electronic jamming: deliberate radiation or reflection of electromagnetic energy for the purpose of disrupting enemy use of electronic devices or systems


jam: deliberate radiation or reflection of electromagnetic energy for the purpose of disrupting enemy use of electronic devices or systems


vacation: the act of making something legally void


harmonization: singing in harmony


harmonisation: singing in harmony


humming: the act of singing with closed lips


winnow: the act of separating grain from chaff


winnowing: the act of separating grain from chaff


sifting: the act of separating grain from chaff


separation: sorting one thing from others


teleportation: a hypothetical mode of instantaneous transportation; matter is dematerialized at one place and recreated at another


intonation: the act of singing in a monotonous tone


chanting: the act of singing in a monotonous tone


cantillation: liturgical chanting


intonation: singing by a soloist of the opening piece of plainsong


fixed intonation: the intonation of keyboard instruments where the pitch of each note is fixed and cannot be varied by the performer


karaoke: singing popular songs accompanied by a recording of an orchestra (usually in bars or nightclubs)


part-singing: singing with three or more voice parts


psalmody: the act of singing psalms or hymns


hymnody: the act of singing psalms or hymns


singalong: informal group singing of popular songs


singsong: informal group singing of popular songs


solfege: a voice exercise; singing scales or runs to the same syllable


solfeggio: a voice exercise; singing scales or runs to the same syllable


solmization: singing using solfa syllables to denote the notes of the scale of C major


solfege: singing using solfa syllables to denote the notes of the scale of C major


solfeggio: singing using solfa syllables to denote the notes of the scale of C major


yodeling: singing by changing back and forth between the chest voice and a falsetto


lead: the playing of a card to start a trick in bridge


leadership: the activity of leading


leading: the activity of leading


helm: a position of leadership


lead: a position of leadership (especially in the phrase `take the lead')


trend setting: the initiating or popularizing of a trend or fashion


precession: the act of preceding in time or order or rank (as in a ceremony)


precedence: the act of preceding in time or order or rank (as in a ceremony)


precedency: the act of preceding in time or order or rank (as in a ceremony)


solo: any activity that is performed alone without assistance


flood: the act of flooding; filling to overflowing


flowage: the act of flooding; filling to overflowing


parole: (law) a conditional release from imprisonment that entitles the person to serve the remainder of the sentence outside the prison as long as the terms of release are complied with


population: the act of populating (causing to live in a place)


pounce: the act of pouncing


probation: (law) a way of dealing with offenders without imprisoning them; a defendant found guilty of a crime is released by the court without imprisonment subject to conditions imposed by the court


quarter: clemency or mercy shown to a defeated opponent


recall: the act of removing an official by petition


revocation: the act (by someone having the authority) of annulling something previously done


reprieve: the act of reprieving; postponing or remitting punishment


respite: the act of reprieving; postponing or remitting punishment


revoke: the mistake of not following suit when able to do so


renege: the mistake of not following suit when able to do so


ruff: (card games) the act of taking a trick with a trump when unable to follow suit


trumping: (card games) the act of taking a trick with a trump when unable to follow suit


trick: (card games) in a single round, the sequence of cards played by all the players; the high card is the winner


awakening: the act of waking


wakening: the act of waking


waking up: the act of waking


buzz: a confusion of activity and gossip


fixation: the activity of fastening something firmly in position


immobilization: fixation (as by a plaster cast) of a body part in order to promote proper healing


immobilisation: fixation (as by a plaster cast) of a body part in order to promote proper healing


fun: violent and excited activity


sin: violent and excited activity


hell: violent and excited activity


excitation: something that agitates and arouses


excitement: something that agitates and arouses


hair-raiser: excitation that makes your hair stand up or that chills your bones


chiller: excitation that makes your hair stand up or that chills your bones


thrill: something that causes you to experience a sudden intense feeling or sensation


incitation: an act of urging on or spurring on or rousing to action or instigating


incitement: an act of urging on or spurring on or rousing to action or instigating


inflammation: arousal to violent emotion


inflaming: arousal to violent emotion


inspiration: arousing to a particular emotion or action


stirring: arousing to a particular emotion or action


stimulation: the act of arousing an organism to action


galvanization: stimulation that arouses a person to lively action


galvanisation: stimulation that arouses a person to lively action


titillation: an agreeable arousal


deforestation: the removal of trees


disforestation: the removal of trees


skimming: the act of removing floating material from the surface of a liquid


withdrawal: the act of taking out money or other capital


withdrawal: the act of withdrawing blood, tumors, etc.


spoil: the act of spoiling something by causing damage to it


spoiling: the act of spoiling something by causing damage to it


spoilage: the act of spoiling something by causing damage to it


swerve: the act of turning aside suddenly


swerving: the act of turning aside suddenly


veering: the act of turning aside suddenly


three-point turn: the act of turning a vehicle around in a limited space by moving in a series of back and forward arcs


face saver: an act that avoids a loss of face (of dignity or prestige)


face saving: an act that avoids a loss of face (of dignity or prestige)


recruitment: the act of getting recruits; enlisting people for the army (or for a job or a cause etc.)


enlisting: the act of getting recruits; enlisting people for the army (or for a job or a cause etc.)


smooth: the act of smoothing


reference: the act of referring or consulting


consultation: the act of referring or consulting


emphasizing: the act of giving special importance or significance to something


accenting: the act of giving special importance or significance to something


accentuation: the act of giving special importance or significance to something


release: activity that frees or expresses creative energy or emotion


outlet: activity that frees or expresses creative energy or emotion


vent: activity that frees or expresses creative energy or emotion


last: a person's dying act; the final thing a person can do


slapshot: a fast shot made with a short powerful swing of the hockey stick


headshot: an attempt to put the soccer ball into the net by using the head


cornhusking: the act of removing the husks from ears of corn


palpebration: repeated blinking or winking (especially if uncontrolled and persistent)


bank examination: an examination of the affairs and records of a bank by a state or federal bank examiner


beatification: the action of rendering supremely blessed and extremely happy


equilibration: stabilization by bringing into equilibrium


ethnic cleansing: the mass expulsion and killing of one ethnic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area


jumpstart: starting an automobile engine that has a weak battery by means of jumper cables to another car


jump-start: starting an automobile engine that has a weak battery by means of jumper cables to another car


mystification: the activity of obscuring people's understanding, leaving them baffled or bewildered


obfuscation: the activity of obscuring people's understanding, leaving them baffled or bewildered


negotiation: the activity or business of negotiating an agreement; coming to terms


proclamation: the formal act of proclaiming; giving public notice


promulgation: the formal act of proclaiming; giving public notice


socialization: the action of establishing on a socialist basis


socialisation: the action of establishing on a socialist basis


stabilization: the act of making something (as a vessel or aircraft) less likely to overturn


stabilisation: the act of making something (as a vessel or aircraft) less likely to overturn


stupefaction: the action of stupefying; making dull or lethargic


transfusion reaction: reaction of the body to a transfusion of blood that is not compatible with its own blood; an adverse reaction can range from fever and hives to renal failure and shock and death


upgrade: the act of improving something (especially machinery) by raising it to a higher grade (as by adding or replacing components)


vampirism: the actions or practices of a vampire


version: manual turning of a fetus in the uterus (usually to aid delivery)


vulgarization: the act of rendering something coarse and unrefined


vulgarisation: the act of rendering something coarse and unrefined


witching: the use or practice of witchcraft


xenotransplant: a surgical procedure in which tissue or whole organs are transfered from one species to another species


xenotransplantation: a surgical procedure in which tissue or whole organs are transfered from one species to another species


Actium: the naval battle in which Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavian's fleet under Agrippa in 31 BC


Aegates Isles: islands west of Sicily (now known as the Egadi Islands) where the Romans won a naval victory over the Carthaginians that ended the first Punic War in 241 BC


Aegadean Isles: islands west of Sicily (now known as the Egadi Islands) where the Romans won a naval victory over the Carthaginians that ended the first Punic War in 241 BC


Aegospotami: a river in ancient Thrace (now Turkey); in the mouth of this river the Spartan fleet under Lysander destroyed the Athenian fleet in the final battle of the Peloponnesian War (404 BC)


Aegospotamos: a river in ancient Thrace (now Turkey); in the mouth of this river the Spartan fleet under Lysander destroyed the Athenian fleet in the final battle of the Peloponnesian War (404 BC)


Agincourt: a battle in northern France in which English longbowmen under Henry V decisively defeated a much larger French army in 1415


Alamo: a siege and massacre at a mission in San Antonio in 1836; Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico


Atlanta: a siege in which Federal troops under Sherman cut off the railroads supplying the city and then burned it; 1864


battle of Atlanta: a siege in which Federal troops under Sherman cut off the railroads supplying the city and then burned it; 1864


Austerlitz: a decisive battle during the Napoleonic campaigns (1805); the French under Napoleon defeated the Russian armies of Czar Alexander I and the Austrian armies of Emperor Francis II


battle of Austerlitz: a decisive battle during the Napoleonic campaigns (1805); the French under Napoleon defeated the Russian armies of Czar Alexander I and the Austrian armies of Emperor Francis II


Bannockburn: a battle in which the Scots under Robert the Bruce defeated the English and assured the independence of Scotland


Bataan: the peninsula and island in the Philippines where Japanese forces besieged American forces in World War II; United States forces surrendered in 1942 and recaptured the area in 1945


Corregidor: the peninsula and island in the Philippines where Japanese forces besieged American forces in World War II; United States forces surrendered in 1942 and recaptured the area in 1945


Battle of Britain: the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and the aerial combat that accompanied it


Battle of Kerbala: a battle in 680 in which the grandson of Mohammed and his followers were killed


Battle of the Ardennes Bulge: a battle during World War II; in December 1944 von Rundstedt launched a powerful counteroffensive in the forest at Ardennes and caught the Allies by surprise


