Herb Comfrey ( Symphytum officinale , p. 138) 
Remedy Apply comfrey ointment or cream to  
the pus-filled area twice a day. Caution  Do not use comfrey on broken skin. Herb Lemon ( Citrus limon , p. 82)
Remedy Dab pure lemon juice onto the  
pus-filled area, or dilute 1 tsp of lemon juice  
with 1 tbsp of water and use as a skin wash  
twice a day. Stomach Spasm
Relaxing herbs  German chamomile 
(Chamomilla recutita , p. 77), lemon balm ( Melissa 
officinalis , p. 113), cramp bark ( Viburnum opulus ,  
p. 150)
Carminative herbs  Anise ( Pimpinella anisum ,  
p. 248), fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare , p. 212), mint 
(Mentha  spp., pp. 234–235), angelica ( Angelica 
archangelica , p. 168)
Remedy Mix 3 parts of a relaxing herb to 1 part 
of a carminative herb and make an infusion. (For 
the carminative herbs, use fennel seeds, aniseed, 
mint leaves, or angelica root.) Drink up to 3 cups 
(750 ml) a day.Herbs Slippery elm ( Ulmus rubra , p. 145), 
calendula ( Calendula officinalis , p. 73), myrrh 
(Commiphora molmol , p. 85), echinacea 
(Echinacea  spp., p. 92)
Remedy Mix 1 level tsp of slippery elm 
powder with sufficient calendula, myrrh, or 
echinacea tincture to make a thick, smooth 
paste. Place on and around the boil, and bandage 
securely. Remove after 1–2 hours. Note  This remedy is especially useful for drawing 
painful boils and splinters. Internal Remedies
Herbs Dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale , p.141), 
burdock ( Arctium lappa , p. 65)
Remedy Make a decoction using 5 g of 
burdock root and 10 g of dandelion root  
with 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Divide into 3 
doses and drink during the day. Herb Echinacea ( Echinacea  spp., p. 92)
Remedy T ake echinacea tablets or capsules,  
or make a decoction of 10 g of root to 3 cups 
(750 ml) of water and drink during the day. Digestive Infections
Herb Garlic ( Allium sativum , p. 59)
Remedy Eat 1–2 fresh cloves a day. Herb Calendula ( Calendula officinalis , p. 73)
Remedy Infuse 2 tsp of herb in 3 cups  
(750 ml) of water and drink up to 3 cups a day. Herbs Y arrow ( Achillea millefolium , p. 56), 
peppermint ( Mentha x piperita , p. 114),  
catnip ( Nepeta cataria , p. 239)
Remedy Mix equal parts of each herb. Make 
an infusion of 2 tsp of mixture to 3/4 cup (150 
ml) of water. Drink 11/4 cups (300 ml) a day. Caution  Do not take yarrow in pregnancy.Digestive Disorders
Everyone falls prey to certain digestive problems and, for those 
with weak or unsettled digestion, life can be miserable. Poor 
digestive health usually results from insufficient digestive 
secretions, infections (such as gastroenteritis), disordered gut 
bacteria, stress, and anxiety. Herbal medicines can improve the 
complex functioning of the digestive system, helping to relieve 
acidity, nausea, and bloating. Eating simple, wholesome food can be beneficial, 
but it is difficult to generalize about diet. Some conditions may require fasting, 
while in other cases, a certain type of food might need to be avoided.Ginger
Zingiber officinale
Before taking any herbal remedies, see pages 290 & 298–299 QSeek immediate professional 
advice for:
■ Difficulty in swallowing
■ Severe pain
■ Vomiting blood
■ Blood in the stool
Important Note
For continuing or recurrent digestive 
problems, seek professional advice to 
determine the cause. US_300-307_Allergies.indd   305 26/02/16   4:43 pm
306
herbal remedies for home useNausea & Vomiting, Including Motion Sickness
Gas & Bloating
Mouth Ulcers & Gum ProblemsNausea and vomiting can occur for various 
reasons, including food poisoning, infections, fever, migraine, stress, or emotional problems, as well as travel sickness. For short-term conditions, there are many herbs that reduce or relieve the unpleasant, empty, gnawing symptoms of nausea and vomiting. Most of the herbs listed are also very useful for travel sickness.Ginger, in particular, and other close relatives 
such as galangal and turmeric, are widely used for nausea and vomiting. They help to “warm” and settle the digestion. Chiretta strengthens weak digestion and 
relieves nausea.Lemon is an excellent cleansing remedy for  weak and sluggish digestion.If you are pregnant, or suspect you may be pregnant, see Morning Sickness, p. 317, before taking any of these remedies. QGeneral caution Seek professional advice if nausea  
is severe or is recurrent. All types or species of mint  
(Mentha spp.) are unsuitable for children under 5. Gas and bloating are common digestive 
problems. As a preventative, take bitter herbs, such as centaury and gentian, which improve  
digestion. Infusions of aromatic plants such as fennel, cardamom, anise, lemon verbena, or peppermint are effective remedies. All the herbs listed under General Remedies can be combined by adjusting the measurements of each herb using the same proportion to water. General cautions Bitters are generally unsuitable and 
unpalatable for children under 5. All types or species of  mint (Mentha spp.) are unsuitable for children under 5. Many astringent herbs can be used to treat 
mouth ulcers and tighten up weak gums and loose teeth. Sage is particularly effective as it also disinfects the mouth. Myrrh tincture will sting but it will also increase the rate of healing.Nausea & Motion Sickness
Herbs Ginger (Zingiber officinale, p. 155), galangal (Alpinia officinarum, p. 61), turmeric (Curcuma longa,  p. 90)Remedy Make an infusion with one of the herbs 
listed using about 1–2 slices (0.5 g) of fresh root or 
1⁄4–1⁄2 tsp of dried, powdered, or grated root to 
3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Use the fresh root if possible. Infuse for at least 5 minutes and sip while hot. Drink up to 3 cups (750 ml) a day. Add 1–2 cloves (Eugenia caryophyllata, p. 97) if desired.Option Use the remedy under Nausea with Headache. Tip For travel sickness, take the infusion in a flask or 
chew crystallized ginger. Weak Digestion
Herbs Chiretta (Swertia chirata, p. 273), centaury 
(Erythraea centaurium, p. 206)
Remedy T ake 2–4 drops of one of the tinctures on 
the tongue each hour. Herb Lemon (Citrus limon, p. 82)
Remedy Drink the freshly squeezed juice of a lemon, neat or diluted, each morning. Nausea due to Emotional Problems
Herb Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis, p. 113)Remedy Make an infusion with the dried herb or use 2 tsp of fresh herb per 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Drink up to 3 cups (750 ml) a day. Protection & Prevention
Herbs Centaury (Erythraea centaurium, p. 206), 
gentian (Gentiana lutea, p. 99)Remedy T ake 5–10 drops of tincture 3 times a day with water. General Remedies
Herbs Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare, p. 212), anise 
(Pimpinella anisum, p. 248)Remedy Make an infusion with 
1⁄4–1⁄2 tsp of fennel 
or anise seeds per 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water and drink up to 3 cups (750 ml) a day. General Remedies
Herb Myrrh (Commiphora molmol, p. 85)
Remedy Dab neat tincture onto mouth ulcers and infected gums once every hour. Herb Sage (Salvia officinalis, p. 131)
Remedy Use an infusion as a mouthwash, or  rub gums with leaves or powder.Vomiting with Dizziness & Vertigo
Herb Black horehound (Ballota nigra, p. 176)
Remedy Make an infusion and drink up to 3 cups (750 ml) a day. QCaution Seek professional advice if symptoms do 
not immediately improve. Nausea with Headache
Herbs Peppermint (Mentha x piperita, p. 114), pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium, p. 235), bo he (Mentha haplocalyx, p. 234)Remedy Make an infusion with 1 level tsp of one herb per 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Drink up to 21/3–3 cups (600–750 ml) a day. Other uses This remedy combats abdominal fullness 
and helps improve the appetite and digestion. Caution Do not give these herbs to children under 5. Do not take pennyroyal during pregnancy. Loss of Appetite & Vomiting
Herb Codonopsis (Codonopsis pilosula, p. 83)
Remedy Make a decoction and sip 21/2 tbsp  
(50 ml) every 2–3 hours until the vomiting stops or the dose has been taken over 2 days. Other uses For anorexia, add 5 g of licorice 
(Glycyrrhiza glabra, p. 101). Caution Do not take licorice during pregnancy. Herb Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum, p. 93)
Remedy Make an infusion with the crushed 
seeds of 2 cardamoms per 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Drink up to 3 cups (750 ml) a day. Herb Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora, p. 228)
Remedy Make an infusion using 1 tsp of dried or 2 tsp of fresh leaves per 1 cup (150 ml) of water and take up to 3 cups (750 ml) a day. Herb Peppermint (Mentha x piperita, p. 114)
