Nasturtium flowers 
have antibiotic properties, and  may be used to  heal wounds.Fenugreek seeds
Tsuga canadensis (Pinaceae)
Canada Hemlock
Description  Evergreen tree growing to 100 ft 
(30 m). Has reddish-brown bark, short narrow 
needle leaves, and small male and female cones. Habitat & Cultivation  Canada hemlock is 
native to eastern parts of North America, growing in woodland and marshy sites. The bark is collected from mature trees throughout the year. Part Used Bark. Constituents  Canada hemlock contains volatile 
oil (with alpha-pinene, bornyl acetate, and cadinene), 10–14% tannins, and resin. History & Folklore  Native Americans may 
have given Canada hemlock to the explorer Jacques Cartier in 1535. He and his crew, exploring the St. Lawrence river, had fallen sick with scurvy, but all made a quick recovery upon taking a decoction of leaves and bark. Many Native American peoples used the bark to treat wounds. Medicinal Actions & Uses  The bark  
of Canada hemlock is astringent and antiseptic. A decoction may be taken to treat diarrhea, colitis, diverticulitis, and cystitis. Externally, Canada hemlock can be employed as a douche to treat excessive vaginal discharge, yeast infection, and a prolapsed uterus; as a mouthwash and gargle for gingivitis and sore throats; or as a wash to cleanse and tighten wounds. Tussilago farfara (Asteraceae)
Coltsfoot
Description  Perennial herb growing to 12 in 
(30 m). Has flowering stems with purple scales, yellow-gold flowers, and heart-shaped leaves. Habitat & Cultivation  Indigenous to  
Europe and northern Asia, and naturalized in 
US_266-283_Sanguinaria_Ziziphus_jujuba.indd   278 26/02/16   12:48 pm279 other medicinal plantsTypha angus Tifolia
North America, coltsfoot is a common plant  
often found along roadsides and on verges and  
in open areas. The flowers are gathered in late 
winter, the leaves in summer. Parts Used Leaves, flowers. Constituents  Coltsfoot contains flavonoids, 
about 8% mucilage (polysaccharides), 10% tannins, 
pyrrolizidine alkaloids, vitamin C, and zinc. The 
pyrrolizidine alkaloids may have a toxic effect  
on the liver, but are largely destroyed when  
the parts are boiled to make a decoction. The polysaccharides are anti-inflammatory  
and immunostimulant. The flavonoids are  
anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic. History & Folklore  For at least 2,500 years, 
coltsfoot has been taken as a cough remedy  
and smoked as a means to ease breathing. Dioscorides, a Greek physician of the 1st century ce, 
recommended it for dry coughs, and “for those 
who are unable to breathe except standing upright.”
Medicinal Actions & Uses  An effective 
demulcent and expectorant herb, coltsfoot is  
one of the most popular European remedies for 
treating chest problems. In Europe, the leaves are 
preferred to the flowers (which contain higher 
amounts of pyrrolizidine alkaloids), but in China 
the flowers are preferred. Both parts of the plant 
are taken as a decoction for chest conditions. When used as a syrup or a medicinal cigarette, 
coltsfoot relieves asthma. This herb is used as a 
specific treatment for spasmodic coughs. It is 
particularly effective when used in combination 
with licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra , p. 101), thyme 
(Thymus vulgaris , p. 143), and wild cherry ( Prunus 
serotina , p. 257). Research  Extracts of the whole plant have been 
shown to increase immune resistance. In a Chinese 
trial involving 36 patients 
suffering from bronchial 
asthma, 75% showed 
some improvement 
after treatment, but 
the antiasthmatic 
effect was short-lived. Cautions  Do not use 
coltsfoot flowers. Do 
not take the leaves 
for more than 3–4 
weeks at a time. Do not take coltsfoot 
during pregnancy or 
while breastfeeding. The herb is not suitable 
for children under 6. Coltsfoot is subject to  
legal restrictions in  
some countries.Tylophora asmatica (Asclepidaceae)
Asmatica,
Indian Lobelia
Description  Perennial twining climber with 
lance-shaped leaves and greenish flowers 
producing many flat seeds. Habitat & Cultivation  Native to the Indian 
subcontinent, asmatica grows wild on the plains  
of India. The leaves are gathered when the plant  
is in flower. Parts Used  Leaves. Constituents  Asmatica contains alkaloids 
(including tylophorine), flavonoids, sterols, and 
tannins. Tylophorine has anti-inflammatory and 
antitumor properties. History & Folklore  Asmatica has long been 
used in Ayurvedic medicine to induce vomiting  
and expectoration, and to treat dysentery and 
rheumatic conditions. Medicinal Actions & Uses  Considered a 
specific remedy for asthma, asmatica may relieve 
symptoms for up to 3 months. It is also beneficial  
in cases of hay fever, and is prescribed for acute 
allergic problems such as eczema and hives. It  
holds potential as a treatment for chronic fatigue 
syndrome and other immune system disorders. Asmatica may relieve rheumatoid arthritis, and  
may also be of value in the treatment of cancer. Research  Extensive laboratory and clinical 
research in India has established that asmatica  
is an effective remedy for asthma. In the 1970s,  
a number of clinical trials showed that a majority  
of asthmatic patients taking the herb for just  
6 days gained relief from asthma for up to a 
further 12 weeks. However, subsequent studies 
have failed to reproduce these results. The  
leaves produce side-effects including nausea  
and vomiting. QCaution  T ake asmatica only under 
professional supervision.Part Used  Pollen. Constituents  Cattail contains isorhamnetin, 
pentacosane, and sterols. History & Folklore  The pollen is highly 
inflammable and has been used in the manufacture 
of fireworks. The root is edible and has been eaten 
in times of famine. The young shoots can be eaten 
raw or cooked in spring, and are said to taste  
like asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis,  p. 174). Coltsfoot has long been used 
as a remedy for coughs.Cattail or pu huang  is used to staunch wounds and stop 
internal bleeding. Although “bulrushes” (the British and Irish name for 
cattails) are mentioned in the Bible, it is likely the 
plant being referred to is actually Cyperus papyrus . Medicinal Actions & Uses  In Chinese herbal 
medicine, the astringent pollen has been employed 
chiefly to stop internal or external bleeding. The 
pollen may be mixed with honey and applied to 
wounds and sores, or taken orally to reduce 
internal bleeding of almost any kind—for example, 
nosebleeds, uterine bleeding, or blood in the urine. The pollen is now also used in the treatment of 
angina (pain in the chest or arm due to lack of 
oxygen to the heart muscle). In India, the dried 
pollen has been used for kidney stones, to treat 
nosebleeds and internal bleeding, as well as for 
painful menstruation. Cattail does not appear to 
have been used as a medicine in the European 
herbal tradition. Research Chinese research suggests that cattail 
pollen protects blood vessels from inflammation 
and acts as an immunosuppressant. Caution  Do not take during pregnancy.Typha angustifolia (Typhaceae)
Cattail,
Pu Huang (Chinese)
Description  Stout upright plant growing to a 
height of 61⁄2 ft (2 m). Has long, flat, narrow leaves 
rising parallel to the stem, a distinctive brown 
cylindrical head of female flowers, and straw-
colored male flowers immediately above. Habitat & Cultivation  Cattail flourishes  
in marshes, swamps, and other freshwater sites  
in both temperate and tropical zones, and is 
cultivated. The pollen is shaken off the plant  
while it is in bloom. US_266-283_Sanguinaria_Ziziphus_jujuba.indd   279 26/02/16   12:48 pm
280
other medicinal plantsUncaria rhyncophylla
Uncaria rhynchophylla (Rubiaceae)
Gou Teng
Description  Climbing perennial growing to  
33 ft (10 m). Has opposite lance-shaped leaves, 
thorns, and composite flowerheads. Habitat & Cultivation  Native to China and 
Southeast Asia, gou teng is cultivated in the southern and eastern provinces of China. The stems and thorns are collected in autumn and winter. Parts Used  Stems, thorns. Constituents  Gou teng contains indole alkaloids, 
flavonoids, triterpenoid, and polysaccharides. History & Folklore  The first recorded use of 
gou teng in Chinese medicine is in the Miscellaneous Records (c.  500 ce). Medicinal Actions & Uses  Gou teng is a 
sedative and antispasmodic, and is mainly used to ease symptoms such as tremors, seizure, spasms, headache, and dizziness. It is also prescribed for infantile convulsions. In Chinese herbal medicine  it “extinguishes [internal] wind [gas] and stops tremors.” It is also used by the Chinese to reduce high blood pressure and excess liver “fire.”
