aeronautics: the theory and practice of navigation through air or space


astronautics: the theory and practice of navigation through air or space


avionics: science and technology of electronic systems and devices for aeronautics and astronautics


biophysics: physics as applied to biological problems


celestial mechanics: the branch of astronomy concerned with the application of Newton's laws of motion to the motions of heavenly bodies


astrophysics: the branch of astronomy concerned with the physical and chemical properties of celestial bodies


selenology: the branch of astronomy that deals with the moon


solar physics: the branch of astronomy that deals with the sun


cosmology: the branch of astrophysics that studies the origin and evolution and structure of the universe


cosmogony: the branch of astrophysics that studies the origin and evolution and structure of the universe


cosmogeny: the branch of astrophysics that studies the origin and evolution and structure of the universe


cryogenics: the branch of physics that studies the phenomena that occur at very low temperatures


cryogeny: the branch of physics that studies the phenomena that occur at very low temperatures


crystallography: the branch of science that studies the formation and structure of crystals


electromagnetism: the branch of physics concerned with electromagnetic phenomena


electromagnetics: the branch of physics concerned with electromagnetic phenomena


electronics: the branch of physics that deals with the emission and effects of electrons and with the use of electronic devices


electrostatics: the branch of physics that deals with static electricity


mechanics: the branch of physics concerned with the motion of bodies in a frame of reference


nuclear physics: the branch of physics that studies the internal structure of atomic nuclei


atomic physics: the branch of physics that studies the internal structure of atomic nuclei


nucleonics: the branch of physics that studies the internal structure of atomic nuclei


optics: the branch of physics that studies the physical properties of light


catoptrics: branch of optics dealing with formation of images by mirrors


holography: the branch of optics that deals with the use of coherent light from a laser in order to make a hologram that can then be used to create a three-dimensional image


particle physics: the branch of physics that studies subatomic particles and their interactions


high-energy physics: the branch of physics that studies subatomic particles and their interactions


high energy physics: the branch of physics that studies subatomic particles and their interactions


plasma physics: the branch of physics concerned with matter in its plasma phase


quantum physics: the branch of physics based on quantum theory


quasiparticle: a quantum of energy (in a crystal lattice or other system) that has position and momentum and can in some respects be regarded as a particle


rheology: the branch of physics that studies the deformation and flow of matter


atomism: (chemistry) any theory in which all matter is composed of tiny discrete finite indivisible indestructible particles


atomic theory: (chemistry) any theory in which all matter is composed of tiny discrete finite indivisible indestructible particles


atomist theory: (chemistry) any theory in which all matter is composed of tiny discrete finite indivisible indestructible particles


atomistic theory: (chemistry) any theory in which all matter is composed of tiny discrete finite indivisible indestructible particles


holism: the theory that the parts of any whole cannot exist and cannot be understood except in their relation to the whole


holistic theory: the theory that the parts of any whole cannot exist and cannot be understood except in their relation to the whole


atomic theory: a theory of the structure of the atom


Bohr theory: (physics) a theory of atomic structure that combined Rutherford's model with the quantum theory; electrons orbiting a nucleus can only be in certain stationary energy states and light is emitted when electrons jump from one energy state to another


Rutherford atom: first modern concept of atomic structure; all of the positive charge and most of the mass of the atom are contained in a compact nucleus; a number of electrons (equal to the atomic number) occupy the rest of the volume of the atom and neutralize the positive charge


conservation: (physics) the maintenance of a certain quantities unchanged during chemical reactions or physical transformations


conservation of charge: the principle that the total electric charge of a system remains constant despite changes inside the system


conservation of electricity: the principle that the total electric charge of a system remains constant despite changes inside the system


conservation of energy: the fundamental principle of physics that the total energy of an isolated system is constant despite internal changes


law of conservation of energy: the fundamental principle of physics that the total energy of an isolated system is constant despite internal changes


first law of thermodynamics: the fundamental principle of physics that the total energy of an isolated system is constant despite internal changes


conservation of mass: a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system


conservation of matter: a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system


law of conservation of mass: a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system


law of conservation of matter: a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system


conservation of momentum: the principle that the total linear momentum in a closed system is constant and is not affected by processes occurring inside the system


parity: (physics) parity is conserved in a universe in which the laws of physics are the same in a right-handed system of coordinates as in a left-handed system


conservation of parity: (physics) parity is conserved in a universe in which the laws of physics are the same in a right-handed system of coordinates as in a left-handed system


space-reflection symmetry: (physics) parity is conserved in a universe in which the laws of physics are the same in a right-handed system of coordinates as in a left-handed system


mirror symmetry: (physics) parity is conserved in a universe in which the laws of physics are the same in a right-handed system of coordinates as in a left-handed system


cell theory: (biology) the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms; proposed in 1838 by Matthias Schleiden and by Theodor Schwann


cell doctrine: (biology) the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms; proposed in 1838 by Matthias Schleiden and by Theodor Schwann


wave theory: (physics) the theory that light is transmitted as waves


undulatory theory: (physics) the theory that light is transmitted as waves


wave theory of light: (physics) the theory that light is transmitted as waves


corpuscular theory: (physics) the theory that light is transmitted as a stream of particles


corpuscular theory of light: (physics) the theory that light is transmitted as a stream of particles


kinetic theory: (physics) a theory that gases consist of small particles in random motion


kinetic theory of gases: (physics) a theory that gases consist of small particles in random motion


relativity: (physics) the theory that space and time are relative concepts rather than absolute concepts


theory of relativity: (physics) the theory that space and time are relative concepts rather than absolute concepts


relativity theory: (physics) the theory that space and time are relative concepts rather than absolute concepts


Einstein's theory of relativity: (physics) the theory that space and time are relative concepts rather than absolute concepts


general relativity: a generalization of special relativity to include gravity (based on the principle of equivalence)


general theory of relativity: a generalization of special relativity to include gravity (based on the principle of equivalence)


general relativity theory: a generalization of special relativity to include gravity (based on the principle of equivalence)


Einstein's general theory of relativity: a generalization of special relativity to include gravity (based on the principle of equivalence)


special relativity: a physical theory of relativity based on the assumption that the speed of light in a vacuum is a constant and the assumption that the laws of physics are invariant in all inertial systems


special theory of relativity: a physical theory of relativity based on the assumption that the speed of light in a vacuum is a constant and the assumption that the laws of physics are invariant in all inertial systems


special relativity theory: a physical theory of relativity based on the assumption that the speed of light in a vacuum is a constant and the assumption that the laws of physics are invariant in all inertial systems


Einstein's special theory of relativity: a physical theory of relativity based on the assumption that the speed of light in a vacuum is a constant and the assumption that the laws of physics are invariant in all inertial systems


supersymmetry: (physics) a theory that tries to link the four fundamental forces


quantum theory: (physics) a physical theory that certain properties occur only in discrete amounts (quanta)


wave mechanics: the modern form of quantum theory; an extension of quantum mechanics based on Schrodinger's equation; atomic events are explained as interactions between particle waves


uncertainty principle: (quantum theory) the theory that it is impossible to measure both energy and time (or position and momentum) completely accurately at the same time


indeterminacy principle: (quantum theory) the theory that it is impossible to measure both energy and time (or position and momentum) completely accurately at the same time


kinetic theory of heat: a theory that the temperature of a body increases when kinetic energy increases


germ theory: (medicine) the theory that all contagious diseases are caused by microorganisms


information theory: (computer science) a statistical theory dealing with the limits and efficiency of information processing


theory of dissociation: (chemistry) theory that describes aqueous solutions in terms of acids (which dissociate to give hydrogen ions) and bases (which dissociate to give hydroxyl ions); the product of an acid and a base is a salt and water


theory of electrolytic dissociation: (chemistry) theory that describes aqueous solutions in terms of acids (which dissociate to give hydrogen ions) and bases (which dissociate to give hydroxyl ions); the product of an acid and a base is a salt and water


Arrhenius theory of dissociation: (chemistry) theory that describes aqueous solutions in terms of acids (which dissociate to give hydrogen ions) and bases (which dissociate to give hydroxyl ions); the product of an acid and a base is a salt and water


theory of evolution: (biology) a scientific theory of the origin of species of plants and animals


theory of organic evolution: (biology) a scientific theory of the origin of species of plants and animals


evolutionism: (biology) a scientific theory of the origin of species of plants and animals


theory of indicators: (chemistry) the theory that all indicators are either weak acids or weak bases in which the color of the ionized form is different from the color before dissociation


Ostwald's theory of indicators: (chemistry) the theory that all indicators are either weak acids or weak bases in which the color of the ionized form is different from the color before dissociation


theory of inheritance: (biology) a theory of how characteristics of one generation are derived from earlier generations


