They are the source of neurotransmitters like epinephrine
(adrenaline) and steroids like cortisol, estrogen, and progesterone, among
others. Adrenaline
 a neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal glands that produce the
“fight or flight” response. Also called Epinephrine. Adsorb
 attachment of a substance to the surface of another material. Adulterant
 an unacceptable additive or replacement of a specified herb (also:
substitute). Aerobic
 1. requiring oxygen for metabolism and survival; 2. concerning
organisms living in 
the presence of oxygen; 3. metabolizing oxygen for
energy. Alcohols
 found in plant volatile oils. Aldosterone
 a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that causes the
retention of sodium and water. Alimentary Canal (or GI Tract)
 the digestive tube from the mouth to the
anus, including mouth cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large
intestines, and rectum. Alkaline
 pertaining to or having the reaction of an alkali. Neutralizes acids. In the scenario of duality, this is considered 
yin
 or cooling. Alkaloids
 1. a powerful and potent group (thirteen) of plant constituents. Their properties are very broad ranging from hallucinogenic alkaloids at one
end, to painkillers, to deadly poisonous alkaloids at the other end. 2. Alkaloids react with acids to form salts that are used for medical purposes. Allopathy/Allopathic
 1. System of treating disease by inducing a pathologic
reaction that is antagonistic to the disease being treated. 2. Conventional
medicine or alternative medicine when compared to nature. Alterative
 tending to restore normal health; cleanses and purifies the blood;
alters existing nutritive and excretory processes gradually restoring normalbody functions (Echinacea, Goldenseal, Sanicle, Yellow Dock, among other
herbs). Amenorrhea
 absence or suppression of menstruation. Amino Acids
 a group of nitrogen-containing chemical compounds that form
the basic structural units of proteins. Anabolic
 1. the building up of body tissues. The utilization or constructive
phase of metabolism; 2. the conversion and utilization of nutrients to repair,
rebuild or to build and maintain cells, tissues, organs and glands; 3. Energy is
used and needed during this phase or process. Anaerobic
 1. requiring no oxygen to function; 2. living without oxygen. Analeptics
 used for restorative purposes or for food. Analgesic
 relieves pain when taken orally. Anaphrodisiacs
 herbs used to lessen sexual functions and desires (Black
Willow, Garden Sage, Oregon Grape, Scullcap, others). Androgens
 steroid hormones, such as testosterone or androsterone, that
control the development and maintenance of male characteristics. Also called
androgenic hormone. Anesthetics herbs to produce anesthesia, or
unconsciousness. Anhydrotic
 stops sweating (Agrimony, Buchu, Butcher’s Broom, others). Anionic
 1. a magnetic condition created by negative ions or an acidic
environment that creates coagulation. 2. to solidify, bond; similar to anabolic;
3. in reference to acidosis. Anodyne
 relieves pain when applied externally. Antacids
 herbs used to neutralize acid in the stomach and intestinal tract
(Angelica, Fennel, Peppermint, Slippery Elm, others). Anterior
 before, or in front of. Anthelmintics
 helps destroy and dispel parasites (including vermicides and
vermifuges) (Bistort, Wormwood, Black Walnut). Anthraquinones
 purgative in action. They appear as glycosides (linked with
a sugar). Their action stimulates peristalsis; said to be utilized as natural dyes,
flavones, and flavonoids. Antiabortives herbs used to counteract abortive
tendencies (Cramp Bark, False Unicorn, Red Raspberry). Antiarthritics
 herbs used to relieve and heal arthritic conditions and gout(Black Cohosh, Chaparral, Dandelion, Yellow Dock). Antibacterial
 destroying or stopping the growth of bacteria. Antibilious
 reduces biliary or jaundice condition (Blessed Thistle, Borage,
Butcher’s Broom). Antibiotic
 inhibits the growth of or destroys bacteria. Anticatarrhal
 herbs that heal and remove 
catarrhal (mucous) conditions in
the body (Black Haw, Burdock Root, Hyssop, Licorice, Oregon Grape,
others). Antibody
 protein produced by the body to fight antigens by creating an
immune response. Antidepressant
 relieves symptoms of depression (St. John’s Wort). Antidote
 a substance that neutralizes or counteracts the effects of a poison. Antiemetic
 lessens nausea and prevents or relieves vomiting (Jamaican
Ginger, Cayenne, Fennel). Antifungal
 destroying or preventing the growth of fungi. Antigen
 any foreign substance that when introduced into the body causes the
formation of antibodies against it. Antigalactagogue
 prevents or decreases secretion of milk. Antihemorrhagic
 stops bleeding and hemorrhaging (Cayenne, Bistort Root,
Witch Hazel). Antihistamine
 neutralizes the effects of histamine in an allergic response. Antihydropics
 herbs used to eliminate excess body fluids or dropsy
(Barberry, Blessed Thistle, Celandine, Hawthorne). Anti-inflammatory
 counteracting or diminishing inflammation or its effects. Having vascular constrictive properties. Antileptics
 helps relieve fits. Antilithics
 herbs used to prevent the formation of stones in the kidneys and
bladder (Couchgrass, Elecampane, Golden Rod, Gravel Root). Antimicrobial
 destroys or prevents the growth of microorganisms. Antineoplastic
 preventing the development, growth or proliferation of
malignant cells. Antioxidant
 an agent that prevents free-radical or oxidative damage to bodytissue and cells. A group of substances called proanthocyanidins (grape seed
and maritime pine bark), as well as vitamins A, C, E and beta carotene, are all
anti-oxidants. Antiparasitical
 destructive to parasites (Black Walnut Hulls, Pumpkin Seeds,
Usnea Lichen). Antiperiodic
 relieves malarial-type fevers and chills; prevents regular
recurrences (Celandine, Angelica, Goldenseal). Antiphlogistic
 relieves inflammation (Chaparral, Chickweed, Comfrey). Antipyretic
 reduces fever. Antirheumatics
 herbs used to prevent, relieve and cure rheumatism
(Angelica, Black Willow, Blue Cohosh, Butcher’s Broom). Antiscorbutic
 helps prevent or correct scurvy (c.a. vitamin C) (Sarsaparilla,
Cleavers, Sheep Sorrel). Antiscrofulous
 herbs used to heal scrofula (tubercular condition of the
lymph nodes) (Agrimony, Blue Flag, Dandelion, Elder Flowers, Red Clover). Antiseptics
 helps prevent the growth of microbes and cripples their activity
while in contact with them. Helps oppose sepsis. (Buchu, Burdock Leaves,
Chamomile, Cayenne, Echinacea). Antispasmodic
 relieves spasms of voluntary and involuntary muscles and
relieves nervous irritability. (Wild Lettuce, Lobelia, Scullcap.) Antisyphilitics
 herbs used to relieve and cure syphilis or other venereal
diseases (Goldenseal, Juniper Berry, Kava Kava, Oregon Grape). Antithrombotic
 prevents blood clots. Antitoxic
 neutralizes a poison from the system (Alfalfa, Chlorophyll). Antitussive
 prevents or relieves coughing. Antivenomous
 herbs used as antidotes to animal, vegetable and mineral
poisons (Plantain, American Pennyroyal, Chaparral). Antiviral
 inhibits a virus (Pau D’Arco, Echinacea, Black Walnut Hull). Antizymotics
 herbs used to destroy or arrest the action of bacterial (disease-
producing) organisms (Black Walnut Hulls/Leaves, Cloves, Garlic, Mullein). Anxiolytic
 an anti-anxiety agent. Aperient
 a mild or gentle laxative (Buckthorn, 
Cascara Sagrada, Mountain
Flax).Aperitive
 a substance that stimulates the appetite. Aphrodisiacs
 herbs used to correct conditions of impotence and strengthen
sexual power and desire (Damiana, False Unicorn, Saw Palmetto, Yohimbe). Arachidonic
 Acid an essential fatty acid formed from unsaturated acids of
plants, and present in peanuts. It is a precursor of prostaglandins. Aromatics
 strong fragrance. Helps stimulate the gastrointestinal mucous
membrane aiding in digestion and the expelling of gas from the stomach and
bowels. (Anise, Fennel, Peppermint). Ascaris
 roundworm (also called maw-worm and eelworm) found in the small
intestine causing colicky pains and diarrhea, especially in children. Ascites
 excessive accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Asthenia
 lack or loss of strength, usually involving muscular system. Astringent
