subdivision Ascomycota: a large subdivision of Eumycota including Hemiascomycetes and Plectomycetes and Pyrenomycetes and Discomycetes; sac fungi; in some classification systems considered a division of the kingdom Fungi


Ascomycotina: a large subdivision of Eumycota including Hemiascomycetes and Plectomycetes and Pyrenomycetes and Discomycetes; sac fungi; in some classification systems considered a division of the kingdom Fungi


subdivision Ascomycotina: a large subdivision of Eumycota including Hemiascomycetes and Plectomycetes and Pyrenomycetes and Discomycetes; sac fungi; in some classification systems considered a division of the kingdom Fungi


Ascomycetes: large class of higher fungi coextensive with division Ascomycota: sac fungi


class Ascomycetes: large class of higher fungi coextensive with division Ascomycota: sac fungi


ascomycete: any fungus of the class Ascomycetes (or subdivision Ascomycota) in which the spores are formed inside an ascus


ascomycetous fungus: any fungus of the class Ascomycetes (or subdivision Ascomycota) in which the spores are formed inside an ascus


Euascomycetes: category not used in many classification systems


subclass Euascomycetes: category not used in many classification systems


Clavicipitaceae: any of various mushrooms of the class Ascomycetes


grainy club mushrooms: any of various mushrooms of the class Ascomycetes


grainy club: a variety of grainy club mushrooms


Hemiascomycetes: class of fungi in which no ascocarps are formed: yeasts and some plant parasites


class Hemiascomycetes: class of fungi in which no ascocarps are formed: yeasts and some plant parasites


Endomycetales: fungi having a zygote or a single cell developing directly into an ascus


order Endomycetales: fungi having a zygote or a single cell developing directly into an ascus


Saccharomycetaceae: family of fungi comprising the typical yeasts: reproduce by budding and ferment carbohydrates


family Saccharomycetaceae: family of fungi comprising the typical yeasts: reproduce by budding and ferment carbohydrates


Saccharomyces: single-celled yeasts that reproduce asexually by budding; used to ferment carbohydrates


genus Saccharomyces: single-celled yeasts that reproduce asexually by budding; used to ferment carbohydrates


yeast: any of various single-celled fungi that reproduce asexually by budding or division


baker's yeast: used as a leaven in baking and brewing


brewer's yeast: used as a leaven in baking and brewing


Saccharomyces cerevisiae: used as a leaven in baking and brewing


wine-maker's yeast: used in making wine


Saccharomyces ellipsoides: used in making wine


Schizosaccharomycetaceae: a family of fungi belonging to order Endomycetales


family Schizosaccharomycetaceae: a family of fungi belonging to order Endomycetales


Schizosaccharomyces: type and only genus of Schizosaccharomycetaceae; comprises the fission yeasts


genus Schizosaccharomyces: type and only genus of Schizosaccharomycetaceae; comprises the fission yeasts


Plectomycetes: class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a cleistothecium (it releases spores only on decay or disintegration)


class Plectomycetes: class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a cleistothecium (it releases spores only on decay or disintegration)


Eurotiales: order of fungi having a closed ascocarp (cleistothecium) with the asci scattered rather than gathered in a hymenium


order Eurotiales: order of fungi having a closed ascocarp (cleistothecium) with the asci scattered rather than gathered in a hymenium


Aspergillales: order of fungi having a closed ascocarp (cleistothecium) with the asci scattered rather than gathered in a hymenium


order Aspergillales: order of fungi having a closed ascocarp (cleistothecium) with the asci scattered rather than gathered in a hymenium


Eurotium: a genus of fungi belonging to the order Eurotiales


genus Eurotium: a genus of fungi belonging to the order Eurotiales


Aspergillaceae: family of fungi including some common molds


family Aspergillaceae: family of fungi including some common molds


Aspergillus: genus of common molds causing food spoilage and some pathogenic to plants and animals


genus Aspergillus: genus of common molds causing food spoilage and some pathogenic to plants and animals


Aspergillus fumigatus: a mold causing aspergillosis in birds and man


Thielavia: genus of fungi having spherical brown perithecia and some conidia borne in chains; cause root rot


genus Thielavia: genus of fungi having spherical brown perithecia and some conidia borne in chains; cause root rot


brown root rot fungus: fungus causing brown root rot in plants of the pea and potato and cucumber families


Thielavia basicola: fungus causing brown root rot in plants of the pea and potato and cucumber families


Pyrenomycetes: class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a perithecium; includes powdery mildews and ergot and Neurospora


class Pyrenomycetes: class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a perithecium; includes powdery mildews and ergot and Neurospora


Discomycetes: a large and taxonomically difficult group of Ascomycetes in which the fleshy fruiting body is disklike or cup-shaped


subclass Discomycetes: a large and taxonomically difficult group of Ascomycetes in which the fleshy fruiting body is disklike or cup-shaped


discomycete: any fungus that is a member of the subclass Discomycetes


cup fungus: any fungus that is a member of the subclass Discomycetes


Leotia lubrica: a discomycete that develops in clusters of slippery rubbery gelatinous fruiting bodies that are dingy yellow to tan in color


Mitrula elegans: a discomycete that is 3-8 cm high with an orange to yellow fertile portion and white or pinkish stalks often half in and half out of the water


Sarcoscypha coccinea: a discomycete that is a harbinger of spring; the fruiting body is thin and tough and saucer-shaped (about the size of quarter to a half dollar) with a deep bright red upper surface and a whitish exterior


scarlet cup: a discomycete that is a harbinger of spring; the fruiting body is thin and tough and saucer-shaped (about the size of quarter to a half dollar) with a deep bright red upper surface and a whitish exterior


Caloscypha fulgens: an early spring variety of discomycete with yellow to orange yellow lining of the cup


Aleuria aurantia: a discomycete with bright orange cup-shaped or saucer-shaped fruiting bodies and pale orange exteriors


orange peel fungus: a discomycete with bright orange cup-shaped or saucer-shaped fruiting bodies and pale orange exteriors


Pezizales: order of mostly saprophytic fungi having cup-shaped ascocarps


order Pezizales: order of mostly saprophytic fungi having cup-shaped ascocarps


Pezizaceae: large family comprising many typical cup fungi


family Pezizaceae: large family comprising many typical cup fungi


elf cup: apothecium of a fungus of the family Pezizaceae


Peziza: type genus of the Pezizaceae: a variety of cup fungus


genus Peziza: type genus of the Pezizaceae: a variety of cup fungus


Peziza domicilina: a discomycetous fungus of the genus Peziza; the fragile fruiting body is a ghostly white but stains yellow when broken; favors strongly alkaline habitats


blood cup: a scarlet European fungus with cup-shaped ascocarp


fairy cup: a scarlet European fungus with cup-shaped ascocarp


Peziza coccinea: a scarlet European fungus with cup-shaped ascocarp


Plectania: genus of fungi in the family Pezizaceae closely related to and often included in genus Peziza


genus Plectania: genus of fungi in the family Pezizaceae closely related to and often included in genus Peziza


Urnula craterium: an urn-shaped discomycete with a nearly black interior


urn fungus: an urn-shaped discomycete with a nearly black interior


Galiella rufa: the cup-shaped fruiting body of this discomycete has a jellylike interior and a short stalk


Jafnea semitosta: the fruiting bodies of this discomycete have a firm texture and long retain their cup shape; the pale brown interior blends with the color of dead leaves


Morchellaceae: a family of edible fungi including the true morels


family Morchellaceae: a family of edible fungi including the true morels


Morchella: genus of edible fungi: morel


genus Morchella: genus of edible fungi: morel


morel: any of various edible mushrooms of the genus Morchella having a brownish spongelike cap


common morel: an edible and choice morel with a globular to elongate head with an irregular pattern of pits and ridges


Morchella esculenta: an edible and choice morel with a globular to elongate head with an irregular pattern of pits and ridges


sponge mushroom: an edible and choice morel with a globular to elongate head with an irregular pattern of pits and ridges


sponge morel: an edible and choice morel with a globular to elongate head with an irregular pattern of pits and ridges


Disciotis venosa: an edible morel with a cup-shaped or saucer-shaped fruiting body can be up to 20 cm wide; the fertile surface inside the cup has wrinkles radiating from the center; can be easily confused with inedible mushrooms


cup morel: an edible morel with a cup-shaped or saucer-shaped fruiting body can be up to 20 cm wide; the fertile surface inside the cup has wrinkles radiating from the center; can be easily confused with inedible mushrooms


Verpa: a morel whose fertile portion resembles a bell and is attached to the stipe only at the top


bell morel: a morel whose fertile portion resembles a bell and is attached to the stipe only at the top


Verpa bohemica: resembles a thimble on a finger; the surface of the fertile portion is folded into wrinkles that extend from the top down; fruiting begins in spring before the leaves are out on the trees


early morel: resembles a thimble on a finger; the surface of the fertile portion is folded into wrinkles that extend from the top down; fruiting begins in spring before the leaves are out on the trees


Verpa conica: a morel with a fertile portion that has a relatively smooth surface; the stalk is fragile


conic Verpa: a morel with a fertile portion that has a relatively smooth surface; the stalk is fragile


black morel: a morel whose pitted fertile body is attached to the stalk with little free skirt around it; the fertile body is grey when young and black in old age


Morchella conica: a morel whose pitted fertile body is attached to the stalk with little free skirt around it; the fertile body is grey when young and black in old age


conic morel: a morel whose pitted fertile body is attached to the stalk with little free skirt around it; the fertile body is grey when young and black in old age


Morchella angusticeps: a morel whose pitted fertile body is attached to the stalk with little free skirt around it; the fertile body is grey when young and black in old age


narrowhead morel: a morel whose pitted fertile body is attached to the stalk with little free skirt around it; the fertile body is grey when young and black in old age


Morchella crassipes: a delicious morel with a conic fertile portion having deep and irregular pits


thick-footed morel: a delicious morel with a conic fertile portion having deep and irregular pits


Morchella semilibera: a morel with the ridged and pitted fertile portion attached to the stipe for about half its length


half-free morel: a morel with the ridged and pitted fertile portion attached to the stipe for about half its length


cow's head: a morel with the ridged and pitted fertile portion attached to the stipe for about half its length


Sarcoscyphaceae: family of fungi belonging to the order Pezizales


family Sarcoscyphaceae: family of fungi belonging to the order Pezizales


Wynnea: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Sarcoscyphaceae


genus Wynnea: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Sarcoscyphaceae


Wynnea americana: a fungus composed of several apothecia that look like elongated rabbit ears; the sterile surface is dark brown and warty; the fertile surface is smooth and pinkish orange


Wynnea sparassoides: a fungus with a long solid stalk embedded in soil and a yellow-brown head shaped like a cauliflower