Remedy Make an infusion and drink up to 3 cups (750 ml) a day. (See General cautions.) Mouth & Tongue Ulcers
Herbs Myrrh (Commiphora molmol, p. 85), 
echinacea (Echinacea spp., p. 92), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra, p. 101)Remedy Mix equal parts of the tinctures and apply neat or diluted (1 part tincture to 5 parts water) every hour. US_300-307_Allergies.indd   306 26/02/16   4:43 pm307 herbal remedies for home useConstipation & Diarrhea
Acidity & IndigestionHerbs help both constipation and diarrhea  
by gently restoring normal bowel function. Constipation often results from insufficient 
intake of fruit, vegetables, and whole grains, 
while diarrhea is usually caused by intestinal 
infection or inflammation, such as food 
poisoning. Irritable bowel syndrome gives rise to 
alternating bouts of constipation and diarrhea, 
and spastic constipation results from tension 
and muscle spasm in the colon. Herbs
Dandelion root, licorice, and yellow 
dock  are mild laxatives. Senna  is a strong laxative and should only be 
taken when other herbs have failed. Psyllium  seeds and husks cleanse the colon and 
encourage normal bowel habits. Cramp bark  has antispasmodic properties and 
can help spastic constipation. Agrimony, bael, bistort, and black 
catechu are astringent herbs that dry and 
tighten the bowel lining. Only take in the short 
term, as they impair absorption of food. They 
are taken mixed with soothing, demulcent herbs, 
such as psyllium or marshmallow, for diarrhea. Diet for Constipation
Fruit acts as a gentle laxative within the large 
intestine. Eat plenty of fresh fruit each day, such  
as figs ( Ficus carica , p. 211), apples, or tamarind 
(Tamarindus indica , p. 274), which also counter 
vomiting, gas, and indigestion. QGeneral caution Seek professional advice for 
persistent constipation or diarrhea. Indigestion, caused by too much acid production, 
suggests a poor or inappropriate diet. To coat 
the inner lining of the stomach and intestines 
and protect them from excess acidity, take 
slippery elm, arrowroot, or Iceland moss, which 
are sticky, mucilaginous herbs when soaked in 
water. Meadowsweet strengthens the lining of 
the stomach and reduces acidic symptoms, while 
German chamomile is amazingly versatile for a 
number of gastrointestinal problems. Diet
Cut out acidic foods, such as oranges, red meat, 
spinach, and tomatoes, as well as alcohol and 
tobacco if possible.Constipation
Herbs Y ellow dock ( Rumex crispus , p. 264), 
Chinese rhubarb ( Rheum palmatum , p. 126)
Remedy Make a decoction using 1 tsp of either 
herb to 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. T ake last thing  
at night. Note  Y ellow dock is one of the mildest laxatives and 
should be tried first. If this has no effect, take a single 
dose of Chinese rhubarb each day. This has  
a stronger action than yellow dock. Cautions  Do not take Chinese rhubarb or yellow dock 
during pregnancy. Persistent Constipation
Herbs Dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale , p. 141), 
licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra , p. 101), yellow dock 
(Rumex crispus , p. 264) 
Remedy 1  Make a decoction using 20 g of 
dandelion root to 3 cups (750 ml) of water and 
drink each day, or use the ground root to make an 
infusion and drink 12/3–21/3 cups (450–600 ml) a day. Remedy 2  Mix 3 tsp of dandelion root and 
yellow dock and 1 tsp of licorice. Use the mixture 
to make a decoction with 3 cups (750 ml) of  
water and drink 3/4–11/4 cups (150–300 ml) a day. Cautions Do not take yellow dock or licorice  
during pregnancy. Herbs Senna ( Cassia senna , p. 75), ginger ( Zingiber 
officinale , p. 155)
Remedy Steep 3–6 senna pods and 2–3 slices  
(1 g) of fresh ginger in 3/4 cup (150 ml) of warm 
water. Alternatively, take senna tablets. T ake either 
preparation for up to 10 days. Note  This is the strongest laxative listed. QCautions  T ake for up to 10 days at a time. During 
pregnancy, take on advice of a health care practitioner. Do not give to children under 5. General Remedies
Herbs Slippery elm ( Ulmus rubra , p. 145), 
arrowroot ( Maranta arundinacea , p. 233), Iceland 
moss ( Cetraria islandica , p. 186)
Remedy 1  Make an infusion with 2 heaping tsp  
of one of the herbs to 1/2 cup (100 ml) of water. Leave for 15 minutes. T ake 1/2 cup (100 ml) up to 
4 times a day. Remedy 2  Make slippery elm “food” by mixing  
1 heaping tsp of powder and 3 tsp of cold water. Stir in 1 cup (250 ml) of boiling water. Add a 
pinch of cinnamon ( Cinnamomum spp., p. 81) or 
nutmeg ( Myristica fragrans , p. 11) to taste. T ake 1 
cup (250 ml) 3 times a day. Herbs Fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare , p. 212), 
galbanum ( Ferula gummosa , p. 211), anise 
(Pimpinella anisum , p. 248), or any one of the 
Nausea & Vomiting  herbs listed on p. 306. Spastic Constipation
Herb Cramp bark ( Viburnum opulus , p. 150)
Remedy Make a decoction using 15 g of the 
root to 3 cups (750 ml) of water and take 3/4–11/4 
cups (150–300 ml) a day or take 2 tsp of tincture 
with water once per day. Diarrhea
Herbs Agrimony ( Agrimonia eupatoria , p. 162), 
sage ( Salvia officinalis , p. 131), bael ( Aegle 
marmelos , p. 161), bistort ( Polygonum bistorta ,  
p. 253), black catechu ( Acacia catechu , p. 158)
Remedy The above herbs are listed in ascending 
order of astringency. Make a decoction using 1 
heaping tsp of one herb to 1 cup (225 ml) of 
water and simmer for 15–20 minutes. T ake up to 
12/3 cups (450 ml) a day for no longer than 3 days. Note If using bistort or black catechu (the most 
astringent herbs), mix with demulcents such as 
psyllium seeds ( Plantago  spp., p. 123) or marshmallow 
root ( Althaea officinalis , p. 165). Add 1 tsp, plus a pinch 
of peppermint ( Mentha  x piperita , p. 114) or other 
mint ( Mentha  spp., pp. 234–235), per 1 cup  
(225 ml) of decoction. QCautions  Do not take for more than 3 days at  
a time and do not take again for 3 days. If there is  
no improvement, seek professional advice. Do not  
take sage in pregnancy. Do not give mint to children 
under 5. Chronic Diarrhea &  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Herb Psyllium ( Plantago  spp., p. 123)
Remedy T ake 1 heaping tsp of seeds and husks 
with at least 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water, 2–3 times 
daily, or mix with food and then drink at least 3/4 
cup (150 ml) of water. Seeds may be soaked in 
cool water overnight before taking. Remedy Make an infusion using 1 heaping tsp  
of fennel or anise seeds, or galbanum herb,  
to 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Drink during  
the day. Indigestion, Abdominal Pain, 
Bloating, & Hiccups
Herb German chamomile ( Chamomilla recutita , 
p. 77) 
Remedy Make an infusion in a covered 
container. Drink up to 3 cups (750 ml) a day. Acidity with Gastritis
Herb Meadowsweet ( Filipendula ulmaria , p. 98)
Remedy Make an infusion with the flowering 
tops. Drink up to 3 cups (750 ml) a day. Before taking any herbal remedies, see pages 290 & 298–299
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308
herbal remedies for home useNerve & Stress-Related Problems
Most of us have little opportunity to escape from daily 
pressures, and consequently the nervous system is unable to recover its natural vitality. Long-term stress can lead to anxiety, nervousness, depression, insomnia, palpitations, and irritability. Herbal medicines can be wonderfully effective for nourishing the nervous system, calming and relaxing the mind, and gently stimulating or sedating the body. Headaches and migraine 
respond well to treatment with herbs, as can conditions directly affecting the nerves, such as neuralgia. Anxiety, Depression, & T ension
Neuralgia (Nerve Pain)Valerian
(Valeriana officinalis)
Many people have experienced lack of well-being 
and feelings of powerlessness that develop as stress, anxiety, and tension take hold. There  
is no instant answer, but a remarkable number  
of herbs can reduce these symptoms, and, by supporting the nervous system, gradually  
restore health. Lemon balm, skullcap, and damiana are  
all calming herbs that ease physical tension and help maintain a balanced mental and emotional state. Lemon balm alleviates stress-related digestive problems, skullcap combats panic attacks, and damiana acts as a gentle “pick-me-up.”Valerian has tranquilizing qualities.Ginseng and Siberian ginseng are  excellent for coping with stressful events  such as competitive sports, examinations, or moving a household.Ashwagandha is a supportive tonic herb, strengthening and encouraging recovery  from long-term stress or chronic illness. Lifestyle
When emotionally stressed, it is important  to eat well, exercise regularly, and allow time  for relaxation. Y oga and T ai Chi can be particularly helpful. Neuralgia is the pain caused by an irritated, 