Battle of the Bulge: a battle during World War II; in December 1944 von Rundstedt launched a powerful counteroffensive in the forest at Ardennes and caught the Allies by surprise


Ardennes counteroffensive: a battle during World War II; in December 1944 von Rundstedt launched a powerful counteroffensive in the forest at Ardennes and caught the Allies by surprise


Battle of the Marne: a World War I battle in northwestern France where the Allies defeated the Germans in 1918


Belleau Wood: a World War I battle in northwestern France where the Allies defeated the Germans in 1918


Chateau-Thierry: a World War I battle in northwestern France where the Allies defeated the Germans in 1918


Marne River: a World War I battle in northwestern France where the Allies defeated the Germans in 1918


Bismarck Sea: a naval battle in World War II; Allied land-based bombers destroyed a Japanese convoy in the Bismarck Sea in March 1943


battle of the Bismarck Sea: a naval battle in World War II; Allied land-based bombers destroyed a Japanese convoy in the Bismarck Sea in March 1943


Blenheim: the First Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy defeated the French in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession


Borodino: Napoleon defeated the Russians in 1812 in a pitched battle at a village in western Russia west of Moscow, but irreparably weakened his army


Bosworth Field: the battle that ended the Wars of the Roses (1485); Richard III was killed and Henry Tudor was crowned as Henry VII


Bouvines: in 1214 the French under Philip Augustus defeated a coalition formed against him in one of the greatest battles of the middle ages


Boyne: a battle in the War of the Grand Alliance in Ireland in 1690; William III defeated the deposed James II and so ended the Catholicism that had been reintroduced in England by the Stuarts


battle of Boyne: a battle in the War of the Grand Alliance in Ireland in 1690; William III defeated the deposed James II and so ended the Catholicism that had been reintroduced in England by the Stuarts


Brunanburh: a battle in 937 when Athelstan defeated the Scots


battle of Brunanburh: a battle in 937 when Athelstan defeated the Scots


Buena Vista: a pitched battle in the Mexican War in 1847; United States forces under Zachary Taylor defeated the Mexican forces under Santa Anna at a locality in northern Mexico


Bull Run: either of two battles during the American Civil War (1861 and 1862); Confederate forces defeated the Federal army in both battles


Battle of Bull Run: either of two battles during the American Civil War (1861 and 1862); Confederate forces defeated the Federal army in both battles


Bunker Hill: the first important battle of the American War of Independence (1775) which was fought at Breed's Hill; the British defeated the colonial forces


battle of Bunker Hill: the first important battle of the American War of Independence (1775) which was fought at Breed's Hill; the British defeated the colonial forces


Cannae: ancient city is southeastern Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans in 216 BC


Caporetto: battle of World War I (1917); Italians were defeated by the Austrian and German forces


battle of Caporetto: battle of World War I (1917); Italians were defeated by the Austrian and German forces


Caudine Forks: a battle in the Apennines in 321 BC in which the Samnites defeated the Romans


Chaeronea: a battle in which Philip II of Macedon defeated the Athenians and Thebans (338 BC) and also Sulla defeated Mithridates (86 BC)


Chalons: the battle in which Attila the Hun was defeated by the Romans and Visigoths in 451


Chalons-sur-Marne: the battle in which Attila the Hun was defeated by the Romans and Visigoths in 451


Chancellorsville: a major battle in the American Civil War (1863); the Confederates under Robert E. Lee defeated the Union forces under Joseph Hooker


Chapultepec: a pitched battle in the Mexican War that resulted in a major victory for American forces over Mexican forces at a locality south of Mexico City (1847)


Chattanooga: in the American Civil War (1863) the Union armies of Hooker, Thomas, and Sherman under the command of Ulysses S. Grant won a decisive victory over the Confederate Army under Braxton Bragg


battle of Chattanooga: in the American Civil War (1863) the Union armies of Hooker, Thomas, and Sherman under the command of Ulysses S. Grant won a decisive victory over the Confederate Army under Braxton Bragg


Chickamauga: a Confederate victory in the American Civil War (1863); Confederate forces under Braxton Bragg defeated Union forces


battle of Chickamauga: a Confederate victory in the American Civil War (1863); Confederate forces under Braxton Bragg defeated Union forces


Chino-Japanese War: a war between China and Japan (1894 and 1895) over the control of the Korean Peninsula; China was overwhelmingly defeated at Port Arthur


Sino-Japanese War: a war between China and Japan (1894 and 1895) over the control of the Korean Peninsula; China was overwhelmingly defeated at Port Arthur


Coral Sea: a Japanese defeat in World War II (May 1942); the first naval battle fought entirely by planes based on aircraft carriers


battle of the Coral Sea: a Japanese defeat in World War II (May 1942); the first naval battle fought entirely by planes based on aircraft carriers


Cowpens: battle in the American Revolution; Americans under Daniel Morgan defeated the British


battle of Cowpens: battle in the American Revolution; Americans under Daniel Morgan defeated the British


Crecy: the first decisive battle of the Hundred Years' War; in 1346 the English under Edward III defeated the French under Philip of Valois


battle of Crecy: the first decisive battle of the Hundred Years' War; in 1346 the English under Edward III defeated the French under Philip of Valois


Cunaxa: battle in 401 BC when the Artaxerxes II defeated his younger brother who tried to usurp the throne


battle of Cunaxa: battle in 401 BC when the Artaxerxes II defeated his younger brother who tried to usurp the throne


Cynoscephalae: the battle that ended the second Macedonian War (197 BC); the Romans defeated Philip V who lost his control of Greece


battle of Cynoscephalae: the battle that ended the second Macedonian War (197 BC); the Romans defeated Philip V who lost his control of Greece


Dardanelles: the unsuccessful campaign in World War I (1915) by the English and French to open a passage for aid to Russia; defeated by the Turks


Dardanelles campaign: the unsuccessful campaign in World War I (1915) by the English and French to open a passage for aid to Russia; defeated by the Turks


Dien Bien Phu: the French military base fell after a siege by Vietnam troops that lasted 56 days; ended the involvement of France in Indochina in 1954


Drogheda: in 1649 the place was captured by Oliver Cromwell, who massacred the Catholic inhabitants


Dunkirk: an amphibious evacuation in World War II (1940) when 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches in northern France in a desperate retreat under enemy fire


Dunkerque: an amphibious evacuation in World War II (1940) when 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches in northern France in a desperate retreat under enemy fire


El Alamein: a pitched battle in World War II (1942) resulting in a decisive Allied victory by British troops under Montgomery over German troops under Rommel


Al Alamayn: a pitched battle in World War II (1942) resulting in a decisive Allied victory by British troops under Montgomery over German troops under Rommel


Battle of El Alamein: a pitched battle in World War II (1942) resulting in a decisive Allied victory by British troops under Montgomery over German troops under Rommel


Eniwetok: World War II (February 1944); American infantry landed and captured a Japanese stronghold


Flodden: a battle in 1513; the English defeated the invading Scots and James IV was killed


Battle of Flodden Field: a battle in 1513; the English defeated the invading Scots and James IV was killed


Fontenoy: a battle in 1745 in which the French army under Marshal Saxe defeated the English army and their allies under the duke of Cumberland


Battle of Fontenoy: a battle in 1745 in which the French army under Marshal Saxe defeated the English army and their allies under the duke of Cumberland


Fort Ticonderoga: a pitched battle in which American revolutionary troops captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775


Ticonderoga: a pitched battle in which American revolutionary troops captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775


Fredericksburg: an important battle in the American Civil War (1862); the Union Army under A. E. Burnside was defeated by the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee


Battle of Fredericksburg: an important battle in the American Civil War (1862); the Union Army under A. E. Burnside was defeated by the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee


Gettysburg: a battle of the American Civil War (1863); the defeat of Robert E. Lee's invading Confederate Army was a major victory for the Union


Battle of Gettysburg: a battle of the American Civil War (1863); the defeat of Robert E. Lee's invading Confederate Army was a major victory for the Union


Granicus: the battle in which Alexander won his first major victory against the Persians (334 BC)


Battle of Granicus River: the battle in which Alexander won his first major victory against the Persians (334 BC)


Guadalcanal: a battle in World War II in the Pacific (1942-1943); the island was occupied by the Japanese and later recaptured by American forces


Battle of Guadalcanal: a battle in World War II in the Pacific (1942-1943); the island was occupied by the Japanese and later recaptured by American forces


Hampton Roads: a naval battle of the American Civil War (1862); the indecisive battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac


Hastings: the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest


battle of Hastings: the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest


Hohenlinden: a battle during the Napoleonic Wars (1800); the French defeated the Austrians


battle of Hohenlinden: a battle during the Napoleonic Wars (1800); the French defeated the Austrians


Inchon: a battle in the Korean War (1950); United States forces landed at Inchon


Indian Mutiny: discontent with British administration in India led to numerous mutinies in 1857 and 1858; the revolt was put down after several battles and sieges (notably the siege at Lucknow)


Sepoy Mutiny: discontent with British administration in India led to numerous mutinies in 1857 and 1858; the revolt was put down after several battles and sieges (notably the siege at Lucknow)


Ipsus: a battle between the successors of Alexander the Great (301 BC); Lysimachus and Seleucus defeated Antigonus and Demetrius


battle of Ipsus: a battle between the successors of Alexander the Great (301 BC); Lysimachus and Seleucus defeated Antigonus and Demetrius


Issus: a battle (333 BC) in which Alexander the Great defeated the Persians under Darius III


battle of Issus: a battle (333 BC) in which Alexander the Great defeated the Persians under Darius III


Ivry: a battle (1590) in which the Huguenots under Henry IV defeated the Catholics under the duke of Mayenne


battle of Ivry: a battle (1590) in which the Huguenots under Henry IV defeated the Catholics under the duke of Mayenne


