比如，美国钢铁业在20世纪60年代经历了重大转型，当时，大型综合性钢铁厂逐渐被小型钢铁厂挤出，摧毁了宾夕法尼亚州的匹兹堡市和俄亥俄州的杨斯顿（Youngstown）市等老牌经济重镇。
The United States’ steel industry, for example, underwent a major transformation in the 1960s, when large, integrated steel mills were gradually put out of business by mini mills, destroying the existing economic base of cities like Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Youngstown, Ohio.