1) ibn hazm spoke about contradiction in the book altaqrib and said opposites are every two points whose meanings share the two ends of the distance and are under one category and there are intermediaries between them. so blackness and whiteness are opposites under one genus which is color and generosity and stinginess are under two genus which are virtue and vice. and every two opposites are perceived by one sense and every two opposites if one of them is in the soul the other is also in it. he said so the opposite is that when one of them occurs the occurrence of the other is removed and there are no intermediaries between them such as life and death meeting and separation.
 تحدث ابن حزم عن التضاد في كتاب التقريب فقال والأضداد هي كل نقطتين اقتسم معنياهما طرفي البعد وكانا واقعين تحت مقولة واحدة وكان بينهما وسائط فالسواد والبياض ضدان تحت جنس واحد هو اللون، والجود والشح تحت جنسين هما الفضيلة والرذيلة. وكل ضدين يدركان بحاسة واحدة، وكل ضدين ان كان أحدهما في النفس فالآخر فيها أيضا وقال فالمتضادة هي ما إذا وقع أحدهما ارتفع وقع الآخر ولا وسائط بينهما، كالحياة والموت والاجتماع والافتراق.