the need for further testing


intradermal test: a form of skin test in which the suspected allergen is injected into the skin


subcutaneous test: a form of skin test in which the suspected allergen is injected into the skin


tissue typing: a series of diagnostic tests before an organ transplant to determine whether the tissues of a donor and recipient are compatible


Snellen test: a test of visual acuity using a Snellen chart


stress test: a test measuring how a system functions when subjected to controlled amounts of stress


treadmill test: a stress test in which the patient walks on a moving treadmill while the heart and breathing rates are monitored


acid test: a rigorous or crucial appraisal


reappraisal: a new appraisal or evaluation


revaluation: a new appraisal or evaluation


review: a new appraisal or evaluation


reassessment: a new appraisal or evaluation


stocktaking: reappraisal of a situation or position or outlook


stock-taking: reappraisal of a situation or position or outlook


underevaluation: an appraisal that underestimates the value of something


discrimination: the cognitive process whereby two or more stimuli are distinguished


secernment: the cognitive process whereby two or more stimuli are distinguished


differentiation: a discrimination between things as different and distinct


distinction: a discrimination between things as different and distinct


contradistinction: a distinction drawn on the basis of contrast


line: a conceptual separation or distinction


dividing line: a conceptual separation or distinction


demarcation: a conceptual separation or distinction


contrast: a conceptual separation or distinction


Rubicon: a line that when crossed permits of no return and typically results in irrevocable commitment


point of no return: a line that when crossed permits of no return and typically results in irrevocable commitment


hairsplitting: making too fine distinctions of little importance


word-splitting: making too fine distinctions of little importance


individualization: discriminating the individual from the generic group or species


individualisation: discriminating the individual from the generic group or species


individuation: discriminating the individual from the generic group or species


taste: delicate discrimination (especially of aesthetic values)


appreciation: delicate discrimination (especially of aesthetic values)


discernment: delicate discrimination (especially of aesthetic values)


perceptiveness: delicate discrimination (especially of aesthetic values)


virtu: love of or taste for fine objects of art


vertu: love of or taste for fine objects of art


connoisseurship: love of or taste for fine objects of art


vogue: the popular taste at a given time


trend: the popular taste at a given time


style: the popular taste at a given time


New Look: a style of women's clothing created by Christian Dior in 1947; involved a tight bodice and narrow waist and a flowing pleated skirt


fashion: the latest and most admired style in clothes and cosmetics and behavior


cut: the style in which a garment is cut


haute couture: trend-setting fashions


high fashion: trend-setting fashions


high style: trend-setting fashions


fad: an interest followed with exaggerated zeal


craze: an interest followed with exaggerated zeal


furor: an interest followed with exaggerated zeal


furore: an interest followed with exaggerated zeal


cult: an interest followed with exaggerated zeal


rage: an interest followed with exaggerated zeal


retro: a fashion reminiscent of the past


bandwagon: a popular trend that attracts growing support


delicacy: refined taste; tact


discretion: refined taste; tact


culture: the tastes in art and manners that are favored by a social group


counterculture: a culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture


mass culture: the culture that is widely disseminated via the mass media


flower power: a counterculture of young people in the US during the 1960s and 70s


letters: the literary culture


learning: the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge


acquisition: the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge


conditioning: a learning process in which an organism's behavior becomes dependent on the occurrence of a stimulus in its environment


developmental learning: learning that takes place as a normal part of cognitive development


digestion: learning and coming to understand ideas and information


education: the gradual process of acquiring knowledge


internalization: learning (of values or attitudes etc.) that is incorporated within yourself


internalisation: learning (of values or attitudes etc.) that is incorporated within yourself


incorporation: learning (of values or attitudes etc.) that is incorporated within yourself


introjection: (psychology) unconscious internalization of aspects of the world (especially aspects of persons) within the self in such a way that the internalized representation takes over the psychological functions of the external objects


introjection: (psychoanalysis) the internalization of the parent figures and their values; leads to the formation of the superego


imprinting: a learning process in early life whereby species specific patterns of behavior are established


language learning: learning to use a language


audio lingual acquisition: system of language acquisition focusing intensively on listening and speaking


