1Place the herbs in a saucepan. Cover with  
cold water and bring to a boil. Simmer for 
about 20–30 minutes, until the liquid is 
reduced by about one-third.1Place the herb in the 
strainer of the teacup and 
place a strainer in the cup. Fill 
the cup with freshly boiled 
water. US_290-291_Making_Herbal_Remedies.indd   291 26/02/16   4:43 pm
292
herbal remedies for home useTinctures are strong preparations, and it is essential 
to check the recommended dosage. Never use industrial alcohol, methylated spirits (methyl alcohol) or rubbing alcohol (isopropyl alcohol) in tinctures. Alcohol-reduced Tinctures
Alcoholic tinctures should sometimes be avoided, 
for example during pregnancy or a gastric inflammation. Adding 1 tsp (5 ml) of tincture to a small glass of almost boiling water and leaving it for 5 minutes allows the alcohol to evaporate. To make nonalcoholic tinctures, replace the alcohol with vinegar or glycerol. Tincture Ratios
Tinctures are made in different strengths, 
expressed as ratios. In this book, a 1:5 ratio  
(1 part herb to 5 parts alcohol) is used, unless otherwise stated. Reputable herbal suppliers are the best place  
to buy powdered herbs and, in general, the  
finer the powder the better the grade and quality. Gelatin or vegetarian capsule cases  
are also available from specialist outlets. Powdered slippery elm (Ulmus rubra, p. 145) makes a useful base for poultices (see p. 295), and astringents such as witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana, p. 102) may be applied to weeping skin or mixed into ointments (see p. 295) for hemorrhoids and varicose veins.Tinctures
Tinctures are made by soaking an herb in alcohol. This encourages the active 
plant constituents to dissolve, giving tinctures a relatively stronger action than infusions or decoctions. They are convenient to use and last up to two years. Tinctures can be made using a jug and a jelly bag, instead of a wine press. Although mainly used in European, American, and Australian herbal medicine, tinctures play a part in most herbal traditions. Capsules & Powders
Powdered herbs are most easily taken as capsules but can be sprinkled on food or taken with water. Externally, they can be applied as a dusting powder to the skin or mixed with tinctures as a poultice (see p. 295).Standard Quantity
200 g dried or 300 g fresh herb chopped into 
small pieces to 1 quart (1 liter) alcohol—vodka of 35–40% alcohol is ideal, although rum hides the taste of bitter or unpalatable herbs 
Standard Dosage
T ake 1 tsp (5 ml) 2 –3 times a day diluted in  1 tbsp plus 1 tsp (25 ml) of water or fruit juice. Storage
Store in sterilized, dark glass bottles in a cool dark place for up to 2 years. Standard Quantity
Fill size 00 capsules, which contain approximately 250 mg of powdered herb 
Standard Dosage
T ake 2 –3 capsules twice a day. Storage
Store in airtight, dark glass containers in a cool place for up to 3–4 months. 1Place the herb in a large, clean glass jar and pour on 
the alcohol, ensuring that the herb is covered. Close and 
label the jar. Shake well for 1–2 minutes and store in a cool dark place for 10–14 days, shaking the jar every 1–2 days. 2Set up the wine press, placing a muslin or nylon mesh bag securely inside. Pour in the mixture and 
collect the liquid in the jug. 3Slowly close the wine press, extracting the remaining liquid from the herbs until no more  
drips appear. Discard the leftover herbs. 1Pour the powder into a saucer and slide the  capsule halves toward one another, scooping  
up the powder (or use a capsule-making tray). 2When the halves of the capsule are full of powder, slide them together without spilling the powder, 
and store.4Pour the tincture into clean, dark glass bottles using a funnel. When full, stopper with a cork  
or screw top and label the bottles. Making Capsules
US_292-293_Tinctures.indd   292 26/02/16   4:43 pm293 herbal remedies for home use
A simple and effective way to make a tonic wine  
is in a jar or a ceramic vat with a tap at the base to 
enable the wine to be drawn off without disturbing 
the herbs. Wine can be added periodically to  
keep the herbs covered, although, in time, this  
will reduce the wine’s tonic effectiveness. If 
exposed to the air, the herbs may get moldy, 
making the remedy not only ineffective but unsafe 
to take. Herbal Wines
Herbal wines are made by fermenting the herb  
in the same way that wine is produced from 
grapes. With the correct equipment this is  
a simple process, but fermentation alters the  
activity of the herbs and tends to reduce their 
medicinal value. A syrup is made with equal proportions of an 
herbal infusion or decoction and honey or unre­
fined sugar. When making an infusion or decoction 
for a syrup, it needs to be infused or simmered for 
the maximum time to optimize its medicinal 
action. Infusions should be infused for 15 minutes 
and decoctions should be simmered for 30 minutes. Press the soaked herb through the strainer or sieve 
to remove as much liquid as possible. Small amounts 
of neat tincture can be added to the cooled syrup to 
increase its effectiveness. Syrups Made with Tinctures
Syrups may also be made with tinctures instead of 
infusions or decoctions. Combine 500 g of honey 
or unrefined sugar with 1 cup (250 ml) of water. Gently heat until all the sugar or honey has 
dissolved and the mixture has thickened. Remove 
from the heat. Once cool, stir 1 part of the 
tincture, or mixture of tinctures, into 3 parts of the 
syrup and bottle as directed opposite.Tonic Wines
Tonic wines are an agreeable way to take strengthening and tonic herbs to 
increase vitality and improve digestion. Neither strictly medicinal, nor simply 
appealing to the palate, they are easy to prepare at home. Tonic wines are 
made by steeping tonic herbs, such as dong quai ( Angelica sinensis , p. 63), or 
bitter herbs, such as southernwood ( Artemisia abrotanum , p. 172), in red or 
white wine for several weeks. Syrups
Honey and unrefined sugar are effective preservatives and can be combined 
with infusions or decoctions to make syrups and cordials. They have the 
additional benefit of having a soothing action, and therefore make a perfect 
vehicle for cough mixtures as well as relieving sore throats. With their sweet 
taste, syrups can disguise the taste of unpalatable herbs and are therefore 
greatly appreciated by children. Standard Quantity
100 g dried or 200 g fresh tonic herbs or  
25 g dried bitter herbs and 1 quart (1 liter) of 
red or white wine
Standard Dosage
Drink 1/3 cup (70 ml) each day before a meal. Storage
Use a ceramic vat with a tap at its base, or a 
sterilized glass jar. Store for 3–4 months, ensuring 
wine covers the herbs. If the herbs become 
moldy, discard the remedy. Standard Quantity
2 cups (500 ml) infusion or decoction (see p. 