Helvellaceae: family of false morels or lorchels; some are edible and some are poisonous


family Helvellaceae: family of false morels or lorchels; some are edible and some are poisonous


false morel: a fungus of the family Helvellaceae


lorchel: a large fungus of the family Helvellaceae


genus Helvella: type genus of the Helvellaceae


helvella: any fungus of the genus Helvella having the ascocarps stalked or pleated or often in folds


Helvella crispa: a helvella with a saddle-shaped fertile part and creamy color; the stalk is fluted and pitted


miter mushroom: a helvella with a saddle-shaped fertile part and creamy color; the stalk is fluted and pitted


Helvella acetabulum: a helvella with a cup-shaped fertile body having a brown interior; the stalk is creamy white and heavily ribbed


Helvella sulcata: a helvella with an irregularly convoluted cap that is dark brown when young and becomes dull grey with age; the lower surface of the cap is smooth and pale grey; the stalk is thick and deeply fluted


genus Discina: a genus of fungi of the family Helvellaceae with a cup-shaped or saucer-shaped fruiting body and ornamented spores


discina: any fungus of the genus Discina


Discina macrospora: a discina with a flat or saucer-shaped fertile body that is brown on the upper surface; has a short stalk; not recommended for eating


genus Gyromitra: a genus of fungi of the family Helvellaceae with a fertile portion that is tan to brown


gyromitra: any fungus of the genus Gyromitra


Gyromitra californica: a gyromitra with a brown puffed up fertile part and a thick fluted stalk; found under conifers in California


California false morel: a gyromitra with a brown puffed up fertile part and a thick fluted stalk; found under conifers in California


Gyromitra sphaerospora: a gyromitra with a brown puffed up fertile part and a rosy pink fluted stalk and smooth round spores; found on hardwood slash east of the Great Plains


round-spored gyromitra: a gyromitra with a brown puffed up fertile part and a rosy pink fluted stalk and smooth round spores; found on hardwood slash east of the Great Plains


Gyromitra esculenta: a poisonous gyromitra; the surface of the fertile body is smooth at first and becomes progressively undulating and wrinkled (but never truly pitted); color varies from dull yellow to brown


brain mushroom: a poisonous gyromitra; the surface of the fertile body is smooth at first and becomes progressively undulating and wrinkled (but never truly pitted); color varies from dull yellow to brown


beefsteak morel: a poisonous gyromitra; the surface of the fertile body is smooth at first and becomes progressively undulating and wrinkled (but never truly pitted); color varies from dull yellow to brown


Gyromitra infula: a poisonous fungus; saddle-shaped and dull yellow to brown fertile part is relatively even


saddled-shaped false morel: a poisonous fungus; saddle-shaped and dull yellow to brown fertile part is relatively even


Gyromitra fastigiata: a lorchel with deep brownish red fertile part and white stalk


Gyromitra brunnea: a lorchel with deep brownish red fertile part and white stalk


Gyromitra gigas: a gyromitra with a large irregular stalk and fertile part that is yellow to brown and wrinkled; has early fruiting time


Gasteromycetes: fungi in which the hymenium is enclosed until after spores have matured: puffballs; earth stars; stinkhorn fungi


class Gasteromycetes: fungi in which the hymenium is enclosed until after spores have matured: puffballs; earth stars; stinkhorn fungi


Gastromycetes: fungi in which the hymenium is enclosed until after spores have matured: puffballs; earth stars; stinkhorn fungi


class Gastromycetes: fungi in which the hymenium is enclosed until after spores have matured: puffballs; earth stars; stinkhorn fungi


gasteromycete: any fungus of the class Gasteromycetes


gastromycete: any fungus of the class Gasteromycetes


Phallales: order of fungi comprising the stinkhorns and related forms whose mature hymenium is slimy and fetid; sometimes placed in subclass Homobasidiomycetes


order Phallales: order of fungi comprising the stinkhorns and related forms whose mature hymenium is slimy and fetid; sometimes placed in subclass Homobasidiomycetes


Phallaceae: a family of fungi belonging to the order Phallales and comprising the true stinkhorns


family Phallaceae: a family of fungi belonging to the order Phallales and comprising the true stinkhorns


Phallus: genus of fungi having the cap or pileus hanging free around the stem


genus Phallus: genus of fungi having the cap or pileus hanging free around the stem


stinkhorn: any of various ill-smelling brown-capped fungi of the order Phallales


carrion fungus: any of various ill-smelling brown-capped fungi of the order Phallales


common stinkhorn: a common fungus formerly used in preparing a salve for rheumatism


Phallus impudicus: a common fungus formerly used in preparing a salve for rheumatism


Phallus ravenelii: this stinkhorn has a cap with a granulose surface at the apex and smells like decaying flesh


Dictyophera: closely related to genus Phallus distinguished by an indusium hanging like a skirt from below the pileus


genus Dictyophera: closely related to genus Phallus distinguished by an indusium hanging like a skirt from below the pileus


Mutinus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Phallaceae


genus Mutinus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Phallaceae


dog stinkhorn: a stinkhorn having a stalk without a cap; the slimy gleba is simply plastered on its surface near the apex where winged insects can find it


Mutinus caninus: a stinkhorn having a stalk without a cap; the slimy gleba is simply plastered on its surface near the apex where winged insects can find it


Tulostomatales: an order of fungi belonging to the class Gasteromycetes


order Tulostomatales: an order of fungi belonging to the class Gasteromycetes


Calostomataceae: a family of fungi belonging to the order Tulostomatales


family Calostomataceae: a family of fungi belonging to the order Tulostomatales


Calostoma lutescens: a gasteromycete with a leathery stalk and a fruiting body that is globose and has a pale yellow spore case


Calostoma cinnabarina: a gasteromycete with a leathery stalk and a fruiting body this globose and has a red spore case


Calostoma ravenelii: a gasteromycete with a leathery stalk and a fruiting body with a thin gelatinous spore case and elliptical spores


Clathraceae: family of fleshy fungi resembling stinkhorns


family Clathraceae: family of fleshy fungi resembling stinkhorns


Clathrus: type genus of the Clathraceae


genus Clathrus: type genus of the Clathraceae


Pseudocolus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Clathraceae


genus Pseudocolus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Clathraceae


stinky squid: a stinkhorn of genus Pseudocolus; the fruiting body first resembles a small puffball that soon splits open to form a stalk with tapering arms that arch and taper to a common point


Pseudocolus fusiformis: a stinkhorn of genus Pseudocolus; the fruiting body first resembles a small puffball that soon splits open to form a stalk with tapering arms that arch and taper to a common point


Lycoperdales: small order of basidiomycetous fungi having fleshy often globose fruiting bodies; includes puffballs and earthstars


order Lycoperdales: small order of basidiomycetous fungi having fleshy often globose fruiting bodies; includes puffballs and earthstars


Lycoperdaceae: a fungus family belonging to the order Lycoperdales; includes puffballs


family Lycoperdaceae: a fungus family belonging to the order Lycoperdales; includes puffballs


Lycoperdon: genus of fungi whose fruiting body tapers toward a base consisting of spongy mycelium


genus Lycoperdon: genus of fungi whose fruiting body tapers toward a base consisting of spongy mycelium


puffball: any of various fungi of the family Lycoperdaceae whose round fruiting body discharges a cloud of spores when mature


true puffball: any of various fungi of the family Lycoperdaceae whose round fruiting body discharges a cloud of spores when mature


Calvatia: genus of puffballs having outer casings whose upper parts break at maturity into angular pieces to expose the spores


genus Calvatia: genus of puffballs having outer casings whose upper parts break at maturity into angular pieces to expose the spores


giant puffball: huge edible puffball up to 2 feet diameter and 25 pounds in weight


Calvatia gigantea: huge edible puffball up to 2 feet diameter and 25 pounds in weight


Geastraceae: a family of earthstar fungi belonging to the order Lycoperdales


family Geastraceae: a family of earthstar fungi belonging to the order Lycoperdales


earthstar: any fungus of the family Geastraceae; in form suggesting a puffball whose outer peridium splits into the shape of a star


Geastrum: type genus of Geastraceae; fungi whose outer peridium when dry splits into starlike segments


genus Geastrum: type genus of Geastraceae; fungi whose outer peridium when dry splits into starlike segments


Geastrum coronatum: an earthstar with a bluish spore sac and a purplish brown gleba; at maturity the outer layer splits into rays that bend backward and elevate the spore sac


Radiigera: a genus of fungus belonging to the family Geastraceae


genus Radiigera: a genus of fungus belonging to the family Geastraceae


Radiigera fuscogleba: a fungus similar to an earthstar except that it does not open up; the spore mass is brown at maturity with a column of sterile tissue extending up into it


Astreus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Geastraceae


genus Astreus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Geastraceae


Astreus pteridis: the largest earthstar; the fruiting body can measure 15 cm across when the rays are expanded


Astreus hygrometricus: a common species of earthstar widely distributed in sandy soil; the gleba is a pale tan


Nidulariales: small order of basidiomycetous fungi comprising families Nidulariaceae and Sphaerobolaceae


order Nidulariales: small order of basidiomycetous fungi comprising families Nidulariaceae and Sphaerobolaceae


Nidulariaceae: bird's-nest fungi


family Nidulariaceae: bird's-nest fungi


bird's-nest fungus: any of various fungi of the family Nidulariaceae having a cup-shaped body containing several egg-shaped structure enclosing the spores


Nidularia: type genus of the Nidulariaceae


genus Nidularia: type genus of the Nidulariaceae


Sphaerobolaceae: monotypic family of fungi in which the more or less spherical gleba is forcibly ejected at maturity


family Sphaerobolaceae: monotypic family of fungi in which the more or less spherical gleba is forcibly ejected at maturity


Secotiales: an order of fungi belonging to the class Gasteromycetes


order Secotiales: an order of fungi belonging to the class Gasteromycetes


Secotiaceae: a family of fungi that have a stalk and cap and a wrinkled mass of tissue (the gleba) where spores are produced; are often dismissed as misshapen forms of other fungi


family Secotiaceae: a family of fungi that have a stalk and cap and a wrinkled mass of tissue (the gleba) where spores are produced; are often dismissed as misshapen forms of other fungi


Gastrocybe: a genus of fungi of the family Secotiaceae


genus Gastrocybe: a genus of fungi of the family Secotiaceae


Gastrocybe lateritia: a species of Gastrocybe fungus that has a conic cap and a thin stalk; at first the stalk is upright but as it matures the stalk bends over and then downward; the cap then gelatinizes and a slimy mass containing the spores falls to the ground as the stalk collapses


Macowanites: a stout-stemmed genus of fungus belonging to the family Secotiaceae having fruiting bodies that never expand completely


genus Macowanites: a stout-stemmed genus of fungus belonging to the family Secotiaceae having fruiting bodies that never expand completely


Macowanites americanus: a small fungus with a fragile cap that cracks to expose the white context and a white stalk that is practically enclosed by the cap


Gastroboletus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Secotiaceae; they resemble boletes but the spores are not discharged from the basidium


genus Gastroboletus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Secotiaceae; they resemble boletes but the spores are not discharged from the basidium


