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Kuntres Chovat HaShemirah
ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื”
merged
https://www.sefaria.org/Kuntres_Chovat_HaShemirah
This file contains merged sections from the following text versions:
-Poltava, 1918
-https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH001341023/NLI

ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื”

ื”ืงื“ืžื”

ื”ื ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืง ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื: ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉืงืจ ื•ื—ื ื•ืคื” ื•ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ื›ืขืก ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืื•ื” ื•ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืคื ื™ื. ื•ื”ื ื” ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื‘ืขื–ืดื” ื”ืกืคืจ ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื—ืกื“ ื”ืฉืดื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื ืคืฉื™ ื”ืœื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ืดื› ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื’ื ืคื•ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืžื˜ืžื ื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•. ื•ืขืดื› ืžืฆืืชื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืคืฉื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื’ื ืœื–ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ืช ื“ืณ ื—ืดื• ื›ื”ืคืงืจ โ€“ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›ืžืช ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืจื•ื“ืคื™ืŸ ืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืžืงื˜ืจื’ืช ื•ืื•ืžืจืช ื›ืžื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืื ื›ื™ ืฉื ืชืขืœืžืชื™ ืžื›ืœ ื•ื›ืœ โ€“ ื•ื›ืฉื™ื–ืจื– ื”ืื“ื ืœืงื™ื™ืžื ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืดื™. ื•ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืœืื“ื ืขืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืœ ืฉืืจ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœื ื’ื ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื–ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืืจ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ืดื› ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืฉืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืดื™, ืืฉื ืžืฉืœื™ ืขืดื– ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื“ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื—ื“ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืžืืช ื”ืžืœืš ืจืžืดื— ื›ืกืื•ืช [ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืฉื˜ื•ืœืขืŸ] ื•ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืจื›ื” ืฆืžืจ ื•ืคืฉืชื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืžื”ื ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื™ืคื” ื•ืžื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืฉืจ ืื ื™ืขืฉื” ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืฉื”ืžืœืš ื™ืจืื”ื• ื•ื™ืชืคืืจ ื‘ื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ืื™ืš ืฉื‘ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื™ืžืฆื ืื•ืžื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš ืื ืงืœืงืœ ื™ืชืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ; ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ื›ืกื ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ [ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืฉื˜ื•ืœ] ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื™ื— ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืกืื•ืช ื‘ืžืœืื›ืชื• ื›ื‘ืจืง ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš ืื ืœื ื™ืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืœืงืœ ื‘ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืกืื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื” ืืฃ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืกืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืžืœืื›ืชื ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืžื” ืžืื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืคืงื—ื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืกื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืœืื›ืชื• [ื›ื™ ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืจืžืดื— ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื›ืกืื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื] ื•ื’ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืงืœืงื•ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืœืื›ืชื• ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ื ื•ืจื ืžืื“ โ€“ ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืžืœืš ื–ื” ืžืžืดื” ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ืจืžืดื— ื›ืกืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืจืžืดื— ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืื“ื ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืื“ื ืจืžืดื— ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื›ื ื’ื“ืŸ ื›ืืœื• ื›ืœ ืื‘ืจ ื•ืื‘ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืื“ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืชื–ื›ื” ืœืขื•ื”ืดื‘ ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื•ื›ืกื ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ื— ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื˜ืข ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืฅ ื‘ืžืœืื›ืชื• ื›ื‘ืจืง ื›ื™ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ื™ื ืžืดืข ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืดืข ื ื‘ืจื ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ื‘ืขื“ ื ืฉืžืชื• ื•ืขืดื– ืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืจืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืดื™ ื”ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ื’ืจืดื ื‘ืžืฉืœื™ ืžืฉืืดื› ื‘ืฉืืจื™ ืžืฆื•ืช ืžืฉืชื”ื ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžื. ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ืงืืคื™ื˜ืœ ืืฉืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื• ื—ื™ืœ ื•ืืช ืขืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื” ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืืฃ ื›ืžื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื™ืœ ื›ื— ื•ืขื•ื– ืœื”ื ืคืฉ ืื• ื›ืคืฉื˜ื™ื” ื—ื™ืœ ืžืžืฉ ื›ื™ ืžื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ื ื‘ืจื ืžืœื™ืฅ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ื‘ืขื“ ื ืฉืžืชื• ืื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืืฉืช ื—ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื” ื›ื™ ืžืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื ื‘ืจื ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ื›ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžืฉืœื™ื ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืžื— ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืžื— ื“ืณ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ืžืชืคืืจ ื‘ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืš ืืชืคืืจ. ื•ืžืžืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœื™ื ืžืœืื›ืชื• ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื’ื ืœื”ืคื›ื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงืœืงืœ ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืฅ ื›ื‘ืจืง ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจื•ื ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžืงื˜ืจื’ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžืื“. ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ. ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืขืดื– ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื ืงืจืื” ื‘ืฉื ืžืืžืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื”. ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืชืŸ ื“ืณ ืฉื™ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื›ื— ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืœืคื’ืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืดื™ ืชืคืœื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื™ืžื”ืจ ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื•ื™ื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืืžืŸ.

ืคืชื— ื“ื‘ืจ

<b>ื‘ื• ื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืื™ืฉ ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื.</b>
ื”ื ื” ืื“ื•ื ื ื• ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืขืดื” ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ืฆื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ื ืš ืžืจืข ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืดืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืจืข ืžืื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืชื•ืชื™ื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืื ืฉืžืจ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืื– ื ืงื•ื” ื‘ืขื–ืดื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืจื ืฉื ื˜ื•ืข ื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืื ื™ืฆืžืฆื ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืžืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ืฉื—ืก ืขืœ ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื—ืกืจ ืœื‘ ื™ืงืจื ื›ื™ ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื›ืจื ื›ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื• ืคืจื™ืฅ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืจื• ื”ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืื›ืœื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื”ืจืกื• ื’ื“ืจื™ื• ื•ื™ืขืœื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื ืจืง ืงืžืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืจื•ืœื™ื ืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื” ืžื”ืŸ ื•ื›ืžื• ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ืฉื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ืขืฆืœ ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืจื ืื“ื ื—ืกืจ ืœื‘ ื•ื”ื ื” ืขืœื” ื›ื•ืœื• ืงืžืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืจื•ืœื™ื ื•ื’ื“ืจ ืื‘ื ื™ื• ื ื”ืจืกื”. ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื˜ืข ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื›ืจื ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื•ื›ืžื• ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ื ื™ื—ื”ื• ื‘ื’ืดืข ืœืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉืžืจื” ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•<sup class="footnote-marker">*</sup><i class="footnote">ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื ืžื•ืœื ืฉืžืจ ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืคืดื™ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ ืœืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉืžืจื” ืœืขื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื•ืœืฉืžืจื” ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ืช ืœื ืชืขืฉื” ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืฉื ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืชื•ื ื” ื›ืขืช ื‘ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืฉืขืดื™ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืดืข ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื ืชื•ืกืฃ ื ื˜ื™ืขื” ื™ืคื” ื‘ื’ืดืข [ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืื ื• ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืฉื ื’ืดื› ืขืดื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ื ื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืคื•ืช ืžืื“ ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘ืดืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื ืืœื”ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืฉืจืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื›ื— ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื’ืดื› ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืดื– ืขืดื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื”ื™ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืขืดืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ื›ืดื– ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื™ ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืขืฅ ื ื—ืžื“ ืœืžืจืื” ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžืื›ืœ ืœืจืžื– ืœื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื™ืฆืžื—ื• ื’ืดื› ื”ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ืดื› ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื•ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืืœื™ ื•ืื ื•ื”ื• ื•ืื—ื–ืดืœ ื”ืชื ืื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ืกื•ื›ื” ื ืื” ืœื•ืœื‘ ื ืื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื’ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืื•ืช ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื›ื•ื ื” ืœืฉื ืคื•ืขืœื ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉื ืคื•ืขืœื ื•ืขื™ืดื– ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžื” ืฉืจืžื–ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ืื•ื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื›ืื”ืœื™ื ื ื˜ืข ื“ืณ ื‘ื’ืดืข ื•ื›ืคื™ืจืฉืดื™ ืฉื.</i> ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื’ืดืข ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืกื”ืดืง ื•ืขืดื› ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžืจื• ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืืฆืœื• ื”ืคืงืจ ืื– ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืจืžื• ืงืžืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืจื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืœื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืืฆืœื• ื”ืคืงืจ ื•ืขืดื› ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื‘ ื™ืจืื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืคื™ื• ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ืžื ืฉืคืชื™ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืขืชื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืื ืฉื•ืžืจ ื›ืจืื•ื™ [ื•ืจืžื•ื– ืœื–ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ (ื“ืฃ ืงืดื”) ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื ื ืœื”ื ืžืœืชื ื—ืœื ื‘ืจ ื—ืžืจื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื‘ื ื“ืื™ืœื• ืื‘ื ื”ื•ื” ืกื™ื™ืจ ื ื›ืกื™ื” ืชืจื™ ื–ืžื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืื ื ืœื ืกื™ื™ืจื ื ืืœื ื—ื“ื ื•ื“ื—ื•ืง ืžืื•ื“ ืœืคืจืฉ ื›ืคืฉื˜ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื—ื•ืžืฅ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืจืื™ื ื• ื–ืจื™ื– ื›ืดื› ื‘ืขืกืงื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ืคืกื“ ืืœื ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื“ื ืœื ืฆื— ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื•ื“ื•ืชื ืื ืžืชืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื”ืดืœ ืฉืคื™ืจืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื–ื”).
ื‘) ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืฉืขืดื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš<sup class="footnote-marker">*</sup><i class="footnote">ื•ื”ื ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืดืง ืคืจืฉื” ืžืฆื•ืจืข ืจืณ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืžืจ ื›ืœ ืžืืŸ ื“ืืคื™ืง ืœื™ืฉื ื ื‘ื™ืฉื ืื™ืกืชืื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื” ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืŸ ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื˜ืœ ืžืฆืžื• ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืขืœ ืฉืคืชื™ื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื— ื”ืกืดื ืœื˜ืžื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืื‘ืจื™ ื ืคืฉื• ื•ื›ื“ืœืงืžื™ื” ืื“ื ืžื˜ืžื ืขืฆืžื• ืžืœืžื˜ื” ืžื˜ืข ืžื˜ืžืื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื”.</i> ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉ ื˜ืžื ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ืื ื›ื™ ื•ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื–ื• ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ ืฉื ื™ื˜ืžื ื‘ื ื‘ืœื” ื“ืฉื ื ื˜ื”ืจ ืขืดื™ ืžืงื•ื” ืžื™ื ืžืฉืืดื› ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื˜ื”ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืœื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื˜ ื’ืจื ืฉื”ื›ื— ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื™ื˜ืžื ืื•ืชื• ืžืœืžืขืœื” [ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื ืฉืžืชื•] ื›ืžืืžืจื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื (ื“ืฃ ื›ืดื˜) ืื“ื ืžื˜ืžื ืขืฆืžื• ืžืœืžื˜ื” ืžื˜ืžืื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืžืขื˜ ืžื˜ืžืื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื”ืจื‘ื”.
ื’) ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื“ืณ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืชื™ื›ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืœื” ื ืฆื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืžืจืข ื•ื›ื•ืณ ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืžืชื™ ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ืงืฉื” ื–ื• ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžื–ื” ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืืช ื“ืณ ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื ื• ืœื–ื” ืžืฉืืดื› ื›ืฉืื“ื ืžืฉืœื™ืš ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ื’ื™ื•ื• ืื™ืš ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ื–ื” ืžื“ืณ โ€“ ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืืฆืœ ืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืฉืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืื“ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืขื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื ืขืœ ื—ืžื•ืจื• ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืงื ืชืงื™ื ืขืžื• ื•ืœืืคื•ืงื™ ืื ื”ืœืš ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื•ืืดืœ ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืขืœื™ืš ืžืฆื•ื” ืื ืจืฆื™ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื•.
ื“) ื•ื“ืข ืขื•ื“ ื“ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืจืข ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืคื ื™ื ื•ืฉืงืจ ื•ืงืœืœืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืื•ื” ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื ื•ืคื” ื•ื’ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืดื› ืื ืœื ื™ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืœื‘ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื•.
ื”) ื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืกื”ืดืง ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง (ื‘ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืžืดื˜) ืœื›ื• ื‘ืื•ืจ ืืฉื›ื ื•ื‘ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจืชื ืžื™ื“ื›ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ืืช ืœื›ื ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ืื“ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ืกืง ื”ืืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ื”ื ื ืœื”ืขื ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื ืฉื ืืœื ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžืืจื™ืš ืืคื• ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื ืจื•ืื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื ื ืจืชืข ื•ื ืคื—ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉืžืจ ืžื–ื” ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• (ืืœื ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื›ื— ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืขื™ืดื–) โ€“ ื•ื”ื ื” ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ืจืื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืดืž ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืดื™ ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืชืณ ื’ื•ืžืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉื•ืžืจื™ ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉ ืœืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื ืืžืจ ื–ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ืฉื ืคื ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืงื”ืœืช ื›ื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืœื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจืื•ืช ืขืดื– ื•ืื™ืš ื™ืคืขืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืื˜ ื ืคืฉ ืขืœ ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื• ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื— ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืชื”ื•ื” ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื• ื”ืจืข ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืกืง ื”ืืฉ ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื”ื• ืฉืจืžื– ืœื ื• ื”ืชื ื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื–ื”ื• ื—ื›ื ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžืื™ ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ื–ื” ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืš ืœื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ื ื•ืœื“ ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื•ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžืชื•ืง ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืจืข ื•ืžืจ ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื ื• ื”ืชื ื ืขืฆื” ืฉื™ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ื›ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืื” ื–ื” ืจืื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื™ื™ืช ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจ ืื™ื–ื”ื• ื—ื›ื ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืจืžื™ื” (ืงืืคื™ื˜ืœ ื‘) ืจืžื– ื’ืดื› ืœื–ื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื™ ื ื ื•ืจืื™ ื›ื™ ืจืข ื•ืžืจ ืขื–ื‘ืš ืืช ื“ืณ ืืœื”ื™ืš ื•ืจืดืœ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืขืดื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื•ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื•ืื” ืจืื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื™ื™ืช ื•ืื– ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื ื’ืฃ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ืขื™ืดื–.
ื•) ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ื“ืข ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืงื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ืชืŸ ืขื ื”ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืŸ ื•ืœืžืฉืœ ืื ื™ืคืชื ื• ื”ื™ืฆืจ ืžื—ืžืช ื›ืขืกื• ืขืœ ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืฉื™ืœืš ื•ื™ื’ื ื”ื• ื›ืคื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื ืจืข ื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฆืจ ืžืคืชื”ื• ืœื™ืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืžืข ืœื• ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื• ืœืš ืžืขืœื™ ืœืคืชื ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืขื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื“ืณ, ื•ืชื“ืข ืื—ื™ ืฉื”ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื ืจืข ื—ืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ื“ืฃ ื˜ืดื•) ื ืžืฆื ื”ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืคื™ื• ื—ืžื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” (ืฉืื•ื ืก ื•ืžืคืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืชืŸ ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืฉืงืœื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืžื•ืฆื ืฉื ืจืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืชืŸ ืžืื” ืฉืงืœื™ื ืœื‘ื“ ื”ืžืœืงื•ืช ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื”) ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื ื’ื–ืจ ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.
ื–) ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื” ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืื ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ืœื”ืžืœื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื”ื ื ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ืขืฆืžื™ื›ื ืžืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื”ืดื– ื•ื‘ืขื•ื”ืดื‘ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื›ื•ืณ.
ื—) ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื›ื— ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• [ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ื•ืžื” ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื” ืืœื ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ืื—ืช ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืจื• ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื• ื•ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื’ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืชืจื•ืช [ื•ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืœื ืœืื›ืœืŸ] ืขืื›ืดื• ืฉื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื• ื•ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื ื• ื›ืฉื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ื›ื— ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ืžืฆืžืฆื ืฉืœื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื ื’ื“ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืดื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืœื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• โ€“ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื›ื•ืดื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขืดื– ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ื‘ืดืง ื“ืฃ ืœื—) ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื— ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžืงืคื— ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื›ืจ ืฉื™ื—ื” ื ืื” ืฉื‘ืช ืœื•ื˜ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืงืจืื” ืœื‘ื ื” ืžื•ืื‘ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžื’ื•ื ื” ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœืžืฉื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื–ื” ืืœ ืชืฆืจ ืืช ืžื•ืื‘ ื•ืืœ ืชืชื’ืจ ื‘ื ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื“ืœื ื”ื ืื ื’ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืฉืงืจืื” ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืŸ ืขืžื™, ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ืงื™ ื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ ืืœ ืชืชื’ืจ ื‘ื ืกืชื ื“ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ืชืขื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื–ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื›ืดืฉ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื [ืฉืื ืื™ืžืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืงื“ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื• ื•ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื•ื” ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื•ืื ื ื”ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืžืขื™ืœื” ื•ืื ื ืชืŸ ืœืืฉื” ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืืกืจ ืœื” ื”ืจื™ ืืช ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืืฉืช ืื™ืฉ ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื” โ€“ ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ื— ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ื ืืžืจ ืขืดื– ืœื ื™ื—ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื• โ€“ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืขื›ื•ืดื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืขืฉื” ืฉื•ื ืžืขืฉื” ืืœื ืฉืืžืจ ืœื” ืืœื™ ืืชื” ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื” ืขืดื– ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ื ื˜] ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื™ืŸ ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื”) ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžืคื™ื•: ื›ืœืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจื•ื ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ืŸ (ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืดื– ืžืืžืจ ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ื“ืฃ ื–) ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื›ืจื•ื ื–ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื–ืœื–ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื) ื•ื–ื”ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืกืชื ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ืดืฉ, ืื ื”ื•ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื ืชืคืจืกื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืžื™ืœื ื ืชื‘ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื ืขื™ืดื– ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื— ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื”ืคืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขื™ืดื– ืขืœ ื•ืœื ืชื—ืœืœื• ืืช ืฉื ืงื“ืฉื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืžืฆื•ืช ื“ืณ ื›ื”ืคืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืขื™ืดื–, ื•ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืดื™ ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื›ืดื“ ืืœืฃ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœืจืณ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชื• ืžืคืกื— ืขื“ ืขืฆืจืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ื•ื”ื ื” ืขืœ ืขื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื™ืชื” ื•ืขืดื› ืžื˜ืขื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ืขื™ืดื– ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืชืดื— ืžืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืœ ื•ื›ืžื• ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืจื— ืฉื”ืจืดื’ ืื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉื™ืื™ ืขื“ื” ืงืจื•ืื™ ืžื•ืขื“ ืื ืฉื™ ืฉื ื•ืจืดืœ ืฉื”ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื™ืดื– ื•ืขืดื› ืื—ื™ ื•ืจืขื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื“ืณ ื•ืœืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื ืจืื”<sup class="footnote-marker">*</sup><i class="footnote">ื•ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืฉื ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื• ื›ื— ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื“ื™ ืœื™ ืื ืืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืขืงืจื•:<br>ื) ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื‘ื ื‘ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื— ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ื•ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื›ืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ื‘ื›ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื ื›ื™ ืžืขื™ื“ ื‘ื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืืฉืจ ืชืฆื•ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื›ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื• ืœื–ื” ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“ืณ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื• ื›ืœืœ ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ื‘ื›ื ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื’ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื‘ื ืœืžื”ืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•.<br>ื‘) ื™ื“ืข ื”ืื“ื ืฉื‘ืžื” ืฉืžืกืœืง ืžืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืœืง ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื—ืดื• (ื›ื™ ื‘ืื™ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื) ืืœื ืžื™ืงืœ ืžืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืงืฆืชื• ื ื’ืจืข ืขืจื›ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืœืงื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืœืื›ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื•ืฉื‘ืชื ื•ืจืื™ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื™ืง ืœืจืฉืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืœื”ื™ื ืœืืฉืจ ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื•ืงืคืจื™ืš ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืœืงื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื•ืžืฉื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ืคืจืงื• ืžืื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืœื”ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ [ื•ืžืกืชืžื ื”ืดื” ื‘ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ืžืฆื•ื”] ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื ื’ืจืข ืขืจื›ื• ื•ื ืงืจื ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืœื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ื›ืดืฉ ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื ื• ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืจ ืื• ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ืื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื• ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืคื ื™ื ื•ื›ืดืฉ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•ืดื‘ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ืขืจื›ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ืชื• ื›ื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื• ื•ืฉืืจื• ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื™ืš ืฉื ืืชื™ ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืœืงื•ืœ ื“ืณ ืฉื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื•ืขืดื› ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฉื• ื™ืจืื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืจืฉืžื ื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื• ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื.</i> ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื• ื™ืชืณ ื•ื™ืชืงื“ืฉ ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ืืœ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•.
ื˜) ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื™ ื”ืœื ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื“ื ืฉืขืจื™ืš ืœื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืœืงืœืงืœื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœื ืœื˜ืžื ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืŸ ืœืขืดืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืขื ื“ืณ ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืฉืœื ืœืคื’ืžื• ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื—ื–ืดืœ ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืš ืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื“ืณ (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉืดื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืขืช ื™ืืžืจ ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื” ืคืขืœ ืืœ) ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื” ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืœ ื“ืณ ื•ื’ื ืื—ื–ืดืœ [ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฃ ื”]. ืœืขื•ืœื ืืœ ื™ืฉืžื™ืข ืื“ื ืœืื–ื ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื›ื•ื™ื ืชื—ืœื” ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืดืž ืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืืžืจ ื ืฆื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ื ืš ืžืจืข ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืคื™ื• ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ืชืœื•ื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืดื• ืœื”ื™ืคืš ื•ื›ืžื• ื“ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืขืดื› ืืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืงืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ืžืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื.