Research  Chinese tests on laboratory animals 
indicate that gou teng lowers blood pressure, reduces anxiety, and has notable sedative activity. Related Species  Like gou teng, pale catechu  
(U. gambier) contains a constituent that lowers 
blood pressure. See also cat’s claw (U. tomentosa,  following entry). QCaution T ake gou teng only under 
professional supervision.History & Folklore Known by the Ashaninka 
and other indigenous peoples of central Peru for 
its power in regulating illness, cat’s claw has been used since the earliest times to treat serious  illness, from asthma and diabetes to arthritis  and cancer. Native healers are able to distinguish between what are botanically identical plants, selecting those that have a low TOA content  and are therefore most likely to prove effective  in strengthening immunity. Medicinal Actions & Uses  Like echinacea 
(Echinacea spp., p. 92), with which it combines 
effectively, cat’s claw supports a weakened 
immune system, and can reinvigorate the body’s efforts to counter infection and inflammation. The herb’s antioxidant activity also helps to contain the widespread cellular damage that occurs in chronic degenerative disease. Conditions that may benefit include infections such as chronic fatigue syndrome and HIV/AIDS; chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis; and asthma. Cat’s claw may also be taken to help prevent cancer, particularly breast cancer, and is  
useful in countering the damaging effects  
of chemotherapy. Research  Investigations into the root and stem 
bark have established that cat’s claw has potent  
anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immune-stimulant 
activity. The POAs and water extracts of the bark stimulate production of white blood cells and nonspecific immune resistance, and appear to inhibit tumor development and growth; extracts of the bark are strongly anti-inflammatory and may inhibit inflammatory gene expression. Nevertheless, the bark’s medicinal activity probably results from the synergistic effect of several compounds, including the tannins. Clinical research in Peru indicates that cat’s claw may have use in the treatment for HIV and AIDS. Of the two types of cat’s claw, only the one containing POAs should be used as medicine, since the TOAs may suppress immune function. Cat’s claw has a contraceptive activity. A small-scale clinical trial in Brazil found that patients with advanced cancer had more energy and some improvement in quality of life when taking a cat’s claw extract. Caution  Avoid taking Cat’s Claw during 
pregnancy and while breastfeeding.Habitat & 
Cultivation  
Native to southern 
Spain, the Canary 
Islands, and South Africa, 
squill is cultivated in the 
Mediterranean region. The 
bulb of the white (but not  
the red) variety is unearthed  
in late summer. Part Used Bulb. Constituents  Squill contains cardiac 
glycosides (0.15–2.4% bufadienolides, 
including scillaren A), flavonoids, 
stigmasterol anthocyanidins, and 
mucilage. The cardiac glycosides are 
strongly diuretic and relatively quick-
acting. They do not have the same cumulative effect as those present in foxglove (Digitalis purpurea, p. 202). History & Folklore  Squill appears in the 
Egyptian Ebers papyrus (c.  1500 bce). In Greece  
it was used by Pythagoras and Hippocrates in the 6th and 5th centuries bce. Medicinal Actions & Uses  Squill is a diuretic, 
emetic, cardiotonic, and expectorant plant that finds use in a wide range of conditions. It makes a good diuretic in cases of water retention. Since its active constituents do not accumulate to a great degree within the body, it is a potential substitute for foxglove in aiding a failing heart. At low dosage, squill is an effective expectorant. At higher doses, the herb acts as an emetic. Squill is also used in homeopathic preparations. QCaution  Use only under professional 
supervision. Squill is toxic in excessive doses. Vaccinium macrocarpon 
(Ericaceae)
Cranberry
Description  Small, slender, evergreen shrub, 
growing to 1 ft (30 cm), with oval, dark green 
leaves, pink flowers, and round or slightly pear-shaped red berries. Habitat & Cultivation  Native to eastern 
North America and northern Asia, cranberry Squill contains substances 
that have a strongly tonic effect on the heart. Uncaria tomentosa (Rubiaceae)
Cat’s Claw, 
Una de Gato
Description  Climbing vine growing to 100 ft 
(30 m) or more, with stems up to 8 in (20 cm)  
in diameter, large, glossy leaves, and sharp hooks (the “cat’s claws”). Habitat & Cultivation A native of tropical 
rainforests in the central and eastern Andes, especially Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, cat’s claw has also been found in Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama. Until recently, the root bark was the part most commonly used as medicine. However, by the early 1990s collection from the wild threatened the species’ survival. Only the stem bark, from ecologically sustainable sources, should be used. Parts Used  Stem bark. Constituents  Cat’s claw contains pentacyclic 
oxindole alkaloids (POA), tetracyclic oxindole 
alkaloids (TOA) in one chemotype only, triterpenoid glycosides, sterols, flavonoids, and tannins, including epicatechin and proanthocyanidins.Urginea maritima  
syn. Drimia maritima (Liliaceae)
Squill
Description  Perennial growing to 5 ft (1.5m) 
from a large white or red bulb. Has a single 
flowering stem, a rosette of large basal leaves,  and a dense spike of white flowers. US_266-283_Sanguinaria_Ziziphus_jujuba.indd   280 26/02/16   12:48 pm281 other medicinal plantsVinca minor
the falling sickness… which thing is vaine and 
superstitious.” However, he did affirm mullein’s 
value as a cough medicine. Medicinal Actions & Uses Mullein is a 
valuable herb for coughs and congestion, and is a 
specific treatment for tracheitis and bronchitis. The leaves and the flowers may be used as an 
infusion to reduce mucus formation and stimulate 
the coughing up of phlegm. Mullein combines  
well with other expectorants such as coltsfoot 
(Tussilago farfara , p. 278) and thyme ( Thymus 
vulgaris , p. 143). Applied externally, mullein  
is emollient and makes a good wound healer. In Germany, the flowers are steeped in olive  
oil, and the resulting fixed oil is used as a remedy  
for ear infections and hemorrhoids.given to counter nervous exhaustion due to 
excessive mental activity or concentration. However, in 1935, the French medicinal plant 
specialist Leclerc stated that “the infusion has  
no more virtue than the hot water used to 
prepare it.”
Mullein is a good expectorant remedy for coughs and other 
chest problems. Veronica officinalis 
(Scrophulariaceae)
Speedwell
Description  Creeping hairy perennial growing 
to 20 in (50 cm). Has oval leaves and darkly veined 
lilac flowers. Habitat & Cultivation  A common wild plant 
in Europe and North America, speedwell is most 
often found on heaths and in dry grassy places. It is 
picked in summer. Parts Used  Aerial parts. Constituents  Speedwell contains iridoid 
glycosides (including aucubin), acetopenone 
glucosides, and flavonoids (including apigenin  
and scutellarin). History & Folklore Speedwell was  
formerly considered a useful diuretic and 
expectorant. It was much used to treat congestion, 
coughs and chronic skin conditions. It was also Medicinal Actions & Uses  Speedwell is now 
considered to have only a slight therapeutic effect. It is little used today. Viburnum prunifolium 
(Caprifoliaceae)
Black Haw
Description  Deciduous shrub growing to 16 ft 
(5 m). Has serrated oval leaves, clusters of white 
flowers, and blue-black berries. Habitat & Cultivation  Native to central  
and southern North America, black haw grows in 
woodland. The branch bark is stripped in the spring 
or autumn, the root bark in the autumn only. Parts Used  Bark, root bark. Constituents  Black haw contains coumarins 
(including scopoletin and aesculetin), salicin, 
1-methyl-2,3-dibutyl hemimellitate, viburnin, plant 
acids, a trace of volatile oil, and tannin. History & Folklore  The Catawba people  
used black haw bark to treat dysentery. In the 19th 
century, the bark was considered to be a uterine 
tonic, and a decoction was commonly used to help 
arrest hemorrhage of the uterus. Medicinal Actions & Uses Black haw is 
antispasmodic and astringent, and is regarded as a 
specific treatment for menstrual pain. Echoing its 
19th-century applications, the bark is also used to 
treat other gynecological conditions, such as 
prolapse of the uterus, heavy menopausal bleeding, 
morning sickness, and threatened miscarriage. Black 
haw’s antispasmodic property makes it of value in 
cases where colic or other cramping pain affects the 
bile ducts, the digestive tract, or the urinary tract. Related Species The closely related V. rufidulum  
was used by the Menominee people to treat 
cramps and colic. See also cramp bark ( Viburnum 
opulus , p. 150). Caution  People who are allergic to aspirin should 
not take black haw. Self-help Use  Period pain , p. 315.thrives in acidic soils and in wet, boggy ground. It is widely cultivated in the northeastern U.S. 
Parts Used  Berry (fruit). Constituents  Cranberry contains tannins 
(catechins, proanthocyanidins, and polyphenols), 
flavonoids, and vitamin C.
