1980. 2: 707. Tizard, I.R. ; Maxwell, B.; Kemp, M.C. et. al. Accelerated wound healing induced by macrophage 
stimulants in rats: a genetically controlled phenomenon. Wound Repair and regeneration. 1993. 1. 130. Udupa, S.L. ; Udupa, A.L. ; Kulkarmi, D.R. Anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties of Aloe 
Vera. Fitoterapia. 1994. 65(2). 141145. Watcher, M.A. ; Wheeland, R.G. The role of topical agents in the healing of full thickness wounds. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 1989 Nov. 15(11). 1188-1195. SECTION XI - CONTENTS, CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES 
 There are several papers in this group showing the widespread interest in the plant's chemistry. Not all researchers come up with the same findings as would be expected because of the variety of specimens 
used. The constituents of an Aloe Vera plant will vary depending on (i) its botanical variety, (ii) its age, 
(iii) the type of soil in which it was grown, (iv) the amount of sunshine to which it was subjected, and (v) 
the season in which it was harvested. Beppu, H.; Fujita, K. Isolation and the pharmacological activities of the effective compounds Aloe 
arborescens Miller var Natalensis Berger. International Congress of Phytotherapy. 1991 Oct. Seoul, Korea. 37. Danhof, I.E. ; McAnally, B.H. Stabilized Aloe Vera. 1983. Davenport, L. Pharmacists and the silent healer Aloe Vera. Texas Pharmacy. 1994 July. 113. 18-19. Davis, R.H.; Leitner, M.G. ; Russo, J.M. ; Maro, N.P. Biological activity of Aloe Vera. Med. Sci. Res. 1987. 15(5). 235-236. Davis, R.N. Biological activity of Aloe Vera. Siegen, Oele, Fette, Wachse (Germany). 1993 Sept. 119. 646-649. Fujita, K.; Teradoura, R.; Nagatsu, T. Bradykinase activity of Aloe extract. Biochemical 
Pharmacology. 1976. 25. 205. Fujita, K.; Ito, S.; Teradaira, R.; Beppu, H. Properties of carboxypeptidase from Aloe. Biochemical 
Pharmacology. 1979. 28. 1261-1262. Gerloff, D.R. Study of the organoleptic properties of the exuded mucilage from the Aloe barbadensis 
leaves. Erde International. J of Technical Information on botanical and animal active ingredients for the 
cosmetic, perfumery and flavour industries. Special issue on Aloe Vera. 1993 April-June. 1(1) 1-80. Gjerstad, G. Chemical studies of Aloe Vera Juice I. Amino Acid Analysis. Advancing Frontiers of Plant 
Sciences. 1971. 28. 311-315. Gouda, D.C.; Neelisiddaiah, B; Amjaneyalu, Y.V. Structural studies of polysaccharides from Aloe Vera. Carbohydrate Research. 1979. 72. 201-205. Henry, C.R. Identification and standardisation of Aloe Vera as a biological active ingredient for topical 
and internal products International Congress of Phytotherapy. 1991 Oct. Seoul, Korea. 57. Hirata, T.; Suga, T. Biologically active constituents of leaves and roots of Aloe arborescens var natalensis. Zeitschript pur Naturforschung. 1977. 32. 731-734. Hranisavijevic-Jakovijevic, M.; Miijkovic-Stojanovic, J. Structural Study of an Acidic Polysaccharide 
Isolated from Aloe Arborescens Mill. 1 Periodate Oxidation and Partial Acid Hydrolysis. Glasnik 
Hemiskog Drustva. Beograd. 1981. 46. 269-273. Ibo, S; Teradaira, R.; Beppu, H; Obata, M.; Nagatsu, T.; Fujita, K. Properties and 