Ivry la Bataille: a battle (1590) in which the Huguenots under Henry IV defeated the Catholics under the duke of Mayenne


Iwo: a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945)


Iwo Jima: a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945)


invasion of Iwo: a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945)


Jena: the battle in 1806 in which Napoleon decisively defeated the Prussians


Battle of Jena: the battle in 1806 in which Napoleon decisively defeated the Prussians


Jutland: an indecisive naval battle in World War I (1916); fought between the British and German fleets off the northwestern coast of Denmark


battle of Jutland: an indecisive naval battle in World War I (1916); fought between the British and German fleets off the northwestern coast of Denmark


Kennesaw Mountain: battle of the American Civil War (1864); Union forces under William Tecumseh Sherman were repulsed by Confederate troops under Joseph Eggleston Johnston


Kwajalein: an amphibious assault in the Pacific in World War II (January 1944); American forces landed and captured a Japanese air base


Lake Trasimenus: a battle in 217 BC in which Hannibal ambushed a Roman army led by Flaminius


Battle of Lake Trasimenus: a battle in 217 BC in which Hannibal ambushed a Roman army led by Flaminius


Langside: (1568) Catholic forces supporting Mary Queen of Scots were routed by Protestants


battle of Langside: (1568) Catholic forces supporting Mary Queen of Scots were routed by Protestants


Lepanto: Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope


Battle of Lepanto: Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope


Leuctra: Thebes defeated Sparta in 371 BC; the battle ended Sparta's military supremacy in Greece


battle of Leuctra: Thebes defeated Sparta in 371 BC; the battle ended Sparta's military supremacy in Greece


Lexington: the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775)


Concord: the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775)


Lexington and Concord: the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775)


Leyte: a battle in World War II; the return of United States troops to the Philippines began with landings on Leyte Island in October 1944; the battle marked first use of kamikaze aircraft by the Japanese


Leyte Island: a battle in World War II; the return of United States troops to the Philippines began with landings on Leyte Island in October 1944; the battle marked first use of kamikaze aircraft by the Japanese


Leyte invasion: a battle in World War II; the return of United States troops to the Philippines began with landings on Leyte Island in October 1944; the battle marked first use of kamikaze aircraft by the Japanese


Little Bighorn: a battle in Montana near the Little Bighorn River between United States cavalry under Custer and several groups of Native Americans (1876); Custer was pursuing Sioux led by Sitting Bull; Custer underestimated the size of the Sioux forces (which were supported by Cheyenne warriors) and was killed along with all his command


Battle of Little Bighorn: a battle in Montana near the Little Bighorn River between United States cavalry under Custer and several groups of Native Americans (1876); Custer was pursuing Sioux led by Sitting Bull; Custer underestimated the size of the Sioux forces (which were supported by Cheyenne warriors) and was killed along with all his command


Battle of the Little Bighorn: a battle in Montana near the Little Bighorn River between United States cavalry under Custer and several groups of Native Americans (1876); Custer was pursuing Sioux led by Sitting Bull; Custer underestimated the size of the Sioux forces (which were supported by Cheyenne warriors) and was killed along with all his command


Custer's Last Stand: a battle in Montana near the Little Bighorn River between United States cavalry under Custer and several groups of Native Americans (1876); Custer was pursuing Sioux led by Sitting Bull; Custer underestimated the size of the Sioux forces (which were supported by Cheyenne warriors) and was killed along with all his command


Lucknow: the British residents of Lucknow were besieged by Indian insurgents during the Indian Mutiny (1857)


Lule Burgas: the principal battle of the Balkan Wars (1912); Bulgarian forces defeated the Turks


battle of Lule Burgas: the principal battle of the Balkan Wars (1912); Bulgarian forces defeated the Turks


Lutzen: a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1632); Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Holy Roman Empire under Wallenstein; Gustavus Adolphus was killed


battle of Lutzen: a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1632); Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Holy Roman Empire under Wallenstein; Gustavus Adolphus was killed


Macedonian War: one the four wars between Macedonia and Rome in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, which ended in the defeat of Macedonia and its annexation as a Roman province


Magenta: a battle in 1859 in which the French and Sardinian forces under Napoleon III defeated the Austrians under Francis Joseph I


Battle of Magenta: a battle in 1859 in which the French and Sardinian forces under Napoleon III defeated the Austrians under Francis Joseph I


Maldon: a battle in which the Danes defeated the Saxons in 991; celebrated in an old English poem


Battle of Maldon: a battle in which the Danes defeated the Saxons in 991; celebrated in an old English poem


Manila Bay: a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the American fleet under Admiral Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet


Mantinea: the site of three famous battles among Greek city-states: in 418 BC and 362 BC and 207 BC


Mantineia: the site of three famous battles among Greek city-states: in 418 BC and 362 BC and 207 BC


Marathon: a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians


battle of Marathon: a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians


Marengo: a battle in 1800 in which the French under Napoleon Bonaparte won a great victory over the Austrians


Marston Moor: a battle in 1644 in which the Parliamentarians under the earl of Manchester defeated the Royalists under Prince Rupert


battle of Marston Moor: a battle in 1644 in which the Parliamentarians under the earl of Manchester defeated the Royalists under Prince Rupert


Metaurus River: a battle during the second Punic War (207 BC); Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal was defeated by the Romans which ended Hannibal's hopes for success in Italy


Meuse: an American operation in World War I (1918); American troops under Pershing drove back the German armies which were saved only by the armistice on November 11


Meuse River: an American operation in World War I (1918); American troops under Pershing drove back the German armies which were saved only by the armistice on November 11


Argonne: an American operation in World War I (1918); American troops under Pershing drove back the German armies which were saved only by the armistice on November 11


Argonne Forest: an American operation in World War I (1918); American troops under Pershing drove back the German armies which were saved only by the armistice on November 11


Meuse-Argonne: an American operation in World War I (1918); American troops under Pershing drove back the German armies which were saved only by the armistice on November 11


Meuse-Argonne operation: an American operation in World War I (1918); American troops under Pershing drove back the German armies which were saved only by the armistice on November 11


Midway: naval battle of World War II (June 1942); American planes based on land and on carriers decisively defeated a Japanese fleet on its way to invade the Midway Islands


Battle of Midway: naval battle of World War II (June 1942); American planes based on land and on carriers decisively defeated a Japanese fleet on its way to invade the Midway Islands


Minden: a battle in the Seven Years' War (1759) in which the English forces and their allies defeated the French


battle of Minden: a battle in the Seven Years' War (1759) in which the English forces and their allies defeated the French


Monmouth Court House: a pitched battle in New Jersey during the American Revolution (1778) that ended with the withdrawal of British forces


Battle of Monmouth Court House: a pitched battle in New Jersey during the American Revolution (1778) that ended with the withdrawal of British forces


Battle of Monmouth: a pitched battle in New Jersey during the American Revolution (1778) that ended with the withdrawal of British forces


Naseby: a battle in 1645 that settled the outcome of the first English Civil War as the Parliamentarians won a major victory over the Royalists


Battle of Naseby: a battle in 1645 that settled the outcome of the first English Civil War as the Parliamentarians won a major victory over the Royalists


Navarino: a decisive naval battle in the War of Greek Independence (1827); the Turkish and Egyptian fleet was defeated by an allied fleet of British and French and Russian warships


battle of Navarino: a decisive naval battle in the War of Greek Independence (1827); the Turkish and Egyptian fleet was defeated by an allied fleet of British and French and Russian warships


Okinawa: a campaign in the closing days of World War II in the Pacific (April to June 1945); in savage close-quarter fighting United States marines and regular army troops took the island from the Japanese; considered the greatest victory of the Pacific campaign for the Americans


Okinawa campaign: a campaign in the closing days of World War II in the Pacific (April to June 1945); in savage close-quarter fighting United States marines and regular army troops took the island from the Japanese; considered the greatest victory of the Pacific campaign for the Americans


Omdurman: a battle (1898) in which an English and Egyptian army under Kitchener defeated the Sudanese


battle of Omdurman: a battle (1898) in which an English and Egyptian army under Kitchener defeated the Sudanese


Operation Desert Storm: the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991)


Orleans: a long siege of Orleans by the English was relieved by Joan of Arc in 1429


siege of Orleans: a long siege of Orleans by the English was relieved by Joan of Arc in 1429


Panipat: battle in which the ruler of Afghanistan defeated the Mahrattas in 1761


battle of Panipat: battle in which the ruler of Afghanistan defeated the Mahrattas in 1761


Passero: a naval battle in the Mediterranean Sea off Cape Passero in which the Spanish navy was destroyed by France and England while attempting to recover Sicily and Sardinia from Italy (1719)


Cape Passero: a naval battle in the Mediterranean Sea off Cape Passero in which the Spanish navy was destroyed by France and England while attempting to recover Sicily and Sardinia from Italy (1719)


Petersburg: the final campaign of the American Civil War (1864-65); Union forces under Grant besieged and finally defeated Confederate forces under Lee


Petersburg Campaign: the final campaign of the American Civil War (1864-65); Union forces under Grant besieged and finally defeated Confederate forces under Lee


Pharsalus: Caesar defeated Pompey in 48 BC


battle of Pharsalus: Caesar defeated Pompey in 48 BC


Philippi: Octavian and Mark Antony defeated Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC


battle of Philippi: Octavian and Mark Antony defeated Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC


Philippine Sea: a naval battle in World War II (1944); a decisive naval victory for the United States fleet over the Japanese who were trying to block supplies from reaching American troops on Leyte


battle of the Philippine Sea: a naval battle in World War II (1944); a decisive naval victory for the United States fleet over the Japanese who were trying to block supplies from reaching American troops on Leyte


Plassey: the victory in 1757 by the British under Clive over Siraj-ud-daula that established British supremacy over Bengal


battle of Plassey: the victory in 1757 by the British under Clive over Siraj-ud-daula that established British supremacy over Bengal