 firms tissues and organs; reduces discharges and secretions. Acts
upon the albumen. Affects the cleansing and detoxification of tissues. (Agrimony, Bugleweed, Horsetail, White Oak Bark, Witch Hazel). Atonic
 without normal tension or tone. Atrophy
 a wasting; a decrease in size of an organ or tissue; the degeneration
of cells, tissues, glands, etc. Autoimmune
 a process in which antibodies develop against the body’s own
tissues. This process is a natural response to body cells that are dying. This
creates an immune response for elimination of that cell so the body can
replace it. Autonomic
 independent and spontaneous. Autonomic Nervous System
 the part of the nervous system that controls
involuntary bodily functions. It regulates the function of glands, especially
the salivary, gastric, and sweat glands, and the adrenal medulla, smooth
muscle tissue, and the heart. The autonomic nervous system may act on these
tissues to reduce or slow activity or to initiate their function. Ayurvedic
 a traditional system of medicine in India; literally means “a
science of life.” Eastern Indian herbology. Bactericide
 destroys bacteria. Balsamic
 herbs that mitigate, soothe and heal inflamed parts (Avocado
Leaves, Balm of Gilead, Spikenard).Basal cells
 Original, primary cells that constitute the body. Basophils 1. immune cells involved in inflammatory immune responses. Basophils
 release histamine and other chemicals (which dilate blood vessels
to accomplish this). 2. also found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. These cells produce corticotrophin, the substance that stimulates the adrenal
cortex to secrete adrenal cortical hormone. 3. A type of white blood cell
(leukocyte) characterized by possession of coarse granules that stain intensely
with basic dyes. B-cells
 a specialized white blood cell of the immune system that produces
antibodies. These are the “Marines” of your immune cells. Bentonite
 volcanic clay known for its absorptive properties. Used in nutrition
for its absorption of toxic elements. Beta cells
 the cells in the pancreas that manufacture insulin. Bilirubin
 the breakdown product of the “heme” in the hemoglobin molecule
of red blood cells. Bile
 a bitter, yellow substance that is released by the liver into the intestines
for the digestion of fats and the alkalization of HCL (hydrocloric acid) and
other acids from the stomach. Bioflavonoids
 biologically active flavonoids that are essential for the stability
and absorption of vitamin C. They are well known for their strengthening
effect on the blood capillaries, and although not technically vitamins, they are
sometimes referred to as vitamin P.
Bitter Principles
 named for their bitter properties. These bitter properties
stimulate digestive 
secretions throughout the gastrointestinal tract, while
stimulating the gall bladder and liver (bile secretion). Bitters are divided into
various categories with some belonging to the terpenes, cothers, and iridoids. Research has shown that some bitters have antibiotic, antifungal and anti-
tumor activities. Bitter Tonic
 bitter herbs which in small amounts stimulate digestion and liver
function. Helps to regulate fire/inflammation in the body, as well. (Angostura, Barberry, Gentian) Bitters herbs that have a bitter taste and have
the power of stimulating the gastrointestinal mucous membrane and liver
tissue, without affecting the general system (Gentian, Chaparral,
Wormwood). Blisters
 herbs that cause inflammatory exudation (blistering) of serum fromthe skin when applied locally; used as revulsants; react with acids (Black
Mustard, Blue Violet Root, White Byrony, others). Blood Pressure
 the force exerted by blood as it presses through and against
the walls of your blood vessels. (See: Systolic and Diastolic.) Blood Sugar
 sugar in the form of glucose present in the blood. (Normally 60
to 100 milligrams/100 milliliters of blood. However, blood sugar can rise
after a meal to as much as 150 milligrams/100 milliliters of blood. This may
vary.) Bolus
 an herbal suppository injected into the rectum or vagina for healing
purposes. Bromelain
 the protein-digesting enzyme found in pineapple. Bronchiole
 one of the smaller subdivisions of the bronchial tubes. By-product
 a secondary product or result. Calefacients
 used externally to cause a sense of warmth by increasing
capillary circulation (Cayenne). Calmative
 soothing, sedative action. Candida yeast-like fungus that causes
sugar and starch cravings. Can grow prolifically through the lymph system. Carbohydrates
 1. plant glucose, fructose, starches, cellulose, etc. Gums and
mucilages are also forms of carbohydrates used for additional cellulose
energy stored as ATP or glycogen. 2. carbon-based constituents used for
fuels (energy) by the body. Carbuncle
 painful infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues with
production and discharge of pus and dead tissue, similar to a boil (faruncle)
but more severe and with a multiple sinus formation; usually caused by an
accumulation of toxicity where Staphylococcus aureus is present. Carcinogen
 a cancer-producing substance. Cardiac pertains to the heart and
its actions. Herbs or substances that help stimulate and tone the heart. (See:
Cordial)
Cardiac Depressants
 herbs that lessen and are sedative to the heart’s action
(Blood Root, Bugleweed, Poke Root). Cardiac Glycosides
 (similar to Saponins) First discovered in 1785 in the
herb Foxglove. Their action on cardiac tissue has been well established. Cardiac glycosides are formed by a combination of steroidal agylcone and a
sugar (sugar regulates its bioavailability). Cardiac glycosides increase theforce, power and strength of the heart muscle without increased oxygen
demand. Cardiac Stimulants
 herbs used to increase and give greater power to the
heart’s action (Bugle-weed, Cayenne, Pipsissewa). Cardiovascular
 relating to the heart and blood vessels. Carminative
 relieves intestinal gas, pain and distention; promotes peristalsis
(Pennyroyal, Lovage, Myrrh). Catabolic
 1. the breaking down or destructive phase of metabolism; 2.
includes digestive and all the processes used to break down complex
substances into simple, usable ones; 3. Energy is generally released during
this process. (For example: glucose is catabolized to water, carbon dioxide,
and energy.) Cataplasm
 another name for a poultice. Catarrh
 a mucus discharge from the mucous 
membranes as a result of
inflammation, acids, or irritants (foreign proteins). This has special reference
to the air passages of the head and throat. (For example: hayfever, rhinitis,
influenza, bronchitis, pharyngitis, asthma). Milk and refined sugars create an
over-production of mucus discharge, congesting various body tissues. Cathartic
 strong laxative which causes rapid evacuation of bowels (Black
Hellebore, Culvers Root, Senna Leaves). Cationic
 1. state of flux and breakdown whereby nutrients and elements are
dispersed systemically; similar to catabolic; 3. in reference to alkalization. Caustics
 herbs that burn or destroy living tissue (Celandine Juice, Cashew
Juice, Yellow Anemone Herb). Cell Proliferants
 herbs that promote rapid healing and regeneration of the
body (cells). (Aloe Vera, Comfrey, Elecampane, Saw Palmetto). Cephalics
 herbs that are particularly healing to cerebral conditions and
diseases (Red Sage, Rosemary, Rue, Stinging Nettle, Juniper Berry). Chlorophyll
 the “green” pigment in plants; used in nutrition to absorb toxins
and as a vulnerary; it can be taken as a supplement, as a source of magnesium
and trace elements. It has strong detoxifying properties; pulls mucus and
heavy metals out of the body. Cholagogue
 promotes flow and discharge of bile from liver into intestines
(Beets, Fringetree, Mandrake).Cholesterol
 a crystalline substance that is soluble in fats; produced by all
vertebrates. It is a necessary constituent of cell membranes, and facilitates the
transport and absorption of fatty acids. It can be synthesized in the liver and
is a normal constituent of bile. It is important in metabolism, serving as a
processor of various steroid hormones. Excess cholesterol is a potentially big
threat to health. This occurs in acidosis (inflammation) where adrenal cortex
weakness is observed. Chronic
 1. an advanced state of hypoactivity of tissue, organs and glands; 2.