291), infused or heated for the maximum time  
(see left); 500 g honey or unrefined sugar
Standard Dosage
T ake 1–2 tsp (5–10 ml) 3 times a day. Storage
Store in dark glass bottles with cork tops in a 
cool place for up to 6 months.1Place the herb in a large, clean jar or vat. Pour in enough wine to cover the herb 
completely. Close the jar securely, shake 
carefully, and leave to stand. 1Pour the infusion or decoction into a pan. Add the 
honey or sugar. Gently heat, stirring constantly 
until all the honey or sugar has dissolved and the 
mixture has a syrupy consistency. Remove from the 
heat and cool.2Pour the cooled syrup into sterilized glass 
 jars using a funnel and store in a cool, dark  
place. Seal the jars with cork stoppers, because  
syrups are prone to ferment and may explode if  
kept in screw-topped bottles.2Allow the wine to mature over 2–6 
weeks, then take a dose from the  
tap or jar. Regularly top off the mixture 
with wine. US_292-293_Tinctures.indd   293 26/02/16   4:43 pm
294
herbal remedies for home useHot Infused Oils
Although hot infused oils can last up to a year,  
they are most potent when used fresh. If only  
using infused oils occasionally, make a smaller 
quantity than the standard amount with the same proportion of herb to oil. The wine press may be replaced with a jug—when cool enough to touch, squeeze the oil through the jelly bag as illustrated in Cold Infused Oils below. Many herbs make effective hot infused oils, 
especially spicy herbs such as ginger (Zingiber officinale, p. 155), cayenne (Capsicum frutescens,  p. 74), and pepper (Piper nigrum, p. 250). These oils can be rubbed into the skin to relieve rheumatic and arthritic pain, improve local blood flow, and relax muscles. Other hot infused oils from leafy herbs, such as comfrey (Symphytum officinale,  p. 138), speed wound healing. Oil infused with mullein (Verbascum thapsus, p. 281) is used for earache and ear infections, and chickweed (Stellaria media, p. 272) ointment may be produced from  
a hot infused oil (see p. 295). Cold Infused Oils
Making a cold infused oil is a slow process and involves leaving a jar packed with herbs and oil  to stand for several weeks. Sunlight encourages the plant to release its active constituents into the oil. It is the most suitable method of oil infusion for fresh plant material, especially the more delicate parts, such as flowers. St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum, p. 106), calendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73), and melilot (Melilotus officinalis, p. 234) are three of the most commonly produced cold infused oils. St. John’s wort oil is anti-inflammatory and analgesic, and may be applied topically or taken internally (after consulting an herbalist) for peptic ulceration. Olive oil is particularly suitable for cold infusion as it rarely turns rancid. The intensity of sunlight and length of time an herb is infused affects the concentration of its medicinal constituents. For greater strength, add the extracted oil to a fresh supply of herbs and infuse again.Infused Oils
Infusing an herb in oil allows its active, fat-soluble ingredients to be extracted; 
hot infused oils are simmered, while cold infused oils are heated naturally by the sun. Both types of oil can be used externally as massage oils or added to creams and ointments. Infused oil should not be confused with essential oil, which is an active constituent naturally present in a plant and has specific medicinal properties and a distinct aroma. Essential oil may be added to an infused oil to increase its medicinal efficacy.Standard Quantity (infused oils)
250 g dried or 500 g fresh herb to 3 cups (750 
ml) olive, sunflower, or other good-quality vegetable oil 
Storage
Store in sterilized, airtight, dark glass bottles  for up to 1 year; for the best results, use within  6 months. 1Stir the chopped herb and oil together in a 
glass bowl over a saucepan of boiling water. Cover and simmer gently for 2–3 hours. 2Remove from the heat and allow the 
mixture to cool, then pour into the wine press (or jug if not available) with a jelly bag in place. Collect the strained oil in a jug, pressing all the liquid out of the herb. 3Pour the infused oil into clean, dark 
glass bottles, using a funnel. Seal and label each bottle. 1Place the herb in a clear glass jar. Pour in oil until it 
completely covers the herb, close the jar, and shake well. Place the jar in a sunny spot, such as on a windowsill, and leave for 2–6 weeks. 2Pour the oil and herb mixture into a jelly bag, 
secured to the rim of a jug or bowl with string (or use a wine press as pictured above in hot infused oils). Allow the oil to filter through the bag. 3Squeeze out the remaining oil from the bag. Pour the 
infused oil into dark glass bottles, label, and store. Alternatively, repeat the whole process with the infused oil and fresh herbs. US_294-295_Infused_Oils.indd   294 26/02/16   4:43 pm295 herbal remedies for home use
Ointments can be made with dozens of bases  
and they vary in consistency, depending on the 
constituents and proportions used. The simplest 
way to make a soft, all-purpose ointment is to use 
petroleum jelly or soft paraffin wax (other methods 
are explained below). Petroleum jelly is impermeable 
to water and provides a protective barrier for the 
skin. Single herbs or mixtures of herbs may be 
used as required, provided they are finely cut, and 
essential oil can be stirred into the ointment just 
before straining. Different Consistencies
A solid  and relatively grease-free ointment will 
spread easily and is useful for preparations such as 
lip balms. This may be made by using alternatives 
to mineral oils. Melt 140 g of coconut oil with 
120 g of beeswax and 100 g of powdered herb. Simmer gently for 90 minutes in a glass bowl set 
in a pan of boiling water or a double boiler, then 
strain and pour into jars. A less solid  ointment, for conditions such as skin 
rashes, may be made by combining olive oil and 
beeswax. Melt 60 g of beeswax with 2 cups (500 
ml) of olive oil and 120 g of dried or 300 g of 
fresh herb in a glass bowl. Cover and place in a 
warm oven for 3 hours, then remove, strain, and 
pour into jars. This ointment can also be made by 
combining 2 cups (500 ml) of hot infused oil ( see 
p. 294) with 60 g of melted beeswax. A poultice of self-heal ( Prunella vulgaris , p. 256) 
relieves sprains and fractures, while St. John’s wort 
(Hypericum perforatum , p. 106) can help ease muscle 
or nerve pains. Drawing Boils & Infected Wounds
Slippery elm powder ( Ulmus rubra , p. 145)  
mixed with calendula ( Calendula officinalis , p. 73) 
tincture or myrrh ( Commiphora molmol , p. 85) 
tincture makes a useful poultice for drawing boils 
and wounds.Ointments
Ointments contain oils or fats heated with herbs and, unlike creams, contain no 
water. As a result, ointments form a separate layer on the surface of the skin. They protect against injury or inflammation of damaged skin and carry active 
medicinal constituents, such as essential oils, to the affected area. Ointments 
are useful in conditions such as hemorrhoids or where protection is needed 
from moisture, as in chapped lips and diaper rash. Poultices
A poultice is a mixture of fresh, dried, or powdered herbs that is applied to an 
affected area. Poultices are used to ease nerve or muscle pains, sprains, or broken 
bones, and to draw pus from infected wounds, ulcers, or boils.Standard Quantity
60 g dried or 150 g fresh herb (or mixture  
of herbs) to 500 g of petroleum jelly or soft 
paraffin wax
Standard Application
Apply a little 3 times a day. Storage
Store in sterilized, dark glass jars with lids for up 
to 3 months. Standard Quantity
Sufficient herb to cover the affected area
Standard Application
Apply a new poultice every 2–3 hours. Repeat  
as often as required.1Melt the petroleum jelly or wax  
in a glass bowl set in a pan of  
boiling water, or use a double 
boiler. Add the finely cut herb 
and simmer for 15 minutes, 
stirring continuously. 1Simmer the herb for 2 minutes. Squeeze out any 
excess liquid, rub some oil on the affected area to 
prevent sticking, and apply the herb while hot.2Bandage the 
herb securely 
in place using gauze or 
cotton strips. Leave on for  
up to 3 hours, as required.2Pour the herb mixture 
into a jelly bag secured 
to the rim of a jug with 
string, and allow the liquid  
to filter through. 3Wearing rubber gloves, squeeze as much of the 
hot herb mixture as possible through the bag into 
the jug.4Quickly pour the molten 
ointment into jars before  
it sets in the jug. Place the  
lid on each jar without 
securing it firmly. When 
cool, tighten the lids 
and label. US_294-295_Infused_Oils.indd   295 26/02/16   4:43 pm
296
herbal remedies for home useSmall quantities of additional ingredients such as 
tinctures, powders, and essential oils can be added to a cream before or after it is put in jars. Adding an essential oil, such as 1 ml of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia, p. 112), to 1/2 cup (100 ml) of cream, counters mold growth and lengthens shelf life, as does 1 tsp (5 ml) of borax. Other recipes for making cream use infusions, tinctures, or infused oils. After an accident or sports injury, bruising and 
swelling can often be reduced or prevented  
if a hot compress is swiftly applied, provided the skin is unbroken. Cold compresses are particularly useful in soothing inflammation, cooling fevers, and easing headaches. Both hot and cold compresses should be frequently soaked and reapplied for maximum benefit. Applying a Lotion
As specified, make an infusion or decoction  
(see p. 291), and strain it well. Alternatively,  
dilute a tincture with water. Soak a clean cloth  
in the lotion and wring it out thoroughly. Then 
gently bathe the affected area with the cloth (rather than laying it on the skin as you would  a compress).Creams