Gastroboletus scabrosus: a dingy yellow brown fungus with a rough stalk that superficially resembles a bolete


Gastroboletus turbinatus: a fungus with a cap that can vary from red to dark brown; superficially resembles a bolete


Aphyllophorales: includes chiefly saprophytic fungi typically with shelflike bodies; sometimes placed in class Hymenomycetes or included in Agaricales


order Aphyllophorales: includes chiefly saprophytic fungi typically with shelflike bodies; sometimes placed in class Hymenomycetes or included in Agaricales


Polyporaceae: fungi that become corky or woody with age, often forming shelflike growths on trees


family Polyporaceae: fungi that become corky or woody with age, often forming shelflike growths on trees


polypore: woody pore fungi; any fungus of the family Polyporaceae or family Boletaceae having the spore-bearing surface within tubes or pores; the fruiting bodies are usually woody at maturity and persistent


pore fungus: woody pore fungi; any fungus of the family Polyporaceae or family Boletaceae having the spore-bearing surface within tubes or pores; the fruiting bodies are usually woody at maturity and persistent


pore mushroom: woody pore fungi; any fungus of the family Polyporaceae or family Boletaceae having the spore-bearing surface within tubes or pores; the fruiting bodies are usually woody at maturity and persistent


bracket fungus: a woody fungus that forms shelflike sporophores on tree trunks and wood structures


shelf fungus: a woody fungus that forms shelflike sporophores on tree trunks and wood structures


Albatrellus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae


genus Albatrellus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae


Albatrellus dispansus: a rare fungus having a large (up to 14 inches wide) yellow fruiting body with multiple individual caps and a broad central stalk and a fragrant odor


Albatrellus ovinus: a fungus with a whitish often circular cap and a white pore surface and small pores and a white central stalk; found under conifers; edible but not popular


sheep polypore: a fungus with a whitish often circular cap and a white pore surface and small pores and a white central stalk; found under conifers; edible but not popular


Neolentinus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae


genus Neolentinus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae


Neolentinus ponderosus: a gilled polypore with a large cap (up to 15 inches in diameter) and a broad stalk; edible when young and tender


Nigroporus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae


genus Nigroporus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae


Nigroporus vinosus: a woody pore fungus with a dark brown to red brown cap and spore surface and small pores


Oligoporus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae


genus Oligoporus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae


Oligoporus leucospongia: a pore fungus with a whitish cottony soft cap found on conifer logs in forests at high elevation in the western United States and adjacent Canada


Polyporus tenuiculus: a fungus with a whitish kidney-shaped cap and elongated pores; causes white rot in dead hardwoods


Polyporus: type genus of the Polyporaceae; includes important pathogens of e.g. birches and conifers


genus Polyporus: type genus of the Polyporaceae; includes important pathogens of e.g. birches and conifers


hen-of-the-woods: large greyish-brown edible fungus forming a mass of overlapping caps that somewhat resembles a hen at the base of trees


hen of the woods: large greyish-brown edible fungus forming a mass of overlapping caps that somewhat resembles a hen at the base of trees


Polyporus frondosus: large greyish-brown edible fungus forming a mass of overlapping caps that somewhat resembles a hen at the base of trees


Grifola frondosa: large greyish-brown edible fungus forming a mass of overlapping caps that somewhat resembles a hen at the base of trees


Polyporus squamosus: a fungus with a lateral stalk (when there is a stalk) and a scaly cap that becomes nearly black in maturity; widely distributed in the northern hemisphere


scaly polypore: a fungus with a lateral stalk (when there is a stalk) and a scaly cap that becomes nearly black in maturity; widely distributed in the northern hemisphere


Fistulinaceae: a family of fungi closely related to the family Polyporaceae except that the tubes on the undersurface of the cap are separate from each other


family Fistulinaceae: a family of fungi closely related to the family Polyporaceae except that the tubes on the undersurface of the cap are separate from each other


Fistulina: fungi having each pore separate though crowded


genus Fistulina: fungi having each pore separate though crowded


beefsteak fungus: a popular edible fungus with a cap the color of liver or raw meat; abundant in southeastern United States


Fistulina hepatica: a popular edible fungus with a cap the color of liver or raw meat; abundant in southeastern United States


Fomes: genus of bracket fungi forming corky or woody perennial shelflike sporophores often of large size; includes some that cause destructive heartrot in trees


genus Fomes: genus of bracket fungi forming corky or woody perennial shelflike sporophores often of large size; includes some that cause destructive heartrot in trees


agaric: fungus used in the preparation of punk for fuses


Fomes igniarius: fungus used in the preparation of punk for fuses


Boletaceae: family of fleshy fungi having the germ pores easily separating from the cup and often from each other


family Boletaceae: family of fleshy fungi having the germ pores easily separating from the cup and often from each other


bolete: any fungus of the family Boletaceae


Boletus: type genus of Boletaceae; genus of soft early-decaying pore fungi; some poisonous and some edible


genus Boletus: type genus of Boletaceae; genus of soft early-decaying pore fungi; some poisonous and some edible


Boletus chrysenteron: a fungus convex cap and a dingy yellow under surface and a dry stalk


Boletus edulis: an edible and choice fungus; has a convex cap that is slightly viscid when fresh and moist but soon dries and a thick bulbous tan stalk


Frost's bolete: a fungus with a red cap and a red coarsely reticulate stalk


Boletus frostii: a fungus with a red cap and a red coarsely reticulate stalk


Boletus luridus: a poisonous fungus with a dingy yellow cap and orange red undersurface and a cylindrical reticulate stalk


Boletus mirabilis: a fungus that is edible when young and fresh; has a dark brown convex cap with a yellow to greenish under surface and reddish stalk


Boletus pallidus: a fungus that has an off-white cap when it is young but later becomes dingy brown and a stalk of the same color; the under surface of the cap (the tubes) a pale greenish yellow


Boletus pulcherrimus: a beautiful but poisonous bolete; has a brown cap with a scarlet pore surface and a thick reticulate stalk


Boletus pulverulentus: an edible fungus with a broadly convex blackish brown cap and a pore surface that is yellow when young and darkens with age; stalk is thick and enlarges toward the base


Boletus roxanae: a fungus with a rusty red cap and a white pore surface that becomes yellow with age and a pale yellow stalk


Boletus subvelutipes: a fungus with a velvety stalk and usually a dingy brown cap; injured areas turn blue instantly


Boletus variipes: an edible (but not choice) fungus found on soil under hardwoods; has a dry convex cap with whitish under surface and a reticulate stalk


Boletus zelleri: an edible and choice fungus that has a brown cap with greenish yellow under surface and a stalk that become dull red with age


Fuscoboletinus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae


genus Fuscoboletinus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae


Fuscoboletinus paluster: an edible fungus with a pinkish purple cap and stalk and a pore surface that is yellow with large angular pores that become like gills in maturity


Fuscoboletinus serotinus: an edible fungus with a broadly convex brown cap and a whitish pore surface and stalk


Leccinum: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae


genus Leccinum: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae


Leccinum fibrillosum: an edible fungus with a dark reddish brown cap and a wide light tan stalk that expands toward the base


Phylloporus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae


genus Phylloporus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae


Phylloporus boletinoides: a fungus with a broadly convex brown cap and pores that extend part way down the stalk


Suillus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae


genus Suillus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae


Suillus albivelatus: a short squat edible fungus with a reddish brown cap and white stalk; fruits under pines in the spring


Strobilomyces: fungi similar to Boletus but with a shaggy scaly cap


genus Strobilomyces: fungi similar to Boletus but with a shaggy scaly cap


old-man-of-the-woods: edible mild-tasting mushroom found in coniferous woodlands of eastern North America


Strobilomyces floccopus: edible mild-tasting mushroom found in coniferous woodlands of eastern North America


Boletellus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae


genus Boletellus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae


Boletellus russellii: a fungus with a long coarsely shaggy reticulate stalk and a rimose areolate cap surface


jelly fungus: any fungus of the order Tremellales or Auriculariales whose fruiting body is jellylike in consistency when fresh


Tremellales: fungi varying from gelatinous to waxy or even horny in texture; most are saprophytic


order Tremellales: fungi varying from gelatinous to waxy or even horny in texture; most are saprophytic


Tremellaceae: a family of basidiomycetous fungi of the order Tremellales that have the basidium divided longitudinally


family Tremellaceae: a family of basidiomycetous fungi of the order Tremellales that have the basidium divided longitudinally


Tremella: fungi with yellowish gelatinous sporophores having convolutions resembling those of the brain


genus Tremella: fungi with yellowish gelatinous sporophores having convolutions resembling those of the brain


snow mushroom: popular in China and Japan and Taiwan; gelatinous mushrooms; most are dried


Tremella fuciformis: popular in China and Japan and Taiwan; gelatinous mushrooms; most are dried


witches' butter: a yellow jelly fungus


Tremella lutescens: a yellow jelly fungus


Tremella foliacea: a jelly fungus with a fruiting body 5-15 cm broad and gelatinous in consistency; resembles a bunch of leaf lettuce; mostly water and brownish in color


Tremella reticulata: a jelly fungus with an erect whitish fruiting body and a highly variable shape (sometimes resembling coral fungi)


Auriculariales: coextensive with the family Auriculariaceae; sometimes included in the order Tremellales


order Auriculariales: coextensive with the family Auriculariaceae; sometimes included in the order Tremellales


Auriculariaceae: fungi having gelatinous sporophores


family Auriculariaceae: fungi having gelatinous sporophores


Auricularia: type genus of the Auriculariaceae


genus Auricularia: type genus of the Auriculariaceae


Jew's-ear: widely distributed edible fungus shaped like a human ear and growing on decaying wood


Jew's-ears: widely distributed edible fungus shaped like a human ear and growing on decaying wood


ear fungus: widely distributed edible fungus shaped like a human ear and growing on decaying wood


Auricularia auricula: widely distributed edible fungus shaped like a human ear and growing on decaying wood


Dacrymycetaceae: a family of basidiomycetous fungi belonging to the order Tremellales having a bifurcate basidium that lacks septa


family Dacrymycetaceae: a family of basidiomycetous fungi belonging to the order Tremellales having a bifurcate basidium that lacks septa


Dacrymyces: type genus of the Dacrymycetaceae: fungi with a bifurcate basidium that lacks septa


genus Dacrymyces: type genus of the Dacrymycetaceae: fungi with a bifurcate basidium that lacks septa


