当时的投行经常搞的一个勾当是，把自己承销的（尤其是外国企业和政府所发行的）股票和债券卖给自己的零售客户，从而转嫁风险，并赚取高额佣金。
Investment banks had sold shares and bonds (especially for foreign corporations and governments) to their retail customers, offloaded their own risk, and created a large revenue stream of fees for themselves.