Chapter 1

<b>ื‘ื• ื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ืžืืžืจ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžืืŸ ื‘ืขื™ ื—ื™ื™ ืžืืŸ ื‘ืขื™ ื—ื™ื™ ื•ื’ื ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืื•ื”ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘:</b>
ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื›ื•ืดื ื“ืฃ ื™ืดื— ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืจืณ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ ืžืืŸ ื‘ืขื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืืŸ ื‘ืขื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื›ื ืฃ ื›ื•ืดืข ื•ืืชื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืดืœ ื”ื‘ ืœืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืดืœ ืžื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ืฆื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ื ืš ืžืจืข ื•ื’ื•ืณ, ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื” ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ืจืณ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ ื•ื ืจืื” ื“ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืžืืŸ ื‘ืขื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื™ื–ื” ืกื ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœื–ื” ื›ื ื•ืฃ ื›ื•ืดืข ื•ืืชื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ื” ื•ื”ืจืื” ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื”ืดื–, ื•ื ื‘ืืจ ืงืฆืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืขื“ ืœืฉืžื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืขืดื– ื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืŸ ื›ืคืฉื˜ื™ื” ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืดืข [ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืดืช ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืคืดืข] ื•ื ืžืฆื ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ื—ืดื• ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืชื•ืกืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื‘ืœ ืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืง ืขืฉืจื” ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื›ืดืฉ ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืดื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืื” ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืืฉืžื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื ื• ื“ื•ืคื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ืฉืžืจ ืžื–ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ืœืœ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื” ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ืงื•ื ื” ืœื• ืงื˜ื™ื’ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื•ืœืคืดื– ื–ื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ื ืžืงื˜ืจื’ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืขื™ืดื– ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื ื’ืžืจ ื“ื™ื ื• ื—ืดื• ืœืžื•ืช ืขื™ืดื– ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš ืžื™ ืฉื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื™ืฆืจื• ื ืชื•ืกืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื›ืžืืžืจื ื™ืฉื‘ ื•ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื ื•ืชื ื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื›ืจื• ื›ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื•ืกืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ืจื™ืข ื›ืฃ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ื™ืชื•ืกืฃ ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื ืฆื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ื ืš ืžืจืข.
ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื’ืดื› ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืง ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื™ื“ื•ืข ื“ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ ืขืดืค ื”ืื“ืžื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื•ื”ืœืš ืœื• ื™ืžื™ื• ืื™ื ื ื ืืกืคื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืžืื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ืฉื—ืงื•ืง ืฉื ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื›ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื–ื” ืืžื“ ื‘ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกื“ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืขื” ืฉืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ื•ืจืื• ื•ืœื ื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ืžื™ื• ื—ืฉื›ื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื’ื” ืœื”ื ื›ื™ ื ืžืฉืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ืจื•ื— ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ืœื–ื” ืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžืงื•ื” ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ [ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžืงื•ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื—ืช ื›ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœื•] ื ืฆื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ื ืš ืžืจืข ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืื– ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื—ืช ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื ื›ืŸ ื—ืดื• ืœื”ื™ืคืš ื”ืฉื ื™ืฉืžืจื ื• ื•ืœื–ื” ืืžืจ ืจืณ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ ืžืืŸ ื›ืขื™ ื—ื™ื™ ืžืืŸ ื‘ืขื™ ื—ื™ื™ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื.
ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืžืข ืœืื—ื“ ืฉืžื‘ื–ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชืจืขื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขืœื™ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ืŸ ืœืš, ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื›ื— ืชื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืžื™ืชืš ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืชืฉื•ืืช ื—ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื›ื•ื ืชืš ืจืง ืœื‘ื–ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ืœ โ€“ ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืฉื ืงืจืื• ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื ืืชื ืœื“ืณ ืืœื”ื™ื›ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื–ื” ืฉื•ื ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื›ื•ืขืก ืขืœื™ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” [ืื ืœื ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืžืชื—ืœื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืข ืœื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื“ืณ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื”].

Chapter 2

<b>ื‘ื• ื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืžื•ื ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• โ€“ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”:</b>
ื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืื™ืฉ ืืœ ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื” ื›ืดื ื”ื•ื ื•ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืœื ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืขื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืืฆืœื• ื•ืžื•ื ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืคื™ื• ื•ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžืดืจ ืคืจืฉื” ืชืฆื ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืืœ ืชืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืืš ื›ื™ ืฉื’ื’ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžื” ื™ืงืฆื•ืฃ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืฉืœื ืชืืžืจ ื”ืจื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืืดืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื”ื•ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื— ืžืœืืš ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืืฆืœืš ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจืš โ€“ ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืขื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ืจื ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื’ื™ื“ ืœืื“ื ืžื” ืฉื™ื—ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื™ื—ื” ืงืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืœืืฉืชื• ืžื’ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ึพ ื•ืื™ืชื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืื“ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืื™ื ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื• ื›ืš ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืŸ ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื• ื—ืชื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื“ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ื—ืชื•ื โ€“ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ื™ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื™ืคื” ื“ื ืชื ื• ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœืžืขืŸ ืชืฆื“ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ืš ืชื–ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืคื˜ื™ืš. ื•ื”ื ื” ืื™ืชื ื‘ืกื”ืดืง ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ืดื“ ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ืคื•ืชื—ื™ืŸ ืœื• ืกืดืช ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื• ืงืจื ื‘ืคื™ืš ื•ืฉื•ืืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื•ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืœืžื•ื˜ื‘ โ€“ ื•ื”ื ื” ืื—ื–ืดืœ ืฉืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœื“ื•ืื’ ื”ืจืฉืข ื›ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืœืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ืžื” ืืชื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ืชื™ ืžื” ืืœื• ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืœืื” ืžื–ื” (ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืืจื ื•<sup class="footnote-marker">*</sup><i class="footnote">ื•ืืฉื ื” ืื•ืชื ืคื” ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ืกืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื ื‘ื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ โ€“ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื“ื ื—ืฉ ืฉืกื™ืคืจ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืžื™ืชื” ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื•ื™ืฆื ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืœื”ื™ื ืขืžื“ื™ ื•ืฉืžืจื ื™ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ืื—ื–ืดืœ ื•ืฉืžืจื ื™ ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื“ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื™ื‘ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืช ื“ื™ื‘ืชื ืจืขื” ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉืžื•ืช ืื›ืŸ ื ื•ื“ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื™ืดืฉ ื‘ืคื™ืจืฉืดื™ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ืฉืืžืจ ืžืจืขืดื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื”ืฉืดื™ ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื“ืš ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืœื ื—ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ื“ื• ืžืฆื•ืจืขืช ื›ืฉืœื’ ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื™ืชืจื• ื•ื™ืจื‘ ื”ืขื ืขื ืžืฉื” ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืขืœ ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ืกืžื™ืš ืœื™ื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ืขืžืœืง ืขืœ ืฉืงืœืงืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืœื ืชืฉื ืฉืžืข ืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืชืฆื•ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขื™ืœ ืฉืคื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื™ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข ืงื•ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืื• ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืื™ ืขืœ ื›ืคืจืช ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืœ ืคืจืฉืช ืชื–ืจื™ืข ื•ืžืฆื•ืจืข ื ื’ืขื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ื ื’ืขื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื ื’ืขื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื“ื“ ื™ืฉื‘ ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืืฃ ืžืžื—ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ืคืจืชื• ืฆืคืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื˜ืคื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืคื˜ืคื˜ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื•ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืดื› ืฉื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืืœื ืขืœ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืžื™ืš ื•ืœื ืชืฉื ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื˜ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืคื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ื”ืจ ื•ืœื ืชื•ื ื• ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืขืžื™ืชื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืื™ ืขืœ ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืดื› ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจืข ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื ืฉื ื•ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื›ืœ ืฆืจื•ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืœื— ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉืœืฉ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ืžืจืžื– ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื•ืื’ ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš ื•ืชื“ื‘ืจ ืžืจื™ื ื•ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื” ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืœื— ืœืš ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื—ื•ืงืช ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื ื‘ืืœื”ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉื” ื•ื ืฉืœื— ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืขื™ืดืฉ ื‘ืคื™ืจืฉืดื™ ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื ื–ื›ืจื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืจืžื– ื—ื•ืฅ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื ื—ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื›ื™ ืชืฆื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ืš ื•ื ืฉืžืจืช ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข ื•ืื—ื–ืดืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจืข ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืชืฆื ืคืณ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื ืจืข ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื ื”ืฉืžืจ ื‘ื ื’ืข ื”ืฆืจืขืช ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืฉืžืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืฆืจืขืช ื•ืกืžื™ืš ืœื™ื” ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ื“ืณ ืืœื”ื™ืš ืœืžืจื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื— ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจืข ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื ื•ืคื” ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ืžืœืื• ื“ืœื ืชื—ื ื™ืคื• ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ืžืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ืจื— ื•ื›ืขื“ืชื• ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืื•ื” ื•ื‘ื•ื– ืžืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื”ืฉืžืจ ืœืš ืคืŸ ืชืฉื›ื— ืืช ื“ืณ ืืœื”ื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืื–ื”ืจื” ืœื’ืกื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืจื โ€“ ื•ื”ืžื›ื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืžืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื•ืœื ืชื›ื—ืฉื• ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืžื™ืชื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืงืจ ื‘ืขืœืžื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืจ ืชืจื—ืง ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ื›ืขืก ื•ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืชื‘ื•ื ืืจื•ืจ ืžื›ื” ืจืขื”ื• ื‘ืกืชืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืื™ ืขืœ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืืจื•ืจื™ื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืืžืจื• ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื” ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื—ื™ื” ืœื• ื‘ืจื›ื”.</i> ื‘ืฉื”ืดืœ ื—ืดื‘ ืคืดื’) ื•ื›ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืจืขืฉ ื•ื ืคื—ื“ ื›ืฉื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืื˜ ื ืคืฉ โ€“ ื•ื”ื ื” ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืคืณ ืชื‘ื ืืดืจ ืœื•ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœื™ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืžื”ืŸ ืœืขืดืœ (ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืš ืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื“ืณ) ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืคืจืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืขืกื•ืง โ€“ ื•ืœืคืดื– ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉืื˜ ื ืคืฉ ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉืืจ ื—ืœืงื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืœื”ืฉืžืจ ืžื–ื” ื›ืžื” ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื•ื›ืœื™ืžื” ื™ืกื‘ืœื• ื›ืฉื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืœื• ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื ืงื•ื˜ื•ืชื ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื” ืืฉื“ ืขืฉื™ืชื โ€“ ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื™ื ืงื• ืžืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขืดื™ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื’ื™ื”ื ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœื’ืดืข ื•ื›ืžืืžืจื ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ืœืง ืœืขื•ื”ืดื‘ ืžืดืž ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื•ื›ืœื™ืžื” ื™ื›ืกื• ืคื ื™ื”ื ื›ืฉื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืœื• ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืกื•ื˜ื” (ื“ืฃ ืžืดื) ืืฆืœ ืื’ืจื™ืคืก ื”ืžืœืš ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืงืจื™ืืชื• ื‘ืกืดืช ืœืคืกื•ืง ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืช ืขืœื™ืš ืื™ืฉ ื ื›ืจื™ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื–ืœื’ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื“ืžืขื•ืช ืขื™ืดืฉ ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืคืดื ืœืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื›ืขืช ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื’ืดืข ืฉืฉื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืฆื— ื•ืฆืจื•ืจ ืฉื ื ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืฆืจื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื ื•ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉื ืžืคื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฆืขืจ ื•ื›ืœื™ืžื” ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ ื›ืฉื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ืฉ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืชื—ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื•ืœื ื”ืชืžืจืžืจ ืžืขื•ืœื ืขืดื– ื•ืื™ืš ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฉื ืืช ืคื ื™ื• ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื”, ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื• ืื– ืฉื•ื ืชื ื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ืœื ื—ื ืืช ื ืคืฉื• ื‘ื–ื›ืจื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืขืดื› ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื• ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื.
ืขื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืื™ืฉ ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืจืžื•ื– ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืคืกื•ืง ืื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ืืœื• ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื— ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืงืœืงืœ ืื“ื ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื™ืœืฉ ื›ืžื” ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”, ืžื–ื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื–ื”<sup class="footnote-marker">*</sup><i class="footnote">ื•ื”ื ื” ืื—ื–ืดืœ ื™ืคื” ืฉื™ื—ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉืžื›ืคื•ืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื›ืคืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืจืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืงืฆืจ ื•ืืฃ ืื ื• ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืžืžื” ืฉืจื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืง ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ [ืขืœ ื”ืœืฉืดืจ ื•ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช โ€“ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื ืจืข โ€“ ืขืœ ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื โ€“ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืคื ื™ื โ€“ ื•ืขืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืงืจ โ€“ ื•ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืื•ื” โ€“ ื•ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื ื•ืคื” โ€“ ื•ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช โ€“ ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช (ืฉื•ื” ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื ื•ืื—ื–ืดืœ ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื)] ืžื” ืฉืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืจื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžื–ื” ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื— ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืืฉืจื™ ื—ืœืงื• ืžื™ ืฉื ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื.</i>.