the stage before degeneration and cancer. Chyme
 the mixture of partly digested food and digestive secretions found in
the stomach and small intestine during digestion of a meal. It is a varicolored,
thick, but nearly liquid mass. Cimcifuga
 means “to drive away bugs,” neutralizes rattlesnake bites,
scorpion stings. (Plantain, Black Cohosh, Borage, Wood Betony.) Cod Liver Oil
 natural oils from cod fish which contain essential fatty acids
and vitamins A and D; also contains the Omega-3 oils. Coenzyme
 a molecule that works with an enzyme to enable the enzyme to
perform its function in the body. Coenzymes are necessary in the utilization
of vitamins and minerals. Vitamins are considered coenzymes as they affect
the ability of an enzyme to activate. Colitis
 inflammation of the colon. Coloring Agents
 herbs used for coloring or dyeing purposes (Bilberry—
dark blue or purple; Blood Root—deep red or bronze; Turmeric— golden
yellow). Colostrum
 a clear fluid, rich in antibodies and nutrients, produced in the
breasts as the first
“milk.”
 Colostrum stimulates and builds the immune system of the infant. Complex Sugars
 where two or more simple sugars (glucose, fructose, or
galactose) are combined. Starches and artificial sugars are a good example of
complex sugars (dextrose, maltose, sucrose, etc.). Complex sugars lead to the
overproduction of mucus and carbonic acid, which congest and acidify the
body. Compounds
 1. a substance composed of two or more units or parts
combined in definite proportions by weight and having specific properties of
its own. Compounds are formed by all living organisms and are of two types,organic and inorganic. 2. made up of more than one part. Compress
 a pad of linen applied under pressure to an area of skin and held
in place. Complete Protein
 a source of dietary protein that contains a full complement
of the eight essential amino acids. Based upon flesh as the end 
result of a
vegetable diet. Complex Carbohydrate
 1. a carbohydrate that contains several bonded
natural sugars (glucose and fructose). These are exceedingly difficult for the
body to break down. Excessive consumption leads to acidosis through the
creation of excessive carbonic acid, which is a by-product of sugar
breakdown. 2. The carbohydrates in starches and fiber are complex
carbohydrates; also called polysaccharides. 3. requires adrenal steriods to
metabolize. Condiments
 herbs used to season or flavor foods (Coriander, Parsley, Sweet
Basil, Sage, Rosemary). Congestion
 1. the presence of an excessive amount of blood or tissue fluid in
an organ or in tissue. 2. In natural health, congestion refers to the
accumulation of mucus, acids, toxins, chemicals, heavy metals, parasites, and
the like. Leads to nodal swelling, masses, and tumor formation. Connective Tissue
 the type of tissue that performs the function of providing
support, structure, and cellular cement to the body. Constringents
 astringents. Convalescence
 the period of recovery (or immobility) after the termination
of a disease or an operation. Convulsants
 cause convulsions. CO.P.D. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Cordials
 herbs that combine the properties of a warm stomach and a cardiac
stimulant (Angostura, Borage, Gentian). Correctives (corrigents)
 herbs used to lessen and/or alter the severity of
action of other herbs, especially cathartics or purgatives. Some correctives
include: American Pennyroyal, Bay Leaves, and Cascara Sagrada. Corticosteroid Hormones
 a group of hormones produced by the adrenal
glands that control the body’s use of nutrients and the excretion of salts and
water in the urine. Used for inflammatory processes by the body.Cosmetics
 herbs that are skin tonics and are used to improve the complexion
and beautify the skin (Agar Agar, Balm of Gilead, Comfrey). Coumarins
 (aromatic constituents) anti-clotting factors in small doses and
used as rat poison in large doses. Counterirritants
 herbs that cause irritation by local application in one part
and therapeutically relieve pain in another more deep-seated part (Prickly
Ash, Rue, Lobelia). Cultigen
 an organism, especially a cultivated plant, such as a Garlic, not
known to have a wild or uncultivated counterpart. Cyst
 an abnormal lump or swelling, filled with fluid or semi-solid “cheesy”
material, in any body organ or tissue, caused from acidosis, mucus and
oftentimes excessive hormones. Craniosacral
 concerning the skull and sacrum. Cruciferous
 means “cross-shaped.” Used to refer to a group of vegetables
(including broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, turnips, and
rutabagas) that have cross-shaped blossoms, and contain substances that have
been shown to prevent colon cancer. Cystitis
 inflammation of the urinary bladder. Cytotoxic
 a substance toxic to cells. Cytokines
 chemical messengers that are involved in the regulation of almost
every system in the body and are important in controlling local and systemic
inflammatory response. Debility
 weakness of tonicity in functions or organs of the body. Decoction
 teas prepared by boiling the botanical (herbs) with water for a
specified period of time, followed by straining or filtering; generally ingested
as a tea. Degeneration
 deterioration of a structure or function of any part of the body
based in the decline of the cells or other structures that constitute that part. Opposite of regeneration. Dehydration
 excessive loss of water from the body created mainly by
acidosis. Dementia
 senility; loss of mental function. Demulcent
 soothes, protects and nurtures irritated and inflamed membranes
and tissues.Dental Anodynes
 herbs used locally to relieve pain from an exposed nerve
filament in the tooth (toothache) (Broom, Cajuput, Ginger, Oil of Cloves). Deobstruents
 help remove obstructions from the body (Barberry, Butcher’s
Broom, Plantain). Deodorants
 herbs that eliminate foul odors (Blackberry, Chlorophyll,
Echinacea). Depressants
 sedatives. Depresso-Motors
 herbs that diminish muscular movement by action on the
spinal centers (also see: Nervine and Antispasmodic) (Gum Wood, Lobelia,
Poke Root). Depuratives
 cleanses or purifies blood by promoting eliminative functions
(Blessed Thistle, Blue Flag, Dandelion). Dermatomycoses
 skin infection caused by fungi. Desiccants
 herbs that are able to dry surfaces by absorbing moisture (Agar
Agar, Bladderwrack Powder, Corn Starch, Marshmallow, Slippery Elm
Powder). Detergent
 cleansing to wounds, ulcers or skin itself (Amaranth plant, Bitter
Root, Poke Root). Detoxicant
 removes toxins. Detoxification
 the process of cleansing and alkalizing the body. The
removing of obstructions (e.g., acids, mucus, parasites, chemicals, minerals,
metals, thoughts and emotions) that block energy and the proper function of
cells and the individual. A necessary requirement in returning to vibrant
health. Detoxify
 1. to remove the toxic quality of a substance; 2. treatment of a toxic
overdose of any medicine but especially of the toxic state produced by drugs
of abuse or acute alcoholism. Diaphoretic
 causes perspiration and increases elimination through the skin
(Centaury, Coltsfoot, Sassafras). Diastolic
 the second (or bottom) number in a blood pressure reading. It is the
blood pressure in the heart and arteries when the heart relaxes between
contractions. It is the pressure in your “pipes” (vascular system). Digestants
 contains substances (i.e., ferments, acids, enzymes and bitters)
which aid in digestion of food (Coriander, Sage, Cinnamon).Digestion
 the process by which food is broken down mechanically and
chemically in the gastrointestinal tract and converted into absorbable form, or
their simplest forms. Diluents
 herbs that dilute secretions and excretions (Flax Seed). Discutients
 herbs that dispel or resolve (dissolve) tumors and abnormal
growths (Bayberry, Chickweed, Coltsfoot, Burdock Root). Disinfectants
 herbs that eliminate or destroy the noxious properties of
decaying organic matter and thereby prevent the spreading or transfer of
toxic matter or infection (Black Walnut Hulls/ Leaves, Cajuput, Myrrh, Rue,
Uva Ursi). Diuretics
 promote activity of the kidney and bladder, and increase urination
through the excretion of water. (Tansy, Uva Ursi, Stone Root, Dandelion). Diverticuli
