20世纪90年代初，日本股市和房地产泡沫破裂 ， “ 经连会 ” （ keiretsu）体系 — — “主银行”以及与之关系密切的非银行公司 — — 因为不堪过度杠杆的重负而倒闭。
When its equity and property bubbles burst in the early 1990s, the keiretsu system – “main banks” and their tightly connected nonbank corporates – imploded under the deadweight of excess leverage.