Plataea: a defeat of the Persian army by the Greeks at Plataea in 479 BC


battle of Plataea: a defeat of the Persian army by the Greeks at Plataea in 479 BC


Plevna: the town was taken from the Turks by the Russians in 1877 after a siege of 143 days


Pleven: the town was taken from the Turks by the Russians in 1877 after a siege of 143 days


Poitiers: the battle in 1356 in which the English under the Black Prince defeated the French


battle of Poitiers: the battle in 1356 in which the English under the Black Prince defeated the French


Port Arthur: a battle in the Chino-Japanese War (1894); Japanese captured the port and fortifications from the Chinese


Battle of Puebla: a battle in which Mexican forces defeated the French in 1862


Pydna: a major victory by the Romans over the Macedonians in 168 BC; resulted in the downfall of the ancient Macedonian kingdom


Battle of Pydna: a major victory by the Romans over the Macedonians in 168 BC; resulted in the downfall of the ancient Macedonian kingdom


Ravenna: a battle between the French and an alliance of Spaniards and Swiss and Venetians in 1512


Battle of Ravenna: a battle between the French and an alliance of Spaniards and Swiss and Venetians in 1512


Rocroi: a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1643); the French defeated the Spanish invaders


Battle of Rocroi: a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1643); the French defeated the Spanish invaders


Rossbach: a battle in the Seven Years' War (1757); Prussian forces under Frederick the Great defeated the armies of France and Austria


battle of Rossbach: a battle in the Seven Years' War (1757); Prussian forces under Frederick the Great defeated the armies of France and Austria


Saint-Mihiel: a battle in the Meuse-Argonne operation in World War I (1918); the battle in which American troops launched their first offensive in France


St Mihiel: a battle in the Meuse-Argonne operation in World War I (1918); the battle in which American troops launched their first offensive in France


battle of St Mihiel: a battle in the Meuse-Argonne operation in World War I (1918); the battle in which American troops launched their first offensive in France


Saipan: US forces captured the island from the Japanese in July 1944; it was an important air base until the end of World War II


Salerno: a battle in World War II; the port was captured by United States troops in September 1943


Santiago: a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the United States fleet bottled up the Spanish ships in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba and destroyed them when they tried to escape


Santiago de Cuba: a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the United States fleet bottled up the Spanish ships in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba and destroyed them when they tried to escape


Saratoga: a battle during the American Revolution (1777); the British under Burgoyne were defeated


battle of Saratoga: a battle during the American Revolution (1777); the British under Burgoyne were defeated


Sempatch: the Swiss Confederation escaped Hapsburg domination by their victory in 1386


battle of Sempatch: the Swiss Confederation escaped Hapsburg domination by their victory in 1386


Shiloh: the second great battle of the American Civil War (1862); the battle ended with the withdrawal of Confederate troops but it was not a Union victory


battle of Shiloh: the second great battle of the American Civil War (1862); the battle ended with the withdrawal of Confederate troops but it was not a Union victory


battle of Pittsburgh Landing: the second great battle of the American Civil War (1862); the battle ended with the withdrawal of Confederate troops but it was not a Union victory


Soissons: a battle in World War I (May 1918); the Germans tried to attack before the American numbers were too great to defeat; the tactical success of the Germans proved to be a strategic failure


battle of Soissons-Reims: a battle in World War I (May 1918); the Germans tried to attack before the American numbers were too great to defeat; the tactical success of the Germans proved to be a strategic failure


battle of the Chemin-des-Dames: a battle in World War I (May 1918); the Germans tried to attack before the American numbers were too great to defeat; the tactical success of the Germans proved to be a strategic failure


battle of the Aisne: a battle in World War I (May 1918); the Germans tried to attack before the American numbers were too great to defeat; the tactical success of the Germans proved to be a strategic failure


Solferino: an indecisive battle in 1859 between the French and Sardinians under Napoleon III and the Austrians under Francis Joseph I


battle of Solferino: an indecisive battle in 1859 between the French and Sardinians under Napoleon III and the Austrians under Francis Joseph I


Somme: battle in World War I (1916)


Somme River: battle in World War I (1916)


Battle of the Somme: battle in World War I (1916)


Somme: battle of World War II (1944)


Somme River: battle of World War II (1944)


Battle of the Somme: battle of World War II (1944)


Battle of the Spanish Armada: in the English Channel a small fleet of British ships successfully defeated the large armada sent from Spain by Philip II to invade England


Spotsylvania: a battle between the armies of Grant and Lee during the Wilderness Campaign


battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse: a battle between the armies of Grant and Lee during the Wilderness Campaign


Syracuse: the Athenian siege of Syracuse (415-413 BC) was eventually won by Syracuse


siege of Syracuse: the Athenian siege of Syracuse (415-413 BC) was eventually won by Syracuse


Syracuse: the Roman siege of Syracuse (214-212 BC) was eventually won by the Romans who sacked the city (killing Archimedes)


siege of Syracuse: the Roman siege of Syracuse (214-212 BC) was eventually won by the Romans who sacked the city (killing Archimedes)


Tannenberg: a battle in World War I (1914); decisive German victory over the Russians


battle of Tannenberg: a battle in World War I (1914); decisive German victory over the Russians


Tarawa: battles in World War II in the Pacific (November 1943); United States Marines took the islands from the Japanese after bitter fighting


Makin: battles in World War II in the Pacific (November 1943); United States Marines took the islands from the Japanese after bitter fighting


Tarawa-Makin: battles in World War II in the Pacific (November 1943); United States Marines took the islands from the Japanese after bitter fighting


Tertry: a battle in France in 687 among the descendants of Clovis


battle of Tertry: a battle in France in 687 among the descendants of Clovis


Teutoburger Wald: a battle in 9 AD in which the Germans under Arminius annihilated three Roman Legions


battle of Teutoburger Wald: a battle in 9 AD in which the Germans under Arminius annihilated three Roman Legions


Tewkesbury: the final battle of the War of the Roses in 1471 in which Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians


battle of Tewkesbury: the final battle of the War of the Roses in 1471 in which Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians


Thermopylae: a famous battle in 480 BC; a Greek army under Leonidas was annihilated by the Persians who were trying to conquer Greece


battle of Thermopylae: a famous battle in 480 BC; a Greek army under Leonidas was annihilated by the Persians who were trying to conquer Greece


Trafalgar: a naval battle in 1805 off the southwest coast of Spain; the French and Spanish fleets were defeated by the English under Nelson (who was mortally wounded)


battle of Trafalgar: a naval battle in 1805 off the southwest coast of Spain; the French and Spanish fleets were defeated by the English under Nelson (who was mortally wounded)


Trasimeno: a battle in central Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans under Flaminius in 217 BC


battle of Trasimeno: a battle in central Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans under Flaminius in 217 BC


Tsushima: a naval battle in the Russo-Japanese War (1905); the Japanese fleet defeated the Russian fleet in the Korean Strait


Valmy: the French defeated the Austrian and Prussian troops in 1792 (with a famous cannonade from the French artillery)


battle of Valmy: the French defeated the Austrian and Prussian troops in 1792 (with a famous cannonade from the French artillery)


Verdun: a battle in World War I (1916); in some of the bloodiest fighting in World War I the German offensive was stopped


battle of Verdun: a battle in World War I (1916); in some of the bloodiest fighting in World War I the German offensive was stopped


Vicksburg: a decisive battle in the American Civil War (1863); after being besieged for nearly seven weeks the Confederates surrendered


siege of Vicksburg: a decisive battle in the American Civil War (1863); after being besieged for nearly seven weeks the Confederates surrendered


Wagram: a battle in the Napoleonic campaigns (1809); Napoleon defeated the Austrians


battle of Wagram: a battle in the Napoleonic campaigns (1809); Napoleon defeated the Austrians


Battle of Wake: in December 1941 the island was captured by the Japanese after a gallant last-ditch stand by a few hundred United States marines


Battle of Wake Island: in December 1941 the island was captured by the Japanese after a gallant last-ditch stand by a few hundred United States marines


Waterloo: the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Prussian and British forces under Blucher and the Duke of Wellington routed the French forces under Napoleon


Battle of Waterloo: the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Prussian and British forces under Blucher and the Duke of Wellington routed the French forces under Napoleon


Wilderness Campaign: American Civil War; a series of indecisive battles in Grant's campaign (1864) against Lee in which both armies suffered terrible losses


Yalu River: a battle in the Korean War (November 1950); when UN troops advanced north to the Yalu River 200,000 Chinese troops crossed the river and drove them back


Yorktown: in 1781 the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops; the surrender ended the American Revolution


siege of Yorktown: in 1781 the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops; the surrender ended the American Revolution


Ypres: battle in World War I (1914); heavy but indecisive fighting as the Allies and the Germans both tried to break through the lines of the others


battle of Ypres: battle in World War I (1914); heavy but indecisive fighting as the Allies and the Germans both tried to break through the lines of the others


first battle of Ypres: battle in World War I (1914); heavy but indecisive fighting as the Allies and the Germans both tried to break through the lines of the others


Ypres: battle in World War I (1915); Germans wanted to try chlorine (a toxic yellow gas) as a weapon and succeeded in taking considerable territory from the Allied salient


battle of Ypres: battle in World War I (1915); Germans wanted to try chlorine (a toxic yellow gas) as a weapon and succeeded in taking considerable territory from the Allied salient


second battle of Ypres: battle in World War I (1915); Germans wanted to try chlorine (a toxic yellow gas) as a weapon and succeeded in taking considerable territory from the Allied salient


Ypres: battle in World War I (1917); an Allied offensive which eventually failed because tanks bogged down in the waterlogged soil of Flanders; Germans introduced mustard gas which interfered with the Allied artillery


battle of Ypres: battle in World War I (1917); an Allied offensive which eventually failed because tanks bogged down in the waterlogged soil of Flanders; Germans introduced mustard gas which interfered with the Allied artillery


third battle of Ypres: battle in World War I (1917); an Allied offensive which eventually failed because tanks bogged down in the waterlogged soil of Flanders; Germans introduced mustard gas which interfered with the Allied artillery