pharmacological activity of carboxypeptidase in Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger. International Congress of Phytotherapy. 1991 Oct. Seoul, Korea. 39. Ibo, S; Teradaira, R; Beppu, H; Obata. M.; Fijita, K; Nagabsu, T. Biochemical properties of 
carboxypeptidase from Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger. Phytotherapy Research. 1993. 7. No special issue. S26-29. Imanishi, Keni Chi. Aloctin A, an active substance of Aloe arborescens as an immunomodulator. International Congress of Phytotherapy. 1991 Oct. Seoul, Korea 34. Imanishi, Kimichi, Aloctin, A. An active substance of Aloe arborescens as an immunomodulator. Phytother. Res. (1993) 7 . (Spec. Issue). Proceedings of the International Congress of Phytotherapy. 1991. S20-22. Ishii, Y.; Tanizawa, H.; Takino, Y. Studies of Aloe III. Mechanism of cathartic effect. Mechanism of 
action of Aloe-emodin-9-anthrone, decomposition product of barbaloin in causing significant increase in 
water content of the rat large intestine. Chem. Pharm. Bull (Tokyo). 1990 Jan. 38(1). 197-200. Ishii, Y; Tanizawa, H; Takino, Y. Studies of Aloe IV. Mechanism of cathartic effect (3), Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1994 Apr. 17(4) 495-497. Ishii, Y; Tanizawa H.; Takino, Y Studies of Aloe Vera. Mechanism of cathartic effect (4). Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1994 May. 17(5); 651-653. Ibo, S.; Teradaira, R.; Beppu, H.; Obata, M.; Fujita, K.; Nagatsu, T. Biochemical properties of Carboxypeptidase from Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger. Phytother. Res. 1993. 7. S26-29. Koch, A. Investigations of the laxative action of Aloin in the human colon. 41st Annual Congress of 
the Society of Medicinal Plant Research. Dusseldorf, Germany. 1993 Aug 31-Sept 4. Planta Medica. 59 (Suppl. 7) 1993. Malterud, K.C. ; Farbrot, TL. ; Huse, A.E. ; Sund, R.B. Antioxidant and radical scavenging effects of anthraquinones and anthrones. Pharmacology. 1993 Oct. 47 (Supp 1.1) 77-85. Mandal, G.; Das, A. Structure of the gluco-mannan isolated from the leaves of Aloe Barbadensis 
Miller. Carbohydrate Research. 1980. 87. 249-256. Mandal, G.; Ghash, R.; Das, A. Characterisation of polysaccharides of Aloe Barbadensis Miller. Part III. Structure of acidic oligosaccharide. Indian Journal of Chemistry. 1993. 22B. 890-893. Mapp, R.K.; McCarthy, T.J. The assessment of purgative principles in Aloes. Planta Medica. 1970. 18. 361-365. Nouri, Y. Mary, Christensen, Bernard, and Beals, Jack 1. The Effect of Some Selected Surface-Active 
Agents on the Extraction of Cape Aloe. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 1956. 45 
(6). Parry, O; Matambo, C. Some pharmacological actions of Aloe extracts and Cassia abbreviata on rats and 
mice. Cent. Afr. J. Med. 1992 Oct. 38(1 C). 409-414. Pierce, R.F. Comparison between the nutritional contents of the Aloe gel form conventionally and 
hydroponically grown plants. Erde International Journal of Technical Information on botanical and animal active ingredients for the cosmetic, perfumery and flavour industries. Special issue on Aloe Vera. 1993 Apr.-June. 1(1). 1-80. Reynolds, T. Observations on the phytochemistry of the Aloe leafexudate compounds. Botanical Journal 
of the Linnean Society. 1985. 90. 179-199. Reynolds, T. The compounds in Aloe leaf exudates: a review. Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society. 1985. 90. 157-177. Roboz, E.; Haagen-Smit, A.J. A Mucilage from Aloe Vera. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1948. 70. 3248-3249. Rowe, TD. ; Parks, L.M. Phytochemical Study of Aloe Vera Leaf. Journal of the American 