Mendelism: the theory of inheritance based on Mendel's laws


Mendelianism: the theory of inheritance based on Mendel's laws


Darwinism: a theory of organic evolution claiming that new species arise and are perpetuated by natural selection


neo-Darwinism: a modern Darwinian theory that explains new species in terms of genetic mutations


Lamarckism: a theory of organic evolution claiming that acquired characteristics are transmitted to offspring


Neo-Lamarckism: a modern Lamarckian theory emphasizing the importance of environmental factors in genetic changes and retaining the notion of the inheritance of acquired characters


thermochemistry: the branch of chemistry that studies the relation between chemical action and the amount of heat absorbed or generated


punctuated equilibrium: a theory of evolution holding that evolutionary change in the fossil record came in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change


theory of punctuated equilibrium: a theory of evolution holding that evolutionary change in the fossil record came in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change


harmonics: the study of musical sound


classical mechanics: the branch of mechanics based on Newton's laws of motion


Newtonian mechanics: the branch of mechanics based on Newton's laws of motion


solid-state physics: the branch of physics that studies the properties of materials in the solid state: electrical conduction in crystals of semiconductors and metals; superconductivity; photoconductivity


statistical mechanics: the branch of physics that makes theoretical predictions about the behavior of macroscopic systems on the basis of statistical laws governing its component particles


quantum mechanics: the branch of quantum physics that accounts for matter at the atomic level; an extension of statistical mechanics based on quantum theory (especially the Pauli exclusion principle)


quantum field theory: the branch of quantum physics that is concerned with the theory of fields; it was motivated by the question of how an atom radiates light as its electrons jump from excited states


quantum electrodynamics: a relativistic quantum theory of the electromagnetic interactions of photons and electrons and muons


QED: a relativistic quantum theory of the electromagnetic interactions of photons and electrons and muons


quantum chromodynamics: a theory of strong interactions between elementary particles (including the interaction that binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus); it assumes that strongly interacting particles (hadrons) are made of quarks and that gluons bind the quarks together


QCD: a theory of strong interactions between elementary particles (including the interaction that binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus); it assumes that strongly interacting particles (hadrons) are made of quarks and that gluons bind the quarks together


fluid mechanics: study of the mechanics of fluids


hydraulics: study of the mechanics of fluids


pneumatics: the branch of mechanics that deals with the mechanical properties of gases


statics: the branch of mechanics concerned with forces in equilibrium


hydrostatics: study of the mechanical properties of fluids that are not in motion


dynamics: the branch of mechanics concerned with the forces that cause motions of bodies


kinetics: the branch of mechanics concerned with the forces that cause motions of bodies


kinematics: the branch of mechanics concerned with motion without reference to force or mass


hydrodynamics: study of fluids in motion


hydrokinetics: study of fluids in motion


magnetohydrodynamics: the study of the interaction of magnetic fields and electrically conducting fluids (as plasma or molten metal)


ballistics: the science of flight dynamics


aeromechanics: the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of gases (especially air) and their effects on bodies in the flow


aerodynamics: the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of gases (especially air) and their effects on bodies in the flow


thermodynamics: the branch of physics concerned with the conversion of different forms of energy


thermostatics: the aspect of thermodynamics concerned with thermal equilibrium


thermodynamics of equilibrium: the aspect of thermodynamics concerned with thermal equilibrium


electron optics: the branch of electronics that deals with beams of electrons and their focusing and deflection by magnetic fields


microelectronics: the branch of electronics that deals with miniature components


thermionics: the branch of electronics dealing with thermionic phenomena (especially thermionic vacuum tubes)


earth science: any of the sciences that deal with the earth or its parts


geology: a science that deals with the history of the earth as recorded in rocks


hypsography: the scientific study of the earth's configuration above sea level (emphasizing the measurement of land altitudes relative to sea level)


paleogeology: the study of geologic features once at the surface of the earth but now buried beneath rocks


palaeogeology: the study of geologic features once at the surface of the earth but now buried beneath rocks


geophysics: geology that uses physical principles to study properties of the earth


geophysical science: geology that uses physical principles to study properties of the earth


morphology: the branch of geology that studies the characteristics and configuration and evolution of rocks and land forms


geomorphology: the branch of geology that studies the characteristics and configuration and evolution of rocks and land forms


orology: the science of mountains


orography: the science of mountains


stratigraphy: the branch of geology that studies the arrangement and succession of strata


tectonics: the branch of geology studying the folding and faulting of the earth's crust


plate tectonics: the branch of geology studying the folding and faulting of the earth's crust


plate tectonic theory: the branch of geology studying the folding and faulting of the earth's crust


meteorology: the earth science dealing with phenomena of the atmosphere (especially weather)


aerology: meteorology of the total extent of the atmosphere; especially the upper layers


climatology: meteorology of climates and their phenomena


bioclimatology: the study of effects of climate on living organisms


nephology: the branch of meteorology that studies clouds and cloud formation


hydrology: the branch of geology that studies water on the earth and in the atmosphere: its distribution and uses and conservation


oceanography: the branch of science dealing with physical and biological aspects of the oceans


oceanology: the branch of science dealing with physical and biological aspects of the oceans


hydrography: the science of the measurement and description and mapping of the surface waters of the earth with special reference to navigation


limnology: the scientific study of bodies of fresh water for their biological and physical and geological properties


seismology: the branch of geology that studies earthquakes


volcanology: the branch of geology that studies volcanoes


vulcanology: the branch of geology that studies volcanoes


magnetism: the branch of science that studies magnetism


magnetics: the branch of science that studies magnetism


geodesy: the branch of geology that studies the shape of the earth and the determination of the exact position of geographical points


mineralogy: the branch of geology that studies minerals: their structure and properties and the ways of distinguishing them


petrology: the branch of geology that studies rocks: their origin and formation and mineral composition and classification


lithology: the branch of geology that studies rocks: their origin and formation and mineral composition and classification


speleology: the scientific study of caves


spelaeology: the scientific study of caves


petroleum geology: the branch of economic geology that deals with the occurrence and exploitation of oil and gas fields


economic geology: the branch of geology that deals with economically valuable geological materials


mining geology: the branch of economic geology that deals with the applications of geology to mining


geography: study of the earth's surface; includes people's responses to topography and climate and soil and vegetation


geographics: study of the earth's surface; includes people's responses to topography and climate and soil and vegetation


physical geography: the study of physical features of the earth's surface


physiography: the study of physical features of the earth's surface


topography: precise detailed study of the surface features of a region


topology: topographic study of a given place (especially the history of the place as indicated by its topography)


economic geography: the branch of geography concerned with the production and distribution of commodities


cosmography: the science that maps the general features of the universe; describes both heaven and earth (but without encroaching on geography or astronomy)


architecture: the discipline dealing with the principles of design and construction and ornamentation of fine buildings


architectonics: the science of architecture


tectonics: the science of architecture


landscape architecture: the branch of architecture dealing with the arrangement of land and buildings for human use and enjoyment


urban planning: the branch of architecture dealing with the design and organization of urban space and activities


interior design: the branch of architecture dealing with the selection and organization of furnishings for an architectural interior


engineering: the discipline dealing with the art or science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems


engineering science: the discipline dealing with the art or science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems


applied science: the discipline dealing with the art or science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems


technology: the discipline dealing with the art or science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems


metallurgy: the science and technology of metals


powder metallurgy: the metallurgy of powdered metals; how to produce solid metal objects from powdered metal by compaction and sintering


aeronautical engineering: the branch of engineering science concerned with the design and construction of aircraft


bionics: application of biological principles to the study and design of engineering systems (especially electronic systems)


biotechnology: the branch of engineering science in which biological science is used to study the relation between workers and their environments


bioengineering: the branch of engineering science in which biological science is used to study the relation between workers and their environments


ergonomics: the branch of engineering science in which biological science is used to study the relation between workers and their environments


biotechnology: the branch of molecular biology that studies the use of microorganisms to perform specific industrial processes


biotech: the branch of molecular biology that studies the use of microorganisms to perform specific industrial processes


bioremediation: the branch of biotechnology that uses biological process to overcome environmental problems


genetic engineering: the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism


gene-splicing: the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism


recombinant DNA technology: the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism


chemical engineering: the branch of engineering that is concerned with the design and construction and operation of the plants and machinery used in industrial chemical processes


civil engineering: the branch of engineering concerned with the design and construction of such public works as dams or bridges


hydraulic engineering: the branch of civil engineering dealing with the use and control of water in motion


electrical engineering: the branch of engineering science that studies the uses of electricity and the equipment for power generation and distribution and the control of machines and communication


