Initialize a GradientBoostingClassifier. Parameters:  nestimators int: The number of weak learners to train.  learningrate float: The learning rate for updating the model. Attributes:  nestimators int: The number of weak learners.  learningrate float: The learning rate.  models list: A list to store the trained weak learners. Fit the GradientBoostingClassifier to the training data. Parameters:  features np.ndarray: The training features.  target np.ndarray: The target values. Returns: None  import numpy as np  from sklearn.datasets import loadiris  clf  GradientBoostingClassifiernestimators100, learningrate0.1  iris  loadiris  X, y  iris.data, iris.target  clf.fitX, y   Check if the model is trained  lenclf.models  100 True Calculate the pseudoresiduals Fit a weak learner e.g., decision tree to the residuals Update the model by adding the weak learner with a learning rate Make predictions on input data. Parameters:  features np.ndarray: The input data for making predictions. Returns:  np.ndarray: An array of binary predictions 1 or 1.  import numpy as np  from sklearn.datasets import loadiris  clf  GradientBoostingClassifiernestimators100, learningrate0.1  iris  loadiris  X, y  iris.data, iris.target  clf.fitX, y  ypred  clf.predictX   Check if the predictions have the correct shape  ypred.shape  y.shape True Initialize predictions with zeros Calculate the negative gradient pseudoresiduals for logistic loss. Parameters:  target np.ndarray: The target values.  ypred np.ndarray: The predicted values. Returns:  np.ndarray: An array of pseudoresiduals.  import numpy as np  clf  GradientBoostingClassifiernestimators100, learningrate0.1  target  np.array0, 1, 0, 1  ypred  np.array0.2, 0.8, 0.3, 0.7  residuals  clf.gradienttarget, ypred   Check if residuals have the correct shape  residuals.shape  target.shape True
import numpy as np
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeRegressor


class GradientBoostingClassifier:
    def __init__(self, n_estimators: int = 100, learning_rate: float = 0.1) -> None:
        """
        Initialize a GradientBoostingClassifier.

        Parameters:
        - n_estimators (int): The number of weak learners to train.
        - learning_rate (float): The learning rate for updating the model.

        Attributes:
        - n_estimators (int): The number of weak learners.
        - learning_rate (float): The learning rate.
        - models (list): A list to store the trained weak learners.
        """
        self.n_estimators = n_estimators
        self.learning_rate = learning_rate
        self.models: list[tuple[DecisionTreeRegressor, float]] = []

    def fit(self, features: np.ndarray, target: np.ndarray) -> None:
        """
        Fit the GradientBoostingClassifier to the training data.

        Parameters:
        - features (np.ndarray): The training features.
        - target (np.ndarray): The target values.

        Returns:
        None

        >>> import numpy as np
        >>> from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
        >>> clf = GradientBoostingClassifier(n_estimators=100, learning_rate=0.1)
        >>> iris = load_iris()
        >>> X, y = iris.data, iris.target
        >>> clf.fit(X, y)
        >>> # Check if the model is trained
        >>> len(clf.models) == 100
        True
        """
        for _ in range(self.n_estimators):
            # Calculate the pseudo-residuals
            residuals = -self.gradient(target, self.predict(features))
            # Fit a weak learner (e.g., decision tree) to the residuals
            model = DecisionTreeRegressor(max_depth=1)
            model.fit(features, residuals)
            # Update the model by adding the weak learner with a learning rate
            self.models.append((model, self.learning_rate))

    def predict(self, features: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
        """
        Make predictions on input data.

        Parameters:
        - features (np.ndarray): The input data for making predictions.

        Returns:
        - np.ndarray: An array of binary predictions (-1 or 1).

        >>> import numpy as np
        >>> from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
        >>> clf = GradientBoostingClassifier(n_estimators=100, learning_rate=0.1)
        >>> iris = load_iris()
        >>> X, y = iris.data, iris.target
        >>> clf.fit(X, y)
        >>> y_pred = clf.predict(X)
        >>> # Check if the predictions have the correct shape
        >>> y_pred.shape == y.shape
        True
        """
        # Initialize predictions with zeros
        predictions = np.zeros(features.shape[0])
        for model, learning_rate in self.models:
            predictions += learning_rate * model.predict(features)
        return np.sign(predictions)  # Convert to binary predictions (-1 or 1)

    def gradient(self, target: np.ndarray, y_pred: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
        """
        Calculate the negative gradient (pseudo-residuals) for logistic loss.

        Parameters:
        - target (np.ndarray): The target values.
        - y_pred (np.ndarray): The predicted values.

        Returns:
        - np.ndarray: An array of pseudo-residuals.

        >>> import numpy as np
        >>> clf = GradientBoostingClassifier(n_estimators=100, learning_rate=0.1)
        >>> target = np.array([0, 1, 0, 1])
        >>> y_pred = np.array([0.2, 0.8, 0.3, 0.7])
        >>> residuals = clf.gradient(target, y_pred)
        >>> # Check if residuals have the correct shape
        >>> residuals.shape == target.shape
        True
        """
        return -target / (1 + np.exp(target * y_pred))


if __name__ == "__main__":
    iris = load_iris()
    X, y = iris.data, iris.target
    X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
        X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42
    )

    clf = GradientBoostingClassifier(n_estimators=100, learning_rate=0.1)
    clf.fit(X_train, y_train)

    y_pred = clf.predict(X_test)
    accuracy = accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred)
    print(f"Accuracy: {accuracy:.2f}")