Zama: the battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War


battle of Zama: the battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War


American Civil War: civil war in the United States between the North and the South; 1861-1865


United States Civil War: civil war in the United States between the North and the South; 1861-1865


War between the States: civil war in the United States between the North and the South; 1861-1865


American Revolution: the revolution of the American Colonies against Great Britain; 1775-1783


American Revolutionary War: the revolution of the American Colonies against Great Britain; 1775-1783


War of American Independence: the revolution of the American Colonies against Great Britain; 1775-1783


American War of Independence: the revolution of the American Colonies against Great Britain; 1775-1783


Arab-Israeli War: tension between Arabs and Israeli erupted into a brief war in June 1967; Israel emerged as a major power in the Middle East


Six-Day War: tension between Arabs and Israeli erupted into a brief war in June 1967; Israel emerged as a major power in the Middle East


Six Day War: tension between Arabs and Israeli erupted into a brief war in June 1967; Israel emerged as a major power in the Middle East


Arab-Israeli War: Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur); Israel counterattacked and drove the Syrians back and crossed the Suez Canal into Egypt


Yom Kippur War: Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur); Israel counterattacked and drove the Syrians back and crossed the Suez Canal into Egypt


Balkan Wars: two wars (1912-1913) that were fought over the last of the European territories of the Ottoman Empire and that left the area around Constantinople (now Istanbul) as the only Ottoman territory in Europe


Boer War: either of two wars: the first when the Boers fought England in order to regain the independence they had given up to obtain British help against the Zulus (1880-1881); the second when the Orange Free State and Transvaal declared war on Britain (1899-1902)


Chinese Revolution: the republican revolution against the Manchu dynasty in China; 1911-1912


Crimean War: a war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England and France and Turkey and Sardinia; 1853-1856


Cuban Revolution: the revolution led by Fidel Castro and a small band of guerrilla fighters against a corrupt dictatorship in Cuba; 1956-1959


English Civil War: civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I; 1644-1648


English Revolution: the revolution against James II; there was little armed resistance to William and Mary in England although battles were fought in Scotland and Ireland (1688-1689)


Glorious Revolution: the revolution against James II; there was little armed resistance to William and Mary in England although battles were fought in Scotland and Ireland (1688-1689)


Bloodless Revolution: the revolution against James II; there was little armed resistance to William and Mary in England although battles were fought in Scotland and Ireland (1688-1689)


Franco-Prussian War: a war between France and Prussia that ended the Second Empire in France and led to the founding of modern Germany; 1870-1871


French and Indian War: a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by American Indian tribes); 1755-1760


French Revolution: the revolution in France against the Bourbons; 1789-1799


Hundred Years' War: the series of wars fought intermittently between France and England; 1337-1453


Iran-Iraq War: a dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution


Gulf War: a dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution


Korean War: a war between North and South Korea; South Korea was aided by the United States and other members of the United Nations; 1950-1953


Mexican Revolution: a revolution for agrarian reforms led in northern Mexico by Pancho Villa and in southern Mexico by Emiliano Zapata (1910-1911)


Mexican War: after disputes over Texas lands that were settled by Mexicans the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846 and by treaty in 1848 took Texas and California and Arizona and New Mexico and Nevada and Utah and part of Colorado and paid Mexico $15,000,000


Napoleonic Wars: a series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times; 1799-1815


Norman Conquest: the invasion and settlement of England by the Normans following the battle of Hastings (1066)


Peloponnesian War: a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta; 431-404 BC


Persian Gulf War: a war fought between Iraq and a coalition led by the United States that freed Kuwait from Iraqi invaders; 1990-1991


Gulf War: a war fought between Iraq and a coalition led by the United States that freed Kuwait from Iraqi invaders; 1990-1991


Punic War: one of the three wars between Carthage and Rome that resulted in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome; 264-241 BC, 218-201 BC, 149-146 BC


Restoration: the re-establishment of the British monarchy in 1660


Russian Revolution: the revolution against the czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917


February Revolution: the revolution against the czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917


Russian Revolution: the coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922


October Revolution: the coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922


Russo-Japanese War: Japanese victory in the war with Russia (1904-1905) gave Japan power over Korea and Manchuria


Seven Years' War: a war of England and Prussia against France and Austria (1756-1763); Britain and Prussia got the better of it


Spanish-American War: a war between the United States and Spain in 1898


Spanish War: a war between the United States and Spain in 1898


Spanish Civil War: civil war in Spain in which Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government; during the war Spain became a battleground for fascists and socialists from all countries; 1936-1939


Thirty Years' War: a series of conflicts (1618-1648) between Protestants and Catholics starting in Germany and spreading until France and Denmark and Sweden were opposing the Holy Roman Empire and Spain


Trojan War: (Greek mythology) a great war fought between Greece and Troy; the Greeks sailed to Troy to recover Helen of Troy, the beautiful wife of Menelaus who had been abducted by Paris; after ten years the Greeks (via the Trojan Horse) achieved final victory and burned Troy to the ground


Vietnam War: a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States


Vietnam: a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States


War of Greek Independence: the Greeks rebelled against Turkish rule in 1821; with the support of England and France and Russia they won independence in 1828 at Navarino (although the country included only half its present size)


War of the Austrian Succession: Prussia and Austria fought over Silesia and most of the rest of Europe took sides; 1740-1748


War of the Grand Alliance: an aggressive war waged by Louis XIV against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire and England and Holland and other states (1689-1697)


War of the League of Augsburg: an aggressive war waged by Louis XIV against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire and England and Holland and other states (1689-1697)


War of the Spanish Succession: a general war in Europe (1701-1714) that broke out when Louis XIV installed his grandson on the throne of Spain; England and Holland hoped to limit Louis' power


War of the Roses: struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII


Wars of the Roses: struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII


War of 1812: a war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France


World War I: a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918


World War 1: a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918


Great War: a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918


First World War: a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918


War to End War: a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918


World War II: a war between the Allies (Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Philippines, Poland, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, USSR, Yugoslavia) and the Axis (Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Rumania, Slovakia, Thailand) from 1939 to 1945


World War 2: a war between the Allies (Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Philippines, Poland, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, USSR, Yugoslavia) and the Axis (Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Rumania, Slovakia, Thailand) from 1939 to 1945


Second World War: a war between the Allies (Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Philippines, Poland, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, USSR, Yugoslavia) and the Axis (Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Rumania, Slovakia, Thailand) from 1939 to 1945


Animalia: taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct animals


kingdom Animalia: taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct animals


animal kingdom: taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct animals


recombinant: a cell or organism in which genetic recombination has occurred


conspecific: an organism belonging to the same species as another organism


carrier: (genetics) an organism that possesses a recessive gene whose effect is masked by a dominant allele; the associated trait is not apparent but can be passed on to offspring


pest: any unwanted and destructive insect or other animal that attacks food or crops or livestock etc.


critter: a regional term for `creature' (especially for domestic animals)


creepy-crawly: an animal that creeps or crawls (such as worms or spiders or insects)


darter: a person or other animal that moves abruptly and rapidly


denizen: a plant or animal naturalized in a region


peeper: an animal that makes short high-pitched sounds


homeotherm: an animal that has a body temperature that is relatively constant and independent of the environmental temperature


homoiotherm: an animal that has a body temperature that is relatively constant and independent of the environmental temperature


homotherm: an animal that has a body temperature that is relatively constant and independent of the environmental temperature


poikilotherm: an animal whose body temperature varies with the temperature of its surroundings; any animal except birds and mammals


ectotherm: an animal whose body temperature varies with the temperature of its surroundings; any animal except birds and mammals


range animal: any animal that lives and grazes in the grassy open land of western North America (especially horses, cattle, sheep)


vermin: any of various small animals or insects that are pests; e.g. cockroaches or rats


varmint: any usually predatory wild animal considered undesirable; e.g., coyote


varment: any usually predatory wild animal considered undesirable; e.g., coyote


scavenger: any animal that feeds on refuse and other decaying organic matter


bottom-feeder: a fish that lives and feeds on the bottom of a body of water


bottom-dweller: a fish that lives and feeds on the bottom of a body of water


bottom-feeder: a scavenger that feeds low on the food chain


bottom lurkers: a fish that lurks on the bottom of a body of water


work animal: an animal trained for and used for heavy labor


beast of burden: an animal such as a donkey or ox or elephant used for transporting loads or doing other heavy work


jument: an animal such as a donkey or ox or elephant used for transporting loads or doing other heavy work


draft animal: an animal used for pulling heavy loads


pack animal: an animal (such as a mule or burro or horse) used to carry loads


sumpter: an animal (such as a mule or burro or horse) used to carry loads


domestic animal: any of various animals that have been tamed and made fit for a human environment


domesticated animal: any of various animals that have been tamed and made fit for a human environment


feeder: an animal being fattened or suitable for fattening


feeder: an animal that feeds on a particular source of food


stocker: a domestic animal (especially a young steer or heifer) kept as stock until fattened or matured and suitable for a breeding establishment


hatchling: any recently hatched animal (especially birds)


head: a single domestic animal


migrator: an animal (especially birds and fish) that travels between different habitats at particular times of the year


molter: an animal (especially birds and arthropods and reptiles) that periodically shed their outer layer (feathers or cuticle or skin or hair)


moulter: an animal (especially birds and arthropods and reptiles) that periodically shed their outer layer (feathers or cuticle or skin or hair)


pet: a domesticated animal kept for companionship or amusement


stayer: a person or other animal having powers of endurance or perseverance


stunt: a creature (especially a whale) that has been prevented from attaining full growth


pollard: a usually horned animal that has either shed its horns or had them removed