damaged, or trapped nerve. It usually occurs  in brief, severe bouts and can be felt shooting along the nerve. Although it is difficult to treat, the following remedies may bring relief to minor problems. St. John’s wort is analgesic and antiviral, helping to relieve sciatica (pain caused by a trapped spinal nerve) and head pain. Cloves  have an anesthetic effect, and peppermint  eases pain. Try also the St. John’s wort oil rub (see Back Pain, p. 313). QGeneral caution Seek professional advice if there is 
fever, or swelling of the gums with toothache.General Remedies
Herbs Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis, p. 113), 
damiana (Turnera diffusa, p. 144), skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora, p. 135)Remedy Make an infusion using one of the herbs. Drink up to 21/3 cups (600 ml) a day. Herb St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum,  
p. 106)Remedy T ake tablets or make an infusion and drink up to 21/3 cups (600 ml) a day. Note This remedy may take 2–3 weeks before there is a 
noticeable effect. Digestive Problems due to Stress
Herb Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis, p. 113)
Remedy Make an infusion with a handful of fresh leaves and 3/4 cup (150 ml) water, or make an infusion with the dried herb. Drink up to 3 cups (750 ml) a day, or add the daily dose to a bath. NoTe  This remedy also calms palpitations and 
encourages sleep. Panic Attacks & Headaches
Herb Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora, p. 135)Remedy Make an infusion and drink up to 3 cups  (750 ml) a day.Chronic Anxiety & Hyperactivity
Herb Valerian (Valeriana officinalis, p. 148)Remedy T ake 10 drops of tincture in water every hour for up to 2 weeks at a time. Nervous Exhaustion,  
Muscle Tension, & Headaches
Herb Codonopsis (Codonopsis pilosula, p. 83)
Remedy Make a decoction and drink in equal doses during the day, or cook up to 25 g of  the root a day in a soup or stew. Short-term Stress
Herbs Ginseng (Panax ginseng, p. 118), Siberian 
ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus, p. 94). Remedy Either take ginseng tablets, chew 0.5–1 g of root a day, or use it in cooking. Alternatively take 1–2 g of Siberian ginseng capsules up to twice day. Cautions Do not take for more than 6 weeks at a 
time. Do not give to children under 12. Do not take during pregnancy. Avoid drinks that contain caffeine. Long-term Stress & Convalescence
Herb Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera, p. 152) 
Remedy Make a decoction using 3 g of root to 
3/4 cup (150 ml) of water and take during the 
day, or chew the same amount of root. General Remedies
Herbs St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum,  
p. 106), lavender (Lavandula officinalis, p. 108),  clove (Eugenia caryophyllata, p. 97)Remedy Apply neat St. John’s wort infused oil  to painful areas, or add 20 drops each of clove  and lavender essential oil to 2 tbsp plus 2 tsp  (50 ml) of St. John’s wort infused oil and then  
apply every 2–3 hours as required. Herb Peppermint (Mentha x piperita, p. 114)
Remedy Make an infusion with 25 g of herb to 3 cups (750 ml) of water and bathe the affected area. Alternatively, dilute 20 drops of essential oil in  2 tbsp plus 2 tsp (50 ml) of carrier oil and gently massage into the painful area. Caution Do not use on children under 5. Head Pain
Herb Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata, p. 97)
Remedy Mix 1⁄2 tsp of powder with water to 
make a thick paste and apply to the head. Toothache
Herb Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata, p. 97) 
Remedy Chew a clove or rub 1 –2 drops of neat essential oil onto the affected tooth 2–3 times a day for up to 3 days. QSeek immediate professional 
advice for:
■ Severe nerve, chest, or head pain
■ Headache or pain that does not improve 
within 48 hours despite self-medication
■ Loss of sensation or loss of movement 
■ Double vision
■ Severe depression
US_308-309_Nerve_and_Stress_Related_Problems.indd   308 26/02/16   4:43 pm309 herbal remedies for home useHeadaches & Migraine
InsomniaHeadaches and migraine can be very debilitating, 
especially when they occur frequently. Headaches  are caused by many factors, such 
as toothache, neck tension, eyestrain, and 
hangovers. It is important to diagnose and treat 
the underlying cause, which could mean visiting  
a dentist, optician, or osteopath in the first 
instance. Herbal medicine can be very helpful 
for headaches, although choosing the right herbs 
can be difficult. The following remedies contain 
relaxing herbs that alleviate headaches triggered 
by stress as well as other more specific factors. Lavender is soothing, while vervain is a tonic  
and relaxing herb for nervous exhaustion. Peppermint is effective for headaches that are 
linked to indigestion. Migraine  is a more specific problem. The 
remedies aim both to prevent the onset of a 
migraine as well as treat the symptoms. Hangovers  are not a nerve problem in a direct 
sense, but they should be treated in the same 
way as any other type of mild poisoning that 
requires detoxification and headache relief. Make sure you also drink plenty of water. QGeneral caution For migraine or recurrent 
headaches, consult a professional practitioner to  
diagnose and treat the underlying cause. Difficulty in sleeping affects everyone at one time 
or another. Herbs can provide a safe and gentle 
solution to this problem. Sedative herbs  such as German chamomile, 
linden, lavender, hops, and passionflower are 
relaxing and, unlike some herbs, are most likely 
to be effective against insomnia when taken at 
night. Hops are excellent when the mind refuses 
to “switch off.”
Stimulant herbs  are effective when the 
body suffers from nervous exhaustion and  
feels, paradoxically, too tired for sleep. Oats  
and ginseng encourage a good night’s sleep, 
especially for people suffering from nervous 
tension and fatigue. Herbal sleeping pills,  containing 
combinations of valerian, hops, passionflower, 
and similar herbs, are often helpful in 
overcoming mild sleep problems and in 
reducing feelings of anxiety and stress.General Remedy
Herb Lavender ( Lavandula officinalis , p. 108)
Remedy Rub a few drops of neat essential oil on 
the temples. Tension & Sinus Headaches
Herb Linden ( Tilia spp., p. 277)
Remedy Make an infusion using 1 heaping tsp of 
linden to 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water, or use teabags. Drink up to 3 cups (750 ml) a day. Nervous Exhaustion & Overactivity
Herbs Vervain ( Verbena officinalis , p. 149), valerian 
(Valeriana officinalis , p. 148)
Remedy Make an infusion of vervain and drink up 
to 21/4 cups a day. Alternatively, mix 1⁄2 tsp of each 
tincture and take with water up to 3 times a day. Caution Do not take vervain during pregnancy. Digestive Headaches & Biliousness
Herbs Peppermint ( Mentha  x piperita , p. 114), 
pennyroyal ( Mentha pulegium , p. 235)
Remedy Make an infusion of either herb in a 
covered container, using a teabag, a small handful 
of fresh leaves, or 1 level tsp of dried herb per  
3/4 cup (150 ml)  of water. Drink up to 3 cups  
(750 ml) a day for up to 1 week, or up to 21/3 
cups (600 ml) a day if taking for 2  –3 weeks. Cautions Do not give to children under 5. Do not take 
pennyroyal during pregnancy. General Remedies
Herbs German chamomile ( Chamomilla recutita , 
p. 77), linden ( Tilia spp., p. 277), lavender 
(Lavandula officinalis , p. 108), passionflower 
(Passiflora incarnata , p. 119)
Remedy The above herbs are listed in 
ascending order of strength. Start with the 
weakest, German chamomile, and if it does not 
help, try the next strongest. Make an infusion in  
a covered container using 1–2 heaping tsp per 3/4 
cup (150 ml)  of water. T ake prior to sleeping. Alternatively, take 1 tsp of tincture with water  
up to 3 times a night. Herbs Valerian ( Valeriana officinalis , p. 148), hops 
(Humulus lupulus , p. 104), passionflower ( Passiflora 
incarnata , p. 119)
Remedy 1  T ake tablets containing one or more  
of the herbs. Remedy 2  Make a sachet with dried hops  
(see p. 104) and place inside your pillow. Caution  Do not take hops internally if feeling low  
or depressed.Overactive Mind
Herb Hops ( Humulus lupulus , p. 104)
Remedy T ake the tincture with water at night. Start with 10 drops up to a maximum of 40 
drops each night. Caution  Do not take hops internally if feeling low  
or depressed. Poor sleep & nervous exhaustion
Herb Oats ( Avena sativa , p. 175)
Remedy Eat oats daily, for example as a hot 
cereal, and take 1 tsp of oat straw tincture with 
water 3 times a day. Herbs Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera ,  