Making a cream involves combining oil or fat and water in an emulsion. If the 
process is rushed, the oil and water may separate. Unlike ointments, creams blend with the skin and have the advantage of being cooling and soothing  
while at the same time allowing the skin to breathe and sweat naturally. They can, however, deteriorate quite quickly and are best stored in dark, airtight  jars in a refrigerator. Compresses & Lotions
Lotions are water-based herbal preparations such as infusions, decoctions,  or diluted tinctures that are used to bathe inflamed or irritated skin. Compresses are cloths soaked in a lotion and held against the skin. Lotions and compresses are both simple ways to use herbs externally and can be very effective in relieving swelling, bruising, and pain, soothing inflammation and headaches, and cooling fevers.Standard Quantity
30 g dried or 75 g fresh herb, 150 g emulsifying 
wax, 70 g glycerine, and 1/3 cup (80 ml) water 
Standard Dosage
Rub a little into the affected area 2–3 times a day. Storage
Store in sterilized, airtight, dark glass jars in a refrigerator for up to 3 months. Standard Quantity of Lotion
2 cups (500 ml) infusion or decoction, or 5 tsp (25 ml) tincture in 2 cups (500 ml) water 
Standard Application of  
Compress or Lotion
Use as required. Prepare a fresh compress or 
lotion when it cools (if hot) or when it dries  (if cool). Storage
Store lotions in sterilized bottles, with lids, in a refrigerator for up to 2 days. 1Melt the emulsifying 
wax in a glass 
bowl set in a pan of boiling water,  or a double boiler. Add the glycerine, water, and herb while stirring, and simmer for 3 hours. 2Strain the mixture through a wine press or  a jelly bag. Stir slowly but continuously until  
it cools and sets. 3With a small knife or spatula, place the set cream into dark glass jars. Tighten the lids and label. Store 
in a refrigerator as soon as possible. 1Wash your hands thoroughly and soak a soft cloth or clean washcloth in the lotion. Wring out the 
excess liquid. Before applying, rub some oil on the affected area to prevent sticking. 2Place the compress against the affected area. For pain and swellings, secure the compress with 
plastic film and safety pins and leave for up to 1–2 hours. Reapply as required.Applying a Compress
US_296-297_Creams.indd   296 26/02/16   4:43 pm297Inhalations  
using essential  
oil relieve many 
respiratory complaints.herbal remedies for home use Other Preparations
Different herbal preparations suit different ailments. Most of the following 
preparations provide localized relief. Steam inhalations, for example, help  
clear various respiratory complaints; gargles and mouthwashes soothe sore 
throats and mouth ulcers; massage oils can ease aching muscles; and skin 
washes relieve inflamed skin conditions. Steam Inhalations
Steam inhalations are an effective way to clear 
congestion and relieve sinusitis, hay fever, and 
bronchial asthma. The combination of steam and 
antiseptic ingredients clears the airways 
throughout the respiratory system. To make  Pour 1 quart of freshly boiled water into 
a large bowl, add 5 –10 drops of essen tial oil, and 
stir well. Alternatively, make an infusion of 25 g of 
herb to 1 quart of water, brew for 15 minutes, and 
pour into a bowl. Cover the head and bowl with a 
towel, close the eyes, and inhale the steam for 
about 10 minutes or until the preparation 
cools. After a steam inhalation, it 
is advisable to stay in a warm 
room for 15 minutes to allow 
the airways to adjust and 
any congestion to clear. Gargles & Mouthwashes
Gargles and mouthwashes usually contain astringent 
herbs, which tighten the mucous membranes of the 
mouth and throat. Astringent herbs such as rhatany 
(Krameria triandra , p. 225) and myrrh ( Commiphora 
molmol , p. 85), can be made more palatable and 
more effective for sore throats by adding a little 
licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra , p. 101) or a pinch of 
cayenne pepper ( Capsicum frutescens , p. 74) to the 
preparation. As gargles and mouthwashes are made 
from infusions, decoctions, or diluted tinctures, they 
can generally be swallowed for internal treatment. Ensure you do not exceed the daily internal dose  
of an herb. To make  Make an infusion ( see p. 291) but allow it 
to stand for 15–20 minutes in order to increase its astringency. Strain, then gargle, or rinse the mouth 
with a cupful. Alternatively, use a decoction (p. 291) 
or dilute about 1 tsp (5 ml) of tincture in 1/3 cup 
(100 ml) of hot water and use in the same way. Repeat as often as required unless specified. Pessaries & Suppositories
Pessaries and suppositories are waxy pellets 
containing essential oil or fine powder. They are 
used when oral medicine is likely to be broken 
down during digestion before reaching its intended 
site. Pessaries are inserted into the vagina and 
suppositories into the anus, where they melt at 
body temperature. The herb is quickly absorbed 
into the bloodstream, providing fast relief. It is best 
to buy ready-made suppositories. To make pessaries  Use a pessary mold or make 24 
molds from cooking foil shaped around a  
thimble. Mix 10 g of soft soap, 2 tbsp plus 2 tsp  
(50 ml) of glycerine and 2 tbsp (40 ml) of 
methylated spirits and pour into the molds. Leave 
for a few minutes to coat the molds, then pour out 
the excess and leave to harden. Melt 20 g of cocoa 
butter, remove from the heat, and add 30 drops of 
essential oil or 5 g of powder. Pour into the shells 
and leave to set for 3 hours, before removing the 
pessaries. Store in a cool place in a pot lined with 
greaseproof paper for up to 3 months. Essential Oils
Essential oils can be used in massage to soothe minor 
aches and pains. Before use, they should be diluted 
with a carrier oil as they can irritate the skin. Essential 
oils deteriorate rapidly after dilution, so it is best to 
mix small quantities as you need them. For massage  Mix 5–10 drops of essential oil with  
1 tbsp of carrier oil, such as wheatgerm 
or almond oil, and massage gently into 
the skin. Oil burner  Use 5–10 drops of neat 
essential oil mixed with water. Burn  
for 30 minutes.Baths & Skin Washes
Herbal baths and skin washes can relieve many 
conditions, including aching limbs and stuffy  
sinuses. They are made from diluted essential oils 
or infusions. Eyebaths soothe sore, inflamed, or 
irritated eyes. To make an herbal bath  Add 2 cups (500 ml) of 
strained infusion (see p. 291) or 5–10 drops of 
essential oil to a running bath. To make a skin wash  Make an infusion, strain it, 
and bathe the affected area. To make an eyebath  Make a small quantity of an 
infusion or use an herbal teabag. Strain the liquid 
carefully into a sterilized eyebath. Alternatively, add 
2 –3 drops of a tincture to an eyebath filled with 
water that has just boiled. Allow to cool and place 
the eyebath firmly over the eye. Tip the head back 
and bathe the eye by continuously blinking. Repeat 
up to 3 times a day. General cautions Eyebaths should be very weak, so as 
not to sting the eyes. Always use boiled, cooled water in a 
sterilized container. Do not bathe eyes over a period of 
more than 2–3 weeks at a time. If bathing eyes frequently, 
add a tiny pinch of salt to each eyebath to counter 
leaching of salts and minerals from the eye. Cold Macerations
Heat destroys the active constituents of some 
herbs, and a cold maceration is more appropriate 
than a decoction. To make  Pour 2 cups (500 ml) of cold water over 
25 g of herb and leave to stand overnight. Strain 
and use as you would a decoction
Juices
The juices extracted from many herbs can be taken 
internally or applied externally. To make  Pulp the plant, preferably using a 
mechanical juicer. Otherwise use a food processor. Squeeze the pulp through a jelly bag to collect the 
juice. Some herbs need to be cooked in order to 
extract their juice.The eyebath is applied  to the affected eye and the head is 
tilted well back. Infusions  made with 
antiseptic herbs make 
useful gargles and 
mouthwashes for sore 
throats and mouth ulcers.Essential oils  are 
used in baths and 
oil burners, and in 
massage to relieve 
tension and stress. US_296-297_Creams.indd   297 26/02/16   4:43 pm
298
herbal remedies for home useWhat Can Go Wrong? Following a few simple rules will normally ensure 
that the worst that happens when taking an herbal medicine is that there is no improvement in your condition. Nevertheless, there are situations in which herbal remedies can cause damage, and several medicinal herbs have been shown to interact with conventional medicines. In very rare circumstances people have become seriously ill or have died from taking herbal medicines, though in almost every case the problem has resulted from one of the following safety factors being ignored. If at any time you think that you are reacting badly to an herbal medicine, stop taking it immediately, and contact a qualified herbalist or naturopath, or your doctor. How Problems Can Occur
The wrong herb is used due to mistaken identification. Usually, when herbs are bought over the counter you have no need to worry, as the necessary checks have been made to ensure it  
has been correctly identified. If you are harvesting Using Herbal Remedies Safely
One reason that herbal remedies are so popular is that plant medicines are 
safer and cause fewer side effects than conventional ones. However, herbal remedies are not always safe, and—like medicines of every kind—they need  to be used with care. Ragwort is a toxic plant and, 
with its yellow flowers, easily mistaken for St. John’s wort.Dong quai has been shown 
to thin the blood and is 
known to interact with 
conventional anticoagulants 
such as warfarin. herbs from the wild, you must be certain  
what herb it is that you are collecting. For 
example, ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), which  is very toxic to the liver, can easily be mistaken for St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum, p. 106): both grow in open areas and produce clusters of bright yellow flowers in the summer. In rare cases, the physical act of picking certain highly toxic herbs could be dangerous,  
because absorption takes place across the skin. Hemlock (Conium maculatum, p. 194), for example, is so toxic that serious side effects can result from simply handling the plant. The wrong part of an herb is used. It is important 
to use the correct part of the herb. Sometimes one part of a plant is safe, while all other parts  
are poisonous. For example, while the potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum, p. 271) makes good, nutritious food, all other parts of the plant are highly toxic. Poor-quality material is used or the herb has 
been poorly prepared. If you are making up your own remedy, follow the recommended methods for storage and preparation (see Harvesting & 
Processing, pp. 288–289). If buying over the counter, check the section on Quality Control (see p. 17) for advice on purchasing good-quality products. The wrong herbal remedy is being used. Y ou can 
avoid this problem if you stick to using well-known herbs and take them to treat the conditions for which they are usually recommended. Ginger (Zingiber officinale, p. 155) and sweet flag (Acorus 
calamus, p. 57) both help to relieve nausea and indigestion, but ginger is an altogether safer medicine—it is better known, is a common treatment for motion and morning sickness, and, unlike sweet flag, has no known side effects. The herbal remedy interacts with other 
medicines. Herbal remedies are medicines, so  
it should come as no surprise that conventional medicines can interact with them. Several herbs are known to interact with conventional medicines. St. John’s wort, for example, speeds up the rate  
at which the liver breaks down a range of drugs, including certain antibiotics, antiepileptics, and immune-suppressants. This reduces their effectiveness within the body, and in extreme situations could threaten life. It is also inadvisable  to take St. John’s wort at the same time as other antidepressants. A number of herbs, notably  
dong quai (Angelica sinensis, p. 63), interact with anticoagulant drugs, such as warfarin and clopidogrel. These drugs are prescribed to prevent blood clotting. Herbal products containing these herbs will interact with anticoagulants and increase the risk of internal or external bleeding. Always tell health-care professionals what medicines you are using—both herbal and conventional. If you are taking medicines prescribed by your doctor, it is always sensible to seek advice before starting to take herbal remedies. The herbal remedy causes an allergic reaction. By and large, allergic reactions to herbs result from touching the herb (contact dermatitis) and from breathing in pollen or powdered herb (airborne allergies). Some plants are well known for causing contact dermatitis—rue (Ruta graveolens, p. 265) for example—and should not be handled by those prone to allergies. Some powdered herbs can stimulate sneezing attacks in the sensitive—for example linden (Tilia spp., p. 277). In some cases, herbal medicines may trigger allergic reactions within the body. This kind of response is more worrying, and if you are prone to allergies it is advisable to see a qualified herbalist before taking all but the most common herbs. Other treatment is needed. Sometimes herbal 
medicine is not the appropriate form of treatment. If you have an acute illness or injury, are seriously ill, or do not recover as expected after taking an herbal remedy, do not delay—seek professional 
advice or emergency treatment. US_298-299_Using_Herbal_Remedies_Safely.indd   298 17/03/16   4:01 pm299 herbal remedies for home use
Essential Information
Before using remedies read the following. Dosage
■ Except in Infants & Children  (see p. 318), all dosages 
given are for adults. ■ Do not exceed the stated dose; doubling it will 
not make the medicine twice as effective. ■ Before taking a remedy, check the cautions in the 
relevant herb entry ( see pp. 56–283). ■ Do not take more than 2 internal remedies at any 
one time or more than 1 internal and 1 external 
remedy for the same complaint, unless specified. Where different forms of a remedy are given (e.g. take tincture or infusion), the first is preferable. How Long to T ake Remedies
T ake remedies until symptoms disappear. If there is 
no improvement within 2 –3 weeks, if the condition 
worsens, or if in doubt, consult a professional 
practitioner ( see p. 320). Professional Advice
■ Advice is given on when to seek professional 
guidance. Consult a professional if taking a remedy 
for over 3 weeks. Infants & Children
■ Do not give babies under 6 months any  
internal herbal (or other) medicine without 
professional advice. ■ Infants & Children , p. 318, gives children’s dosages. Remedies for Common Ailments
Herbal knowledge is continuing to grow as more people choose herbs as  
an alternative to pharmaceutical drugs. The following remedies are safe and 
effective treatments for a range of common ailments; but, like all medicines, 
they must be treated with respect. The suggestions given here are mostly quite 
straightforward. However, if you are unsure about what to do, always seek 
professional advice ( see p. 320). For instructions on how to make herbal 
preparations, see pp. 290–297. Infusions make effective  remedies; some 
are also relaxing or refreshing drinks.Remedies elsewhere can be used for children 
under 12. Reduce doses as follows:
■ 6–12 months old—1⁄10 adult dose
■ 1–6 years old—1⁄3 adult dose 
■ 7–12 years old—1⁄2 adult dose. Older People
Older adults, due to slower metabolism, may 
require less than the standard dose. Those over  
70 should usually take 3⁄4 of the adult dose. Pregnancy
■ During the first 3 months of pregnancy, avoid  
all medicines, herbal or otherwise, unless 
absolutely essential. ■ Avoid alcoholic tinctures in pregnancy. ■ The herbs mentioned in Pregnancy  (see p. 317) 
are safe to use. Many of the remedies elsewhere  
in this section are also safe, but some are not. Always check the cautions for the remedy and in  
the relevant herb entry ( see pp. 56–283) before 
taking an herb during pregnancy. Prescription Medicine
As explained opposite, some herbs are known  
to interact with pharmaceutical drugs; others  
may interact in as-yet unknown ways. If you  
are taking a prescribed medicine, consult a 
professional practitioner before taking an herb,  
and do not discontinue any medicine without 
their approval.Herbal Preparations
■ All quantities are for dried herbs unless specified. ■ Where more than one part of an herb is used,  
the instructions specify which part to use. Only  
use that part. Do not use seeds sold for 
horticultural purposes. ■ Unless specified otherwise, preparations are 
made with standard quantities of dried herb,  
as follows:
Infusions  (to make, see p. 291). Use a teaspoon of 
herb to a cup of water, or make enough for 3–4 
doses using 20 g of herb to 2 cups (500 ml) of 
water. Use a covered container to retain the herb’s 
valuable volatile oils. Decoctions  (to make, see p. 291). Use 20 g herb 
to 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Inhalations  (to make, see p. 297). Add 5–10 drops 
essential oil to 1 quart (1 liter) of steaming hot 
water or use an infusion. Lotions  (to make, see p. 296). Use 2 cups (500 ml) 
infusion or decoction, or 5 tsp (25 ml) tincture 
diluted in 2 cups (500 ml) of water. Tablets or capsules  (to make, see p. 292). Many 
herbs are available over the counter in both forms. T ake according to the instructions on the packet. Tinctures  (to make, see p. 292). Some tinctures  
are available ready-made. T ake tinctures with cold 
water unless specified. Sometimes the number  
of drops recommended is given as a range, e.g. 20–40 drops. In these cases, start with the lowest 
amount and increase by 5–10 drops per dose  
as required. Essential Oils
Do not take essential oils internally unless advised 
to do so by a professional practitioner. For 
external use, dilute essential oils with a carrier oil, 
such as sunflower or almond, in a ratio of 1 part 
essential oil to 20 parts carrier oil; e.g., 5 drops 
essential oil to 1 tsp (5 ml) carrier oil. For a bath, 
add 5–10 drops of neat essential oil to the 
running water. To use essential oils in massage,  
see p. 297. Other Information
For other preparations, weighing & measuring,  
and equipment, see pp. 291–297. Self-help
Lifestyle, diet and exercise advice is given in this 
section. In general, these suggestions do not 
provide a “quick-fix” solution and need to be 
followed long term if they are to be effective. They should be used in addition to the 
recommended herbal remedy. By ensuring that 
your body has the right nutrition and level of 
fitness, you protect yourself against many ailments 
such as infections and circulatory problems, as  
well as increase your chances of a speedy and 
effective recovery. US_298-299_Using_Herbal_Remedies_Safely.indd   299 26/02/16   4:43 pm
300
herbal remedies for home useAllergies
Allergies often develop when the body’s immune system 
overreacts to an external irritant such as pollen, insect stings, and certain plants, or internal substances such as chemicals and foods. The allergens trigger a reaction in those who have a built-in or natural sensitivity. In the long term, allergies are treated by both reducing contact with allergens (if known) and working to reduce the body’s oversensitivity. Herbal remedies can bring relief to some 
allergic states and are helpful in gradually reducing allergic reactions. See also Skin Rashes, p. 303. Allergic Rhinitis, Including Hay Fever
EczemaNettle
(Urtica dioica)
Allergic rhinitis is an umbrella term for allergic 
reactions to irritants such as pollution, dust,  