EE: the branch of engineering science that studies the uses of electricity and the equipment for power generation and distribution and the control of machines and communication


telecommunication: (often plural) the branch of electrical engineering concerned with the technology of electronic communication at a distance


computer science: the branch of engineering science that studies (with the aid of computers) computable processes and structures


computing: the branch of engineering science that studies (with the aid of computers) computable processes and structures


object: (computing) a discrete item that provides a description of virtually anything known to a computer


logic: the system of operations performed by a computer that underlies the machine's representation of logical operations


artificial intelligence: the branch of computer science that deal with writing computer programs that can solve problems creatively


AI: the branch of computer science that deal with writing computer programs that can solve problems creatively


machine translation: the use of computers to translate from one language to another


MT: the use of computers to translate from one language to another


robotics: the area of AI concerned with the practical use of robots


animatronics: the construction of robots to look like animals (developed for Disneyland)


telerobotics: the area of robotics that is concerned with the control of robots from a distance


architectural engineering: the branch of engineering that deals with the construction of buildings (as distinguished from architecture as a design art)


industrial engineering: the branch of engineering that deals with the creation and management of systems that integrate people and materials and energy in productive ways


industrial management: the branch of engineering that deals with the creation and management of systems that integrate people and materials and energy in productive ways


information technology: the branch of engineering that deals with the use of computers and telecommunications to retrieve and store and transmit information


IT: the branch of engineering that deals with the use of computers and telecommunications to retrieve and store and transmit information


mechanical engineering: the branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction and operation of machinery


nanotechnology: the branch of engineering that deals with things smaller than 100 nanometers (especially with the manipulation of individual molecules)


tribology: the branch of engineering that deals with the interaction of surfaces in relative motion (as in bearings or gears): their design and friction and wear and lubrication


nuclear engineering: the branch of engineering concerned with the design and construction and operation of nuclear reactors


naval engineering: the branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction and operation of ships


rocketry: the branch of engineering science that studies rocket design and operation


metrology: the scientific study of measurement


nutrition: the scientific study of food and drink (especially in humans)


futurology: the study or prediction of future developments on the basis of existing conditions


futuristics: the study or prediction of future developments on the basis of existing conditions


psychology: the science of mental life


psychological science: the science of mental life


abnormal psychology: the branch of psychology concerned with abnormal behavior


psychopathology: the branch of psychology concerned with abnormal behavior


associationism: (psychology) a theory that association is the basic principle of mental activity


association theory: (psychology) a theory that association is the basic principle of mental activity


atomism: (psychology) a theory that reduces all mental phenomena to simple elements (sensations and feelings) that form complex ideas by association


applied psychology: any of several branches of psychology that seek to apply psychological principles to practical problems of education or industry or marketing etc.


industrial psychology: any of several branches of psychology that seek to apply psychological principles to practical problems of education or industry or marketing etc.


cognitive psychology: an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes


comparative psychology: the branch of psychology concerned with the behavior of animals


animal psychology: the branch of psychology concerned with the behavior of animals


developmental psychology: the branch of psychology that studies the social and mental development of children


genetic psychology: the branch of psychology that studies the social and mental development of children


child psychology: the branch of psychology that studies the social and mental development of children


differential psychology: the branch of psychology that studies measurable differences between individuals


experimental psychology: the branch of psychology that uses experimental methods to study psychological issues


psychonomics: the branch of psychology that uses experimental methods to study psychological issues


psychophysics: the branch of psychology concerned with quantitative relations between physical stimuli and their psychological effects


behaviorism: an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior


behaviourism: an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior


behavioristic psychology: an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior


behaviouristic psychology: an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior


functionalism: a psychology based on the assumption that all mental process are useful to an organism in adapting to the environment


memory: the area of cognitive psychology that studies memory processes


problem solving: the area of cognitive psychology that studies the processes involved in solving problems


psycholinguistics: the branch of cognitive psychology that studies the psychological basis of linguistic competence and performance


physiological psychology: the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes


neuropsychology: the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes


psychophysiology: the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes


psychometry: any branch of psychology concerned with psychological measurements


psychometrics: any branch of psychology concerned with psychological measurements


psychometrika: any branch of psychology concerned with psychological measurements


reflexology: the study of reflex action as it relates to the behavior of organisms


Gestalt psychology: (psychology) a theory of psychology that emphasizes the importance of configurational properties


configurationism: (psychology) a theory of psychology that emphasizes the importance of configurational properties


social psychology: the branch of psychology that studies persons and their relationships with others and with groups and with society as a whole


psychodynamics: the branch of social psychology that deals with the processes and emotions that determine psychology and motivation


group dynamics: the branch of social psychology that studies the psychodynamics of interaction in social groups


information science: the sciences concerned with gathering, manipulating, storing, retrieving, and classifying recorded information


informatics: the sciences concerned with gathering, manipulating, storing, retrieving, and classifying recorded information


information processing: the sciences concerned with gathering, manipulating, storing, retrieving, and classifying recorded information


IP: the sciences concerned with gathering, manipulating, storing, retrieving, and classifying recorded information


natural language processing: the branch of information science that deals with natural language information


NLP: the branch of information science that deals with natural language information


human language technology: the branch of information science that deals with natural language information


cybernetics: (biology) the field of science concerned with processes of communication and control (especially the comparison of these processes in biological and artificial systems)


cognitive science: the field of science concerned with cognition; includes parts of cognitive psychology and linguistics and computer science and cognitive neuroscience and philosophy of mind


social science: the branch of science that studies society and the relationships of individual within a society


civics: the social science of municipal affairs


anthropology: the social science that studies the origins and social relationships of human beings


archeology: the branch of anthropology that studies prehistoric people and their cultures


archaeology: the branch of anthropology that studies prehistoric people and their cultures


Assyriology: archeology of the ancient Assyrians


Egyptology: archeology of ancient Egyptian artifacts


Sumerology: the archeology of ancient Sumerians


micropaleontology: the paleontology of microfossils


marine archeology: the archeology of underwater sites


marine archaeology: the archeology of underwater sites


underwater archeology: the archeology of underwater sites


underwater archaeology: the archeology of underwater sites


paleoclimatology: the study of the climate of past ages


palaeoclimatology: the study of the climate of past ages


paleogeography: the study of the geography of ancient times or ancient epochs


palaeogeography: the study of the geography of ancient times or ancient epochs


paleography: the study of ancient forms of writing (and the deciphering of them)


paleopathology: the study of disease of former times (as inferred from fossil evidence)


palaeopathology: the study of disease of former times (as inferred from fossil evidence)


paletiology: the explanation of past events in terms of scientific causes (as geological causes)


palaetiology: the explanation of past events in terms of scientific causes (as geological causes)


epigraphy: the study of ancient inscriptions


paleology: the study of (especially prehistoric) antiquities


palaeology: the study of (especially prehistoric) antiquities


protohistory: the study humans prior to the invention of writing


protoanthropology: the study humans prior to the invention of writing


protoarcheology: the study of prehistoric human artifacts and human fossils


protoarchaeology: the study of prehistoric human artifacts and human fossils


ethnography: the branch of anthropology that provides scientific description of individual human societies


descriptive anthropology: the branch of anthropology that provides scientific description of individual human societies


paleoethnography: the ethnography of paleolithic humans


palaeoethnography: the ethnography of paleolithic humans


ethnology: the branch of anthropology that deals with the division of humankind into races and with their origins and distribution and distinctive characteristics


physical anthropology: the branch of anthropology dealing with the genesis and variation of human beings


craniometry: the branch of physical anthropology dealing with the study and measurement of dry skulls after removal of its soft parts


social anthropology: the branch of anthropology that deals with human culture and society


cultural anthropology: the branch of anthropology that deals with human culture and society


garbology: the study of a society by analyzing its garbage


mythology: the study of myths


ritualism: the study of religious or magical rites and ceremonies


politics: the study of government of states and other political units


political science: the study of government of states and other political units


government: the study of government of states and other political units


geopolitics: the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state


geostrategy: the branch of geopolitics dealing with strategy


realpolitik: politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations


practical politics: politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations


politics: the opinion you hold with respect to political questions


political sympathies: the opinion you hold with respect to political questions


home economics: theory and practice of homemaking


home ec: theory and practice of homemaking


domestic science: theory and practice of homemaking


household arts: theory and practice of homemaking


economics: the branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management


economic science: the branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management


political economy: the branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management


game theory: (economics) a theory of competition stated in terms of gains and losses among opposing players


theory of games: (economics) a theory of competition stated in terms of gains and losses among opposing players


econometrics: the application of mathematics and statistics to the study of economic and financial data


finance: the branch of economics that studies the management of money and other assets