History & Folklore  Best known for cranberry 
sauce, cranberry has traditionally been taken as a 
tart, acidic drink in Sweden. Cranberry was first 
cultivated in Britain in 1808 by the English botanist 
Joseph Banks, and in the U.S.—now the principal 
grower of cranberries—in the 1840s. Medicinal Actions & Uses  A classic remedy 
for urinary tract infections, cranberry can be used 
both to prevent and to treat problems such as 
cystitis and urethritis. T aken as berries, juice, or 
extract, it will help to disinfect the urinary tubules 
and may be taken for problems associated with 
poor urinary flow such as enlarged prostate, as  
well as bladder infections. In cases of acute infection, 
cranberry is likely to work better in combination 
with herbs such as buchu ( Barosma betulina , p. 71) 
and uva-ursi ( Arctostaphylos uva-ursi , p. 170). Cranberry may also be used long term to prevent the 
development of calcium carbonate urinary stones. Research  Research published in 1994 found that 
cranberry juice reduced the need for antibiotics  
in women suffering from chronic urinary tract 
infection. It seems likely that cranberry works by 
making it more difficult for bacteria to cling to the 
urinary tract wall, and infection is therefore more 
easily flushed out. The proanthocyanidins and 
catechins are probably responsible for this action. Cautions  In kidney disease, use only on 
professional advice. Verbascum thapsus 
(Scrophulariaceae)
Mullein
Description  Upright biennial growing to 61⁄2 ft  
(2 m). Has slightly hairy, gray-green, oval to lance-
shaped leaves, and spikes of bright yellow flowers. Habitat & Cultivation  Mullein is native to 
central and southern Europe and western Asia. It is now also naturalized in many other temperate 
regions. Mullein grows on open uncultivated land 
and along roadsides. The leaves and flowers are 
collected during the summer. Parts Used Leaves, flowers. Constituents Mullein contains mucilage, 
flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins, volatile oil,  
and tannins. History & Folklore Mullein was once credited 
with magical as well as medicinal virtues. John Gerard, 
a 16th-century herbalist, expressed doubts about 
the former: “there be some who think that this 
herbe being carryed aboute one, doth help  Vinca minor (Apocynaceae)
Lesser Periwinkle
Description  A mainly ground-hugging 
evergreen shrub arching to 18 in (45 cm). Has rooting stems, shiny elliptical leaves, and 
5-petaled, violet-blue flowers. US_266-283_Sanguinaria_Ziziphus_jujuba.indd   281 26/02/16   12:48 pm
282
other medicinal plantsVinca Rosea
Habitat & Cultivation  Native to Europe, 
lesser periwinkle grows in along roadsides and 
woodland borders. It is also cultivated as a garden plant. The leaves are gathered in spring. Parts Used Leaves. Constituents  Lesser periwinkle contains about 
7% indole alkaloids (including vincamine, vincine, and vincaminine), a bisindol alkaloid (vincarubine), and tannins. Vincamine increases blood flow and oxygen supply to the brain. History & Folklore  In his Herbarium, the 
2nd-century ce Roman writer Apuleius describes lesser periwinkle’s virtues “against the devil sickness and demoniacal possessions and against snakes and wild beasts.” He also specifies the rituals used in harvesting the herb: “This wort thou shalt pluck thus, saying, ‘I pray thee, vinca pervinca, thee that art to be had for thy many useful qualities… outfit me so that I be shielded and ever prosperous and undamaged by poisons and by water.’ When thou shalt pluck this wort, thou shalt be clean of every uncleanness, and thou shalt pick it when the moon is nine nights old.”
Medicinal Actions & Uses  Lesser periwinkle 
is employed as an astringent and blood-staunching herb. Its astringency makes it a useful mouthwash for sore throats, gingivitis, and mouth ulcers. Its staunching ability is effective against internal bleeding, heavy menstrual bleeding, and nosebleeds. Since vincamine was discovered in the leaves, lesser periwinkle has been used to treat arteriosclerosis and for dementia due to insufficient blood flow to the brain. Related Species  Greater periwinkle (V. major) 
also has similar astringent activity. See also Madagascar periwinkle (V. rosea, following entry). Caution  Do not take during pregnancy.diabetes. In the Caribbean, the flowers are used  as a soothing eyewash. Research  Madagascar periwinkle’s traditional use 
as a treatment for diabetes has led to extensive investigation into its properties. Vincristine and vinblastine are powerful anticancer agents, and are two of the most important medicinal compounds found in plants in the last 40 years. Vincristine is a standard treatment for Hodgkin’s disease, and vinblastine for childhood leukemia. While extracts from Madagascar periwinkle have been shown to lower blood-sugar levels, simple preparations of the whole plant may not be effective. RQ Caution  T ake Madagascar periwinkle only 
under professional supervision.for hot swellings and tumors, mumps, and abscesses. See also heartsease (V. tricolor, following entry). Viola tricolor (Violaceae)
Heartsease
Description  Annual, biennial, or perennial  
plant growing to 15 in (38 cm). Has lobed, oval leaves and handsome violet, yellow, and white pansy-type flowers. Habitat & Cultivation  Heartsease is native  
to Europe, North Africa, and temperate regions of Asia, and has become naturalized in the Americas. It thrives in many habitats, from grasssy mountainous areas to coastal sites, and is also cultivated as a garden plant. The aerial parts are gathered in summer. Parts Used  Aerial parts. Constituents Heartsease contains saponins, 
flavonoids, salicylates, mucilage, gums, and a resin. History & Folklore  K’Eogh wrote in his 1735 
Irish Herbal that heartsease flowers “cure convulsions in children, cleanse the lungs and breast and are very good for fevers, internal inflammations and wounds.”
Medicinal Actions & Uses  In Western 
herbal medicine, heartsease is used as an anti-inflammatory and purifying herb and is taken  for skin conditions such as eczema. An infusion  also makes a useful wash for itchiness. Being expectorant, heartsease is used to treat bronchitis and whooping cough. The plant’s established diuretic action makes it useful for treating rheumatism, cystitis, and difficulty in passing urine. Research  Recent research has found that 
heartsease has potential anticancer properties. It promoted programmed cell death (apoptosis) and inhibited blood vessel growth (angiogenesis), both important anticancer effects. A clinical trial in children with asthma found that heartsease syrup helped to control dry irritable cough alongside prescribed medication for asthma. Self-help Use  Hives, p. 303. Heartsease grows wild in temperate areas, and is widely 
cultivated as a garden plant.Vinca rosea (Apocynaceae)
Madagascar 
Periwinkle
Description  Fleshy perennial growing to 32 in 
(80 cm). Has glossy oval leaves and bright, white to 
red 5-petaled flowers. Habitat & Cultivation  Thought to be a native 
of Madagascar, this herb is now common in many tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It is cultivated commercially as a garden ornamental. The herb and root are gathered in summer. Parts Used  Aerial parts, root. Constituents  Madagascar periwinkle contains 
over 70 different indole alkaloids, including vinblastine, vincristine, alstonine, ajmalicine, leurocristine, and reserpine. Medicinal Actions & Uses  This plant is used 
in folk medicine in the Philippines as a remedy for Viola odorata (Violaceae)
Sweet Violet
Description  Creeping perennial growing to 6 in 
(15 cm). Has toothed oval leaves, and attractive, violet-blue or white flowers with a 5-petaled corolla. Habitat & Cultivation  Native to much of 
Europe and Asia, sweet violet is a common wayside plant also found along roadsides and in woodlands. The flowers and leaves are collected in spring, the root in autumn. Parts Used  Flowers, leaves, root. Constituents  Sweet violet contains phenolic 
glycosides (including gaultherin), saponins (myrosin  and violin), flavonoids, an alkaloid (odoratine),  and mucilage. History & Folklore  In classical myth, sweet 
violet was associated with death, but classical physicians also knew it as an effective emetic and cough remedy. The 17th-century herbalist Nicholas Culpeper stated that: “All the violets are cold and moist while they are fresh and green, and are used to cool any heat or distemperature of the body either inwardly or outwardly.”
Medicinal Actions & Uses  Sweet violet 
flowers and leaves have a gentle expectorant and demulcent action and they induce light sweating. They are often used as an infusion or syrup for treating coughs, chest colds and congestion. They are used in British herbalism to treat breast and stomach cancer. The root is a much stronger expectorant and, at higher doses, is emetic. Research Iranian researchers investigated the 
use of two drops of sweet violet essential oil applied to the nostrils as a remedy for insomnia. The study, which lasted a month, found positive improvements in sleep measurements in those using the oil. A 2015 study of children with asthma concluded that sweet violet syrup helped to reduce symptoms of dry irritable cough. Related Species The related dog violet  
(V. canina) has approximately the same uses as sweet violet. The Chinese V. yedoens is prescribed 
US_266-283_Sanguinaria_Ziziphus_jujuba.indd   282 26/02/16   12:48 pm283 other medicinal plantsZiZiphus jujuba
Viscum album (Loranthaceae)
European Mistletoe
Description Parasitic evergreen shrub that forms 
bunches up to 10 ft (3 m) across on host trees. Has 
narrow leathery leaves, yellowish flowers in clusters 
of 3, and sticky, round, white berries. Mistletoe was the “golden” bough that saved the legendary 
Aeneas from the underworld. Grapes are highly 
nutritious, and together 
with the leaves are used 
to treat varicose veins.Vitis vinifera  (Vitaceae)
Grape
Description Deciduous climber with erect 
stems, tendrils, palm-shaped leaves, clusters of 
small, pale green flowers, and bunches of fruit 
(grapes) that vary in color from green to black. Habitat & Cultivation Native to southern 
Europe and western Asia, grapes are cultivated in 
warm temperate regions throughout the world for 
their fruit and to produce wine. The leaves are 
collected in summer, the fruit in autumn. Parts Used Leaves, fruit, seeds, sap. Constituents Grapes contain flavonoids, 
tannins, tartrates, inositol, carotenes, choline, and 
sugars. The fruit contains tartaric and malic acids, 
sugars, pectin, tannin, flavone glycosides, 
anthocyanins (in red leaves and red grapes), 
vitamins A, B1, B2, and C, and minerals. The 
anthocyanins reduce capillary permeability. History & Folklore Nicholas Culpepper in 
1652 extolled the virtues of the grape vine, 
describing it as “a most gallant tree of the sun very 
sympathetical to the body of man, and that’s the 
reason spirit of wine is the greatest cordial 
amongst all vegetables.”
Medicinal Actions & Uses Grape  
leaves, especially the red leaves, are astringent and 
anti-inflammatory. They are taken as an infusion  
to treat diarrhea, heavy menstrual bleeding, and 
uterine hemorrhage, as a wash for mouth ulcers, 
and as a douche for vaginal discharge. Red leaves 
and grapes are helpful in the treatment of varicose 
veins, hemorrhoids, and capillary fragility. The sap 
from the branches is used as an eyewash. Grapes 
are nourishing and mildly laxative and they support 
the body through illness, especially of the 
gastrointestinal tract and liver. Because the nutrient 
content of grapes is close to that of blood plasma, 
grape fasts are recommended for detoxification. Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe  
and northern Asia, European mistletoe grows on 
host trees, especially apple trees ( Malus  species). It is harvested in autumn. Parts Used Leaves, branches, berries. Constituents  Mistletoe contains glycoproteins, 
polypeptides (viscotoxins), lectins, flavonoids, 
caffeic and other acids, lignans, acetylcholine, and,  
in the berries, polysaccharides. Viscotoxins inhibit 
tumors and stimulate immune resistance. History & Folklore  In Norse mythology,  
a mistletoe bough was used to slay Balder, the  
god of peace. The plant was subsequently 
entrusted to the goddess of love, and kissing  
under it became obligatory. Medicinal Actions & Uses  European 
mistletoe is chiefly used to lower blood pressure 
and heart rate, ease anxiety, and promote sleep. In 
low doses it also relieves panic attacks and 
headaches, and improves the ability to concentrate. The plant is also prescribed for tinnitus and 
epilepsy. It may be used to treat hyperactivity in 
children. In anthroposophical medicine, extracts of 
the berries are injected to treat cancer. Research  European mistletoe’s efficacy as an 
anticancer treatment has been subject to significant 
research. There is no doubt that certain 
constituents, especially the viscotoxins, exhibit  
an anticancer activity, but the value of the whole 
plant in cancer treatment is not yet fully accepted. QCaution European mistletoe, and especially 
the berries, is highly toxic. T ake only under 
professional supervision.The dried fruit (raisins or currants) is mildly 
expectorant and emollient, with a slight effect  
in easing coughs. Wine vinegar is astringent,  
cooling, and soothing to the skin. Research  Grape-seed extract has potent 
antioxidant and circulatory-protective activity. It appears to normalize blood pressure and  
heart rate, working best as a preventative, antiaging 
remedy that supports healthy circulation. One 
study found grape-seed extract reduced leg 
swelling in healthy women required to sit for  
long periods of time at work. Recent studies  
also indicate that grape-seed extract can be  
useful in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and  
type 2 diabetes. Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae)
Jujube,
Da Zao (Chinese)
Description Spiny deciduous tree growing to 
approximately 26 ft (8 m). Has oblong, bluntly 
toothed leaves, clusters of small greenish-yellow 
flowers, and reddish-brown or black oval fruit. Habitat & Cultivation Native to China, Japan 
and Southeast Asia, the jujube is widely cultivated 
in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and the 
Mediterranean. The fruit is collected in early autumn. Part Used Fruit. Constituents Jujube contains saponins, 
bioflavonoids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, volatile 
oil, mucilage, vitamins A, B2, and C, in addition to 
calcium, phosphorus, and iron. It contains 20 times 
more vitamin C than citrus fruit. History & Folklore Used in Chinese herbal 
medicine for at least 2,500 years, jujube has a 
pleasant, sweet taste and high nutritional value. It is 
mentioned in the Classic of Odes , a 6th-century bce 
anthology of Chinese poetry. Medicinal Actions & Uses Jujube is both a 
delicious fruit and an effective herbal remedy. It 
aids weight gain, improves muscular strength, and 
increases stamina. In Chinese medicine, jujube is 
prescribed as a qi tonic to strengthen liver function. Mildly sedative and antiallergenic, it is given to 
reduce irritability and restlessness. It is also used  
to improve the taste of unpalatable prescriptions. Research In Japan, jujube has been shown to 
increase immune-system resistance. In China, 
laboratory animals fed a jujube decoction gained 
weight and showed improved endurance. In one 
clinical study, 12 patients with liver ailments were 
given jujube, peanuts, and brown sugar nightly. In  
4 weeks, their liver function had improved. Related Species  The sedative Z. spinosa  is used 
in Chinese medicine to “nourish the heart and 
quieten the spirit.”
US_266-283_Sanguinaria_Ziziphus_jujuba.indd   283 26/02/16   12:48 pm
US_284_285_Herbal_Remedies_for_Home_Use.indd   284 26/02/16   4:43 pmHerbal medicines have been used since the earliest times. They are a vital 
part of our natural and medical heritage, and there is immense satisfaction 
to be had in growing, harvesting, and processing herbs for home use. T aken sensibly, and with the respect due to medicines of all kinds, medicinal 
plants can greatly improve health. This section provides practical cultivation 
advice and step-by-step instructions on how to make and use safe and 
effective herbal remedies for a range of common ailments, from allergies 
and digestive complaints to skin conditions and stress-related disorders.herbal
remedies for 
home use
 “a man may esteem 
himself happy when  
that which is his food  
 is also his medicine.”  
Henry David Thoreau
US_284_285_Herbal_Remedies_for_Home_Use.indd   285 26/02/16   4:43 pm
286
herbal remedies for home usehanging baskets, or window boxes. Care must  
be taken to prevent them from drying out or becoming pot-bound (when the plant becomes too large for the container). Less hardy plants should be moved to sheltered sites or indoors during winter. Growing Plants Under Cover
Sheltered gardening offers the opportunity to 
grow more unusual plants. Use the greenhouse  to cultivate exotic plants, such as lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus, p. 198), for medicinal and culinary use, as well as for growing seedlings to  be planted outdoors. Tender plants, such as holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum, p. 116), thrive indoors, and some indoor plants, such as aloe vera (Aloe vera, p. 60), have the added advantage of absorbing polluting chemicals from the air. Buying Medicinal Herbs
Reputable herb nurseries are the best place  
to buy herbs when particular varieties or  
species are required. Be clear about what  
plants you want before visiting the nursery. When buying for medicinal use, purchase the standard medicinal, rather than an improved  
or ornamental variety.The Medicinal Herb Garden
Planning an herb garden depends on a range of factors including the space available, exposure, soil, conditions, and climate. As a starting point, details of ten of the most common and useful medicinal plants for growing in temperate climates are given in the chart below. Some of them, such as thyme (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143) and sage (Salvia officinalis,  p. 131), may be grown indoors. A number of other medicinal herbs, including German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita, p. 77), lady’s mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris, p. 163), and lavender (Lavandula officinalis, p. 108) also grow well in a temperate climate and are well worth cultivating. If in doubt about how  to care for plants or what will grow well in your garden, consult a nursery. Outdoor Gardens
Choose a range of hardy herbs to grow in your 
garden that will establish themselves easily and produce plenty of foliage that can be harvested. Plant exotic or less hardy herbs in sheltered sunny sites or in containers. Container Gardens
Many medicinal plants such as peppermint  
(Mentha x piperita, p. 114) or bay laurel  
(Laurus nobilis,  p. 226) can be grown in pots,  Cultivation
Bear in mind the following points when planning the garden and choosing herbs. Site
The majority of medicinal plants prefer a sunny 
exposure and moderately well-drained soil. It is possible to improve a site, for example by planting hedges as windbreaks. Choose sheltered, sunny corners for delicate and half-hardy herbs, and  avoid planting on land formerly used for industrial purposes, which may be contaminated. T emperature
Some plants tolerate only very specific 
temperature ranges, and many herbs, such as rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, p. 128), are only half-hardy and will not survive exposure to deep or long periods of frost. Protect tender and half-hardy plants from the wind to avoid the windchill factor. Spring is the best time to plant most herbs. Wintering plants in a greenhouse or cool indoor site is often the only way to keep subtropical plants in cool temperate climates, while other herbs will thrive indoors all year round in a warm, sunny position. Soil
Soils vary greatly depending on the proportions  
of sand, silt, and clay content. Sandy soils drain easily and need feeding, while clay soils can become waterlogged and require drainage. Pruning
Pruning is used to remove dead wood and  
improve the shape, size, and quality of growth. It is an important garden activity and needs to  be done correctly for different woody plants  
to benefit—check the best time of year for each plant. Deadheading plants, especially shrubs, Growing Medicinal Plants
Growing medicinal plants may be more time-consuming than buying them,  
but it brings with it the unique pleasure of producing your own herbal remedies. Many medicinal herbs are easy to grow and will flourish indoors,  on a windowsill, or in the garden, providing a year-round supply of fresh,  sweet-smelling natural medicines. Useful Herbs to Grow
Aloe vera  
(Aloe vera, p. 60)
Comfrey  
(Symphytum officinale, p. 138)
Feverfew   
(Tanacetum parthenium, p. 140)Lemon balm  
(Melissa officinalis, p. 113)
Calendula  
(Calendula officinalis, p. 73)
Peppermint  
(Mentha x piperita, p. 114)
Rosemary  
(Rosmarinus officinalis, p. 128)
Sage  
(Salvia officinalis, p. 131)
St. John’s wort  
(Hypericum perforatum, p. 106)
Thyme  
(Thymus vulgaris, p. 143)■ fresh plant gel for minor burns and  
wounds
■ ointment or poultice for sprains and bruises 
(use the leaf only)
■ fresh leaf or tincture for headaches and 
migraines
■ infusion for anxiety, poor sleep, and nervous 
indigestion; lotion for cold sores
■ cream for cuts, scrapes, inflamed skin; infusion 
for fungal infections
■ infusion for indigestion and headaches; lotion 
for itchy skin
■ infusion as a stimulating nerve tonic and to aid 
weak digestion
■ infusion for sore throats, mouth ulcers, and 
diarrhea
■ tincture for depression and menopause; 
infused oil is antiseptic and heals wounds
■ infusion for coughs, colds, and chest 
infections; lotion for fungal infectionsmediCinal USeS COndiTiOnS & Care CUlTiva TiOn  
meTHOd
■ sunny site indoors; pot up as 
needed; do not overwater
■ warm sunny site; moist soil 
■ well-drained or dry, stony soil  
in sun
■ moist soil in sun; cut back after 
flowering
■ well-drained soil; full sun; remove 
dead flower heads
■ sunny but moist site; do not allow 
to dry out
■ sunny sheltered site; protect with 
burlap in winter
■ well-drained or dry, sunny, 
sheltered site
■ well-drained to dry soil with sun 
or partial shade
■ well-drained soil, may need a layer 
of gravel; sunny siteoffsets 
seed/division seed/cutting/division seed/cutting/division seed cutting/division seed/cutting seed/cutting/layering seed/division seed/cutting/divisionPlanT wHen 
TO PlanT
spring/autumn 
spring/autumn autumn/spring spring/autumn spring/autumn spring/autumn spring/autumn autumn/spring spring/autumn spring/summer
US_286-287_Growing_Medicinal_Plant.indd   286 26/02/16   4:43 pm287Propagation Methods
There is a wide variety of 
propagation methods. Choose  
the one most suited to the plant. When planting, prepare the ground 
in advance, taking into account the 
requirements of the individual plant, 
and the soil, site, and time of year, as well 
as the anticipated size of the mature plant. Seed
Seeds can be sown either in containers or in 
prepared soil in open ground. It is important to 
time the sowing of seeds to enable seedlings to  
be planted outdoors when weather and soil become 
sufficiently warm. Annuals and biennials can be grown 
with ease from seed and will grow vigorously 
throughout the summer. Check the germination 
requirements of perennials before buying seeds, as 
some varieties germinate easily, while others, such as 
Siberian ginseng ( Eleutherococcus senticosus , p. 94), can 
be far more difficult. Cuttings
This is one of the most popular methods of 
propagation. It is suitable for woody perennial herbs. Cuttings are usually taken from the stem, 
although some plants may also be propagated  
from roots. Choose young, healthy plants and take 
the cutting just below a leaf and stem joint using  
a clean, sharp knife. Strip off the lowest leaves and 
dip the stem in hormone rooting preparation before 
inserting it in suitable soil mix. Some plants are 
very difficult to propagate this way, so check before 
attempting this method. Root Division
This is an easy way to propagate plants that form 
clumps. Divide spring-flowering herbaceous plants 
in autumn, and autumn-flowering herbaceous 
plants in spring. Carefully lift a mature plant, divide 
it into smaller sections, and replant both the new 
and the mature plant. Plants from Produce
Purchase pots of culinary herbs from a grocery  
or supermarket, split the seedlings into 3 to 4 
small clumps, and pot them 
separately. Fresh roots, such as 
ginger ( Zingiber officinale , p. 155), 
or bulblets, such as garlic ( Allium 
sativum , p. 59), can be planted in pots 
or in prepared ground outside, if 
temperature allows. Layering
Layering involves encouraging a 
shoot or stem to form roots by 
making a small slit in its underside 
and burying it, with the growing tip 
above ground. When the layer 
roots emerge, remove and pot. “Mound layering” is suitable for 
woody herbs such as  
sage ( Salvia officinalis , p. 131). Pile free-draining soil over 
the base of the plant, and 
when the layered stems 
form new roots, remove 
and pot.herbal remedies for home use
encourages fresh growth. Pruning and tidying the 
garden regularly also reduces pests and diseases. Watering
Water well after planting and then, if needed,  
once a week (rather than a little each day) in the 
morning or early evening. Do not overwater as 
many herbs produce medicinally active constituents 
in dry conditions. Water dry potted plants 
thoroughly before planting. Weeding & Fertilizing
Weeding is necessary since weeds compete with  
other plants for nutrients and water. Keep beds  
and containers as free from weeds as possible. Most medicinal herbs should not be fed or 
mulched as this tends to reduce their therapeutic 
strength. However, sandy soils should be fed with  
a good-quality fertilizer to maintain the nutrients  
in the soil. Pests & Diseases
Use only organic methods to treat pests, diseases, 
and insect infestation. Aphids can be eradicated 
using soapy water or water in which garlic skins 
have been soaked for 2 days. Separate any infected 
plants to prevent further contamination.Cultivated herb gardens can create a colorful, aromatic area with the added benefit of providing a ready supply of fresh herbs 
to use both medicinally and in cooking. Sowing Seeds in Containers
2 Once the seeds have germinated, fill a number  
of pots with soil mix. Gently lift up a seedling, 
insert it in a small hole in the soil mix, and pack the 
soil around it. Water thoroughly and do not allow to 
dry out.1Fill a seed tray with seed soil mix and water well. Sprinkle on the seeds, covering large seeds with  
a fine layer of compost. Cover the tray with glass or 
place in a plastic bag and store in a warm place (up 
to 70°F/21°C).Offsets
Offsets are produced from most herbs that grow  
from a bulb or corm, such as garlic ( Allium sativum ,  
p. 59). These can be detached during dormancy 
and replanted.Fresh ginger root rapidly produces many new shoots if 
planted in moist compost in warm conditions above 70°F 
(21°C). US_286-287_Growing_Medicinal_Plant.indd   287 26/02/16   4:43 pm
288
herbal remedies for home useyou will use. Do not harvest bark from the wild. Before harvesting, consider where the plant is growing and whether it could be contaminated by pollution. Do not collect from roadsides, close to factories, or in areas where crop spraying has occurred. Harvesting from Your Garden
Cultivated herbs provide a ready supply of  
fresh material in a controlled environment. Cut perennials carefully so that plants can  
quickly regrow. Some plants, such as lemon  
balm (Melissa officinalis, p. 113), provide two  
or more crops per year. General Advice
Harvesting medicinal herbs requires careful 
planning to ensure the parts are processed in  
peak condition and fast enough to retain their active ingredients. Equipment
Ideally, use a wooden tray or open basket for 
collecting herbs. This prevents the plant being crushed. In the wild, a non-nylon rucksack or  Harvesting from the Wild
Wild plants offer a free and natural source of 
herbal remedies. Furthermore, active constituents are often more highly concentrated in wild  
plants since the herb is likely to be growing in its preferred habitat. Identification
Proper identification of wild plants is essential. Use a field or wildflower guide to help you. If in doubt, do not pick the plant, as poisoning can result from misidentification. Ecological & Legal Factors
While common species, such as nettle (Urtica 
dioica, p. 146), may be readily harvested from the wild, many rarer species are under great pressure due to the lack of a suitable habitat. In many countries it is illegal to uproot any wild plant, and certain species may be protected. Although gathering medicinal plants such as gentian (Gentiana lutea, p. 99) may be legal in some countries, it will only reduce their future chances of survival in the wild. Never pick rare  or uncommon plants from the wild, even if they  are locally plentiful, and do not collect more than sack may be more appropriate. Always cut with  
a sharp knife or scissors to minimize damage to  the plant and try to handle plants as little as possible. Wear gloves if gathering prickly or allergenic plants, such as rue (Ruta graveolens,  p. 265). What to Look For
Collect material from healthy plants, free from 
insect damage and pollution. It is important  to discard damaged plants because they can lead  to disease or decay in dried plant material. Do  not mix cut plant material to avoid mistakes  in identification. When to Harvest
Gather herbs in dry weather, preferably on a  
sunny morning after the dew has evaporated. Picking when the plant is at its peak of maturity ensures that it will have a high concentration of active constituents. Unless otherwise stated in  the individual plant entries on pp. 56–283, leaves  are best collected as they open during the spring  or summer months, flowers as they start to  bloom, fruit and berries just as they become  ripe, and roots in the autumn once the plant  has drawn its vitality back beneath ground. Bark must be gathered with great care if the shrub  or tree is to survive—in most cases, harvest it  in spring or autumn. The Correct Medicinal Part
In many cases, different parts of the same plant,  
for example the leaves and seeds, can have quite different actions and uses. Make sure that you harvest the correct medicinal part of the plant  for your purposes. Processing Quickly
Only collect plant material that you will be able to 
use or process immediately after harvesting. This  
is because fresh plant material deteriorates very quickly and the medicinally active constituents are often the first to be affected. In particular, aromatic herbs can lose their volatile oils within hours. Salad leaves and culinary herbs are best eaten right away to make the most of their nutrients, although they can be stored for a few days in a plastic bag filled with air in a refrigerator. Storing Herbs
It is vital to store dried herbs properly or they  
will not last. Leaves, flowers, roots, and other parts should be stored in sterilized, dark glass containers with airtight lids. They may also be stored in new brown paper bags, which must be kept dry and away from light. Metal and plastic containers are inadvisable because they may contaminate the herb. If stored in a cool, dark place, herbs can be kept for about 12 months after harvesting. Herbs frozen in plastic bags can be used for up to 6 months. Label the container with the herb, source, date of harvesting, and strength of preparation if appropriate. Watch out Harvesting & Processing
Although there are some herbs that may be collected year round, most have  
a particular growing season and must be harvested and either used immediately 
or preserved for use in the following year. See the individual entries on  
pp. 56–283 for harvesting times. Herbs need to be processed quickly to prevent deterioration and retain their healing action. Ramsons can be found carpeting shady sites in damp woods in Europe. The bulb and aerial parts are harvested in early 
summer for their antibiotic, healing properties. US_288-289_Harvesting_And_Processing.indd   288 17/03/16   4:01 pm289 herbal remedies for home usefor insect infestation. If this occurs, discard all 
affected material and sterilize the container. Processing
Herbs can be preserved in a number of ways, the 
simplest being air or oven drying. A warm, dry 
place such as an airing cupboard is ideal. Use plain 
paper for drying herbs, never printed newspaper. Dried herbs can be stored for many months in a 
dark glass jar or a brown paper bag ( see p. 288). Aerial Parts
These include all the parts of the plant growing 
above ground—stems, leaves, flowers, berries, and 
seeds. The stems are normally cut 2–4 in (5 –10 
cm) above ground shortly after the plant has 
begun to flower, when it is putting most effort into 
growth. Perennials may be cut higher above 
ground to encourage further crops. Remove and 
dry large flowers and leaves separately; smaller 
ones can be dried on the stem. ■ Hang bunches of about 8–10 stems in a warm 
(but not hot), well-ventilated, dark place. Ensure 
that the stems and leaves are not too tightly  
packed together to enable air to circulate freely 
around them. ■ Once brittle but not bone dry, separate small 
stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds from the stems by 
rubbing the bunches over a large sheet of plain paper. ■ Carefully pour the dried material into a dark glass 
jar or a brown paper bag. Large Flowers
In most cases, flowers are picked just after they 
have opened. Sometimes only specific parts of  
the flower are used, such as the petals of calendula 
(Calendula officinalis , p. 73), while other flowers are 
used whole. ■ Separate large flower heads from stems and 
remove any insects or dirt. Place the flowers on 
absorbent paper on a tray in a dry place, allowing 
sufficient room between them for air to circulate. ■ Once dry, store flower heads in a brown paper 
bag or dark glass jar. Remove calendula petals from 
the central part of the flower before storing. Small Flowers
Small blooms can be picked with the stalk attached 
and separated later. Hang small flowers, such as 
lavender ( Lavandula officinalis , p. 108), upside down 
in a paper bag, or suspended over a tray (see 
drying seeds below). If the stems are fleshy, dry  
as for large flowers, above. Fruit & Berries
Harvest fruit and berries in early autumn when 
ripe but still firm. If left to become over-ripe,  
they may not dry properly. They can be picked 
individually or in bunches. ■ Place berries or fruit on absorbent paper on 
trays. Put in a warmed oven (turned off) with the 
door ajar for 3–4 hours. Move to a dry, warm, dark 
site and turn occasionally. Discard any moldy 
berries or fruit.Brightly colored petals indicate high levels of  
active constituents. A drying rack for herbs can be simply made by covering a 
wooden frame with wire mesh.Roots, Rhizomes, T ubers, & Bulbs
The underground parts of the plant are usually 
gathered in autumn after the aerial parts have 
withered or become inactive and before the soil  
is waterlogged or frozen. Many roots may also  
be collected in early spring before the aerial parts 
begin to grow. Dig deeply around the root, prying 
it out of the ground. Some tap roots are difficult to 
uproot completely. Remove the required amount 
and replant the remaining root. ■ Shake off any soil and wash thoroughly in warm 
water, removing any small, unwanted side roots  
or damaged soft spots. Chop into small slices or 
pieces with a sharp knife. ■ Spread out the root pieces on absorbent paper 
on a tray and place in a warmed oven (turned off) 
with the door ajar for 2–3 hours. Move to a warm 
place until dry. Seeds
Collect ripe seed pods, capsules, or flowering  
stems in late summer before the seeds have  
been scattered. ■ For tiny seeds, hang small bunches of seedheads 
upside down over a paper-lined tray, or place in a 
paper bag. Allow to dry and gently shake. Remove 
larger seeds by hand when dry. Sap & Gel
Only harvest sap from your own garden. Collect 
sap in the spring as it rises, or as it falls in the 
autumn. Trees such as silver birch ( Betula pendula , 
p. 178) produce huge quantities of sap if tapped, 
although this reduces the tree’s vitality. Bore a deep 
hole into the trunk—no more than a quarter of 
its diameter—and place a collecting cup under 
the hole. In spring, quarts of sap may be 
produced, and it is essential to stop the hole 
with resin or wood filler after about a quart (liter) 
of fluid has been removed. Collect milky juices or 
latex from plants such as dandelion ( Taraxacum 
officinale , p. 141) by squeezing the stems over a 
bowl. Wear gloves, because latex or sap can be corrosive. The gel from aloe vera ( Aloe vera , p. 60) 
is scraped out after slicing the leaf lengthwise and 
peeling back the edges. Bark
Only harvest bark from your own shrubs  
or trees as it carries the risk of losing the whole 
plant through overstripping or “ringing” (removing 
a whole band of bark). It is best to collect bark 
from outlying branches, which can then be pruned 
back. If stripping bark from a plant, gather it in 
autumn when the sap is falling. Remove insects, 
lichen, and moss from the bark, cut it into small 
pieces, and place it on a tray to dry. Other Ways to Preserve Herbs
Apart from simply air-drying herbs, there are a 
number of other ways to preserve their medicinal 
benefits. Dehumidifying
An effective but expensive way to dry herbs is to 
use a dehumidifier, which literally sucks water out 
of the plant. The dehumidifier should be placed  
in a more or less sealed small room in which the 
herbs are hung in loose bunches or placed on 
mesh trays. Freeze-drying
Freeze-drying retains color and flavor but is more 
suited to culinary than to medicinal herbs. Whole 
sprigs of herbs can be frozen in plastic bags. There 
is no need to defrost before use as the leaves 
crumble easily when still frozen. Chickweed ( Stellaria 
media , p. 272) can also be frozen and used topically 
for itchy and weeping skin conditions. Many plants 
may be juiced ( see p. 297), frozen as ice cubes, and 
thawed as required. Microwaving
It is possible to dry herbs in a microwave oven, 
though this is not recommended. The cut parts 
should be spread out on kitchen paper and dried  
in the microwave according to the manufacturer’s 
guidelines. US_288-289_Harvesting_And_Processing.indd   289 26/02/16   4:43 pm
290medicinal properties. Infusions should be made 
fresh each day and decoctions must be consumed within 48 hours. Store both in a refrigerator or cool place. Tinctures and other liquid preparations, such as syrups and essential oils, need to be stored in dark glass bottles in a cool environment away from sunlight, but can be kept for a number of months or years. Ointments, creams, and capsules are best kept in dark glass jars, although plastic containers are also acceptable. See also Storing Herbs, p. 288.herbal remedies for home usewith boiled water and dry in a hot oven or wash 
in a dishwasher. Proper sterilization maintains hygiene and prevents remedies, especially creams and syrups, from becoming moldy. Weights & Measures
For most purposes, ordinary kitchen scales are 
suitable, although electronic scales are more accurate. Metric measurements of grams and liters are generally much easier to use than imperial measures when making remedies. If it is difficult to weigh a small quantity, such as 10 g, on your scales, measure double the weight; i.e., 20 g, then halve the quantity. Liquids can be measured  
in a kitchen measuring jug, although conical or straight-sided glass measures are more accurate. Very small volumes of liquid can be measured in drops (see Measuring Remedies, right). Storage
Different preparations may be kept for varying 
periods of time before they begin to lose their Identification
Before using medicinal plants that have been 
collected from the wild, it is essential that they be correctly identified. If in doubt, do not use the herb. The wrong identification of herbs has led to many cases of poisoning. Foxglove leaves (Digitalis purpurea, p. 202), for example, are often mistaken for comfrey (Symphytum officinale, p. 138). Utensils
Use glass, enamel, or stainless steel pots and pans, 
wooden or steel knives and spatulas, and plastic or nylon sieves. A wine press is useful for making tinctures. Do not use aluminium utensils, as  
this potentially toxic element is easily absorbed  
by herbs. Sterilization
All utensils used to make herbal remedies should 
be sterilized for at least 30 minutes in a well-diluted sterilizing solution, such as the type used for a baby’s bottle. After soaking, rinse thoroughly Making Herbal Remedies
In the past, medicinal herbs have been made into an extraordinary variety of 
formulations—not only infusions, decoctions, and tinctures, but also preparations such as oxymels and elixirs. The following pages give simple step-by-step instructions on making common herbal preparations. Making most types of herbal medicine is not difficult, but it can be time-consuming—if you lack time or equipment, buy ready-made remedies from an herbal supplier (see Buying Herbal Medicines, p. 17). Measuring Remedies
1 ml = 20 drops
5 ml = 1 teaspoon15 ml = 1 tablespoon150 ml = 1 herbal cup250 ml = 1 cup
Never exceed the quantity of herbs used or  
the recommended dosage. Although these measurements are approximate, they are accurate enough for most purposes and  
are used as standard throughout this book. The number of drops to 1 ml depends on the caliber of the pipette (or size of the dropper tip) being used. This can be checked by counting  
the number of drops required to fill a 5 ml measuring spoon (this book assumes that  
100 drops is equal to 5 ml) and then adjusting  the drop dosage as necessary. The Basic First Aid Kit
Comfrey (Symphytum  
officinale, p. 138) ointment  
for bruises and sprains, and  for healing fracturesBandage
Thermometer
BandagesCalendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73) cream for inflamed or minor wounds, skin rashes,  and sunburn
Feverfew  (Tanacetum 
parthenium, p. 140) 
capsules for headaches 
and migraines
Slippery Elm  
(Ulmus rubra, p. 145) 
powder for coughs  
and digestive upsets
Echinacea (Echinacea 
spp., p. 92) capsules for 
colds, flu, and infectionsMyrrh (Commiphora molmol,  
p. 85) tincture for sore throats and acne
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris,  
p. 143) syrup for coughs,  colds, and chest infections
Witch Hazel (Hamamelis 
virginiana, p. 102) distilled water for healing cuts  and scrapes
Arnica (Arnica montana,  
p. 172) cream for painful bruises and muscle pain
Garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59) 
capsules for infections; the oil from the capsules for earacheValerian (Valeriana officinalis,  p. 148) tablets for stress  
and insomniaTea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia, p. 112) essential oil is antiseptic and antifungalLavender (Lavandula officinalis,  p. 108) essential oil for insect bites and stings, burns, and headachesAdding herbal remedies to the conventional first aid kit in your home 
increases the options available to you and your family when accidents happen or illness strikes. The 13 remedies in this first aid kit can generally be found in pharmacies, herbal stores, and health food stores. Alternatively, some can be made at home, as detailed on the following pages. Check any cautions for each herb before use. US_290-291_Making_Herbal_Remedies.indd   290 17/03/16   4:01 pm291 herbal remedies for home use
The medicinal value of many herbs lies chiefly in 
their volatile oils, which will disperse into the air if  
a lid is not used. This is especially important in the 
case of German chamomile ( Chamomilla recutita , 
p. 77). Use a teapot, or place a lid or saucer over 
a cup if making a small quantity. Use water that has 
just boiled. Popular herbal teas, such as German 
chamomile, are often taken as much for their 
refreshing taste as for their medicinal value and 
can be safely consumed in quantities of up to 5 or 
6 cups a day. Some herbs, however, such as yarrow 
(Achillea millefolium , p. 56), are significantly stronger 
and must be taken in less frequent doses. Other 
herbs, such as feverfew ( Tanacetum parthenium ,  
p. 140), are so strong that they are not suitable for 
use in infusions. Always check the recommended  
dosage and quantity of herb to use, as infusions 
have medicinal actions and can produce unwanted 
effects at the wrong dosage. Decoctions are generally made using roots,  
bark, and berries, but sometimes leaves and 
flowers may be included. Add these more  
delicate parts of a plant once the heat is turned  
off and the decoction has finished simmering  
and is beginning to cool. Then strain and use  
as required. Chinese Decoctions
In traditional Chinese medicine, decoctions are  
the main way in which herbal medicines are 
prepared. Large quantities of herb are often used 
to produce a highly concentrated liquid, or the 
decoction is further reduced so that there is  
only 3/4 cup (200 ml) of liquid remaining. This 
increases the preparation’s concentration. This 
process is useful for astringent barks such as 
babul ( Acacia nilotica , p. 159) and common oak 
(Quercus robur , p. 260), which may be used 
externally to tighten gums or wash weeping skin 
rashes. (Do not take internally. )Pot Infusion
Warm the pot, then add the herb. Pour in water that has just 
boiled, replace the lid, and 
infuse for 10 minutes. Strain some of the 
infusion into a cup. A teaspoon of  
honey may be  
added if desired.Infusions
An infusion is the simplest way to prepare the more delicate aerial parts of 
plants, especially leaves and flowers, for use as a medicine or as a revitalizing  
or relaxing drink. It is made in a similar way to tea, using either a single herb or  
a combination of herbs, and may be drunk hot or cold. Decoctions
Roots, bark, twigs, and berries usually require a more forceful treatment than 
leaves or flowers to extract their medicinal constituents. A decoction involves 
simmering these tougher parts in boiling water. Fresh or dried plant material 
may be used and should be cut or broken into small pieces before decocting. Like infusions, decoctions can be taken hot or cold.Standard Quantity
CUP  1 tsp (2–3 g) dried or 2 tsp (4–6 g) fresh 
herb (or mixture of herbs) to a cup of water 
(this makes 1 dose)
POT 20 g dried herb or 30 g fresh herb (or a 
mixture of different herbs) to 2 cups (500 ml)  
of water 
Standard Dosage
T ake 3–4 doses (2 cups/500 ml) each day. Storage
Store in a covered jug in a refrigerator or cool 
place for up to 24 hours. Standard Quantity
20 g dried or 40 g fresh herb (or mixture of 
herbs) to 3 cups (750 ml) cold water, reduced  
to about 2 cups (500 ml) after simmering (this 
makes 3–4 doses) 
Standard Dosage
T ake 3–4 doses (2 cups/500 ml) each day. Storage
Store in a covered jug in a refrigerator or cool 
place for up to 48 hours. 2Strain the liquid through a sieve into  
a jug. Pour the required amount into  
a cup, then cover the jug and store in a  
cool place.2Cover the cup with  
the lid and infuse  
for 5–10 minutes  
before removing the  
tea strainer. Add a 
teaspoon of honey to 
sweeten, if desired.
Encyclopedia_Of_Herbal_Medicine.txt
Summarize the following text section accurately and concisely. Maintain specific details and numerical information, and use anti-repetition mechanisms:

        Nasturtium flowers 
have antibiotic properties, and  may be used to  heal wounds. Fenugreek seeds
Tsuga canadensis (Pinaceae)
Canada Hemlock
Description  Evergreen tree growing to 100 ft 
(30 m). Has reddish-brown bark, short narrow 
needle leaves, and small male and female cones. Habitat & Cultivation  Canada hemlock is 
native to eastern parts of North America, growing in woodland and marshy sites. The bark is collected from mature trees throughout the year. Part Used Bark. Constituents  Canada hemlock contains volatile 
oil (with alpha-pinene, bornyl acetate, and cadinene), 10–14% tannins, and resin. History & Folklore  Native Americans may 
have given Canada hemlock to the explorer Jacques Cartier in 1535. He and his crew, exploring the St. Lawrence river, had fallen sick with scurvy, but all made a quick recovery upon taking a decoction of leaves and bark. Many Native American peoples used the bark to treat wounds. Medicinal Actions & Uses  The bark  
of Canada hemlock is astringent and antiseptic. A decoction may be taken to treat diarrhea, colitis, diverticulitis, and cystitis. Externally, Canada hemlock can be employed as a douche to treat excessive vaginal discharge, yeast infection, and a prolapsed uterus; as a mouthwash and gargle for gingivitis and sore throats; or as a wash to cleanse and tighten wounds. Tussilago farfara (Asteraceae)
Coltsfoot
Description  Perennial herb growing to 12 in 
(30 m). Has flowering stems with purple scales, yellow-gold flowers, and heart-shaped leaves. Habitat & Cultivation  Indigenous to  
Europe and northern Asia, and naturalized in 
US_266-283_Sanguinaria_Ziziphus_jujuba. indd   278 26/02/16   12:48 pm279 other medicinal plantsTypha angus Tifolia
North America, coltsfoot is a common plant  
often found along roadsides and on verges and  
in open areas. The flowers are gathered in late 
winter, the leaves in summer. Parts Used Leaves, flowers. Constituents  Coltsfoot contains flavonoids, 
about 8% mucilage (polysaccharides), 10% tannins, 
pyrrolizidine alkaloids, vitamin C, and zinc. The 
pyrrolizidine alkaloids may have a toxic effect  
on the liver, but are largely destroyed when  
the parts are boiled to make a decoction. The polysaccharides are anti-inflammatory  
and immunostimulant. The flavonoids are  
anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic. History & Folklore  For at least 2,500 years, 
coltsfoot has been taken as a cough remedy  
and smoked as a means to ease breathing. Dioscorides, a Greek physician of the 1st century ce, 
recommended it for dry coughs, and “for those 
who are unable to breathe except standing upright. ”
Medicinal Actions & Uses  An effective 
demulcent and expectorant herb, coltsfoot is  
one of the most popular European remedies for 
treating chest problems. In Europe, the leaves are 
preferred to the flowers (which contain higher 
amounts of pyrrolizidine alkaloids), but in China 
the flowers are preferred. Both parts of the plant 
are taken as a decoction for chest conditions. When used as a syrup or a medicinal cigarette, 
coltsfoot relieves asthma. This herb is used as a 
specific treatment for spasmodic coughs. It is 
particularly effective when used in combination 
with licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra, p. 101), thyme 
(Thymus vulgaris, p. 143), and wild cherry ( Prunus 
serotina, p. 257). Research  Extracts of the whole plant have been 
shown to increase immune resistance. In a Chinese 
trial involving 36 patients 
suffering from bronchial 
asthma, 75% showed 
some improvement 
after treatment, but 
the antiasthmatic 
effect was short-lived. Cautions  Do not use 
coltsfoot flowers. Do 
not take the leaves 
for more than 3–4 
weeks at a time. Do not take coltsfoot 
during pregnancy or 
while breastfeeding. The herb is not suitable 
for children under 6. Coltsfoot is subject to  
legal restrictions in  
some countries. Tylophora asmatica (Asclepidaceae)
Asmatica,
Indian Lobelia
Description  Perennial twining climber with 
lance-shaped leaves and greenish flowers 
producing many flat seeds. Habitat & Cultivation  Native to the Indian 
subcontinent, asmatica grows wild on the plains  
of India. The leaves are gathered when the plant  
is in flower. Parts Used  Leaves. Constituents  Asmatica contains alkaloids 
(including tylophorine), flavonoids, sterols, and 
tannins. Tylophorine has anti-inflammatory and 
antitumor properties. History & Folklore  Asmatica has long been 
used in Ayurvedic medicine to induce vomiting  
and expectoration, and to treat dysentery and 
rheumatic conditions. Medicinal Actions & Uses  Considered a 
specific remedy for asthma, asmatica may relieve 
symptoms for up to 3 months. It is also beneficial  
in cases of hay fever, and is prescribed for acute 
allergic problems such as eczema and hives. It  
holds potential as a treatment for chronic fatigue 
syndrome and other immune system disorders. Asmatica may relieve rheumatoid arthritis, and  
may also be of value in the treatment of cancer. Research  Extensive laboratory and clinical 
research in India has established that asmatica  
is an effective remedy for asthma. In the 1970s,  
a number of clinical trials showed that a majority  
of asthmatic patients taking the herb for just  
6 days gained relief from asthma for up to a 
further 12 weeks. However, subsequent studies 
have failed to reproduce these results. The  
leaves produce side-effects including nausea  
and vomiting. QCaution  T ake asmatica only under 
professional supervision. Part Used  Pollen. Constituents  Cattail contains isorhamnetin, 
pentacosane, and sterols. History & Folklore  The pollen is highly 
inflammable and has been used in the manufacture 
of fireworks. The root is edible and has been eaten 
in times of famine. The young shoots can be eaten 
raw or cooked in spring, and are said to taste  
like asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis,  p. 174). Coltsfoot has long been used 
as a remedy for coughs. Cattail or pu huang  is used to staunch wounds and stop 
internal bleeding. Although “bulrushes” (the British and Irish name for 
cattails) are mentioned in the Bible, it is likely the 
plant being referred to is actually Cyperus papyrus. Medicinal Actions & Uses  In Chinese herbal 
medicine, the astringent pollen has been employed 
chiefly to stop internal or external bleeding. The 
pollen may be mixed with honey and applied to 
wounds and sores, or taken orally to reduce 
internal bleeding of almost any kind—for example, 
nosebleeds, uterine bleeding, or blood in the urine. The pollen is now also used in the treatment of 
angina (pain in the chest or arm due to lack of 
oxygen to the heart muscle). In India, the dried 
pollen has been used for kidney stones, to treat 
nosebleeds and internal bleeding, as well as for 
painful menstruation. Cattail does not appear to 
have been used as a medicine in the European 
herbal tradition. Research Chinese research suggests that cattail 
pollen protects blood vessels from inflammation 
and acts as an immunosuppressant. Caution  Do not take during pregnancy. Typha angustifolia (Typhaceae)
Cattail,
Pu Huang (Chinese)
Description  Stout upright plant growing to a 
height of 61⁄2 ft (2 m). Has long, flat, narrow leaves 
rising parallel to the stem, a distinctive brown 
cylindrical head of female flowers, and straw-
colored male flowers immediately above. Habitat & Cultivation  Cattail flourishes  
in marshes, swamps, and other freshwater sites  
in both temperate and tropical zones, and is 
cultivated. The pollen is shaken off the plant  
while it is in bloom. US_266-283_Sanguinaria_Ziziphus_jujuba. indd   279 26/02/16   12:48 pm
280
other medicinal plantsUncaria rhyncophylla
Uncaria rhynchophylla (Rubiaceae)
Gou Teng
Description  Climbing perennial growing to  
33 ft (10 m). Has opposite lance-shaped leaves, 
thorns, and composite flowerheads. Habitat & Cultivation  Native to China and 
Southeast Asia, gou teng is cultivated in the southern and eastern provinces of China. The stems and thorns are collected in autumn and winter. Parts Used  Stems, thorns. Constituents  Gou teng contains indole alkaloids, 
flavonoids, triterpenoid, and polysaccharides. History & Folklore  The first recorded use of 
gou teng in Chinese medicine is in the Miscellaneous Records (c. 500 ce). Medicinal Actions & Uses  Gou teng is a 
sedative and antispasmodic, and is mainly used to ease symptoms such as tremors, seizure, spasms, headache, and dizziness. It is also prescribed for infantile convulsions. In Chinese herbal medicine  it “extinguishes [internal] wind [gas] and stops tremors. ” It is also used by the Chinese to reduce high blood pressure and excess liver “fire. ”
Research  Chinese tests on laboratory animals 
indicate that gou teng lowers blood pressure, reduces anxiety, and has notable sedative activity. Related Species  Like gou teng, pale catechu  
(U. gambier) contains a constituent that lowers 
blood pressure. See also cat’s claw (U. tomentosa,  following entry). QCaution T ake gou teng only under 
professional supervision. History & Folklore Known by the Ashaninka 
and other indigenous peoples of central Peru for 
its power in regulating illness, cat’s claw has been used since the earliest times to treat serious  illness, from asthma and diabetes to arthritis  and cancer. Native healers are able to distinguish between what are botanically identical plants, selecting those that have a low TOA content  and are therefore most likely to prove effective  in strengthening immunity. Medicinal Actions & Uses  Like echinacea 
(Echinacea spp. , p. 92), with which it combines 
effectively, cat’s claw supports a weakened 
immune system, and can reinvigorate the body’s efforts to counter infection and inflammation. The herb’s antioxidant activity also helps to contain the widespread cellular damage that occurs in chronic degenerative disease. Conditions that may benefit include infections such as chronic fatigue syndrome and HIV/AIDS; chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis; and asthma. Cat’s claw may also be taken to help prevent cancer, particularly breast cancer, and is  
useful in countering the damaging effects  
of chemotherapy. Research  Investigations into the root and stem 
bark have established that cat’s claw has potent  
anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immune-stimulant 
activity. The POAs and water extracts of the bark stimulate production of white blood cells and nonspecific immune resistance, and appear to inhibit tumor development and growth; extracts of the bark are strongly anti-inflammatory and may inhibit inflammatory gene expression. Nevertheless, the bark’s medicinal activity probably results from the synergistic effect of several compounds, including the tannins. Clinical research in Peru indicates that cat’s claw may have use in the treatment for HIV and AIDS. Of the two types of cat’s claw, only the one containing POAs should be used as medicine, since the TOAs may suppress immune function. Cat’s claw has a contraceptive activity. A small-scale clinical trial in Brazil found that patients with advanced cancer had more energy and some improvement in quality of life when taking a cat’s claw extract. Caution  Avoid taking Cat’s Claw during 
pregnancy and while breastfeeding. Habitat & 
Cultivation  
Native to southern 
Spain, the Canary 
Islands, and South Africa, 
squill is cultivated in the 
Mediterranean region. The 
bulb of the white (but not  
the red) variety is unearthed  
in late summer. Part Used Bulb. Constituents  Squill contains cardiac 
glycosides (0. 15–2. 4% bufadienolides, 
including scillaren A), flavonoids, 
stigmasterol anthocyanidins, and 
mucilage. The cardiac glycosides are 
strongly diuretic and relatively quick-
acting. They do not have the same cumulative effect as those present in foxglove (Digitalis purpurea, p. 202). History & Folklore  Squill appears in the 
Egyptian Ebers papyrus (c. 1500 bce). In Greece  
it was used by Pythagoras and Hippocrates in the 6th and 5th centuries bce. Medicinal Actions & Uses  Squill is a diuretic, 
emetic, cardiotonic, and expectorant plant that finds use in a wide range of conditions. It makes a good diuretic in cases of water retention. Since its active constituents do not accumulate to a great degree within the body, it is a potential substitute for foxglove in aiding a failing heart. At low dosage, squill is an effective expectorant. At higher doses, the herb acts as an emetic. Squill is also used in homeopathic preparations. QCaution  Use only under professional 
supervision. Squill is toxic in excessive doses. Vaccinium macrocarpon 
(Ericaceae)
Cranberry
Description  Small, slender, evergreen shrub, 
growing to 1 ft (30 cm), with oval, dark green 
leaves, pink flowers, and round or slightly pear-shaped red berries. Habitat & Cultivation  Native to eastern 
North America and northern Asia, cranberry Squill contains substances 
that have a strongly tonic effect on the heart. Uncaria tomentosa (Rubiaceae)
Cat’s Claw, 
Una de Gato
Description  Climbing vine growing to 100 ft 
(30 m) or more, with stems up to 8 in (20 cm)  
in diameter, large, glossy leaves, and sharp hooks (the “cat’s claws”). Habitat & Cultivation A native of tropical 
rainforests in the central and eastern Andes, especially Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, cat’s claw has also been found in Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama. Until recently, the root bark was the part most commonly used as medicine. However, by the early 1990s collection from the wild threatened the species’ survival. Only the stem bark, from ecologically sustainable sources, should be used. Parts Used  Stem bark. Constituents  Cat’s claw contains pentacyclic 
oxindole alkaloids (POA), tetracyclic oxindole 
alkaloids (TOA) in one chemotype only, triterpenoid glycosides, sterols, flavonoids, and tannins, including epicatechin and proanthocyanidins. Urginea maritima  
syn. Drimia maritima (Liliaceae)
Squill
Description  Perennial growing to 5 ft (1. 5m) 
from a large white or red bulb. Has a single 
flowering stem, a rosette of large basal leaves,  and a dense spike of white flowers.
The text does not mention the medicinal use of Nasturtium flowers.
What is the medicinal use of Nasturtium flowers?
The plant is native to the Indian subcontinent and grows on the plains, and is cultivated in other regions.
What is the habitat of the plant Tylophora asatica (Indian Lobelia)?
Cat's claw is used to treat various conditions, including asthma, and has been shown to have potential in the treatment of cancer.
What is the medicinal use of Uncaria tomentosa (Cat's Claw)?
The text does not mention the medicinal use of Viola tricolor (Pansy).
What is the medicinal use of Viola tricolor (Pansy)?
The text does not mention the medicinal use of Ziziphus jujuba (Jujube).
What is the medicinal use of Ziziphus jujuba (Jujube)?