Pharmaceutical Association. 1941. 30. 262266. Rubel, B.L. Possible mechanisms of the healing actions of Aloe gel. Cosmetics and Toiletries. 1983. 98. 109-119. Saga, T.; Hirata, T. The efficacy of the Aloe plants: chemical constituents and biological activities. Cosmet. Toiletries. 1983. 98. 105-108. Saito; Hiroko. Purification of active substances of Aloe arborescens Miller and their biological and 
pharmacological activity. Phytother. Res. 1993. 7. Spec. Issue, Proceedings of the International Congress of Phytotherapy. 1991. S17-19. Shahmaz A.; Kalhoro, M.A. ; Kapadia, Z.; Yasmeem, B. "Aloe", a biologically active and potential 
medicinal plant. Hamdard Medicus. 1993. 36(1). 108-115. Shelton, M.S. Aloe Vera, Its Chemical and Therapeutical Properties. International Journal of 
Dermatology. 1991. 30. 679-683. Wang, Y.T; Strong, K. J. Monitoring physical and chemical properties of freshly harvested field-grown 
Aloe Vera leaves. A preliminary report. Phytother. Res. (1993) 7. Spec. Issue. Proceedings of the 
International Congress of Phytotherapy. 1991. S1-4. Yagi, A.; Makino, K.; Nishioka, I.; Kuchino, Y. Aloe Mannan, Polysaccharide, from Aloe Arborescens 
var. Natalensis. Planta Medica. 1977. 31. 17-20. Yamaguchi, I; Mega, N; Sanada, H. Components of the gel of Aloe Vera (L.) burn. f. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 1993 Aug. 57(8). 13501352. Yamamoto, M.; Sugiyama, K.; Yokota, M.; Maeda, Y.; Inaoka, Y. Study of possible pharmacological 
actions of Aloe Barbadensis Miller on mouse, hamster and human skin. Aloenin - major constituent of 
Aloe - effect of sebaceous gland size, hair growth and damaged skin. Japanese Journal of Toxicology and 
Environmental Health. 1993. 39(5). 404-414. SECTION XII - GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS 
 Here there is only one paper looking at the effect of orally consumed Aloe Vera gel on normal humans 
and this trial carried out by Dr Jeffrey Bland, although important, is really too small, as he only used ten volunteers. There needs to be a lot more work here on Aloe's effect on disordered gastro-intestinal tracts, 
especially in the areas of IBS and chronic inflammatory bowel disease where anecdotal evidence for its 
success abounds. Bland, J. Effect of orally consumed Aloe Vera juice on gastrointestinal function in normal humans. Linus Pauling Institute of Science & Medicine Palo Alto, C.A. Prevention Magazine. 1985. Blitz, J.J.; Smith, J.W. ; Gerard, J.R. Aloe Vera Gel in peptic ulcer therapy: preliminary report. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 1963. 62. 731-735. Che, Q.M; Akoa, T; Hattori, M; Kobashi, K; Namba, T Isolation of a human intestinal bacterium 
capable of transforming barbaloin to aloeemodin anthrone. Planta Med. 1991 Feb. 57(1). 15-19. Heggers, J.P.; Nealon, W.; Pelley, R.P. The effect of oral administration of Aloe gel extracts upon the 
induction of cysteamine-induced gastric and duodenal ulcers in the male sprague Dawley rat. International Congress of Phytotherapy. 1991 Oct. Seoul, Korea. 52. Koo, M.W.L Aloe Vera: anti-ulcer and anti-diabetic effects. Phytother Res. 1994. 8(8). 461-464. Parman, N.S. ; Tario, M.; AI-Yahya, M.A. ; Ageel, A.M.; AI-Said, M.S. Evaluation of Aloe Vera leaf 