Chapter 3

<b>ื‘ื• ื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขืช ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื, ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื” ื’ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืกืฃ ืœื• ืขื™ืดื– ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ื ืžืœื™ืฆื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•:</b>
ื•ื“ืข ืขื•ื“ ื“ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœื‘ื“ ื›ืดื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขืช ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช<sup class="footnote-marker">*</sup><i class="footnote">ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื“ืข ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืฉื•ืดื‘ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ื”ื ื‘ืงื™ ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืดืค [ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื—ืดื“ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืืณ ืขืดืฉ ื‘ื˜ืดื–]</i> ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืง ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืžื• ื“ืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื•ื–ื›ืจืชื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ื“ืณ ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื ืื•ืชื ื“ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื• ื•ืฉืžืจืชื ื–ื• ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื“ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื ืฉืžืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” [ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืจืณ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื–ืดืœ ืžื•ื•ื™ืœื ื ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ื“ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืœืื“ื ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืืœื• ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืกืจื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืคื™ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืดืข ื“ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ื“ืณ ืืœื”ื™ืš ืœืžืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ืฆืืชื›ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื] ื•ื”ื ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืชื—ืœื” ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื›ืดื ืœืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ืชืคืœื” ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืดื› ื’ืดื› ื›ื“ืื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืžืœ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ื—ืกืจ ืขื™ืดื– ืจืง ืขืฉืจื” ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื’ืดื› ื™ืชืงื‘ืฅ ืขื™ืดื– ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื ืฉืขืดื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืคืดืข ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืดืข ื•ืžื›ืœ ืขื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื ืžืงื˜ืจื’ ื‘ืคืดืข ื•ื ืžืฆื ื›ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื™ืฆืจื• ื•ื—ื™ืกืจ ื’ืณ ืืœืคื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืกืจ ื’ืณ ืืœืคื™ื ืžืงื˜ืจื’ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืชื—ืชื™ื”ื ืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ื•ื›ืžืืžืจื ื™ืฉื‘ ืื“ื ื•ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื• ืฉื›ืจ ื›ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”. ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ื”ื‘ื ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืขื–ืจื”ื• ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื›ืฉืืจ ืื™ืฉ ื›ืฉืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชืื•ื” ืœืื›ื™ืœืช ื›ืฉืจ ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžืชื™ื™ื’ืข ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžืกื™ืจ ื™ืฆื”ืดืจ ืžืžื ื• [ืžืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ] ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžืดืจ ืคืณ ื ืฉื ืื ื™ื’ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžืกื™ืจ ื™ืฆื”ืดืจ ืžืžืš.
ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืฆื•ื™ื ื• ื“ืณ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื›ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื’ืข ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืื ืฆื“ืงืช ืžื” ืชืชืŸ ืœื• ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื ืจืง ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื–ื” ืจืง ื ื—ืช ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืจื™ื— ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ืœื“ืณ ื ื—ืช ืจื•ื— ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืืดื› ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ืงืจื‘ืช ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉืžื•ืข ืžื–ื‘ื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืžื—ืœื‘ ืื™ืœื™ื ืื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ืคื™ื• ืžื›ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืืกืจืชื• ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื•ืณ ื›ืžื” ื ื—ืช ืจื•ื— ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžื–ื” ืฉืฆื™ื•ื” ืœื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš ื—ืดื• ืื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉื™ื ืืœ ืœื‘ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืืฆืœื• ื›ื”ืคืงืจ ืœืคื˜ืคื˜ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื—ืœืง ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฆืขืจ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžื–ื” ื›ืฉืจื•ืื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืคืงื™ืจื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืขืดื› ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืจื ืœื ืคืฉื• ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืืฉืจื™ ื—ืœืงื•, ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ืื•ื™ ืœืจืฉืข ืื•ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฆื“ื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉื›ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื— ืžื–ื” ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื–ื•ืœืชื• ื•ืืดื› ื”ืื“ื ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื•ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžื›ื™ืจื™ื• ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืžืžืขืฉื™ื• ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื’ืดื› ื›ื›ื” ื•ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื.

Chapter 4

<b>ื‘ื• ื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžื–ืจื– ืœื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื“ ืœืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื– ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื‘ืœ ืœื•:</b>
ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ ืื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ื•ื–ื™ ื™ืงืœื• ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื ืงืจื ื›ืฉื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ื ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื‘ื“ ืœื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืคืจืฉื” ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืžืจ ืจืฉื‘ืดื™ ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื•ืฉืœื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื›ืžื•ืชื• ื•ืื ื›ื™ื‘ื“ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืืœื• ืœื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื“ืช ื•ืื ื‘ื–ื™ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืืœื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื–ื™ืช ื•ืœืคืดื– ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืชืงืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ืœืœ, ื‘ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœื‘ ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืก ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื™ืžืฆื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืดื™ ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš ื—ืดื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ืฉืžืจื ื• ืžื–ื” โ€“ ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืœื™ (ื™ืดื’) ื‘ื– ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื‘ืœ ืœื• ื•ื™ืจื ืžืฆื•ื” ื™ืฉื•ืœื ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื’ืจืดื ื•ื–ืดืœ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืจืžืดื— ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื“ื ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ืจืžืดื— ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื– ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื‘ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื—ืกืจ ืžื›ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืจื ืžืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืจื•ืื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขื›ืดืœ ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืขืœ ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื—ืœืง ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืดืข ืฉืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืŸ (ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื—ืดื—) ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื›ื ืดืœ ื‘ืฉื”ืดืœ ื—ืดื‘ ื•ืืดื› ื›ืžื” ืคืฆืขื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืœื•ืช ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื•ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื–ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื’ืดื› ื“ื™. ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื“ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžืฉืจืช ืฉื•ื˜ื” โ€“ ื•ื”ื•ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ืื›ืกื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืžื” ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื—ืฆื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ื™ื ื•ืคื ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ื”ื ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืคื™ ืžื“ืจื’ืชื• ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื”ืžืฉืจืช ืฉืœืคืœื•ื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉื ื”ืื›ืกืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืกืจ ืœื• ืžืื•ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืžื–ื•ื ื• ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื• ื•ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืžืชืื›ืกืŸ ืฉื ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื’ืดื› ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉื’ื™ื— ืืš ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื—ืฆื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืงื— ืžื”ื ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืจืช ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ืคื›ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื—ืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ื•ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ืžื” ื•ื™ืฆืขืง ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื‘ืขื”ืดื‘ ื”ื•ื™ ืกื›ืœ ื”ืœื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืื›ืกื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžืชืื›ืกื ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื•, ื ืคืฉ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืฉื‘ืื“ื ืžืฉื›ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ื— ื•ืชื—ืช ื–ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื“ื ืฉืฉื ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืื›ืœ ื•ืชื—ืช ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื‘ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื ืคืฉ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืœืœ ืœื”ืฉืดื™ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจืชื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืœืขืžืœ ื™ื•ืœื“ ื•ืื—ื–ืดืœ ื“ื”ื•ื ืœืขืžืœ ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ืดื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื”ืคื›ื• ืฉื›ืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืื›ืœ ื•ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœื• ื•ืขื“ ืจืืฉื• ื‘ืžืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื ืื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื ืขืœื™ื ื ืื™ื ื•ืœื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืื•ืช, ื›ืœืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืคืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืคืš ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื“ืณ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื•ืจืชื• ื•ื›ืžื• ืžืืžืจ ื“ื”ืขืดื” ืžื” ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืชื•ืจืชื™ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืชื™ [ื•ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื”ื™ืคืš ืžืงื•ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืงื”ืœืช (ื™ื•ืดื“) ืจืื™ืชื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื›ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ].

Chapter 5

<b>ื‘ื• ื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืขืดื™ ื—ื˜ื ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช ืžืœืžื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš ื›ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืดื” ืžืœืžื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืขื ื™ื ื™ื:</b>
ื”ื ื” ืžื“ืจืš ื”ืื“ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืชื ื“ืืจืขื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ ืคืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื™ืžืฆื ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื ืงื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืชื ื“ืฉืžื™ื ื’ืดื› ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืจื™ืชื—ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืื“ื ืฉืœื ื™ื–ื›ืจ ืื• ืฉืžื• ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ื™ ืœื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื›ื™ ืขื™ืดื– ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ื–ื›ืจ ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื™ืฆื ืื– ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื“ืืœื™ืžืœืš ืื™ืฉ ื ืขืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื™ืจื“ ืื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื”ื•ื ื•ืืฉืชื• ื•ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ืฉื ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืœื™ืžืœืš ื•ืฉื ืืฉืชื• ื ืขืžื™ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื™ืžืช ืืœื™ืžืœืš ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ืื—ื–ืดืœ ื“ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืชื—ืœื” ื‘ืกืชืžื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจืฆื” ืžื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ืจืขื‘ ื›ื™ ื ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืœื ื”ื ื™ื— ืžื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืจื˜ ืื— ืฉืžื• ื•ืฉื ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ื ื–ื›ืจื• ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื“ืณ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžืืจืฅ ืœื—ื•ืดืœ ื•ืชื™ื›ืฃ ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœื ื ืฉืืจ ืืœื ื ืขืžื™ ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื ืชื“ืœื“ืœื” ืžื ื›ืกื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืจื™ืชื—ื ืฉืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืฉื™ื–ื›ืจ ืื– ืฉืžื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืœืจืขื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืžืฉืœื™ ืคื™ืดื ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืจืขื” ืชื‘ื•ืื ื• ื•ื–ืดืœ ืื ืจืื™ืช ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจืขื” ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืฃ ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืจืขื•ืช ื•ื—ื ื•ืคื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื›ืžื” ื“ืืช ืืžื•ืจ (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื–ืณ:ื™ืดื–) ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืžืœื• ื‘ืจืืฉื• ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš ืื ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ืฉื ืขืœ ืคืกื•ืง ืื—ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืงืฉ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื ืจืื™ืช ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืฃ ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืคื’ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื”ื“ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื—ื ื•ืชื™ ืืช ืืฉืจ ืื—ื•ืŸ [ื›ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžื—ื•ื ืŸ ืœืžื™ ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื•]: ืขื•ื“ ืืฆื™ืข ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื ื–ื”ืจ ืžืขื ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื”ื ื–ื”ืจ ืžื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืชื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ืณ ื”ืืžืจืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืš ืœืืœืงื™ื ื•ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื• ื•ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื“ืณ ื”ืืžื™ืจืš ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ืœืขื ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ืœื ื–ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืชื—ืœื” ืฉื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืชืฉื™ืœื•ื ืฉืžืฉืœื ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื”ื•ื ื’ืดื› ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืืœื ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื—ื• ืœืงื™ื™ืžื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื™ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืคืดืข<sup class="footnote-marker">*</sup><i class="footnote">ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื ืฉืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ื”ืดื– ื ืชืŸ ืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื• ืื•ืฆืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืจื™ืดื’ ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื—ื™ืงืข ืขื ื”ืชืจื™ืดื’ ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉืจืช ืืœื ืฉื”ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื™ืดื’ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•.</i> โ€“ ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื ื• ืœื™ื“ืข ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืขื•ื”ืดื– ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžืชืขืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืฉืžื™ ืฉืžืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืืช ื—ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื‘ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื ืดืจ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื™ืชืณ. ื•ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื”ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื” ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื›ืฉื”ืœืฉื™ืŸ ืืžืฆื™ื” ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ืขืœ ืขืžื•ืก ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื™ืจื‘ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืืฉ ื•ืืžืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขืœื™ืš ืขืžื•ืก ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ื—ืจื‘ ื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืจื‘ืขื ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ืœื” ื™ื’ืœื” ืžืขืœ ืื“ืžืชื• ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื™ืจื‘ืขื ืœื ืืžืจ ืื•ืชื• ืฆื“ื™ืง ื›ืš ื•ืื ืืžืจ ืœื ืžืคื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืืžืจ ืืœื ืžืคื™ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืขืดื– ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ื“ื•ื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืดื– ืืš ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ืœื›ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื›ื‘ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ ืืžืกื•ืจ ืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื• ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ืžื–ื” ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืžืœืงื‘ืœ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื’ืดื› ืžืœืกืคืจ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉื”ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžืช ืžืฆื•ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื–ื›ื”ื• ื”ืฉืดื™ ื•ื™ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื• ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื— ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื โ€“ ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืจืžื– ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื ื—ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืœืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื•.

