哈佛大学经济学家丹尼·罗德里克（Dani Rodrik）频繁指出，经济学理论预测，消除关税和非关税壁垒确实会带来净收益；但也会造成大规模再分配，其中消除较小壁垒所带来的再分配相对净收益更大。
As Harvard University economist Dani Rodrik frequently points out, economic theory predicts that removing tariffs and non-tariff barriers does produce net gains; but it also results in large redistributions, wherein eliminating smaller barriers yields larger redistributions relative to the net gains.