macroeconomics: the branch of economics that studies the overall working of a national economy


microeconomics: the branch of economics that studies the economy of consumers or households or individual firms


supply-side economics: the school of economic theory that stresses the costs of production as a means of stimulating the economy; advocates policies that raise capital and labor output by increasing the incentive to produce


proxemics: the study of spatial distances between individuals in different cultures and situations


sociology: the study and classification of human societies


criminology: the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior and law enforcement


demography: the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations


human ecology: the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations


psephology: the branch of sociology that studies election trends (as by opinion polls)


penology: the branch of criminology concerned with prison management and prisoner rehabilitation


poenology: the branch of criminology concerned with prison management and prisoner rehabilitation


sociometry: the quantitative study of social relationships


strategics: the science or art of strategy


systematics: the science of systematic classification


biosystematics: use of data (e.g. cytogenetic or biochemical) to assess taxonomic relations especially within an evolutionary framework


biosystematy: use of data (e.g. cytogenetic or biochemical) to assess taxonomic relations especially within an evolutionary framework


taxonomy: (biology) study of the general principles of scientific classification


cladistics: a system of biological taxonomy based on the quantitative analysis of comparative data and used to reconstruct cladograms summarizing the (assumed) phylogenetic relations and evolutionary history of groups of organisms


cladistic analysis: a system of biological taxonomy based on the quantitative analysis of comparative data and used to reconstruct cladograms summarizing the (assumed) phylogenetic relations and evolutionary history of groups of organisms


thanatology: the branch of science that studies death (especially its social and psychological aspects)


humanistic discipline: studies intended to provide general knowledge and intellectual skills (rather than occupational or professional skills)


humanities: studies intended to provide general knowledge and intellectual skills (rather than occupational or professional skills)


liberal arts: studies intended to provide general knowledge and intellectual skills (rather than occupational or professional skills)


arts: studies intended to provide general knowledge and intellectual skills (rather than occupational or professional skills)


neoclassicism: revival of a classical style (in art or literature or architecture or music) but from a new perspective or with a new motivation


classicism: a movement in literature and art during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe that favored rationality and restraint and strict forms


classicalism: a movement in literature and art during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe that favored rationality and restraint and strict forms


Romanticism: a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization


Romantic Movement: a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization


English: the discipline that studies the English language and literature


history: the discipline that records and interprets past events involving human beings


historicism: a theory that social and cultural events are determined by history


art history: the academic discipline that studies the development of painting and sculpture


iconology: the branch of art history that studies visual images and their symbolic meaning (especially in social or political terms)


chronology: the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events


glottochronology: the determination of how long ago different languages evolved from a common source language


history: all that is remembered of the past as preserved in writing; a body of knowledge


fine arts: the study and creation of visual works of art


beaux arts: the study and creation of visual works of art


performing arts: arts or skills that require public performance


Occidentalism: the scholarly knowledge of western cultures and languages and people


Orientalism: the scholarly knowledge of Asian cultures and languages and people


Oriental Studies: the scholarly knowledge of Asian cultures and languages and people


philosophy: the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics


ethics: the philosophical study of moral values and rules


moral philosophy: the philosophical study of moral values and rules


bioethics: the branch of ethics that studies moral values in the biomedical sciences


neuroethics: the study of ethical implications of treatments for neurological diseases


casuistry: moral philosophy based on the application of general ethical principles to resolve moral dilemmas


casuistry: argumentation that is specious or excessively subtle and intended to be misleading


eudemonism: an ethical system that evaluates actions by reference to personal well-being through a life based on reason


endaemonism: an ethical system that evaluates actions by reference to personal well-being through a life based on reason


hedonism: an ethical system that evaluates the pursuit of pleasure as the highest good


probabilism: a Roman Catholic system of casuistry that when expert opinions differ an actor can follow any solidly probable opinion that he wishes even though some different opinion might be more probable


etiology: the philosophical study of causation


aetiology: the philosophical study of causation


aesthetics: (art) the branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and taste (emphasizing the evaluative criteria that are applied to art)


esthetics: (art) the branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and taste (emphasizing the evaluative criteria that are applied to art)


axiology: the study of values and value judgments


jurisprudence: the branch of philosophy concerned with the law and the principles that lead courts to make the decisions they do


law: the branch of philosophy concerned with the law and the principles that lead courts to make the decisions they do


legal philosophy: the branch of philosophy concerned with the law and the principles that lead courts to make the decisions they do


contract law: that branch of jurisprudence that studies the rights and obligations of parties entering into contracts


corporation law: that branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing corporations


matrimonial law: that branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing matrimony


patent law: that branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing patents


metaphysics: the philosophical study of being and knowing


ontology: the metaphysical study of the nature of being and existence


ontology: (computer science) a rigorous and exhaustive organization of some knowledge domain that is usually hierarchical and contains all the relevant entities and their relations


cosmology: the metaphysical study of the origin and nature of the universe


dialectics: a rationale for dialectical materialism based on change through the conflict of opposing forces


dialectic: any formal system of reasoning that arrives at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments


logic: the branch of philosophy that analyzes inference


symbolic logic: any logical system that abstracts the form of statements away from their content in order to establish abstract criteria of consistency and validity


mathematical logic: any logical system that abstracts the form of statements away from their content in order to establish abstract criteria of consistency and validity


formal logic: any logical system that abstracts the form of statements away from their content in order to establish abstract criteria of consistency and validity


Boolean logic: a system of symbolic logic devised by George Boole; used in computers


Boolean algebra: a system of symbolic logic devised by George Boole; used in computers


propositional logic: a branch of symbolic logic dealing with propositions as units and with their combinations and the connectives that relate them


propositional calculus: a branch of symbolic logic dealing with propositions as units and with their combinations and the connectives that relate them


predicate calculus: a system of symbolic logic that represents individuals and predicates and quantification over individuals (as well as the relations between propositions)


functional calculus: a system of symbolic logic that represents individuals and predicates and quantification over individuals (as well as the relations between propositions)


quantification: a limitation imposed on the variables of a proposition (as by the quantifiers `some' or `all' or `no')


modal logic: a system of logic whose formal properties resemble certain moral and epistemological concepts


alethic logic: the modal logic of necessity and possibility and contingency


deontic logic: the modal logic of obligation and permissibility


epistemic logic: the modal logic of knowledge and uncertainty and ignorance


doxastic logic: the modal logic of belief and disbelief


fuzzy logic: a form of mathematical logic in which truth can assume a continuum of values between 0 and 1


modal logic: the logical study of necessity and possibility


epistemology: the philosophical theory of knowledge


methodology: the branch of philosophy that analyzes the principles and procedures of inquiry in a particular discipline


methodological analysis: the branch of philosophy that analyzes the principles and procedures of inquiry in a particular discipline


phenomenology: a philosophical doctrine proposed by Edmund Husserl based on the study of human experience in which considerations of objective reality are not taken into account


philosophical doctrine: a doctrine accepted by adherents to a philosophy


philosophical theory: a doctrine accepted by adherents to a philosophy


structuralism: a sociological theory based on the premise that society comes before individuals


structural sociology: a sociological theory based on the premise that society comes before individuals


structuralism: an anthropological theory that there are unobservable social structures that generate observable social phenomena


structural anthropology: an anthropological theory that there are unobservable social structures that generate observable social phenomena


computational linguistics: the use of computers for linguistic research and applications


dialect geography: the study of the geographical distribution of linguistic features


linguistic geography: the study of the geographical distribution of linguistic features


etymology: the study of the sources and development of words


historical linguistics: the study of linguistic change


diachronic linguistics: the study of linguistic change


diachrony: the study of linguistic change


literary study: the humanistic study of literature


literature: the humanistic study of a body of literature


lit: the humanistic study of a body of literature


comparative literature: study of literary works from different cultures (often in translation)


literary criticism: the informed analysis and evaluation of literature


lit crit: the informed analysis and evaluation of literature


poetics: study of poetic works


prosody: the study of poetic meter and the art of versification


metrics: the study of poetic meter and the art of versification


classics: study of the literary works of ancient Greece and Rome


rhetoric: study of the technique and rules for using language effectively (especially in public speaking)


library science: the study of the principles and practices of library administration


linguistics: the humanistic study of language and literature


philology: the humanistic study of language and literature


dialectology: the branch of philology that is devoted to the study of dialects


musicology: the scholarly and scientific study of music


Sinology: the study of Chinese history and language and culture


stemmatology: the humanistic discipline that attempts to reconstruct the transmission of a text (especially a text in manuscript form) on the basis of relations between the various surviving manuscripts (sometimes using cladistic analysis)


