经济历史学家，特别是迈克尔·伯恩斯坦（Michael A. Bernstein）在其对美国大萧条的 研究中，令人信服地指出，转型中的经济需要强大的总需求让资源流入新部门。
Economic historians, notably Michael A. Bernstein in his study of the Great Depression in the United States, have convincingly shown that an economy in transition requires strong aggregate demand to pull resources into new sectors.