or pollen. Allergic rhinitis may occur year round, while hay fever is usually caused by seasonal grass or pollens. Symptoms include sneezing; copious nasal mucus; sinus congestion; watery, irritated eyes; and even asthmalike wheezing. Self-treatment will help relieve mild conditions, but for severe attacks, consult  
a professional practitioner who can prescribe herbs such as ma huang (Ephedra sinica, p. 95). See also Congestion, Sinus Problems, & Earache,  p. 312. Diet
Reduce your intake of or cut out mucus-forming foods such as dairy, eggs, sugar, white flour, fatty foods, and alcohol. Characterized by red, inflamed skin, eczema 
causes irritation, flaking, scaling, and tiny blisters. Although it is often the result of an allergic reaction to certain substances, eczema can also be inherited, result from prolonged contact  
with an irritant, or it may simply appear for  
an unknown reason. It is best to consult a professional practitioner as eczema is difficult  
to self-treat. However, the following remedies, taken for at least a week, can bring relief. Two remedies may be used at once. Chickweed reduces soreness or itchiness, and oats can be used to impart a soothing, emollient effect to bathwater. See also Skin Rashes, p. 303. Self-help
To avoid scratching, cover the affected area  with an absorbent, non-irritating material such  as cotton. QGeneral caution If there is no improvement,  
or if the condition deteriorates, consult a  
professional practitioner.General Remedies
Herbs Nettle (Urtica dioica, p. 146), elderflower 
(Sambucus nigra, p. 132)Remedy Make a nettle infusion. T ake 12/3–21/3 
cups (450–600 ml) a day for 3 months at a time. Alternatively, make an infusion with 1 tsp of each herb to 11/4 cups (300 ml) of water and take daily for 3 months at a time. Herb Baical skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis , p. 134)
Remedy Make a decoction from the herb and 
take 11/4 cups (300 ml) a day. Hay Fever
Herb Elderflower (Sambucus nigra, p. 132)Remedy Make an infusion and take 11/4–12/3 cups (300–450 ml) a day. T ake for a few months before, as well as during, the hay fever season.Allergic Rhinitis with Congestion
Herbs Eyebright (Euphrasia spp., p. 209), 
common plantain (Plantago major, p. 251), goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea, p. 271), boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum, p. 208)Remedy Make an infusion with one or a mixture 
of all of the herbs and drink up to 12/3 cups a day. Note Use this remedy especially for copious, watery 
mucus. Herbs Echinacea (Echinacea spp., p. 92), 
marshmallow (Althaea officinalis, p. 165), 
elderflower (Sambucus nigra, p. 132), thyme (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143)Remedy T ake 1 tsp of equal parts of each 
tincture 3 times daily with warm water. Note Use this remedy especially for thick 
yellow / green mucus and sinus congestion. General Remedies
Herbs Peppermint (Mentha x piperita, p. 114), 
chickweed (Stellaria media, p. 272)Remedy 1 Make peppermint lotion by infusing  
1 tsp of herb to 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Leave for 10 minutes, then strain and cool. Use to wash gently over the affected skin 2–3 times a day.Remedy 2 Apply chickweed ointment, cream,  or freshly squeezed juice up to 5 times a day.Option Add 2 drops of peppermint oil to  1 tsp of any of the chickweed preparations. Herb Gotu kola (Centella asiatica, p. 76)
Remedy Dust the affected area with powder  2–3 times a day. Alternatively, mix the powder  with enough water to make a thick paste and spread over the affected area 1–2 times a day. Eczema with Weeping Skin
Herb Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana, p. 102)
Remedy Apply lotion or cream up to 5 times  a day (the lotion is preferable). Alternatively,  make a decoction with 2 tsp of leaves to 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Leave for 15 minutes, strain, and cool. Use as a wash up to 5 times a day. Herb German chamomile (Chamomilla  
recutita, p. 77)
Remedy Make an infusion using 50 g of herb  
to 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Apply directly to the itchy area when cool, or add the hot infusion to a warm bath and soak in it for at least 20 minutes. Herb Oats (Avena sativa, p. 175)
Remedy Fill a muslin (or similar) bag with 
milled oats and place under a hot tap while running a bath. Relax in the bath for  
5–10 minutes. QSeek immediate professional 
advice for: 
■ Life-threatening allergies, such as asthma. Consult a professional practitioner prior to 
taking any herbal remedies for such conditions
■ Any allergy that shows signs of deterioration 
after taking an herbal remedy 
US_300-307_Allergies.indd   300 26/02/16   4:43 pm301 herbal remedies for home useMild Asthma, Wheezing, & Shortness of Breath
Anemia
High Blood Pressure & ArteriosclerosisAsthma is usually triggered by an allergic 
reaction to substances such as pollen, dust, 
animal hair, or certain foods, but may also be 
related to an infection. The listed remedies will 
relieve immediate symptoms, but in order to 
find the cause of your ailment, or for long-term 
treatment, it is best to consult an herbalist. All 
the herbal remedies that are suggested here can 
be taken alongside conventional treatment. Herbs such as nettle, thyme, cramp bark, and 
echinacea help to ease breathing, while essential 
oil of German chamomile reduces inflammation. QGeneral cautions Seek professional help for asthma. Do not stop using steroidal or other inhalants. Their 
use should be phased out gradually and only with 
professional guidance. There are several types of anemia. Iron 
deficiency anemia, caused by blood loss  
from a wound or menstrual bleeding, can be 
countered with herbs. Bitter herbs, such as 
gentian, improve the absorption of nutrients,  
and nettle contains plenty of iron. Increase  
your intake of other green herbs that  
contain iron. QGeneral caution Seek professional advice to 
determine the type of anemia you have before  
home treatment. Mild cases of high blood pressure and 
arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)  
can benefit from herbs. Garlic thins the blood, 
reduces fatty deposits, and lowers blood pressure; 
beetroot and ginkgo aid circulation, reduce blood 
pressure, and prevent arteriosclerosis; and ginger 
improves circulation, especially to the capillaries. QGeneral caution Seek professional advice, especially 
if already taking medication for a circulatory condition.Wheezing & Shortness of Breath
Herbs Nettle ( Urtica dioica , p. 146), thyme 
(Thymus vulgaris , p. 143) 
Remedy Make an infusion using 15 g of each herb 
to 3 cups of water and drink throughout the day. Herb German chamomile ( Chamomilla recutita ,  
p. 77)
Remedy Make an infusion with 2 heaping tsp of 
the herb to 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water and leave to 
stand for 10 minutes in a covered saucepan. Remove 
the lid, inhale the steam, and strain and drink the tea. Option Use the essential oil in a steam 
inhalation, or inhale 2 drops of undiluted oil placed 
on a handkerchief. General Remedies
Herbs Gentian ( Gentiana lutea , p. 99), wormwood 
(Artemisia absinthium , p. 66)  
Remedy T ake 2–5 drops of either tincture with 
water, half an hour before meals. Caution Do not take wormwood during pregnancy. Herb Chiretta ( Swertia chirata , p. 273)  
Remedy  T ake 5–10 drops of tincture with water  
3 times a day before meals. General Remedies
Herbs Garlic ( Allium sativum , p. 59), beet  
(Beta vulgaris , p. 178), pomegranate ( Punica 
granatum , p. 259) 
Remedy  T ake a garlic tablet or eat 1–2 fresh 
garlic cloves each day. Drink 1/2 cup (125 ml) of 
beetroot or pomegranate juice once a day. Note  These are most effective when used to support a 
healthy circulation and prevent illness.Herb Baical skullcap ( Scutellaria baicalensis , p. 134)
Remedy Make a decoction and take up to  
11/4 cups (300 ml) a day. Breathing Difficulty & Tight Chest
Herb Cramp bark ( Viburnum opulus , p. 150)
Remedy T ake 1 tsp of tincture with water up 
to 8 times a day for 3 days, then reduce the dose 
to a maximum of 1 tsp 3 times a day for 7 days. Mild Bronchial Asthma from  
Colds & Chest Infections
Herb Echinacea ( Echinacea  spp., p. 92)
Remedy T ake tablets or capsules, or 1⁄2 tsp  
of tincture with water 2–3 times a day. Anemia due to Heavy 
Menstrual Bleeding
Herb Nettle ( Urtica dioica , p. 146)
Remedy Make an infusion using 25 g of herb to 
3 cups (750 ml) of water. Sip the whole dose at 
intervals throughout the day. See also Heavy Menstrual Bleeding — 
Four Things Soup remedy, p. 315. Herb Ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba , p. 100) 
Remedy  T ake tablets or 1⁄2 tsp of fluid extract 
with water twice a day for approximately 2–3 
months at a time. Herb Ginger ( Zingiber officinale , p. 155)
Remedy Grate 1 tsp of fresh ginger into your 
food each day. Before taking any herbal remedies, see pages 290 & 298–299Circulatory Problems
To maintain good health, the body’s ten trillion cells need  
to be bathed in fluid that brings them vital nutrients and 
removes waste products. When this process is undermined  
by poor circulation, the body may react with conditions such  
as raised blood pressure, which places a long-term strain  
on the heart. A high-vegetable, low-sugar diet and regular 
aerobic exercise help to keep the heart active and the arteries clear of fatty 
deposits that can clog up their linings. A number of herbs act preventively to 
sustain good circulation—few more so than garlic ( Allium sativum , p. 59).Witch Hazel
(Hamamelis virginiana) QSeek immediate professional 
advice for: 
■ Severe chest pain
■ Palpitations lasting several minutes
■ Hot, swollen, or ulcerated tender veins, or 
dark red discoloration of the skin or veins
■ Fainting or dizziness with weakness, 
numbness, or tingling in any part of the body