stemmatics: the humanistic discipline that attempts to reconstruct the transmission of a text (especially a text in manuscript form) on the basis of relations between the various surviving manuscripts (sometimes using cladistic analysis)


trivium: (Middle Ages) an introductory curriculum at a medieval university involving grammar and logic and rhetoric; considered to be a triple way to eloquence


quadrivium: (Middle Ages) a higher division of the curriculum in a medieval university involving arithmetic and music and geometry and astronomy


cryptanalysis: the science of analyzing and deciphering codes and ciphers and cryptograms


cryptanalytics: the science of analyzing and deciphering codes and ciphers and cryptograms


cryptography: the science of analyzing and deciphering codes and ciphers and cryptograms


cryptology: the science of analyzing and deciphering codes and ciphers and cryptograms


linguistics: the scientific study of language


grammar: the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics)


descriptive grammar: a grammar that is produced by descriptive linguistics


prescriptive grammar: a grammar that is produced by prescriptive linguistics


syntax: the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences


sentence structure: the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences


phrase structure: the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences


syntax: studies of the rules for forming admissible sentences


generative grammar: (linguistics) a type of grammar that describes syntax in terms of a set of logical rules that can generate all and only the infinite number of grammatical sentences in a language and assigns them all the correct structural description


orthoepy: a term formerly used for the part of phonology that dealt with the `correct' pronunciation of words and its relation to `correct' orthography


phonetics: the branch of acoustics concerned with speech processes including its production and perception and acoustic analysis


phonology: the study of the sound system of a given language and the analysis and classification of its phonemes


phonemics: the study of the sound system of a given language and the analysis and classification of its phonemes


morphology: the admissible arrangement of sounds in words


sound structure: the admissible arrangement of sounds in words


syllable structure: the admissible arrangement of sounds in words


word structure: the admissible arrangement of sounds in words


affixation: the result of adding an affix to a root word


morphology: studies of the rules for forming admissible words


inflectional morphology: the part of grammar that deals with the inflections of words


accidence: the part of grammar that deals with the inflections of words


derivational morphology: the part of grammar that deals with the derivations of words


compound morphology: the part of grammar that deals with combinations of simple words into compound words


morphophonemics: the study of the phonological realization of the allomorphs of the morphemes of a language


lexicology: the branch of linguistics that studies the lexical component of language


onomastics: the branch of lexicology that studies the forms and origins of proper names


toponymy: the branch of lexicology that studies the place names of a region or a language


toponomy: the branch of lexicology that studies the place names of a region or a language


neurolinguistics: the branch of linguistics that studies the relation between language and the structure and function of the nervous system


pragmatics: the study of language use


lexicostatistics: a statistical technique used in glottochronology; used to estimate how long ago different languages evolved from a common source language


semantics: the study of language meaning


deixis: the function of pointing or specifying from the perspective of a participant in an act of speech or writing; aspects of a communication whose interpretation depends on knowledge of the context in which the communication occurs


formal semantics: the branch of semantics that studies the logical aspects of meaning


lexical semantics: the branch of semantics that studies the meanings and relations of words


cognitive semantics: the branch of semantics that studies the cognitive aspects of meaning


conceptual semantics: the branch of semantics that studies the cognitive aspects of meaning


semasiology: the branch of semantics that studies the cognitive aspects of meaning


sound law: a law describing sound changes in the history of a language


Grimm's law: a sound law relating German consonants and consonants in other Indo-European languages


Verner's law: a qualification of Grimm's law


sociolinguistics: the study of language in relation to its sociocultural context


structuralism: linguistics defined as the analysis of formal structures in a text or discourse


structural linguistics: linguistics defined as the analysis of formal structures in a text or discourse


synchronic linguistics: the study of a language without reference to its historical context


descriptive linguistics: a description (at a given point in time) of a language with respect to its phonology and morphology and syntax and semantics without value judgments


prescriptive linguistics: an account of how a language should be used instead of how it is actually used; a prescription for the `correct' phonology and morphology and syntax and semantics


theology: the rational and systematic study of religion and its influences and of the nature of religious truth


divinity: the rational and systematic study of religion and its influences and of the nature of religious truth


angelology: the branch of theology that is concerned with angels


apologetics: the branch of theology that is concerned with the defense of Christian doctrines


ecclesiology: the branch of theology concerned with the nature and the constitution and the functions of a church


eschatology: the branch of theology that is concerned with such final things as death and Last Judgment; Heaven and Hell; the ultimate destiny of humankind


hermeneutics: the branch of theology that deals with principles of exegesis


homiletics: the branch of theology that deals with sermons and homilies


liturgics: the study of liturgies


liturgiology: the study of liturgies


theodicy: the branch of theology that defends God's goodness and justice in the face of the existence of evil


theology: a particular system or school of religious beliefs and teachings


theological system: a particular system or school of religious beliefs and teachings


Christian theology: the teachings of Christian churches


Christology: the branch of theology concerned with the person and attributes and deeds of Christ


liberation theology: a form of Christian theology (developed by South American Roman Catholics) that emphasizes social and political liberation as the anticipation of ultimate salvation


natural theology: a theology that holds that knowledge of God can be acquired by human reason without the aid of divine revelation


Jesuitism: the theology or the practices of the Jesuits (often considered to be casuistic)


Jesuitry: the theology or the practices of the Jesuits (often considered to be casuistic)


patristics: the study of the lives, writings, and doctrines of the Church Fathers


patrology: the study of the lives, writings, and doctrines of the Church Fathers


polemics: the branch of Christian theology devoted to the refutation of errors


states' rights: a doctrine that federal powers should be curtailed and returned to the individual states


nullification: the states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress


teaching: a doctrine that is taught


precept: a doctrine that is taught


commandment: a doctrine that is taught


mitzvah: (Judaism) a precept or commandment of the Jewish law


mitsvah: (Judaism) a precept or commandment of the Jewish law


theological doctrine: the doctrine of a religious group


Christology: a religious doctrine or theory based on Jesus or Jesus' teachings


antinomianism: the theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture)


Thomism: the comprehensive theological doctrine created by Saint Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century and still taught by the Dominicans


utilitarianism: doctrine that the useful is the good; especially as elaborated by Jeremy Bentham and James Mill; the aim was said to be the greatest happiness for the greatest number


Arianism: heretical doctrine taught by Arius that asserted the radical primacy of the Father over the Son


Athanasianism: the theological doctrine taught by Athanasius that Christ the Son is of the same substance as God the Father


Boehmenism: the mystical theological doctrine of Jakob Boehme that influenced the Quakers


Behmenism: the mystical theological doctrine of Jakob Boehme that influenced the Quakers


consubstantiation: the doctrine of the High Anglican Church that after the consecration of the Eucharist the substance of the body and blood of Christ coexists with the substance of the consecrated bread and wine


Episcopalianism: the theological doctrine of church government by bishops


Erastianism: the doctrine that the state is supreme over the church in ecclesiastical matters


Byzantinism: the doctrine that the state is supreme over the church in ecclesiastical matters


Caesaropapism: the doctrine that the state is supreme over the church in ecclesiastical matters


Hinayanism: the religious doctrine of Hinayana Buddhism


Jansenism: the Roman Catholic doctrine of Cornelis Jansen and his disciples; salvation is limited to those who are subject to supernatural determinism and the rest are assigned to perdition


Mahayanism: the religious doctrine of Mahayana Buddhism


Marcionism: the Christian heresy of the 2nd and 3rd centuries that rejected the Old Testament and denied the incarnation of God in Jesus as a human


millenarianism: belief in the Christian doctrine of the millennium mentioned in the Book of Revelations


millenarism: belief in the Christian doctrine of the millennium mentioned in the Book of Revelations


millenniumism: belief in the Christian doctrine of the millennium mentioned in the Book of Revelations


chiliasm: belief in the Christian doctrine of the millennium mentioned in the Book of Revelations


Monophysitism: a Christian heresy of the 5th and 6th centuries that challenged the orthodox definition of the two natures (human and divine) in Jesus and instead believed there was a single divine nature


Monothelitism: the theological doctrine that Christ had only one will even though he had two natures (human and divine); condemned as heretical in the Third Council of Constantinople


Nestorianism: the theological doctrine (named after Nestorius) that Christ is both the son of God and the man Jesus (which is opposed to Roman Catholic doctrine that Christ is fully God)


Pelagianism: the theological doctrine put forward by Pelagius which denied original sin and affirmed the ability of humans to be righteous; condemned as heresy by the Council of Ephesus in 431


Quakerism: the theological doctrine of the Society of Friends characterized by opposition to war and rejection of ritual and a formal creed and an ordained ministry


rationalism: the theological doctrine that human reason rather than divine revelation establishes religious truth


reincarnation: the Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that a person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings (god or human or animal or hungry ghost or denizen of Hell) depending on the person's own actions


