美国大约在1880—1930年期间完成了这一转型，它将管理专业化与新技术（电气化、汽车和无线电）的投机性尝试以及国家对第二次工业革命的大型产业垄断者（它们将超高利润投入到科学研究中）的容忍结合了起来。
The US managed the transition roughly between 1880 and 1930, combining the professionalization of management with a speculative taste for new technologies – electrification, automobiles, and radio – and state tolerance of the Second Industrial Revolution’s great industrial monopolies, which invested their super-profits in scientific research.