memorization: learning so as to be able to remember verbatim


memorisation: learning so as to be able to remember verbatim


committal to memory: learning so as to be able to remember verbatim


rote: memorization by repetition


rote learning: memorization by repetition


accommodation: in the theories of Jean Piaget: the modification of internal representations in order to accommodate a changing knowledge of reality


assimilation: in the theories of Jean Piaget: the application of a general schema to a particular instance


study: applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading)


work: applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading)


transfer: application of a skill learned in one situation to a different but similar situation


transfer of training: application of a skill learned in one situation to a different but similar situation


carry-over: application of a skill learned in one situation to a different but similar situation


generalization: (psychology) transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus


generalisation: (psychology) transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus


stimulus generalization: (psychology) transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus


stimulus generalisation: (psychology) transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus


irradiation: (Pavolvian conditioning) the elicitation of a conditioned response by stimulation similar but not identical to the original stimulus


physical education: training in the development of and care for the human body; stresses athletics; includes hygiene


acculturation: the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure


assimilation: the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure


mastering: becoming proficient in the use of something; having mastery of


self-education: the process of educating yourself


self-cultivation: the process of educating yourself


school: the process of being formally educated at a school


schooling: the process of being formally educated at a school


special education: education of physically or mentally handicapped children whose needs cannot be met in an ordinary classroom


vocational training: training for a specific vocation in industry or agriculture or trade


vocational education: training for a specific vocation in industry or agriculture or trade


experience: the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities


familiarization: the experience of becoming familiar with something


familiarisation: the experience of becoming familiar with something


woodcraft: skill and experience in matters relating to the woods (as hunting or fishing or camping)


extinction: a conditioning process in which the reinforcer is removed and a conditioned response becomes independent of the conditioned stimulus


experimental extinction: a conditioning process in which the reinforcer is removed and a conditioned response becomes independent of the conditioned stimulus


aversive conditioning: conditioning to avoid an aversive stimulus


conditioned emotional response: an emotional response that has been acquired by conditioning


CER: an emotional response that has been acquired by conditioning


conditioned emotion: an emotional response that has been acquired by conditioning


classical conditioning: conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex; the stimulus that evokes the reflex is given whether or not the conditioned response occurs until eventually the neutral stimulus comes to evoke the reflex


instrumental conditioning: operant conditioning that pairs a response with a reinforcement in discrete trials; reinforcement occurs only after the response is given


operant conditioning: conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response


counter conditioning: conditioning in which a second incompatible response is conditioned to an already conditioned stimulus


memory: the cognitive processes whereby past experience is remembered


remembering: the cognitive processes whereby past experience is remembered


short-term memory: what you can repeat immediately after perceiving it


STM: what you can repeat immediately after perceiving it


immediate memory: what you can repeat immediately after perceiving it


working memory: memory for intermediate results that must be held during thinking


long-term memory: your general store of remembered information


LTM: your general store of remembered information


episodic memory: memory for episodes in your own life


personal memory: memory for episodes in your own life


semantic memory: your memory for meanings and general (impersonal) facts


motor memory: your memory for motor skills


muscle memory: your memory for motor skills


retrieval: the cognitive operation of accessing information in memory


recall: the process of remembering (especially the process of recovering information by mental effort)


recollection: the process of remembering (especially the process of recovering information by mental effort)


reminiscence: the process of remembering (especially the process of recovering information by mental effort)


remembrance: the ability to recall past occurrences


recollection: the ability to recall past occurrences


anamnesis: the ability to recall past occurrences


mind: recall or remembrance


reconstruction: recall that is hypothesized to work by storing abstract features which are then used to construct the memory during recall


reconstructive memory: recall that is hypothesized to work by storing abstract features which are then used to construct the memory during recall


reproduction: recall that is hypothesized to work by storing the original stimulus input and reproducing it during recall


reproductive memory: recall that is hypothesized to work by storing the original stimulus input and reproducing it during recall


regurgitation: recall after rote memorization


reminiscence: a mental impression retained and recalled from the past


recognition: the process of recognizing something or someone by remembering


identification: the process of recognizing something or someone by remembering


identity: the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known


speaker identification: identification of a person from the sound of their voice


talker identification: identification of a person from the sound of their voice


association: the process of bringing ideas or events together in memory or imagination