Uredinales: rust fungi: parasitic fungi causing rust in plants; sometimes placed in


order Uredinales: rust fungi: parasitic fungi causing rust in plants; sometimes placed in


rust: any of various fungi causing rust disease in plants


rust fungus: any of various fungi causing rust disease in plants


aecium: fruiting body of some rust fungi bearing chains of aeciospores


aeciospore: spore of a rust fungus formed in an aecium


Melampsoraceae: rust fungi


family Melampsoraceae: rust fungi


Melampsora: rusts having sessile one-celled teliospores in a single layer


genus Melampsora: rusts having sessile one-celled teliospores in a single layer


flax rust: fungus causing flax rust


flax rust fungus: fungus causing flax rust


Melampsora lini: fungus causing flax rust


Cronartium: rust fungi having aecia produced in raised or swollen sori and teliospores borne in waxy columns


genus Cronartium: rust fungi having aecia produced in raised or swollen sori and teliospores borne in waxy columns


blister rust: fungus causing white pine blister rust and having a complex life cycle requiring a plant of genus Ribes as alternate host


Cronartium ribicola: fungus causing white pine blister rust and having a complex life cycle requiring a plant of genus Ribes as alternate host


Pucciniaceae: large important family of rust fungi


family Pucciniaceae: large important family of rust fungi


Puccinia: type genus of the Pucciniaceae; a large genus of parasitic fungi including many that are destructive to various economic plants


genus Puccinia: type genus of the Pucciniaceae; a large genus of parasitic fungi including many that are destructive to various economic plants


wheat rust: rust fungus that attacks wheat


Puccinia graminis: rust fungus that attacks wheat


Gymnosporangium: genus of fungi that produce galls on cedars and other conifers of genera Juniperus and Libocedrus and causes rust spots on apples and pears and other plants of family Rosaceae


genus Gymnosporangium: genus of fungi that produce galls on cedars and other conifers of genera Juniperus and Libocedrus and causes rust spots on apples and pears and other plants of family Rosaceae


apple rust: rust fungus causing rust spots on apples and pears etc


cedar-apple rust: rust fungus causing rust spots on apples and pears etc


Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae: rust fungus causing rust spots on apples and pears etc


Tiliomycetes: category used in some systems to comprise the two orders Ustilaginales (smuts) and Uredinales (rusts)


class Tiliomycetes: category used in some systems to comprise the two orders Ustilaginales (smuts) and Uredinales (rusts)


Ustilaginales: parasitic fungi causing smuts; sometimes placed in class Tiliomycetes


order Ustilaginales: parasitic fungi causing smuts; sometimes placed in class Tiliomycetes


smut: any fungus of the order Ustilaginales


smut fungus: any fungus of the order Ustilaginales


covered smut: a smut fungus causing a smut disease of grains in which the spore masses are covered or held together by the grain membranes


Ustilaginaceae: a fungus family of loose smuts


family Ustilaginaceae: a fungus family of loose smuts


Ustilago: type genus of the Ustilaginaceae; genus comprising the loose smuts


genus Ustilago: type genus of the Ustilaginaceae; genus comprising the loose smuts


loose smut: a smut fungus of the genus Ustilago causing a smut disease of grains in which the entire head is transformed into a dusty mass of spores


cornsmut: a smut fungus attacking Indian corn


corn smut: a smut fungus attacking Indian corn


boil smut: a common smut attacking Indian corn causing greyish white swellings that rupture to expose a black spore mass


Ustilago maydis: a common smut attacking Indian corn causing greyish white swellings that rupture to expose a black spore mass


Sphacelotheca: genus of smut fungus


genus Sphacelotheca: genus of smut fungus


head smut: smut fungus attacking heads of corn or sorghum and causing a covered smut


Sphacelotheca reiliana: smut fungus attacking heads of corn or sorghum and causing a covered smut


Tilletiaceae: a family of smut fungi having a simple promycelium bearing the spores in an apical cluster


family Tilletiaceae: a family of smut fungi having a simple promycelium bearing the spores in an apical cluster


Tilletia: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Tilletiaceae


genus Tilletia: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Tilletiaceae


bunt: fungus that destroys kernels of wheat by replacing them with greasy masses of smelly spores


Tilletia caries: fungus that destroys kernels of wheat by replacing them with greasy masses of smelly spores


bunt: similar to Tilletia caries


stinking smut: similar to Tilletia caries


Tilletia foetida: similar to Tilletia caries


Urocystis: a genus of smut fungi belonging to the family Tilletiaceae


genus Urocystis: a genus of smut fungi belonging to the family Tilletiaceae


onion smut: smut fungus causing blackish blisters on scales and leaves of onions; especially destructive to seedlings


Urocystis cepulae: smut fungus causing blackish blisters on scales and leaves of onions; especially destructive to seedlings


flag smut fungus: a smut fungus causing a smut in cereals and other grasses that chiefly affects leaves and stems and is characterized chains of sori within the plant tissue that later rupture releasing black masses of spores


wheat flag smut: fungus affecting leaves and stems of wheat


Urocystis tritici: fungus affecting leaves and stems of wheat


Septobasidiaceae: a family of fungi belonging to the subdivision Basidiomycota


family Septobasidiaceae: a family of fungi belonging to the subdivision Basidiomycota


Septobasidium: type genus of Septobasidiaceae: smooth shelf fungi usually having a well-developed sometimes thick-walled hypobasidium


genus Septobasidium: type genus of Septobasidiaceae: smooth shelf fungi usually having a well-developed sometimes thick-walled hypobasidium


felt fungus: fungus that frequently encircles twigs and branches of various trees especially citrus trees in southern United States


Septobasidium pseudopedicellatum: fungus that frequently encircles twigs and branches of various trees especially citrus trees in southern United States


Hygrophoraceae: a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales; the gills of these fungi have a clean waxy appearance


family Hygrophoraceae: a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales; the gills of these fungi have a clean waxy appearance


waxycap: any fungus of the family Hygrophoraceae having gills that are more or less waxy in appearance


Hygrocybe: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae


genus Hygrocybe: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae


Hygrocybe acutoconica: a fungus having an acutely conic cap and dry stalks


conic waxycap: a fungus having an acutely conic cap and dry stalks


Hygrophorus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae


genus Hygrophorus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae


Hygrophorus borealis: a fungus with a white convex cap and arcuate white gills and a stalk that tapers toward the base


Hygrophorus caeruleus: a fungus with a broadly convex cap that is cream color with a tint of blue over the margin; waxy gills are bluish green to blue-grey; a short stalk tapers abruptly at the base


Hygrophorus inocybiformis: a fungus with a drab squamulose cap and grey-brown squamules over the white background of the stalk and waxy grey-white gills


Hygrophorus kauffmanii: a fungus with a slightly viscid cap; cap and gills are reddish brown and the stalk is grey


Hygrophorus marzuolus: a grey fungus frequently found near melting snow banks


Hygrophorus purpurascens: a fungus with a viscid purplish red cap and stalk; found under spruce and other conifers


Hygrophorus russula: an edible fungus with a reddish cap and close pale gills and dry stalk; found under hardwoods


Hygrophorus sordidus: an edible fungus with a large white cap and a dry stalk and white gills


Hygrophorus tennesseensis: a fungus having a brownish sticky cap with a white margin and white gills and an odor of raw potatoes


Hygrophorus turundus: a small fungus with orange cap and yellow gills found in sphagnum bogs


Hygrotrama: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae


genus Hygrotrama: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae


Hygrotrama foetens: a small grey-brown fungus with an unpleasant odor of mothballs


Neohygrophorus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae


genus Neohygrophorus: a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae


Neohygrophorus angelesianus: a fungus with a small brown convex cap with a depressed disc; waxy wine-colored gills and a brown stalk; fruits in or near melting snow banks in the western mountains of North America


cortina: a cobwebby partial veil consisting of silky fibrils


Cortinariaceae: a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales


family Cortinariaceae: a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales


Cortinarius: the largest genus in the Agaricales; agarics having rusty spores and prominent cortinae (cobwebby partial veils)


genus Cortinarius: the largest genus in the Agaricales; agarics having rusty spores and prominent cortinae (cobwebby partial veils)


Cortinarius armillatus: a fungus with large tawny caps and pale cinnamon gills and a red band of veil around the stalk; usually found near birch trees


Cortinarius atkinsonianus: an edible fungus with a slimy viscid cap that is initially yellow but turns olive and then tawny; flesh is lavender


Cortinarius corrugatus: a fungus with a viscid wrinkled tawny cap; the stalk has a basal bulb that diminishes as the stalk elongates; the gills are dark violet at first but soon turn brown


Cortinarius gentilis: a poisonous fungus with a bright yellow brown cap and a long cinnamon colored stalk


Cortinarius mutabilis: a fungus with a reddish purple cap having a smooth slimy surface; close violet gills; all parts stain dark purple when bruised


purple-staining Cortinarius: a fungus with a reddish purple cap having a smooth slimy surface; close violet gills; all parts stain dark purple when bruised


Cortinarius semisanguineus: a fungus with a dry brown cap and rusty red gills and a yellowish stalk


Cortinarius subfoetidus: a fungus with a sticky lavender cap and stalk that whitish above and covered with a silky lavender sheath


Cortinarius violaceus: a fungus that is violet overall with a squamulose cap


Gymnopilus: a genus of fungus characterized by the orange color of the spore deposit


genus Gymnopilus: a genus of fungus characterized by the orange color of the spore deposit


Gymnopilus spectabilis: a fungus with a brownish orange fruiting body and a ring near the top of the stalk; the taste is bitter and the flesh contains psilocybin and psilocin


Gymnopilus validipes: a poisonous fungus with a dry cap and a cortina that does not leave much of a ring on the robust stalk


Gymnopilus ventricosus: a giant fungus of the Pacific Northwest; has a very thick stalk and the cortina leaves a ring high up on the stalk


mold: a fungus that produces a superficial growth on various kinds of damp or decaying organic matter


mould: a fungus that produces a superficial growth on various kinds of damp or decaying organic matter


mildew: a fungus that produces a superficial (usually white) growth on organic matter


Moniliales: order of imperfect fungi lacking conidiophores of having conidiophores that are superficial and not enclosed in a pycnidium


order Moniliales: order of imperfect fungi lacking conidiophores of having conidiophores that are superficial and not enclosed in a pycnidium


genus Verticillium: genus of imperfect fungi having conidia borne singly at the apex of whorled branchlets; cause wilt diseases


verticillium: a fungus of the genus Verticillium


Moniliaceae: family of imperfect fungi having white or brightly colored hyphae and spores that are produced directly on the mycelium and not aggregated in fruiting bodies


family Moniliaceae: family of imperfect fungi having white or brightly colored hyphae and spores that are produced directly on the mycelium and not aggregated in fruiting bodies


Trichophyton: a genus of fungus of the family Moniliaceae; causes ringworm and favus


genus Trichophyton: a genus of fungus of the family Moniliaceae; causes ringworm and favus