exudate and gel for gastric and duodenal anti-ulcer activity. Fitoterapia 57(5). 1986 (recd. 1987). 380-383. Teradaira, R.; Shimzato, M.; Beppu, H.; Fujita, K. Antigastric ulcer effects in rats of Aloe arborescens 
Miller var. natalensis Berger extract. Phytother. Res. 1993. 7 (No special issue). 534-536. SECTION XIII - IMMUNOMODULATION 
 This is really the story of the long chain polysaccharide, Acemannan, and for anyone interested in pursuing this aspect of Aloe the entire research evidence gathered by Carrington Laboratories in the USA, 
leading to the development of their product "Carrisyn" is available. The document produced in July 1992 
is entitled "Pharmacologic effects and mechanisms of action of Acemannan", and is available from 
Carrington Laboratories, 2001 Walnut Hill Lane, Irving, Texas 75038. Carpenter, R H.; Yates, K.M. ; Busbee, D.; King, G.; Tizard, I.; McAnalley, B. Clinical applications of a 
biological response modifier (acemannan) in veterinary clinical medicine. International Congress of 
Phytotherapy. 1991 Oct. Seoul, Korea 62. Clumeck, N.; Hermans, P. Antiviral drugs other than zidovudine and immunomodulating therapies in human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Am. J. of Med. 1988. 85 (Suppl. 2A) 165-170. Green P Aloe Vera extracts .in equine clinical practice. Veterinary Times. 1996 Sept. 26(9) 16. Hahn, Dug-Ryong. A national polysaccharide having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from Aloe Vera exudate. International Congress of Phytotherapy. 1991 Oct. Seoul, Korea. Harris, C.; Pierce, K.; King, G.; Yates, K.M. ; Hall, J.; Tizard, I. Efficacy of acemannan in 
treatment of canine and feline spontaneous neoplasms. Mol. Biother. 1991. 3. 207-213. Hart, L.A.; van Emckevort, PH; van Dijk, H; Faat, R; de Silva, K.T; Labodie, R.P. Two 
functionally and chemically distinct immunomodulatory compounds in the gel of Aloe Vera . J. 
Ethnopharmacol. 1988 May-Jun. 23(1). 61-71. Imanishi, Keni Chi. Aloctin A, an active substance of Aloe arborescens as an immunomodulator. International Congress of Phytotherapy. 1991 Oct. Seoul, Korea 34. Imanishi, Kimichi, Aloctin, A. An active substance of Aloe arborescens as an immunomodulator. Phytother. Res. (1993) 7 (Spec. Issue). Proceedings of the International Congress of Phytotherapy. 1991. S20-22. Kahlon, J.B.; Kemp, M.C. ; Yawei, N.; Carpenter, R.H.; Shannon, W.M. ; McAnalley, B.H. In-vitro 
evaluation of the synergistic antiviral effects of acemannan in combination with azidothymidine 
and acyclovir. Mol. Biother. 1991. 3. 214-223. Karaca, K.; Sharma, J.M. ; Nordgren, R. Nitric oxide production by chicken macrophages activated 
by acemannan, a complex carbohydrate extracted from Aloe Vera. International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1993. 17(3). 183-188. Marshall, G.D.; Druck, J.P. In vitro stimulation of NK activity by acemannan (ACM). J. Immunol. 1993. 150. 1381. Marshall, G.D.; Gibbons, A.S.; Parnell, L.S. Human cytokines induced by acemannan. J. Allergy 
Clin. Immunol. 1993. 91. 295. McAnalley, B.H. ; Carpenter, R.H.; McDaniel, H.R. Uses of acemannan of other Aloe products in the 
treatment of diseases requiring intervention of the immune system for cure. Carrington Laboratories Inc. 