connection: the process of bringing ideas or events together in memory or imagination


connexion: the process of bringing ideas or events together in memory or imagination


colligation: the connection of isolated facts by a general hypothesis


overlap: a representation of common ground between theories or phenomena


convergence: a representation of common ground between theories or phenomena


intersection: a representation of common ground between theories or phenomena


crossroads: a point where a choice must be made


interface: the overlap where two theories or phenomena affect each other or have links with each other


retrospection: memory for experiences that are past


representational process: any basic cognitive process in which some entity comes to stand for or represent something else


symbol: something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible


symbolization: something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible


symbolisation: something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible


symbolic representation: something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible


typification: a representational or typifying form or model


exemplification: a representational or typifying form or model


picture: a typical example of some state or quality


interpretation: an explanation of something that is not immediately obvious


interpreting: an explanation of something that is not immediately obvious


rendition: an explanation of something that is not immediately obvious


rendering: an explanation of something that is not immediately obvious


broad interpretation: an interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court)


judicial activism: an interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court)


depicting: a representation by picture or portraiture


depiction: a representation by picture or portraiture


portraying: a representation by picture or portraiture


portrayal: a representation by picture or portraiture


mirror: a faithful depiction or reflection


anthropomorphism: the representation of objects (especially a god) as having human form or traits


theanthropism: the representation of objects (especially a god) as having human form or traits


theanthropism: (theology) the doctrine that Jesus was a union of the human and the divine


imagination: the ability to form mental images of things or events


imaging: the ability to form mental images of things or events


imagery: the ability to form mental images of things or events


mental imagery: the ability to form mental images of things or events


mind's eye: the imaging of remembered or invented scenes


vision: a vivid mental image


picturing: visual imagery


envisioning: visual imagery


dream: a series of mental images and emotions occurring during sleep


dreaming: a series of mental images and emotions occurring during sleep


dream: imaginative thoughts indulged in while awake


dreaming: imaginative thoughts indulged in while awake


nightmare: a terrifying or deeply upsetting dream


wet dream: an erotic dream (usually at night) accompanied by the (nocturnal) emission of semen


chimera: a grotesque product of the imagination


chimaera: a grotesque product of the imagination


reverie: absentminded dreaming while awake


revery: absentminded dreaming while awake


daydream: absentminded dreaming while awake


daydreaming: absentminded dreaming while awake


oneirism: absentminded dreaming while awake


air castle: absentminded dreaming while awake


castle in the air: absentminded dreaming while awake


castle in Spain: absentminded dreaming while awake


woolgathering: an idle indulgence in fantasy


evocation: imaginative re-creation


pretense: imaginative intellectual play


pretence: imaginative intellectual play


make-believe: imaginative intellectual play


search: the examination of alternative hypotheses


hunt: an instance of searching for something


pursuit: a search for an alternative that meets cognitive criteria


pursuance: a search for an alternative that meets cognitive criteria


quest: a search for an alternative that meets cognitive criteria


higher cognitive process: cognitive processes that presuppose the availability of knowledge and put it to use


thinking: the process of using your mind to consider something carefully


thought: the process of using your mind to consider something carefully


thought process: the process of using your mind to consider something carefully


cerebration: the process of using your mind to consider something carefully


intellection: the process of using your mind to consider something carefully


mentation: the process of using your mind to consider something carefully


free association: a thought process in which ideas (words or images) suggest other ideas in a sequence


suggestion: the sequential mental process in which one thought leads to another by association


construction: the creation of a construct; the process of combining ideas into a congruous object of thought


mental synthesis: the creation of a construct; the process of combining ideas into a congruous object of thought


crystallization: a mental synthesis that becomes fixed or concrete by a process resembling crystal formation


gestation: the conception and development of an idea or plan


reasoning: thinking that is coherent and logical


logical thinking: thinking that is coherent and logical


abstract thought: thinking that is coherent and logical


analysis: the abstract separation of a whole into its constituent parts in order to study the parts and their relations


analytic thinking: the abstract separation of a whole into its constituent parts in order to study the parts and their relations


argumentation: a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood; the methodical process of logical reasoning


logical argument: a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood; the methodical process of logical reasoning


argument: a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood; the methodical process of logical reasoning