p. 152), Siberian ginseng ( Eleutherococcus 
senticosus , p. 94)
Remedy T ake 1–2 g of ashwagandha or 
Siberian ginseng up to 3 times a day. Either  
chew the root, or cook it in a soup. Alternatively, 
take tablets. Cautions  Avoid taking caffeine while taking 
ashwagandha and Siberian ginseng. Do not take 
Siberian ginseng for more than 6 weeks at a time. Do not take during pregnancy. Do not give to children 
under 12.Migraine Prevention
Herb Feverfew ( Tanacetum parthenium ,  
p. 140)
Remedy At the first sign of an impending 
attack, take tablets or 10 drops of tincture with 
water. Alternatively, place a fresh leaf between 
slices of bread and eat as a sandwich. Cautions Do not give to children under 12. Do not 
take in pregnancy. Migraine
Herb Skullcap ( Scutellaria lateriflora , p. 135)
Remedy Make an infusion using 1 heaping tsp  
of herb to 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water. Drink up to 
3 cups (750 ml) a day. Herb Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis , p. 128)
Remedy Make an infusion using 1 level tsp of 
herb per 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water and take up 
to 21/3 cups (600 ml) each day. Detoxification for Hangover
Herb Dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale , p. 141)
Remedy Make a decoction using 15 g of  
root to 3 cups (750 ml) of water. T ake the 
decoction in small quantities at frequent 
intervals throughout the day. Before taking any herbal remedies, see pages 290 & 298–299
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Herbal remedies for H ome useRespiratory Tract Problems
The respiratory system stretches from the lining of the eyes 
and sinuses to the base of the lungs, and is constantly exposed to dust, dirt, and organisms in the air. It is no surprise that in our ever more polluted world we often face problems such as sinus congestion and asthma. Herbal remedies aim to protect the linings of the eyes, ears, sinuses, nose, and throat, as well as the respiratory “tree” of the lungs by countering infection, 
clearing congestion, soothing the mucous membranes, and relieving inflammation or allergy. Coughs & Bronchitis
Nosebleeds
Eye ProblemsThyme
(Thymus vulgaris)
The act of coughing is usually a reaction to irritant 
particles in the bronchial tubes. It is worthwhile to consider the type of cough you have and where it is centered. Herbal remedies can then  
be chosen to work effectively to clear or ease the cough. Productive, chest coughs may produce white, yellow, or green phlegm. Unproductive coughs are dry and irritant 
and often take a long time to clear.Bronchitis occurs when the lining of the lungs’ airways becomes inflamed, resulting in a chest cough, possible breathlessness, and a raised temperature. Use both an external and an internal remedy.Herbs Thyme is an effective antiseptic for  
the whole system. Licorice acts as a soothing expectorant for persistent coughs and makes any remedy more palatable. T ake plenty of garlic to fight bronchitis. QGeneral caution Seek professional advice if a cough 
lasts for more than 1 week without a cold or infection. Many herbs are reputed to stop nosebleeds, 
and most are effective. Using an herb as snuff is a traditional way of staunching a nosebleed. QCaution If the nosebleed continues for some hours 
or is very heavy, seek immediate professional advice. Rather than treating the eyes themselves, these 
remedies benefit the mucous tissue lining the eyes, which is contiguous with the nose and throat. Problems affecting the linings of the eyes often respond well to local treatment with herbal remedies, but care must be taken not to irritate the eyes with particles of herbs left in the lotion.General Remedies
Herb Thyme (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143)Remedy T ake 3 cups (750 ml) of infusion a day. Dry Coughs in the Throat & Chest
Herbs Balm of Gilead (Populus x candicans,  
p. 254), thyme (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra, p. 101)Remedy Make an infusion using equal parts of 
thyme, balm of Gilead buds, and licorice powder. T ake 1/3 cup (75 ml) 6 times a day, or mix equal parts of each tincture and take 1 tsp up to 5 times a day with water. Reduce the dosage as the cough eases. QCautions Seek professional advice if no improvement 
occurs after 1 week. Do not take licorice if pregnant. Chest Coughs & Bronchitis
Herbs Elecampane (Inula helenium, p. 107), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus, p. 96), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra, p. 101)Remedy (Internal) Make a decoction of elecampane and take 11/4–12/3 cups (300–450 ml) a day. Add 5 g licorice powder to improve flavor.Note For acute bronchitis and coughs, add  
5 g of eucalyptus leaf to the decoction. Caution Do not take elecampane during pregnancy. Herbs Echinacea (Echinacea spp., p. 92), garlic 
(Allium sativum, p. 59)Remedy (Internal) T ake 
1⁄2 tsp of echinacea 
tincture with water 2–3 times a day, or take tablets. In addition, eat 2 garlic cloves daily. Herbs Thyme (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143), cajuput 
(Melaleuca leucadendron, p. 234), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus, p. 96)Remedy (External) Mix 5 drops each of eucalyptus and thyme essential oils with 2 tsp  of olive or sunflower oil. Massage over the chest and back, up to twice a day. Alternatively, burn 5–10 drops of one of the oils in a burner for  30 minutes. Caution Do not apply thyme oil during pregnancy. Prevention of Nosebleeds
Herbs Eyebright (Euphrasia spp., p. 209), nettle 
(Urtica dioica, p. 146)Remedy Make an infusion using 25 g of either 
herb to 3 cups of water. T ake up to 21/2 cups a day. Sore & Tired Eyes
Herbs German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita,  
p. 77), ju hua ( Chrysanthemum x morifolium, p. 78)
Remedy Make a compress by infusing a German 
chamomile teabag, or make a poultice with 15 g  
of either herb to 1 cup (250 ml) of water. Cool, 
squeeze out the excess, and place the teabag or poultice over the eye.Nosebleeds
Herbs Wild geranium (Geranium maculatum,  
p. 216)
Remedy First, pinch the nostrils and tilt back the 
head. Then sniff 1⁄2 tsp of the powdered herb. Conjunctivitis
Herbs Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis, p. 209), 
cornflower (Centaurea cyanus, p. 185)Remedy Make an infusion with either herb and 
strain. When warm (not hot), put in an eyebath and bathe eyes well. Use no more than twice a day. QCaution Seek professional advice if there is no 
improvement in 3–4 days. QSeek immediate professional 
advice for:
■ Difficulty in breathing or chest pain
■ Cough that lasts for more than 2 weeks
■ Severe pain in the respiratory tract
■ Coughing up blood
■ Fever of 102°F (39°C) or more
■ Heavy nosebleed lasting longer than  
1 hour
US_310-313_Respiratory_Tract_Problems.indd   310 26/02/16   4:43 pm311 Herbal remedies for Home useColds, Flu, & Fevers
Sore Throats & T onsillitis  The common cold, with which most of us are 
only too familiar, is a viral infection normally 
affecting the nose and throat. Flu is considerably 
more debilitating and may include fever, headache, 
muscular pain, nausea, and vomiting. Both have a 
habit of striking when we are stressed or run 
down. Herbal home treatment is especially suitable 
for these familiar “self-limiting” ailments since it 
enables us to make life more comfortable, control 
fever, and improve the body’s recovery rate. Garlic, ginger, and lemon  combine to 
create the classic flu remedy that can also be 
used to relieve colds, sore throats, and tonsillitis. Ginger, cinnamon, cloves, and cayenne  
have heating properties and stimulate sweating. This helps to lower the body’s temperature 
during fever. Elderberry and yarrow  are antiviral, stimulate 
sweating, and astringe the mucous membranes 
of the nose and throat, reducing the production  
of mucus. Boneset and cayenne  are particularly helpful 
for respiratory infections. Wormwood and gentian  are bitter herbs 
that cool the body and combat high fever. Diet
For all these problems, eat lightly. Fruit and 
vegetables are best, the latter perhaps in a  
soup. Avoid greasy, fatty, sugar-rich food and 
dairy products. Self-help
Reduce fever and temperature by washing with 
cool or cold water and drinking plenty of liquid, 
especially when sweating. QGeneral cautions Remember that in the very  
young and very old, even a common cold can develop 
into pneumonia. Always seek professional advice if 
symptoms persist or suddenly get worse. The garlic, ginger, and lemon mixture listed 
under General Remedies for Colds, Flu, & Fevers  
(see above) can alleviate the symptoms of both 
sore throats and tonsillitis. The brave can slowly 
