为了支撑这一观点，他引用了“弗林效应 ” — —哲学家詹姆斯·弗林（James Flynn）的一项重大发现：自从智商（IQ）首次进行测试以来，人们的得分取得了相当大的提升。
In support of this claim, he refers to the “Flynn Effect” – the remarkable finding by the philosopher James Flynn that since IQ tests were first administered, scores have risen considerably.