Microsporum: a genus of fungus of the family Moniliaceae; causes ringworm


genus Microsporum: a genus of fungus of the family Moniliaceae; causes ringworm


genus Monilia: genus of parasitic yeastlike imperfect fungi having spherical or oval conidia in branched chains; some species usually placed in other genera especially genus Candida


monilia: any of the yeastlike imperfect fungi of the genus Monilia


genus Candida: a genus of yeastlike imperfect fungi; sometimes included in genus Monilia of the family Moniliaceae


candida: any of the yeastlike imperfect fungi of the genus Candida


Candida albicans: a parasitic fungus that can infect the mouth or the skin or the intestines or the vagina


Monilia albicans: a parasitic fungus that can infect the mouth or the skin or the intestines or the vagina


Cercosporella: form genus of imperfect fungi lacking pigment in the spores and conidiophores


genus Cercosporella: form genus of imperfect fungi lacking pigment in the spores and conidiophores


Penicillium: genus of fungi commonly growing as green or blue molds on decaying food; used in making cheese and as a source of penicillin


genus Penicillium: genus of fungi commonly growing as green or blue molds on decaying food; used in making cheese and as a source of penicillin


Blastomyces: genus of pathogenic yeastlike fungi


genus Blastomyces: genus of pathogenic yeastlike fungi


blastomycete: any of various yeastlike budding fungi of the genus Blastomyces; cause disease in humans and other animals


Dematiaceae: family of imperfect mushrooms having dark-colored hyphae or conidia


family Dematiaceae: family of imperfect mushrooms having dark-colored hyphae or conidia


Cercospora: form genus of imperfect fungi that are leaf parasites with long slender spores


genus Cercospora: form genus of imperfect fungi that are leaf parasites with long slender spores


yellow spot fungus: fungus causing yellow spot (a sugarcane disease in Australia)


Cercospora kopkei: fungus causing yellow spot (a sugarcane disease in Australia)


Ustilaginoidea: genus of imperfect fungi causing plant diseases like smut


genus Ustilaginoidea: genus of imperfect fungi causing plant diseases like smut


green smut fungus: fungus causing green smut in rice


Ustilaginoidea virens: fungus causing green smut in rice


Tuberculariaceae: large family of mainly saprophytic imperfect fungi


family Tuberculariaceae: large family of mainly saprophytic imperfect fungi


Tubercularia: type genus of the Tuberculariaceae; fungi with nodules of red or pink conidia; some cause diebacks of woody plants


genus Tubercularia: type genus of the Tuberculariaceae; fungi with nodules of red or pink conidia; some cause diebacks of woody plants


genus Fusarium: a form genus of mostly plant parasites some of which cause dry rot; in humans a species can cause inflammation of cornea leading to blindness


dry rot: a fungus causing dry rot


Mycelia Sterilia: order of imperfect fungi having no known spore stage


order Mycelia Sterilia: order of imperfect fungi having no known spore stage


genus Rhizoctinia: form genus of imperfect fungi some species of which are now placed in genera Pellicularia and Corticium because their perfect stages have been found


form genus Rhizoctinia: form genus of imperfect fungi some species of which are now placed in genera Pellicularia and Corticium because their perfect stages have been found


rhizoctinia: any fungus now or formerly belonging to the form genus Rhizoctinia


Ozonium: form genus of imperfect fungi


genus Ozonium: form genus of imperfect fungi


Sclerotium: form genus of sterile imperfect fungi; many form sclerotia; some cause sclerotium disease in plants


genus Sclerotium: form genus of sterile imperfect fungi; many form sclerotia; some cause sclerotium disease in plants


houseplant: any of a variety of plants grown indoors for decorative purposes


garden plant: any of a variety of plants usually grown especially in a flower or herb garden


bedder: an ornamental plant suitable for planting in a flowerbed


bedding plant: an ornamental plant suitable for planting in a flowerbed


vascular plant: green plant having a vascular system: ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms


tracheophyte: green plant having a vascular system: ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms


succulent: a plant adapted to arid conditions and characterized by fleshy water-storing tissues that act as water reservoirs


nonvascular organism: organisms without vascular tissue: e.g. algae, lichens, fungi, mosses


relict: an organism or species surviving as a remnant of an otherwise extinct flora or fauna in an environment much changed from that in which it originated


cultivar: a variety of a plant developed from a natural species and maintained under cultivation


cultivated plant: plants that are grown for their produce


weed: any plant that crowds out cultivated plants


wort: usually used in combination: `liverwort'; `milkwort'; `whorlywort'


crop: the yield from plants in a single growing season


harvest: the yield from plants in a single growing season


cash crop: a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco)


catch crop: a crop that grows quickly (e.g. lettuce) and can be planted between two regular crops grown in successive seasons or between two rows of crops in the same season


cover crop: crop planted to prevent soil erosion and provide green manure


field crop: a crop (other than fruits or vegetables) that is grown for agricultural purposes


fruitage: the yield of fruit


plant part: any part of a plant or fungus


plant structure: any part of a plant or fungus


plant organ: a functional and structural unit of a plant or fungus


plant process: a natural projection or outgrowth from a plant body or organ


enation: a natural projection or outgrowth from a plant body or organ


apophysis: (botany) a natural swelling or enlargement: at the base of the stalk or seta in certain mosses or on the cone scale of certain conifers


callus: (botany) an isolated thickening of tissue, especially a stiff protuberance on the lip of an orchid


blister: (botany) a swelling on a plant similar to that on the skin


nodule: small rounded wartlike protuberance on a plant


tubercle: small rounded wartlike protuberance on a plant


spur: tubular extension at the base of the corolla in some flowers


fruiting body: an organ specialized for producing spores


aculeus: a stiff sharp-pointed plant process


acumen: a tapering point


spine: a small sharp-pointed tip resembling a spike on a stem or leaf


thorn: a small sharp-pointed tip resembling a spike on a stem or leaf


prickle: a small sharp-pointed tip resembling a spike on a stem or leaf


pricker: a small sharp-pointed tip resembling a spike on a stem or leaf


sticker: a small sharp-pointed tip resembling a spike on a stem or leaf


spikelet: a small sharp-pointed tip resembling a spike on a stem or leaf


glochidium: a barbed spine or bristle (often tufted on cacti)


glochid: a barbed spine or bristle (often tufted on cacti)


brier: a thorny stem or twig


hair: filamentous hairlike growth on a plant


fuzz: filamentous hairlike growth on a plant


tomentum: filamentous hairlike growth on a plant


stinging hair: a multicellular hair in plants like the stinging nettle that expels an irritating fluid


coma: (botany) a usually terminal tuft of bracts (as in the pineapple) or tuft of hairs (especially on certain seeds)


beard: a tuft or growth of hairs or bristles on certain plants such as iris or grasses


awn: slender bristlelike appendage found on the bracts of grasses


aril: fleshy and usually brightly colored cover of some seeds that develops from the ovule stalk and partially or entirely envelopes the seed


duct: a continuous tube formed by a row of elongated cells lacking intervening end walls


laticifer: a plant duct containing latex


antheridium: the male sex organ of spore-producing plants; produces antherozoids; equivalent to the anther in flowers


antheridiophore: gametophore bearing antheridia as in certain mosses and liverworts


sporophyll: leaf in ferns and mosses that bears the sporangia


sporophyl: leaf in ferns and mosses that bears the sporangia


sporangium: organ containing or producing spores


spore case: organ containing or producing spores


spore sac: organ containing or producing spores


sporangiophore: stalk bearing one or more sporangia


ascus: saclike structure in which ascospores are formed through sexual reproduction of ascomycetes


ascospore: sexually produced fungal spore formed within an ascus


arthrospore: one of a string of thick walled vegetative resting cells formed by some algae and fungi


arthrospore: a body that resembles a spore but is not an endospore; produced by some bacteria


theca: a case or sheath especially a pollen sac or moss capsule


sac: a case or sheath especially a pollen sac or moss capsule


paraphysis: a sterile simple or branched filament or hair borne among sporangia; may be pointed or clubbed


eusporangium: a sporangium that arises from a group of epidermal cells


leptosporangium: a sporangium formed from a single epidermal cell; characteristic of the Filicales or of almost all modern ferns


tetrasporangium: a sporangium containing four asexual spores


sporophore: a spore-bearing branch or organ: the part of the thallus of a sporophyte that develops spores; in ferns and mosses and liverworts is practically equivalent to the sporophyte


gametangium: cell or organ in which gametes develop


gametoecium: gametangia and surrounding bracts


gynoecium: a female gametoecium


androecium: a male gametoecium


gametophore: a modified branch bearing gametangia as in the thalloid liverworts


sorus: cluster of sporangia usually on underside of a fern frond


sorus: a spore-producing structure in certain lichens and fungi


indusium: a membrane enclosing and protecting the developing spores especially that covering the sori of a fern


veil: a membranous covering attached to the immature fruiting body of certain mushrooms


velum: a membranous covering attached to the immature fruiting body of certain mushrooms


universal veil: membrane initially completely investing the young sporophore of various mushrooms that is ruptured by growth; represented in the mature mushroom by a volva around lower part of stem and scales on upper surface of the cap


partial veil: membrane of the young sporophore of various mushrooms extending from the margin of the cap to the stem and is ruptured by growth; represented in mature mushroom by an annulus around the stem and sometimes a cortina on the margin of the cap


annulus: (Fungi) a remnant of the partial veil that in mature mushrooms surrounds the stem like a collar


skirt: (Fungi) a remnant of the partial veil that in mature mushrooms surrounds the stem like a collar


antherozoid: a motile male gamete of a plant such as an alga or fern or gymnosperm


spermatozoid: a motile male gamete of a plant such as an alga or fern or gymnosperm


plant tissue: the tissue of a plant


pulp: a soft moist part of a fruit


flesh: a soft moist part of a fruit


pith: soft spongelike central cylinder of the stems of most flowering plants


parenchyma: the primary tissue of higher plants composed of thin-walled cells that remain capable of cell division even when mature; constitutes the greater part of leaves, roots, the pulp of fruits, and the pith of stems


chlorenchyma: parenchyma whose cells contain chloroplasts


lignum: woody tissue


vascular tissue: tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in higher plants


stele: the usually cylindrical central vascular portion of the axis of a vascular plant


cambium: a formative one-cell layer of tissue between xylem and phloem in most vascular plants that is responsible for secondary growth


sapwood: newly formed outer wood lying between the cambium and the heartwood of a tree or woody plant; usually light colored; active in water conduction


heartwood: the older inactive central wood of a tree or woody plant; usually darker and denser than the surrounding sapwood


duramen: the older inactive central wood of a tree or woody plant; usually darker and denser than the surrounding sapwood


vascular bundle: a unit strand of the vascular system in stems and leaves of higher plants consisting essentially of xylem and phloem


vascular strand: a unit strand of the vascular system in stems and leaves of higher plants consisting essentially of xylem and phloem


fibrovascular bundle: a unit strand of the vascular system in stems and leaves of higher plants consisting essentially of xylem and phloem


vein: any of the vascular bundles or ribs that form the branching framework of conducting and supporting tissues in a leaf or other plant organ


nervure: any of the vascular bundles or ribs that form the branching framework of conducting and supporting tissues in a leaf or other plant organ