USA. PCT Int. Appl. 115. CODEN. PIXXD2. McDaniel, H.R. ; McAnalley, B.H. Evaluation of polymannoacetate (Carrisyn) in the treatment of 
AIDS. Clin. Res. 1987. 35. 483A. McDaniel, H.R. ; Perkins, S.; McAnalley, B.N. A clinical pilot study using Carrisyn TM in the treatment 
of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ass. J. Clin. Pathol. 1987. 88-534. Peng, S.Y. ; Norman, J.; Curtim, G.; Corrier, D.; McDaniel, H.R. ; Busbee, D. Decreased mortality of 
Norman murine sarcoma in mice treated with the immunomodulator, acemannan. Mol. Biother. 1991. 3. 79-87. Rakatovao, L.H. ; LeDeaut, J.Y. Mise en Evidence et Etude des Proprietes Immunostimulantes d;un 
extrait isole et partiellement purifie a partir d'Aloe Vahombe. Archives de L'Institut Pasteur de 
Madagascar. 1979. 47. 9-39. Sheets, M.A. ; Unger, B.A. ; Giggleman, G.F.; Tizard, I.R. Studies of the effect of acemannan on 
retrovirus infections: clinical stabilization of feline leukemia virus-infected cats. Mol. Biother. 1991. 3. 41-45. Tizard, I.; Carpenter, R.H.; Kemp, M. Immuno-regulatory effects of a cytokine release enhancer 
(acemannan). International Congress of Phytotherapy 1991 Oct Seoul, Korea 68. Winters; Wendell. Immunoreactive lectins in leaf gel from Aloe Barnadensis Miller. Phytother. Res. 1993. 7. Spec. Issue, Proceedings of the International Congress of Phytotherapy. 1991. S23-25. Womble, D.; Helderman, J.H. The impact of acemannan on the generation and function of 
cytotoxic T -lymphocytes. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 1992. 14. 63-77. SECTION XIV - MISCELLANEOUS 
  
 Although not specifically on Aloe Vera, I recommend the reading of Sharma's article on Phytochemical 
Synergism in "Alternative therapies in clinical practice". This concept, foreign to allopathic medicine, 
underpins the action of Aloe Vera. Anderson, B.C.. Aloe Vera Juice: A veterinary predicament. The Compendium on Continuing Education 
for the Practising Veterinarian 5. 1983. S364-S368. Ashleye, A.D. Applying heat during processing the commercial Aloe Vera gel. Erde International Journal 
of Technical Information on botanical and animal active ingredients for the cosmetic, perfumery and 
flavour industries. Special issue on Aloe Vera. 1993 Apr.-June. 1 (1). 1-80. Carpenter, R H.; Yates, K.M. ; Busbee, D.; King, G.; Tizard, I.; McAnalley, B. Clinical applications of a 
biological response modifier (acemannan) in veterinary clinical medicine. International Congress of 
Phytotherapy. 1991 Oct. Seoul, Korea 62. Fine, A.F; Brown, S. Cultivation and Clinical Application of Aloe Vera Leaf. Radiology. 1938. 31. 735-
736. Fujita, K.; Suzuki, I.; Ochiai, J.; Shinpo, J.; Inaue, S and Saito, H. Specific reaction of Aloe extract with 
serum proteins of various animals. Experientia. 1978. 39. 523-524. Garnick, J.; Hanes, P.J. ; Hardim, J.; Thompson, W. Changes in root sensitivity with toothpastes 
containing Aloe Vera and allantoin. Archives of Oral Biology. 1994. 39 (Suppl.) 132S. Green P. Aloe Vera extracts in equine clinical practice. Veterinary Times. 1996 Sept. 26(9) 16. Harrison, J. Aloe in Dentistry. Health Conscious. 1992. 13 (1) 19-24. Kawai, K.; Beppu, H.; Koike, T.; Fujita, K.; Marunouchi, T. Tissue culture of Aloe arborescens Miller 
var. natalensis Berger. Phytother. Res. 1993. 7. S5-10. Klabim, G. Processing of Aloe Vera leaves for whole-leaf products; revealing the secrets of the 
producers. Health Conscious. 1992. 13(1). 47-48. Meadows, T.P. Aloe as a humectant in new skin preparations. Cosmetics and Toiletries. 1980. 95. 51-56. Nath, D.; Sethi, N.; Singh, R.K.; Jaim, A.K. Commonly used Indian abortifacient plants with 
special reference to their teratologic effects in rats. J. of Ethnopharmacol. 38(2). 147-159. Newton, L.E. In Defence of the name Aloe Vera. The Cactus and Succulent Journal of Great Britain. 1979. 41. 29-30. Northway, R.B. Experimental use of Aloe Vera extract in clinical practice. Veterinary Medicine/Small 