chew a clove of garlic; sage and echinacea are 
also strongly antiseptic. All these herbs will 
relieve symptoms and aid a speedy recovery. QGeneral caution Always seek professional  
advice and treatment for children under 5 suffering 
from tonsillitis.General Remedies
Herbs Garlic ( Allium sativum , p. 59), ginger ( Zingi­
ber officinale , p. 155), lemon ( Citrus limon , p. 82)
Remedy Crush a medium-sized garlic clove, grate 
a similarly sized piece of fresh ginger, and squeeze 
the juice from 1 lemon. Mix together with 1 tsp of 
honey. Add 3/4 cup (150 ml) of warm water and stir. Drink up to 12/3 cups (450 ml) a day while 
symptoms last. Herbs Thyme ( Thymus vulgaris , p. 143), boneset 
(Eupatorium perfoliatum , p. 208)
Remedy Make an infusion using 1⁄2 tsp of each  
herb with 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water and then drink  
12/3–21/3 cups (450–600 ml) a day. Note  This remedy is very effective if thick green mucus 
and nasal congestion occur. Colds
Herbs Lemon ( Citrus limon , p. 82), cinnamon 
(Cinnamomum spp., p. 81)
Remedy Drink the freshly squeezed juice of  
1 lemon, neat or diluted in warm water. Option Add 1 tsp of honey to the juice and 1⁄2 tsp 
of cinnamon powder. Herb Ginger ( Zingiber officinale , p. 155)
Remedy Infuse 2–3 slices (1 g) of fresh ginger  
with 3/4 cup (150 ml) of water for 5 minutes. T ake 
up to 3 cups (750 ml) a day. Herbs Elderberry ( Sambucus nigra , p. 132), lemon 
(Citrus limon , p. 82)
Remedy T ake 1 tsp (5 ml) of elderberry tincture 
or extract in warm water up to 3 times a day. Add  
in freshly squeezed juice from half a lemon. High Fever
Herbs Y arrow ( Achillea millefolium , p. 56), boneset 
(Eupatorium perfoliatum , p. 208), cayenne 
(Capsicum frutescens , p. 74)
Remedy Make an infusion using 1 tsp each of 
yarrow and boneset, with a pinch of cayenne, to  
3/4 cup (150 ml)  of water. Brew for 5 minutes and 
drink hot. T ake up to 21/3 cups ( 600 ml) a day. Sore Throats
Herbs T amarind ( Tamarindus indica , p. 274), 
lemon ( Citrus limon , p. 82)
Remedy Gargle with either a decoction of 
tamarind fruit or 1 tbsp (20 ml) of lemon juice, 
either neat or diluted in warm water. Herbs Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis , p. 128), 
sage ( Salvia officinalis , p. 131), myrrh ( Commiphora 
molmol , p. 85), echinacea ( Echinacea  spp., p. 92)
Remedy 1  Dilute 1 tsp of equal parts of all 
tinctures in 5 tsp of warm water and gargle. Swallow the mixture (except if pregnant). Remedy 2  Make a sage infusion, brew for  10 minutes, and allow to cool a little. Gargle, 
then swallow. Add 1 tsp (5 ml) of vinegar 
and 1 tsp of honey to strengthen its action. Caution Do not swallow sage during pregnancy. Tonsillitis
Herbs Echinacea ( Echinacea  spp., p. 92), all 
herbs listed under Sore Throats
Remedy T ake echinacea (see Flu with Muscle 
Aches & Pains  above), or use one of the 
gargles listed under Sore Throats . QCaution Seek professional advice if there is no 
improvement after 2 days.Options Add 1 or 2 of the following herbs:  
2–3 cloves ( Eugenia caryophyllata , p. 97), 1⁄2 tsp  
of powdered or grated fresh ginger ( Zingiber  
officinale , p. 155), 1⁄2 tsp of chopped or  
powdered cinnamon bark ( Cinnamomum spp.,  
p. 81), 1–2 crushed cardamom seeds ( Elettaria 
cardamomum , p. 93), 2–3 crushed peppercorns 
(Piper nigrum , p. 250). Caution Do not take yarrow during pregnancy. Herbs Wormwood ( Artemisia absinthium ,  
p. 66), gentian ( Gentiana lutea , p. 99)
Remedy T ake 10 drops of either tincture with 
water 3 times a day in addition to the above remedy. Caution  Do not take wormwood during pregnancy. Mild Fever
Herbs Y arrow ( Achillea millefolium , p. 56), 
elderberry ( Sambucus nigra , p. 132)
Remedy Make an infusion with 1⁄2 tsp of each 
herb in 1/3 cup (100 ml) water. Brew for 10 
minutes and drink up to 21/3 cups ( 600 ml) a day. Caution  Do not take yarrow during pregnancy. Herb Onion ( Allium cepa , p. 164)
Remedy Bake a large onion at 400ºF (200ºC) 
for 40 minutes. Remove, and mix the juice with 
an equal amount of honey. T ake 1–2 tsp an hour 
up to 8 times a day. Flu with Muscle Aches & Pains
Herbs Thyme ( Thymus vulgaris , p. 143), lemon 
balm ( Melissa officinalis , p. 113), elderflower 
(Sambucus nigra , p. 132)
Remedy Make an infusion using 5 g of each  
herb to 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Brew for 10 
minutes and drink up to 3 cups (750 ml) a day. Herb Echinacea ( Echinacea  spp., p. 92)
Remedy T ake tablets or capsules, or up to 1⁄2 tsp 
of tincture with water twice a day. Alternatively, 
make a decoction with 5 g of root to 3 cups  
(750 ml) of water and then drink 11⁄4–21/3 cups 
(300–600 ml) a day. Before taking any herbal remedies, see pages 290 & 298–299
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312
Herbal remedies for H ome useCongestion, Sinus Problems, & Earache
Sprains & Fractures
Muscle Aches & CrampsExcessive nasal congestion is not always easy to 
treat and suggests poor air quality, inappropriate diet, or an allergy. The shape of the nose and sinuses (the air-filled cavities in the bones around the nose) can also play a role in this condition. Sinuses can become blocked with fluid, causing painful pressure. Earache may be caused by local infection—in which case garlic is particularly effective—or congestion. Lavender is helpful in soothing the pain of all types of earache. Diet
As a first step, reduce foods thought to  increase mucus production, such as dairy,  
eggs, fried and fatty food, sugar, and refined carbohydrates, such as white flour, as well  
as alcohol. QGeneral caution Seek professional advice for 
earache, especially in children. Minor damaged areas benefit from herbs such as 
arnica and comfrey, which soothe bruising and speed up the healing process. Apply as soon as possible after treatment. QGeneral caution Always seek professional 
treatment for broken bones, fractures, and  
severe sprains. Muscle aches and cramps are entirely normal, 
particularly after strenuous activity, and the pain should lessen in time. Meanwhile, rubs and ointments containing soothing herbs, such  
as arnica, thyme, and cramp bark, can alleviate aching muscles. Rheumatism is a general term for muscle or joint pain and stiffness, and the remedies listed here and under Joint Pain & Stiffness, p. 313, are appropriate for this condition.General Remedy
Herb Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus, p. 96)
Remedy Make a steam inhalation by infusing  15 g of herb, or put 5–10 drops of essential oil in  3 cups (750 ml) water. Inhale for 10 minutes. Allergic States with Excessive Nasal 
Mucus, such as Hay Fever
Herb German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita,  
p. 77)Remedy Make a steam inhalation by infusing  
15 g of herb, or put 5–10 drops of essential oil in  3 cups (750 ml) water. Inhale for 10 minutes. Earache
Herb Lavender (Lavandula officinalis, p. 108)Remedy Place 2 drops of essential oil on a cotton ball and plug into the ear. Earache Caused by Infection
Herb Garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59)
Sprains
Herb Arnica (Arnica montana, p. 172)
Remedy Apply ointment or cream to the 
damaged area and gently massage into the skin at least 3 times a day. Caution Do not use arnica on broken skin. Tired & Aching Muscles
Herb Arnica (Arnica montana, p. 172)
Remedy Apply cream or ointment. Caution Do not use arnica on broken skin. Herbs Thyme (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143), rosemary 
(Rosmarinus officinalis, p. 128)Remedy Make an infusion with 25 g of one herb to 3 cups (750 ml) water. Brew for 10 minutes, strain into a bath, and soak for 20 minutes.Remedy Break open a garlic oil capsule, place  
2 drops on a cotton ball, and plug into the affected ear. Alternatively, crush a large clove of garlic and soak in 1 tbsp of sunflower or olive oil for at least 24 hours. Strain the oil and warm it to body temperature. Then place 2 drops on a cotton ball and plug into the ear. Earache due to Chronic Congestion
Herbs Echinacea (Echinacea spp., p. 92), thyme 
(Thymus vulgaris, p. 143), marshmallow (Althaea 
officinalis, p. 165), elderflower (Sambucus nigra,  p. 132)Remedy Mix equal parts of each tincture and take 1 tsp 3 times a day with water. Copious Liquid Mucus &  
Sinus Congestion
See Allergic Rhinitis, p. 300. Sinus Headaches
See Tension & Sinus Headaches, p. 309. Fractures
Herb Comfrey (Symphytum officinale, p. 138)
Remedy Gently apply ointment, cream, or infused oil to the area at least 3 times a day. Caution Do not use comfrey on broken skin. Option Try also the rub containing St. John’s 
wort oil, listed under General Remedies for Back Pain, p. 313. Cramps & Muscle Spasms
Herb Cramp bark (Viburnum opulus, p. 150)