Chapter 6

<b>ื‘ื• ื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคืชื— ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืชื•ื— ืชืžื™ื“ ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื• โ€“ ื’ื ืฉื”ื™ืฆื”ืดืจ ืจื•ื‘ืฅ ืขืœ ืคืชื—ื™ ืคื™ื• ื•ืื•ืจื‘ ืฉื ืœื”ื—ื˜ื™ืื•:</b>
ืื—ื–ืดืœ [ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื“ืฃ ื”ืณ] ื ืฉืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ื• ืœืขื•ื”ืดื‘ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืžืฉื•ื›ื‘ืช ื—ื™ืงืš ืฉืžื•ืจ ืคืชื—ื™ ืคื™ืš ืจืžื– ืœื ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคืชื— ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืคืชื— ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื— ืชืžื™ื“ ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœื‘ื ื“ืืœืดื” ื™ื›ืœื” ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกื’ื•ืจ ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืจ, ื›ืŸ ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืคืชื—ื ื• ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืงืฆืช ื›ืขืก ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืื– ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื—ื™ ืคื™ื• ืกื’ื•ืจ ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืจ ื“ืื– ื”ื™ืฆื”ืดืจ ืจื•ื‘ืฅ ืืฆืœ ืคื™ื• ืœื”ื—ื˜ื™ืื•. ื•ืžื” ื ืขืžื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–ืดืœ ืฉืืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืชื•ืœื” ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ืขืœ ืžื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืœื ืืช ืคื™ื• ื‘ืฉืขืช<sup class="footnote-marker">*</sup><i class="footnote">ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืคื™ืจืฉืชื™ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื•, ืืดืž ื›ืœื” ื›ืœ ืฆืจ ื•ืžืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ืื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืืดืž ืกืชื•ื ืคื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ื™ื ื ื• ื•ืžืงื˜ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื• ื“ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ื”ืžืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืžื” ืœื ื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืœืกืชื•ื ืคื™ื”ื ืืœื ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื“ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืดื› ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ื”ืžืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืขื›ืดืค ื™ืกืชื•ื ืคื™ื”ื ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืฉืดื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื” ื‘ืžื“ื” ืื ื”ืื“ื ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืคื™ื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ื’ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืกื•ืชื ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืคื™ ื”ืžืงื˜ืจื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉื˜ื™ื ื•.</i> ืžืจื™ื‘ื” โ€“ ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืคื™ืจืฉืชื™ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœืงื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื—ืจื” ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ืื ืœื ืชื˜ื™ื‘ ืœืคืชื— ื—ื˜ืืช ืจื•ื‘ืฅ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื ืœื ืชืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ืจื•ืŸ ืืคืš ื•ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ืš ืชื“ืข ืฉืœืคืชื—ื™ ืคื™ืš ืจื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื—ื˜ืืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ืฆื”ืดืจ ืจื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื ืœื”ื—ื˜ื™ืืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืฆื” ื•ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื–ื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืฆืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืขืžื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื™ื‘ ื•ืžืฆื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉืดื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืงื™ืŸ ืืœ ื”ื‘ืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื•ืžื–ื” ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืจืฆื™ื—ื” ืžืžืฉ โ€“ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื™ืฆื”ืดืจ ืื•ืจื‘ ืœื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื—ื˜ื™ืื• ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ืฉื”ื™ืฆื”ืดืจ ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืฆื•ืคื” ืจืฉืข ืœืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืžื™ืชื• โ€“ ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื‘ืฅ ืขืœ ืคืชื— ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื—ื˜ื™ืื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืคืชื— ื—ื˜ืืช ืจื•ื‘ืฅ ื›ื™ ืฉื ืื ื™ืกื™ื— ื”ืื“ื ืงืฆืช ื“ืขืชื• ืžืฉืžื™ืจื” ืชื™ื›ืฃ ื™ื‘ื•ื– ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื–ื” ืจื‘ื” ืื™ ื‘ื™ื–ื” ื–ื•ื˜ื ื•ืขื›ืดืค ืœื ื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืขืดื› ืžืชื—ื–ืง ื”ื™ืฆืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ืฆืชื• ืฉืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืจ ืื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉื ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืขืœื•ืœ ืžืขื•ื“ ืœื—ื˜ื•ื, ื•ื’ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆื ื”ื™ืฆื”ืดืจ ืฉื ืžืฆื™ืื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืžืคืชื”ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื›ืฉืขื” ืื• ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ื•ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืชืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืฆื™ืื” ืจื‘ื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืจ ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืดื› ืจื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืกื™ื— ื”ืื“ื ื“ืขืชื• ื•ื™ืžืฉื›ื ื• ื‘ืจืฉืชื•, ื•ืื—ืดื› ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืžืžืฉ ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืœืคืชื— ื—ื˜ืืช ืจื•ื‘ืฅ (ื•ื”ืขืชืงืชื™ื• ืœืžื˜ื”)<sup class="footnote-marker">*</sup><i class="footnote">ื•ื–ืดืœ ืฉื ืืดืจ ืชื ื—ื•ื ืื™ืช ื›ืœื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืžื™ ื“ื™ื“ืขื™ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืช ืื–ื™ืœ ื•ื™ืชื™ื‘ ืงืžื™ ืคืœื˜ื™ืจื (ืื•ืคื”) ื•ืขื‘ื™ื“ ื’ืจืžื™ื” ืžืชื ืžื ื ื•ืžืจื™ ืคืœื˜ื™ืจื ืžืชื ืžื ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื•ื˜ ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื (ื›ื™ื›ืจ) ืืืจืขื ื•ืขื“ ื“ื”ื•ื™ ืžืฆืžื™ืช (ืขื“ ืฉื›ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชืงื‘ืฆื™ื) ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื›ืจ ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื ื•ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื™ื” ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืœ ืฉื™ืืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื”ืดืจ ืœื”ืื“ื ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืžืขืŸ ืœื ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžืžื ื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ืจืืช ื›ื™ ืฉื›ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื ืจื“ื ื•ืœื ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืžื ื• ื™ืงื•ื ืžื˜ืืจื‘ื• ื•ื™ืœื›ื“ื ื•, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ื‘ืขืจืžื” ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื’ื•ื–ืœ.</i> ื•ืขืดื› ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืฉืœื ืœื”ืกื™ื— ื“ืขืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืžื•ืจ ืคืชื—ื™ ืคื™ืš ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ืฉืœื ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื•ื›ืžืืžืจื ื”ื‘ื ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžืœืžืขืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืžื•ืจ ื˜ื”ืจืชื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืืžืจื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื (ื“ืฃ ืœืดื˜) ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืฉืชื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืื“ื ืžืงื“ืฉ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืงื“ืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ ืฉืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืคืชื—ื• ืœื™ ืคืชื— ื›ืžื—ื˜ ืกื™ื“ืงื™ืช ื•ืื ื™ ืืคืชื— ืœื›ื ืคืชื— ื›ืคืชื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืœื.
ืื™ืชื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืงื ื” ืฉื ืฉืืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื’ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื”ื•ื ืฆืจืขืช ืืดืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืฆืจืขืช ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ ื”ื ืžืกืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืขื›ืดืœ ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื˜ื™ื” ื“ืงืจื ืžื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื (ื‘ืขื•ื”ืดื‘) ืื•ื”ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ (ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ื”ืดื–) ื ืฆื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ื ืš ืžืจืข ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ืชื ื’ืดื› ื‘ืชื ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื—ืดื‘ ืฉื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ืชื. ื’ื ืืขืชื™ืง ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืฆืจืขืช ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื—ื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืœื”ื‘ืช ืืฉ ื•ื–ืดืœ ืฉื. ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืงืจืืชื• ืชื•ืจื” ืฆืจืขืช ืื™ื ื• ืžืžื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ืืœื ืื•ืช ื•ืคืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจืŸ ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืฉื”ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื•, ืื ื—ื–ืจ ื™ื˜ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืฉืขื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ืชืฅ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ืื ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ื™ื˜ื”ืจื• ื•ืื ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืฉืขื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉืจืคื• ืžืฉืชื ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ื™ื˜ื”ืจื• ื•ืื ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืฉืขื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉืจืคื• ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขื•ืจื• ื•ื™ืฆื˜ืจืข, ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœ ื•ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืœื‘ื“ื• ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืขืกืง ื‘ืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื•ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉืžืจ ื‘ื ื’ืข ื”ืฆืจืขืช, ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ื“ืณ ืืœื”ื™ืš ืœืžืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ืžื” ืื™ืจืข ืœืžืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืื—ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ืœืชื• ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื™ื” ื•ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื“ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื’ื ื•ืชื• ืืœื ื˜ืขืชื” ืฉื”ืฉื•ืชื• ืœืฉืืจ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžืฉื” ืขื ื• ืžืื“ ื•ืืขืดืค ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื“ ื ืขื ืฉื” ื‘ืฆืจืขืช ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ื”ื˜ืคืฉื™ื ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชืŸ ื•ืžืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื”ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืคืฉ ืื“ื ื‘ืจืฉืขืช ืจืฉืขื™ื ื•ืกื›ืœื•ืชื: ื•ื–ื” ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืœืฆื™ื ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื, ื‘ืชื—ืœื” ืžืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืื™ ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืงื•ืœ ื›ืกื™ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืชืืœืžื ื” ืฉืคืชื™ ืฉืงืจ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆื“ื™ืง ืขืชืง ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ืœืชืช ื“ื•ืคื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืขื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืœืื›ื™ ืืœืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื–ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ืžืชืขืชืขื™ื ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื• ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืœืงื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ื—ืคืื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ืณ ืืœื”ื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืชื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืคื™ื”ื ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื ืชื”ืœืš ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžื™ ื’ืจื ืœื”ื ืœืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืคื™ื”ื ืœืฉื•ื ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืงืจื ื•ืช: ื•ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ: ื•ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื›ืชื™ ืžืฉืชืื•ืช ืขื ืฉื•ืชื™ ืฉื›ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื›ืฉืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืงืจื•ืฉ ื›ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืžื–ื›ื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืื– ื ื“ื‘ืจื• ื™ืจืื™ ื“ืณ ืื™ืฉ ืืœ ืจืขื”ื• ื•ื™ืงืฉื‘ ื“ืณ ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ื•ื™ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืœื™ืจืื™ ื“ืณ ื•ืœื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืฉืžื• ืขื›ืดืœ.
ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืœื‘ื“ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืื“ื ื›ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืืกืจืชืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขื•ื“ ื ืžืฉืš ืจืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื–ื” ื›ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืดื› ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื’ืดื› ืœื ื™ื–ื›ื” ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืกืดื ืฉืชื™ื›ืฃ ื›ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืื•ื—ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื”ืžืจื—ืคืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืžื˜ืžืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืดื› ื•ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืดืง ืคืจืฉื” ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื•ื–ืดืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืื™ ืจื•ื—ื ื‘ื™ืฉื ืชืœื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื’ืจื“ื™ื ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื ื™ืŸ ื“ืื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ื ื™ืŸ ืœืื—ื“ื ืžื™ืœื ื‘ื™ืฉื ืื• ืžื™ืœื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื ื“ืืคื™ืง ื‘ืจ ื ืฉ ืžืคื•ืžื™ื” ื•ืœื‘ืชืจ ืืคื™ืง ืžื™ืœื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœื–ืŸ ื‘ื”ืื™ ืขืœืžื ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืžื ื“ืืชื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื“ืื™ืœื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื™ืŸ ืžืกืื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœื ืžืกืื‘ื ื•ื›ื“ ืืคื™ืง ื‘ืจ ื ืฉ ืœื›ืชืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืฉื™ืŸ ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ ืื™ืœื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื™ ืžืกืื‘ื ืžื™ืœื™ ื”ื”ื•ื ืžืกืื‘ื ื•ืžืกืื‘ื™ ืœื”ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœื ืงื“ื™ืฉื ื•ืœื ื–ื›ื™ ืœื™ื” ื‘ืจ ื ืฉ ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืชืฉืฉื ื—ื™ืœื ืงื“ื™ืฉื ืขื›ืดืœ.

ื—ืชื™ืžื”