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302
herbal remedies for home usePalpitations & Panic Attacks
Cold Extremities & Chilblains
Varicose Veins & HemorrhoidsPalpitations occur when the heart suddenly 
beats faster or irregularly. They can result from stress, anxiety, and nervous tension; however, they may also be caused simply by drinking too much caffeine (in tea, coffee, and cola drinks). In rare cases, palpitations indicate a heart problem. They are a key symptom of panic attacks, which are characterized by sudden, acute feelings of fear and anxiety. Linden flowers and valerian root are especially relaxing and calming for the nervous system, specifically helping to reduce underlying anxiety. QGeneral caution Seek immediate professional 
advice if palpitations last for several minutes. Poor circulation can cause discomfort and painful 
chilblains (sores caused by poor local blood flow) on the fingers and toes. By stimulating  
the circulation and getting more “warmth” into the system with herbs and exercise, the blood flow to the hands and feet is improved. Hot, acrid herbs, such as cayenne or ginger, stimulate the flow of blood through the arteries, helping to prevent the development of chilblains. Exercise
Aerobic exercise is often the key to improving 
this condition. QGeneral caution Seek professional advice if fingers 
and toes frequently become cold and numb. Varicose veins result from a weakness, or 
increased pressure, in the veins. This causes the thin supporting walls of the veins to bulge out, resulting in distended veins and the pooling of blood. Hemorrhoids are usually caused by constipation. Many herbs can be of use in relieving these conditions. Distilled witch hazel is an excellent astringent, and yarrow has healing, astringent, and anti-inflammatory properties. Self-help
Home treatment should aim to relieve pressure on the veins. Varicose vein sufferers should  avoid tight clothing around the waist or legs. To ease hemorrhoids, try to maintain regular bowel movements (see Constipation & Diarrhea, p. 307). General caution Do not massage or rub  
varicose veins.Palpitations
Herb Linden (Tilia spp., p. 277) 
Remedy Make an infusion with up to 20 g of linden to 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Divide into 3–4 doses and drink throughout the day. Herb Dan shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza, p. 130) 
Remedy Make a decoction and take  
3–4 doses during the day for up to 1 week. Alternatively, take half the daily dose for up  to 2 –3 weeks. Cautions Do not take dan shen with anticoagulant or 
antiplatelet drugs, or during pregnancy. Poor Circulation to the Hands & Feet
Herb Cayenne (Capsicum frutescens, p. 74)
Remedy T ake cayenne tablets in winter. Option Add a pinch of cayenne powder or cayenne sauce to every main meal. Caution Do not take tablets during pregnancy. Herbs Cramp bark (Viburnum opulus, p. 150), northern prickly ash (Zanthoxylum americanum,  p. 153)Remedy 1 Make a decoction using 15 g of cramp bark to 3 cups (750 ml) of water and take 3 doses each day.Remedy 2 Mix 5 g of prickly ash and 10 g of cramp bark and make a decoction using 3 cups (750 ml) of water. T ake 3 doses each day. Varicose Veins
Herbs Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana,  
p. 102), calendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73)
Remedy Gently apply distilled witch hazel or witch hazel cream or ointment to the affected area 1–2 times a day, or combine equal parts of the creams of both herbs and apply 1–2 times a day. NOtE  This remedy is particularly effective on 
painful varicose veins. Herb Y arrow (Achillea millefolium, p. 56)
Remedy (External) Wash varicose veins  in a cool infusion, or apply the ointment  1–2 times a day.Remedy (Internal) Make an infusion and leave  for 10 minutes. T ake 3/4–11/4 cups (150–300 ml)  a day for up to 10 weeks. Caution Do not take yarrow during pregnancy.Panic Attacks
Herbs Linden (Tilia spp., p. 277), valerian (Valeriana officinalis, p. 148)Remedy Make an infusion using 1 tsp of linden and 
1⁄2 tsp of powdered valerian to 3/4 cup  
(150 ml) of water. Drink 21/3 cups (600 ml) a day. Herbs Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca, p. 227), 
linden (Tilia spp., p. 277) 
Remedy Make an infusion of motherwort or make an infusion using 
1⁄2 tsp of each herb to  
1 cup (150 ml) of water. Drink up to 4 cups (600 ml) of either remedy a day. Caution Do not take motherwort during pregnancy. Caution Do not take prickly ash during pregnancy. Chilblains
Herbs Ginger (Zingiber officinale, p. 155),  
lemon (Citrus limon, p. 82), echinacea (Echinacea spp., p. 92)Remedy (Internal) Grate 1 tsp of fresh ginger into your food each day. Alternatively, drink 1/4 cup (70 ml) of ginger wine each day.Remedy (External) Apply either fresh ginger, undiluted lemon juice, or neat echinacea tincture to unopened chilblains twice a day. Note The external remedy helps to prevent blistering 
and weeping. Once the blister opens you can continue to apply, but it will sting upon contact. Hemorrhoids
Herbs Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana,  
p. 102), lesser celandine (Ranunculus ficaria,  p. 260), common oak (Quercus robur, p. 260), calendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73)Remedy 1 Apply either distilled witch hazel or witch hazel ointment, or lesser celandine ointment, 1–2 times a day.Remedy 2 Mix 1 tsp of common oak bark powder with 2
1⁄2 tbsp of calendula ointment and 
apply 1–2 times a day. Difficult Passage of the Stool  
& Painful Hemorrhoids
Herb Slippery elm (Ulmus rubra, p. 145)
Remedy T ake either slippery elm “food”  (see Acidity & Indigestion, p. 307) or tablets. Herb Psyllium (Plantago spp., p. 123)
Remedy T ake 1–2 tsp of seeds soaked in 3/4 cup  
(150 ml) of water overnight, twice a day. US_300-307_Allergies.indd   302 26/02/16   4:43 pm303 herbal remedies for home use Skin Problems
The largest organ of the body, the skin protects against heat, cold, 
infection, and trauma from the outside world. Although 
continuously shedding its surface, the skin needs regular cleansing 
and nourishing to remain healthy. Its ability to resist injury and 
recover from damage largely depends on the health of the body as 
a whole. While many minor skin problems respond promptly to 
simple external remedies, severe or chronic skin conditions need internal 
treatment and usually require professional advice. See also Eczema , p. 300. Minor Bites, Stings, & Swellings
Skin Rashes, Minor Burns, & SunburnCalendula
(Calendula officinalis)
Inflamed, swollen areas of skin are a common 
reaction to bites and stings. Although they can 
be very uncomfortable, most only cause local 
itching and inflammation, which usually subside 
within a few hours. All the remedies listed will 
help to ease irritation and soreness. For the 
most effective relief, use both an external and 
internal remedy. Lavender relieves irritation  
as well as being an insect repellent, aloe vera  
is soothing and healing, and both calendula  
and St. John’s wort reduce inflammation. Echinacea stimulates the immune system  
and nettle is antiallergenic. QGeneral cautions Seek immediate professional 
attention if prone to, or if there are signs of, extreme 
allergic reactions, or if there is a sting in the mouth  
and the throat starts to swell. Some stings and animal 
bites are poisonous and may need inoculations and 
immediate medical attention. More annoying than debilitating, skin rashes and 
minor burns, including sunburn, usually clear up 
without assistance, although herbal treatment 
can speed recovery. Hives (urticaria)  are usually caused by an 
allergic reaction, but can also be triggered by 
heat, cold, or sunlight. They only last for a few 
hours but will often recur. For the most 
effective relief, apply chickweed cream and  
take one of the internal remedies. Skin rashes  have many causes, such as allergy, 
infection, irritation, bites, stings, and temperature 
changes. Use these remedies to alleviate 
itchiness and swelling. Small-scale burns  usually respond well to 
herbal medicine, but even small burns may be 
deep and can quickly become infected. Before 
using a remedy, bathe the burned area in clean, 
cold water and keep the area cool for up to 3 
hours with a clean cotton cloth that has been 
soaked in cold water. QGeneral caution  If there is any sign of infection seek 
professional advice.External Remedies
Herb Lavender ( Lavandula officinalis , p. 108)
Remedy Rub fresh leaves, neat tincture, or 
essential oil on and around the bite or sting. Other uses  This will also repel insects. Herbs Sweet basil ( Ocimum basilicum , p. 241), 
holy basil ( Ocimum tenuiflorum , p. 116), sage ( Salvia 
officinalis , p. 131), thyme ( Thymus vulgaris , p. 143)
Remedy Apply freshly squeezed juice from the 
leaves of one of the herbs. Herbs Aloe vera ( Aloe vera , p. 60), calendula 
(Calendula officinalis , p. 73), St. John’s wort 
(Hypericum perforatum , p. 106)
Remedy Apply either aloe vera gel, calendula 
ointment, cream, lotion, or tincture, or St. John’s 
wort oil. To make the calendula lotion, infuse  
2 heaping tbsp of calendula in 3/4 cup (150 ml) of 
water. Strain, cool, then apply. Option Add 5 drops each of lavender ( Lavandula 
Hives (Urticaria)
Herbs Nettle ( Urtica dioica , p. 146), heartsease 
(Viola tricolor , p. 282), calendula ( Calendula 
officinalis , p. 73)
Remedy (Internal)  Drink an infusion of 5 g of 
each herb and 3 cups (750 ml) of water regularly 
during the day. Repeat for 1 week. If symptoms 
persist, take for another week. Herbs Dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale , p. 141), 
yellow dock ( Rumex crispus , p. 264), burdock 
(Arctium lappa , p. 65)
Remedy (Internal)  Make a decoction with  
5 g of each root to 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Drink 11/4 cups (300 ml) a day and repeat for at 