 pathological sac-like out-pouchings of the wall of the colon
caused by impactions and weaknesses of the intestinal wall. Doctrine of Signatures
 theory that the appearance of a plant indicates its
inherent properties. Dopamine
 A neurotransmitter produced in the medulla portion of the adrenal
glands. Used to treat hypotension and Parkinson’s disease. Drastics
 herbs that are hyperactive cathartics producing violent peristalsis,
watery stools and much griping pain (Castor Oil, Hedge Hyssop, Red and
White Bryony). Dropsy
 generalized edema in cellular tissue or in a body cavity. Dyskinesia
 defect in voluntary movement. Dysmenorrhea
 painful or difficult menstruation (False Unicorn, Cramp
Bark, Wild Yam Root, Red Raspberry). Dyspepsia
 imperfect or painful indigestion; not a disease in itself but
symptomatic of other diseases or disorders. Dyspnea
 sense of difficulty in breathing, often associated with lung or heart
disease. Also a sign 
of congestion and acidosis. Edema
 retention of fluid in tissues (swelling). A result of acidosis. The
body’s effort to alkalize. Electrolytes
 Soluble salts dissolved in the body’s fluids. Electrolytes are the
form in which most minerals circulate in the body. They are capable of
conducting electrical impulses (includes salts of sodium and potassium).These are considered the positively charged electrons (positive ions which
have less electrons). They facilitate and carry electrical charges better than
negative ions, which have more electrons dominating protons. They are
called cations and create an alkaline medium. Elimination
 1. excretion of waste products by the skin, kidneys, and
intestines. 2. also refers to the elimination of carbon dioxide from the lungs. Elements
 in chemistry, a substance that cannot be separated into substances
different from itself by ordinary chemical processes. Elements exist in free
and combined states. More than 100 have been identified. Elements found in
the human body include oxygen, aluminum, carbon, cobalt, hydrogen,
nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine,
magnesium, iron, fluorine, iodine, copper, manganese, and zinc. Emetic
 induces vomiting (Black Mustard, Blood Root, Mistletoe). Emmenagogue
 helps promote and regulate menstruation (Saw Palmetto,
False Unicorn, Nettle). Emollient
 soothes, softens and protects the skin, or soothes the irritated
mucosa. Emulsion a combination of two liquids that do not mix with each
other, such as oil and water; one substance is broken into tiny droplets and is
suspended within the other. Emulsification is the first step in the digestion of
fats. Enervate
 to deprive of strength, vigor, etc. ; to weaken physically and
mentally. Endocrine System
 the system of glands that secrete hormones, steroids, and
neurotransmitters directly into the bloodstream. They include the pituitary,
thyroid, thymus and adrenal glands, as well as the pancreas, ovaries and
testes. Endorphin
 natural opiates produced in the brain that function as the body’s
own natural painkillers; they also have a calming effect upon the muscles and
tissues of the body. Enteritis
 inflammation of the small intestine. Enterorrhagia
 hemorrhage from the intestine. Enuresis
 involuntary urination. Enzyme
 an organic catalyst produced by living cells but capable of acting
independently. Enzymes are complex proteins that are capable of inducing
chemical changes in other substances without being changed themselves.Enzymes are present in digestive juices, where they act upon food substances,
causing them to break down into simpler compounds. They are capable of
accelerating the speed of chemical reactions. Ephidrosis
 abnormal amount of sweating. Epidermis
 the outermost layer of the skin. Epigastric
 upper middle region of abdomen. Epinephrine
 Known as adrenaline, it is a neurotransmitter secreted by the
adrenal medulla in response to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Low levels cause some of the physiological expressions of fear and anxiety
and have been found in excess in some anxiety disorders. It’s also produced
by tissues other than the adrenals. It is responsible for the Fight or Flight
Syndrome/response. Epithelial Cells
 the cells that cover the entire surface of the body and that line
most of the internal organs. Epstein-Barr Virus
 the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis and that is
associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancer. Errhines
 herbs that increase nasal secretions from the sinuses (Blood Root,
Horseradish, Ginger). Essential
 a term for nutrients needed for building and repairing that cannot
be manufactured by the body, and that therefore must be supplied in the diet. At present, there are at least forty-two 
known essential nutrients. (There are
many different opinions of what truly is “essential” and what is created by the
body itself as a natural side-effect of metabolism.) Essential Fatty Acids
 (EFA) unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic, and
arachidonic) which cannot be synthesized in the body and are considered
essential for maintaining health. Essential Oils
 also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, or essences. They are
usually complex mixtures of a wide variety of organic compounds (e.g.,
alcohols, ketones, phenols, acids, ethers, esters, aldehydes and oxides) that
evaporate when exposed to air. They generally represent the odoriferous
principles of plants and have a broad range effect upon the body, especially
the nervous system. Estrogen
 female hormone (steroid) responsible for stimulating the
development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics. Aggressive and acid-forming vasodilating properties.Evacuants
 remedies which evacuate; mostly applies to purgatives. Evening Primrose Oil
 the seed oil of Evening Primrose, rich in gamma
linolenic acid. Excito-Motors
 herbs that increase motor reflex and spinal activity. Exocrine
 a term applied to glands whose secretion reaches an epithelial
surface, either directly or through a duct. Opposite of endocrine. Exophthalmic
 protrusion of the eyeball. Expectorant promotes discharge of
phlegm and mucus from lungs and throat (Mullein, Red Root, Lungwort). Extract
 a preparation in which the properties of an herb are drawn out by
solvents, heat, or other processes. Fats
 1. Adipose tissue of the body, which serves as an energy reserve. 2. Grease, oil. 3. In chemistry, triglyceride ester of fatty acids; one of a group of
organic compounds closely associated in nature with the phosphatides,
cerebrosides, and sterols. The term lipid is applied in general to a fat or fat-
like substance. Fats are insoluble in water but soluble in either chloroform,
benzene, or other fat solvents. Fats are hydrolyzed by the action of acids,
alkalies, lipases (fat-splitting enzymes) and superheated steam. Fat-soluble
 capable of dissolving in the same organic solvents as fats and
oils. Not soluble in water. Fatty Acids
 any one of many organic acids from which fats and oils are
made. Febrifuge
 reduces fever (Fringe Tree, Feverfew, Tansy). Fermentation
 the oxidative decomposition of complex substances through
the action of enzymes or ferments, produced by microorganisms; bacteria,
molds, and yeasts are the principal groups of organisms involved in
fermentation. Fiber
 the indigestible portion of plant matter. Fiber is an important
component of a healthy diet because it is capable of binding to toxins and
carrying them out of the body. Acts as an electrical intestinal broom. Fistula
 abnormal (tube-like) passage between two internal organs, or from an
organ to the surface of the body. Flavin
 one of a group of natural water-soluble pigments occurring in milk,
yeasts, bacteria, and some plants. Flavonoidial and Flavone Glycosides
 Glycosides have a broad range effecton the body. Each glycoside has its own individual effect as well. Some are
antispasmodic, diuretic, increase circulation, and act upon cardiac tissue. Flavonoid complexes known as bioflavonoids are essential to vitamin C
absorption and calcium absorption (all occur in nature together). Some
flavonoid glycosides (bioflavonoids) include hesperidin, rutin, and vitamin P.