line of reasoning: a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood; the methodical process of logical reasoning


line: a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood; the methodical process of logical reasoning


line of thought: a particular way of thinking that is characteristic of some individual or group


train of thought: the connections that link the various parts of an event or argument together


thread: the connections that link the various parts of an event or argument together


line of inquiry: an ordering of questions so as to develop a particular argument


line of questioning: an ordering of questions so as to develop a particular argument


conjecture: reasoning that involves the formation of conclusions from incomplete evidence


deduction: reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect)


deductive reasoning: reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect)


synthesis: reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect)


generalization: reasoning from detailed facts to general principles


generalisation: reasoning from detailed facts to general principles


induction: reasoning from detailed facts to general principles


inductive reasoning: reasoning from detailed facts to general principles


inference: the reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on the basis of direct observation


illation: the reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on the basis of direct observation


prediction: the act of predicting (as by reasoning about the future)


anticipation: the act of predicting (as by reasoning about the future)


prevision: the act of predicting (as by reasoning about the future)


projection: a prediction made by extrapolating from past observations


prophecy: knowledge of the future (usually said to be obtained from a divine source)


prognostication: knowledge of the future (usually said to be obtained from a divine source)


vaticination: knowledge of the future (usually said to be obtained from a divine source)


crystal gazing: staring into a crystal ball to arouse visions of future or distant events


prevision: a prophetic vision (as in a dream)


retrovision: a vision of events in the distant past


prefiguration: the act of providing vague advance indications; representing beforehand


foreshadowing: the act of providing vague advance indications; representing beforehand


adumbration: the act of providing vague advance indications; representing beforehand


divination: the art or gift of prophecy (or the pretense of prophecy) by supernatural means


foretelling: the art or gift of prophecy (or the pretense of prophecy) by supernatural means


soothsaying: the art or gift of prophecy (or the pretense of prophecy) by supernatural means


fortune telling: the art or gift of prophecy (or the pretense of prophecy) by supernatural means


arithmancy: divination by means of numbers


dowse: searching for underground water or minerals by using a dowsing rod


dowsing: searching for underground water or minerals by using a dowsing rod


rhabdomancy: searching for underground water or minerals by using a dowsing rod


geomancy: divination by means of signs connected with the earth (as points taken at random or the arrangement of particles thrown down at random or from the configuration of a region and its relation to another)


hydromancy: divination by water (as by patterns seen in the ebb and flow of the tides)


lithomancy: divination by means of stones or stone talismans


necromancy: conjuring up the dead, especially for prophesying


oneiromancy: divination through the interpretation of dreams


onomancy: divination by the letters of a name


palmistry: telling fortunes by lines on the palm of the hand


palm reading: telling fortunes by lines on the palm of the hand


chiromancy: telling fortunes by lines on the palm of the hand


chirology: telling fortunes by lines on the palm of the hand


pyromancy: divination by fire or flames


astrology: a pseudoscience claiming divination by the positions of the planets and sun and moon


star divination: a pseudoscience claiming divination by the positions of the planets and sun and moon


horoscopy: the drawing up and interpretation of horoscopes


alchemy: a pseudoscientific forerunner of chemistry in medieval times


pseudoscience: an activity resembling science but based on fallacious assumptions


syllogism: deductive reasoning in which a conclusion is derived from two premises


theorization: the production or use of theories


theorisation: the production or use of theories


ideology: imaginary or visionary theorization


supposition: the cognitive process of supposing


supposal: the cognitive process of supposing


presupposition: the act of presupposing; a supposition made prior to having knowledge (as for the purpose of argument)


abstraction: the process of formulating general concepts by abstracting common properties of instances


generalization: the process of formulating general concepts by abstracting common properties of instances


generalisation: the process of formulating general concepts by abstracting common properties of instances


analogy: an inference that if things agree in some respects they probably agree in others


corollary: (logic) an inference that follows directly from the proof of another proposition


derivation: a line of reasoning that shows how a conclusion follows logically from accepted propositions


deduction: something that is inferred (deduced or entailed or implied)


entailment: something that is inferred (deduced or entailed or implied)


implication: something that is inferred (deduced or entailed or implied)


extrapolation: an inference about the future (or about some hypothetical situation) based on known facts and observations