least 1 week. Caution  Do not take yellow dock in pregnancy. Herb Chickweed ( Stellaria media , p. 272)
Remedy (External)  Apply cream as required. Inflamed Skin Rashes
Herbs Calendula ( Calendula officinalis , p. 73), 
comfrey ( Symphytum officinale , p. 138)officinalis , p. 108) and German chamomile 
(Chamomilla recutita , p. 77) essential oils to 1 tsp 
of one of the above preparations. Caution  Do not apply chamomile oil in pregnancy. Tip Apply neat lemon juice ( Citrus limon , p. 82) if 
there is nothing else available. Internal Remedies
Herb Nettle ( Urtica dioica , p. 146)
Remedy Make an infusion and drink 12/3 cups 
(450 ml) a day, or take 1 tsp of tincture with 
water 3 times a day for up to 3 days. Herb Echinacea ( Echinacea  spp., p. 92)
Remedy T ake tablets or tincture. Remedy Apply calendula or comfrey ointment, 
cream, or lotion to troubled areas 2–4 times  
a day. For the lotion, make an infusion, strain, 
cool, and then apply. Caution Do not apply comfrey to broken skin. Weeping Skin
Herbs Aloe vera ( Aloe vera , p. 60), witch hazel 
(Hamamelis virginiana , p. 102)
Remedy Apply aloe vera gel or distilled witch 
hazel or witch hazel ointment to the affected 
area 2–4 times a day. Minor Burns & Sunburn
Herbs Aloe vera ( Aloe vera , p. 60), lavender 
(Lavandula officinalis , p. 108)
Remedy Apply aloe vera gel or neat lavender 
essential oil to the affected area as needed. Herb Calendula ( Calendula officinalis , p. 73)
Remedy Infuse 1 heaping tbsp of herb in 3/4 cup 
(150 ml) of water. Strain, cool, and apply as a 
lotion to the affected area as required. QSeek immediate professional 
advice for:
■ Changes to freckles, moles, or warts
■ Sudden swelling or allergic reaction
■ Non-minor burns, including sunburn
■ Shingles or suspected shingles
■ Boils that do not disperse or burst
■ Serious wounds, scrapes, bruising, bites,  
and stings
Before taking any herbal remedies, see pages 290 & 298–299
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304
herbal remedies for home useMinor Wounds & Bruises
Cold Sores, Chicken Pox, Shingles, & Warts
Fungal Skin Infections, Including Athlete’s FootMinor wounds, bruises, and grazes are part  
of everyday life, and the remedies listed make effective home treatments. Witch hazel is a very good astringent for minor scrapes, bruises, and swellings, protecting and soothing the damaged area. Arnica can be used to relieve bruising, pain, and swelling, and it combines well with witch hazel. Wounds can be cleansed with aloe vera gel which, like comfrey, is an excellent wound healer. Comfrey ointment is helpful in clearing old scars. See also Sprains & Fractures, p. 312. QGeneral caution Seek immediate medical attention 
for serious or deep wounds, bruising, or scrapes, 
especially if the pain has not considerably lessened after 24 hours. Herbal medicine can help all these viral infections 
that affect the skin.Cold sores are caused by the herpes simplex virus, and usually occur when the body has an infection or has been exposed to sunshine or wind. Tiny blisters form, mainly around the nostrils and lips.Shingles and chicken pox are the result of  
a similar virus, causing sores to form all over the body. Shingles are a sign that the nervous system is run down and open to infection, so herbs that support the nerves and the immune system as a whole are as important as ones that work topically.Warts, caused by the papilloma virus, can be difficult to clear. With persistence, the remedies here are often effective. QGeneral cautions Always consult a professional 
practitioner if you have, or suspect you have, shingles. T ake professional advice if you notice a sudden change to a wart. Fungal skin infections are easily picked up through 
physical contact, and can be hard to clear. Athlete’s foot is a fungus (tinea) that grows in the skin between and under the toes, causing it to split and peel away. This itchy, sore condition can be difficult to treat at home. Self-help
Keep feet dry and clean and do not wear synthetic socks or tightly fitting shoes.Cleansing Wounds
Herb Y arrow (Achillea millefolium, p. 56)Remedy Make a yarrow lotion, allow to cool, and use as a wash.
Herb Calendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73) 
Remedy Make a calendula lotion with 2 heaping  
tsp of herb to 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water, or use the tincture neat or diluted in water. Apply either preparation to the wound. Note Calendula tincture will sting strongly, but it has a 
greater antiseptic action. Herb Aloe vera (Aloe vera, p. 60)Remedy Cleanse the wound with the gel  and cover with a dressing soaked in gel. Change frequently. Herb Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana, p. 102)
Remedy Apply distilled witch hazel (available over 
the counter) to the affected area 2–3 times a day. Cold Sores, Chicken Pox, & Shingles
Herbs Echinacea (Echinacea spp., p. 92), St. John’s 
wort (Hypericum perforatum, p. 106)Remedies T ake 
1⁄2 tsp of tincture of either  
herb with water 2–3 times a day. Alternatively,  take echinacea tablets or capsules, or make  
an infusion of St. John’s wort and drink up to  
3/4 cup (150 ml) a day. Herbs Garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59), ginger 
(Zingiber officinale, p. 155), lemon (Citrus  
limon, p. 82)
Remedy (Internal) Eat 1–2 cloves of garlic and 1–2 slices (1 g) of fresh ginger a day.Remedy (External) Apply either fresh ginger, half a clove of garlic, or lemon juice to unopened cold sores, shingles, or pockmarks up to 6 times a day. General Remedies
Herb Comfrey (Symphytum officinale, p. 138)
Remedy Make a poultice and firmly apply to the affected area for 1–2 hours each day. Caution Do not use comfrey on broken skin. Herbs Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia, p. 112), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata, p. 97), calendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73), thyme (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143)Remedy Mix 5 drops of tea tree, clove, or 
thyme essential oil with 1 tsp of calendula ointment. Apply 1–2 times a day. Caution Do not use thyme oil during pregnancy.Healing Wounds
Herbs Comfrey (Symphytum officinale, p. 138), 
aloe vera (Aloe vera, p. 60)
Remedy Apply comfrey ointment at the edges of the wound or, once a scab has formed, use a comfrey poultice. Use aloe vera gel to cleanse the wound (see left). Caution Do not use comfrey on an open wound. Bruises
Herbs Arnica (Arnica montana, p. 172), witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana, p. 102)Remedy Apply arnica ointment to bruises and swellings 2–3 times a day, or use distilled witch hazel, as above. Caution Do not use arnica on broken skin. Herb Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis, p. 113)
Remedy (Internal) Make an infusion and drink up to 3 cups (750 ml) a day.Remedy (External) Make a lotion by infusing 1
1⁄2 tbsp of fresh or 3 tsp of dried leaves in  
3/4 cup (150 ml) of water for 10 minutes. Strain and dab onto spots 3–5 times a day. Warts
Herb Aloe vera (Aloe vera, p. 60)Remedy Apply the gel directly to the wart 2–3 times a day for up to 3 months. Herb Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis, p. 276)
Remedy Apply neat tincture to the wart 1–2 times a day for up to 3 months. Herb Garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59)
Remedy Rub on 
1⁄2 clove 2–3 times a day. Athlete’s Foot
Herbs Turmeric (Curcuma longa, p. 90), calendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73)Remedy Mix 
1⁄2 tsp of turmeric powder with  
3 tsp (15 ml) of calendula ointment. Rub in between and under the toes each day. US_300-307_Allergies.indd   304 26/02/16   4:43 pm305 herbal remedies for home useAcne & Boils
StomachacheAcne and boils are the result of local infection, 
hormonal imbalance, or internal toxicity, which 
cause inflammation of the hair follicles and, with 
acne, sebaceous glands. They should be treated 
on the surface of the skin and internally. Acne  generally occurs during the teenage years 
and results in whiteheads, pustules, and cysts, 
usually on the face and back. Boils  are large, pus-filled areas of skin. They either 
disperse or burst in a week. As boils are often 
the body’s way of expelling toxins, recurrent 
boils may indicate a weakened immune system. They can also suggest diabetes or a deep-seated 
bacterial infection. Herbs  such as tea tree and garlic are antiseptic 
and antibiotic. Calendula and comfrey promote 
healing, and comfrey helps to mend scarring. Self-help
Increase intake of vitamin C and garlic. QGeneral cautions Do not squeeze or burst boils  
or acne pimples as the infection may spread. Seek 
professional advice for recurrent boils. Cramping pain is a sign that the stomach and 
intestines are sore and irritated. This is normally 
due to poor digestion, excessive nervous tension, 
food poisoning, or infection. Stomachache may 
occur on its own or lead to vomiting and 
diarrhea (in which case, use the remedies on  
p. 306). Garlic and calendula are antiviral and will 
help clear digestive infections. Relaxing herbs, 
such as German chamomile and cramp bark, 
relieve stomach spasm. For maximum benefit, 
they are mixed with carminative herbs to help 
relieve gas. QGeneral cautions Seek professional advice if 
stomach pain is severe or recurrent. All species of mint 
(Mentha  spp.) are unsuitable for children under 5.External Remedies
Herbs Tea tree ( Melaleuca alternifolia , p. 112), 
clove ( Eugenia caryophyllata , p. 97), garlic ( Allium 
sativum , p. 59)
Remedy Dab 1 drop of neat tea tree or clove 
essential oil onto the pus-filled head of a boil or 
pimple twice a day. Alternatively, cut a clove of 
garlic in half and rub over the area twice a day. Herb Calendula ( Calendula officinalis , p. 73)
Remedy Apply ointment or cream, or dab 
undiluted tincture onto the pus-filled area  
twice a day.
