title finding the value of magnitude of either the casimir force the surface area of one of the plates or distance between the plates provided that the other two parameters are given description in quantum field theory the casimir effect is a physical force acting on the macroscopic boundaries of a confined space which arises from the quantum fluctuations of the field it is a physical force exerted between separate objects which is due to neither charge gravity nor the exchange of particles but instead is due to resonance of allpervasive energy fields in the intervening space between the objects since the strength of the force falls off rapidly with distance it is only measurable when the distance between the objects is extremely small on a submicron scale this force becomes so strong that it becomes the dominant force between uncharged conductors dutch physicist hendrik b g casimir first proposed the existence of the force and he formulated an experiment to detect it in 1948 while participating in research at philips research labs the classic form of his experiment used a pair of uncharged parallel metal plates in a vacuum and successfully demonstrated the force to within 15 of the value he had predicted according to his theory the casimir force f for idealized perfectly conducting plates of surface area a square meter and placed at a distance of a meter apart with vacuum between them is expressed as f reduced planck constant c pi2 a 240 a4 here the negative sign indicates the force is attractive in nature for the ease of calculation only the magnitude of the force is considered source https en wikipedia orgwikicasimireffect https www cs mcgill carwestwikispeediawpcdwpccasimireffect htm casimir h b polder d 1948 the influence of retardation on the londonvan der waals forces physical review vol 73 issue 4 pp 360372 define the reduced planck constant h bar speed of light c value of pi and the function input parameters force casimir force magnitude in newtons area surface area of each plate magnitude in square meters distance distance between two plates distance in meters returns result dict name value pair of the parameter having zero as it s value returns the value of one of the parameters specified as 0 provided the values of other parameters are given casimirforceforce 0 area 4 distance 0 03 force 6 4248189174864216e21 casimirforceforce 2635e13 area 0 0023 distance 0 distance 1 0323056015031114e05 casimirforceforce 2737e21 area 0 distance 0 0023746 area 0 06688838837354052 casimirforceforce 3457e12 area 0 distance 0 traceback most recent call last valueerror one and only one argument must be 0 casimirforceforce 3457e12 area 0 distance 0 00344 traceback most recent call last valueerror distance can not be negative casimirforceforce 912e12 area 0 distance 0 09374 traceback most recent call last valueerror magnitude of force can not be negative run doctest define the reduced planck constant ℏ h bar speed of light c value of pi and the function unit of ℏ j s unit of c m s 1 input parameters force casimir force magnitude in newtons area surface area of each plate magnitude in square meters distance distance between two plates distance in meters returns result dict name value pair of the parameter having zero as it s value returns the value of one of the parameters specified as 0 provided the values of other parameters are given casimir_force force 0 area 4 distance 0 03 force 6 4248189174864216e 21 casimir_force force 2635e 13 area 0 0023 distance 0 distance 1 0323056015031114e 05 casimir_force force 2737e 21 area 0 distance 0 0023746 area 0 06688838837354052 casimir_force force 3457e 12 area 0 distance 0 traceback most recent call last valueerror one and only one argument must be 0 casimir_force force 3457e 12 area 0 distance 0 00344 traceback most recent call last valueerror distance can not be negative casimir_force force 912e 12 area 0 distance 0 09374 traceback most recent call last valueerror magnitude of force can not be negative run doctest
from __future__ import annotations

from math import pi



REDUCED_PLANCK_CONSTANT = 1.054571817e-34  

SPEED_OF_LIGHT = 3e8  


def casimir_force(force: float, area: float, distance: float) -> dict[str, float]:
    

    if (force, area, distance).count(0) != 1:
        raise ValueError("One and only one argument must be 0")
    if force < 0:
        raise ValueError("Magnitude of force can not be negative")
    if distance < 0:
        raise ValueError("Distance can not be negative")
    if area < 0:
        raise ValueError("Area can not be negative")
    if force == 0:
        force = (REDUCED_PLANCK_CONSTANT * SPEED_OF_LIGHT * pi**2 * area) / (
            240 * (distance) ** 4
        )
        return {"force": force}
    elif area == 0:
        area = (240 * force * (distance) ** 4) / (
            REDUCED_PLANCK_CONSTANT * SPEED_OF_LIGHT * pi**2
        )
        return {"area": area}
    elif distance == 0:
        distance = (
            (REDUCED_PLANCK_CONSTANT * SPEED_OF_LIGHT * pi**2 * area) / (240 * force)
        ) ** (1 / 4)
        return {"distance": distance}
    raise ValueError("One and only one argument must be 0")



if __name__ == "__main__":
    import doctest

    doctest.testmod()