哈佛商学院教授艾儒蔚（ Rawi Abdelal）已经证明，20世纪80年代末及90年代初推动这项工作的不是自由市场理论者，而是像（欧盟委员会）雅克·德洛尔和（经合组织）亨利·沙夫兰斯基这样与法国社会党有紧密联系的法国技术官僚。
As Harvard Business School professor Rawi Abdelal has shown, this effort was spearheaded in the late 1980s and early 1990s not by free-market ideologues, but by French technocrats such as Jacques Delors (at the European Commission) and Henri Chavranski (at the OECD), who were closely associated with the Socialist Party in France.