Remedy (Internal) T ake 1 tsp of tincture with water up to 3 times a day.Remedy (External) Rub neat tincture firmly into the affected area.Musculoskeletal Problems
Whether caused by accident, sports injury, or simple wear  
and tear, musculoskeletal problems can lead to a significant 
deterioration in quality of life. Manipulation is often the primary treatment, but herbal remedies can reduce pain and inflammation, relax muscles, detoxify the body, and speed up the rate of healing. External treatments soothe back muscles and joints, and sprained 
or sore limbs. Persevering with the simple home treatments given below can bring about a marked improvement of many problems. Cramp bark
(Viburnum opulus) QSeek immediate professional 
advice for:
■ Severe pain
■ Significant or sudden joint swelling
■ Broken or suspected broken bones
■ Any injury that may need an X-ray
 QCaution Only give external remedies to 
children. Seek professional advice before giving 
internal remedies to them. US_310-313_Respiratory_Tract_Problems.indd   312 26/02/16   4:43 pm313 Herbal remedies for Home useJoint Pain & Stiffness, Including Arthritis & Gout
Back PainThe most common ailment characterized by joint 
pain and stiffness is arthritis, which is caused by 
inflammation of the joints. Aging or wear and 
tear may be the cause, but some arthritic 
conditions, and other joint problems such as 
gout, are due to the buildup of waste products 
in the joints. Devil’s claw  is anti-inflammatory, relieving 
swollen and inflamed joints. Lemon  juice reduces acidity in the body. White 
willow relieves inflammation and pain and, when 
combined with other herbs, can lead to significant 
improvement in mild to moderate arthritis. Meadowsweet and celery  combine well to 
reduce acidity. All the herbal remedies here can 
be safely taken for 1–2 months. Self-help
Improving posture, managing anxiety, and using 
herbal remedies to help the body eliminate toxins 
can all help control these conditions. Avoid acid-
forming foods such as red meat, spinach, tomatoes, 
and oranges. Regular (but not excessive) exercise 
is beneficial, as is a relaxed, positive attitude. QGeneral cautions For severe arthritis, consult a 
professional practitioner. Do not take devil’s claw, black 
cohosh, or celery seed during pregnancy. Above all, back problems require specialist 
attention and plenty of rest. Herbal remedies 
contribute to overall improvement by alleviating 
pain and muscle tension, and helping to make life 
more comfortable. Cramp bark and prickly ash  are warming, 
relaxing herbs, which, when rubbed into the 
affected area, help to “unknot” taut muscles. Lavender and St. John’s wort  are useful 
herbs when nervous tension is contributing  
to the problem. Devil’s claw and cramp bark  have effective 
anti-inflammatory properties and help reduce 
swollen joints. Passionflower encourages sleep, particularly 
when back pain is accompanied by nervous 
tension. Sciatica  (a painful condition caused by a 
trapped spinal nerve) and neuralgia can both  
be relieved by using an external rub containing 
St. John’s wort infused oil. QGeneral cautions  Back problems need specialist 
care. For chronic or severe back pain, seek the advice 
of a professional practitioner to gain the most benefit 
from herbal medicine.Arthritis & Inflamed Joints
Herb Devil’s claw ( Harpagophytum procumbens ,  
p. 103)
Remedy T ake tablets (see General cautions ). Herb Lemon ( Citrus limon , p. 82)
Remedy Squeeze the juice from a lemon and 
drink neat or diluted in water each morning. Herb White willow ( Salix alba , p. 129)
Remedy T ake tablets, or make a decoction using 
10 g of root to 3 cups (750 ml) water. T ake in  
3 doses over 1–2 days as required. Herbs Devil’s claw ( Harpagophytum procumbens ,  
p. 103), celery ( Apium graveolens , p. 64), white 
willow ( Salix alba , p. 129)
Remedy Make a decoction with 8 g of each  
herb to 3 cups (750 ml) of water, divide into  
4 doses, and take 2–3 doses a day; or mix equal 
parts of the tinctures and take 1 tsp with water  
3 times a day (see General  cautions ). Option If arthritis develops during menopause, 
replace devil’s claw with 8 g of black cohosh 
(Cimicifuga racemosa , p. 79)
Herb Deadly nightshade ( Atropa belladonna , p. 69)
Remedy Apply belladonna bandages in addition  
to one of the above remedies. General Remedies
Herbs Cramp bark ( Viburnum opulus , p. 150), 
prickly ash ( Zanthoxylum americanum , p. 153)
Remedy Make a decoction using 15 g of cramp bark 
and 5 g of prickly ash bark to 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Strain and rub into the affected area, or use 1 tbsp of 
tincture and apply in the same way. Note  Use especially for tense neck and  
lumbar regions. Herb Thyme ( Thymus vulgaris , p. 143)
Remedy Make an infusion using 25 g of herb to 3 
cups (750 ml) of water and strain into a bath. Soak 
for 20 minutes. Herbs St. John’s wort ( Hypericum perforatum ,  
p. 106), lavender ( Lavandula officinalis , p. 108), 
pepper ( Piper nigrum , p. 250), crampbark 
(Viburnum opulus , p. 150)
Remedy T ake 2 tbsp of sunflower oil or St. John’s 
wort infused oil, add 20 drops of lavender 
essential oil, 10 drops each of rosemary and 
pepper essential oil, and 1 tsp of cramp bark 
tincture. Shake and rub into tense areas, either  
after a bath or having first warmed the area with  
a hot towel.Arthritis Associated with Acid 
Indigestion or Peptic Ulcer
Herbs Meadowsweet ( Filipendula ulmaria ,  
p. 98), celery ( Apium graveolens , p. 64)
Remedy Make an infusion with meadowsweet 
and drink up to 3 cups (750 ml) a day, or mix  
2 parts meadowsweet tincture with 1 part 
celery tincture and take 1⁄2 tsp with water  
2–3 times a day (refer to General cautions ). Stiff & Aching Joints
Herbs St. John’s wort ( Hypericum perforatum ,  
p. 106), comfrey ( Symphytum officinale , p. 138), 
lavender ( Lavandula officinalis , p. 108)
Remedy Mix 21⁄2 tbsp of St. John’s wort or 
comfrey infused oil with 20–40 drops of 
lavender essential oil and gently massage into  
the affected area. Option Try the rub containing St. John’s wort 
infused oil under General Remedies for Back  
Pain below. Gout
Herb Celery ( Apium graveolens , p. 64)
Remedy T ake tablets, or make a decoction 
with the seeds. Divide into 3 doses and drink 
during the day or add 25 g of seeds to food per 
day (see General cautions ). Other uses  Use for sciatica and other back problems 
that cause neuralgia, as well as for stiff joints and 
chronic muscle ache. Back Pain due to Joint Inflammation
Herbs White willow ( Salix alba , p. 129),  
cramp bark ( Viburnum opulus , p. 150), devil’s claw 
(Harpagophytum procumbens , p. 103)
Remedy Mix equal parts of each root and 
make a decoction. Divide into 6 doses and take 
over 2 days. If there is no improvement after  
7 days, divide the decoction into 3 doses and 
take daily for up to a week. Caution  Do not take devil’s claw during pregnancy. Sleeplessness due to Backache
Herbs Passionflower ( Passiflora incarnata ,  
p. 119), valerian ( Valeriana officinalis , p. 148), 
cramp bark ( Viburnum opulus , p. 150)
Remedy Make a decoction using 8 g each of  
passionflower, valerian, and cramp bark to 3 
cups (750 ml) of water and drink 3/4–11/4 cup 
(150–300 ml) at night (the decoction is sufficient 
for 2 days). Before taking any herbal remedies, see pages 290 & 298–299
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314
herbal remedies for home useUrinary & Fungal Infections
Infections signal that the body’s resistance to disease has become 
weakened, particularly if they are long-lasting or recurrent. Minor infections affecting the kidneys and urinary system are common and, despite being hard to shake off, can be treated by boosting  the body’s natural defenses. Fungal infections can also be difficult to clear and may require professional treatment, although herbs such as garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59) and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia,  p. 112) are strongly antifungal. If the infection is chronic, it is 
necessary to support the immune system as a whole, with herbs such as echinacea (Echinacea spp., p. 92). Urinary Infections
Fungal InfectionsEchinacea
(Echinacea spp.) Cystitis (an infection of the bladder and urinary 
tubules) can be a serious problem if it spreads to the kidneys. Mild cystitis and other urinary infections can be cured with a mixture of antiseptic herbs such as buchu and soothing herbs such as marshmallow. T aking echinacea  
or garlic at the same time improves the body’s resistance to infection. Bilberry or cranberry, which are from the same genus, are excellent  
for urinary infections. QGeneral cautions Seek immediate professional help if 