Animal Clinician. 1975. 70. 89. Oh, You-Jin; Heng, Jin-Tai; et al. Effects of Aloe Vera and Aloe arborescens mixture on cirrhosis 
patients. International Congress of Phytotherapy. 1991 Oct. Seoul, Korea. 42. OSW, C.S. ; Bokadia, M.M. The effect of extracts of Aloe barbadensis M.11 leaves on the fertility of 
female rats. Indian Drugs. 1979. 16(6). Mar. 125-127. Parry, O.; Wenyika, J. The uterine relaxant effect of Aloe. Chapandi: Fitoterapia 1994. 65(3). 253-
259. Pelley, R.P. ; Wang, Y.T. ; Waller, T.A. Current status of quality control of Aloe Barbadensis extracts. SOFW Journal. 1993. 119. 255-268. Sharma, H.M. Phytochemical synergism: beyond the active ingredient model. Alternative 
Therapies in Clinical Practice. 1997. 4(3). 91-96. Sturm, P.G. ; Hayes, S.M. Aloe Vera in Dentistry. J Bergen Cty. Dent. Soc. 1989 May. SO(8). 11-14. Syed TA. ; Ahmad Ashfares; Holt, A.H.; Ahmad Seyed A.; Ahmad S.H. ; Afzal M. Management of 
psoriasis with Aloe Vera cream tropical medicine and international health. 1996. 1(4) 505-509. Yamoto, W.W. Formulating beverage products from the stabilised Aloe gel. Erde International. Journal of Technical Information on botanical and animal active ingredients for the cosmetic, perfumery and flavour 
industries. Special issue on Aloe Vera. 1993 April-June. 1 (1) 1-80. Yaron; Amima. Characteristics of Aloe Vera gel before and after autodegradation, and stabilisation of the 
natural fresh gel. Phytother. Res. 1993. 7. Spec. Issue, Proceedings of the International Congress of Phytotherapy. 1991. S11-13. SECTION XV - SIDE EFFECTS AND TOXICOLOGY 
 Aloe Vera gel itself produces virtually no side effects and is extremely safe! Occasionally a discoid form 
of eczema has been reported after oral use. Dominguert-Soto, L. Photodermatitis to Aloe Vera (letter, comment). Int. J. Dermatol. 1992 May. 31(5). 372. Heidenmann, A.; Volkner, W.; Mengs, V. Genotoxicity of Aloe Emodin in vitro and in vivo. Mutat Res. 1996 March. 367 (3). 123-133. Morrow, D.M. ; Rapaport, M.J.; Strick, R.A. Hypersensitivity to Aloe. Arch Dermatol. 1980. 116(9). 1064-1065. Sendelbach, L.E. A review of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of anthraquinone derivatives. Toxicology. 1989. 57. 227-240. A9 
 
Siegers, C.P. ; von Hertzberg-Lettim, E.; Otte, M.; Schneider, B. Anthranoid laxative abuse - a risk for 
colorectal cancer? Gut. 1993 Aug. 34(8) 1099-1101. Westendorf; Marquardt; Poginsky; Dominiak; Schmidt. Genotoxicity of naturally occurring Hydroxyanthraquinones. Evaluation of mutagenicity and cell-transforming activity. Mutat. Res. 1990 Jan. 
240(1). 1-12.
The_Essential_Aloe_Vera_by_Peter_Atherton.txt
Summarize the following text section accurately and concisely. Maintain specific details and numerical information, and use anti-repetition mechanisms:

        1980. 2: 707. Tizard, I. R. ; Maxwell, B. ; Kemp, M. C. et. al. Accelerated wound healing induced by macrophage 
stimulants in rats: a genetically controlled phenomenon. Wound Repair and regeneration. 1993. 1. 130. Udupa, S. L. ; Udupa, A.
Tizard, I.R. ; Maxwell, B.; Kemp, M.C. et. al.
Who are the authors of the paper "Accelerated wound healing induced by macrophage stimulants in rats: a genetically controlled phenomenon"?
There is no answer to this question, as Dr. Jeffrey Bland's paper is not mentioned in the text.
What is the title of the paper presented by Dr. Jeffrey Bland in 1992?
Carrington Laboratories
What is the name of the company that produces the product "Carrisyn"?
Evaluation of mutagenicity and cell-transforming activity of anthranoid laxative abuse
What is the topic of the paper by Siegers, C.P. et al.?
Davenport, L.
Who wrote the paper "Pharmacologists and the silent healer Aloe Vera"?