Free Radicals
 a group of atoms that are highly chemically reactive because
they have at least one unpaired electron. Because they join so readily with
other compounds, free radicals can attack cells and cause a lot of damage in
the body. They form in heated fats and oils, and as a 
result of exposure to
atmospheric radiation and environmental pollutants, among other things. (A
human ingests over 125 lbs. of chemicals per year. Talk about free radicals!) Fungus
 one of a class of organisms that include yeasts, mold, and
mushrooms. A number of fungal species, such as Candida albicans, are
capable of causing severe disease in immuno-compromised hosts. Galactagogue
 promotes secretion of milk (Anise Seed, Fennel, Vervain). Galactophyga
 herbs that diminish or arrest the secretion of milk (Bilberry,
Cassia Bark, Cranes-bill). Gastralgia
 pain in the stomach. Gastritis
 inflammation of the stomach lining. Gastroenteritis
 inflammation of the mucous lining of the stomach and
intestinal tract. Gland
 an organ or tissue that secretes a substance for use elsewhere in the
body rather than for its own functioning. Giardia
 a genus of flagellate protozoa some of which are parasitic, found in
the intestinal tract of humans and domestic animals; transmitted by ingestion
of cysts in fecally-contaminated water and food; interferes with the
absorption of fats; boiling water inactivates them. Gleet
 the mucous discharge in the urine from urethra, in cases of chronic
gonorrhea. Glucose
 a simple sugar that is the principal source of energy for the body’s
cells. Gluten
 vegetable albumin, a protein that can be prepared from wheat, rye,
barley, and oats. Glycogen
 a polysaccharide (complex carbohydrate) that is the main form inwhich glucose is stored in the body, mostly in the liver and muscles. It is
converted back into glucose as needed to supply the body with energy. Gout
 inflammation of the joints. Joints affected may be at any location, but
gout usually begins in the knee or foot. Hair Analysis
 a method of determining the levels of minerals, including both
toxic metals and essential minerals, in the body by measuring the
concentrations of those minerals in the hair. Unlike mineral levels in the
blood, those in the hair reflect the person’s status over several preceding
months and their utilization at the cellular level. Heavy Metals
 metallic elements whose specific gravity (a measurement of
mass as compared with the mass of water or hydrogen) is greater than 5.0. Some heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury, are
extremely toxic. Hemetics
 herbs rich in iron and manganese and which augment and enrich
the red corpuscles of the blood (blood-builders) (Agrimony, Quassia, Yellow
Dock, Dandelion). Hemiplegia
 paralysis of one half of the body. Hemoglobin
 the red (iron-containing) pigment in blood that carries oxygen
from the lungs to the tissues of the body. Hemoglobin is a conjugated protein
consisting of heme (which is an iron carrier) and globin (which is a simple
protein carrier). Hemolytic
 1. a substance which destroys red blood cells; 2. related to the
destruction of red blood cells. Hemostatic
 stops the flow of blood; type of astringent that stops internal
bleeding or hemorrhaging. Hepatics
 herbs used to strengthen, tone and stimulate the secretive functions
of the liver, causing an increased flow of bile (Goldenseal, Dandelion, Milk
Thistle, Oregon Grape). Herbal Therapies
 the use of herbal combinations for healing or cleansing
purposes. Herbs can be used in tinctures, tablets, capsules or extract form, as
well as in baths, poultices, teas, etc. Herpatics
 herbs that are healing to skin eruptions and scaling diseases such
as ringworm. (Buckthorn Bark, Chickweed, Cleavers, Comfrey). Histamine
 a chemical released by the immune system that acts on various
body tissues. It has the effect of constricting the smooth bronchial tubemuscles, dilating small blood vessels, thus 
allowing fluid to leak from various
tissues, and increasing the secretion of stomach acid. Holistic Medicine
 a form of therapy aimed at treating the whole person
(mind, body and spirit), not just the part or parts in which symptoms occur. Homeostasis
 equilibrium of internal environment. Hormone
 chemical messengers released by the glands of the endocrine
system. They are released directly into the bloodstream and carried to the
tissues they affect. Hormones fall into two categories: proteins and steroids. All hormones are extremely potent. They are effective in very small amounts. Hormonal Agents
 herbs that contain phytosterols, or hormones used by the
plant for its own growth, are compatible with female hormones and appear to
work as building blocks to provide ready-made material for hormonal
production. Some herbs, like Chaste Tree Berry, are thought to work on the
level of the pituitary gland (the “mother of the female hormones”), and can
produce either an oestrogenic or progestogenic effect, as the body turns it to
its own use. Those known as oestrogenic are used to treat estrogen deficiency
problems and are certainly effective (False Unicorn Root). Wild Yam
provides the only known natural plant source of progesterone. Hormonal System
 consists of a series of tissues, glands, and cells. The
glands produce chemicals (hormones) that are secreted into the bloodstream. These chemicals are either directly released into the bloodstream (through
endocrine glands) or released through tubes called ducts (exocrine glands). The hormones stimulate other cells or organs. They regulate many of the
body’s activities, including growth, development, and homeostasis. There
may be as many as 100 hormones in the human body, but not all have been
determined. The major exocrine glands are all associated with the digestive
system. The major hormone-secreting endocrine glands in the body are the
thyroid, adrenal, pituitary, pineal, parathyroid, and pancreas (pancreas is both
exocrine and endocrine). There are two gender-specific endocrine glands—
the ovaries in females, and the testes in males. Hydragogue
 promotes watery evacuation of bowels. Hydrochloric Acid
 (HCL) a normal constituent of gastric juice. The amount
of HCL concentration in the stomach varies, depending on several factors,
including rate of secretion of gastric juice and the type of food eaten. It
converts pepsinogen into pepsin and produces an acid medium favorable for
the activity of pepsin; dissolves and disintegrates nucleoproteins and collagen;
hydrolyzes sucrose; precipitates caseinogen; inhibits multiplication ofbacteria, especially putrefactive organisms that ferment lactic acid and certain
pathogenic forms; stimulates secretion by the duodenum; inhibits the action
of ptyalin and thus stops salivary digestion in the stomach. Hyperchlorhydria
 excess of hydrochloric acid in gastric secretion
(insufficient gastric acid output). Hyperglycemia
 an abnormal concentration of sugar in the blood. Hypertension
 chronic high blood pressure often caused by stress. Hypertensive
 used to increase blood pressure. Hyperthyroidism
 (overactive thyroid) a condition caused by excessive
secretion of the thyroid glands, which increases the basal metabolic rate,
causing an increased demand for food to support this metabolic activity. Signs and symptoms—goiter, fine tremor of the extended fingers and tongue,
increased nervousness, weight loss, altered bowel activity, heat intolerance,
excessive sweating, increased heart rate. Inorganic iodine deposits, drugs,
chemicals and congestion create acidosis and stimulation of this gland. Hyperthyroidism always leads to hypothyroidism or the weakening of the
thyroid gland. Hypnotics
 powerful nervine relaxants 
and sedatives that induce sleep (Wild
Lettuce, Passion Flower, Valerian). Hypoactive
 1. “Hypo” is Greek for below, beneath or under. 2. underactive
gland or organ. Hypoglycemia abnormally low level of glucose in the blood;
“low blood sugar.”
Hypothalamus
 the area of the brain that contains neurosecretions that are of
importance in the control of certain metabolic activities, such as maintenance
of water balance, sugar and fat metabolism, regulation of body temperature,
secretion of releasing and inhibiting hormones, and the hunger response. It
houses the pituitary gland and is considered the “master switch board.”