Encyclopedia_Of_Herbal_Medicine.txt
Summarize the following text section accurately and concisely. Maintain specific details and numerical information, and use anti-repetition mechanisms:

        1Place the herbs in a saucepan. Cover with  
cold water and bring to a boil. Simmer for 
about 20–30 minutes, until the liquid is 
reduced by about one-third. 1Place the herb in the 
strainer of the teacup and 
place a strainer in the cup. Fill 
the cup with freshly boiled 
water. US_290-291_Making_Herbal_Remedies. indd   291 26/02/16   4:43 pm
292
herbal remedies for home useTinctures are strong preparations, and it is essential 
to check the recommended dosage. Never use industrial alcohol, methylated spirits (methyl alcohol) or rubbing alcohol (isopropyl alcohol) in tinctures. Alcohol-reduced Tinctures
Alcoholic tinctures should sometimes be avoided, 
for example during pregnancy or a gastric inflammation. Adding 1 tsp (5 ml) of tincture to a small glass of almost boiling water and leaving it for 5 minutes allows the alcohol to evaporate. To make nonalcoholic tinctures, replace the alcohol with vinegar or glycerol. Tincture Ratios
Tinctures are made in different strengths, 
expressed as ratios. In this book, a 1:5 ratio  
(1 part herb to 5 parts alcohol) is used, unless otherwise stated. Reputable herbal suppliers are the best place  
to buy powdered herbs and, in general, the  
finer the powder the better the grade and quality. Gelatin or vegetarian capsule cases  
are also available from specialist outlets. Powdered slippery elm (Ulmus rubra, p. 145) makes a useful base for poultices (see p. 295), and astringents such as witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana, p. 102) may be applied to weeping skin or mixed into ointments (see p. 295) for hemorrhoids and varicose veins. Tinctures
Tinctures are made by soaking an herb in alcohol. This encourages the active 
plant constituents to dissolve, giving tinctures a relatively stronger action than infusions or decoctions. They are convenient to use and last up to two years. Tinctures can be made using a jug and a jelly bag, instead of a wine press. Although mainly used in European, American, and Australian herbal medicine, tinctures play a part in most herbal traditions. Capsules & Powders
Powdered herbs are most easily taken as capsules but can be sprinkled on food or taken with water. Externally, they can be applied as a dusting powder to the skin or mixed with tinctures as a poultice (see p. 295). Standard Quantity
200 g dried or 300 g fresh herb chopped into 
small pieces to 1 quart (1 liter) alcohol—vodka of 35–40% alcohol is ideal, although rum hides the taste of bitter or unpalatable herbs 
Standard Dosage
T ake 1 tsp (5 ml) 2 –3 times a day diluted in  1 tbsp plus 1 tsp (25 ml) of water or fruit juice. Storage
Store in sterilized, dark glass bottles in a cool dark place for up to 2 years. Standard Quantity
Fill size 00 capsules, which contain approximately 250 mg of powdered herb 
Standard Dosage
T ake 2 –3 capsules twice a day. Storage
Store in airtight, dark glass containers in a cool place for up to 3–4 months. 1Place the herb in a large, clean glass jar and pour on 
the alcohol, ensuring that the herb is covered. Close and 
label the jar. Shake well for 1–2 minutes and store in a cool dark place for 10–14 days, shaking the jar every 1–2 days. 2Set up the wine press, placing a muslin or nylon mesh bag securely inside. Pour in the mixture and 
collect the liquid in the jug. 3Slowly close the wine press, extracting the remaining liquid from the herbs until no more  
drips appear. Discard the leftover herbs. 1Pour the powder into a saucer and slide the  capsule halves toward one another, scooping  
up the powder (or use a capsule-making tray). 2When the halves of the capsule are full of powder, slide them together without spilling the powder, 
and store. 4Pour the tincture into clean, dark glass bottles using a funnel. When full, stopper with a cork  
or screw top and label the bottles. Making Capsules
US_292-293_Tinctures. indd   292 26/02/16   4:43 pm293 herbal remedies for home use
A simple and effective way to make a tonic wine  
is in a jar or a ceramic vat with a tap at the base to 
enable the wine to be drawn off without disturbing 
the herbs. Wine can be added periodically to  
keep the herbs covered, although, in time, this  
will reduce the wine’s tonic effectiveness. If 
exposed to the air, the herbs may get moldy, 
making the remedy not only ineffective but unsafe 
to take. Herbal Wines
Herbal wines are made by fermenting the herb  
in the same way that wine is produced from 
grapes. With the correct equipment this is  
a simple process, but fermentation alters the  
activity of the herbs and tends to reduce their 
medicinal value. A syrup is made with equal proportions of an 
herbal infusion or decoction and honey or unre­
fined sugar. When making an infusion or decoction 
for a syrup, it needs to be infused or simmered for 
the maximum time to optimize its medicinal 
action. Infusions should be infused for 15 minutes 
and decoctions should be simmered for 30 minutes. Press the soaked herb through the strainer or sieve 
to remove as much liquid as possible. Small amounts 
of neat tincture can be added to the cooled syrup to 
increase its effectiveness. Syrups Made with Tinctures
Syrups may also be made with tinctures instead of 
infusions or decoctions. Combine 500 g of honey 
or unrefined sugar with 1 cup (250 ml) of water. Gently heat until all the sugar or honey has 
dissolved and the mixture has thickened. Remove 
from the heat. Once cool, stir 1 part of the 
tincture, or mixture of tinctures, into 3 parts of the 
syrup and bottle as directed opposite. Tonic Wines
Tonic wines are an agreeable way to take strengthening and tonic herbs to 
increase vitality and improve digestion. Neither strictly medicinal, nor simply 
appealing to the palate, they are easy to prepare at home. Tonic wines are 
made by steeping tonic herbs, such as dong quai ( Angelica sinensis, p. 63), or 
bitter herbs, such as southernwood ( Artemisia abrotanum, p. 172), in red or 
white wine for several weeks. Syrups
Honey and unrefined sugar are effective preservatives and can be combined 
with infusions or decoctions to make syrups and cordials. They have the 
additional benefit of having a soothing action, and therefore make a perfect 
vehicle for cough mixtures as well as relieving sore throats. With their sweet 
taste, syrups can disguise the taste of unpalatable herbs and are therefore 
greatly appreciated by children. Standard Quantity
100 g dried or 200 g fresh tonic herbs or  
25 g dried bitter herbs and 1 quart (1 liter) of 
red or white wine
Standard Dosage
Drink 1/3 cup (70 ml) each day before a meal. Storage
Use a ceramic vat with a tap at its base, or a 
sterilized glass jar. Store for 3–4 months, ensuring 
wine covers the herbs. If the herbs become 
moldy, discard the remedy. Standard Quantity
2 cups (500 ml) infusion or decoction (see p. 291), infused or heated for the maximum time  
(see left); 500 g honey or unrefined sugar
Standard Dosage
T ake 1–2 tsp (5–10 ml) 3 times a day. Storage
Store in dark glass bottles with cork tops in a 
cool place for up to 6 months. 1Place the herb in a large, clean jar or vat. Pour in enough wine to cover the herb 
completely. Close the jar securely, shake 
carefully, and leave to stand. 1Pour the infusion or decoction into a pan. Add the 
honey or sugar. Gently heat, stirring constantly 
until all the honey or sugar has dissolved and the 
mixture has a syrupy consistency. Remove from the 
heat and cool. 2Pour the cooled syrup into sterilized glass 
 jars using a funnel and store in a cool, dark  
place. Seal the jars with cork stoppers, because  
syrups are prone to ferment and may explode if  
kept in screw-topped bottles. 2Allow the wine to mature over 2–6 
weeks, then take a dose from the  
tap or jar. Regularly top off the mixture 
with wine. US_292-293_Tinctures. indd   293 26/02/16   4:43 pm
294
herbal remedies for home useHot Infused Oils
Although hot infused oils can last up to a year,  
they are most potent when used fresh. If only  
using infused oils occasionally, make a smaller 
quantity than the standard amount with the same proportion of herb to oil. The wine press may be replaced with a jug—when cool enough to touch, squeeze the oil through the jelly bag as illustrated in Cold Infused Oils below. Many herbs make effective hot infused oils, 
especially spicy herbs such as ginger (Zingiber officinale, p. 155), cayenne (Capsicum frutescens,  p. 74), and pepper (Piper nigrum, p. 250). These oils can be rubbed into the skin to relieve rheumatic and arthritic pain, improve local blood flow, and relax muscles. Other hot infused oils from leafy herbs, such as comfrey (Symphytum officinale,  p. 138), speed wound healing. Oil infused with mullein (Verbascum thapsus, p. 281) is used for earache and ear infections, and chickweed (Stellaria media, p. 272) ointment may be produced from  
a hot infused oil (see p.
Store in sterilized, dark glass jars with lids for up to 3 months.
What is the recommended storage method for ointments?
The standard dosage is not to exceed the stated dose, and it is recommended to consult a professional practitioner before taking any herbal remedy.
What is the recommended dosage for using herbal remedies?
The wine press is used to extract the liquid from the herbs, allowing the creation of a concentrated tincture.
What is the purpose of using a wine press in the tincture-making process?
Store in sterilized, airtight, dark glass bottles for up to 1 year.
What is the recommended method for storing infused oils?
Melt the petroleum jelly or soft paraffin wax in a glass bowl, add the herb, and simmer gently for 90 minutes.
What is the recommended method for making ointments?