marine animal: any of numerous animals inhabiting the sea including e.g. fishes and molluscs and many mammals


marine creature: any of numerous animals inhabiting the sea including e.g. fishes and molluscs and many mammals


sea animal: any of numerous animals inhabiting the sea including e.g. fishes and molluscs and many mammals


sea creature: any of numerous animals inhabiting the sea including e.g. fishes and molluscs and many mammals


by-catch: unwanted marine creatures that are caught in the nets while fishing for another species


bycatch: unwanted marine creatures that are caught in the nets while fishing for another species


amphidiploid: (genetics) an organism or cell having a diploid set of chromosomes from each parent


diploid: (genetics) an organism or cell having the normal amount of DNA per cell; i.e., two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number


haploid: (genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes


heteroploid: (genetics) an organism or cell having a chromosome number that is not an even multiple of the haploid chromosome number for that species


polyploid: (genetics) an organism or cell having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes


female: an animal that produces gametes (ova) that can be fertilized by male gametes (spermatozoa)


hen: female of certain aquatic animals e.g. octopus or lobster


male: an animal that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that can fertilize female gametes (ova)


adult: any mature animal


young: any immature animal


offspring: any immature animal


orphan: a young animal without a mother


young mammal: any immature mammal


baby: a very young mammal


pup: young of any of various canines such as a dog or wolf


whelp: young of any of various canines such as a dog or wolf


wolf pup: a young wolf


wolf cub: a young wolf


puppy: a young dog


cub: the young of certain carnivorous mammals such as the bear or wolf or lion


young carnivore: the young of certain carnivorous mammals such as the bear or wolf or lion


lion cub: a young lion


bear cub: a young bear


tiger cub: a young tiger


kit: young of any of various fur-bearing animals


suckling: a young mammal that has not been weaned


sire: male parent of an animal especially a domestic animal such as a horse


dam: female parent of an animal especially domestic livestock


thoroughbred: a pedigreed animal of unmixed lineage; used especially of horses


purebred: a pedigreed animal of unmixed lineage; used especially of horses


pureblood: a pedigreed animal of unmixed lineage; used especially of horses


giant: any creature of exceptional size


vent: external opening of urinary or genital system of a lower vertebrate


animalcule: microscopic organism such as an amoeba or paramecium


animalculum: microscopic organism such as an amoeba or paramecium


survivor: an animal that survives in spite of adversity


mutant: an animal that has undergone mutation


carnivore: any animal that feeds on flesh


herbivore: any animal that feeds chiefly on grass and other plants


insectivore: any organism that feeds mainly on insects


acrodont: an animal having teeth consolidated with the summit of the alveolar ridge without sockets


pleurodont: an animal having teeth fused with the inner surface of the alveolar ridge without sockets


form genus: an artificial taxonomic category established on the basis of morphological resemblance for organisms of obscure true relationships especially fossil forms


horn: one of the bony outgrowths on the heads of certain ungulates


antler: deciduous horn of a member of the deer family


tuft: a bunch of feathers or hair


horn: any hard protuberance from the head of an organism that is similar to or suggestive of a horn


crest: a showy growth of e.g. feathers or skin on the head of a bird or other animal


topknot: showy crest or knot of hair or feathers


microorganism: any organism of microscopic size


micro-organism: any organism of microscopic size


monad: (biology) a single-celled microorganism (especially a flagellate protozoan)


aerobe: an organism (especially a bacterium) that requires air or free oxygen for life


anaerobe: an organism (especially a bacterium) that does not require air or free oxygen to live


obligate anaerobe: an organism that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen


hybrid: (genetics) an organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock; especially offspring produced by breeding plants or animals of different varieties or breeds or species


crossbreed: (genetics) an organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock; especially offspring produced by breeding plants or animals of different varieties or breeds or species


cross: (genetics) an organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock; especially offspring produced by breeding plants or animals of different varieties or breeds or species


dihybrid: a hybrid produced by parents that differ only at two gene loci that have two alleles each


monohybrid: a hybrid produced by crossing parents that are homozygous except for a single gene locus that has two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)


polymorph: an organism that can assume more than one adult form as in the castes of ants or termites


relative: an animal or plant that bears a relationship to another (as related by common descent or by membership in the same genus)


congener: an animal or plant that bears a relationship to another (as related by common descent or by membership in the same genus)


congenator: an animal or plant that bears a relationship to another (as related by common descent or by membership in the same genus)


congeneric: an animal or plant that bears a relationship to another (as related by common descent or by membership in the same genus)


intestinal flora: harmless microorganisms (as Escherichia coli) that inhabit the intestinal tract and are essential for its normal functioning


virus: (virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein


arbovirus: a large heterogeneous group of RNA viruses divisible into groups on the basis of the virions; they have been recovered from arthropods, bats, and rodents; most are borne by arthropods; they are linked by the epidemiologic concept of transmission between vertebrate hosts by arthropod vectors (mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, midges, etc.) that feed on blood; they can cause mild fevers, hepatitis, hemorrhagic fever, and encephalitis


arborvirus: a large heterogeneous group of RNA viruses divisible into groups on the basis of the virions; they have been recovered from arthropods, bats, and rodents; most are borne by arthropods; they are linked by the epidemiologic concept of transmission between vertebrate hosts by arthropod vectors (mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, midges, etc.) that feed on blood; they can cause mild fevers, hepatitis, hemorrhagic fever, and encephalitis


capsid: the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus


virion: (virology) a complete viral particle; nucleic acid and capsid (and a lipid envelope in some viruses)


adenovirus: any of a group of viruses including those that in humans cause upper respiratory infections or infectious pinkeye


parainfluenza virus: a virus that causes upper respiratory infection (including the common cold and bronchiolitis); most often in children


arenavirus: animal viruses belonging to the family Arenaviridae


Junin virus: the RNA virus that causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever; carried by rats and mice


Lassa virus: the RNA virus that causes Lassa fever


lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: the RNA virus that causes lymphocytic choriomeningitis; infects mice and monkeys and dogs and guinea pigs and human beings


Machupo virus: the RNA virus that causes Bolivian hemorrhagic fever; carried by rats and mice


Bunyaviridae: a large family of arboviruses that affect a wide range of hosts (mainly vertebrates and arthropods)


bunyavirus: an animal virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae; can be used as a bioweapon


Filoviridae: a family of threadlike RNA viruses that cause diseases in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys and chimpanzees)


filovirus: animal viruses belonging to the family Filoviridae


Ebola virus: a filovirus that causes Ebola hemorrhagic fever; carried by animals; can be used as a bioweapon


Marburg virus: a filovirus that causes Marburg disease; carried by animals; can be used as a bioweapon


Togaviridae: a family of arboviruses carried by arthropods


alphavirus: an arbovirus of the family Togaviridae that can cause a variety of encephalitis in horses


Flaviviridae: a family of arboviruses carried by arthropods


flavivirus: animal viruses belonging to the family Flaviviridae


West Nile virus: the flavivirus that causes West Nile encephalitis


West Nile encephalitis virus: the flavivirus that causes West Nile encephalitis


Arenaviridae: a family of arborviruses carried by arthropods


Rhabdoviridae: a family of arborviruses carried by arthropods


vesiculovirus: an animal virus that causes vesicular stomatitis


Reoviridae: a family of arboviruses carried by arthropods


poxvirus: any of a group of viruses that can cause pox diseases in vertebrates


myxoma virus: a poxvirus closely related to smallpox virus; causes benign gelatinous tumors in humans


variola virus: the virus that causes smallpox in humans; can be used as a bioweapon


smallpox virus: the virus that causes smallpox in humans; can be used as a bioweapon


variola major: a type of smallpox virus that has a fatality rate of up to 25 percent


variola major virus: a type of smallpox virus that has a fatality rate of up to 25 percent


variola minor: a type of smallpox virus that has a fatality rate of about 1 percent


variola minor virus: a type of smallpox virus that has a fatality rate of about 1 percent


tobacco mosaic virus: the widely studied plant virus that causes tobacco mosaic; it was the first virus discovered (1892)


TMV: the widely studied plant virus that causes tobacco mosaic; it was the first virus discovered (1892)


viroid: the smallest of viruses; a plant virus with its RNA arranged in a circular chromosome without a protein coat


virusoid: the smallest of viruses; a plant virus with its RNA arranged in a circular chromosome without a protein coat


bacteriophage: a virus that is parasitic (reproduces itself) in bacteria


phage: a virus that is parasitic (reproduces itself) in bacteria


coliphage: a bacteriophage that infects the bacterium Escherichia coli


typhoid bacteriophage: a bacteriophage specific for the bacterium Salmonella typhi


plant virus: a plant pathogen that is a virus consisting of a single strand of RNA


animal virus: an animal pathogen that is a virus


hepadnavirus: a group of animal DNA viruses including viruses of ducks and woodchucks and squirrels and others as well as the virus causing hepatitis B in humans


retrovirus: any of a group of viruses that contain two single-strand linear RNA molecules per virion and reverse transcriptase (RNA to DNA); the virus transcribes its RNA into a cDNA provirus that is then incorporated into the host cell


human T-cell leukemia virus-1: retrovirus causing T-cell leukemia


HTLV-1: retrovirus causing T-cell leukemia


human immunodeficiency virus: the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); it replicates in and kills the helper T cells


HIV: the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); it replicates in and kills the helper T cells


myxovirus: any of a group of RNA viruses including those that cause influenza and mumps


orthomyxovirus: a group of viruses including those causing influenza


paramyxovirus: a group of viruses including those causing mumps and measles


respiratory syncytial virus: a paramyxovirus that forms syncytia in tissue culture and that is responsible for severe respiratory diseases such as bronchiolitis and bronchial pneumonia (especially in children)


picornavirus: a group of single-strand RNA viruses with a protein coat


poliovirus: the virus causing poliomyelitis


hepatitis A virus: the virus causing hepatitis A


enterovirus: any of a group of picornaviruses that infect the gastrointestinal tract and can spread to other areas (especially the nervous system)


coxsackievirus: enterovirus causing a disease resembling poliomyelitis but without paralysis


