Heap's algorithm returns the list of all permutations possible from a list. It minimizes movement by generating each permutation from the previous one by swapping only two elements. More information: https:en.wikipedia.orgwikiHeap27salgorithm. Pure python implementation of the Heap's algorithm recursive version, returning all permutations of a list.  heaps   heaps0 0,  heaps1, 1 1, 1, 1, 1  heaps1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 3, 3, 1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 2, 3, 1, 3, 2, 1  from itertools import permutations  sortedheaps1,2,3  sortedpermutations1,2,3 True  allsortedheapsx  sortedpermutationsx ...     for x in , 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3 True
def heaps(arr: list) -> list:
    """
    Pure python implementation of the Heap's algorithm (recursive version),
    returning all permutations of a list.
    >>> heaps([])
    [()]
    >>> heaps([0])
    [(0,)]
    >>> heaps([-1, 1])
    [(-1, 1), (1, -1)]
    >>> heaps([1, 2, 3])
    [(1, 2, 3), (2, 1, 3), (3, 1, 2), (1, 3, 2), (2, 3, 1), (3, 2, 1)]
    >>> from itertools import permutations
    >>> sorted(heaps([1,2,3])) == sorted(permutations([1,2,3]))
    True
    >>> all(sorted(heaps(x)) == sorted(permutations(x))
    ...     for x in ([], [0], [-1, 1], [1, 2, 3]))
    True
    """

    if len(arr) <= 1:
        return [tuple(arr)]

    res = []

    def generate(k: int, arr: list):
        if k == 1:
            res.append(tuple(arr[:]))
            return

        generate(k - 1, arr)

        for i in range(k - 1):
            if k % 2 == 0:  # k is even
                arr[i], arr[k - 1] = arr[k - 1], arr[i]
            else:  # k is odd
                arr[0], arr[k - 1] = arr[k - 1], arr[0]
            generate(k - 1, arr)

    generate(len(arr), arr)
    return res


if __name__ == "__main__":
    user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:\n").strip()
    arr = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
    print(heaps(arr))