Hypothyroidism
 a condition due to deficiency of the thyroid secretion,
resulting in a lowered basal metabolism. Symptoms may include obesity or
difficulty losing weight, dry skin and hair, low blood pressure, slow pulse,
sluggishness of all functions, depressed muscular activity, and depression. Hypertension
 high blood pressure. Usually defined as a regular resting
pressure of 140/90. Hypotensives
 used to reduce blood pressure. Iatrogenic
 literally, “physician induced.” This term can be applied to anymedical condition, disease, or other adverse occurrence that results from
medical treatment. Immunostimulant
 an agent that stimulates the immune system in a non-
specific manner. Infection
 invasion of body tissues by disease-causing organisms such as
viruses, protozoa, fungi or bacteria. Inflammation
 1. tissue reaction to injury; 2. Inflammation is not infection. It
is a reaction of your immune system in your body to an acidic compound or
injury to tissue. The succession of changes that occur in living tissue when it
is injured in any way. The inflamed area undergoes continuous change as the
body repair processes start to heal and replace injured tissue. 3. Inflammation
is a conservative process modified by whatever produces the reaction, but it
should not be confused with infection; the two are relatively different
conditions, although one may arise from the other. Acidosis is one of the
greatest causes of inflammation. Inflammation is counter-balanced by the
body with steroids, cholesterol, electrolytes and antioxidants. Infusion
 an herbal tea. Insulin
 a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates the metabolism of
glucose (sugar) in the body. Acts as a carrier through cell membrane walls. Interferon
 1. a protein produced by the cells in response to viral infection
that prevents viral reproduction and is capable of protecting uninfected cells
from viral infection. Includes alpha, beta, and gamma; 2. a group of proteins
released by white blood cells that combat a virus; 3. a potent immune-
enhancing substance that is produced by the body’s cells to fight off viral
infection and cancer. Intestinal Flora
 the “friendly” bacteria and other microorganisms normally
present in the intestines that are essential for the digestion and metabolism of
different nutrients and foodstuffs. In Vitro
 outside a living body and in an artificial environment, like a
laboratory (e.g., in test tubes). In Vivo
 in a living body of an animal, plant or human, outside of a controlled
environment or laboratory. Incontinence
 the inability to control urination or defecation. Indolent
 sluggish; causing little or no pain, slow to heal. Inferior
 below.Insecticides
 herbs that are used to destroy or repel insects (Black Walnut
Hulls/Leaves, Black Cohosh, Rue, Quassia). Intercostal
 between the ribs. Interstitial
 placed or lying between (spaces within an organ or tissue);
around the outside of cells. Interleukin
 a type of cytokine that enables communication among leukocytes
and other cells active in inflammation or the cell-mediated immune response. The result is a maximized response to a microorganism or other foreign
antigen. Intracellular
 within cells. Irritants
 herbs that produce a greater or lesser degree of vascular excitement
when applied to the epidermis or skin surface (Cascara Sagrada, Kava Kava
resin, Stinging Nettle, Stone Root). Jaundice
 a condition caused by elevation of bilirubin in the body and
characterized by a yellowing of the skin. Jejunum
 the second portion of the small intestines (from duodenum to the
ileum). It’s about eight feet long and comprises two-fifths of the small
intestine. Laxatives
 mild purgatives. Promote bowel movements. Lesions
 a circumscribed area of pathologically altered tissue; an injury or
wound; a single infected patch in a skin disease. Lipid
 any one of a group of fats or fat-like substances characterized by their
insolubility in water and sollubility in fat solvents such as alcohol, ether, and
chloroform. The term is descriptive rather than a chemical name such as
protein or carbohydrate. Includes true fats (esters of fatty acids and glycerol);
lipoids (phospholipids, cere-brosides, waxes); and sterols (cholesterol,
ergosterol). Lipotropic
 promoting the flow of lipids to and from the liver. Lithotriptics
 dissolves or discharges urinary and biliary concretion (like
kidney stones). Helps dissolve calculi within the body. (Bitter Root, Butcher’s
Broom, Cleavers). Local Anesthetics
 herbs that produce loss of sensation (anesthesia) when
applied locally to a surface (Caraway Oil, Coca, Kava Kava). Lymph
 fluid contained in lymphatic vessels, that flows through the lymphaticsystem to be returned to the blood. The lymph is to the immune cells what
blood serum is to red blood cells. Lymph cleans itself through the kidneys,
colon and skin. Lymphatic System
 that system including all structures involved in the
conveyance of lymph from the tissues to the bloodstream. It includes the
lymph capillaries, lacteals, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and main lymph
ducts (thoracic and right lymphatic duct). Lymph Nodes
 organs located in the lymphatic vessels that act as filters,
trapping and removing foreign materials. They also form lymphocytes, which
are immune cells that develop the capacity to seek out and destroy specific
foreign agents. Lymph nodes are like septic tanks that hold and neutralize
toxins and foreign proteins by immune cells and/or enzymes. Lymphocyte
 a type of white blood cell found in lymph, blood, and other
specialized tissues, such as the bone marrow and tonsils. There are several
different categories of lymphocytes, designated B-lymphocytes, T-
lymphocytes, and null (or non-B, non-T) lymphocytes. These cells are crucial
components of the immune system. B-lymphocytes are primarily responsible
for antibody production, whereas the T-lymphocytes are involved in the
direct attack against invading organisms. It is the T-helper cell, a subtype of
T-lymphocyte, that is the primary cell infected and destroyed by human
immuno-deficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS (man made). Kidneys
 a pair of organs sitting at the back of the abdominal cavity that form
urine from blood plasma. Each kidney’s more than one million small filtering
units (called glomeruli) process chemical wastes and excess water in the
body, which produces urine. They are the major regulators of the water and
electrolytes, and maintain the acid-base content of the blood and body fluids. The kidneys are one of the body’s four eliminative organs. Lack of proper
elimination means a stagnant lymphatic system. Kupffer’s Cells
 About 50 percent of all macrophages are found in the liver
as Kupffer cells. Macrophages
 1. a monocyte that has left the circulation and settled and
matured in a tissue; 2. Along with neutrophils, macrophages are the major
phagocytic cells of the immune system. They have the ability to recognize
and ingest all foreign antigens through receptors on the surface of their cell
membranes; these antigens are then destroyed by lysosomes. Their placement
in the peripheral lymphoid tissues enables macrophages to serve as the major
scavengers of the blood, clearing it of abnormal or old cells and cellulardebris as well as pathogenic organisms. 3. They also serve a vital role by
processing antigens and presenting them to T cells, activating the specific
immune response. They also release many chemical mediators that are
involved in the body’s defenses, including interleukin-1 and complement. Malabsorption
 nutritionally, an inability to absorb nutrients from the
intestinal tract into the bloodstream. Primarily due to impactions,
inflammation and poor pancreatic digestion. Maturating
 herbs that promote the maturation or ripening (bringing to a
head) of tumors, boils, ulcers, carbuncles, etc. (Bayberry Bark, Burdock
Root, Plantain, Yellow Dock). Menorrhagia
 excessive bleeding during menstruation. Meridians
 in Chinese medicine, the specific pathways of energy flow in the
body. The fourteen channels in the body through which 
qi
 (universal energy
or God force) runs. Metabolism
 the physical and chemical processes necessary to sustain life,
including the production of cellular energy, the synthesis of important
biological substances, and degradation of various compounds. Minerals
 1. an inorganic element or compound (especially one that is solid)
occurring in nature. (Inorganic, not of animal or plant origin. ); 2. an
inorganic substance required by the body in small quantities. Molecule
 1. the smallest quantity into which a substance may be divided
without loss of its characteristics; 2. a chemical combination of two or more
atoms that form a specific chemical compound. Monocytes
 white blood cells that are one of the first lines of defense in the
inflammatory process. Monoplegia
 paralysis of a single limb. Montmorillonite
 lake clays used in nutrition as a source of trace minerals. Mucus
 a viscid fluid secreted by mucous membranes and glands, consisting
of mucin, leukocytes, inorganic salts, water, and epithelial cells. This mucus
acts as a protectant and detoxificant. Mucilages
 herbs having mucilaginous (soothing) properties on inflamed
mucous membranes and tissues (Bladderwrack, Comfrey, Evening Primrose,
Marshmallow). Mydriatic
 dilates (enlarges) the pupil (Belladonna, Coca, Scopola).Myotics
 herbs that cause contraction of the ciliary muscles of the eye (makes
the pupil smaller) (Arena Nut, Jaborandi). Narcotics
 depresses central nervous system, thus relieving pain and
promoting sleep (Belladonna, Coca, Grindelia). Nauseants
 herbs that produce nausea or an urge to vomit when taken in large
doses (similar to emetics) (Lobelia, Quassia, Vervain). Nephritis
 inflammation of the kidney (Bugleweed, Culver’s Root, Horse
Chestnut). Nervine
 a tonic for the nerves. Helps to relieve pain and regulate the nervous
system. Also strengthens functional activity of nervous system. May be
stimulant or sedative. (Skullcap, Lobelia, Valerian). Neurasthenia
 severe nerve weakness; nervous exhaustion. Neuromuscular
 concerning both the nerves and muscles. Neuropathy
 a complex of symptoms caused by abnormalities in motor or
sensory nerves. Symptoms may include tingling or numbness, especially in
the hands or feet, followed by gradual, progressive muscular weakness. Neurotransmitter
 1. a chemical substance that transmits nerve impulses from
one nerve cell to another (includes acetylcholine, dopamine, gamma-
aminobutyric acid, epinephrine, nor-epinephrine, and serotonin); 2.