ื•ืขืชื” ื ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื‘ืžื” ืฉืคืชื—ื ื• ื‘ื• โ€“ ื”ื ื” ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ืฉืžืชื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœื” ืขืœ ืœื‘ื‘ื›ื ืจืขืœ ื ืคืฉื›ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืคื™ืš ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•. ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืื“ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื’ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืจื•ื—ื• ืžื“ืžื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืฉื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืฆื™ื•ื”ื• ื”ืฉืดื™ ื•ืฉืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืืกืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ื›ืœืœ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื ืดืœ ื•ืขืดื› ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉืดื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื’ืดื› ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืฆื™ื•ื” ื”ืฉืดื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืขืจื‘ ืขืœ ืœื‘ื• ื•ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืžืงืจื ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ื‘ื›ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืืฉืจ ืชืฆื•ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื›ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ื™ ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจื™ืง ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆื•ื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืฃ ื”ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืŸ ืฉืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ืฆื”ืดืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื”ืื“ื ืขื ื™ื• ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืจืง ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืœื–ื” ืืžืจ ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื: ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ื—ื“ื ื• ื”ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ืืžืจ ื ืฆื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ื ืš ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืคื™ื• ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื” ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื™ืชื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ: ืื—ื–ืดืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžืฆืจืคื” ืœืžืขืฉื”. ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืจืขื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžืฆืจืคื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจืคื”, ืืžื ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืจื•ื‘ื• ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจื•ื‘ ื–ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ืื ืจื•ื‘ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืจืฉืข ื•ืœื–ื” ืืžืจ ื“ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืจืขื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ืจืคืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื”. ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืฉืžืข ืžื–ื” ื“ื•ืงื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืจืขื” ืื‘ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจืข ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืœื• ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื•ืžื’ื™ื“ ืœืื“ื ืžื” ืฉื™ื—ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื™ื—ื” ืงืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืœืืฉืชื• ืžื’ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื™ืœืคืดื– ืื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืคืงืจ ืืฆืœื ืœืคื˜ืคื˜ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืื ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ืื• ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ืชืจื‘ื• ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืขื™ืดื– ื›ืดื‘ ืขื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืจืฉืข ื—ืดื• [ื“ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื ื’ื“ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื“ืžืฆื•ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืดื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžื™ืข ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœืื–ื ื™ื•] ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืจ ืืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืœื™ืจื ื•ืœืคื—ื•ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืจืฉืข ื—ืดื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืดื™ ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืดื– ืžืืžืจ ื—ื–ืดืœ ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ืืœ ืชื”ื™ ืจืฉืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžืš ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืดื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืืฆืœื• ื”ืคืงืจ ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ืืดืข ืžืœื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื’ื“ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืดื™ ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืจ ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ืจื– ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืคื™ื• ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื”ืคืงืจ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืดื• ืขื™ืดื– ื›ืจืฉืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืขืดื™ ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื–ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื ืœื‘ื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื”.
ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืคื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื•ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืขื ื™ื ื ื• ืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืœ ืคื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืŸ ืืดืœ ืื‘ื™ื™ ืœืจื‘ื ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื“ื™ื“ืš ืžืื™ ืืดืœ ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื›ืœ ืคื™ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ื˜ื ืœื”ื‘ืœ ืคื™ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื—ื˜ื<sup class="footnote-marker">*</sup><i class="footnote">ื•ื™ืฆื•ื™ืจ ืฉืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืดื“ ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืœืžื•ื˜ื‘ ื•ื™ืžืฆื ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ืื™ื–ื” ืžืกื›ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื ืฉื•ื” ื•ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื•ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืงื‘ื™ืœื• ื‘ืกื‘ืจ ืคื ื™ื ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉื ื™ ืงื‘ืœื•ื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืขื ื•ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืœื ืฉื•ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ื™ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื’ื™ืขืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื›ืช ื’ืดื› ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื ืฉืชื ื™ืชื™ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืœื ืฉื•ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ื™ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื’ื™ืขืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื›ืช ื’ืดื› ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื ืฉืชื ื™ืชื™ ืžืžื ื• ื•ืขื ื• ืœื• ืžื™ื“ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืš ื”ื‘ื˜ ื ื ื•ืจืื” ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื•ืืชื” ื”ืœื ื›ื™ืกืชื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉืคืชื™ืš ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ืœ ืคื™ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ื˜ื ืœื”ื‘ืœ ืคื™ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื—ื˜ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืขื‘ืจ ืจืง ืœืคืจืงื™ื ื•ื›ืดืฉ ืืชื” ืฉื˜ืžืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉืงืจ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.</i> ื”ืจื™ ื“ืืคื™ืœื• ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืงืณ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื ืœืฉื ื“ืณ ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื•ืืฆืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉืืจ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืดื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืื‘ืง ื“ืื‘ืง ืืคืดื” ืืžืจื• ื“ื‘ื–ื” ื“ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ื›ืฉืœื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืื‘ืง ื“ืื‘ืง ื ืชืงืœืงืœ ืืฆืœื ื”ื‘ืœ ืคื™ื”ื ื•ืชื•ืจืชื ืื™ื ื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื›ืดื› ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื ื›ื ื ืก ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื ืง ืื ืขื•ื“ ื ื˜ืžื ืืช ืคื™ื ื• ื‘ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•, ื•ืขืดื› ืžื” ื’ื“ืœื” ืžืขืœืช ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืืฆืœื• ืขืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืžืœื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื™ืชื•ืกืฃ ืœื• ืžืžื™ืœื ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืขืœ ืชื•ืจืชื• ื•ืฉืืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืงืจื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
<b>ื•ืขืชื” ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื”.</b>
ื) ื”ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืกื”ืดืง ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื ืžืฉืš ืžื–ื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœืžืขืŸ ืชื–ื›ืจื• ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืœืืœื”ื™ื›ื [ื•ืื™ืŸ ื ืดืž ื›ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื• ืฉื‘ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืœื™ื“ื• ื•ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื™ืฆืจื• ืฉืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื ื•ืชื ื™ืŸ ืœื• ื’ืดื› ืฉื›ืจ ื›ืžืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ] ืžืฉืืดื› ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืดื› ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžื” ื•ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื“ืื ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ืืจ ืœืงืžื™ื”.
ื‘) ื•ืชื“ืข ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืœืชื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืื•ืชื ืžืฆื•ื™ ืฉื™ื ืฆืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืืดื› ืืœื• ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ืดื ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื• ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ืช ืฉื™ื ืฆืœ ืžื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื [ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืคื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืื•ื” ื•ื‘ื•ื– ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืžืชื’ืื” ื‘ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžืงืคื™ื“ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืชื•ืขื‘ืช ื“ืณ ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื” ืœื‘ ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืงืจ ืื• ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืคื ื™ื ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื ื•ืคื” ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœืขื– ื”ื•ื ื’ืดื› ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื›ืขืก ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ืขื™ืดื– ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืจื•ืžื– ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขื•ืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™ ื™ืกื•ื‘ื ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืคื ื™ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ] ื•ืื ื™ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื ืฆืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ืก, ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืฉื ื” ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžืฉืืดื› ื›ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืœื” ืืœื”ื™ ื ืฆื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืžืจืข ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื–ื” ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืขื”ื• ื”ืฉืดื™ ืœื”ื ืฆืœ ืžื—ื˜ื ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืื—ื–ืดืœ ื”ื‘ื ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืขื–ืจื”ื• ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ.
ื’) ื“ื”ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืขืจ ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืจื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืดืž ืื™ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืดืข ืขื›ืดืค ืขืœ ืœื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื™ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืจืฉืข ื“ืจื›ื• ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืœ ื“ืณ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืืžืจ ืืฉืžื ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื“ื•ืคื™ ืื™ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืื•ืชื ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืดืข ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœืงื•ืœื™ื• ืกืคื•ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
ื“) ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจื’ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื• ืื•ื ืืชื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื™ืŸ [ื•ื”ืดื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืดืœ] ื”ื•ื ื’ืดื› ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืดืข ื“ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืขืดืฉ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื ื•ื”ืจืžื‘ืดืŸ ืžืฉืืดื› ื›ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื• ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื–ื” ื•ืืฃ ืื ื™ืงืจื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืคืชื™ื• ื•ื™ืจืื” ืœืชืงืŸ.
ื”) ื”ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื›ื ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืจื•ื—ื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ื›ืœืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ืื• ืืกื•ืจ ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ืžืชื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืชืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืขืดืœ ื”ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ืดื› ืฉืชืฉื•ืงืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื›ื ื•ืก ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื™ืฉ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื‘ืขืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืขืดืœ ื™ื›ื ืกื• ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืฉื [ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื ืกื™ื™ืขื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื”ื] ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืจืฉืข ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจืดื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืช ืจืดื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ โ€“ ื•ืขืดื› ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขืœืช ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืฉืขื™ืดื– ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ืชืจื—ืง ืžืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ืื ืฉื™ื [ื›ืดื– ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื ืฉื”ื ื™ืจืื™ ืืœืงื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืžืœื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื”ื’ื•ื ื™ื] ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืคืฉ ืขืžื”ืŸ ืœืขืดืœ ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืขืชืงืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื ื•ื‘ืฉื”ืดืœ ืฉืขืจ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืคื™ืดื“ ืขืดืฉ ื•ื›ืดืฉ ืฉื™ืชืจื—ืง ืขื™ืดื– ืžืŸ ื”ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื โ€“ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืžืฆื ืžื™ ืฉื™ื—ืจืคื”ื• ื™ื‘ืœื•ื ืคื™ื• ืฉืœื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืœื• ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื›ืจื• ืžืื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ (ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืคืดื•) ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืชื•ืœื” ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ืขืœ ืžื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืœื ืืช ืคื™ื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื• ื”ื ืขืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ืŸ ื—ืจืคืชืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืณ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืžืจ ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื• ื›ืฆืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื•.
ื•) ืขื™ืดื– ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืžืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืฉืžืชื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœื” ืขืœ ืœื‘ื‘ื›ื ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื”.
ื–) ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืดื– ืชื•ืจืชื• ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืžื‘ืจืš ืœื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ืžืฉืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ืจื•ื— ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืžืฉืืดื› ื›ืฉืื™ื ื• ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืžืจื—ืคืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžืื•ืช ืœื•ืงื—ื™ืŸ ืืœื• ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืžืื™ืŸ ื•ืžื˜ืžืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืขืชืงืชื™ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ืื—ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื- ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ืกื™ื“ืจื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืคืชื— ืœื‘ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื™ืš ืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื ืฆื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืžืจืข ื“ืื ืœื ื™ื ืฆื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืžืจืข ืื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืคืชื— ืœื›ื™ ื•ื’ื•ืณ.
ื—) ื™ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื ืชืงื— ืืžืจื™ ื•ืžืฆื•ืชื™ ืชืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืชืš [ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืฆืคื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืœื‘ื• ืœื”ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื™].
ื˜) ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืŸ ืกืดืช ื•ื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจืคื•ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืดื” ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื›ืœืœ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉืดื™ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืช ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื›ื”ืดื’ ื•ื ื–ื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืดืฉ ื›ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉืดื™ ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ืžื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื—ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืฉืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื•ื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื”ืคืงืจ ื›ืŸ ื™ื—ื•ืก ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื•ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ ืื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืืฃ ืฉืฉื ืืช ื—ื ื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื ื’ืดื› ืžืœืดืช ื•ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืขืงืจื• ืžืœื‘ื• ืžืดืž ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื•ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืขืงืจื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืžื• ื”ืืฉ ืฉื—ื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืขืดื› ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื‘ื” ืžืฉืืดื› ืื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื–ืง ื”ืฉื ืื”.
ื™) ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืื ื™ืกืชืจ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืกืชืจื™ื ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืืจืื ื• ื ืื•ื ื“ืณ ื”ืœื ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืื ื™ ืžืœื ื ืื•ื ื“ืณ ื•ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื—ื–ืดืœ ืืœ ืชื™ืงืจื™ ืืจืื ื• ืืœื ืืจืื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืืฃ ืื“ื ืืฉื” ื‘ืกืชืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืžื™ ืจื•ืื ื™ ื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืขืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฆืจ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืืฃ ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื• ื•ื›ื”ืดื’ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืกืชืจ ืืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ืชืคืจืกื ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžืคืจืกืžื• ืœื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืชืคืจืกื ืฉื–ื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ืืžืช ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ื ื—ืช ืขื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื• ืœืฉื ื•ืชืคืืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ืชืงื“ืฉ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืจืื• ื›ืžื” ื ืขื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื ืขื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ืืฉืจื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืชื•ืจื” ืืฉืจื™ ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืชื•ืจื” ืืฃ ืื ื• ื ืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš ื—ืดื• ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืžื“ื•ืช ื•ื ืœื›ื“ ื‘ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ื‘ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืฉืงืจื™ื ื•ื›ื”ืดื’ ืžืชื‘ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขื™ืดื– ืขืœ ืœืื• ื“ืœื ืชื—ืœืœื• ืืช ืฉื ืงื“ืฉื™ ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื“ืฃ ืคืดื• ืขืดืฉ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื—ืžื•ืจ ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื“ ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื— ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื”ื›ืดืค ืœื›ืคืจ ืืœื ื‘ืžื™ืชื” ืขื™ืดืฉ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื•ื’ื ืกื•ืชื ืคื™ ื”ื™ืจืื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื• ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื• ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืงืฉื•ื˜ ืขืฆืžืš.
ื™ื) ื’ื ืขืดื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืžื™ืœื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืœื›ื“ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื•ื’ื ื™ืชืจื—ืง ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ื ืดืœ ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืณ ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ืชื•ืกืฃ ืœื• ืื™ื–ื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื•ืกืฃ ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืจืžื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืืžืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื™ืจืืช ื“ืณ ืชื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืืฉืจื™ ื—ืœืงื•: ื•ื”ื ื” ืืขืดืค ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืฉื™ืฆืžืฆื ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืขืคืดื› ืื ืจื•ืื” ืœืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆื‘ ืžืฆื•ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœื‘ื• ื•ืœื”ืคื™ื’ื• ืžื“ืื’ื•ืชื™ื• (ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช ื“ืฃ ื›ืดื‘).
ื™ื‘) ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืคื•ืงื“ ืขื•ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืžืงืฉื” ื”ื’ืžืจื (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื›ืดื–) ื•ื”ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœื ื™ื•ืžืชื• ืื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ืžืฉื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ืฉืื•ื—ื–ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื›ืืŸ ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ื—ื–ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื“ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆืขื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื”ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื’ืดื› ืœื ืฉืžืจื• ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ื›ืžืืžืจื ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื’ื–ืœ ื•ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืœืฉื”ืดืจ (ื•ืžืงืฉื” ื‘ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ืกืดื“ ื•ืžืฉื ื™ ื‘ืื‘ืง ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื ื”ืœื•ืื™ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ืžืœืฉื”ืดืจ ืขืฆืžื•) ื•ืืดื› ื›ืฉื‘ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžืฆืจืคื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืžื›ืœ ืขื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื ืžืงื˜ืจื’ ืื—ื“ ื•ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื ื’ื“ื ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื‘ืŸ ืžืชื—ื–ืง ืฉืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืณ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืืดื› ืžื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ืืดืข ืฉืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื ืงื™ ืžื›ืœ ืืœื” [ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื™ืžื—ื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื’ืดื› ื•ื›ืžืืžืจื ื‘ืจื ืžื–ื›ื” ืื‘ื] ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื–ื” ืœื‘ื“ ืจืื•ื™ ื’ืดื› ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืฉืœื ืœื”ืœื›ื“ ื‘ื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
ื™ื’) ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืžื“ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ืงืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื•ื ื™ืงืจ ืžื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื™ืงืจ ืžื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื•ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื™ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืกืฃ ื•ืื‘ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ื›ืœืœ ืฉื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืจื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ื›ืœืœ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืชืงืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืื ื™ืžืฆื ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ื›ื— ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืฆืœื• ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืดื™ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืžืฆื ื—ืŸ ื›ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืดื™ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื›ืจื• ืžื”ืฉืดื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“.
ื™ื“) ื•ื”ื ื” ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืจืจื ื• ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื™ืฉ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื›ืดืฉ ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉื™ืžืฆื ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืชื—ื–ืงื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืดื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื™ื™ื’ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ื ืดืจ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžื–ื” ื›ืฉื™ืจืื” ืฉื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ืชืœืžื“ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื” ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื•ืจื“ืคื• ืžื›ื ื—ืžืฉื” ืžืื” ื•ืžืื” ืžื›ื ืจื‘ื‘ื” ื™ืจื“ื•ืคื• ื“ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฆื•ื”.
ื˜ื•) ื•ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืจื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืคื ื‘ื–ื” ืืช ืžื–ื‘ื— ื“ืณ ื”ื”ืจื•ืก<sup class="footnote-marker">*</sup><i class="footnote">ื”ืขืจื” โ€“ ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคืœื ื”ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื ืชื‘ืงืฉื ื” ื›ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืžื–ื” ืžื•ื›ื— ืฉืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื™ืจืืช ื“ืณ ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื›ืกืฃ ืื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ื–ื” ืขืžืง ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืŸ ืจื•ืดื› ืœื ื™ื ื•ื— ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืงื•ื˜ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืขืกืง ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ืดื› ืขืกืง ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ื ื•ืจื ืฉืขื™ืดื– ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื” [ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื ืกืชืœืงื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ] ื•ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืดืง ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืื“ืžืชืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ื” ืืœื™ื• ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ื•ืœืชืงื ื•, ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื” ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ืฉืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื•ืฉืืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืจืžื– ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืื”ืจื•ื’ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืจื™ื— ื•ื”ื“ืก ืจื™ื— ื•ืœื ื˜ืขื ื•ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืคื•ืช ืชืžืจื™ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืœื ืจื™ื— ื•ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืœื ืจื™ื— ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื™ืชืื’ื“ื• ืืœื• ื‘ืืœื• ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื˜ืขื ื•ื“ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืขืฉืดื˜ ื•ื™ื›ืคืจื• ืขืœ ืืœื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืคืขื ื•ืœื ืจื™ื— ื•ื”ื ื” ืœืคืดื– ื”ืฉืœืžื™ื ืžื›ืคืจื™ืŸ ืขืœ. ืืœื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื“ืณ ื•ืืดื› ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ื ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ื ืชืื—ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื ืžืฆื ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื ืขืชื” ืžืจืงื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื–ืดื”. ื•ื”ื ื” ืื—ื–ืดืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ ืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื ืืช ื—ื ื ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืขื™ืดื– ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืจืขื”ื• (ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื) ื•ืœืคืดื– ื’ื ืขืชื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืดื” ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืชืžื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืชืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ืดื• ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื’ื–ืœ ื•ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืœืฉื”ืดืจ (ื•ืืฃ ืฉืžื‘ืืจ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืจืžืช ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื‘ืง ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื ื”ืœื•ืื™ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื ืฆื•ืœื™ื ืžืœืฉื”ืดืจ ืขืฆืžื•) ื•ืืดื› ื‘ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืžื–ื• ืœื ื• ื—ื–ืดืœ ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื“ื ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื”ืžืดืง ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ื›ืืœื• ื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืื™ ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื’ื ืขืชื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื‘ื ื•ืชื• ื•ืืดื› ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืืžืช ื•ื”ืฆื“ืง ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื—ื ื• ืœืชืงืŸ ื”ื—ื˜ื ื”ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื“ ื“ืณ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื• ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืืœื™ ื•ืื ื•ื”ื• ื•ืชืจื’ื ืื•ื ืงืœืก ื“ื™ืŸ ืืœื”ื™ ื•ืื‘ื ื ืœื™ื” ืžืงื“ืฉื ื”ืจื™ ื“ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉืขื‘ื“ ืืดืข ื•ืžืฉืชื•ืงืง ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœืฉืžื• ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืขื•ืช ื•ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ื ืคืฉื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืœืฉื ื“ืณ ื•ืืดื› ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืฉืืดืฆ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืขื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืืดืฆ ืœื™ืกืข ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืคื™ื• ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœื ืœืคื’ืžื• ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ื›ืขืก ื•ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืคื ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืณ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื–ื›ื•ืชืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื•ื›ืžื” ืจื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืชื—ื–ืงื• ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœืžื”ืจ ืœืชืงืŸ ื”ื—ื˜ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื—ืœืง ื•ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืžืืœืฃ ืืœืคื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื’ืดื› ื›ื“ืื™ ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืดืง ื“ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ ื›ื ื™ืฉืชื ื—ื“ื ืื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื—ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื— ืฆื“ืงื™ื ื• โ€“ ื•ืขืดื› ืื—ื™ ื•ืจืขื™ ื ืชื—ื–ืง ืžืื“ ื•ื ืžื”ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื” โ€“ ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื™ืš ื”ืžืืžืจ ืฉืืžืจ ื“ื”ืขืดื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืœืš ืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื•, ื•ืืฉืจื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.</i> ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื ืืช ื—ื ื ื•ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ื‘ื—ืดื‘ ื‘ืคืดื– ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืื” ื›ืดื ืžืžืขืฉื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื•ืืดื› ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ืืžืจ ืžืื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื˜ื ืฉื—ื˜ืื ื• ืœืคื ื™ืš ื‘ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื ื• ื“ื•ืคื™ ื›ืดื– ืฉืœื ื ืขืžื•ืœ ื•ื ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ื—ื˜ื ื–ื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื›ืœืœ ื•ืขืดื› ืื—ื™ ื•ืจืขื™ ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ื ืฉืชื“ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื—ื•ื ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืดื™ ื•ืชื•ืจืชื•<sup class="footnote-marker">*</sup><i class="footnote">ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืจืื•ื™ ื•ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ื”ื‘ ื”ืฉืดื™ ื•ืชื•ืจืชื• ืœื–ืจื– ืœื›ืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื• ืฉื™ืชื—ื–ืงื• ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืคืดื‘ ื•ื ืขืฉื• ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืงืจ ืœืื™ื–ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืดื” ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืžื™ ืฉื ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ืฉื‘ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืžืฆืื• ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืžืขื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื• โ€“ ื•ืฉื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืœืื—ืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืคืณ ืœืš [ื•ื”ืขืชืงืชื™ ื‘ืฉื”ืดืœ ื‘ื“ืฃ ืœืดื• ืขืดื‘] ื•ืืฃ ืื ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ืฉืžืขื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืžืดืž ืืœ ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉืดื™ ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจืดื ืฉืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ืจืื” ืื ื›ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืคื ื™ืš ื”ื™ื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืช ืฉื—ืดื• ืจื‘ื• ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื”ื ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ืืคืดื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื•ืœื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืขืžื• ืœื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืจืžื– ื’ืดื› ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ [ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืกืดื•] ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื“ืณ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื›ืกืื™ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ืืœ ื–ื” ืื‘ื™ื˜ ืืœ ืขื ื™ ื•ื ื›ื” ืจื•ื— ื•ื—ืจื“ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™. ื•ื“ืข ืขื•ื“ ื“ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉืขืดื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžื›ืžื” ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื ืคืฉื• ื‘ืขืกืง ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื›ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื ืฆื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ื ืš ืžืจืข ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื ื ื–ื“ืžื ื• ืœื• ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžื™ ืฉืžืžื ื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื• ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืจ ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจืชื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื ื ื–ื“ืžื ื• ืœื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืขืช.</i> ืœืชืงืŸ ื”ื—ื˜ื ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื• ื•ื”ื’ืœื ื• ืžืืจืฆื ื• [ื•ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื˜ืดื‘ ื™ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืžื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•] ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืขื–ืจื™ื ื• ื”ืฉืดื™ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ื›ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ื›ืžืืžืจื ื”ื‘ื ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืขื•ืจืจ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ื’ืดื› ื›ื–ื” ื•ื™ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืจื—ืžื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืขืœ ืขืžื• ื•ืขืœ ืชื•ืจืชื•.
