自1978年以来，它们就以各种方式影响着中国经济，东亚的其他高增长经济体 — — 台湾、韩国甚至日本 — — 在快速增长时期也无不遇到过这些问题。
They have, in various forms, affected China’s economy since 1978, and were evident in East Asia’s other high-performing economies – Taiwan, South Korea, and even Japan – during their periods of rapid growth.