Rosicrucianism: the theological doctrine that venerates the rose and the cross as symbols of Christ's Resurrection and redemption; claims various occult powers


soteriology: the branch of Christian theology that deals with salvation as the effect of a divine agency


synergism: the theological doctrine that salvation results from the interaction of human will and divine grace


total depravity: the Calvinist doctrine that everyone is born in a state of corruption as a result of original sin


transcendentalism: any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical and material


transcendental philosophy: any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical and material


transubstantiation: the Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist


universalism: the theological doctrine that all people will eventually be saved


vertebrate paleontology: the paleontology of vertebrates


Virgin Birth: the theological doctrine that Jesus Christ had no human father; Christians believe that Jesus's birth fulfilled Old Testament prophecies and was attended by miracles; the Nativity is celebrated at Christmas


Nativity: the theological doctrine that Jesus Christ had no human father; Christians believe that Jesus's birth fulfilled Old Testament prophecies and was attended by miracles; the Nativity is celebrated at Christmas


attitude: a complex mental state involving beliefs and feelings and values and dispositions to act in certain ways


mental attitude: a complex mental state involving beliefs and feelings and values and dispositions to act in certain ways


credence: the mental attitude that something is believable and should be accepted as true


acceptance: the mental attitude that something is believable and should be accepted as true


fatalism: a submissive mental attitude resulting from acceptance of the doctrine that everything that happens is predetermined and inevitable


recognition: an acceptance (as of a claim) as true and valid


culture: the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization


cyberculture: the culture that emerges from the use of computers for communication and entertainment and business


Kalashnikov culture: the attitudes and behavior in a social group that resolves political disputes by force of arms


mosaic culture: a highly diverse culture


defensive: an attitude of defensiveness (especially in the phrase `on the defensive')


defensive attitude: an attitude of defensiveness (especially in the phrase `on the defensive')


hardball: a no-nonsense attitude in business or politics


high horse: an attitude of arrogant superiority


southernism: an attitude characteristic of Southerners (especially in the US)


mentality: a habitual or characteristic mental attitude that determines how you will interpret and respond to situations


outlook: a habitual or characteristic mental attitude that determines how you will interpret and respond to situations


mindset: a habitual or characteristic mental attitude that determines how you will interpret and respond to situations


mind-set: a habitual or characteristic mental attitude that determines how you will interpret and respond to situations


paternalism: the attitude (of a person or a government) that subordinates should be controlled in a fatherly way for their own good


position: a rationalized mental attitude


stance: a rationalized mental attitude


posture: a rationalized mental attitude


hard line: a firm and uncompromising stance or position


inclination: an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others


disposition: an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others


tendency: an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others


direction: a general course along which something has a tendency to develop


tenor: a settled or prevailing or habitual course of a person's life


drift: a general tendency to change (as of opinion)


trend: a general tendency to change (as of opinion)


movement: a general tendency to change (as of opinion)


evolutionary trend: a general direction of evolutionary change


neoteny: an evolutionary trend to be born earlier so that development is cut off at an earlier stage and juvenile characteristics are retained in adults of the species


gravitation: a figurative movement toward some attraction


Call: a special disposition (as if from a divine source) to pursue a particular course


denominationalism: the tendency, in Protestantism, to separate into religious denominations or to advocate such separations


devices: an inclination or desire; used in the plural in the phrase `left to your own devices'


sympathy: an inclination to support or be loyal to or to agree with an opinion


understanding: an inclination to support or be loyal to or to agree with an opinion


favoritism: an inclination to favor some person or group


favouritism: an inclination to favor some person or group


proclivity: a natural inclination


propensity: a natural inclination


leaning: a natural inclination


bent: a relatively permanent inclination to react in a particular way


set: a relatively permanent inclination to react in a particular way


literalism: a disposition to interpret statements in their literal sense


perseveration: the tendency for a memory or idea to persist or recur without any apparent stimulus for it


predisposition: an inclination beforehand to interpret statements in a particular way


predilection: a predisposition in favor of something


preference: a predisposition in favor of something


orientation: a predisposition in favor of something


favor: an inclination to approve


favour: an inclination to approve


disfavor: an inclination to withhold approval from some person or group


disfavour: an inclination to withhold approval from some person or group


dislike: an inclination to withhold approval from some person or group


disapproval: an inclination to withhold approval from some person or group


doghouse: an idiomatic term for being in disfavor


reprobation: severe disapproval


partiality: an inclination to favor one group or view or opinion over alternatives


partisanship: an inclination to favor one group or view or opinion over alternatives


anthropocentrism: an inclination to evaluate reality exclusively in terms of human values


anthropocentricity: an inclination to evaluate reality exclusively in terms of human values


ethnocentrism: belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group


Eurocentrism: belief in the preeminence of Europe and the Europeans


bias: a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation


prejudice: a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation


preconception: a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation


tilt: a slight but noticeable partiality


sectionalism: a partiality for some particular place


provincialism: a partiality for some particular place


localism: a partiality for some particular place


unfairness: partiality that is not fair or equitable


impartiality: an inclination to weigh both views or opinions equally


nonpartisanship: an inclination to weigh both views or opinions equally


disinterestedness: freedom from bias or from selfish motives


fairness: ability to make judgments free from discrimination or dishonesty


fair-mindedness: ability to make judgments free from discrimination or dishonesty


candor: ability to make judgments free from discrimination or dishonesty


candour: ability to make judgments free from discrimination or dishonesty


experimenter bias: (psychology) bias introduced by an experimenter whose expectations about the outcome of the experiment can be subtly communicated to the participants in the experiment


homophobia: prejudice against (fear or dislike of) homosexual people and homosexuality


Islamophobia: prejudice against Muslims


racism: the prejudice that members of one race are intrinsically superior to members of other races


anti-Semitism: the intense dislike for and prejudice against Jewish people


antisemitism: the intense dislike for and prejudice against Jewish people


white supremacy: the prejudice that members of the white race are superior to members of other races


tendentiousness: an intentional and controversial bias


tolerance: willingness to recognize and respect the beliefs or practices of others


broad-mindedness: an inclination to tolerate or overlook opposing or shocking opinions or behavior


liberality: an inclination to favor progress and individual freedom


liberalness: an inclination to favor progress and individual freedom


disinterest: tolerance attributable to a lack of involvement


neutrality: tolerance attributable to a lack of involvement


intolerance: unwillingness to recognize and respect differences in opinions or beliefs


narrow-mindedness: an inclination to criticize opposing opinions or shocking behavior


narrowness: an inclination to criticize opposing opinions or shocking behavior


parochialism: a limitation of views or interests like that defined by a local parish


pettiness: narrowness of mind or ideas or views


provincialism: a lack of sophistication


sectarianism: a narrow-minded adherence to a particular sect or party or denomination


denominationalism: a narrow-minded adherence to a particular sect or party or denomination


bigotry: the intolerance and prejudice of a bigot


dogmatism: the intolerance and prejudice of a bigot


fanaticism: excessive intolerance of opposing views


fanatism: excessive intolerance of opposing views


zealotry: excessive intolerance of opposing views


religionism: exaggerated religious zealotry


zero tolerance: extreme intolerance of antisocial behavior (usually by an uncompromising application of the law)


respect: an attitude of admiration or esteem


esteem: an attitude of admiration or esteem


regard: an attitude of admiration or esteem


estimate: the respect with which a person is held


estimation: the respect with which a person is held


reputation: the general estimation that the public has for a person


report: the general estimation that the public has for a person


disrespect: a disrespectful mental attitude


reverence: a reverent mental attitude


irreverence: an irreverent mental attitude


profaneness: an attitude of irreverence or contempt for a divinity


orientation: an integrated set of attitudes and beliefs


wavelength: a shared orientation leading to mutual understanding


experimentalism: an orientation that favors experimentation and innovation


reorientation: a fresh orientation; a changed set of attitudes and beliefs


position: a way of regarding situations or topics etc.


view: a way of regarding situations or topics etc.


perspective: a way of regarding situations or topics etc.


