这些政策经常被认为是有悖于基本的美国价值观，即：录取、放贷和雇用的决策应该基于个人的成绩表现，而不是种族的划分。
Such programs are often viewed as contradicting a basic American value, namely that admissions, lending, and hiring decisions should be based on the merits of the individual, not group distinctions.