midrib: the vein in the center of a leaf


midvein: the vein in the center of a leaf


vascular ray: a sheet of vascular tissue separating the vascular bundles


medullary ray: a sheet of vascular tissue separating the vascular bundles


xylem: the woody part of plants: the supporting and water-conducting tissue, consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels


tracheid: long tubular cell peculiar to xylem


phloem: (botany) tissue that conducts synthesized food substances (e.g., from leaves) to parts where needed; consists primarily of sieve tubes


bast: (botany) tissue that conducts synthesized food substances (e.g., from leaves) to parts where needed; consists primarily of sieve tubes


sieve tube: tube formed by cells joined end-to-end through which nutrients flow in flowering plants and brown algae


pseudophloem: false phloem


bast: strong woody fibers obtained especially from the phloem of from various plants


bast fiber: strong woody fibers obtained especially from the phloem of from various plants


gall: abnormal swelling of plant tissue caused by insects or microorganisms or injury


oak apple: oak gall caused by larvae of a cynipid wasp


evergreen: a plant having foliage that persists and remains green throughout the year


evergreen plant: a plant having foliage that persists and remains green throughout the year


deciduous plant: a plant having foliage that is shed annually at the end of the growing season


poisonous plant: a plant that when touched or ingested in sufficient quantity can be harmful or fatal to an organism


vine: a plant with a weak stem that derives support from climbing, twining, or creeping along a surface


climber: a vine or climbing plant that readily grows up a support or over other plants


creeper: any plant (as ivy or periwinkle) that grows by creeping


tendril: slender stem-like structure by which some twining plants attach themselves to an object for support


cirrus: usually coiled


cirrhus: usually coiled


root climber: a plant that climbs by its adventitious roots e.g. ivy


woody plant: a plant having hard lignified tissues or woody parts especially stems


ligneous plant: a plant having hard lignified tissues or woody parts especially stems


lignosae: a category in some early taxonomies


arborescent plant: having the shape or characteristics of a tree


snag: a dead tree that is still standing, usually in an undisturbed forest


tree: a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms


timber tree: any tree that is valued as a source of lumber or timber


treelet: a small tree


arbor: tree (as opposed to shrub)


bean tree: any of several trees having seedpods as fruits


pollard: a tree with limbs cut back to promote a more bushy growth of foliage


sapling: young tree


shade tree: a tree planted or valued chiefly for its shade from sunlight


gymnospermous tree: any tree of the division Gymnospermophyta


conifer: any gymnospermous tree or shrub bearing cones


coniferous tree: any gymnospermous tree or shrub bearing cones


angiospermous tree: any tree having seeds and ovules contained in the ovary


flowering tree: any tree having seeds and ovules contained in the ovary


nut tree: tree bearing edible nuts


spice tree: tree bearing aromatic bark or berries


fever tree: any of several trees having leaves or bark used to allay fever or thought to indicate regions free of fever


stump: the base part of a tree that remains standing after the tree has been felled


tree stump: the base part of a tree that remains standing after the tree has been felled


stool: (forestry) the stump of a tree that has been felled or headed for the production of saplings


bonsai: a dwarfed ornamental tree or shrub grown in a tray or shallow pot


ming tree: a dwarfed evergreen conifer or shrub shaped to have flat-topped asymmetrical branches and grown in a container


ming tree: an artificial plant resembling a bonsai


groundcover: small plants other than saplings growing on a forest floor


ground cover: small plants other than saplings growing on a forest floor


groundcover: low-growing plants planted in deep shade or on a steep slope where turf is difficult to grow


ground cover: low-growing plants planted in deep shade or on a steep slope where turf is difficult to grow


shrub: a low woody perennial plant usually having several major stems


bush: a low woody perennial plant usually having several major stems


undershrub: a low shrub


burning bush: (Old Testament) the bush that burned without being consumed and from which God spoke to Moses


shrublet: dwarf shrub


subshrub: low-growing woody shrub or perennial with woody base


suffrutex: low-growing woody shrub or perennial with woody base


bramble: any of various rough thorny shrubs or vines


flowering shrub: shrub noted primarily for its flowers


liana: a woody climbing usually tropical plant


parasitic plant: plant living on another plant and obtaining organic nutriment from it


hemiparasite: a parasitic plant that contains some chlorophyll and therefore is capable of photosynthesis


semiparasite: a parasitic plant that contains some chlorophyll and therefore is capable of photosynthesis


geophyte: a perennial plant that propagates by underground bulbs or tubers or corms


desert plant: plant adapted for life with a limited supply of water; compare hydrophyte and mesophyte


xerophyte: plant adapted for life with a limited supply of water; compare hydrophyte and mesophyte


xerophytic plant: plant adapted for life with a limited supply of water; compare hydrophyte and mesophyte


xerophile: plant adapted for life with a limited supply of water; compare hydrophyte and mesophyte


xerophilous plant: plant adapted for life with a limited supply of water; compare hydrophyte and mesophyte


mesophyte: land plant growing in surroundings having an average supply of water; compare xerophyte and hydrophyte


mesophytic plant: land plant growing in surroundings having an average supply of water; compare xerophyte and hydrophyte


aquatic plant: a plant that grows partly or wholly in water whether rooted in the mud, as a lotus, or floating without anchorage, as the water hyacinth


water plant: a plant that grows partly or wholly in water whether rooted in the mud, as a lotus, or floating without anchorage, as the water hyacinth


hydrophyte: a plant that grows partly or wholly in water whether rooted in the mud, as a lotus, or floating without anchorage, as the water hyacinth


hydrophytic plant: a plant that grows partly or wholly in water whether rooted in the mud, as a lotus, or floating without anchorage, as the water hyacinth


marsh plant: a semiaquatic plant that grows in soft wet land; most are monocots: sedge, sphagnum, grasses, cattails, etc; possibly heath


bog plant: a semiaquatic plant that grows in soft wet land; most are monocots: sedge, sphagnum, grasses, cattails, etc; possibly heath


swamp plant: a semiaquatic plant that grows in soft wet land; most are monocots: sedge, sphagnum, grasses, cattails, etc; possibly heath


air plant: plant that derives moisture and nutrients from the air and rain; usually grows on another plant but not parasitic on it


epiphyte: plant that derives moisture and nutrients from the air and rain; usually grows on another plant but not parasitic on it


aerophyte: plant that derives moisture and nutrients from the air and rain; usually grows on another plant but not parasitic on it


epiphytic plant: plant that derives moisture and nutrients from the air and rain; usually grows on another plant but not parasitic on it


hemiepiphyte: a plant that is an epiphyte for part of its life


semiepiphyte: a plant that is an epiphyte for part of its life


strangler: an epiphytic vine or tree whose aerial roots extend down the trunk of a supporting tree and coalesce around it eventually strangling the tree


strangler tree: an epiphytic vine or tree whose aerial roots extend down the trunk of a supporting tree and coalesce around it eventually strangling the tree


rock plant: plant that grows on or among rocks or is suitable for a rock garden


lithophyte: plant that grows on rocks or stony soil and derives nourishment from the atmosphere


lithophytic plant: plant that grows on rocks or stony soil and derives nourishment from the atmosphere


rupestral plant: plants growing among rocks


rupestrine plant: plants growing among rocks


rupicolous plant: plants growing among rocks


saxicolous plant: plants growing among rocks


saprophyte: an organism that feeds on dead organic matter especially a fungus or bacterium


saprophytic organism: an organism that feeds on dead organic matter especially a fungus or bacterium


saprobe: an organism that lives in and derives its nourishment from organic matter in stagnant or foul water


katharobe: an organism that lives in an oxygenated medium lacking organic matter


autophyte: plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances


autophytic plant: plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances


autotroph: plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances


autotrophic organism: plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances


butt: the part of a plant from which the roots spring or the part of a stalk or trunk nearest the roots


rootage: a developed system of roots


root system: a developed system of roots


root: (botany) the usually underground organ that lacks buds or leaves or nodes; absorbs water and mineral salts; usually it anchors the plant to the ground


pneumatophore: an air-filled root (submerged or exposed) that can function as a respiratory organ of a marsh or swamp plant


taproot: (botany) main root of a plant growing straight downward from the stem


adventitious root: root growing in an unusual location e.g. from a stem


root crop: crop grown for its enlarged roots: e.g. beets; potatoes; turnips


root cap: thimble-shaped mass of cells covering and protecting the growing tip of a root


rootlet: small root or division of a root


root hair: thin hairlike outgrowth of an epidermal cell just behind the tip; absorbs nutrients from the soil


prop root: a root that grows from and supports the stem above the ground in plants such as mangroves


prophyll: a plant structure resembling a leaf


stock: a plant or stem onto which a graft is made; especially a plant grown specifically to provide the root part of grafted plants


rootstock: root or part of a root used for plant propagation; especially that part of a grafted plant that supplies the roots


cutting: a part (sometimes a root or leaf or bud) removed from a plant to propagate a new plant through rooting or grafting


slip: a part (sometimes a root or leaf or bud) removed from a plant to propagate a new plant through rooting or grafting


quickset: cuttings of plants set in the ground to grow as hawthorn for hedges or vines


stolon: a horizontal branch from the base of plant that produces new plants from buds at its tips


runner: a horizontal branch from the base of plant that produces new plants from buds at its tips


offset: a horizontal branch from the base of plant that produces new plants from buds at its tips


crown: the upper branches and leaves of a tree or other plant


treetop: the upper branches and leaves of a tree or other plant


capitulum: an arrangement of leafy branches forming the top or head of a tree


tuberous plant: plant growing from a tuber


tuber: a fleshy underground stem or root serving for reproductive and food storage


rhizome: a horizontal plant stem with shoots above and roots below serving as a reproductive structure


rootstock: a horizontal plant stem with shoots above and roots below serving as a reproductive structure


rootstalk: a horizontal plant stem with shoots above and roots below serving as a reproductive structure


axis: the main stem or central part about which plant organs or plant parts such as branches are arranged


rachis: axis of a compound leaf or compound inflorescence


caudex: woody stem of palms and tree ferns


stalk: a slender or elongated structure that supports a plant or fungus or a plant part or plant organ


stem: a slender or elongated structure that supports a plant or fungus or a plant part or plant organ


internode: a segment of a stem between two nodes


beanstalk: stem of a bean plant


cladode: a flattened stem resembling and functioning as a leaf


cladophyll: a flattened stem resembling and functioning as a leaf


phylloclad: a flattened stem resembling and functioning as a leaf


phylloclade: a flattened stem resembling and functioning as a leaf


receptacle: enlarged tip of a stem that bears the floral parts


stock: persistent thickened stem of a herbaceous perennial plant


caudex: persistent thickened stem of a herbaceous perennial plant


axil: the upper angle between an axis and an offshoot such as a branch or leafstalk


stipe: supporting stalk or stem-like structure especially of a pistil or fern frond or supporting a mushroom cap


