这些用具包括按揭合格标准（如贷款/房屋价值比和贷款/收入比）和动态拔备（即在房地产繁荣期提高银行的法定贷款损失准备金 ） 。
These include mortgage eligibility criteria, such as loan-to-value and loan-to-income ratios, and dynamic provisioning (that is increasing banks’ mandatory loan-loss reserves during housing booms).