Coxsackie virus: enterovirus causing a disease resembling poliomyelitis but without paralysis


echovirus: any of a group of viruses associated with various diseases including viral meningitis and mild respiratory disorders and diarrhea in newborn infants


rhinovirus: any of a group of picornaviruses that are responsible for many upper respiratory infections


herpes: any of the animal viruses that cause painful blisters on the skin


herpes virus: any of the animal viruses that cause painful blisters on the skin


herpes simplex: a herpes virus that affects the skin and nervous system


herpes simplex virus: a herpes virus that affects the skin and nervous system


herpes simplex 1: a herpes virus that causes oral herpes


HS1: a herpes virus that causes oral herpes


HSV-1: a herpes virus that causes oral herpes


HSV-I: a herpes virus that causes oral herpes


herpes simplex 2: a herpes virus that can cause genital herpes


HS2: a herpes virus that can cause genital herpes


HSV-2: a herpes virus that can cause genital herpes


HSV-II: a herpes virus that can cause genital herpes


herpes zoster: a herpes virus that causes shingles


herpes zoster virus: a herpes virus that causes shingles


herpes varicella zoster: a herpes virus that causes chickenpox and shingles


herpes varicella zoster virus: a herpes virus that causes chickenpox and shingles


Epstein-Barr virus: the herpes virus that causes infectious mononucleosis; associated with specific cancers in Africa and China


EBV: the herpes virus that causes infectious mononucleosis; associated with specific cancers in Africa and China


cytomegalovirus: any of a group of herpes viruses that enlarge epithelial cells and can cause birth defects; can affect humans with impaired immunological systems


CMV: any of a group of herpes viruses that enlarge epithelial cells and can cause birth defects; can affect humans with impaired immunological systems


varicella zoster virus: the member of the herpes virus family that is responsible for chickenpox


papovavirus: any of a group of animal viruses associated with or causing papillomas or polyomas


human papilloma virus: any of a group of papovaviruses associated with genital or oral carcinomas or a group associated with benign genital tumors


polyoma: a virus the can initiate various kinds of tumors in mice


polyoma virus: a virus the can initiate various kinds of tumors in mice


rhabdovirus: any of a group of arboviruses including those causing rabies


lyssavirus: a neurotropic non-arbovirus of the family Rhabdoviridae that causes rabies


reovirus: any of a group of non-arboviruses including the rotavirus causing infant enteritis


rotavirus: the reovirus causing infant enteritis


parvovirus: any of a group of viruses containing DNA in an icosahedral protein shell and causing disease in dogs and cattle; not known to be associated with any human disease


parvo: any of a group of viruses containing DNA in an icosahedral protein shell and causing disease in dogs and cattle; not known to be associated with any human disease


slow virus: a virus that remains dormant in the body for a long time before symptoms appear


onion yellow-dwarf virus: the virus that produces stunting and yellowing of the leaves of onion plants


potato yellow-dwarf virus: the virus that produces stunting and yellowing of the leaves of potato plants


Monera: prokaryotic bacteria and blue-green algae and various primitive pathogens; because of lack of consensus on how to divide the organisms into phyla informal names are used for the major divisions


kingdom Monera: prokaryotic bacteria and blue-green algae and various primitive pathogens; because of lack of consensus on how to divide the organisms into phyla informal names are used for the major divisions


Prokayotae: prokaryotic bacteria and blue-green algae and various primitive pathogens; because of lack of consensus on how to divide the organisms into phyla informal names are used for the major divisions


kingdom Prokaryotae: prokaryotic bacteria and blue-green algae and various primitive pathogens; because of lack of consensus on how to divide the organisms into phyla informal names are used for the major divisions


moneran: organisms that typically reproduce by asexual budding or fission and whose nutritional mode is absorption or photosynthesis or chemosynthesis


moneron: organisms that typically reproduce by asexual budding or fission and whose nutritional mode is absorption or photosynthesis or chemosynthesis


animal order: the order of animals


protoctist order: the order of protoctists


division Archaebacteria: in some classifications considered a kingdom


archaebacteria: considered ancient life forms that evolved separately from bacteria and blue-green algae


archaebacterium: considered ancient life forms that evolved separately from bacteria and blue-green algae


archaeobacteria: considered ancient life forms that evolved separately from bacteria and blue-green algae


archeobacteria: considered ancient life forms that evolved separately from bacteria and blue-green algae


methanogen: archaebacteria found in anaerobic environments such as animal intestinal tracts or sediments or sewage and capable of producing methane; a source of natural gas


halophile: archaebacteria requiring a salt-rich environment for growth and survival


halophil: archaebacteria requiring a salt-rich environment for growth and survival


halobacteria: halophiles in saline environments such as the Dead Sea or salt flats


halobacterium: halophiles in saline environments such as the Dead Sea or salt flats


halobacter: halophiles in saline environments such as the Dead Sea or salt flats


thermoacidophile: archaebacteria that thrive in strongly acidic environments at high temperatures


bacteria: (microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plants


bacterium: (microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plants


acidophil: an organism that thrives in a relatively acid environment


acidophile: an organism that thrives in a relatively acid environment


probiotic: a beneficial bacterium found in the intestinal tract of healthy mammals; often considered to be a plant


probiotic bacterium: a beneficial bacterium found in the intestinal tract of healthy mammals; often considered to be a plant


probiotic microflora: a beneficial bacterium found in the intestinal tract of healthy mammals; often considered to be a plant


probiotic flora: a beneficial bacterium found in the intestinal tract of healthy mammals; often considered to be a plant


bacteroid: a rodlike bacterium (especially any of the rod-shaped or branched bacteria in the root nodules of nitrogen-fixing plants)


bacillus: aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium; often occurring in chainlike formations; found primarily in soil


B: aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium; often occurring in chainlike formations; found primarily in soil


Bacillus anthracis: a species of bacillus that causes anthrax in humans and in animals (cattle and swine and sheep and rabbits and mice and guinea pigs); can be used a bioweapon


anthrax bacillus: a species of bacillus that causes anthrax in humans and in animals (cattle and swine and sheep and rabbits and mice and guinea pigs); can be used a bioweapon


Bacillus subtilis: a species of bacillus found in soil and decomposing organic matter; some strains produce antibiotics


Bacillus globigii: a species of bacillus found in soil and decomposing organic matter; some strains produce antibiotics


grass bacillus: a species of bacillus found in soil and decomposing organic matter; some strains produce antibiotics


hay bacillus: a species of bacillus found in soil and decomposing organic matter; some strains produce antibiotics


Yersinia pestis: a bacillus bacterium that causes the plague; aerosolized bacteria can be used as a bioweapon


coccus: any spherical or nearly spherical bacteria


cocci: any spherical or nearly spherical bacteria


coccobacillus: a bacterial cell intermediate in morphology between a coccus and a bacillus; a very short bacillus


Brucella: an aerobic Gram-negative coccobacillus that causes brucellosis; can be used as a bioweapon


spirillum: any flagellated aerobic bacteria having a spirally twisted rodlike form


spirilla: any flagellated aerobic bacteria having a spirally twisted rodlike form


Heliobacter: a genus of helical or curved or straight aerobic bacteria with rounded ends and multiple flagella; found in the gastric mucosa of primates (including humans)


genus Heliobacter: a genus of helical or curved or straight aerobic bacteria with rounded ends and multiple flagella; found in the gastric mucosa of primates (including humans)


Heliobacter pylori: the type species of genus Heliobacter; produces urease and is associated with several gastroduodenal diseases (including gastritis and gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers and other peptic ulcers)


H. pylori: the type species of genus Heliobacter; produces urease and is associated with several gastroduodenal diseases (including gastritis and gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers and other peptic ulcers)


bacteria order: an order of bacteria


bacteria family: a family of bacteria


bacteria genus: a genus of bacteria


bacteria species: a species of bacteria


Pseudomonas pyocanea: a species of aerobic bacteria


Aerobacter: aerobic bacteria widely distributed in nature


genus Aerobacter: aerobic bacteria widely distributed in nature


Aerobacter aerogenes: a species of Gram-negative aerobic bacteria that produce gas and acid from sugars and are sometimes involved in the souring of milk


Rhizobiaceae: a small family of rod-shaped bacteria


family Rhizobiaceae: a small family of rod-shaped bacteria


Rhizobium: the type genus of Rhizobiaceae; usually occur in the root nodules of legumes; can fix atmospheric oxygen


genus Rhizobium: the type genus of Rhizobiaceae; usually occur in the root nodules of legumes; can fix atmospheric oxygen


Agrobacterium: small motile bacterial rods that can reduce nitrates and cause galls on plant stems


genus Agrobacterium: small motile bacterial rods that can reduce nitrates and cause galls on plant stems


Agrobacterium tumefaciens: the bacteria that produce crown gall disease in plants


division Eubacteria: one-celled monerans having simple cells with rigid walls and (in motile types) flagella


eubacteria: a large group of bacteria having rigid cell walls; motile types have flagella


eubacterium: a large group of bacteria having rigid cell walls; motile types have flagella


true bacteria: a large group of bacteria having rigid cell walls; motile types have flagella


Eubacteriales: one of two usually recognized orders of true bacteria; Gram-positive spherical or rod-shaped forms; some are motile; in some classifications considered an order of Schizomycetes


order Eubacteriales: one of two usually recognized orders of true bacteria; Gram-positive spherical or rod-shaped forms; some are motile; in some classifications considered an order of Schizomycetes