ื˜ื–) ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืœ ืขืฉืจื” ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื“ื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืชื—ืœืชื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื ื™ืชืจื’ืœ ื ืคืฉื• ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฆื ืื“ื ื™ืฉืจ ื•ืžืขื•ื˜ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืจื’ืœ ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ ื•ืœื ื’ืื” ื•ืœื ื›ืขืกืŸ ื•ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืœื”ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื”ืงื ื˜ื” ื•ื›ืดืฉ ืžืœื”ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื• ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžื—ื ื•ืคื” ื•ืฉืงืจ ื•ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืื™ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื”ื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื ื—ืžื“ ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ื™ืชืงื“ืฉ ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืš ืืชืคืืจ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจื• ืžื‘ืขืœ ื”ื’ืžื•ืœ ื•ืืฉืจื™ ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื.
ืืœื•<sup class="footnote-marker">*</sup><i class="footnote">ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืฉื™ืŸ ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื• ื“ืœืคื ื™ ืขื•ืจ ืœื ืชืชืŸ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืฉืœื ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืขืฆื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื’ื ืช ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืคื ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ ื–ื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื“ื›ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืกืจืกื“ื™ื ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื. ื•ื’ื ื”ืœืื• ื“ืœื ืชื—ืžื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื–ื”ืจื ื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืจืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืœื”ืคืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืชื ื• ืœื• ืื™ื–ื” ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืื• ืฉื™ืžื›ืจื ื” ืœื•. ื•ื’ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืงืœืœื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืงืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœืขื–. ื•ื’ื ื”ืœืื• ื“ืœื ื™ื—ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืืฉื ื” ืคืจืง ื–ื” ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืœืกืชื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืžื• [ื™ื”ืดื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื•] ืžืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืื™ืฉ ืืžื• ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ืชืจืื• ื•ืื—ื–ืดืœ ืื™ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ืจื ืฉืœื ื™ืกืชื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื™ื–ื”ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœื” [ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœืขื–] ืฉื–ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืืช ื“ืณ ืืœื”ื™ืš ืชื™ืจื. ืื›ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืดื‘ ื›ืžื• ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืดื› ืœื ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืืžื ื ื›ืฉืžื–ื“ืžื ื™ื ืœืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.</i> ืขืฉืจื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื–ื”ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืŸ:
ื) ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืœืื• ื“ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœื ืชืฉื ืฉืžืข ืฉื•ื ื•ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ื” ืœื ืชืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื ืจืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืชื ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ื›ืดื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื›ืดืฉ ื›ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืขื•ื ื• ื—ืžื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ [ืื ืœื ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื–ืจื– ืœืื—ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื“ ื—ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช] , ื•ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจืข ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืชืจืขื ืขืœ ืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื—ืดื• ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื—ื•ืงืช ืืฆืœ ืืจืฅ ืื“ื•ื ื•ืชืงืฆืจ ื ืคืฉ ื”ืขื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื ื‘ืืœื”ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉื” ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ืฉืœื— ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืจืคื™ื] ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืœืื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงื• ืขืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื›ื ืืžืจ ื“ืณ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืืžืจืชื ืฉื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืœืงื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ืขืดื› ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกื‘ื‘ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
ื‘) ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืœืื• ื”ื ืดืœ โ€“ ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืดื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ืืด.
ื’) ืฉืงืจ ื‘ืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงื“ ืชืจื—ืง ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื›ื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืžืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœื ืชื›ื—ืฉื• ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืžื™ืชื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ืดืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื™ื“ ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืงืจ ื‘ื‘ืดื“ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื•ืœื ืชืขื ื” ื‘ืจืขืš ืขื“ ืฉืงืจ.
ื“) ื—ื ื•ืคื” [ืฉืžื™ืคื” ืœื• ืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื•] ื›ืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืœื ืชื—ื ื™ืคื• ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืื• ื’ืžื•ืจ [ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื”).
ื”) ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืขืชื” ืืœ ืชืชืœื•ืฆืฆื• ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืžืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื ื•ืื—ื–ืดืœ ื•ื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื, ื•ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื ืคืงื ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื• ื—ื–ืดืœ ื•ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืชื ืืกื™ืจื ื‘ืจ ืžืœื™ืฆื ื•ืชื ื“ืขืดื’ ื“ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื›ืดืฉ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ ืคืœืกืชืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืงืœืงืœ ื•ืžื˜ืžื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ื’ื ื ืคืฉื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฆื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ืคืจืง ื—ืœืง (ื“ืฃ ื“) ืขื™ื™ืดืฉ.
ื•) ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืœื ืชื•ื ื• ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืขืžื™ืชื• โ€“ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืงื ื™ื˜ ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืืฉืชื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ื•ื›ืดืฉ ืœืžืฉืจืชืช ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื ื”ื™ื ืืœืžื ื” ืื• ื™ืชื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืžืื•ื“.
ื–) ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืคื ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื›ื— ืชื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืžื™ืชืš ื•ืœื ืชืฉื ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื˜ื.
ื—) ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืื•ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืจ ืœืš ืคืŸ ืชืฉื›ื— ืืช ื“ืณ ืืœื”ื™ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืื–ื”ืจื” ืœื’ืกื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืกื•ื˜ื” ื“ืฃ ื”ืณ ืขืดืฉ ื•ื’ืื•ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ ืืกื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืชื™ืขื‘ื” ื“ืณ ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื” ืœื‘.
ื˜) ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืงื•ืจื— ื•ื›ืขื“ืชื• ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื•ื›ื“ืื™ืชื (ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืงืดื™) ืฉื”ื•ื ืื–ื”ืจื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืดืœ ืฉืื– ื ืขืฉื™ื ืืฆืœื• ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื”ื™ืชืจ.
ื™) ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื›ืขืก ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื ืžื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ โ€“ ื•ื’ื ืžื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืดื– ืฉืžืชื•ืš ื›ืขืกื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืงืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ืœืžื™ืฉื•ืจ โ€“ ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืขืก ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื’ื™ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉืขืœ ื›ืœ ืœืดืช ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ โ€“ ื•ืขืดื› ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื™ืฉ ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื• ื•ื™ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ื›ืจื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื™ ืขืดื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืคื“ื” ื•ื›ืขืก. ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ืคื” ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื’ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ื’ื ื–ื” ืžื›ืœื” ื—ืœืง ืจื‘ ืžืŸ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžื•ืฆื•ื ื–ืžื ื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื—ื“ืœ ืคืฉืข โ€“ ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืงืžืฅ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ [ืื ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ืคืฉื• ืื• ืœื’ื•ืคื•] ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืืžื ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืชืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื™ื—ื” ืงืœื” ืžื’ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ โ€“ ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฉืจื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื โ€“ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืจ ืžืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ืจื ื“ืณ ื•ืืฉืจื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื: ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืืณืšืณ ื’ืณืžืณืจ ื”ืณื—ืณืฉืณืžืณืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื• ืืณืšืณ ื”ื•ื ืื•ื ืืช (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื) ื•ื›ืขืก ื’ืณืžืณืจ ื’ืื•ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืณื—ืณืฉืณืžืณืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื—ื ื•ืคื” ืฉืงืจ ืžืกืคืจ [ืœืฉื”ืดืจ] ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช.
<b>ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื”</b>
ื) ืฉื™ื“ืข ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ืคืชื—ื™ ืคื™ื• ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžืฉื•ื›ื‘ืช ื—ื™ืงืš ืฉืžื•ืจ ืคืชื—ื™ ืคื™ืš.
ื‘) ื•ืžืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฉืจื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ื•ื”ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื”.
ื’) ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื”, ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื (ืื ืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื”) ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžืชื—ืœื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื”ื โ€“ ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื• โ€“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื” ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืœื›ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ืดื– ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ื• ื•ืกื‘ืœืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ื•ื’ื ืฉืœื ื™ืœื›ื“ ืžืงื ืื” ื•ื›ืžืืžืจื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžืชืงื ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื‘ื ื• ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• โ€“ ื•ืขื›ืดืค ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื™ืงื™ื™ื.
ื“) ืฉืœื ื™ืกื™ื— ื“ืขืชื• ืžืฉืžื™ืจืชื ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืฉื•ืžืจ ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืฉื›ืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ืœื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื• ืฉืฉื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื”ื™ื–ืง ื•ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ืžืฉืืดื› ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื”ื™ื–ืง ืจื‘ ื’ื ืขื“ ืขืชื” ืฉื”ื’ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื•ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื• ื”ืงื ืื” ื•ืชืชืื•ื” ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื’ื ื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ืจืžื• ื•ื’ื ืขืชื” ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืžื›ืจืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื˜ืขื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื–ื’ ืจื•ื—ืš ื•ื”ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ืขืžืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื ื™ืš ื›ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขื›ืดืค ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื•.
ื”) ื‘ืขืช ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื•ืฉืžืชื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœื” ืขืœ ืœื‘ื‘ื›ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื ื”ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืŸ ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉืดื™.
ื•) ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืืœื• ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื›ืฉืœ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ืŸ.
ื–) ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืืฉืชื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ ืื ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื“ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ.
ื—) ืื ืฉื›ื— ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื•ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื™ืจืื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืดื– ื•ืœื ื™ืคืกื™ืง ืฉืžื™ืจืชื• ื•ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืื ืจื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœื™ืš ืžืงื•ืžืš ืืœ ืชื ื— ื›ื™ ืžืจืคื ื™ื ื™ื— ื—ื˜ืื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืžื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ื“ืฃ ื™ืดื˜) ืฉืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืดื— ืœื ื™ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืœื™ืœื” ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื•.
ื˜) ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืฉืดืง ืื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœืžื” ืœื ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืžื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืฉื•ื ื–ื” ื‘ืคื ืงืกื• ืฉืขื–ืจ ืœื• ื“ืณ ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื™ืฉืžื— ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืœื“ืณ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืขืœ ืœื”ื‘ื.
ื™) ืฉืœื ื™ืชืจื’ืฉ ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืฉืžืข ืขืœ ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืขืดื™ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฆื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืคื™ื• ืฉืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืžืจื ื•ื’ื ืžืฆื•ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชื—ืœื”.
ื™ื) ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืœ ื™ืœืžื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื”ื [ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžืขืฉื” ื“ื›ืดืจ ืืœืฃ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœืจืดืข ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ื”ื ืžื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื“ ื–ื” ืœื–ื”] ื•ืžืดืž ื‘ื“ืขืชื ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื”.
ื™ื‘) ื™ืจื’ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžื“ืช ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื“ื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืฉืขื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ, ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืขืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืขื™ืดื– ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื›ืขืก ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
[ื•ืืœ ื™ืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืœืžื” ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื•ื”ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืฆื” ืžื—ื–ืดืœ ืขืœ ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืื•ืžื ื ืืœื ืฆื“ืง ืชื“ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžื” ืื•ืžื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ื”ืดื– ื™ืฉื™ื ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืืœื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื–ื” ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืžืจ ืžื›ืœ ื ื–ืง ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืชื” ื›ืดื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื [ื‘ื ืคืฉื•ืชื] ืื‘ืœ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืžื“ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ืื›ืŸ ื›ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื“ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื“ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉื ื”ื’ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืจืณ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ืดื“ ื“ืคื˜ืจื•ื’ืจืื“ ืžืŸ ืจืดื— ืืœื•ืœ ืขื“ ืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื”ืดื› ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืืœื ื›ืขืฆืช ื—ื–ืดืœ ื•ื”ืคื•ื—ืช ืœื ื™ืคื—ื•ืช ืขื›ืดืค ืžืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืดื” ืœื™ื•ื”ื›ืดืค ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ืดื‘ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืคืจืง ื‘ืณ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืกืคืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”].
ื™ื’) ื•ืื ืขื–ืจ ื“ืณ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” [ืจืดืœ ืžื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื] ื•ืจื•ืื” ืื—ื“ ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืฉื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืจืžื•ื– ืœื• ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ืฆื ืžื”ื ื›ื™ ื“ื™ ืœืื“ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื ืขื“ ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื•.
ื”ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืืฆืœื• ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ืฉืืจ ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืคื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ืœื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืืฉืจื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื›ื™ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืœืš ื•ืœื ืขืžื“ ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืจืขื” ืืœื ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื“ ืœืคื” ืชืดืœ ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื“ืณ ื—ืคืฆื• ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืื ื•ืœื ืืžืจ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื“ืณ ื—ืคืฆื• ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืฉืืœ ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื™ื˜ืขื ื• ื™ืฆืจื• ืืžืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืงื‘ืข ืขื ื”ืœืฆื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ื• ืขืžื”ื ื“ื”ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืื‘ืœ ืžืดืž ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื›ืœืœ ืขืžื”ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ืขืชื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื’ื ืขืžื”ื ืœืคืจืงื™ื ื•ื™ืฆืจืฃ ืœื–ื” ื”ืžืืžืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ืขื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืœื•ืฆืฆื• ืžืžื ื• ื•ืœื–ื” ื‘ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืชืชืฃ ืขืžื”ื ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ืœืœ ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื“ืณ ื—ืคืฆื• ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืœืขื™ื’ื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ืžืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื–ื“ื™ื ื”ืœื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชื•ืจืชืš ืœื ื ื˜ื™ืชื™ [ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืจืดืœ ืœื ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื•ืฉืชื™ื ื›ืดื ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืืขืคืดื› ืžืชื•ืจืชืš ืœื ื ื˜ื™ืชื™, ื•ืžื” ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ืขื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ืขื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืืžืจื• ื•ืœื ืขื ื”ืœืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืขื ื” ืœื”ื ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจ ืœื ื ื˜ื™ืชื™ ืืฃ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืœื”ื] ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื—ืดื• ื‘ืขืฆืช ืจืฉืขื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื˜ืื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืœืฆื™ื ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืžื“ ืžืชืขืจื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื’ืดื› ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ื— ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืžืชืขืจื‘ ื’ืดื› ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื— ืขื ื”ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืกื”ืดืง ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื ื’ืดื› ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืดื ื‘ืžืฉืœื™ ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ื™ืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืœืš ื‘ืขืฆืช ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืœืฆื™ื ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื›ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื“ื‘ืง ืœืชื•ืจืช ื“ืณ ื•ืœื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื–ื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ื™ื”ื’ื” ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืขืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื ื—ืžื“ ืžื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืžืคื– ืจื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœื ืœืงืœืงืœื ื•ืฉืœื ืœืคื’ืžื ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืขืฅ ืฉืชื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคืœื’ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืงื•ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื™ืชืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื. ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืกื™ื™ื ืœื ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ื›ืดื ื›ืžื•ืฅ ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ื•ื”ืœืฆื ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืœ ื•ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ืืฃ ืฉืžืชืขื“ ื’ืดื› ื“ืดืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืฅ, ื•ื–ื” ืฉืžืกื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืดื› ืœื ื™ืงื•ืžื• ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื ื“ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื ื“ืดืช ืฉืžืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืœืงืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ื— ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื”.
<b>ืกืœื™ืง ืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื”.</b>
ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืื™ื–ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ, ืื—ื–ืดืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืจืื” ืืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื—ืฆื™ื• ื–ื›ืื™ ื•ื—ืฆื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื—ืฆื™ื• ื–ื›ืื™ ื•ื—ืฆื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ืื ืขืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืื—ืช ืืฉืจื™ื• ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืืดืข ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืจืื ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ืื•ื™ ืœื• ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื›ืฃ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ืงื˜ื•ืœื ืฉื—ืœื” ืขื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื™ืชื” ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืชื™ืจ ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื–ื›ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืžืื–ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืงื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื” ืžื™ื“ ื ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื•ื ืชื—ื–ืง ื•ืฉืงืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื ืื•ืชื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืžื™ื“ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจืคื ื•ืขืœื” ืžืžื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื›ืดืœ ื•ื”ื ื” ื—ื–ืดืœ ืืžืจื• ื–ื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื•ื›ืดืฉ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื• ืฉืžืฆื•ืงื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื• ืขื“ ืœืฉืžื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืขื™ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืข ืชื“ืžืข ืžืื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ื’ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ื ื ืขืœื• ื•ืฉืขืจื™ ื“ืžืขื•ืช ืœื ื ื ืขืœื• ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ื ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ื–ื›ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ื“ื™ ื™ืืžืจ ืœืฆืจื•ืชื™ื ื• ื“ื™ ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื—ืฆื” ืขืœ ืžื—ืฆื” ื•ื—ืกืจ ืจืง ืื—ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื”ื›ืฃ ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืชื—ื–ืง ื›ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื”ื›ืฃ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื™ื•ืฉืข ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขืดื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ืžื” ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ื™ืฉ ืงื•ื ื” ืขื•ืœืžื• ื‘ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ื•ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–ืดืœ ืืœื• ื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื—ื›ื ืœื‘ ื™ืงื— ืžืฆื•ืชื™ ื•ืื•ื™ืœ ืฉืคืชื™ื ื™ืœื‘ื˜ [ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขืžืœ] ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉื”ืื“ื ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืจื•ื‘ื• ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื ืœื‘ื‘ ื™ืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ [ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื— ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“] ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชืจื‘ื• ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ืจื™ืข ื”ื›ืฃ ืฉืœื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื—ื” ื•ืฉื™ื—ื” ื™ื–ื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ื•ืขืดื› ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืขื›ืดืค ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ื›ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื“ืณ ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื›ืœ ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืœืœ ืขืดื– ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ืคืง ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืžื” ืœื™ ื”ืขืžืœ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืขื˜ ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืคืœื™ ื›ืคืœื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื— ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืชื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืงืจืื• ืื•ื™ืœ ืฉืคืชื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืชื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจ ืื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ืฉืžืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื—ื“ืœ ืคืฉืข.
<b>ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ื›ืืŸ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืœื–ืจื– ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”</b>
ื”ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืงืดื™) ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื˜ืœ ืื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ืœื™ืš ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื”ื• [ืœืชื—ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื] ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืดืž ืžืกืงื™ื ืŸ ืฉื ื“ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืดื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื’ืดื› ื™ืขืžื“ื• ืœืชื—ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฃ ื“ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ืœืง ืœืขืดื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ืคืฉ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขื“ืŸ ื‘ื’ืดืข ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืคืจ ืœื”ืงื™ืžื• ืœืชื—ื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืฉื•ื ืขืฆื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœืžื“ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืื• ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืชื™ืจื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืดืฉ ื›ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” [ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืžืชืจืฆื™ื ืžืื™ ื“ืืžืจ ื”ื’ืžืจื ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืื™ ื–ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงืจื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”ื• ืื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžืžืชื™ื ืŸ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขื“ ื“ืืชื• ืžื‘ื™ ื›ื ื™ืฉืชื ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื“ ืชืดืช ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืžืดืข ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ื ื™ื—ื ืืžืช ืฉืขื•ื”ืดื‘ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืคืฉื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืื™ ื–ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืคืŸ ืœืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฉื ื™ ืฉื’ื ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื•ืœื›ืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”] ื•ืœืคืดื– ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืœืœ ืฉืื™ื ื ืืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฆื•ืช ืงืดืฉ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื’ื ืื™ื ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืœืœ ืืฃ ืฉื’ืดืข ืœื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืคืฉื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ืœืง ืœืขื•ื”ืดื‘ ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ืœื’ื•ืคื ื”ื ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื—ืจื™ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื ืคืฉื™ ื”ืœื ืื ื•ืฉืืœื• ืœื”ื ืื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืืดื› ื™ืฉ ืคืœื™ืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืœื ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื ืฉื”ื ืจืง ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืœืžื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช (ืกื˜ืื—ื™ืจื™ืŸ) ืžื—ืžืช ืกืคืง ืคืŸ ื™ืฉืจืคื• ื‘ืืฉ. ื•ืขืดื› ืžืžืฆื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื‘ืžื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืชื• ืื—ืดื› ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืง ืกืคืง ืคืŸ ื™ืฉืจืฃ ื•ืืดื› ื’ื•ืคืš ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ืš ืœื ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืขืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืื•ืœื ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื™ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชืคืœืชื™ื ื• ืžื—ื™ื” ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืจื—ืžื™ื ื”ืœื ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืงืดืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื [ื“ืœื ื’ืจื™ืขื ืžืกืชื ืชื•ืจื”] ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ื” ื“ืื—ื•ืดืœ ื‘ืกื•ื˜ื” ื“ืฃ ื”ืณ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืขืคืจื• ื ื ืขืจ ืœืชื—ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ืื• ืขืกืง ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ืช ื“ืื—ื–ืดืœ ืขืดื– ื“ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืขืฉื” ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขื™ืกืงื ืžื™ ื™ืืžืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ.