substances that transmit nerve impulses to the brain. Neurotics
 acts upon the nervous system. Neutrophils
 are responsible for much of the body’s protection against
infection. They play a primary roll in inflammation, are readily attracted to
foreign antigens (chemotaxis), and destroy them by phagocytosis. NK Cells
 natural killer cells. Norepinephrine
 a neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal medulla, similar
in chemical and pharmacological properties to epinephrine, but it is chiefly a
vasoconstrictor and has little effect on cardiac output. Nutraceutical
 1. a food- or nutrient-based product or supplement designed
or used for a specific clinical or therapeutic purpose; 2. using the active
principle from an herb; increasing its potency; then adding it back to form a
high potency formula. Nutrients
 substances needed by the body to maintain life and health. Nutritives
 increases weight and density; nourishes the body. Helps supplymaterial for tissue rebuilding. Oestrogenic
 a substance affecting female sexual functions. Opthalmic
 healing to disorders and diseases of the eyes (Bilberry, Eyebright,
Marshmallow). Osteomyelitis
 inflammation of the bone, especially the marrow. Osteoporosis
 a disorder in which minerals leach out of the bones, making
them progressively more porous and fragile. A result of acidosis and
hypothyroidism. Ovaries
 1. located in the pelvic cavity of women; responsible for
development of sex characteristics; some effects on growth; 2. produces the
ovum (egg) and secretes the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. Oxidation
 a chemical reaction in which oxygen reacts with another
substance, resulting in a chemical transformation. Many oxidation reactions
result in some type of deterioration or spoilage. Oxytocin
 pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine contractions (to induce
and assist labor in childbirth) and the production of milk. Oxyuris
 genus of nematode intestinal worms which includes pinworms (also
called threadworm and seatworm). Pancreas
 Both an exocrine and endocrine organ, it secretes enzymes
(amylase, lipase) that aid in the digestion of food in the small intestine; it also
produces hormones (glucagon, insulin) which, when taken up by the
bloodstream, help regulate carbohydrate metabolism by controlling blood
sugar levels. Parasite
 an organism that lives and feeds upon the weaknesses and toxicity
of another organism, known as the host, without contributing to survival of
the host. Within the human body parasites can invade weakened cells or live
in a toxic lymph system. Parasiticides
 herbs that kill or destroy animal and vegetable parasites within
the body. Parasympathetic Nervous System
 part of the autonomic nervous system
that normally acts as a balance for the sympathetic system once a crisis has
passed or in non-stressful situations. It brings about constriction of the pupils,
slowing of the heart rate, and constriction of the bronchial tubes. It also
stimulates the formation and release of urine and activity of the digestive
tract. For example, saliva flows more easily and its quantity and fluidityincrease. Parathyroid
 gland located on the back side of the thyroid gland, it secretes a
hormone, parathormone, that regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Indirectly affects muscular irritability. Weaknesses include
hypoparathyroidism or hyperparathyroidism. Pathogen
 a microorganism or substance (foreign protein) capable of
producing an immune 
response; creating pathological changes. Paturient
 stimulates uterine contractions that induce and assist labor
(Birthwort, Black and Blue Cohosh, Rue). Pectoral
 healing to problems in the bronchopulmonary area. Pepsin
 the chief enzyme of gastric (stomach) juice, which converts proteins
into proteoses and peptones. It is formed by the cells of gastric glands and
produces its maximum activity at a pH of 1.25 to 2.25. Peristalsis
 a progressive wavelike contraction of the smooth muscles of the
digestive tract or the colon muscles that move food byproducts along and
expel waste matter. Peristaltics
 herbs that stimulate and increase peristalsis, or muscular
contractions (as in the bowels) (Aloe, Cascara Sagrada, olive oil, Turkey
Rhubarb powder). Petechiae
 bruising. pH
 (potential of hydrogen) a scale used to measure the relative acidity or
alkalinity of substances. The scale goes from 0 to 14, with 7 being considered
neutral. Below 7 indicates more acidic, above 7 indicates more alkaline. Phagocytosis
 the destruction of bacteria (microorganisms) and/or particles
through ingestion and digestion by a phagocyte (an immune cell). Phenolic Compounds
 phenol or phenolic compounds make up many
important constituents of botanicals. These phenolic compounds are
antiseptic, anti-inflammatory anti-spasmodic, and pain-killing in their actions. Phenolic compounds combined with a sugar can form glycosides. Phytochemical
 any one of many substances present in fruits and vegetables
that have various health-promoting properties. Phytochemicals appear to
protect against certain types of cancer. Most plant constituents could be called
phytochemicals. Pineal Gland
 an endocrine gland in the brain, shaped like a pinecone. Thepineal gland synthesizes melatonin. Melatonin is inhibited when light strikes
the retina. This small gland is considered by many to be the spiritual gland. One of the seats or doorways for Spirit in the physical world. Pituitary Gland
 a small, gray, rounded body attached to the base of the brain
secreting hormones that regulate the thyroid, adrenals, and other endocrine
organs. It is often referred to as the “Master Gland” of the body and secretes a
number of hormones that regulate many bodily processes including growth,
reproduction and various metabolic activities. Plaque
 a fatty, fibrous, cholesterol-containing mass in the lining of the
arteries and other tissues. The buildup of plaque in the arteries is a leading
cause of cardiovascular occlusions, causing strokes and heart attacks. Plaque
deposits on the teeth can lead to gum disease. Alzheimer’s disease is
associated with the accumulation of plaque in the brain tissue causing a lack
of nutrition to cells. Platelets
 round, oval disks found in the blood of vertebrates. They are
fragments of megakaryocytes, large cells found in the bone marrow. Platelets
play in important role in blood coagulation, hemostasis, and blood thrombus
formation. Poultice
 an external (topical) herbal concoction applied to an injury, burn,
tumor, boil, etc. Portal
 concerning entrance to an organ, especially that through which blood
is carried to liver. Posterior
 towards the rear or caudal end; opposed to anterior. In humans,
toward the back; dorsal. Situated behind, coming after. Progesterone
 1. an anti-inflammatory steroid; 2. aids in the growth and
development of female reproductive organs and secondary sexual
characteristics; 3. causes growth and maturation of the endometrium of the
uterus during the menstrual cycle. Sometimes used to treat menstrual
disorders and menopause issues. Prophylactic
 agents that ward off disease. Prostaglandin
 any number of hormone-like 
chemicals that are made in the
body from essential fatty acids and that have important effects on many
organs. They influence the secretion of hormones and enzymes, and are
important in regulating the inflammatory response, blood pressure, and blood
clotting time. Protectives
 herbs that serve as protective coverings to abraded, inflamed orinjured parts when applied locally to a surface (Acadia, Castor Oil, Flaxseed,
Marshmallow). Proteins
 complex nitrogen-based organic compounds made up of different
combinations of amino acids. Proteins are basic elements of all animal and
vegetable tissues. Biological substances such as hormones and enzymes are
also composed of protein. The body makes the specific proteins it needs for
growth, repair, and other functions from amino acids that are either extracted
from dietary protein or manufactured from other amino acids. Proteins also
serve as carriers (e.g., hemoglobin, insulin, etc.). Pruritis
 severe itching. Pungents
 herbs that cause a sharply pricking, acrid and penetrating sensation
to the sensory organs (Black Pepper, Cardamom, Cayenne, Mustard). Purgative
 a substance that promotes the vigorous evacuation of the bowels;
usually used to relieve severe constipation. Putrefaction
 1. decay and rot; 2. decomposition of animal matter, especially
protein associated with malodorous and poisonous products such as the
ptomaines, mercaptans, and hydrogen sulfide, caused by certain kinds of
bacteria and fungi; also, the process of breaking down protein compounds by
rotting. Pyelitis
 inflammation of the pelvis, of the kidney and its calices. Qi or ch’i
 in Chinese, the concept of life force; vital energy. Red Blood Cells
 blood cells that contain the red pigment hemoglobin and
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream. Regeneration
 rebuilding and strengthening the body. Requires an alkaline
medium with electrically “alive” nutrients. Refrigerant
 reduces body temperature and relieves thirst (Barberry, Borage,
Couch Grass, Chickweed). Relaxant
 tends to relax and relieve tension, especially muscular tension. Resolvents
 help promote resolution, or dissipation, of pathological growths
(Chickweed, Elder, Milk Thistle, St. John’s Wort). Restorative
 an agent that is effective in the regaining of health and strength;
restores normal physiological activity (Astragalus Root, all Ginsengs, and
Goldenseal). Rhinitis
 inflammation of nasal mucosa.Rhizome
 an underground stem, often creeping. Rouleau
 adhesion or sticking together of red blood cells. Caused by acidosis,
which creates an anionic atmosphere in which lipids, amino acids, minerals,
etc., adhere to cell walls and each other. Rubefacient
 with local application stimulates capillary dilation and action
(drawing blood from deeper tissues and organs and thereby relieving
congestion and inflammation), causing skin redness (Black Bryony, Cayenne,
Cloves, Stinging Nettle, Horseradish, Sassafras, Jamaican Ginger). Saponins
 compounds in plants important for their anti-inflammatory and
expectorant properties. Saponins have been used in the synthesis of cortisone
and in some cases, the sex hormones. Saturated Fat
 1. a fat that is solid at room temperature. Most saturated fats
are of animal origin, except for a few, such as coconut oil and palm oil, that
come from plants. 2. fully bonded fatty acids. Scorbutic
 concerning or affected with scurvy. Scrofula
 variety of tuberculous adenitis. Sedative
 calms or tranquilizes by lowering functional activity. Septicemia
 presence of pathogenic bacteria in the blood; blood poisoning. Serotonin
 a neurotransmitter found primarily 
in the brain; considered
essential for relaxation, sleep, and concentration. Serum
 the fluid portion of the blood. Sialogogue
 promotes secretion and flow of saliva (Blue Flag, Elder Bark,
Turkey Rhubarb). Simple Carbohydrate
 a type of carbohydrate that, owing to its basic
chemical structure, is rapidly digested and absorbed into the bloodstream. For
example: glucose, galactose, and fructose. Smooth Muscle Tissue
 
(Muscularis Mucesae)
 also known as the Involuntary
(visceral, smooth) Muscle System. These are the muscles in the stomach and
intestines, the walls of arteries and veins, and several other places in the body. They respond automatically, without conscious control (although a person
does have partial control over some of these muscles). They are usually
unstriated and smooth, especially those muscles in the gut. Solution
 a liquid or gas, which consists of one or more substances (solutes). The liquid in which the substances are dissolved is called the solvent and thesubstance dissolved, the solute. Somatic
 related to non-reproductive cells or tissues. Somnifacient
 soporifics. Soporifics
 herbs that induce a relaxing sleep (Catnip, Hops, Passion Flower,
Valerian). Sorbefacients
 cause absorption. Spasmolytic
 tending to check spasms. (See: Antispasmodic.) Specifics
 herbs which have a direct curative influence upon certain individual
tissue weaknesses. Spermatorrhea
 abnormally frequent involuntary loss of semen without
orgasm. Spondylosis
 abnormal immobility and fixation of vertebral joints. Squamous Cells
 a flat, scaly, epithelial cell. Steroids
 hormones derived from lipids and produced by the adrenal cortex
and the sex glands. They have a wide range of effects. Steroids can act as
anti-inflammatories, and affect metabolism, and reproduction, as well as
systemic anabolism and catabolism. Systemic steroids are produced in the
adrenal glands. Reproductive steroids are produced in the gonads. Sternutatories
 herbs that are irritating to the mucous membranes in nasal
passages, which cause sneezing (Wood Betony, Bayberry, Cayenne,
Sneezewort). Stimulants
 herbs that increase functional activity and energy in the body
(strengthens metabolism and circulation) (Boneset, Brigham Tea [Ephedra],
Feverfew, Ginseng, Prickly Ash, Red Clover, Rosemary, Wormwood,
Yarrow). Stimulation
 irritating action on muscles, nerves, or sensory end organs by
which activity in a part is evoked. Stomachics
 help strengthen the functions of the stomach. Help promote
digestion, appetite, and relieve indigestion. Styptics
 help arrest bleeding through a strongly astringent action. Also
contracts blood vessels (Black Walnut, Comfrey, Plantain, Stinging Nettle). Subcostal
 beneath the ribs.
The_Detox_Miracle_Sourcebook_by_Robert_Morse.txt
Summarize the following text section accurately and concisely. Maintain specific details and numerical information, and use anti-repetition mechanisms:

        They are the source of neurotransmitters like epinephrine
(adrenaline) and steroids like cortisol, estrogen, and progesterone, among
others. Adrenaline
 a neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal glands that produce the
“fight or flight” response. Also called Epinephrine. Adsorb
 attachment of a substance to the surface of another material. Adulterant
 an unacceptable additive or replacement of a specified herb (also:
substitute). Aerobic
 1. requiring oxygen for metabolism and survival; 2. concerning
organisms living in 
the presence of oxygen; 3. metabolizing oxygen for
energy. Alcohols
 found in plant volatile oils. Aldosterone
 a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that causes the
retention of sodium and water. Alimentary Canal (or GI Tract)
 the digestive tube from the mouth to the
anus, including mouth cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large
intestines, and rectum. Alkaline
 pertaining to or having the reaction of an alkali. Neutralizes acids. In the scenario of duality, this is considered 
yin
 or cooling. Alkaloids
 1. a powerful and potent group (thirteen) of plant constituents. Their properties are very broad ranging from hallucinogenic alkaloids at one
end, to painkillers, to deadly poisonous alkaloids at the other end. 2. Alkaloids react with acids to form salts that are used for medical purposes. Allopathy/Allopathic
 1. System of treating disease by inducing a pathologic
reaction that is antagonistic to the disease being treated.
Adrenaline (also known as epinephrine) and steroids.
What are some examples of neurotransmitters?
It regulates the function of glands, especially the salivary, gastric, and sweat glands, and smooth muscle tissue, and the heart.
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
The kidneys are the major regulators of the body's water and electrolyte balance.
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
The endocrine system produces hormones that regulate various bodily processes, including growth, development, and metabolism.
What is the role of the endocrine system?
Antioxidants, such as vitamins A, C, and E, and beta-carotene, prevent free-radical or oxidative damage to body tissue and cells.
What is the purpose of antioxidants?