当工业化工厂在十九世纪的欧洲诞生时，就连恩格尔这样的资本主义的坚定批评者也承认，大生产是中央集权的必要条件，不管经济制度是资本主义还是社会主义。
When industrial factories were introduced in Europe in the nineteenth century, even staunch critics of capitalism such as Friedrich Engels acknowledged that mass production necessitated centralized authority, regardless of whether the economic system was capitalist or socialist.