presumption: (law) an inference of the truth of a fact from other facts proved or admitted or judicially noticed


conclusion: an intuitive assumption


non sequitur: (logic) a conclusion that does not follow from the premises


breakdown: an analysis into mutually exclusive categories


partitioning: an analysis into mutually exclusive categories


cost-benefit analysis: an analysis of the cost effectiveness of different alternatives in order to see whether the benefits outweigh the costs


dissection: a minute and critical analysis


elimination: analysis of a problem into alternative possibilities followed by the systematic rejection of unacceptable alternatives


reasoning by elimination: analysis of a problem into alternative possibilities followed by the systematic rejection of unacceptable alternatives


reductionism: the analysis of complex things into simpler constituents


reductionism: a theory that all complex systems can be completely understood in terms of their components


systems analysis: analysis of all aspects of a project along with ways to collect information about the operation of its parts


resolution: analysis into clear-cut components


resolving: analysis into clear-cut components


factorization: (mathematics) the resolution of an entity into factors such that when multiplied together they give the original entity


factorisation: (mathematics) the resolution of an entity into factors such that when multiplied together they give the original entity


factoring: (mathematics) the resolution of an entity into factors such that when multiplied together they give the original entity


diagonalization: changing a square matrix to diagonal form (with all non-zero elements on the principal diagonal)


diagonalisation: changing a square matrix to diagonal form (with all non-zero elements on the principal diagonal)


ratiocination: logical and methodical reasoning


regress: the reasoning involved when you assume the conclusion is true and reason backward to the evidence


reasoning backward: the reasoning involved when you assume the conclusion is true and reason backward to the evidence


synthesis: the combination of ideas into a complex whole


synthetic thinking: the combination of ideas into a complex whole


trend analysis: analysis of changes over time


cogitation: attentive consideration and meditation


study: attentive consideration and meditation


lucubration: laborious cogitation


mysticism: obscure or irrational thought


ideation: the process of forming and relating ideas


consideration: the process of giving careful thought to something


deliberation: careful consideration


weighing: careful consideration


advisement: careful consideration


exploration: a systematic consideration


contemplation: a calm, lengthy, intent consideration


reflection: a calm, lengthy, intent consideration


reflexion: a calm, lengthy, intent consideration


rumination: a calm, lengthy, intent consideration


musing: a calm, lengthy, intent consideration


thoughtfulness: a calm, lengthy, intent consideration


meditation: continuous and profound contemplation or musing on a subject or series of subjects of a deep or abstruse nature


speculation: continuous and profound contemplation or musing on a subject or series of subjects of a deep or abstruse nature


meditation: (religion) contemplation of spiritual matters (usually on religious or philosophical subjects)


think: an instance of deliberate thinking


introspection: the contemplation of your own thoughts and desires and conduct


self-contemplation: the contemplation of your own thoughts and desires and conduct


self-examination: the contemplation of your own thoughts and desires and conduct


soul-searching: a penetrating examination of your own beliefs and motives


self-analysis: a penetrating examination of your own beliefs and motives


examen: a detailed inspection of your conscience (as done daily by Jesuits)


examination: a detailed inspection of your conscience (as done daily by Jesuits)


inwardness: preoccupation especially with one's attitudes and ethical or ideological values


outwardness: concern with outward things or material objects as opposed to the mind and spirit


omphaloskepsis: literally, the contemplation of one's navel, which is an idiom usually meaning complacent self-absorption


navel-gazing: literally, the contemplation of one's navel, which is an idiom usually meaning complacent self-absorption


retrospect: contemplation of things past


decision making: the cognitive process of reaching a decision


deciding: the cognitive process of reaching a decision


determination: deciding or controlling something's outcome or nature


eclecticism: making decisions on the basis of what seems best instead of following some single doctrine or style


eclectic method: making decisions on the basis of what seems best instead of following some single doctrine or style


groupthink: decision making by a group (especially in a manner that discourages creativity or individual responsibility)


