在欧洲，对主流的反对分裂为两个阵营，一是“老式”左派，已脱节于21世纪的现实；二是右翼民粹主义、排外主义甚至直截了当的法西斯政党。
The opposition to the dominant mainstream in Europe is split between what is still too often an “old” left that has trouble adjusting to twenty-first-century realities, and populist, anti-foreigner, and sometimes outright fascist parties on the right.