scape: erect leafless flower stalk growing directly from the ground as in a tulip


flower stalk: erect leafless flower stalk growing directly from the ground as in a tulip


meristem: undifferentiated tissue from which new cells are formed, as at the tip of a stem or root


umbel: flat-topped or rounded inflorescence characteristic of the family Umbelliferae in which the individual flower stalks arise from about the same point; youngest flowers are at the center


corymb: flat-topped or convex inflorescence in which the individual flower stalks grow upward from various points on the main stem to approximately the same height; outer flowers open first


ray: a branch of an umbel or an umbelliform inflorescence


petiole: the slender stem that supports the blade of a leaf


leafstalk: the slender stem that supports the blade of a leaf


phyllode: an expanded petiole taking on the function of a leaf blade


blade: especially a leaf of grass or the broad portion of a leaf as distinct from the petiole


leaf blade: especially a leaf of grass or the broad portion of a leaf as distinct from the petiole


peduncle: stalk bearing an inflorescence or solitary flower


pedicel: a small stalk bearing a single flower of an inflorescence; an ultimate division of a common peduncle


pedicle: a small stalk bearing a single flower of an inflorescence; an ultimate division of a common peduncle


flower cluster: an inflorescence consisting of a cluster of flowers


raceme: usually elongate cluster of flowers along the main stem in which the flowers at the base open first


panicle: compound raceme or branched cluster of flowers


thyrse: a dense flower cluster (as of the lilac or horse chestnut) in which the main axis is racemose and the branches are cymose


thyrsus: a dense flower cluster (as of the lilac or horse chestnut) in which the main axis is racemose and the branches are cymose


cyme: more or less flat-topped cluster of flowers in which the central or terminal flower opens first


cymule: a small cyme, generally with few flowers


glomerule: a compacted or sessile cyme


scorpioid cyme: a cyme with flowers or branches alternating in opposite ranks


spike: (botany) an indeterminate inflorescence bearing sessile flowers on an unbranched axis


ear: fruiting spike of a cereal plant especially corn


spike: fruiting spike of a cereal plant especially corn


capitulum: fruiting spike of a cereal plant especially corn


capitulum: a dense cluster of flowers or foliage


head: a dense cluster of flowers or foliage


spadix: the fleshy axis of a spike often surrounded by a spathe


bulb: a modified bud consisting of a thickened globular underground stem serving as a reproductive structure


bulbous plant: plant growing from a bulb


bulbil: small bulb or bulb-shaped growth arising from the leaf axil or in the place of flowers


bulblet: small bulb or bulb-shaped growth arising from the leaf axil or in the place of flowers


corm: solid swollen underground bulb-shaped stem or stem base and serving as a reproductive structure


cormous plant: plant growing from a corm


fruit: the ripened reproductive body of a seed plant


fruitlet: a diminutive fruit, especially one that is part of a multiple fruit


seed: a small hard fruit


bean: any of various seeds or fruits that are beans or resemble beans


nut: usually large hard-shelled seed


nutlet: a small nut


pyrene: the small hard nutlet of a drupe or drupelet; the seed and the hard endocarp that surrounds it


kernel: the inner and usually edible part of a seed or grain or nut or fruit stone


meat: the inner and usually edible part of a seed or grain or nut or fruit stone


syconium: the fleshy multiple fruit of the fig consisting of an enlarged hollow receptacle containing numerous fruitlets


berry: a small fruit having any of various structures, e.g., simple (grape or blueberry) or aggregate (blackberry or raspberry)


aggregate fruit: fruit consisting of many individual small fruits or drupes derived from separate ovaries within a common receptacle: e.g. blackberry; raspberry; pineapple


multiple fruit: fruit consisting of many individual small fruits or drupes derived from separate ovaries within a common receptacle: e.g. blackberry; raspberry; pineapple


syncarp: fruit consisting of many individual small fruits or drupes derived from separate ovaries within a common receptacle: e.g. blackberry; raspberry; pineapple


simple fruit: an indehiscent fruit derived from a single ovary having one or many seeds within a fleshy wall or pericarp: e.g. grape; tomato; cranberry


bacca: an indehiscent fruit derived from a single ovary having one or many seeds within a fleshy wall or pericarp: e.g. grape; tomato; cranberry


acinus: one of the small drupes making up an aggregate or multiple fruit like a blackberry


drupe: fleshy indehiscent fruit with a single seed: e.g. almond; peach; plum; cherry; elderberry; olive; jujube


stone fruit: fleshy indehiscent fruit with a single seed: e.g. almond; peach; plum; cherry; elderberry; olive; jujube


drupelet: a small part of an aggregate fruit that resembles a drupe


pome: a fleshy fruit (apple or pear or related fruits) having seed chambers and an outer fleshy part


false fruit: a fleshy fruit (apple or pear or related fruits) having seed chambers and an outer fleshy part


pod: a several-seeded dehiscent fruit as e.g. of a leguminous plant


seedpod: a several-seeded dehiscent fruit as e.g. of a leguminous plant


loment: seedpods that are constricted between the seeds and that break apart when mature into single-seeded segments


pyxidium: fruit of such plants as the plantain; a capsule whose upper part falls off when the seeds are released


pyxis: fruit of such plants as the plantain; a capsule whose upper part falls off when the seeds are released


husk: outer membranous covering of some fruits or seeds


cornhusk: the husk of an ear of corn


hull: dry outer covering of a fruit or seed or nut


pod: the vessel that contains the seeds of a plant (not the seeds themselves)


cod: the vessel that contains the seeds of a plant (not the seeds themselves)


seedcase: the vessel that contains the seeds of a plant (not the seeds themselves)


pea pod: husk of a pea; edible in some garden peas


peasecod: husk of a pea; edible in some garden peas


accessory fruit: fruit containing much fleshy tissue besides that of the ripened ovary; as apple or strawberry


pseudocarp: fruit containing much fleshy tissue besides that of the ripened ovary; as apple or strawberry


Rhamnales: an order of dicotyledonous plants


order Rhamnales: an order of dicotyledonous plants


Rhamnaceae: trees and shrubs usually thorny bearing drupaceous fruit many having medicinal value


family Rhamnaceae: trees and shrubs usually thorny bearing drupaceous fruit many having medicinal value


buckthorn family: trees and shrubs usually thorny bearing drupaceous fruit many having medicinal value


Rhamnus: type genus of the Rhamnaceae: buckthorns


genus Rhamnus: type genus of the Rhamnaceae: buckthorns


buckthorn: a shrub or shrubby tree of the genus Rhamnus; fruits are source of yellow dyes or pigments


buckthorn berry: fruit of various buckthorns yielding dyes or pigments


yellow berry: fruit of various buckthorns yielding dyes or pigments


cascara buckthorn: shrubby tree of the Pacific coast of the United States; yields cascara sagrada


bearberry: shrubby tree of the Pacific coast of the United States; yields cascara sagrada


bearwood: shrubby tree of the Pacific coast of the United States; yields cascara sagrada


chittamwood: shrubby tree of the Pacific coast of the United States; yields cascara sagrada


chittimwood: shrubby tree of the Pacific coast of the United States; yields cascara sagrada


Rhamnus purshianus: shrubby tree of the Pacific coast of the United States; yields cascara sagrada


cascara: dried bark of the cascara buckthorn used as a laxative


cascara sagrada: dried bark of the cascara buckthorn used as a laxative


chittam bark: dried bark of the cascara buckthorn used as a laxative


chittem bark: dried bark of the cascara buckthorn used as a laxative


Carolina buckthorn: deciduous shrub of eastern and central United States having black berrylike fruit; golden-yellow in autumn


indian cherry: deciduous shrub of eastern and central United States having black berrylike fruit; golden-yellow in autumn


Rhamnus carolinianus: deciduous shrub of eastern and central United States having black berrylike fruit; golden-yellow in autumn


coffeeberry: evergreen shrub of western United States bearing small red or black fruits


California buckthorn: evergreen shrub of western United States bearing small red or black fruits


California coffee: evergreen shrub of western United States bearing small red or black fruits


Rhamnus californicus: evergreen shrub of western United States bearing small red or black fruits


alder buckthorn: small tree common in Europe


alder dogwood: small tree common in Europe


Rhamnus frangula: small tree common in Europe


redberry: small spiny evergreen shrub of western United States and Mexico with minute flowers and bright red berries


red-berry: small spiny evergreen shrub of western United States and Mexico with minute flowers and bright red berries


Rhamnus croceus: small spiny evergreen shrub of western United States and Mexico with minute flowers and bright red berries


Colubrina: mostly tropical American shrubs or small trees with small yellowish flowers and yellow or red fruits


genus Colubrina: mostly tropical American shrubs or small trees with small yellowish flowers and yellow or red fruits


nakedwood: any of several small to medium-sized trees of Florida and West Indies with thin scaly bark and heavy dark heartwood


Ziziphus: spiny chiefly tropical American and Asiatic shrubs: jujubes


genus Ziziphus: spiny chiefly tropical American and Asiatic shrubs: jujubes


jujube: spiny tree having dark red edible fruits


jujube bush: spiny tree having dark red edible fruits


Christ's-thorn: spiny tree having dark red edible fruits


Jerusalem thorn: spiny tree having dark red edible fruits


Ziziphus jujuba: spiny tree having dark red edible fruits


lotus tree: shrubby deciduous tree of the Mediterranean region


Ziziphus lotus: shrubby deciduous tree of the Mediterranean region


Paliurus: thorny Eurasian shrubs


genus Paliurus: thorny Eurasian shrubs


Christ's-thorn: thorny Eurasian shrub with dry woody winged fruit


Jerusalem thorn: thorny Eurasian shrub with dry woody winged fruit


Paliurus spina-christi: thorny Eurasian shrub with dry woody winged fruit


Pomaderris: a genus of Australasian shrubs and trees


genus Pomaderris: a genus of Australasian shrubs and trees


hazel: Australian tree grown especially for ornament and its fine-grained wood and bearing edible nuts


hazel tree: Australian tree grown especially for ornament and its fine-grained wood and bearing edible nuts


Pomaderris apetala: Australian tree grown especially for ornament and its fine-grained wood and bearing edible nuts


Vitaceae: a family of vines belonging to order Rhamnales


family Vitaceae: a family of vines belonging to order Rhamnales


Vitidaceae: a family of vines belonging to order Rhamnales


grapevine family: a family of vines belonging to order Rhamnales


Vitis: the type genus of the family Vitaceae; woody vines with simple leaves and small flowers; includes a wide variety of grapes


genus Vitis: the type genus of the family Vitaceae; woody vines with simple leaves and small flowers; includes a wide variety of grapes


grape: any of numerous woody vines of genus Vitis bearing clusters of edible berries


grapevine: any of numerous woody vines of genus Vitis bearing clusters of edible berries


grape vine: any of numerous woody vines of genus Vitis bearing clusters of edible berries


fox grape: native grape of northeastern United States; origin of many cultivated varieties e.g. Concord grapes


