人们曾认为知识密集型机构没有太大必要设置领导，因为人们曾普遍认为专家相对于利润增长和成本目标等外在动机更看重学术满足感是一种优势。
It was previously thought that leadership is less necessary in knowledge-intensive organizations, where experts were assumed to be superior because they were motivated by intellectual pleasure rather than such extrinsic motivations as profit growth and cost targets.