bird's eye view: a situation or topic as if viewed from an altitude or distance


panoramic view: a situation or topic as if viewed from an altitude or distance


futurism: the position that the meaning of life should be sought in the future


vanguard: the position of greatest importance or advancement; the leading position in any movement or field


forefront: the position of greatest importance or advancement; the leading position in any movement or field


cutting edge: the position of greatest importance or advancement; the leading position in any movement or field


cityscape: a viewpoint toward a city or other heavily populated area


landscape: an extensive mental viewpoint


paradigm: the generally accepted perspective of a particular discipline at a given time


point of view: a mental position from which things are viewed


viewpoint: a mental position from which things are viewed


stand: a mental position from which things are viewed


standpoint: a mental position from which things are viewed


light: a particular perspective or aspect of a situation


sight: a range of mental vision


slant: a biased way of looking at or presenting something


angle: a biased way of looking at or presenting something


complexion: a point of view or general attitude or inclination


Weltanschauung: a comprehensive view of the world and human life


world view: a comprehensive view of the world and human life


clockwork universe: the view that the universe resembles a clock built by God and ticking along according to Newtonian mechanics


straddle: a noncommittal or equivocal position


orthodoxy: a belief or orientation agreeing with conventional standards


conformity: orthodoxy in thoughts and belief


conformism: orthodoxy in thoughts and belief


conventionality: conformity with conventional thought and behavior


legalism: strict conformity to the letter of the law rather than its spirit


unorthodoxy: any opinions or doctrines at variance with the official or orthodox position


heterodoxy: any opinions or doctrines at variance with the official or orthodox position


heresy: any opinions or doctrines at variance with the official or orthodox position


nonconformity: a lack of orthodoxy in thoughts or beliefs


nonconformism: a lack of orthodoxy in thoughts or beliefs


nonconformance: a lack of orthodoxy in thoughts or beliefs


political orientation: an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation


ideology: an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation


political theory: an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation


absolutism: the principle of complete and unrestricted power in government


totalitarianism: the principle of complete and unrestricted power in government


totalism: the principle of complete and unrestricted power in government


anarchism: a political theory favoring the abolition of governments


autocracy: a political theory favoring unlimited authority by a single individual


Machiavellianism: the political doctrine of Machiavelli: any means (however unscrupulous) can be used by a ruler in order to create and maintain his autocratic government


centrism: a political philosophy of avoiding the extremes of left and right by taking a moderate position or course of action


moderatism: a political philosophy of avoiding the extremes of left and right by taking a moderate position or course of action


collectivism: a political theory that the people should own the means of production


communism: a political theory favoring collectivism in a classless society


Castroism: a form of communism developed in Cuba by Fidel Castro


Leninism: the political and economic theories of Lenin which provided the guiding doctrine of the Soviet Union; the modification of Marxism by Lenin stressed that imperialism is the highest form of capitalism (which shifts the struggle from developed to underdeveloped countries)


Marxism-Leninism: the political and economic theories of Lenin which provided the guiding doctrine of the Soviet Union; the modification of Marxism by Lenin stressed that imperialism is the highest form of capitalism (which shifts the struggle from developed to underdeveloped countries)


Maoism: a form of communism developed in China by Mao Zedong


Marxism: the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded by communism


Trotskyism: the form of communism advocated by Leon Trotsky; calls for immediate worldwide revolution by the proletariat


conservatism: a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes


conservativism: a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes


neoconservatism: an approach to politics or theology that represents a return to a traditional point of view (in contrast to more liberal or radical schools of thought of the 1960s)


reaction: extreme conservatism in political or social matters


segregationism: a political orientation favoring political or racial segregation


constitutionalism: advocacy of a system of government according to constitutional principles


democracy: the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives


social democracy: the belief in a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism by democratic means


domino theory: the political theory that if one nation comes under communist control then neighboring nations will also come under communist control


elitism: the attitude that society should be governed by an elite group of individuals


extremism: any political theory favoring immoderate uncompromising policies


fascism: a political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism)


federalism: the idea of a federal organization of more or less self-governing units


imperialism: a political orientation that advocates imperial interests


leftism: the ideology of the political left; belief in or support of the tenets of the political left


liberalism: a political orientation that favors social progress by reform and by changing laws rather than by revolution


meritocracy: the belief that rulers should be chosen for their superior abilities and not because of their wealth or birth


neoliberalism: a political orientation originating in the 1960s; blends liberal political views with an emphasis on economic growth


libertarianism: an ideological belief in freedom of thought and speech


monarchism: a belief in and advocacy of monarchy as a political system


Negritude: an ideological position that holds Black culture to be independent and valid on its own terms; an affirmation of the African cultural heritage


Orleanism: the political philosophy of the Orleanists


progressivism: the political orientation of those who favor progress toward better conditions in government and society


radicalism: the political orientation of those who favor revolutionary change in government and society


Jacobinism: the ideology of the most radical element of the French Revolution that instituted the Reign of Terror


reactionism: the political orientation of reactionaries


republicanism: the political orientation of those who hold that a republic is the best form of government


rightism: the ideology of the political right; belief in or support of the tenets of the political right


socialism: a political theory advocating state ownership of industry


Fabianism: socialism to be established by gradual reforms within the law


guild socialism: a form of socialist theory advocating state ownership of industry but managements by guilds of workers


utopian socialism: socialism achieved by voluntary sacrifice


theocracy: the belief in government by divine guidance


Utopianism: the political orientation of a Utopian who believes in impossibly idealistic schemes of social perfection


dovishness: any political orientation favoring compromise to avoid conflict


peace advocacy: any policy that advocates maintaining peaceful international relations


hawkishness: any political orientation favoring aggressive policies


militarism: a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests


warmongering: a policy of advocating war


war advocacy: a policy of advocating war


religious orientation: an attitude toward religion or religious practices


agnosticism: a religious orientation of doubt; a denial of ultimate knowledge of the existence of God


Docetism: the heretical doctrine (associated with the Gnostics) that Jesus had no human body and his sufferings and death on the cross were apparent rather than real


Gnosticism: a religious orientation advocating gnosis as the way to release a person's spiritual element; considered heresy by Christian churches


Mandaeanism: a Gnostic religion originating the 2nd and 3rd centuries that believes John the Baptist was the Messiah and that incorporates Jewish and Christian elements into a framework of dualistic beliefs


Mandeanism: a Gnostic religion originating the 2nd and 3rd centuries that believes John the Baptist was the Messiah and that incorporates Jewish and Christian elements into a framework of dualistic beliefs


atheism: the doctrine or belief that there is no God


godlessness: the doctrine or belief that there is no God


theism: the doctrine or belief in the existence of a God or gods


deism: the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation


free thought: the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation


monotheism: belief in a single God


polytheism: belief in multiple Gods


tritheism: (Christianity) the heretical belief that the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit are three separate gods


paganism: any of various religions other than Christianity or Judaism or Islamism


pagan religion: any of various religions other than Christianity or Judaism or Islamism


heathenism: any of various religions other than Christianity or Judaism or Islamism


druidism: the system of religion and philosophy taught by the Druids and their rites and ceremonies


pantheism: the doctrine or belief that God is the universe and its phenomena (taken or conceived of as a whole) or the doctrine that regards the universe as a manifestation of God


pantheism: (rare) worship that admits or tolerates all gods


cargo cult: a religious cult that anticipates a time of joy, serenity, and justice when salvation comes


macumba: a Brazilian religious cult of African origin; combines voodoo elements with singing and chanting and dancing


obeah: a religious belief of African origin involving witchcraft and sorcery; practiced in parts of the West Indies and tropical Americas


obi: a religious belief of African origin involving witchcraft and sorcery; practiced in parts of the West Indies and tropical Americas


Rastafarianism: a religious cult based on a belief that Ras Tafari (Haile Selassie) is the Messiah and that Africa (especially Ethiopia) is the Promised Land


Christianity: a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior


Christian religion: a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior


Adventism: any Christian religion that believes the second coming of Christ is imminent


Second Adventism: any Christian religion that believes the second coming of Christ is imminent


Seventh-Day Adventism: Adventism that is strongly Protestant and observes Saturday as the Sabbath


Catholicism: the beliefs and practices of a Catholic Church


Catholicity: the beliefs and practices of a Catholic Church


anti-Catholicism: a religious orientation opposed to Catholicism


Romanism: the beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church based in Rome


Roman Catholicism: the beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church based in Rome


papism: the beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church based in Rome


Albigensianism: a Christian movement considered to be a medieval descendant of Manichaeism in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries; characterized by dualism (asserted the coexistence of two mutually opposed principles, one good and one evil); was exterminated for heresy during the Inquisition


Catharism: a Christian movement considered to be a medieval descendant of Manichaeism in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries; characterized by dualism (asserted the coexistence of two mutually opposed principles, one good and one evil); was exterminated for heresy during the Inquisition


Donatism: a schismatic Christian religion in northern Africa from the 4th to the 7th century; held that only those who led a blameless life belonged in the church or could administer the sacraments


Eastern Catholicism: the beliefs and practices of any of the eastern Catholic Churches based in Constantinople or Antioch or Alexandria or Moscow or Jerusalem


Protestantism: the theological system of any of the churches of western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation


Anglicanism: the faith and doctrine and practice of the Anglican Church


Anglo-Catholicism: a doctrine and practice within the Church of England emphasizing the Catholic tradition


High Anglicanism: a doctrine and practice within the Church of England emphasizing the Catholic tradition


Tractarianism: principles of the founders of the Oxford movement as expounded in pamphlets called `Tracts for the Times'


Puseyism: principles of the founders of the Oxford movement as expounded in pamphlets called `Tracts for the Times'


Arminianism: 17th century theology (named after its founder Jacobus Arminius) that opposes the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin and holds that human free will is compatible with God's sovereignty


Calvinism: the theological system of John Calvin and his followers emphasizing omnipotence of God and salvation by grace alone


Christian Science: religious system based on teachings of Mary Baker Eddy emphasizing spiritual healing


Lutheranism: teachings of Martin Luther emphasizing the cardinal doctrine of justification by faith alone


Unitarianism: Christian doctrine that stresses individual freedom of belief and rejects the Trinity


Trinitarianism: Christian doctrine stressing belief in the Trinity


Congregationalism: system of beliefs and church government of a Protestant denomination in which each member church is self-governing


Mennonitism: system of beliefs and practices including belief in scriptural authority; plain dress; adult baptism; foot washing; restriction of marriage to members of the group


evangelicalism: stresses the importance of personal conversion and faith as the means of salvation


revivalism: an attempt to reawaken the evangelical faith


fundamentalism: the interpretation of every word in the sacred texts as literal truth


Methodism: the religious beliefs and practices of Methodists characterized by concern with social welfare and public morals


Wesleyanism: evangelical principles taught by John Wesley


Wesleyism: evangelical principles taught by John Wesley


Anabaptism: a Protestant movement in the 16th century that believed in the primacy of the Bible, baptised only believers, not infants, and believed in complete separation of church and state


Baptistic doctrine: any of various doctrines closely related to Anabaptism


Mormonism: the doctrines and practices of the Mormon Church based on the Book of Mormon


pentecostalism: the principles and practices of Pentecostal religious groups; characterized by religious excitement and talking in tongues


Presbyterianism: the doctrines and practices of the Presbyterian Church: based in Calvinism


Puritanism: the beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects)


Judaism: the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud


Orthodox Judaism: beliefs and practices of a Judaic sect that strictly observes Mosaic law


Hasidism: beliefs and practices of a sect of Orthodox Jews


Hassidism: beliefs and practices of a sect of Orthodox Jews


Chasidism: beliefs and practices of a sect of Orthodox Jews


Chassidism: beliefs and practices of a sect of Orthodox Jews


Chabad: a form of Hasidism practiced by Lithuanian and Russian Jews under communist rule; the beliefs and practices of the Lubavitch movement


Chabad Hasidism: a form of Hasidism practiced by Lithuanian and Russian Jews under communist rule; the beliefs and practices of the Lubavitch movement


Conservative Judaism: beliefs and practices of Conservative Jews


Reform Judaism: beliefs and practices of Reform Jews


Islam: the monotheistic religious system of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran


Islamism: the monotheistic religious system of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran


Mohammedanism: the monotheistic religious system of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran


Muhammadanism: the monotheistic religious system of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran


Muslimism: the monotheistic religious system of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran


Mahdism: belief in the appearance of the Mahdi; devotion to a Mahdi


Salafism: a militant group of extremist Sunnis who believe themselves the only correct interpreters of the Koran and consider moderate Muslims to be infidels; seek to convert all Muslims and to insure that its own fundamentalist version of Islam will dominate the world


Salafi movement: a militant group of extremist Sunnis who believe themselves the only correct interpreters of the Koran and consider moderate Muslims to be infidels; seek to convert all Muslims and to insure that its own fundamentalist version of Islam will dominate the world


Shiism: the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs


Ismailism: the branch of Shiism noted for its esoteric philosophy


Wahhabism: a conservative and intolerant form of Islam that is practiced in Saudi Arabia


Wahabism: a conservative and intolerant form of Islam that is practiced in Saudi Arabia


Hinduism: a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and based on a caste system; it is characterized by a belief in reincarnation, by a belief in a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a desire for liberation from earthly evils


Hindooism: a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and based on a caste system; it is characterized by a belief in reincarnation, by a belief in a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a desire for liberation from earthly evils


Brahmanism: the religious beliefs of ancient India as prescribed in the sacred Vedas and Brahmanas and Upanishads


Brahminism: the religious beliefs of ancient India as prescribed in the sacred Vedas and Brahmanas and Upanishads


Darsana: (from the Sanskrit word for `to see') one of six orthodox philosophical systems or viewpoints on the nature of reality and the release from bondage to karma


Mimamsa: (from the Sanskrit word for `reflection' or `interpretation') one of six orthodox philosophical systems or viewpoints on ritual traditions rooted in the Vedas and the Brahmanas as opposed to Vedanta which relies mostly on the Upanishads


Vedanta: (from the Sanskrit for `end of the Veda') one of six orthodox philosophical systems or viewpoints rooted in the Upanishads as opposed to Mimamsa which relies on the Vedas and Brahmanas


Krishnaism: worship of Krishna the 8th avatar of Vishnu


Shivaism: worship of Shiva one of the 3 chief gods of the Hindu pantheon


Sivaism: worship of Shiva one of the 3 chief gods of the Hindu pantheon


Shaktism: worship of Shakti as the wife of Shiva


Saktism: worship of Shakti as the wife of Shiva


Vaishnavism: worship of Vishnu one of the 3 chief gods of the Hindu pantheon


Vaisnavism: worship of Vishnu one of the 3 chief gods of the Hindu pantheon


Vishnuism: worship of Vishnu one of the 3 chief gods of the Hindu pantheon


yoga: Hindu discipline aimed at training the consciousness for a state of perfect spiritual insight and tranquility that is achieved through the three paths of actions and knowledge and devotion


Jainism: religion founded in the 6th century BC as a revolt against Hinduism; emphasizes asceticism and immortality and transmigration of the soul; denies existence of a perfect or supreme being


Sikhism: the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam


Buddhism: the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth


Mahayana: one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone; the dominant religion of China and Tibet and Japan


Mahayana Buddhism: one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone; the dominant religion of China and Tibet and Japan


Theravada: one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing personal salvation through your own efforts; a conservative form of Buddhism that adheres to Pali scriptures and the non-theistic ideal of self purification to nirvana; the dominant religion of Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand and Laos and Cambodia


Theravada Buddhism: one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing personal salvation through your own efforts; a conservative form of Buddhism that adheres to Pali scriptures and the non-theistic ideal of self purification to nirvana; the dominant religion of Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand and Laos and Cambodia


Hinayana: an offensive name for the early conservative Theravada Buddhism; it died out in India but survived in Sri Lanka and was taken from there to other regions of southwestern Asia


Hinayana Buddhism: an offensive name for the early conservative Theravada Buddhism; it died out in India but survived in Sri Lanka and was taken from there to other regions of southwestern Asia


Lamaism: a Buddhist doctrine that includes elements from India that are not Buddhist and elements of preexisting shamanism


Tibetan Buddhism: a Buddhist doctrine that includes elements from India that are not Buddhist and elements of preexisting shamanism


Zen: a Buddhist doctrine that enlightenment can be attained through direct intuitive insight


Zen Buddhism: a Buddhist doctrine that enlightenment can be attained through direct intuitive insight


Shingon: a form of Buddhism emphasizing mystical symbolism of mantras and mudras and the Buddha's ideal which is inexpressible


Tantra: doctrine of enlightenment as the realization of the oneness of one's self and the visible world; combines elements of Hinduism and paganism including magical and mystical elements like mantras and mudras and erotic rites; especially influential in Tibet


Tantrism: doctrine of enlightenment as the realization of the oneness of one's self and the visible world; combines elements of Hinduism and paganism including magical and mystical elements like mantras and mudras and erotic rites; especially influential in Tibet


Yogacara: one of the main traditions of Mahayana Buddhism; holds that the mind is real but that objects are just ideas or states of consciousness


Tao: the ultimate principle of the universe


Taoism: popular Chinese philosophical system based in teachings of Lao-tzu but characterized by a pantheism of many gods and the practices of alchemy and divination and magic


Hsuan Chiao: popular Chinese philosophical system based in teachings of Lao-tzu but characterized by a pantheism of many gods and the practices of alchemy and divination and magic


Shinto: the ancient indigenous religion of Japan lacking formal dogma; characterized by a veneration of nature spirits and of ancestors


Shintoism: the ancient indigenous religion of Japan lacking formal dogma; characterized by a veneration of nature spirits and of ancestors