Vitis labrusca: native grape of northeastern United States; origin of many cultivated varieties e.g. Concord grapes


muscadine: native grape of southeastern United States; origin of many cultivated varieties


Vitis rotundifolia: native grape of southeastern United States; origin of many cultivated varieties


vinifera: common European grape cultivated in many varieties; chief source of Old World wine and table grapes


vinifera grape: common European grape cultivated in many varieties; chief source of Old World wine and table grapes


common grape vine: common European grape cultivated in many varieties; chief source of Old World wine and table grapes


Vitis vinifera: common European grape cultivated in many varieties; chief source of Old World wine and table grapes


Chardonnay: white wine grape


chardonnay grape: white wine grape


Pinot: any of several purple or white wine grapes used especially for Burgundies and champagnes


Pinot grape: any of several purple or white wine grapes used especially for Burgundies and champagnes


Pinot noir: red wine grape; grown especially in California for making wines resembling those from Burgundy, France


Pinot blanc: white wine grape; grown especially in California for making wines resembling those from Chablis, France


Sauvignon grape: small blue-black grape of Medoc region of France highly prized in winemaking


Cabernet Sauvignon grape: superior red wine grapes grown especially in the Bordeaux region of France and northern California


Sauvignon blanc: white wine grape grown in California


Merlot: black wine grape originally from the region of Bordeaux


Muscadet: white grape grown especially in the valley the Loire in France


Riesling: white grape grown in Europe and California


Zinfandel: small black grape grown chiefly in California; transplanted from Europe


Chenin blanc: white grape grown especially in California and the lower Loire valley of France


malvasia: used to make malmsey wine


muscat: any of several cultivated grapevines that produce sweet white grapes


muskat: any of several cultivated grapevines that produce sweet white grapes


Verdicchio: a variety of white wine grape grown in Italy


Parthenocissus: woody vines having disklike tips on the tendrils


genus Parthenocissus: woody vines having disklike tips on the tendrils


Boston ivy: Asiatic vine with three-lobed leaves and purple berries


Japanese ivy: Asiatic vine with three-lobed leaves and purple berries


Parthenocissus tricuspidata: Asiatic vine with three-lobed leaves and purple berries


Virginia creeper: common North American vine with compound leaves and bluish-black berrylike fruit


American ivy: common North American vine with compound leaves and bluish-black berrylike fruit


woodbine: common North American vine with compound leaves and bluish-black berrylike fruit


Parthenocissus quinquefolia: common North American vine with compound leaves and bluish-black berrylike fruit


Piperales: Piperaceae; Saururaceae; Chloranthaceae


order Piperales: Piperaceae; Saururaceae; Chloranthaceae


Piperaceae: tropical woody vines and herbaceous plants having aromatic herbage and minute flowers in spikelets


family Piperaceae: tropical woody vines and herbaceous plants having aromatic herbage and minute flowers in spikelets


pepper family: tropical woody vines and herbaceous plants having aromatic herbage and minute flowers in spikelets


Piper: type genus of the Piperaceae: large genus of chiefly climbing tropical shrubs


genus Piper: type genus of the Piperaceae: large genus of chiefly climbing tropical shrubs


true pepper: any of various shrubby vines of the genus Piper


pepper vine: any of various shrubby vines of the genus Piper


pepper: climber having dark red berries (peppercorns) when fully ripe; southern India and Sri Lanka; naturalized in northern Burma and Assam


common pepper: climber having dark red berries (peppercorns) when fully ripe; southern India and Sri Lanka; naturalized in northern Burma and Assam


black pepper: climber having dark red berries (peppercorns) when fully ripe; southern India and Sri Lanka; naturalized in northern Burma and Assam


white pepper: climber having dark red berries (peppercorns) when fully ripe; southern India and Sri Lanka; naturalized in northern Burma and Assam


Madagascar pepper: climber having dark red berries (peppercorns) when fully ripe; southern India and Sri Lanka; naturalized in northern Burma and Assam


Piper nigrum: climber having dark red berries (peppercorns) when fully ripe; southern India and Sri Lanka; naturalized in northern Burma and Assam


long pepper: slender tropical climber of the eastern Himalayas


Piper longum: slender tropical climber of the eastern Himalayas


betel: Asian pepper plant whose dried leaves are chewed with betel nut (seed of the betel palm) by southeast Asians


betel pepper: Asian pepper plant whose dried leaves are chewed with betel nut (seed of the betel palm) by southeast Asians


Piper betel: Asian pepper plant whose dried leaves are chewed with betel nut (seed of the betel palm) by southeast Asians


cubeb: tropical southeast Asian shrubby vine bearing spicy berrylike fruits


cubeb vine: tropical southeast Asian shrubby vine bearing spicy berrylike fruits


Java pepper: tropical southeast Asian shrubby vine bearing spicy berrylike fruits


Piper cubeba: tropical southeast Asian shrubby vine bearing spicy berrylike fruits


cubeb: spicy fruit of the cubeb vine; when dried and crushed is used medicinally or in perfumery and sometimes smoked in cigarettes


schizocarp: a dry dehiscent fruit that at maturity splits into two or more parts each with a single seed


genus Peperomia: large genus of small tropical usually succulent herbs


peperomia: any of various plants of the genus Peperomia; grown primarily for their often succulent foliage


watermelon begonia: grown as a houseplant for its silvery striped fleshy foliage; South America


Peperomia argyreia: grown as a houseplant for its silvery striped fleshy foliage; South America


Peperomia sandersii: grown as a houseplant for its silvery striped fleshy foliage; South America


Chloranthaceae: small family of tropical herbs and shrubs and trees


family Chloranthaceae: small family of tropical herbs and shrubs and trees


Chloranthus: type genus of the Chloranthaceae


genus Chloranthus: type genus of the Chloranthaceae


Saururaceae: family of perennial aromatic herbs: genera Saururus, Anemopsis, Houttuynia


family Saururaceae: family of perennial aromatic herbs: genera Saururus, Anemopsis, Houttuynia


lizard's-tail family: family of perennial aromatic herbs: genera Saururus, Anemopsis, Houttuynia


Saururus: type genus of the Saururaceae: lizard's-tails


genus Saururus: type genus of the Saururaceae: lizard's-tails


lizard's-tail: North American herbaceous perennial of wet places having slender curled racemes of small white flowers


swamp lily: North American herbaceous perennial of wet places having slender curled racemes of small white flowers


water dragon: North American herbaceous perennial of wet places having slender curled racemes of small white flowers


Saururus cernuus: North American herbaceous perennial of wet places having slender curled racemes of small white flowers


Anemopsis: one species: yerba mansa


genus Anemopsis: one species: yerba mansa


yerba mansa: stoloniferous herb of southwestern United States and Mexico having a pungent rootstock and small spicate flowers with white bracts suggesting an anemone


Anemopsis californica: stoloniferous herb of southwestern United States and Mexico having a pungent rootstock and small spicate flowers with white bracts suggesting an anemone


Houttuynia: one species; east Asian low-growing plant of wet places


genus Houttuynia: one species; east Asian low-growing plant of wet places


leaf: the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants


leafage: the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants


foliage: the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants


amplexicaul leaf: a leaf with its base clasping the stem


greenery: green foliage


verdure: green foliage


hydathode: a pore that exudes water on the surface or margin of a leaf of higher plants


water pore: a pore that exudes water on the surface or margin of a leaf of higher plants


water stoma: a pore that exudes water on the surface or margin of a leaf of higher plants


lenticel: one of many raised pores on the stems of woody plants that allow the interchange of gas between the atmosphere and the interior tissue


leaflet: part of a compound leaf


node: (botany) the small swelling that is the part of a plant stem from which one or more leaves emerge


leaf node: (botany) the small swelling that is the part of a plant stem from which one or more leaves emerge


pinna: division of a usually pinnately divided leaf


pinnule: division of a usually pinnately divided leaf


frond: compound leaf of a fern or palm or cycad


pad: the large floating leaf of an aquatic plant (as the water lily)


lily pad: floating leaves of a water lily


bract: a modified leaf or leaflike part just below and protecting an inflorescence


bracteole: a small bract


bractlet: a small bract


spathe: a conspicuous bract surrounding or subtending a spadix or other inflorescence


involucre: a highly conspicuous bract or bract pair or ring of bracts at the base of an inflorescence


lemma: the lower and stouter of the two glumes immediately enclosing the floret in most Gramineae


flowering glume: the lower and stouter of the two glumes immediately enclosing the floret in most Gramineae


glume: small dry membranous bract found in inflorescences of Gramineae and Cyperaceae


scale: a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin


scale leaf: a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin


squamule: a minute scale


fig leaf: a leaf from a fig tree


simple leaf: a leaf that is not divided into parts


compound leaf: a leaf composed of a number of leaflets on a common stalk


trifoliolate leaf: having three leaflets


quinquefoliate leaf: a compound leaf having five leaflets


palmate leaf: a leaf resembling an open hand; having lobes radiating from a common point


pinnate leaf: a leaf resembling a feather; having the leaflets on each side of a common axis


bijugate leaf: a pinnate leaf having two pairs of leaflets


bijugous leaf: a pinnate leaf having two pairs of leaflets


twice-pinnate: a pinnate leaf having two pairs of leaflets


decompound leaf: a leaf having divisions that are themselves compound


acerate leaf: the leaf of a conifer


needle: the leaf of a conifer


acuminate leaf: a leaf narrowing to a slender point


cordate leaf: a heart-shaped leaf


cuneate leaf: a wedge-shaped leaf having the acute angle at the base


deltoid leaf: a simple leaf shaped like a capital delta


elliptic leaf: a simple leaf shaped like an ellipse


ensiform leaf: a sword-shaped leaf; as of iris


hastate leaf: a leaf shaped like a spearhead with flaring pointed lobes at the base


lanceolate leaf: a leaf shaped like a lance head; tapering to a point at each end


linear leaf: a long slender leaf


elongate leaf: a long slender leaf


lyrate leaf: a simple leaf having curvature suggestive of a lyre


obtuse leaf: a simple leaf having a rounded or blunt tip


oblanceolate leaf: a leaf having a rounded apex and tapering base


oblong leaf: a simple leaf that is rounded at each end with parallel sides


obovate leaf: an egg-shaped leaf with the narrower end at the base


ovate leaf: an egg-shaped leaf with the broader end at the base


orbiculate leaf: circular or nearly circular leaf


pandurate leaf: a fiddle-shaped leaf


panduriform leaf: a fiddle-shaped leaf


peltate leaf: a shield-shaped leaf; as a nasturtium leaf


perfoliate leaf: a leaf with the base united around--and apparently pierced by--the stem


reniform leaf: a simple kidney-shaped leaf


sagittate-leaf: a leaf shaped like an arrow head


sagittiform leaf: a leaf shaped like an arrow head