settlement: something settled or resolved; the outcome of decision making


resolution: something settled or resolved; the outcome of decision making


closure: something settled or resolved; the outcome of decision making


judgment: the cognitive process of reaching a decision or drawing conclusions


judgement: the cognitive process of reaching a decision or drawing conclusions


judging: the cognitive process of reaching a decision or drawing conclusions


prejudgment: a judgment reached before the evidence is available


prejudgement: a judgment reached before the evidence is available


reversal: a decision to reverse an earlier decision


change of mind: a decision to reverse an earlier decision


flip-flop: a decision to reverse an earlier decision


turnabout: a decision to reverse an earlier decision


turnaround: a decision to reverse an earlier decision


reconsideration: thinking again about a choice previously made


second thought: thinking again about a choice previously made


afterthought: thinking again about a choice previously made


rethink: thinking again about a choice previously made


choice: the person or thing chosen or selected


pick: the person or thing chosen or selected


selection: the person or thing chosen or selected


pleasure: a formal expression


cull: the person or thing that is rejected or set aside as inferior in quality


reject: the person or thing that is rejected or set aside as inferior in quality


favorite: something regarded with special favor or liking


favourite: something regarded with special favor or liking


option: one of a number of things from which only one can be chosen


alternative: one of a number of things from which only one can be chosen


choice: one of a number of things from which only one can be chosen


obverse: the more conspicuous of two alternatives or cases or sides


preference: the right or chance to choose


druthers: the right or chance to choose


wish: the particular preference that you have


way: doing as one pleases or chooses


default option: an option that is selected automatically unless an alternative is specified


default: an option that is selected automatically unless an alternative is specified


possibility: a possible alternative


possible action: a possible alternative


opening: a possible alternative


possible: something that can be done


impossibility: an alternative that is not available


impossible action: an alternative that is not available


impossible: something that cannot be done


Hobson's choice: the choice of taking what is offered or nothing at all


soft option: an easier alternative


excogitation: thinking something out with care in order to achieve complete understanding of it


explanation: thought that makes something comprehensible


rationale: (law) an explanation of the fundamental reasons (especially an explanation of the working of some device in terms of laws of nature)


principle: (law) an explanation of the fundamental reasons (especially an explanation of the working of some device in terms of laws of nature)


basis: the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained


base: the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained


foundation: the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained


fundament: the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained


groundwork: the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained


cornerstone: the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained


meat and potatoes: the fundamental part


key: something crucial for explaining


natural history: the scientific study of plants or animals (more observational than experimental) usually published in popular magazines rather than in academic journals


rationalization: the cognitive process of making something seem consistent with or based on reason


rationalisation: the cognitive process of making something seem consistent with or based on reason


raison d'etre: reason for being


planning: the cognitive process of thinking about what you will do in the event of something happening


preparation: the cognitive process of thinking about what you will do in the event of something happening


provision: the cognitive process of thinking about what you will do in the event of something happening


agreement: the thing arranged or agreed to


arrangement: the thing arranged or agreed to


collusion: secret agreement


prearrangement: something arranged in advance


reservation: something reserved in advance (as a hotel accommodation or a seat on a plane etc.)


upgrade: a reservation that is improved


applecart: the planning that is disrupted when someone `upsets the applecart'


mens rea: (law) criminal intent; the thoughts and intentions behind a wrongful act (including knowledge that the act is illegal); often at issue in murder trials


malice aforethought: (law) criminal intent; the thoughts and intentions behind a wrongful act (including knowledge that the act is illegal); often at issue in murder trials


premeditation: (law) thought and intention to commit a crime well in advance of the crime; goes to show criminal intent


calculation: planning something carefully and intentionally


deliberation: planning something carefully and intentionally


premeditation: planning or plotting in advance of acting


forethought: planning or plotting in advance of acting


problem solving: the thought processes involved in solving a problem


convergent thinking: thinking that brings together information focussed on solving a problem (especially solving problems that have a single correct solution)


divergent thinking: thinking that moves away in diverging directions so as to involve a variety of aspects and which sometimes lead to novel ideas and solutions; associated with creativity


out-of-the-box thinking: thinking that moves away in diverging directions so as to involve a variety of aspects and which sometimes lead to novel ideas and solutions; associated with creativity


inspiration: a sudden intuition as part of solving a problem


inquiry: a search for knowledge


enquiry: a search for knowledge


research: a search for knowledge


nature study: the study of animals and plants in the natural world (usually at an elementary level)


experiment: the testing of an idea


experimentation: the testing of an idea