cystitis is severe or recurrent, or if there is blood in the 
urine or pain around the kidneys or small of the back. Fungal infections are common and can be hard 
to treat. Vaginal yeast infection is increasingly found as a side effect of conventional antibiotic treatment. Calendula is helpful for treating this troublesome condition. Candidiasis (accelerated growth of Candida albicans, a yeastlike organism within the gut) can cause considerable problems, but mild cases may be helped with antiseptic and antifungal herbs, such as garlic. All types of  
fungal infections can be helped with herbs that boost the immune system, such as echinacea,  as well as by applying an external remedy to  the affected area. Diet
Diet is an important factor when treating  
fungal problems. Cut out or reduce intake  
of bread, alcohol, and other foods containing yeast or sugar. Self-help
Candidiasis sufferers can take probiotic capsules or live yogurt to help the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestines. For yeast infection, live yogurt can be inserted into the vagina. QGeneral caution Seek professional advice for 
candidiasis, as it is often a difficult condition to treat.General Remedies
Herbs Buchu (Barosma betulina, p. 71), cornsilk  
(Zea mays, p. 154), marshmallow (Althaea 
officinalis, p. 165)
Remedy Make an infusion with 5 g of each herb  
to 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Divide into 4 doses and drink throughout the day.Option Substitute juniper (Juniperus communis,  
p. 224) or goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea, p. 271)  for buchu. Caution Do not take juniper or buchu during pregnancy. General Remedies
Herbs Echinacea (Echinacea spp., p. 92), thyme (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143) Remedy Mix 2 parts echinacea tincture to  1 part thyme tincture and take 1 tsp twice a day with water. Herb Garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59)
Remedy T ake 1–2 garlic cloves a day, crushed  and swallowed with water or mixed with food. Vaginal Yeast Infection
Herb Calendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73)Remedy Make an infusion and allow to cool. Strain and use as a douche or wash.Option Add the infusion to a bath and soak for  20 minutes. Herb Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia, p. 112)
Remedy Use pessaries or place 1–2 drops of essential oil diluted with 3 drops of olive oil on a tampon and insert into the vagina (this may sting). Remove after 2–3 hours and only use once a day. QCaution During pregnancy, use these pessaries and 
tampons only with professional advice.Herb Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus, p. 147)Remedy Make a decoction of the berries and drink 12/3–21/3 cups (450–600 ml) a day. Tip Cranberry juice may be substituted for bilberry 
decoction. Herbs Garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59), echinacea 
(Echinacea spp., p. 92)Remedy T ake either or both herbs in capsule  or tablet form. Note T ake in addition to other remedies. Oral Thrush
Herbs Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra, p. 101), myrrh (Commiphora molmol, p. 85), echinacea (Echinacea spp., p. 92)Remedy Mix equal parts of the tincture of  each herb. T ake 1 tsp as a mouthwash with water every 3–4 hours, as required. Candidiasis
Herbs Elderflower (Sambucus nigra, p. 132), calendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73), thyme (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143)Remedy Make an infusion with 8 g of each herb to 3 cups (750 ml) water and drink  11/4–12/3 cups (300–450 ml) each day. Herb Pau d’Arco (Tabebuia spp., p. 139)
Remedy Make a decoction with 12 g bark to 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Divide into 3–4 doses and drink throughout the day. Alternatively, take capsules or 
1⁄2 tsp of tincture with water 
up to 3 times a day. Fungal Skin Infections, Including 
Athlete’s Foot
See p. 304. QSeek immediate professional 
advice for:
■ Infections that show no signs of 
improvement, or deteriorate after taking  
an herbal remedy
■ Temperatures above 102°F (39°C) 
■ Pain in the kidneys
■ Blood in the urine 
US_314-315_Urinary_And_Fungal_Infections.indd   314 26/02/16   4:43 pm315 herbal remedies for home use Reproductive & Menstrual Problems
Women have always tended to use herbal medicine more  
than men, traditionally in their role as healers in the home  
and now, in part, due to the proven effects of many herbs on 
the reproductive system. Herbs such as wild yam contain 
constituents similar to the female sex hormones, estrogen 
and progesterone, which can help regulate the menstrual cycle, 
increase or decrease fertility, and support the body through menopause. Common menstrual problems, such as cramps, premenstrual syndrome, and 
heavy bleeding, respond well to self-treatment. However, chronic conditions  
or infertility in either women or men require professional attention. Menstrual ProblemsChaste Tree
(Vitex agnus-castus)
The menstrual cycle can be disturbed for many 
reasons, most of them relating to hormonal 
imbalances. Other causes include stress, too  
much or too little exercise, weight problems, food 
sensitivity or allergy, steroids, the contraceptive 
pill, chronic illness, vitamin and mineral deficiency, 
and even excess caffeine, alcohol, or smoking. To 
determine the underlying cause, it is important  
to consult a professional practitioner. T aking remedies for menstrual 
problems. The remedies listed should all be 
taken at the appropriate point in the cycle for 
2–3 cycles. The normal menstrual cycle  lasts about  
28 days. If this cycle varies greatly from one 
period to another without reason, it could be 
termed irregular. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and 
period pain  have many causes and are 
experienced at some stage by most women. Breast tenderness, sore nipples, and fluid 
retention are common symptoms. Heavy periods  can result in anemia. If your 
period lasts longer than 5 days or if you have  
to change your protection every 2 hours, your 
periods may be too heavy. Nettle ( Urtica dioica , 
p. 146) is an excellent tonic, especially for heavy 
bleeding, as it contains more iron than spinach 
and can be eaten as a nourishing vegetable. Self-help
Combine herbal remedies with a diet high  
in fresh vegetables and fruit, and low in fatty 
foods, sugar, and alcohol. Try not to smoke. Regular exercise, particularly of the waist and 
pelvis, is helpful, as is a relaxed attitude to life. All reproductive problems will benefit from this 
simple approach. QGeneral caution For any chronic menstrual 
problem, it is wise to seek professional attention, 
especially if your periods are very heavy or painful.Irregular Cycle
Herb Chaste tree ( Vitex agnus-castus , p. 151) 
Remedy T ake tablets, or take 30–40 drops  
(1.5–2 ml) of tincture with water each morning  
on waking for at least 2 months. Herb Motherwort ( Leonurus cardiaca , p. 227)
Remedy Make an infusion and take 3/4–11/4 cups 
(150–300 ml) a day for up to 3 monthly cycles. Caution Do not take if menstrual bleeding is heavy. Premenstrual Syndrome
Herbs Vervain ( Verbena officinalis , p. 149), linden 
(Tilia spp., p. 277)
Remedy (Internal)  Make an infusion using 
either herb (or an equal mix of both) and drink up 
to 3 cups (750 ml) throughout the day. Herb Valerian ( Valeriana officinalis , p. 148)
Remedy (Internal)  T ake tablets containing 
valerian, or take 20–40 drops of tincture with 
water up to 5 times a day. Herb Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis , p. 128)
Remedy (External)  Make an infusion with  
1 tbsp of dried or 2 tbsp of fresh leaves to  
1 quart (liter) of water and strain into a warm bath  
each morning. Alternatively, add 5–10 drops  
of essential oil to a bath. Note  Also try the chaste tree remedy under Irregular 
Cycle above. Breast Tenderness & Sore Nipples
Herb German chamomile ( Chamomilla recutita ,  
p. 77) 
Remedy Make a compress with an infusion of  
50 g of herb and 1 cup (250 ml) of water. Place 
gently over the breasts. Repeat as often as 
required to achieve relief. Herb Calendula ( Calendula officinalis , p. 73)
Remedy Apply ointment to the nipples. If breastfeeding, wipe off the ointment  
before feeding.Fluid Retention
Herb Dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale , p. 141)
Remedy Make an infusion with the leaves and 
drink up to 12/3 cups (450 ml) a day. Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
Herb Chuang xiong ( Ligusticum wallachii ),  
white peony ( Paeonia lactiflora , p. 117), dong quai 
(Angelica sinensis , p. 63), rehmannia ( Rehmannia 
glutinosa , p. 125)
Remedy Mix equal parts of each root and  
make a decoction using 15 g of the mixture  
to 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Drink in 3 equal 
doses throughout the day. Note Any of these herbs will help, but they are 
best together, in which form they are known as 
Four Things Soup . Herb Shepherd’s purse ( Capsella bursa-pastoris , 
p. 183), nettle ( Urtica dioica , p. 146)
Remedy Make an infusion using 7.5 g of each 
herb (or 15 g of shepherd’s purse only) to 3 
cups (750 ml) of water. Divide into 3–4 doses 
and drink throughout the day. Period Pain
Flavor the decoctions with 1 heaping tsp  
of caraway seeds ( Carum carvi , p. 184). Mix 
before decocting. Herbs Wild yam ( Dioscorea villosa , p. 91), 
cramp bark ( Viburnum opulus , p. 150), black haw 
(Viburnum prunifolium , p. 281)
Remedy Make a decoction using 15 g of herb 
to 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Sip small amounts 
during the day; or take 2 tsp of tincture with 
water 3–4 times a day for up to 3 days, then 
reduce the dose to 1 tsp a day for 5 days, or 
take tablets. Herb White peony ( Paeonia lactiflora , p. 117)
Remedy Make a decoction using 20 g of root 
to 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Sip this throughout 
the day. QSeek immediate professional 
advice for:
■ Severe pain in the abdomen or pelvis
■ Significant or sudden change in menstruation, 
such as prolonged, heavy, or irregular periods
Important Note
For the best treatment, consult an herbalist. Seek professional advice before taking a 
remedy if you believe that you may be 
pregnant. See Pregnancy,  p. 317. Before taking any herbal remedies, see pages 290 & 298–299
US_314-315_Urinary_And_Fungal_Infections.indd   315 26/02/16   4:43 pm
316
Herbal remedies for H ome useFertility Problems in Women
Fertility Problems in Men
Menopausal ProblemsAlthough much more research is needed, herbal 
medicine does appear to increase fertility in women who are trying to conceive, especially  
if the problem is related to hormonal imbalances, age, or the amount of mucus produced by the cervix. Where there appears to be no physical problem preventing conception, for example a blocked fallopian tube, ovarian cysts, or internal scarring, herbal medicines are well worth trying. Diet, exercise, and lifestyle may also play a significant role in improving fertility. Impotence in men is a common problem, and 
herbal medicine has been used throughout history to help restore healthy sexual function. A low sperm count, which is a common cause of infertility, is often related to lifestyle and general state of health.Saw palmetto is a tonic herb that increases 
stamina. It benefits t he male sexual organs and  
is reputed to increase potency. Ashwagandha is an all-around tonic that is not as stimulating as ginseng, but is nonetheless helpful in restoring normal vitality after a long-term illness or stress. Menopause is defined as the cessation of 
menstruation. It usually takes place between the ages of 45 and 55. After two years without having a period, you can be sure that the “change of life” has occurred.Both estrogen and progesterone levels decline during menopause despite opinion  to the contrary. Herbs such as chaste tree, which have a progesterogenic effect, are as important  
as those that support estrogen levels, since both hormones appear to help maintain bone density, reducing the risk of osteoporosis.Maintaining vitality is important during  
menopause, since many problems result  
as much from being run-down and tired, as from hormonal changes. If you feel low and exhausted, some of these remedies may help  to raise vitality and spirits. St. John’s wort is an excellent medicine for depression.Hot flashes and night sweats are principally caused by hormonal changes. However, nervous exhaustion increases the occurrence of these conditions. QGeneral caution Seek professional advice if there  
is prolonged or irregular menstrual bleeding.Aiding Conception
Herb Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus, p. 151)
Remedy T ake tablets or take 20–40 drops of 
tincture with water each morning for a maximum of 3 months at a time. Herb Dong quai (Angelica sinensis, p. 63)
Remedy T ake tablets or make a decoction using 
12 g of root to 3 cups (750 ml) of water and drink each day for up to 3 months. Caution Discontinue if you become pregnant. General Vitality
Herb Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera, p. 152) 
Remedy T ake 2 g of the dried root a day, either 
by chewing it, or taking it in powder form mixed with honey and, if required, water. T ake for up to 6 weeks. Impotence & Premature Ejaculation
Herb Ginseng (Panax ginseng, p. 118)Remedy T ake 0.5–1 g up to 3 times a day for  6 weeks at a time, either by chewing the root, cooking it in a soup or stew, or taking it in  tablet form. Decreased Estrogen  
& Progesterone Levels
Herb Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus, p. 151)
Remedy T ake tablets, or 20–40 drops of tincture 
with water each morning. Herb Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus, p. 174)
Remedy T ake ½ tsp of tincture 2–3 times daily 
with water. Herb Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa, p. 79)
Remedy T ake tablets, or take 25 drops of 
tincture with water 3 times a day. Option Black cohosh combines well with sage. Mix equal parts of each tincture and take 30–40 drops (1.5–2 ml) with water 3 times a day. Depression & Decreased Vitality
Herb St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum,  
p. 106)
Remedy T ake 1⁄2 tsp of tincture with water  
3 times a day. Herb Oats (Avena sativa, p. 175)
Remedy Eat 25–50 g of oats as a breakfast cereal, 
or with other food. Option In addition, make an infusion with oat straw. Divide into 3 doses and drink throughout the day.Low Sex Drive
Herb Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis, p. 133)Remedy Soak 5 g (a small handful) of berries 
in water overnight. Strain the berries and make  a decoction with 1 cup (250 ml) of water. Brew for 15 minutes and take the dose each day.
Encyclopedia_Of_Herbal_Medicine.txt
Summarize the following text section accurately and concisely. Maintain specific details and numerical information, and use anti-repetition mechanisms:

        Herb Comfrey ( Symphytum officinale, p. 138) 
Remedy Apply comfrey ointment or cream to  
the pus-filled area twice a day. Caution  Do not use comfrey on broken skin. Herb Lemon ( Citrus limon, p. 82)
Remedy Dab pure lemon juice onto the  
pus-filled area, or dilute 1 tsp of lemon juice  
with 1 tbsp of water and use as a skin wash  
twice a day. Stomach Spasm
Relaxing herbs  German chamomile 
(Chamomilla recutita, p. 77), lemon balm ( Melissa 
officinalis, p. 113), cramp bark ( Viburnum opulus,  
p. 150)
Carminative herbs  Anise ( Pimpinella anisum,  
p. 248), fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare, p. 212), mint 
(Mentha  spp. , pp. 234–235), angelica ( Angelica 
archangelica, p. 168)
Remedy Mix 3 parts of a relaxing herb to 1 part 
of a carminative herb and make an infusion. (For 
the carminative herbs, use fennel seeds, aniseed, 
mint leaves, or angelica root. ) Drink up to 3 cups 
(750 ml) a day. Herbs Slippery elm ( Ulmus rubra, p. 145), 
calendula ( Calendula officinalis, p. 73), myrrh 
(Commiphora molmol, p. 85), echinacea 
(Echinacea  spp. , p. 92)
Remedy Mix 1 level tsp of slippery elm 
powder with sufficient calendula, myrrh, or 
echinacea tincture to make a thick, smooth 
paste. Place on and around the boil, and bandage 
securely. Remove after 1–2 hours. Note  This remedy is especially useful for drawing 
painful boils and splinters. Internal Remedies
Herbs Dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale, p. 141), 
burdock ( Arctium lappa, p. 65)
Remedy Make a decoction using 5 g of 
burdock root and 10 g of dandelion root  
with 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Divide into 3 
doses and drink during the day. Herb Echinacea ( Echinacea  spp.
Apply comfrey ointment or cream to the affected area twice a day, or use a poultice made with slippery elm, calendula, or echinacea.
What is a recommended remedy for a boil?
Eat 1-2 fresh cloves of garlic a day, or make an infusion with 1 tsp of the herb and drink up to 3 cups a day.
What is a suggested remedy for indigestion?
Make a decoction using 15 g of yarrow and 5 g of each of the other herbs listed, and drink up to 3 cups a day.
What is a recommended remedy for sinus congestion?
Make a decoction using 20 g of burdock root and 10 g of dandelion root with 3 cups of water, or use the mixture to make an infusion and drink up to 3 cups a day.
What is a suggested remedy for constipation?
T ake 10 drops of valerian tincture with water every hour for up to 2 weeks, or chew 1-2 cloves of garlic a day.
What is a recommended remedy for stress and anxiety?