ืžืคืชื—

ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื ืฆื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ื ืš ืœื–ืจื– ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ืณ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืคื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืจื ืจืืฉื™ืช ืชื™ืงื•ื ื• ืฉืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœื• ืฉื•ืžืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ โ€“ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขืดื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืฉืื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื โ€“ ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืžืจืข ื›ืขืดื› ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ืจื– ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืชื—ืœื” ืœื ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืื—ืดื› ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ืณ ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ โ€“ ื’ื ื“ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืจืข ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจืข โ€“ ื™ื‘ืืจ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืจ ืืฉื›ื ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืชื™ื›ืฃ ื™ืจื—ืง ื”ืืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ื”ื ื โ€“ ื’ื ืฉืืžืจื• ืื™ื–ื”ื• ื—ื›ื ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข โ€“ ื’ื ืฉื”ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื‘ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” โ€“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื” ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœื”ื ืฆืœ ืžืŸ ื“ื’ื™ื”ื ื ืฉืžืจื• ืขืฆืžื™ื›ื ืžืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ื›ื•ืณ โ€“ ื•ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื›ื•ืดื ื•ื›ืดืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ืคืจืง ืืณ ื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืจืณ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ ืžืืŸ ื‘ืขื™ ื—ื™ื™ ืžืืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื—ื™ื™ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ื”ืดื– โ€“ ื’ื ืžืช ืฉืืžืจ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืณ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืขื•ื”ืดื– ื™ืจืื” ืื•ืชื ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื™ืฉืžื— ื‘ื”ื: ืคืดื‘ โ€“ ื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืžื•ื ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• โ€“ ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื™ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ื”ืื“ื ื›ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื• ืงืจื ื–ื” ื‘ืคื™ืš: ืคืดื’ โ€“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขืช ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื” โ€“ ื’ื ืขืดื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื™ื’ืจืข ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื: ืคืดื“ โ€“ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืฉื ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืื ื›ื‘ื“ืช ืื•ืชื ื›ืืœื• ืœื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื“ืช ื•ืื ื—ืดื• ื‘ื–ื™ืช ืื•ืชื ื›ืืœื• ืœื™ ื›ื–ื™ืช โ€“ ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื– ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื‘ืœ ืœื•, ื•ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืœื•ืช ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื• ืœืขืดืœ ืœืคื™ ืขืจืš ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉื ืื•ืชื ืื—ืจื™ ื’ื™ื•ื• ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžืฉืจืช ืฉื•ื˜ื” โ€“ ืคืดื” โ€“ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื“ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ ืคืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื™ืžืฆื ืขืœื™ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื” ื“ืืœื™ืžืœืš ื™ื•ื›ื™ื— ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืขืดื™ ื“ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ืœืžืขืœื” โ€“ ื’ื ืขืดื™ ืงื™ื•ื ืืœื• ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจื™ื ืชืดื™ ื›ืžื” ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืขืฉื” ื“ืจื‘ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืืฉ ืฉืœื ืงื‘ืœ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ืขืœ ืขืžื•ืก ื™ื•ื›ื™ื—: ืคืดื• โ€“ ืฉืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคืชื— ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืชื•ื— ืชืžื™ื“ ืจืง ื›ืขืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื• ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืขื ื™ื ื™ื โ€“ ื’ื ื”ืขืชืงื” ืžื”ืจืžื‘ืดื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืฆืจืขืช ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”: ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ืžืขื ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื’ื ืืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ โ€“ ื˜ืดื– ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื”, ื”ืขืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืžืชืจืฉืœื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืœืงื•ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ื•ืชืžื™ื” ืขืœ ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืดื– โ€“ ืขืฉืจื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ื•ื›ื•ืณ โ€“ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื โ€“ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืจืื” ืื“ื ื›ืืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ืฆื™ื• ื–ื›ืื™ ื•ื—ืฆื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื•ื›ื•ืณ.

ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช

<b>ื”ื ื” ืขื“ ื›ื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ืฉื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื•ืขืชื” ื ื‘ืืจ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื™ืš ื’ืดื› ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื”ื. ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ ื‘ืขื–ืดื”.
ื”ื ื” ื”ืขืชืงื ื• ืฉื ืขืฉืจื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื”ื ืกื™ืžืŸ โ€“ ืืณืš ื’ืณืžืณืจ ื”ืณื—ืณืฉืณืžืณืœ โ€“ [ืืณืš] ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืขืก โ€“ [ื’ืณืžืณืจ] ื’ืื•ื”, ืžืกืคืจ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ, ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช โ€“ [ื”ืณื—ืณืฉืณืžืณืœ] ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืคื ื™ื, ื—ื ื™ืคื”, ืฉืงืจ, ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ื•ืขืชื” ื ื‘ืืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ.</b>
ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื โ€“ ื’ืจืกื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืดืž ื“ืฃ ื ืดื— ืขืดื‘ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืฉื ืฉืื•ื ืื” ื‘ืžืงื— ื•ืžืžื›ืจ ื›ืš ืื•ื ืื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ื—ืคืฅ ื–ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืงื— [ืฉืžืื ื”ื• ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื—ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื ื] ืื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื™ืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ื•ืชื™ืš ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื’ืจ ืœื ืชื•ื ื” ื•ืœื ืชืœื—ืฆื ื• [ื•ื”ืดื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคื’ื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื–ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื›ืดื– ืืกื•ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื“ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ื›ื ื’ื ืืกื•ืจ ื“ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืคื ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ] ื•ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืณ ืชืดืจ ืœื ืชื•ื ื• ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืขืžื™ืชื• ื‘ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื‘ืื•ื ืืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื•ื›ื™ ืชืžื›ืจื• ืžืžื›ืจ ืœืขืžื™ืชืš ืื• ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ ืขืžื™ืชืš ื”ืจื™ ืื•ื ืืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืงื™ื™ื ืœื ืชื ื• ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืขืžื™ืชื• ื‘ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื โ€“ ื”ื ื›ื™ืฆืจ ืื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืœ ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื™ืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืณ โ€“ ืื ื”ื™ื” ื’ืจ ื•ื‘ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืืœ ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ืคื” ืฉืื›ืœ ื ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื˜ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืงืฆื™ื ื•ืจืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ืืžืจื” ืžืคื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” (ื•ืื ื’ื ืขืชื” ืื•ื›ืœ ื ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื˜ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืื• ืฉืืจ ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืžื–ื” ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื–ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื›ืœืœ ืขืžื™ืชืš ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื“ืœืงืžื™ื”) ืื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืจ ืื— ื‘ื ื™ื• ืืœ ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืืžืจื• ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืœื ื™ืจืืชืš ื›ืกืœืชืš โ€“ ืชืงื•ืชืš ื•ืชื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ืš ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื ื ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืงื™ ืื‘ื“ ืื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืžืจื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืžืžื ื• ืœื ื™ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืœื›ื• ืืฆืœ ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื• ืฉืœื ืžื›ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื ืจืดื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืืฃ ืœื ื™ืชืœื” ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื—<sup class="footnote-marker">*</sup><i class="footnote">ื‘ืฉืขื” ื•ื›ื•ืณ โ€“ ื‘ืฉื•ืดืข ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจื›ืดื— ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืดื™ ื•ืจืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืงื— ื•ืืคืฉืจ ื“ืกืดืœ ื“ื“ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืงื—, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ื“ืกืดืœ ื“ื“ื‘ื“ื™ ืจืดื™ ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื›ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืงื— ืจืง ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื“ืžื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ืœื• ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื“ื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืดื› ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื•ื ืื” ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืคืœื™ื’ื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื–ื” ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืงืฆืช ืžื’ืžืจื ื“ืคืกื—ื™ื ื“ืฃ ืงื™ืดื› ื’ืณ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื” ืจืดื™ ืœืจื‘ื™ ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื ื“ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืจืง ืžื“ื” ื‘ืขืœืžื. ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืดื› ื•ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืžืฉืžืข ื“ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืจืณ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื“ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื— ืœื™ืงื— ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื— ืžืคืจืฉืดื™ ื‘ื’ืžืณ ื‘ืกื’ื™ื ืขื™ืดืฉ ื•ืœืคืดื– ื‘ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื— ืืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื“ืžื™ื ื™ืดืœ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ ืืฃ ืœืจืดื™ ืฉื™ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื“ืžื™ื</i> ื›ืฉืขื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื“ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ืจ ืœืœื‘ ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืจ ืœืœื‘ ื ืืžืจ ื›ื• ื•ื™ืจืืช ืžืืœืงื™ืš [ื”ืื™ ืฉื”ืจื™ ืงืื™] ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ืฉื‘ื ืœื™ืชืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœืžื” ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื• ื™ืจืื” ื•ื”ืดืง ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืชืŸ ื•ืจืขืชืŸ ืžืกื•ืจื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืœื ืœืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืœืขืงืœ ืื• ืœืขืงืœืงืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ืดื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ืคืฅ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžืงื— ื–ื”. ืจืฉืดื™] ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื• ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื ืืช ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื• ื•ื™ืจืืช ืžืืœื”ื™ืš ืžื” ืœื ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื• ื•ื™ืจืืช โ€“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืžืžื•ื ื• ื•ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื• ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ื”ื ืื“ื ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ืืช ืืฉืชื• ืฉืžืชื•ืš ืฉื“ืžืขืชื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ืื•ื ืืชื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ื ื ืขืœื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฉืขืจื™ ืื•ื ืื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื”ื ื” ื“ืณ ื ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืช ืื ืš ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืื ืš โ€“ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื“ืื ื ืฉืืœ ืฉืืœื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื›ืžื” ืœื ื™ืืžืจ ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื•ืชื” ื—ื›ืžื” ืžื” ืชืฉื™ื‘ ืื• ืžื” ื“ืขืชืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื›ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ืืžืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืื™ื‘ื•ื”ื• ื•ื™ืฆืขืจื•ื”ื• ื•ื ืจืื” ื“ื’ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืื• ื‘ืจืžื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืื•ื ืื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื›ื•ื ืชื• ืœืฆืขืจื• ื•ื›ืžื• ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื• ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœื ืชื•ื ื• ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืขืžื™ืชื• ืขื ืฉืืชืš ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ืืœ ืชื•ื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืžื•ื›ื— ื“ืžื™ ืฉืกืจ ืžื“ืจืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืงืจื•ื™ ืขืžื™ืชืš ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื•ื ืจืื” ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืคื•ืจืกื ื›ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ืืฆืœื• ื”ื•ืคืงืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืื‘ืœ ืกืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ืชืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ืžืืžืจ ื”ืชื ื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ืืœ ืชื”ื™ ื‘ื– ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ื“ ื—ื›ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืคืงืจ ืืฆืœื• ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืืžื“ื• ืขื•ื“ ื“ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ื—ืžืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื ื‘ื ื™ื ืชืดื— ื•ืื™ืชื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจืดื’ ืืœ ืชืืžืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื•ืœื–ื” ืื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืœืฉื ื•ื ืืช ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ืืœื ืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืฉื ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืœื ืžืฉื ืื™ืš ื“ืณ ืืฉื ื ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืžืžื™ืš ืืชืงื•ื˜ื˜ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ืขืดื› ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ืื• ืžืฉืจืชืช ืฉืœื ืœื‘ื–ื•ืชื ื—ืดื• ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื ื”ื ืืœืžื ื•ืช ืื• ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ื•ืื ืขื‘ืจ ืื• ื”ืงื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื–ื” ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคื™ื™ืกื• ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ืคืดื–.
ื•ืขืชื” ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ืช ื”ื›ืขืก โ€“ ื”ื›ืขืก ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื•ืžืื“ ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืืžืจื™ ื—ื–ืดืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื ื•ืชื” ื•ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืขืก ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื‘ื™ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ื“ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืขืก ืžืกืชืœืง ื”ื“ืขืช ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืคืงืจ ืื– ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขืงืฉื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืื– ืœืคื ื™ื• ืœืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื ืขืฉื™ื ืื– ืืฆืœื• ื›ื”ื™ืชืจ ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืงืœืœื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ืœื”ืดืจ ื•ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืคื ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื›ืขืก ืžืงืจืข ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื• ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื™ื• ื‘ื—ืžืชื• ื•ืžืคื–ืจ ืžืขื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื—ืžืชื• ื•ื›ื”ืดื’ ื•ืื—ื–ืดืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืื™ืžืจ ืœื• ื”ื™ืฆื”ืดืจ ืขืฉื” ื‘ืš ื•ืœืžื—ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืขืฉื” ื›ืš ื•ืœืžื—ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืขืฉื” ื›ืš ืขื“ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืœืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืดื– ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืžืื™ ืงืจื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืš ืืœ ื–ืจ ืื™ื–ื”ื• ืืœ ื–ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื”ืดืจ โ€“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื–ืดืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืขืก ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ืœื›ืœ ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืดืข ื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ื”ื ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืŸ ื•ืขืดื™ ืžื“ืช ื”ื›ืขืก ื‘ื ื”ืื“ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืข ื”ืžื“ื” ื”ื”ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืืžืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื–ืดืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื’ื™ื”ื™ื ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื• โ€“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื–ืดืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื›ื•ืขืก ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ืœื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืขืดื› ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื ืœื‘ื‘ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืคื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืœื”ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืขืก ื“ืืœืดื” ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ืดืœ โ€“ ื•ื–ืดืœ ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืดื‘ ื”ืœื›ื” ื’ืณ ื”ื›ืขืก ืžื“ื” ืจืขื” ื”ื™ื ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ืชืจื—ืง ืžืžื ื” ืขื“ ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืื—ืจ ื•ื™ืœืžื“ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืขื•ืก ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœื›ืขื•ืก ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื‘ืดื‘ ืื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืื ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื ืก ื•ืจืฆื” ืœื›ืขื•ืก ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืžื•ื˜ื‘ ื™ืจืื” ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืขืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืกืจื ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ื“ืขืชื• ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ืžื” ื›ื•ืขืก ื‘ืฉืขืช ื›ืขืกื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืขืก ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืขืก ืื ื—ื›ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื›ืžืชื• ืžืกืชืœืงืช ืžืžื ื• ื•ืื ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืžืกืชืœืงืช ืžืžื ื• ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืฆื™ื•ื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืขืก ืขื“ ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื’ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืœื ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื›ืขื™ืกื™ื ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื›ืดืœ.
ื•ืขืชื” ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื ืžืคื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืื•ื” โ€“ ื”ื’ืื•ื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื” ืจืขื” ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื”ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืข ื›ืชื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ืœืฉื”ืดืจ, ืฉืงืจ, ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื ื•ืคื” โ€“ ื™ืกืคืจ ื‘ื’ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื•ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ืชืœื•ืฆืฅ ืžืžื ื• ื•ื™ืชืคืืจ ื‘ืฉืงืจ ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ืื•ืชื• ื™ื—ื ื™ืฃ ืœืจืฉืขื™ื ื•ื™ืกื›ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื›ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ื”ื• ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื โ€“ ื•ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื ื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช โ€“ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• โ€“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื’ืื•ื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื’ืดื› ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืขื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืดื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืชื•ืขื‘ืช ื“ืณ ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื” ืœื‘ [ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื›ืœ ืคื™ืณ ืœื ืžื‘ืขื™ ืื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืขืดื˜ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืขื‘ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืขื˜ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืขืดื˜ ื’ืดื› ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืขื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ืื•ืชื• ื“ื›ืฉื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขื ื ืคืฉื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื™ืžืฆื ืฉืœื ืฉื™ืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ื“ ืžืืœืฃ ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืขืžื• ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื• ืคื™ื ื• ืžืœื ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื›ื•ืณ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืš ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ื• ืฉื—ื˜ื ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžื—ืคื” ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื—ืกื“ ืขืžื• ืœื ืœืคื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื–ืดืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืœ ืขืžืœ ืื“ื ืœืคื™ื”ื• ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืชื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืคื™ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื‘ืžื” ืœื”ืชื’ืื•ืช] ื’ื ื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืดืช ืžืžื ื™ืŸ ืชืจื™ืดื’ ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ืจื ืœื‘ื‘ืš ื•ืฉื›ื—ืช ืืช ื“ืณ ืืœื”ื™ืš ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืจ ืคืŸ ืชืฉื›ื— ืืช ื“ืณ ืืœื”ื™ืš ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืžืดื’ ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืš ื™ืชื’ืื” ื”ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ืชื—ืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื˜ื™ืคื” ืกืจื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื™ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ืขืคืจ ืจื™ืžื” ื•ืชื•ืœืขื” ื•ื™ืื›ืœ ืงืฆืชื• ืืช ืงืฆืชื• โ€“ ื•ืื™ืชื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืคืœ ืจื•ื— ืฉืชืงื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉ ืจื™ืžื” [ื•ื ืดืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื—ื–ืดืœ (ืฉื‘ืช ื“ืฃ ืงื ืดื’: ) ืฉื ืฉืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื™ื ื” ื ื’ื ื–ืช ืชื—ืช ื›ืกื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื™ืดื‘ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืจืงื‘ ื•ื ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืื– ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืžื ื•ื—ืชื” ื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื•ืจื” ื‘ืฆืจื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืฉืืžืจ ืื™ืš ื™ืชื’ืื” ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืœื ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืงื•ื” ืžืชื™ ื™ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ื™ืขืฉื” ืจื™ืžื” ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืžื ื•ื—ืชื”] ื•ืื—ื–ืดืœ ื‘ืกื•ื˜ื” ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื’ืกื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืดื– ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื•ื›ืืœื• ื›ื•ืคืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืžื™ื™ืœืœืช ืขืœื™ื• โ€“ ื’ื ื™ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื”ืดื– ื•ื‘ืขื•ื”ืดื‘ ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• (ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืดื˜) ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื“ืณ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื›ืกื™ ื‘ืขื”ืดื‘ ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื•ืขืœ ื’ืกื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื’ืจืกื™ื ืŸ ื›ืžื™ ืฉื ืืจืดื— ื›ืœ ืืจื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื’ืกื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื›ื•ืณ ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื• ืฉื ื“ืื™ืŸ ืขืคืจื• ื ื ืขืจ ืœืชื—ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื•ืขืดื› ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžื–ื• ื”ืžื“ื” ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืžืื•ื“. โ€“ ื•ื–ืดืœ ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื ื‘ืคืดื‘ ืžื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื” ื’ืณ ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ืืœื ื™ืชืจื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืื—ื“ ืขื“ ืงืฆื” ื”ืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ืขื ื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืืœื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืคืœ ืจื•ื— ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืดืจ ืขื ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืœื ื ืืžืจ ืขื ื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืฆื™ื•ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืคืœ ืจื•ื— ื•ืขืดืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื›ื–ื”.
ื•ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืขื•ื“ ืคื” ื›ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื–ืดื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื–ื” ื•ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืกืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืœืžื•ื“ ืžืืœื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืดื—.
ื’ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื”ืจ ืžืื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื ืœื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืคื ื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืคื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื• ืงืฉื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ื”ื ืคื ื™ื• ืžืฉืชื ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ืžืกืณ ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ (ื˜ืดื• ืขืดื‘) ื”ื•ื›ื— ืชื•ื›ื™ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื ื™ื• ืžืฉืชื ื™ืŸ ืชืดืœ ื•ืœื ืชืฉื ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื˜ื ื•ื›ืดืฉ ืฉืœื ื›ืžืงื•ื ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื ื”ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ืžืกืณ ื‘ืดืž (ื“ืฃ ืงืดื—) ืชื ื™ ืชื ื ืงืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืฉื•ืคืš ื“ืžื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื•ืจืื” ื ื ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืขื•ื ืฉื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ื ื‘ืžืื™ ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืื—ื•ื•ืจื™ ืืคื™ ื“ืืดืจ ื—ื ื™ื ื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืขื•ืœื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืขืœ ืืฉืช ืื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืžืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื ืจืข ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืžื›ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื• ืžื›ืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžืดืž ื–ื” ืœื”ื›ืœื™ืžื• ืžืชื›ื•ื™ืŸ [ืจืฉืดื™] ื•ืื™ืชื ืฉื ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื—ืœืง ืœืขื•ื”ืดื‘ ื•ืืžืจื• ืฉื ืขื•ื“ ื ื— ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ืคื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื›ื‘ืฉืŸ ืืฉ ื•ืืœ ื™ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื ืดืœ ืžืชืžืจ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืืœ ื—ืžื™ื” [ืืขืดืค ืฉื”ื™ืณ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉืจื™ืคื” ืœื ืืžืจื” ืœื”ื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืืœื ืฉืœื—ื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืืœื” ืœื• ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืจื” ื•ืื ื™ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฆืžื• ื™ื•ื“ื” [ืจืฉืดื™] ื•ืžื›ืดื– ื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื”ื ืœื‘ื‘ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืฉื‘ืœ ื™ื‘ื ืœื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืคื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืดืช ืžื”ืดืช ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื“ื• ื›ืคื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ ืžืื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื™ื—ื”, ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืฉื—ื•ืง ื•ืคื ื™ื• ืžืชืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืžืื‘ื“ ืขื•ืœืžื• ื•ื”ื—ื›ื ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื– ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืคืชื™ื• ื•ื›ืฉื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืœื‘ื‘ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืง ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื™ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื ืจืกืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืคืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืืžืจ ื•ืฉืžืช ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืขื™ืš ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื•ืžื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืชืจื—ืง ื”ืื“ื ืžืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืื– ื™ืฆื™ืœ ื ืคืฉื• ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืคื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” โ€“ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืดื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ืืด ื‘ืฉื ืฆื•ื•ืืช ืจืดื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ื’ื ืื™ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืืฃ ืืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ืจืฉืข ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฉื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ืœื ื™ืžืœื˜ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ื•ืขื›ืดืค ืื ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ื”ื—ื›ื ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืคืชื™ื•.
ืขื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื ื•ืคื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื™ืจืื” ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื”ื’ื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืจืขื”ื• ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืืœื ืžื—ื ื™ืคื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆื“ืง ื‘ืžืขืฉื”ื• ืื• ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื™ื–ื” ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื—ื ื•ืคื” ื”ื•ื ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื“ืณ ื›ืชื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื›ืช ืฉืงืจื ื™ื ื›ืช ืœื™ืฆื ื™ื ื›ืช ื—ื ืคื™ื ื›ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืœืžื“ื• ืžืงืจื ื•ื—ื ืคื™ื ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืœื ืœืคื ื™ื• ื—ื ืฃ ื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื›ืžื” ื’ืื•ื ื™ื (ื’ืื•ืŸ ื•ืจืืดืž ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ืจืดืฉ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ) ื”ื•ื ืœืดืช ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืื• ื“ืœื ืชื—ื ื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื“ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ืื–ื”ืจื” ืœื—ื ืคื™ื โ€“ [ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืดืง ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืขืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืจืดื™ ืฉื”ืืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื—ื ื•ืคื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืื ื›ื™ ืœืงืฆืจ ื‘ืืชื™.
ื) ื–ื” ืฉื”ืงื“ืžื ื• ืœืžืขืœื”.
ื‘) ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ืœืœ ืจืฉืข ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืืขืดืค ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื“ื™ืงื ื• ืขืœ ื—ืžืกื• ืื›ืœ ื™ืืžืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื•ืขืดื– ื ืืžืจ ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื”ืœืœื• ืจืฉืข ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœืฉื‘ื— ืืช ื”ืจืฉืข ื–ื•ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืœื™ืฅ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืดื ื ื ื–ื• ืจืขื” ื—ื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืืช ื”ืจืข ืœื ื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืฉืขื™ื• ื™ื›ืกื”, ืฆื“ื™ืง ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื•ื™ืชื ื• ืœื• ื™ืงืจ ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื• ื•ื ื›ืจ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื ื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ืขืดื› ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฆื“ืงืชื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื ื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืฉืขื ื•ื›ืกืœื.
ื’) ื”ืžืฉื›ื— ืืช ื”ืจืฉืข ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืืฃ ืฉื ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœืฉื‘ื—ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืดื ืคืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืœืžื•ืงืฉ ื’ื ื–ื” ื”ื—ื ืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ืง ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืจืขื” ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืื’ ืœืขื•ื ื• ื›ื™ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™.
ื“) ื”ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืจืฉืข ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ื™ื—ื”ื• ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ื—ื‘ืจ ื™ืงืจื‘ื”ื• ื•ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจืš ืœืจืฉืข ืคืจืฅ ื“ืณ ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ืš.
ื”) ืื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื™ืืžื™ื ื• ื›ืดื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ื™ืชื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฉื ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื ืื• ื’ื•ืืœื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉ ื—ื›ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื—ื›ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆื•ืจ ืžื›ืฉื™ืœ ื›ื™ ื™ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืืžืŸ ืจื•ื— ื•ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืื ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืžืข ื”ืฉื•ืžืข ื•ื™ืคืงื™ื“ื”ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื—ืฉ ื‘ื•.
ื•) ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœืžื—ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื—ื” ื•ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืœื ื™ืฉื’ื™ื— ื’ื ื–ื” ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื—ื ื•ืคื” ืฉืžื—ื ื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื.
ื–) ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงื•ืžื• ืขื ืงืฉื” ืขื•ืจืฃ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืชื•ื›ื—ืชื™ ื•ืขืดื› ื™ื—ืฉื•ืš ืคื™ื• ื’ื ื–ื” ืขื•ื ื• ื™ืฉื ืื›ืŸ ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ืœื•ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื ืฉื•ื ื ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืžืข ืœืงื•ืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื• ืขืดื– ื ืืžืจ ืืœ ืชื•ื›ื— ืœืฅ ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื ืื™ืš.
ื—) ืื ื™ืฉืžืข ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ื‘ืœื” ืื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืกื•ื“ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื•ื–ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืฉื•ืชืง ืืฃ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืฆืœื• ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืžืขื• ืœื• ื™ืขื ืฉ ืคืŸ ื™ืืžืจื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ืชื ื•ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื•ืžืข ื•ืฉื•ืชืง (ื•ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืžื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ืณ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืฉื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืืฆืœื) ื•ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื ื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ื–ื• ื•ืœืขื’ื• ืื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื ืงื™ ื•ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื™ื—ื• ื‘ื• โ€“ ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืื“ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ืขื ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžืขื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืจืขื™ื ื•ื™ืœืื” ืœืขื ื•ืชื.
ื˜) ื”ืžื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ืžื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืข ื•ืœื ื™ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืžื›ื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืืฉืจ ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื—ืœื•ืง ืœื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจืง ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ืžืช ืขืฉืจื ื•ืžื—ืžืช ืชืงื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ื˜ื ืฉืขื›ืดืค ืžื›ื‘ื“ื”ื• ื•ืื ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ืืš ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืื’ื” ืคืŸ ื™ื–ื™ืง ืœื• ื”ืจืฉืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื“ื• ืชืงื™ืคื” ืขืดื› ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื‘ื“ื• ื›ืฉื ืฉืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ ื–ืจื•ืข ื‘ืงื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืืš ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื—ื ื• ื•ืœื ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืื—ื–ืดืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื—ื ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื”ืดื– ื•ืืฃ ืœืื“ื ื›ืฉืจ ืœืฉื‘ื— ืœื• ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื•ืจืง ืœืฉื ื—ื ื•ืคื” ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืืกื•ืจ ื•ืจืง ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืจื™ ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืกื”ืดืง ื‘ืฉื ื—ื–ืดืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื—ื ื™ืฃ ืœืืฉืชื• ืžืคื ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืœืจื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื• ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื• ืœืฉืžืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื•]
ื‘ืกื•ื˜ื” [ื“ืฃ ืžืดื: ] ืืžืจ ืจืณ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ื ื•ืคื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืืฃ ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื—ื ืคื™ ืœื‘ ื™ืฉื™ืžื• ืืฃ ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืคืœืชื• ื ืฉืžืขืช ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื•ืืžืจ ืจืดื ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ื ื•ืคื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืขื™ ืืžืŸ ืžืงืœืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืจืฉืข ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืชื” ื™ืงื‘ื•ื”ื• ืขืžื™ื ื™ื–ืขืžื•ื”ื• ืœืื•ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ ืืœื ืงืœืœื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื ืงื‘ื” ืืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืื•ื ืืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืœืื•ื ืžืœืื•ื ื™ืืžืฅ โ€“ ื•ืืดืจ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ื ื•ืคื” ื ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืขืดืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื›ืžื” ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื•ืขืดื› ื”ืฉืžืจ ื ืคืฉื• ื™ืจื—ืง ืžื–ื” ืžืื•ื“.
ื•ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืงืจ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืคืช ืชืžื™ื ืคืจืง ืฉืฉื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื”. ื•ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืคืจืง ื˜ืดื• ื˜ืดื– ื™ืดื– ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื”: ื•ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืคืจืง ื˜ืดื•, ื˜ืดื–, ื™ืดื– ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื”.
ื•ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืจืดื™ ืžืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืขืดื“ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืขืดื– ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืคืจืง ื™ืดื– ื•ื›ืœืœ ืื—ื–ืดืœ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืกื•ืฃ ืคืดื’ ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืชื ืืกื™ืจื” ื‘ืจ ืžืœื™ืฆื ื•ืชื ื“ืืœื™ืœื™ื ื“ืฉืจื™ื โ€“ ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ื”ืดื” ื“ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืœื•ืฆืฅ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืœืขื™ื’ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช.
ื•ื“ืข ื“ื›ืœ ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื”ืดืž ื‘ืฉืœื ืขืฉื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื‘ืœ ืื ืขืฉื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืžื™ื ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ ืขืœ ืœื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืคื™ื™ืก ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ื‘ื“ืื™ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”.

ืชืคื™ืœื”

<b>ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ื–ื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืœื” ื•ื’ื ืžืžื™ืœื<sup class="footnote-marker">*</sup><i class="footnote">ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืคืจืขื” ืชืฆื ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืžื” ื“ืณ ืืœื”ื™ืš ืœืžืจื™ื ื•ื–ืดืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ืš ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉืžืจ ื‘ื ื’ืข ื”ืฆืจืขืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžืื“ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœื‘ ืืžื•ืจ [ืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืฆืจืขืช] ื”ื ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืงื™ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืชื”ื ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืคื™ืš ืขื›ืดืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™.</i> ื‘ื–ื›ื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืคื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืœืžื–ื›ืจืช ืฉืœื ื™ืœื›ื“ ื‘ื
ืจื‘ืฉืดืข ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžืœืคื ื™ืš ืืœ ืจื—ื•ื ื•ื—ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื–ื›ื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืœ ื™ื•ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืคื™ ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืœื›ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ืŸ ืœืฉื”ืดืจ ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœื ื”ืฉื ืฉืžืข ืฉื•ื ื•ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ื” ืœื ืชืฉื™ื ืฉืืกืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืกืคืจ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื•ื’ื ืžืขื•ืŸ ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืžื™ืš โ€“ ื•ืื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื›ืดืฉ ืžืœื“ื‘ืจ ื“ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืขื•ื ื• ื—ืžื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื›ืดืฉ ืœื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืœื”ืชืจืขื ืขืœ ืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ื•ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื•ืงืช ื•ืชืงืฆืจ ื ืคืฉ ื”ืขื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื ื‘ืืœื”ื™ื ื•ื›ืžืฉื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ืฉืœื— ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืจืคื™ื ื•ื ื•ืณ ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื—ื˜ืื ื• ื›ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื ื• ื‘ื“ืณ ื•ื‘ืš โ€“ ื•ืžืœื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืงืจ ื›ืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืจ ื”ืจื—ืง, ื•ืžืœื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื ื•ืคื” ืฉืžื™ืคื” ืœืื™ืฉ ืขื•ืœ ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืžืกืขื™ ื•ืœื ืชื—ื ื™ืคื• ื•ืžืœื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘, ื•ืขืชื” ืืœ ืชืชืœื•ืฆืฆื• ืคืŸ ื™ื—ื–ืงื• ืžื•ืกืจื™ื›ื ื•ืžืœื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื ื™ื ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ืœืฆื™ื ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืœื ืชื•ื ื• ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืืžื™ืชื• ื•ืงื‘ืœื• ื—ื–ืดืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืื™ ืขืœ ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืคื ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื›ื— ืชื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืžื™ืชืš ื•ืœื ืชืฉื ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื˜ื โ€“ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืœื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืื•ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืจ ืœืš ืคืŸ ืชืฉื›ื— ืืช ื“ืณ ืืœื”ื™ืš ื•ืงื‘ืœื• ื—ื–ืดืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื–ื”ืจื” ืœื ืกื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื›ืžื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืจื ืœื‘ื‘ืš ื•ืฉื›ื—ืช ื•ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืกื•ื˜ื” ื“ืฃ ื”ืณ) ื•ื’ืื•ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ ืืกื•ืจ ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืชื•ืขื‘ืช ื“ืณ ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื” ืœื‘ โ€“ ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืœื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื›ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืงืจื— ื›ืขื“ืชื• ื•ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื–ื”ืจื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืงืดื™) โ€“ ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืœื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื›ืขืก ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืดื› ืขื•ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืชื• ื•ื’ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ืฉืืจื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื—ื–ืดืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืขืก ื›ืืœื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืดื– โ€“ ื•ื–ื›ื ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืดื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ ืื• ืœื ืคืฉื™ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื.