Herb Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus, p. 174)
Remedy T ake 1 tsp of tincture twice a day  
with water. Note  Ginseng is the best-known remedy for this 
condition. However, schisandra (Schisandra chinensis ,  
p. 133) berries also benefit male sexuality. T ake as 
listed above in Fertility Problems in Women  under Low Sex 
Drive for up to 6 weeks. Caution Do not take caffeine while taking ginseng. Herb Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens, p. 136)
Remedy T ake 1⁄2 tsp of tincture with water  
up to 3 times a day for up to 6 weeks. Note Saw palmetto is also an excellent remedy for 
symptoms associated with an enlarged prostate. Hot Flashes & Night Sweats
Herb Sage (Salvia officinalis, p. 131)
Remedy Make an infusion and drink 12/3 cups 
(450 ml), either during the day, or mainly at 
night, if this is when the problem chiefly occurs. Herbs White willow (Salix alba, p. 129), black 
cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa, p. 79)
Remedy T ake one of the above herbs in  
tablet form, or take 1 tsp of tincture with water at night. Herb White peony (Paeonia lactiflora, p. 117)
Remedy Make a decoction with 20 g root to 3 
cups (750 ml) of water. Sip throughout the day. US_316-317_Pregnancy.indd   316 26/02/16   4:43 pm317 Herbal remedies for Home usePregnancy
Although in many cultures herbs have traditionally been taken 
throughout pregnancy, it is wise to take herbs medicinally only 
when essential. Some herbs such as German chamomile 
(Chamomilla recutita , p. 77), linden ( Tilia spp., p. 277), and cornsilk 
(Zea mays , p. 154) are very useful and can be taken safely for 
2–3 weeks at a time during pregnancy. Other herbs should be 
avoided altogether, as they have constituents that stimulate the 
muscles of the uterus and, in large doses, could cause a miscarriage. It is safe  
to continue using herbs in cooking throughout pregnancy. Maintaining VitalityChamomile
(Chamomilla recutita)
Pregnancy is a time of great change for the  
body. Many minor ailments can be relieved by 
homemade herbal remedies. Morning sickness  (sensations of nausea)  
need not be restricted to the morning. Generally starting in the 4th–6th week and 
lasting until the 14th–16th week, morning 
sickness has many causes, including hormone 
fluctuations, low blood pressure, low sugar 
levels, food allergies, poor diet, and stress. Edema  (fluid retention and bloating) is 
extremely common during pregnancy. Water 
seeps from the blood vessels into the surrounding 
tissue, causing puffiness. The ankles and calves 
are mostly affected. Constipation  often occurs as pregnancy 
develops. Pressure increases on the lower 
bowel, impeding circulation. Heartburn  (pain in the center of the chest) 
may also be caused by increased pressure within 
the body. Stretch marks  sometimes appear as the body 
swells. They can be minimized by rubbing aloe 
vera gel or olive oil into the skin to maintain  
its elasticity. Childbirth  can be helped by drinking raspberry 
leaf tea, a traditional remedy that prepares the 
uterine muscles for labor and giving birth. Herbs During Pregnancy
■ For the first 3 months avoid all herbal remedies, 
including essential oils, unless professionally 
prescribed. ■ The following herbs are particularly dangerous 
and should on no account be taken during 
pregnancy: blue cohosh ( Caulophyllum thalictroides , 
p. 185), goldenseal ( Hydrastis canadensis , p. 105), 
juniper ( Juniperus communis , p. 224), pennyroyal 
(Mentha pulegium , p. 235), yarrow ( Achillea 
millefolium , p. 56), and therapeutic doses of sage 
(Salvia officinalis , p. 131).Morning Sickness & Nausea
The following remedies are an exception and can  
be taken during the first 3 months of pregnancy. Herb German chamomile ( Chamomilla recutita ,  
p. 77)
Remedy Make an infusion in a covered 
container. Sip small quantities during the day. Do not drink more than 3 cups (750 ml) a day. Herb Ginger ( Zingiber officinale , p. 155)
Remedy Make an infusion with 1⁄2–1 tsp of  
grated fresh ginger per 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Sip small amounts frequently throughout the day, 
rather than drinking 3/4 cup (150 ml) at a time. Take a maximum of 12/3   cups (450 ml) a day. Herb Fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare , p. 212)
Remedy Make an infusion with 1⁄2 tsp of seeds 
per 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water and then drink up to 
12/3 cups (450 ml) a day. Edema
Herb Cornsilk ( Zea mays , p. 154)
Remedy Make an infusion and drink up to 3 cups 
(750 ml) a day. Constipation
Herbs Psyllium ( Plantago  spp., p. 123), flaxseed 
(Linum usitatissimum , p. 109)
Remedy T ake 1–2 tsp of either of the seeds 
with a large glass of water each day or soak them 
in cold water overnight before taking. Note  Eat more dried fruit, especially figs. Heartburn
Herb Meadowsweet ( Filipendula ulmaria , p. 98)
Remedy Make an infusion and drink 3/4–11/4 cup 
(150–300 ml) a day. Headache & Nervous Tension
Herb Linden ( Tilia spp., p. 277)
Remedy Make an infusion and drink 12/3–21/3 cups 
(450–600 ml) a day.Preparing for Childbirth
Herb Raspberry ( Rubus idaeus , p. 264)
Remedy Make an infusion using 1 tsp of  
the chopped fresh or dried leaf per 3/4 cup 
(150 ml) of water. Brew for 5–6 minutes and 
drink 3/4–1 cup (150–300 ml) a day during the 
last 10 weeks of pregnancy. Cautions Do not leave the infusion to brew for  
more than 5–6 minutes. Do not take until the last  
10 weeks of pregnancy. Stretch Marks
Herbs Aloe vera ( Aloe vera , p. 60), olive  
(Olea europaea , p. 241)
Remedy Rub aloe vera gel over the affected 
areas or massage olive oil firmly into the skin  
1–2 times a day. Poor Sleep
See Insomnia  (the German chamomile, linden, 
lavender, and passionflower remedy under 
General Remedies ), p. 309. Anemia & High Blood Pressure
See Circulatory Problems , p. 301. Hemorrhoids
See Varicose Veins & Hemorrhoids , p. 302  
and Constipation & Diarrhea , p. 307. Backache
See Back Pain , p. 313. Varicose Veins
See Varicose Veins & Hemorrhoids , p. 302. Vaginal Yeast Infections 
See Fungal Infections , p. 314. Bladder & Kidney Infections
See Edema , left. Healing After Childbirth
See Cleansing Wounds & Healing Wounds ,  
p. 304. QSeek immediate professional 
advice for:
■ Prolonged nausea causing an inability to  
eat properly and frequent vomiting leading  
to dehydration
■ Frequent urination lasting for more than  
3 days (or with pain after 2 days)
■ Breast pain with swollen glands under the 
arms or fever
■ Fluid retention that has not reduced after  
3 days
Before taking any herbal remedies, see pages 290 & 298–299
US_316-317_Pregnancy.indd   317 26/02/16   4:43 pm
318
herbal remedies for home useInfants & Children
The following herbs are considered particularly suitable for 
children, easing symptoms and speeding recovery. Most of the remedies are best given as infusions, and can be given in a bottle. Infusions can be flavored with honey (see Cautions right) or maple syrup if necessary, but they are better given unsweetened. The dosages given are for 1–6-year-olds, but they can be adjusted to suit other age groups (see below). Many of the remedies listed 
in other sections are also suitable for babies and children; herbs that are not appropriate are clearly identified (see p. 299 for dosage requirements before administering any adult remedies). General AilmentsSlippery Elm
(Ulmus rubra)
Infants and children are susceptible to a wide 
array of ailments.Digestive upsets that result in diarrhea  
and constipation can be the result of food intolerance or allergy in infants, especially  when foods such as dairy are being introduced into the diet. Other minor digestive upsets due to infection or inflammation can cause loss  of appetite.Colic is a spasm of the gut causing cramping pain in the abdomen. It usually occurs during the first 3 months of life, particularly after feeding  in the evening, when the digestion may not be working so well.Diaper rash occurs when urine, moisture, and irritants in the diaper cause the baby’s skin to become red, sore, and damp. It’s essential to clean the baby thoroughly at each diaper change. Ensure that cloth diapers are thoroughly rinsed, avoid leaving a wet, chafing diaper on the baby, and remove the diaper completely whenever possible.Cradle cap is a thick yellow-brown encrustation on the baby’s scalp, caused by  overactivity of the sebum oil glands. Headaches, colds, congestion, and chest coughs are common problems in childhood and often respond well to herbal treatment. Insomnia is a common childhood problem even though children require more sleep  than adults and should sleep with ease. Over-excitement, teething, a wet diaper, or being too hot or cold may interfere with sleep patterns. Herbs such as linden will encourage a relaxed night’s sleep. Dosage
The dosages on this page are for 1–6-year-olds. For other ages, adapt the doses as follows:6–12 months old—
1⁄3 dose
7–12 years old—11⁄2 dose 
To adapt remedies from elsewhere in the book for children, see p. 299.Digestive Upsets, Gas, & Colic
The following infusions are suitable for infants over  
6 months. For those under 6 months, the infusions  
can be taken by breastfeeding mothers. Herb Ginger (Zingiber officinale, p. 155)
Remedy Give 1⁄4 level tsp of powder with 1/4 cup 
(75 ml) of hot water 1–2 times a day. Herb German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita,  
p. 77)
Remedy Make an infusion with 1 level tsp to  3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Give up to 1
2⁄3 cups  
(450 ml) a day. Herbs Anise (Pimpinella anisum, p. 248), fennel 
(Foeniculum vulgare, p. 212)Remedy Make an infusion with 1 level tsp of either of the seeds to 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Give up to 1 cup (300 ml) a day. Herb Slippery elm (Ulmus rubra, p. 145)
Remedy Mix 1 tsp of powder with hot water to make a paste, then blend with cold or warm water as required and flavor with honey, cinnamon, or maple syrup. Give up to 50 g powder in doses during the day. Constipation
Herbs Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum, p. 109), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra, p. 145)Remedy Give 1 tsp of flaxseed or slippery elm with a large glass of water each day. Diarrhea
Herbs Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria, p. 162), common plantain (Plantago major, p. 251)Remedy Make an infusion using 15 g of either herb to 
1⁄2 liter of water and give up to 11/4 cup 
(300 ml) each day. Diaper Rash & Inflamed Skin Rashes
Herb Chickweed (Stellaria media, p. 272)Remedy Apply ointment 1–2 times a day. Herb Calendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73) 
Remedy Apply ointment or cream to clean, dry skin at each diaper change. Note For diaper rash, the ointment is best. Herbs Calendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73), 
nettle (Urtica dioica, p. 146)Remedy Make an infusion with 1 level tsp  
of each herb to 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Give 3/4–11/4 cup (150–300 ml) a day. Cradle Cap
Herb Olive (Olea europaea, p. 241)
Remedy Apply olive oil to the affected area  1–2 times a day. Colds, Congestion, & Chest Coughs
Herb Thyme (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143)Remedy Make an infusion with 1 level tsp herb 
to 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Give 2/3– 1 cup a day. Herbs Elderberry (Sambucus nigra, p. 132), 
pelargonium (Pelargonium sidoides, p. 120),  thyme (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143)Remedy Make an infusion with 1 level tsp thyme 
leaves to 2/3 cup of water. Give 2/3– 1 cup a day. Remedy Give elderberry or pelargonium extract, as recommended by practitioner  or supplier. Earache
Herb Garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59)Remedy Break open a garlic oil capsule, put  1 drop on a cotton ball, and plug into the ear. Teething
Herbs German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita, p. 77), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra, p. 145)Remedy Give German chamomile infusion  (see Digestive Upsets) or make a paste from slippery elm powder and the infusion, and rub on the gums. Difficulty in Sleeping
Herbs German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita, p. 77), linden (Tilia spp., p. 277)Remedy Make an infusion using either herb and 
give 3/4–11/4 cups (150–300 ml) before bedtime. QSeek immediate professional 
advice for:
■ Severe diarrhea or vomiting; a temperature 
of 102°F (39°C); fever with convulsions; 
breathing difficulties; unusual drowsiness;  
high-pitched crying
 QCautions Do not give babies under 6 months any 
medicine without professional advice. Do not give 
honey to children under 1 year as in rare cases it can cause food poisoning. US_318-319_Infants_and_Children.indd   318 26/02/16   4:43 pm319Older Adults
Traditionally, as we age, the “fire” or qi within us glows less 
brightly and our vitality slowly weakens. Many herbal medicines 
are ideally suited to treating the health problems that begin when 
people reach their late fifties, such as circulatory problems, weak 
digestion, and poor memory. The herbs recommended here can 
help to maintain good health, preventing or reducing the severity 
of symptoms that are often accepted as an inevitable consequence 
of aging. Self-treatment for other problems often experienced later in life, such 
as arthritis, is suggested in earlier sections. Maintaining Vitality
General ConditionsGinseng
(Panax ginseng)
Many herbs help to maintain vitality. Thyme  is a much underrated herb. Recent 
research has discovered that it has antiaging  
and tonic properties that maintain vitality and 
reduce the chance of catching colds, flu, and 
other respiratory infections. Ashwagandha  is a tonic, calming herb that 
may slow the aging process. It is particularly 
suited to aid recovery from long-term illness. Ginseng  is well known as a remedy that 
supports vitality and resistance to stress and 
infection in older people. Rhodiola  has similar tonic, restorative 
properties to ashwagandha and ginseng, but 
enhances mental performance and has a mild 
antidepressant activity. Conditions that arise through aging need patient, 
long-term treatment. Ginkgo  is the oldest tree on the planet. Its 
leaves maintain good circulation to the head and 
brain, improving memory, concentration, and 
energy levels. Evidence suggests it may reduce 
the risk of a stroke. Gotu kola  has significant anti-inflammatory 
activity, for example in arthritis, but is also a tonic 
that helps to protect the nervous system and to 
maintain memory and cognition. Garlic  has great value as a long-term dietary 
supplement, helping to maintain healthy 
circulation, balance blood-sugar levels, reduce 
high blood pressure and fat levels in the blood, 
and improve resistance to infection, especially 
bronchitis. Rehmannia,  a Chinese tonic herb with 
strengthening and mildly stimulant properties, 
appears to lower blood pressure and blood fat 
levels. It is suitable for people who have a weak 
liver and metabolism. Gentian,  a bitter herb, helps the absorption  
of food by maintaining digestive secretions, 
which diminish with age.General Remedy
Herb Thyme ( Thymus vulgaris , p. 143)
Remedy Make a standard infusion. T ake 11/4–12/3 cups (300–450 ml) a day. Stress or Convalescence
Herb Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera , p. 152) 
Remedy T ake 1 g of the root 2–3 times a day, 
either by chewing it or chopping it and mixing with 
a little water. Herb Ginseng ( Panax ginseng , p. 118)
Remedy T ake 1 g 1–2 times a day for up to  
3 months. Chew the fresh or dried root, cook  
it in a soup, or take in tablet form. Caution  Do not take caffeine while taking ginseng. Failing Memory & Concentration
Herb Ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba , p. 100)
Remedy T ake ginkgo tablets. These need to be 
taken regularly for at least 3 months. Herb Gotu kola ( Centella asiatica , p. 76)
Remedy T ake tablets or ½ tsp tincture twice  
a day. Poor Circulation & High Blood Pressure
Herb Garlic ( Allium sativum , p. 59)
Remedy T ake 1–2 raw cloves a day with food,  
or take garlic tablets or capsules on a regular basis. Herb Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ,  
p. 210)
Remedy Make a standard infusion and drink up  
to 11/4 cup (300 ml) a day. Chronic Infections
Herbs Garlic ( Allium sativum , p. 59), echinacea 
(Echinacea  spp., p. 92)
Remedy T ake 1–2 raw cloves of garlic each day 
with food, or take either herb in tablet or capsule 
form on a regular basis.Option If ginseng is too stimulating, take 3 g of 
codonopsis ( Codonopsis pilosula , p. 83) a day in 
the same way as ginseng. This has a milder, but 
nonetheless tonic and strengthening, effect. Nervous Exhaustion & Stress
Herb Oats ( Avena sativa , p. 175)
Remedy Eat 25 g of oats each day (for example, 
as a hot cereal). Alternatively, take 1⁄2 tsp of the 
tincture twice a day. Herb Rhodiola ( Rhodiola rosea , p. 127)
Remedy T ake ½ tsp (2.5 ml) of tincture 2–3 
times a day or as recommended by supplier. Weakened Liver & Metabolism
Herb Rehmannia ( Rehmannia glutinosa ,  
p. 125)
Remedy Chew 5 g of root 1–3 times a day, or 
make a decoction with 5 g of root to 1 cup  
(250 ml) of water and take 1–3 times a day. Weakened Digestion
Herb Gentian ( Gentiana lutea , p. 99)
Remedy T ake 5–10 drops of tincture with 
water about 30 minutes before eating,  
3 times a day. Caution  Do not take gentian if you suffer from  
acid indigestion or a peptic ulcer. Arthritic Pain & Rheumatism
See Joint Pain & Stiffness, Including Arthritis  
& Gout , p. 313. Note  T ake one of the remedies for a maximum of 
2–3 weeks. If there is no improvement, consult an 
herbal practitioner.Important Note
■ If taking conventional medication, tell your 
doctor if you intend to take an herbal remedy. This is especially important for the elderly. ■ All remedies on this page need to be taken 
continuously for up to 3 months. ■ If you are over 70 years of age, take 3⁄4 of 
the stated dose for remedies given on other 
pages in this book. Before taking any herbal remedies, see pages 290 & 298–299herbal remedies for home use
US_318-319_Infants_and_Children.indd   319 26/02/16   4:43 pm
320
Consulting an herbal Pra Ctitioner
or measuring hemoglobin levels from a drop  
of blood. The herbalist will then recommend 
appropriate treatment, usually involving an herbal prescription, dietary advice, and a suggested  
exercise regimen. If you are already undergoing conventional treatment, the herbalist will advise you on its compatibility with herbal medicine and,  
if necessary, devise a program to discontinue pharmaceutical medicines gradually. Subsequent consultations generally last about  30 minutes and are likely to take place every 4 to  6 weeks for a period of 3 months. This, of course, may vary, depending on the nature of the treatment. Safety of Herbs
Although herbal medicine is extremely safe, the 
fact that it is natural does not necessarily mean it  is harmless. The best guarantee against poor treatment is to consult a well-trained practitioner who belongs to a recognized professional association and prescribes high-quality herbal medicines. Professional Training
Traditionally, herbalists learned their craft by apprenticeship. Nicholas Culpeper (1616–1654),  
for example, was apprenticed to an apothecary for 10 years. Today, herbal practitioners are generally trained at a college or university, acquiring their clinical skills in herbal and, in some cases, hospital clinics. The curriculum typically includes an in-depth study of medical sciences, such as physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and botany, as well as what can be called the herbal sciences, materia medica, nutrition, and therapeutics. Modern training attempts to honor and retain the best of traditional herbal medicine, while incorporating the insights of contemporary medical science and research. Herbalism Worldwide
Western medical herbalism is the traditional form of herbal medicine practiced in Britain. However, the Chinese and Ayurvedic traditions, among others, are becoming more popular and are raising their standards of training. If you wish to consult a Chinese or Ayurvedic herbalist, it is strongly recommended that you select a member of the associations listed on this page.What Does Herbal Medicine  
Treat Best? It is difficult to state exactly which ailments  
best respond to herbal medicine, since almost  no research has been undertaken with this question in mind. Nevertheless, the experience  of herbal practitioners and their patients suggests that many chronic and some acute illnesses readily improve with herbal medicine. Conditions that are commonly treated by herbalists include  
allergies, arthritis, chronic or frequent infections,  circulatory problems, liver disease, menstrual and gynecological problems, skin disorders, and stress-related complaints such as headaches, insomnia,  and palpitations. Choosing a Practitioner
Herbal practitioners tend to treat ill health more effectively as they gain greater experience. Anyone with a serious illness, such as rheumatoid arthritis or cancer, should seek an experienced practitioner. Nevertheless, herbalists newly launched into practice often bring a more flexible approach to treatment, having the time and enthusiasm for patients that may be lacking in their more senior counterparts. That said, a trusting relationship is as important as the treatment itself—always find a practitioner in whom you feel confident. The best way to find an herbalist is by recommendation, or by looking on the websites of the herbal organizations listed on this page. The Consultation
On visiting an herbalist you should be made to feel welcome, receiving an attentive and sympathetic ear. The first consultation takes about an hour, so there is ample time for the practitioner to gain a rounded view of your health problems and life as  a whole. Y ou will probably be asked about family traits, diet, lifestyle, levels of stress, and any particular anxieties that you may have. If appropriate, a physical examination will take place, and the practitioner will explain as far as possible what  
is wrong and how much improvement can be expected. Clinical tests may include urine analysis  The regulation of medical herbalism varies 
considerably around the world. In the Far East, practitioners and hospitals routinely offer herbal medicine, acupuncture, and other traditional healing practices alongside Western conventional medicine. In the U.S., the leading practitioner organization is the American Herbalists Guild. Herbal practitioners in continental Europe  are known as phytotherapists, and are usually conventional medical practitioners who have studied plant medicine at the postgraduate level. In Australia, the National Herbalists’ Association of Australia (NHAA) is the leading professional body of herbal practitioners. In many parts of the world, herbal medicine is unregulated. In this situation, it is wise to be cautious and, as far as possible, to find a practitioner based on personal recommendation.Consulting an Herbal Practitioner
Many common health problems, such as colds and indigestion, do not require  
a professional consultation and can be successfully treated using herbs at home. However, persistent or more serious ailments, such as stomach ulcers and shingles, can be difficult or dangerous to treat on one’s own and need the advice and treatment of a qualified herbal practitioner or naturopath. Herbal Practitioner Organizations  
This list is made up of recommended herbal 
practitioner organizations active in the U.S.  and Canada. UNITED STATES
American Herbalists Guild
www.americanherbalistsguild.com
American Association of  
Naturopathic Physicians
www.naturopathic.org
National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (NCCAOM)
https://mx.nccaom.org/FindAPractitioner
National Ayurvedic Medical Association
www.ayurvedanama.org
California College of Ayurveda
www.ayurvedacollege.com/resources/
Ayurveda-practitioner-CAS
CANADA
The Canadian Herbalist’s Association 
of British Columbia
www.chaofbc.ca
Ontario Herbalists Association
www.herbalists.on.ca
US_320-321_Consulting_A_Herbal_Practitioner_Glossary.indd   320 17/03/16   4:01 pm321 Glossary Glossary
Many plant constituents and their actions  
are explained in How Medicinal Plants Work ,  
pp. 10–16. Medical
Abortifacient  Causes abortion
Adaptogenic  Helps the body adapt to stress and supports 
normal function
Anabolic  Promotes tissue growth
Anesthetic  Numbs perception of external sensations
Analgesic  Reduces pain
Anaphrodisiac  Inhibits libido and sexual activity
Anorexia  Lack of appetite
Anthelmintic  Expels or destroys parasitic worms
Anthraquinones  Irritate the intestinal wall causing a  
bowel movement
Antibiotic  Destroys or inhibits microorganisms
Anticoagulant  Prevents blood clotting
Antifungal  Combats fungal infections
Anti-inflammatory  Reduces inflammation
Antimicrobial  Destroys or inhibits microorganisms
Antioxidant  Prevents oxidation and breakdown of tissues
Antiseptic  Destroys or inhibits microorganisms that  
cause infection
Antispasmodic  Relieves muscle spasm, or reduces  
muscle tone
Antitussive  Soothes and relieves coughing
Aperient  Mild laxative 
Aphrodisiac  Excites libido and sexual activity
Aseptic  Free from contamination by harmful bacteria, 
viruses, or other microorganisms
Astringent  Tightens mucous membranes and skin, reducing 
secretions and bleeding from abrasions
Autonomic nervous system  Part of the nervous system 
responsible for the control of bodily functions that are not 
consciously directed; e.g., sweating, beating of the heart
Ayurveda  Traditional Indian system of medicine  
(see pp. 36–39)
Bitter  Stimulates secretions of saliva and digestive juices, 
increasing appetite
Carcinogenic  Causes cancer
Cardiotonic  Improves heart function
Carminative  Relieves digestive gas and indigestion
Carrier oil  Oil such as wheatgerm, to which essential oils 
are added in order to dilute them for use 
Cathartic  A drastic purgative
Circulatory stimulant  Increases blood flow, usually to a 
given area; e.g., hands and feet
Colic  Abdominal pain produced by strong contractions of 
intestines or bladder
Compress  A cloth pad soaked in a hot or cold herbal 
extract and applied to the skin 
Counterirritant  Superficial irritant used to relieve more 
deep-seated pain or discomfort
Cream  A mixture of water and fat or oil that blends with 
the skin
Decoction  Water-based preparation of bark, roots, berries, 
or seeds simmered in boiling water
Demulcent  Coats, soothes, and protects body surfaces 
such as the gastric mucous membranes
Depurative  Detoxifying agent
Detoxification  The process of aiding removal of toxins and 
waste products from the body
Diaphoretic  Induces sweating
Diuretic  Stimulates urine flowDoctrine of Signatures  Theory that the appearance of  
a plant reveals its medicinal properties
Eclectic  Popular system of herbal medicine in 19th- and 
early 20th-century North America 
Elixir  A liquid herbal preparation with a pleasant taste, due 
to the addition of honey or sugar
Emetic  Causes vomiting
Emmenagogue  Stimulates menstrual flow
Emollient  Softens or soothes the skin
Essential oil  Distillation of volatile oils derived from 
aromatic plants
Expectorant  Stimulates coughing and helps clear phlegm 
from the throat and chest
Febrifuge  Reduces fever
Fixed oil  A nonvolatile oil (plant constituent). An oil 
produced by hot or cold infusion (preparation) 
Galenical  A medicine, in a standard formula, prepared  
from plants 
Hemostatic  Stops or reduces bleeding
Hallucinogenic  Causes visions or hallucinations
Hepatic  Affects the liver
Hepatoprotective  Protects the liver 
Humor  An important body fluid in traditional European or 
Indian medicine ( see p. 32)
Hypertension  High blood pressure
Hypnotic  Induces sleep
Hypoglycemic  Lowers blood glucose levels
Hypotension  Low blood pressure 
Immune stimulant  Stimulates the body’s immune 
defenses to counter infection
Infusion  Water-based preparation in which flowers, leaves, 
or stems are brewed in a similar way to tea
Inhalation  Breathing of medicinally infused steam or liquid 
through the nasal passages
Intermittent fever  A fever that recurs regularly; e.g., 
malaria
Laxative  Promotes evacuation of the bowels
Liniment  External medication applied by rubbing 
Mydriatic  Dilates the pupil of the eye
Narcotic  Causes drowsiness or stupor and relieves pain
Nervine  Restores the nerves; relaxes the nervous system
Neuralgia  Pain resulting from irritation or inflammation of 
a nerve 
Edema  Fluid retention
Estrogenic  With a similar action to estrogen in the  
body, supporting and maintaining the female reproductive 
organs
Ointment  A blend of fats or oils that form a protective 
layer over the skin
Oxytocic  Induces contractions of the uterus
Parasiticide  Kills parasites 
Parasympathetic nervous system  Part of the nervous 
system involved in vegetative functions, especially digestion
Pectoral Acts on the lungs
Photosensitive  Heightened sensitivity to sunlight
Physiomedicalism  19th- and 20th-century American and 
British system of herbal medicine
Poultice  Herbal preparation usually applied hot to affected 
area to alleviate pain and reduce swelling 
Prostaglandins  Chemicals in plants and the human  
body that have a hormonal action affecting a wide range  
of conditions including pain and inflammation
Purgative  A very strong laxative
Qi Vital energy force in Chinese philosophy ( see pp. 24–25)
Rubefacient  Stimulates blood flow to skin, causing 
reddening and warming
Sedative  Reduces activity and nervous excitement
Simple  An herb used on its own
Spasmolytic  Relaxes musclesSteroids  Active chemicals, of animal and plant origin, with 
powerful hormonal actions  
Stimulant  Increases rate of activity and nervous excitement
Stomachic  Eases stomach pain or increases stomach activity
Styptic  Stops bleeding when applied topically
Sympathetic nervous system  Part of the nervous system 
involved in maintaining arousal, alertness, and muscle tone
Systemic  Affecting the body as a whole rather than 
individual organs 
T erpenes  Molecules that form the base of most constituents 
of volatile oils
Tincture  Plant medicine prepared by macerating herb in 
water and alcohol 
T onic  Exerts a restorative or nourishing action on the body
T onify  Strengthens and restores body systems
T opical  Application of herbal remedy to body surface
Vasoconstrictor  Contracts and narrows blood vessels 
Vasodilator  Relaxes and widens blood vessels
Vermifuge  Expels intestinal worms
Volatile  oil Plant constituent distilled to produce essential oil
Vulnerary  Heals wounds
Yin and yang  Complementary opposites in Chinese 
philosophy ( see pp. 40–42)
Botanical
Aerial parts  Parts of plant growing above ground
Annual  Plant that completes its life cycle in a year
Aril Secondary covering over the seed in certain plants
Aromatic  Plant with high levels of volatile oil
Axil Upper angle formed by leaf stem and supporting stem 
or branch
Basal leaves  Leaves growing from the base of the stem
Biennial  Plant that completes its life cycle in 2 years, 
generally flowering in the second year
Capsule  Dry fruit that splits open when ripe to scatter seeds
Composite flowers  Flowers made up of usually 2 types of 
tiny florets, disc and ray; some have disc florets only
Compound  Leaves or flowers made up of many individual 
small flowers or leaflets 
Cordate  Having heart-shaped leaves
Corm  Bulblike, underground storage organ formed by a 
swollen stem base
Corolla  Collective term for the petals of a flower
Deciduous  Plant that sheds leaves each year
Dioecious  Species with male and female parts on  
separate plants
Herbaceous  Plant that dies down at the end of the  
growing season
Insectivorous  Plant that traps and digests insects and other 
small animals
Lanceolate  Lance-shaped
Latex  Milky fluid found in various plants and trees
Panicle  A branched cluster of flowers on stalks in a 
pyramid-shaped arrangement
Perennial  Plant that lives for at least 3 seasons
Pinnate  A compound leaf with leaflets growing in 2 rows 
on each side of its mid-rib
Rhizome  Underground storage stem
Stamen  Male fertilizing organ of a flowering plant
Stigma  Female organ of a flower
Succulent  Plant with thick, fleshy leaves and/or stems
Trifoliate  Plant with 3 leaves or leaflets 
T uber  Thickened part of underground stem
Umbel  Umbrella-like arrangement of flowers with all flower 
stems arising from the same point
Whorl  Ring of leaves or flowers radiating out horizontally 
from a central point
Wildcrafting  Harvesting herbs from the wild
US_320-321_Consulting_A_Herbal_Practitioner_Glossary.indd   321 26/02/16   4:43 pm
322
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This selected listing of references is provided as a guide to those interested  
in learning more about the history, science, and present-day practice of  
herbal medicine. Herbal Medicine
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Barker, J. The Medicinal Flora of Britain and 
Northwestern Europe
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Barnes, J., Anderson, L. A.,  
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Herbal Medicines(UK, Pharmaceutical Press, 2007)
Bartram, T . Encyclopaedia of Herbal Medicine(UK, British Herbal Medicine Association, 1995)
Bensky, D. & Gamble, A.
Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica(USA, Eastland Press, 1993)
Bone, K.
Clinical Guide to Blending Liquid Herbs(UK, Churchill Livingstone, 2003)
Bown, D.
The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia  
of Herbs & Their Uses
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Bradley, P . (ed.) British Herbal Compendium(UK, British Herbal Medicine Association, 1992)
Bremness, L.
Herbs(UK, Dorling Kindersley, 1994)
British Herbal Medicine Association
British Herbal Pharmacopoeia(UK, British Herbal Medicine Association, 1983)
Bruneton, J.
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry of 
Medicinal Plants
(UK, Intercept, 1995)
Bruton-Seal, J. & Seal, M.
Hedgerow Medicine(UK, Merlin Unwin Books, 2008)
Chevallier, A.
Herbal First Aid(UK, Amberwood, 1993)
Chevallier, A.
Herbal Remedies(UK, Dorling Kindersley, 2007)
Chevallier, A.
Hypericum: Natural Antidepressant and More(UK, Souvenir Press, 1999)
Chisti, G.
The Traditional Healers’ Handbook(USA, Healing Arts Press, 1991)
Corrigan, D.
Indian Medicine: Echinacea(UK, Amberwood)
Corrigan, D.
Sleep and Relaxation(UK, Amberwood, 1986)
Duke, J. The Green Pharmacy(USA, Rodale Press, 1997)
Erasmus, U.
Fats That Heal, Fats That Kill(Canada, Alive, 1993)Felter, J. & Lloyd, J.
King’s American Dispensatory 
(USA, Eclectic Medical, 1983)
Fulder, S.
The Book of Ginseng
(USA, Arts Press, 1993)
Fulder, S.
Ginger, The Ultimate Home Remedy  
(UK, Souvenir Press, 1993)
Grieve, M. (ed. Leyel, C. F .) A Modern Herbal (free download available)
(UK, Penguin, 1980)
Hoffman, D.
Holistic Herbal: A Safe and Practical Guide to 
Making and Using Herbal Remedies (4th ed.) (UK, Thorsons 2003)
Lis-Balchin, M.
Aromatherapy Science
(UK, Pharmaceutical Press, 2006)
Low, T . Wild Herbs of Australia and New Zealand
(Australia, Angus & Robertson, 1985)
Martindale, W.
The Extra Pharmacopoeia (26th ed.) (UK, The Pharmaceutical Press, 1972)
McIntyre, M.
Herbal Medicine for Everyone
(UK, Penguin, 1985)
Mills, S.
The Essential Book of Herbal Medicine
(UK, Penguin, 1991)
Mills, S.
Woman Medicine: Vitex Agnus-castus
(UK, Amberwood, 1992)
Mills, S. and Bone, K.
The Essential Guide to Herbal Safety
(UK, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2005)
Mills, S. and Bone, K.
Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy (2nd ed.) (UK, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2013)
Murray, M.
The Healing Power of Herbs
(USA, Prima, 1995)
Ody, P . The Complete Medicinal Herbal
(UK, Dorling Kindersley, 1993)
Ody, P . Home Herbal 
(UK, Dorling Kindersley, 1995)
Price, S. & Price, L.
Aromatherapy and Health Professionals (4th ed.) (UK, Churchill Livingstone, 2011)
Priest, A. W. & Priest, L. R.
Herbal Medication 
(UK, Fowler, 1984)
Rogers, C.
The Woman’s Guide to Herbal Medicine
(UK, Hamish Hamilton, 1995)
Romanucci-Ross, L., et al
The Anthropology of Medicine: from Culture  
to Method
(USA, Bergin & Garvey, 1983)
Schauenberg, P . & Paris, F . Guide to Medicinal Plants
(UK, Lutterworth Press, 1977)Schultes, R. & Raffauf, R.
The Healing Forest
(USA, Dioscorides Press, 1990)
de Sloover, J. & Goossens, M.
Wild Herbs, a Field Guide(UK, David & Charles, 1981)
Stargrove, M., Treasure, J. & McKee, D. L. 
Herb, Nutrient, and Drug Interactions: Clinical 
Implications and Therapeutic Strategies
(UK, Mosby Elsevier, 2008)
Svoboda, R.
Ayurveda: Life, Health and Longevity
(UK, Arkana, 1992)
T alalaj, S. & Czechowicz, A.
Herbal Remedies, Harmful and  
Beneficial Effects  
(Australia, Hill of Content, 1989)
Trease, C. & Evans, W.
Pharmacognosy (13th ed.) (UK, Ballière Tindall, 1989)
Uphof, J. Dictionary of Economic Plants
(UK, Wheldon & Wesley, 1970)
Valnet, J. The Practice of Aromatherapy
(UK, C. W. Daniel, 1980)
Vogel, H.
The Nature Doctor
(UK, Mainstream, 1990)
Wagner, H. et al. (ed.) Economic and Medicinal Plant Research  
(vols. 1–5)
(UK, Sangam, 1993)
Warrier, P . et al. (ed.) Indian Medicinal Plants (vols. 1–5)
(UK, Sangam, 1993)
Weiss, W.
Herbal Medicine
(UK, Arcanum, 1988)
White, A. Herbs of Ecuador
(Ecuador, Imprenta Mariscal, 1976)
Williamson, E.
Potters Herbal Cyclopaedia(UK, C. W. Daniel, 2003)
History of Herbal Medicine
Bruton-Seal, J. & Seal, M.Herbalist’s Bible: John Parkinson’s Lost Classic 
Rediscovered, The
(UK, Merlin Unwin Books, 2014)
Culpeper, N.
The English Physitian Enlarged
(UK, George Sawbridge, 1653)
Gerard, J. The Herball or General History of Plants
(UK, John North, 1597)
Griggs, B. New Green Pharmacy
(UK, Vermilion, 1997)
Gunther, R.
The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides
(UK, Oxford University Press, 1934)
Hoizey, D. & Hoizey, M. J. A History of Chinese Herbal Medicine
(UK, Edinburgh University Press, 1993)
K’Eogh, J. (ed. Scott, M.)
An Irish Herbal
(UK, Aquarian Press, 1986)
Larre, C.
The Way of Heaven (Neijing suwen)
(UK, Monkey Press, 1994)Lloyd, G. (ed.) Hippocratic Writings
(UK, Penguin, 1978)
Manniche, L. 
An Ancient Egyptian Herbal
(UK, British Museum Publications, 1989)
Pliny the Elder (ed. Healey, J.) Natural History: A Selection
(UK, Penguin, 1991)
Porter, R.
The Greatest Benefit to Mankind
(UK, Harper Collins, 1997)
Swinburne Clymer, R.
Nature’s Healing Agents
(USA, The Humanitarian Society, 1973)
T obyn, G., Denham, A. &  
Whitelegg, M.
The Western Herbal Tradition: 2000 Years  
of Medicinal Plant Knowledge
(UK, Churchill Livingstone, 2010)
Unschuld, P . Medicine in China
(UK, University of California Press, 1985)
Vogel, V.
American Indian Medicine
(UK, University of Oklahoma Press, 1970)
Journals
Australian Journal of Medical Herbalism
British Medical JournalCanadian Journal of HerbalismHerbalgramJournal of Alternative and Complementary 
Medicine
Journal of EthnopharmacologyJournal of Herbal MedicineLancetNew ScientistPhytomedicinesPlanta MedicaReview of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants
Useful Websites
American Botanical CouncilMagazine and articles
www.herbalgram.org
Herbmed
An online herbal database
www.herbmed.org
Health World Online
An online herbal materia medica
www.healthy.net/clinic/therapy/herbal/herbic/
herbs/index.asp
Henriette’s Herbal Homepage
Culinary and medicinal herb site
www.henriettes-herb.com
Natural Medicines Database
www.naturaldatabase.com
North American Institute of Medical Herbalism
www.medherb.com
Raintree’s Tropical Plant Database
www.rain-tree.com/plants.htm
U.S. National Library of Medicine
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/
MEDLINEPLUS
Provides health and herb information
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus
PUBMED 
Database of research articles
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
US_322_Bibliography.indd   322 26/02/16   4:43 pm323 general index General Index
Bold page numbers refer to main plant entries in Key Medicinal Plants  
and Other Medicinal Plants. Ailments for which there is a self-help  
treatment are in bold. A
abdominal pain  307
Abies balsamea  158
Aboriginal medicine 46
Abrus precatorius  38, 158
absinthe 66
Abutilon, A. indicum  158
A. trisulcatum  158
Acacia  spp., A. catechu  syn. Senegalia  
catechu  14, 158–59
A. decurrens  46, 159
A. nilotica syn. A arabica  159
acai 210
Acanthopanacis gracilistylus  94
acanthus 159
Acanthus mollis  159
Achillea millefolium  33, 56, 291
Achyranthes, A. aspera  159
A. bidentata  159
acidity, stomach  307
acne 305
aconite 22, 160
Aconitum, A. carmichaelii 160
A. napellus  22, 160
Acorus, A. calamus  13, 39, 57, 298
A. calamus var. americanus  57
A. gramineus  57
adaptogenic herbs 12, 13, 118, 127
Adhatoda vasica 160
Adiantum, A. capillus-veneris  160
A. caudatum  160
Adonis vernalis  160
adulteration of herbal products 17
Aegle marmelos  18, 19, 161
Aesculus hippocastanum  15, 58
Aframomum melegueta  45
African cedar 185
African medicine 44–45
African rue 245
agar 215
Agastache rugosa  42, 161
agave 161
Agave, A. americana  161
A. sisalana  161
agnus castus 151
Agrimonia, A. eupatoria  162
A. pilosa  162
agrimony 162
Agropyron repens syn. Elymus repens  162
Ailanthus, A. altissima syn. A. glandulosa  162
A. malabrica  163
Ajuga, A. chamaepitys  163
A. decumbens 163
A. reptans 163
albizzia 163
Albizzia lebbeck  163
Alchemilla vulgaris  163–64,  286
alchemy 24
alder 164–65
alder buckthorn 261–62
alehoof 216
Aletris farinosa  164
Alexandrian senna 75
alfalfa 233–34
alkaloids 16, 26
“all-heal” (valerian) 148allergic rhinitis 300
allergies  300–301, 312
Allium, A. cepa  11, 59, 164
A. fistulosum  164
A. sativum 13, 19, 28, 36, 49, 51, 59, 
164, 287
 A. sibiricum 164
 A. ursinum  59, 164
allspice 248
Alnus glutinosa syn. A. rotundifolia  164–65
Aloe, A. ferox  60
A. vera syn. A. barbadensis  45, 60,  
286, 289
aloe vera 45, 60, 161, 286, 289
Aloysia triphylla see Lippia citriodora
Alpinia, A. officinarum  61
A. katsumadai  61
A. officinarum  22, 41, 61
A. oxyphylla 61
Alstonia spp. 46, 165
A. constricta 165
A. scholaris 165
Althaea, A. officinalis 13, 34, 35, 158, 165
A. rosea 165, 221
Amanita muscaria  18, 187
amaranth 165
Amaranthus, A. caudatus 165
A. grandiflorus 165
A. hypochondriacus 165
amarogentin 99
American angelica 63
American Botanical Council 51
American boxwood 196
American chestnut 184
American cranesbill 120, 216
American ginseng 118, 243–44
American hellebore 281
American mandrake 252
American pennyroyal 235
American spikenard 170
American storax 229
American valerian 199–200
American white ash 213
Ammi, A. majus  62, 166
A. visnaga syn. Daucus visnaga  13, 15, 19, 
44, 47, 62
ammoniacum 203
Anacardium occidentale  166
Anacyclus pyrethrum  45, 166
anemia  301
anesthetic herbs 11
Anagallis arvensis  166–67
analgesic herbs 11, 13, 21, 86, 96, 97, 103, 
114, 122, 155
Anamirta cocculus  167
Ananas comosus  53, 167
andrographis 167
Andrographis paniculata  167
Anemarrhena asphodeloides 168
Anemone, A. nemorosa 168
A. pratensis  168
A. pulsatilla syn. Pulsatilla vulgaris  35, 168
Anethum graveolens syn. Peucedanum 
graveolens  168
angelica 33, 63, 168–69
Angelica, A. archangelica  33, 63, 168–69
A. atropurpurea  63A. dahurica 169
A. sinensis syn. A. polymorpha  41, 42, 63, 
68, 117, 124
angostura 214
angular Solomon’s seal 253
anise 53, 223, 248–49
annatto 179
Annona squamosa  169
annual nettle 146
Anthemis, A. cotula  169
A. nobilis see Chamaemelum nobile
anthraquinones  15, 126
Anthriscus cerefolium  169–70
anti-inflammatory herbs 13, 51
antibiotic herbs 13, 28, 85
antiseptic herbs 12, 13, 97, 112, 122
see also  aseptic dressing
antispasmodic herbs 13, 97, 114, 135, 150
anxiety, chronic  308
Aphanes arvensis  170
aphrodisiacs 57, 97, 115, 118, 122, 144
Apium graveolens  15, 64
A. graveolens var. rapaceum  64
appetite, loss of  306
apricot 15, 257
Apuleius 194
Arab medicine see Islamic medicine
Arabian jasmine 224
Aralia, A. chinensis  170
A. cordata 170
A. nudicaulis  170
A. racemosa 170
arborvitae 276
Arbutus unedo  170
Arctium, A. lappa  12, 13, 20, 65, 177, 264
A. minus  65
A. tomentosum  65
Arctostaphylus uva-ursi 71, 144, 147, 170, 
212, 281
Areca catechu 250
areca n ut 250
Arenaria, A. peploides 171
A. rubra  170–71
Argemone, A. glauca  171
A. mexicana 171
Arisaema  spp. 171
A. triphyllum  171
Aristolochia clematitis  171
Aristotle 18, 32
arjun 142
Armoracia rusticana syn. Colchlearia 
armoracia  171–72
arnica 35, 172
Arnica, A. fulgens  172
A. montana  35, 172
arquitecta 53
arrow poisons 22, 160, 189
arrowroot 52, 233
Artemisia, A. abrotanum  66, 67, 172
A. absinthium  13, 16, 66, 67, 172
A. annua 10, 43, 66, 67
A. anomala  66
A. apiacea  67
A. capillaris  66, 67, 172
A. cina  66, 67, 172–73
A. dracunculus  66, 67, 173
A. vulgaris  66, 67, 173
artemisinin 67
arteriosclerosis  301
arthritis, with acid indigestion/peptic ulcer 313
inflamed joints 313
old age 319
artichoke 13, 137, 199
asafoetida 38, 203, 210–11
Asclepias, A. incarnata  174A. syriaca 174
A. tuberosa  49, 173–74
aseptic dressing 28
ash 213
ashwagandha 38, 152
Asian plum 257
asiaticocide 76
asmatica 279
Aspalanthus linearis 174
asparagus 174
Asparagus, A. officinalis  174
A. racemosus 174
Asperula odorata syn. Galium odoratum  
174–75
Aspidium filix-mas see Dryopteros  
filix-mas 
Aspidosperma, A. excelsum 175
  A. quebracho-blanco  175
aspirin 26, 98, 129
asthma, mild 301
asthma plant 209
astragalus 68
Astragalus membranaceus  68
astringent herbs, action of 13
athlete’s foot  304
Atlas cedar 185
Atractylodes macrocephala  175
Atropa belladonna 16, 35, 69
aubergine 69, 270–71
Australian medicine 46–47
Australian quinine 165
Australian wattle 46, 159
Avena sativa  11–12, 13, 175
avens 216
Avicenna 21, 33, 89
avocado 50, 121
ayahuasca 18, 53, 176
Ayurvedic medicine 21, 22, 24, 29, 36–39
chakras 37, 38
doshas  37–38
five elements 37
life force 24
practitioners 38, 39
prana 38
preparations and treatments 38–39
Western influence 27
Azadirachta indica  70, 161
Aztec and Mayan cultures 21, 26, 48
B 
ba ji tian  237
ba jiao hui xian (star anise) 222–23
babul 159
bacc (sweet flag) 57
Bach Flower Remedies 230
back pain/backache  313, 317
Bacopa monnieri  175
Badianus Manuscript (Martin de la Cruz) 
48, 161
bael 18, 19, 161
bai guo  (ginkgo) 100
bai shao yao  (white peony) 117
bai tou weng  (Chinese anemone) 259
bai zhi 169
bai zhu  175
Baical skullcap 40, 42, 134, 135, 175
balloon vine 37, 183
Ballota nigra  176
balm of Gilead 254–55
balmony 188
balsam fir 158
Bambusa, B. arundiaceae  176
B. breviflora  176
ban bian lian  (Chinese lobelia) 110
US_323-331_Index_General.indd   323 26/02/16   4:43 pm
324
general indexbanana 238
Banisteriopsis caapi 18, 53, 176banyan tree 211Baptisia tinctoria 176–77barberry 177–78“barefoot doctors” 29barley 220–21Barosma, B. betulina syn. Agathosma 
betulina 13, 26, 44, 71, 281
B. crenulata 71B. serratifolia 71
barun (varuna) 88basil 241baths & skin washes 297bay laurel 226–27, 286bayberry 238bearberry 147, 170, 281bear’s breeches 159bearsfoot 254Beech, Dr. Wooster 50, 158, 165beleric myrobalan 142, 275belladonna 69Bengal kino 180Bengal quince 161Benincasa hispida syn. B. cerifa 177benzoin gum 273Berberis, B. aquifolium syn. Mahonia 
aquifolium 177
B. vulgaris 177–78
bergamot 191Beta vulgaris 178betel 122, 250bethroot 278betony 272Betula, B. pendula syn. B. verrucosa 178
B. utilis 178
bian xu (knotgrass) 253Bidens tripartita 178Bignonia catalpa syn. Catalpa bignonioides 179bilberry 147biomedicine 11, 26, 27, 28birthwort 171bishop’s weed 62, 166bistort 13, 124, 253–54bites, minor 303bitter aloes 60bitter herbs, action of 13bitter melon 236bitter orange 190–91bitters 16bittersweet 270Bixa orellana 179black bamboo 176black bryony 180black catechu 14, 158–59black cohosh 13, 17, 51, 79, 106, 186black cumin 240black haw 150, 281black horehound 176black mulberry 238black pepper 116, 180black root 228black walnut 224black willow 129blackberry 15, 34, 264blackcurrant 262bladder infections see urinary infectionsbladderwort 161bladderwrack 213bloating 306, 307blood clotting 12, 100blood pressure, high 301
during pregnancy 317in old age 319
blood tonics 63, 111bloodletting 24bloodroot 266blue cohosh 50, 185blue flag 223blue gum 96blue toadflax 227blue vervain 149blueberry 147bo he 234–35bog myrtle 238–39bogbean 235boils 305boldo 52, 246boneset 208borage 179, 204Borago officinalis 179, 204boswellia 179Boswellia, B. sacra 179
B. serrata 179
bottlebrush 205brahmi (water hyssop) 175Brassica oleracea 16, 180Brazilian ginseng 246breast tenderness, menstrual 315breathing difficulty & tight chest 301Brickell, John 184broad-leaved paperbark tree 112bronchial asthma 301bronchitis see coughs & bronchitisbroom 200bruises 304Bryonia, B. alba 180
B. dioica syn. B. cretica subsp. dioica 180
bu gu zhi 258buchu 13, 26, 44, 71, 281buckwheat 14, 210bugle 163bugleweed 231bupleurum 13, 20, 72Bupleurum chinense syn. B. 
