---
base_model: sentence-transformers/paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2
datasets:
- sentence-transformers/quora-duplicates
language:
- en
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
- cosine_accuracy
- cosine_accuracy_threshold
- cosine_f1
- cosine_f1_threshold
- cosine_precision
- cosine_recall
- cosine_ap
- dot_accuracy
- dot_accuracy_threshold
- dot_f1
- dot_f1_threshold
- dot_precision
- dot_recall
- dot_ap
- manhattan_accuracy
- manhattan_accuracy_threshold
- manhattan_f1
- manhattan_f1_threshold
- manhattan_precision
- manhattan_recall
- manhattan_ap
- euclidean_accuracy
- euclidean_accuracy_threshold
- euclidean_f1
- euclidean_f1_threshold
- euclidean_precision
- euclidean_recall
- euclidean_ap
- max_accuracy
- max_accuracy_threshold
- max_f1
- max_f1_threshold
- max_precision
- max_recall
- max_ap
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:323432
- loss:OnlineContrastiveLoss
widget:
- source_sentence: How do I have a successful career in animation industry with all
distance mode of education (from schooling)?
sentences:
- The LINE app is blocked in China. I bought a VPN, but it's still not working.
Can someone help me?
- What is independent?
- How do I find all distance education schools in any city?
- source_sentence: How can I get the funding for my startup without revealing my idea?
sentences:
- How has demonetization affected big business people like Mukesh Ambani?
- How should I go about getting funding for my idea?
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of studying an MBBS in China?
- source_sentence: I am an okay looking young women but I am always feeling ugly since
I'm not extremely beautiful. How can I stop those thoughts?
sentences:
- Whenever I think about my failures in life, I always feel that I lack some qualities.
But which are those qualities, I am not able to find out. How can I find which
qualities I lack?
- What songs make you cry?
- What does histrionic personality disorder feel like physically to you?
- source_sentence: What do you think of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's decision to
introduce new INR 500 and INR 2000 currency notes?
sentences:
- What do you think of the decision by the Indian Government to replace 1000 notes
with 2000 notes?
- How do you find volume from density and mass?
- What are the consequences of having a blood sugar level over 300?
- source_sentence: Why do complementary angles have to be adjacent?
sentences:
- What is an AEG airsoft gun?
- How can I get rid of my bad habits?
- Can two adjacent angles be complementary?
model-index:
- name: SentenceTransformer based on sentence-transformers/paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2
results:
- task:
type: binary-classification
name: Binary Classification
dataset:
name: Unknown
type: unknown
metrics:
- type: cosine_accuracy
value: 0.8683618194860125
name: Cosine Accuracy
- type: cosine_accuracy_threshold
value: 0.7981455326080322
name: Cosine Accuracy Threshold
- type: cosine_f1
value: 0.8292439905343131
name: Cosine F1
- type: cosine_f1_threshold
value: 0.7598952651023865
name: Cosine F1 Threshold
- type: cosine_precision
value: 0.7746589487768696
name: Cosine Precision
- type: cosine_recall
value: 0.8921046460992195
name: Cosine Recall
- type: cosine_ap
value: 0.8822291610822541
name: Cosine Ap
- type: dot_accuracy
value: 0.8359964382003018
name: Dot Accuracy
- type: dot_accuracy_threshold
value: 17.112058639526367
name: Dot Accuracy Threshold
- type: dot_f1
value: 0.7914425390403506
name: Dot F1
- type: dot_f1_threshold
value: 16.083341598510742
name: Dot F1 Threshold
- type: dot_precision
value: 0.7294350282485875
name: Dot Precision
- type: dot_recall
value: 0.8649716946370549
name: Dot Recall
- type: dot_ap
value: 0.8438654629805356
name: Dot Ap
- type: manhattan_accuracy
value: 0.8568230725469341
name: Manhattan Accuracy
- type: manhattan_accuracy_threshold
value: 46.94310760498047
name: Manhattan Accuracy Threshold
- type: manhattan_f1
value: 0.8144082547946494
name: Manhattan F1
- type: manhattan_f1_threshold
value: 50.51482391357422
name: Manhattan F1 Threshold
- type: manhattan_precision
value: 0.7656268427880646
name: Manhattan Precision
- type: manhattan_recall
value: 0.8698288279234918
name: Manhattan Recall
- type: manhattan_ap
value: 0.8636170591577621
name: Manhattan Ap
- type: euclidean_accuracy
value: 0.8568849093472507
name: Euclidean Accuracy
- type: euclidean_accuracy_threshold
value: 3.0017127990722656
name: Euclidean Accuracy Threshold
- type: euclidean_f1
value: 0.8143016129285076
name: Euclidean F1
- type: euclidean_f1_threshold
value: 3.2429399490356445
name: Euclidean F1 Threshold
- type: euclidean_precision
value: 0.7652309686542541
name: Euclidean Precision
- type: euclidean_recall
value: 0.8700968076910194
name: Euclidean Recall
- type: euclidean_ap
value: 0.8637642883474006
name: Euclidean Ap
- type: max_accuracy
value: 0.8683618194860125
name: Max Accuracy
- type: max_accuracy_threshold
value: 46.94310760498047
name: Max Accuracy Threshold
- type: max_f1
value: 0.8292439905343131
name: Max F1
- type: max_f1_threshold
value: 50.51482391357422
name: Max F1 Threshold
- type: max_precision
value: 0.7746589487768696
name: Max Precision
- type: max_recall
value: 0.8921046460992195
name: Max Recall
- type: max_ap
value: 0.8822291610822541
name: Max Ap
---
# SentenceTransformer based on sentence-transformers/paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2
This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [sentence-transformers/paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2](https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2) on the [sentence-transformers/quora-duplicates](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/quora-duplicates) dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
## Model Details
### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [sentence-transformers/paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2](https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2)
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 128 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 384 tokens