Bacillaceae: typically rod-shaped usually Gram-positive bacteria that produce endospores


family Bacillaceae: typically rod-shaped usually Gram-positive bacteria that produce endospores


genus Bacillus: type genus of the Bacillaceae; includes many saprophytes important in decay of organic matter and a number of parasites


genus Clostridium: anaerobic or micro-aerophilic rod-shaped or spindle-shaped saprophytes; nearly cosmopolitan in soil, animal intestines, and dung


clostridium: spindle-shaped bacterial cell especially one swollen at the center by an endospore


clostridia: spindle-shaped bacterial cell especially one swollen at the center by an endospore


botulinus: anaerobic bacterium producing botulin the toxin that causes botulism


botulinum: anaerobic bacterium producing botulin the toxin that causes botulism


Clostridium botulinum: anaerobic bacterium producing botulin the toxin that causes botulism


clostridium perfringens: anaerobic Gram-positive rod bacterium that produces epsilon toxin; can be used as a bioweapon


Cyanophyta: prokaryotic organisms sometimes considered a class or phylum or subkingdom; coextensive with the Cyanophyceae: cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)


division Cyanophyta: prokaryotic organisms sometimes considered a class or phylum or subkingdom; coextensive with the Cyanophyceae: cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)


Schizophyta: former term for the Cyanophyta


division Schizophyta: former term for the Cyanophyta


Schizomycetes: a former classification


class Schizomycetes: a former classification


class Cyanobacteria: photosynthetic bacteria found in fresh and salt water, having chlorophyll a and phycobilins; once thought to be algae: blue-green algae


Cyanophyceae: photosynthetic bacteria found in fresh and salt water, having chlorophyll a and phycobilins; once thought to be algae: blue-green algae


class Cyanophyceae: photosynthetic bacteria found in fresh and salt water, having chlorophyll a and phycobilins; once thought to be algae: blue-green algae


cyanobacteria: predominantly photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms containing a blue pigment in addition to chlorophyll; occur singly or in colonies in diverse habitats; important as phytoplankton


blue-green algae: predominantly photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms containing a blue pigment in addition to chlorophyll; occur singly or in colonies in diverse habitats; important as phytoplankton


Myxophyceae: former terms for Cyanophyceae


family Myxophyceae: former terms for Cyanophyceae


Schizophyceae: former terms for Cyanophyceae


family Schizophyceae: former terms for Cyanophyceae


Nostocaceae: blue-green algae


family Nostocaceae: blue-green algae


genus Nostoc: type genus of the family Nostocaceae: freshwater blue-green algae


nostoc: found in moist places as rounded jellylike colonies


Oscillatoriaceae: blue green algae


family Oscillatoriaceae: blue green algae


genus Trichodesmium: a genus of blue-green algae


trichodesmium: large colonial bacterium common in tropical open-ocean waters; important in carbon and nitrogen fixation


phototrophic bacteria: green and purple bacteria; energy for growth is derived from sunlight; carbon is derived from carbon dioxide or organic carbon


phototropic bacteria: green and purple bacteria; energy for growth is derived from sunlight; carbon is derived from carbon dioxide or organic carbon


purple bacteria: free-living Gram-negative pink to purplish-brown bacteria containing bacteriochlorophyll


Pseudomonadales: one of two usually recognized orders of true bacteria; Gram-negative spiral or spherical or rod-shaped bacteria usually motile by polar flagella; some contain photosynthetic pigments


order Pseudomonadales: one of two usually recognized orders of true bacteria; Gram-negative spiral or spherical or rod-shaped bacteria usually motile by polar flagella; some contain photosynthetic pigments


Pseudomonodaceae: rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria; include important plant and animal pathogens


family Pseudomonodaceae: rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria; include important plant and animal pathogens


Pseudomonas: type genus of the family Pseudomonodaceae


genus Pseudomonas: type genus of the family Pseudomonodaceae


ring rot bacteria: causes brown rot in tomatoes and potatoes and tobacco etc


Pseudomonas solanacearum: causes brown rot in tomatoes and potatoes and tobacco etc


pseudomonad: bacteria usually producing greenish fluorescent water-soluble pigment; some pathogenic for plants and animals


Xanthomonas: a genus of bacteria similar to Pseudomonas but producing a yellow pigment that is not soluble in water


genus Xanthomonas: a genus of bacteria similar to Pseudomonas but producing a yellow pigment that is not soluble in water


xanthomonad: bacteria producing yellow non-water-soluble pigments; some pathogenic for plants


Athiorhodaceae: small motile sulphur bacteria


family Athiorhodaceae: small motile sulphur bacteria


Nitrobacteriaceae: usually rod-shaped bacteria that oxidize ammonia or nitrites: nitrobacteria


family Nitrobacteriaceae: usually rod-shaped bacteria that oxidize ammonia or nitrites: nitrobacteria


Nitrobacter: rod-shaped soil bacteria


genus Nitrobacter: rod-shaped soil bacteria


nitric bacteria: soil bacteria that convert nitrites to nitrates


nitrobacteria: soil bacteria that convert nitrites to nitrates


Nitrosomonas: ellipsoidal soil bacteria


genus Nitrosomonas: ellipsoidal soil bacteria


nitrosobacteria: soil bacteria that oxidize ammonia to nitrites


nitrous bacteria: soil bacteria that oxidize ammonia to nitrites


Thiobacteriaceae: free-living coccoid to rod-shaped bacteria that derive energy from oxidizing sulfur or sulfur compounds


family Thiobacteriaceae: free-living coccoid to rod-shaped bacteria that derive energy from oxidizing sulfur or sulfur compounds


genus Thiobacillus: a genus of bacteria


thiobacillus: small rod-shaped bacteria living in sewage or soil and oxidizing sulfur


thiobacteria: any bacterium of the genus Thiobacillus


sulphur bacteria: any bacterium of the genus Thiobacillus


sulfur bacteria: any bacterium of the genus Thiobacillus


Spirillaceae: rigid spirally curved elongate bacteria


family Spirillaceae: rigid spirally curved elongate bacteria


genus Spirillum: a genus of bacteria


spirillum: spirally twisted elongate rodlike bacteria usually living in stagnant water


ratbite fever bacterium: a bacterium causing ratbite fever


Spirillum minus: a bacterium causing ratbite fever


genus Vibrio: a genus of bacteria


vibrio: curved rodlike motile bacterium


vibrion: curved rodlike motile bacterium


comma bacillus: comma-shaped bacteria that cause Asiatic cholera


Vibrio comma: comma-shaped bacteria that cause Asiatic cholera


Vibrio fetus: bacteria that cause abortion in sheep


Bacteroidaceae: family of bacteria living usually in the alimentary canal or on mucous surfaces of warm-blooded animals; sometimes associated with acute infective processes


family Bacteroidaceae: family of bacteria living usually in the alimentary canal or on mucous surfaces of warm-blooded animals; sometimes associated with acute infective processes


Bacteroides: type genus of Bacteroidaceae; genus of Gram-negative rodlike anaerobic bacteria producing no endospores and no pigment and living in the gut of man and animals


genus Bacteroides: type genus of Bacteroidaceae; genus of Gram-negative rodlike anaerobic bacteria producing no endospores and no pigment and living in the gut of man and animals


Calymmatobacterium: a genus of bacterial rods containing only the one species that causes granuloma inguinale


genus Calymmatobacterium: a genus of bacterial rods containing only the one species that causes granuloma inguinale


Calymmatobacterium granulomatis: the species of bacteria that causes granuloma inguinale


Francisella: a genus of Gram-negative aerobic bacteria that occur as pathogens and parasite in many animals (including humans)


genus Francisella: a genus of Gram-negative aerobic bacteria that occur as pathogens and parasite in many animals (including humans)


Francisella tularensis: the type species of the genus Francisella and the causal agent of tularemia in humans; can be used as a bioweapon


gonococcus: the pus-producing bacterium that causes gonorrhea


Neisseria gonorrhoeae: the pus-producing bacterium that causes gonorrhea


Corynebacteriaceae: a large family of mostly Gram-positive and aerobic and nonmotile rod-shaped bacteria of the order Eubacteriales


family Corynebacteriaceae: a large family of mostly Gram-positive and aerobic and nonmotile rod-shaped bacteria of the order Eubacteriales


corynebacterium: any species of the genus Corynebacterium


genus Corynebacterium: the type genus of the family Corynebacteriaceae which is widely distributed in nature; the best known are parasites and pathogens of humans and domestic animals


Corynebacterium diphtheriae: a species of bacterium that causes diphtheria


C. diphtheriae: a species of bacterium that causes diphtheria


Klebs-Loeffler bacillus: a species of bacterium that causes diphtheria


genus Listeria: a genus of aerobic motile bacteria of the family Corynebacteriaceae containing small Gram-positive rods


listeria: any species of the genus Listeria


Listeria monocytogenes: the type species of the genus Listeria; can cause meningitis, encephalitis, septicemia, endocarditis, abortion, abscesses, listeriosis


L. monocytogenes: the type species of the genus Listeria; can cause meningitis, encephalitis, septicemia, endocarditis, abortion, abscesses, listeriosis


Enterobacteriaceae: a large family of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria of the order Eubacteriales


family Enterobacteriaceae: a large family of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria of the order Eubacteriales


enteric bacteria: rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria; most occur normally or pathogenically in intestines of humans and other animals


enterobacteria: rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria; most occur normally or pathogenically in intestines of humans and other animals


enterics: rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria; most occur normally or pathogenically in intestines of humans and other animals


entric: rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria; most occur normally or pathogenically in intestines of humans and other animals


genus Escherichia: a genus of bacteria


escherichia: a genus of enteric bacteria


Escherichia coli: a species of bacterium normally present in intestinal tract of humans and other animals; sometimes pathogenic; can be a threat to food safety


E. coli: a species of bacterium normally present in intestinal tract of humans and other animals; sometimes pathogenic; can be a threat to food safety


genus Klebsiella: a genus of bacteria