scorzoneraefolium 20, 72
bur marigold 178burdock 12, 13, 20, 65, 177, 264burning bush 202burns, minor 303bush basil 241bushy lippia 228butcher’s broom 265Butea monosperma 180butter tree 231butternut 50, 224butterwort 249buying herbs 17, 286
C
cabbage 16, 180cacao 276Caesalpina, C. bahamensis 181
C. bonduc 180–81C. pulcherrima 181
cajuput 112, 234calamint 181, 267Calamintha ascendens syn. C. sylvatica,  
C. officinalis 181, 267
calamus 57calendula 13, 17, 32, 73, 123, 286, 290Calendula, C. arvense 73
C. officinalis 13, 17, 32, 73, 123, 286
California poppy 50, 207Calluna vulgaris 181calomel (metallic purgative) 24calumba 44, 224Camellia sinensis syn. Thea sinensis 11, 39, 
81, 181, 215, 224camphor 190Canada balsam see balsam firCanadian fleabane 47, 194–95Canadian goldenrod 271Cananga odorata syn. Canangium  
odoratum 182
candidiasis 314canella 182Canella winterana syn. C. alba 182Cannabis sativa 21, 104, 182cao dou cou (galangal) 61Cape aloes 60Cape gooseberry 247caper 182–83Capparis, C. cynophallophora 183
C. spinosa 182–83, 267
capsaicin 74Capsella bursa-pastoris syn. Thlaspi  
bursa-pastoris 183
Capsicum, C. annuum 74
C. frutescens 13, 27, 38, 49, 51, 74, 110
capsules 292, 299caraway 184Carbenia benedicta see Cnicus benedictuscardamom 13, 22, 38, 93cardiac glycosides 15, 26, 201cardiac tonic 142cardinal lobelia 49Cardiospermum spp. 37, 183Carduus, C. benedictus see Cnicus 
benedictus
C. marianus see Silybum marianum
Caribbean medicine 48–49Carica papaya 11, 183carminative herbs, action of 13carob 186carragheen 189carrot 16, 64, 201Carthamus tinctorius 42, 184Carum carvi 184cascara sagrada 262cashew 166cassava 232–33cassia 81Cassia, C. angustifolia 75
C. obtusifolia 75C. senna syn. Senna alexandrina 13, 15, 
22, 30, 45, 75
Cast
anea, C. dentata 184
C. sativa 184
castor oil plant 19, 36, 262–63catalpa 179Catalpa bignonioides see Bignonia catalpacatha 185Catha edulis 185catnip 239–40cat’s claw 280cattail 279Catton, Christopher 89Caulophyllum thalictroides 50, 185cautions about using herbs and herbal 
preparations 55, 290, 298
cayenne 13, 27, 38, 49, 50, 51, 74, 110 cedar 185Cedar of Lebanon 185Cedrus spp. 185
C. atlantica 185C. libani 185
celeriac 64celery 15, 64Celtis australis 185Centaurea, C. cyanus 185–86
C. scabiosa 186
centaury 206Centella asiatica syn. Hydrocotyle asiatica 19, 47, 78
Central American medicine 21, 48century plant 161Cephaelis ipecacuanha 52, 186Ceratonia siliqua 186Cetraria islandica 186Ceylon leadwort 251chaff flower 159chai hu (bupleurum) 72chakras (Ayurvedic medicine) 37, 38Chamaelirium lutea 51, 186–87Chamaemelum nobile syn. Anthemis nobilis 
77, 187
Chamaenerion angustifolia syn. Epilobium 
angustifolium 187
Chamomilla recutita syn. Matricaria recutita 
14, 35, 77, 187, 286, 291
chandan 266chaparral 226Charaka Samhita (Indian treatise) 19, 36, 
161, 211, 261
chaste tree 13, 33, 151che qian cao 251che qian zi (psyllium) 123chebulic myrobalan 142, 275–76Cheiranthus cheiri 187Chelidonium majus 187–88Chelone glabra 188chemical constituents of plants 10–11, 12, 
14–16, 17, 31
Chenopodium, C. ambrosioides 188
C. bonus-henricus 188C. rhadinostachyum 188
chervil 169–70chest coughs & bronchitis 310chicalote 171chicken pox 304chickweed 272–73, 289chicory 189–90chilblains 302childbirth 317children see infants & childrenChimaphila umbellata 188Chinese aconite 160Chinese anemone 259Chinese figwort 125“Chinese foxglove” (rehmannia) 125Chinese goldthread 195Chinese lobelia 110Chinese medicine 21, 36–37, 40–43, 47
choice of herbs 42cold-induced illness and febrile illness 27decoctions 291development of medical systems 20diagnosis and treatment 41–42early texts 19–20five elements 40–41formulas 42holistic approach to treatment 29key theories 40–41life force 24traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) 29, 
40
Western influences 27yin and yang  40–42, 43
Chinese peony 117, 243Chinese rhubarb 11, 15, 42, 126,  
177, 264
Chinese sage 130Chinese wolfberry 111Chionanthus virginicus 13, 188–89chirayata 273–74chiretta 16, 39, 273–74chiropractic 27, 51cholagogue herbs, action of 13
US_323-331_Index_General.indd   324 26/02/16   4:43 pm325 general indexChondrodendron tomentosum  11, 52, 189
Chondrus crispus  189
chou wu tong  40, 191
chronic infections in old age 319
Chrysanthemum, C. indicum  78
C. x morifolium 13, 43, 78, 235, 256
chuan jiao  153
chuan xiong  42, 117, 228
chufa 199
chun pi  (tree of heaven) 162
Chyawan, Muni 204
Cichorium, C. endiva  190
C. intybus  189–90
cilantro 195–96
Cimicufuga, C. dahurica  79
C. foetida 79
C. racemosa syn. Actaea racemosa  13, 17, 
51, 79, 106, 186
cinchona 13, 23, 52, 80
Cinchona  spp. 11, 13, 23, 52, 80
C. calisaya  80
C. ledgeriana  80
C. officinalis  80
Cinnamomum, C. camphora  syn. Laurus 
camphora  190
C. cassia  41, 81
C. verum  81
C. zeylanicum  22, 27, 38, 81
cinnamon 22, 27, 38, 81
circulation, effect of herbs 12, 13
circulatory problems  301, 302, 319
Citrullus, C. colocynthoides  190
C. colocynthus  190
C. lanata 190
C. vulgaris  190
Citrus, C. aurantiifolia  177, 191, 250
C. aurantium 190–91
C. bergamia  syn. C. aurantium var. bergamia  191
C. limon  11, 14, 38, 82, 191
C. reticulata  124
clary sage 131, 265
Claviceps purpurea  217
cleansing herbs see detoxifying herbs
cleavers 214
Clerodendrum, C. serratum  191
C. trichotomum  40, 191
clove 20, 36,  97
club moss 230
Cnicus benedictus  syn. Carbenia benedicta, 
Carduus benedictus  137, 191
coca 18, 52–53, 206–207
cocaine 11, 28, 52, 206–207
Cochlearia, C. armoracia see Armoracia 
rusticana
 C. officinalis 191–92
cocillana 218
cocoa 276
coconut 192
coconut palm 192
Cocos nucifera  192
codeine, source of 10, 244
codonopsis 40, 61,  83
Codonopsis pilosula  40, 61, 83
Coffea arabica  44, 192
coffee 44, 192
Cola, C. acuminata  13, 45, 192–93
C. nitida  193
cola nut 192–93
Colchicum autumnale  89, 193
cold extremities  302
cold sores  304
colds  311, 318
see also  flu; hay fever
coleus 84Coleus, C. amboinicus  84
C. forskohlii syn. Plectranthus barbatus  84
colic 318
colic root 91, 164
Collinsonia canadensis  193
colocynth 190
coltsfoot 13, 20, 278–79
comfrey 10, 12, 13, 35, 138, 286, 290
Commiphora, C. molmol  syn. C. myrrha  19, 
44, 85
C. mukul 85, 193
common buckthorn 262
common dogwood 196
common fleabane 107
common foxglove 26, 35, 194, 201,  
202, 290
common mallow 165, 232
common nasturtium 278
common oak 260
common plantain 123, 251
compresses 296
concentration, failing  319
conception, aiding  316
condurango 233
congestion,  with allergic rhinitis 300
earache and 312
infants & children 318
sinus congestion and 312
Conium maculatum  194, 215
conjunctivitis  310
constipation  307, 317, 318
contraceptive pill, first 91
contrayerva  203
convalescence  308, 309, 319
Convallaria majalis  31, 194
Convolvulus jalapa see Ipomoea purga
Conyza, C. canadensis  syn. Erigeron 
canadensis  47, 194–95
copaiba  195
Copaifera  spp. 195
Coptis, C. chinensis  43, 195
C. trifolia  195
coriander 195–96
Coriandrum sativum  195–96
corn 23, 154, 161
corn mint 234–35
cornelian cherry 196
cornflower 185–86
cornsilk 13, 23, 48, 71, 154, 162
cornsmut 154
Cornus, C. florida  196
C. mas  196
C. officinalis  196
C. sanguinea  196
corydalis 43, 86, 213
Corydalis, C. cava  86
C. gariana  86
C. yanhusuo  43, 86, 213
Corylus avellana  102
Corynanthe yohimbe see Pausintstalia 
yohimbe
cosmetic bark 238
cotton  217–18
couch grass 162, 221
coughs & bronchitis  310, 318
coumarins 15
cowberry 147
cowslip 15, 35, 256
crack willow 129
cradle cap  318
cramp bark 13, 33, 49, 150
cramps  312
cranberry 147, 280–81
Crataegus  spp. 87
C. monogyna  87C. oxyacantha  15, 31, 35, 47, 87
Crataeva nurvula  88
creams 296
creosote bush 226
Crithmum maritimum  196
Crocus sativa  89, 184
Croton  spp. 196
C. flavens  196
C. lecheri 196
cubeb 122, 250
Cucurbita pepo  197
Culcitium reflexum  53
Culpeper, Nicholas 24, 34, 65, 140, 163, 
166, 175, 178, 184, 198, 204, 213, 223, 
227, 231, 254, 256, 266, 276–77, 282, 
283, 336
cumin 197, 226
Cuminum cyminum  197, 226
Cupressus sempervirens  197
curare 11, 52, 189
Curcuma, C. longa  syn. C.  domestica  22, 35, 
37, 38, 51, 90, 155, 198
C. zedoaria 198
“cure-all” herb (kerala) 48–49
curled dock 264–65
curry tree 238
Cuscuta, C. epilinum  198
C. epithymum  198
C. europaea  198
C. reflexa  198
custard apple 169
cutch 158–59
cuts and grazes  304
cyanogenic glycosides 15
Cyanopsis tetragonoloba  198
Cydonia oblonga 198
Cymbop ogon, C. citratus  48, 199, 286
C. densiflorus 199
C. martinii 199
C. nardus  199
Cynara scolymus syn. C. cardunculus  13, 
137, 199
Cyperus, C. esculentus  199
C. papyrus  199
C. rotundus  199
C. stolonifera  199
cypress 197
Cypripedium pubescens  199–200
cystitis  314
Cytisus scoparius syn. Sarothamnus 
scoparius  200
D
da huang  (Chinese rhubarb) 126
da ji 209
da zao  (jujube) 283
dadap (Indian coral tree) 206
dalcini (cinnamon) 81
damiana 48, 51, 144
dan shen  13, 42, 130, 131
dandelion 16, 47, 65, 141, 289
dang gui (Chinese angelica) 63
dang shen  (codonopsis) 83
Daphne mezereum  200
Datura, D. innoxia  201
D. metel  201
D. stramonium  200–201
Daucus, D. carota  16, 201
D. visnaga see Ammi visnaga
De Materia Medica  (Dioscorides) see 
Dioscorides
deadly nightshade 16, 35, 69
decoctions 291, 299
Aboriginal 46“decoction of the 4 rulers” 175
Native American 49
demulcent herbs, action of 13
depression 308
menopausal 316
depurative herbs, action of 13
Descartes, René 25
desert tea 95
desmodium 201
Desmodium adscendens  201
detoxifying herbs, action of 12, 13
South American 53
development of herbal medicine 18–53
African medicine 44–45
and the ascendancy of biomedicine 11, 
26, 27, 28
Australian and New Zealand medicine 
46–47
Central & South American medicine 21, 
23, 48, 52–53
Chinese medicine 21, 36–37, 40–43
city-based herbalism 34
development of medicinal lore 19
earliest written accounts 19
establishment of medical schools 21, 22
in Europe 20–21, 22–24, 27, 32–35
first professional body 27
foundation of major herbal traditions 20
herbal synergy 31
herbalism outlawed 27, 28, 34, 51
holism 29, 30, 34, 37
Islamic & Indian medicine 21, 36–39
Japanese and Korean medicine 22, 
42–43
medieval folk healing 20–21
modern attitudes to 28–30, 34–35
mystical origins 18
Native American medicine 25–27, 
49–50
North American medicine 48–51
pharmaceutical industry and 31
scientific rationalism, impact of 25, 34
shamanistic medicine 18–19
trade and trade routes, effects of 20, 21, 
22–23, 36, 37, 44
university courses 31
women physicians 22
working alongside conventional 
medicine 29, 30
devil’s claw 44, 103
devil’s dung 210–11
devil’s guts 198
di huang  (rehmannia) 125
diagnosis, modern methods 34–35
Dianthus, D. caryophyllus  201
D. superbus  201
diaper rash  318
diaphoretic herbs, action of 13
diarrhea  307
infants & children 318
Dictamnus albus  202
digestion/digestive organs, effect of herbs 
12, 13
digestive disorders  305–307
caused by stress 308
headaches and biliousness with 309
infants & children 318
infections 305
weak digestion 306
weakened in old age 319
see also  colic
Digitalis  spp. 11
D. lanata 202
D. lutea 202
D. purpurea  15, 26, 35, 194, 202, 290
US_323-331_Index_General.indd   325 26/02/16   4:43 pm
326
general indexdigoxin 11
dill 168Dioscorea, D. opposita 43, 91
D. villosa 15, 49, 91, 186
Dioscorides 20, 24, 32, 34, 129, 138, 145, 
146, 148, 149, 159, 173, 174, 176, 178, 180, 181, 198, 199, 201, 214, 222, 226, 231, 235, 241, 247, 254, 264, 265, 272–73, 277–78, 279
diosgenin 91Dipsacus fullonum 203dittany 202diuretic herbs, action of 13
South American 53
divination herbs, Native American 49Divine Husbandman’s Classic (Chinese 
text) 20, 42, 111, 126, 130, 161, 168, 169, 196, 201, 212, 237, 247, 253, 259
dizziness 306Doctrine of Signatures 18, 24, 259dodder 198Dodderige, Joseph 50dog rose 263dog violet 282dong quai 41, 42, 63, 68, 117, 124Dorema ammoniacum 203Dorstenia, D. contrayerva 203
D. convexa 203D. klainei 203
dosage 24, 31, 290
essential information 299
doshas (Ayurvedic medicine) 37–38Dracaena cinnabari 196dragon’s blood 196dried herbs, buying 17
drying at home 289
Drimia maritima see Urginea maritimaDrosera rotundifolia 203Druidic herbs 18, 149, 283dry coughs 310Dryopteris filix-mas syn. Aspidium filix-mas 
202–203
du zhong 208
E
earache 312, 318East Indian rosebay 205eastern red cedar 185Ebers papyrus 19, 44, 62, 168, 196echinacea 13, 27, 51, 92, 107, 151, 177Echinacea spp. 13, 27, 51, 92, 107,  
151, 177
E. angustifolia 92E. pallida 92E. purpurea 92
Echium vulgare 203–204Ecklonia maxima 44Eclecticism 27, 50–51Eclipta prostata syn. E. alba 204eczema 300edema during pregnancy 317edible rhubarb 126eggplant 69, 270–71elaci (cardamom) 93elder 15, 18, 34, 132elderberry 51, 132elecampane 13, 26, 107Eletteria cardamomum 13, 22, 38, 93eleuthero 94Eleutherococcus senticosus 94elm 20, 145Elymus repens see Agropyron repensembelia 204Embilia ribes 204Emblica officinalis 31, 204emetic herbs, Native American 51emmenagogue herbs, action of 13emollient herbs, effects of 13endive 190endocrine system, effect of herbs 12, 13English ivy 219English Physitian, The (Culpeper) see 
Culpeper, Nicholas
Entada phaseoloides 205ephedra 10, 11, 18, 31, 42, 95Ephedra sinica 10, 11, 18, 42, 95ephedrine 11, 95Epilobium angustifolium see Chamaenerion 
angustifolia
Equisetum arvense 13, 16, 136, 205ergot 217Erigeron, E. affinis 195
E. canadensis see Conyza canadensis syn. Erigeron canadensis
E. philadelphicus 195
Eriodictyon californicum 205Ervatamia coronaria 205Eryngium maritimum 206eryngo 206Erythraea centaurium 206Erythrina variegata 206Erythronium americanum 206Erythroxylum coca 11, 18, 28, 52–53, 206–207Eschscholzia californica 50, 207essential oils 297, 299essiac (anticancer remedy) 264estrogen levels, menopausal 316eucalyptus 46, 47, 96, 207Eucalyptus, E. camaldulensis 47
E. globulus 46, 47, 96E. smithii 96, 207
eucommia bark 207–208Eucommia ulmoides 207–208Eugenia caryophyllata syn. Syzgium 
aromaticum 20, 36, 97
Euonymus atropurpureus 208Eupatorium, E. cannabinum 208
E. maculatum 209E. occidentale 208E. perfoliatum 208E. purpureum 48, 209E. teucrifolium 208
Euphorbia, E. atoto 209
E. hirta, syn. E. pilulifera 209E. kansui 209E. lancifolia 209E. maculata 209E. pekinensis 209
Euphrasia spp. 179, 209–10European angelica 63European hazel 102European herbal medicine 32–35
bans on 27, 28, 34Dark Ages 21four humors theory 32, 33influence in South America 53medical schools 22medieval folk healing 20–21modern practitioners 34–35popular herbs 35scientific medicine’s break away from 23, 
25, 34
use of native medicines 26–27
European leadwort 251European nettle tree 185European skullcap 135Euterpe oleracea 210Evelyn, John 113evening primrose 51, 241oil 30, 179
evodia 210Evodia rutaecarpa 210expectorant herbs, action of 13eye problems 310eye tonic 21, 48, 147eyebright 179, 209–10
F
Fagopyrum, F. cymosum 210
F. dibotrys 210F. esculentum 14, 210
“false fire” tonic 83false hellebore 160false unicorn root 186–87fennel 177, 197, 212, 223fenugreek 277–78Feronia limonia 210fertility problems 316Ferula, F. assa-foetida 38, 203, 210–11
F. gummosa syn. F. galbaniflua 203, 211F. jaeshkeana 211F. persica 211F. silphion 211F. sumbul 211
fever bark 46, 165feverfew 33, 35, 78, 140, 286, 291fevers  311
Ficus, F. benghalensis 211
F. carica 211–12, 222F. cotinifolia 212F. indica 212F. lacor 212F. racemosa 212F. religiosa 212F. retusa 212
fig 211–12, 222figwort 268Filipendula ulmaria 35, 98first aid see bites, minor; cuts and grazes; 
nosebleeds; sprains
first aid kit 290“5-flavored herb” (schisandra) 133flame of the forest 180flavonoids 14flax dodder 198flaxseed 16, 109flea seed 123Fleming, Alexander 28florists’ chrysanthemum 78flu 311fluid retention, during pregnancy see 
edema
menstrual 315
fly agaric 18, 187fo ti 41, 43, 124Foeniculum vulgare 177, 197, 212, 223food plants 11–12, 23, 35forskolin 84Forsythia suspensa 212four humors, theory of 20, 32, 33“Four Things Soup” 42, 117foxglove 15, 26, 35, 194, 202, 290fractures 312
Fragaria vesca 212–13Fr
angula alnus see Rhamnus frangula
frankincense 179Fraxinus, F. americana 213
F. excelsior 213F. ornus 213
French bean 246–47fringe tree 13, 188–89fringed pink 201Fritillaria thunbergii 43fruit & berries, harvesting & processing 289fu ling 40, 61Fucus vesiculosis 16, 213Fumaria, F. officinalis 86, 213
F. parviflora 213
fumitory 86, 213fungal infections 314
skin 304
G
galangal 22, 41, 61galbanum 203, 211Galega officinalis 214Galen 20, 21, 32, 33, 181Galipea officinalis syn. G. cusparia 214Galium, G. aparine 214
G. elatum 215G. odoratum see Asperula odorataG. orizabense 214G. umbrosum 214G. verum 214–15
gan cao 20, 101gao ben 228gao liang (galangal) 61garden lettuce 226garden thyme 143gardenia 215Gardenia, G. campanulata 215
G. gummifera 215G. jasminoides syn. G. augusta, G. florida 
215
G. taitensis 215G. thunbergia 215
gargles 297garlic 13, 19, 23, 28, 36, 49, 51, 59,  
164, 287
gas 306
infants & children 318
Gaultheria procumbens 14, 215ge gen 258–59Gelidium, G. amansii 215
G. cartilagineum 215
gelsemium 216Gelsemium sempervirens 13, 216gentian 99, 288Gentiana, G. lutea 99, 288
G. macrophylla 99G.
Encyclopedia_Of_Herbal_Medicine.txt
Summarize the following text section accurately and concisely. Maintain specific details and numerical information, and use anti-repetition mechanisms:

        Herb Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus, p. 174)
Remedy T ake 1 tsp of tincture twice a day  
with water. Note  Ginseng is the best-known remedy for this 
condition. However, schisandra (Schisandra chinensis,  
p. 133) berries also benefit male sexuality. T ake as 
listed above in Fertility Problems in Women  under Low Sex 
Drive for up to 6 weeks. Caution Do not take caffeine while taking ginseng. Herb Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens, p. 136)
Remedy T ake 1⁄2 tsp of tincture with water  
up to 3 times a day for up to 6 weeks. Note Saw palmetto is also an excellent remedy for 
symptoms associated with an enlarged prostate. Hot Flashes & Night Sweats
Herb Sage (Salvia officinalis, p. 131)
Remedy Make an infusion and drink 12/3 cups 
(450 ml), either during the day, or mainly at 
night, if this is when the problem chiefly occurs. Herbs White willow (Salix alba, p. 129), black 
cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa, p. 79)
Remedy T ake one of the above herbs in  
tablet form, or take 1 tsp of tincture with water at night. Herb White peony (Paeonia lactiflora, p. 117)
Remedy Make a decoction with 20 g root to 3 
cups (750 ml) of water. Sip throughout the day. US_316-317_Pregnancy. indd   316 26/02/16   4:43 pm317 Herbal remedies for Home usePregnancy
Although in many cultures herbs have traditionally been taken 
throughout pregnancy, it is wise to take herbs medicinally only 
when essential. Some herbs such as German chamomile 
(Chamomilla recutita, p. 77), linden ( Tilia spp. , p. 277), and cornsilk 
(Zea mays, p. 154) are very useful and can be taken safely for 
2–3 weeks at a time during pregnancy. Other herbs should be 
avoided altogether, as they have constituents that stimulate the 
muscles of the uterus and, in large doses, could cause a miscarriage. It is safe  
to continue using herbs in cooking throughout pregnancy. Maintaining VitalityChamomile
(Chamomilla recutita)
Pregnancy is a time of great change for the  
body. Many minor ailments can be relieved by 
homemade herbal remedies. Morning sickness  (sensations of nausea)  
need not be restricted to the morning. Generally starting in the 4th–6th week and 
lasting until the 14th–16th week, morning 
sickness has many causes, including hormone 
fluctuations, low blood pressure, low sugar 
levels, food allergies, poor diet, and stress. Edema  (fluid retention and bloating) is 
extremely common during pregnancy. Water 
seeps from the blood vessels into the surrounding 
tissue, causing puffiness. The ankles and calves 
are mostly affected. Constipation  often occurs as pregnancy 
develops. Pressure increases on the lower 
bowel, impeding circulation. Heartburn  (pain in the center of the chest) 
may also be caused by increased pressure within 
the body. Stretch marks  sometimes appear as the body 
swells. They can be minimized by rubbing aloe 
vera gel or olive oil into the skin to maintain  
its elasticity. Childbirth  can be helped by drinking raspberry 
leaf tea, a traditional remedy that prepares the 
uterine muscles for labor and giving birth. Herbs During Pregnancy
■ For the first 3 months avoid all herbal remedies, 
including essential oils, unless professionally 
prescribed. ■ The following herbs are particularly dangerous 
and should on no account be taken during 
pregnancy: blue cohosh ( Caulophyllum thalictroides, 
p. 185), goldenseal ( Hydrastis canadensis, p. 105), 
juniper ( Juniperus communis, p. 224), pennyroyal 
(Mentha pulegium, p. 235), yarrow ( Achillea 
millefolium, p. 56), and therapeutic doses of sage 
(Salvia officinalis, p. 131). Morning Sickness & Nausea
The following remedies are an exception and can  
be taken during the first 3 months of pregnancy. Herb German chamomile ( Chamomilla recutita,  
p. 77)
Remedy Make an infusion in a covered 
container. Sip small quantities during the day. Do not drink more than 3 cups (750 ml) a day. Herb Ginger ( Zingiber officinale, p. 155)
Remedy Make an infusion with 1⁄2–1 tsp of  
grated fresh ginger per 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Sip small amounts frequently throughout the day, 
rather than drinking 3/4 cup (150 ml) at a time. Take a maximum of 12/3   cups (450 ml) a day. Herb Fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare, p. 212)
Remedy Make an infusion with 1⁄2 tsp of seeds 
per 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water and then drink up to 
12/3 cups (450 ml) a day. Edema
Herb Cornsilk ( Zea mays, p. 154)
Remedy Make an infusion and drink up to 3 cups 
(750 ml) a day. Constipation
Herbs Psyllium ( Plantago  spp.
According to the text, it is recommended to avoid taking herbs during the first 3 months of pregnancy, except for German chamomile, which can be taken as an infusion and should be taken up to 3 cups (750 ml) a day.
What are some herbs that can be taken during the first 3 months of pregnancy?
The text does not mention any specific herbs for treating poor circulation and high blood pressure. However, it does provide a list of herbs that can be used to treat high blood pressure, including garlic.
Which herbs can be used to treat poor circulation and high blood pressure?
The text mentions that herbal medicine can be used to treat a wide range of ailments, including allergies, arthritis, chronic or frequent infections, circulatory problems, liver disease, and stress-related complaints.
What are some common health problems that can be treated with herbal medicine?
The text suggests finding an herbal practitioner through professional associations or personal recommendation.
What is the recommended way to find an herbal practitioner?
The text does not mention a specific herb that induces sweating. However, it does provide a remedy for fever, which involves inhaling medicinally infused steam or liquid through the nasal passages.
Which herb can be used to induce sweating?
The text provides specific dosages for infants and children, including 1⁄3 dose for 6-month-olds and 1/2 tsp of tincture twice a day for 1-6 year-olds.
What is the recommended dosage for children?