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
- **Training Dataset:**
- [sentence-transformers/quora-duplicates](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/quora-duplicates)
- **Language:** en
### Model Sources
- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)
### Full Model Architecture
```
SentenceTransformer(
(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 128, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel
(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)
```
## Usage
### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)
First install the Sentence Transformers library:
```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```
Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("DashReza7/paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2_QuoraDuplicateDetection_FINETUNED")
# Run inference
sentences = [
'Why do complementary angles have to be adjacent?',
'Can two adjacent angles be complementary?',
'How can I get rid of my bad habits?',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]
# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```
## Evaluation
### Metrics
#### Binary Classification
* Evaluated with [BinaryClassificationEvaluator](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.BinaryClassificationEvaluator)
| Metric | Value |
|:-----------------------------|:-----------|
| cosine_accuracy | 0.8684 |
| cosine_accuracy_threshold | 0.7981 |
| cosine_f1 | 0.8292 |
| cosine_f1_threshold | 0.7599 |
| cosine_precision | 0.7747 |
| cosine_recall | 0.8921 |
| cosine_ap | 0.8822 |
| dot_accuracy | 0.836 |
| dot_accuracy_threshold | 17.1121 |
| dot_f1 | 0.7914 |
| dot_f1_threshold | 16.0833 |
| dot_precision | 0.7294 |
| dot_recall | 0.865 |
| dot_ap | 0.8439 |
| manhattan_accuracy | 0.8568 |
| manhattan_accuracy_threshold | 46.9431 |
| manhattan_f1 | 0.8144 |
| manhattan_f1_threshold | 50.5148 |
| manhattan_precision | 0.7656 |
| manhattan_recall | 0.8698 |
| manhattan_ap | 0.8636 |
| euclidean_accuracy | 0.8569 |
| euclidean_accuracy_threshold | 3.0017 |
| euclidean_f1 | 0.8143 |
| euclidean_f1_threshold | 3.2429 |
| euclidean_precision | 0.7652 |
| euclidean_recall | 0.8701 |
| euclidean_ap | 0.8638 |
| max_accuracy | 0.8684 |
| max_accuracy_threshold | 46.9431 |
| max_f1 | 0.8292 |
| max_f1_threshold | 50.5148 |
| max_precision | 0.7747 |
| max_recall | 0.8921 |
| **max_ap** | **0.8822** |
## Training Details
### Training Dataset
#### sentence-transformers/quora-duplicates
* Dataset: [sentence-transformers/quora-duplicates](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/quora-duplicates) at [451a485](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/quora-duplicates/tree/451a4850bd141edb44ade1b5828c259abd762cdb)
* Size: 323,432 training samples
* Columns: sentence1, sentence2, and label
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
| | sentence1 | sentence2 | label |
|:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------|
| type | string | string | int |
| details | - min: 6 tokens
- mean: 16.39 tokens
- max: 80 tokens
| - min: 4 tokens
- mean: 16.2 tokens
- max: 71 tokens
| |
* Samples:
| sentence1 | sentence2 | label |
|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------|
| Which are the best compilers for C language (for Windows 10)? | Which is the best open source C/C++ compiler for Windows? | 0 |
| How much does YouTube pay per 1000 views in India? | How much does youtube pay per 1000 views? | 0 |
| What parts do I need to build my own PC? | I want to build a new computer. What parts do I need? | 1 |
* Loss: [OnlineContrastiveLoss](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#onlinecontrastiveloss)
### Evaluation Dataset
#### sentence-transformers/quora-duplicates
* Dataset: [sentence-transformers/quora-duplicates](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/quora-duplicates) at [451a485](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/quora-duplicates/tree/451a4850bd141edb44ade1b5828c259abd762cdb)
* Size: 80,858 evaluation samples
* Columns: sentence1, sentence2, and label
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
| | sentence1 | sentence2 | label |
|:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------|
| type | string | string | int |
| details | - min: 6 tokens
- mean: 16.48 tokens
- max: 79 tokens
| - min: 6 tokens
- mean: 16.76 tokens
- max: 101 tokens
| |
* Samples:
| sentence1 | sentence2 | label |
|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------|
| How many stories got busted on Quora while being anonymous? | Can what I say on Quora anonymously be used against me legally? | 0 |
| What are innovative mechanical component designs? | What is the Innovation design? | 0 |
| What is the best way to learn phrasal verbs? | Why should I learn phrasal verbs? | 1 |
* Loss: [OnlineContrastiveLoss](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#onlinecontrastiveloss)
### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters
- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 256
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 256
- `learning_rate`: 2e-05
- `num_train_epochs`: 1
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `fp16`: True
#### All Hyperparameters
Click to expand
- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 256
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 256
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 2e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
- `num_train_epochs`: 1
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: False
- `fp16`: True
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: None
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: False
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: False
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`:
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `dispatch_batches`: None
- `split_batches`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `eval_on_start`: False
- `batch_sampler`: batch_sampler
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional