在1989年，一份名为《增强危机沟通》的美国国家研究委员会报告就建议使用一种“交换信息和意见的互动程序”来取代原先那种由专家来知会非专家的单向沟通方式。
In 1989, a United States National Research Council report, Improving Risk Communication, recommended that one-way communication from experts to non-experts be replaced with an “interactive process of exchange of information and opinion.”