Read the following passage and questions, then choose the right answer from options, the answer should be one of A, B, C, D.

<passage>:
that—and an institution is where they put Aunt Maggy when she began collecting Wheaties in a stamp album. We can't appeal to them that way. Come on now." I smiled condescendingly, knowing it would irritate him. I stopped him with both raised hands. "Please, Professor Caswell! That and industry. Caswell had to show a way to make his own department instinctively slipped into his platform lecture mannerisms, and began to deliver an essay—"have certain tendencies built into the way they happen to have been organized, which cause them to expand or contract without reference to the needs they were founded to serve." He was becoming flushed with the pleasure of explaining his subject. "All through the ages, it has been a matter of wonder and dismay to men that a simple organization—such as a church to worship in, against an outside enemy—will either grow insensately and extend its control until it is a tyranny over their whole lives, or, like other organizations set up to serve a vital need, will tend to repeatedly dwindle and vanish, and have to be painfully rebuilt. "The reason can be traced to little quirks in the way they were organized, a matter of positive and negative power feedbacks. Such effects could somehow be simplified and formulated. In working on the problem, I found that the mathematics of open system, as introduced to biology by Ludwig von Bertalanffy and George Kreezer, could be used as a base that would enable me to develop a specifically social "By these formulations, it is possible to determine automatically the amount of growth and period of life of any organization. The UN, to choose an unfortunate example, is a shrinker type organization. Its authority on their own. Yet by the use of formula analysis—" "That's theory," I said. "How about proof?" "My equations are already being used in the study of limited-size Federal corporations. Washington—" repressing an urge to hit me with it. He spoke quietly. "All right, I'll give you a demonstration. Are you willing to wait six months?" "Certainly, if you can show me something at the end of that time." "I see you have your problems, too," Caswell said, conceding me Caswell had to make it work or get out. At lunch, three days later, while we were waiting for our order, he opened a small notebook. "Ever hear of feedback effects?" "Not enough to have it clear." "You know the snowball effect, though." "Sure, start a snowball rolling downhill and it grows." "Well, now—" He wrote a short line of symbols on a blank page and I hadn't expected to understand the equation, but it was almost as clear as a sentence. I was impressed and slightly intimidated by it. He had already explained enough so that I knew that, if he was right, here was the growth of the Catholic Church and the Roman Empire, the conquests of Alexander and the spread of the smoking habit and the change and rigidity of the unwritten law of styles. "Is it really as simple as that?" I asked. "You notice," he said, "that when it becomes too heavy for the cohesion strength of snow, it breaks apart. Now in human terms—" human behavior in groups. After running through a few different types of grower and shrinker type organizations, we came back to the snowball, and decided to run the test by making something grow. manipulation so that a special grouping appeared in the middle of the equation. "That's it." Since I seemed to have the right idea, I suggested some more, and he added some, and juggled them around in different patterns. We threw out a few that would have made the organization too complicated, and finally worked out an idyllically simple and deadly little organization setup where joining had all the temptation of buying a sweepstakes ticket, going in deeper was as easy as hanging around a race track, and getting out was like trying to pull free from a Malayan thumb trap. We put our heads closer together and talked lower, picking the best place for the demonstration. already. We can pick a suitable group from that." "This demonstration has got to be convincing. We'd better pick a little group that no one in his right mind would expect to grow." "There should be a suitable club—" stood up, bowing to polite applause and smiles. "Professor Caswell, and minutes I began to feel sleepy. There were only about thirty people there, and it was a small room, not I pointed out to Caswell the member I thought would be the natural I nudged Caswell and murmured, "Did you fix it so that a shover has a "I think there's a way they could find for it," Caswell whispered back, and went to work on his equation again. "Yes, several ways to bias the "Good. Point them out tactfully to the one you select. Not as if she'd use such methods, but just as an example of the reason why only After the meeting, Caswell drew the tall woman in the green suit limits and began the climb for University Heights. If Caswell's equations meant anything at all, we had given that sewing circle more growth drives than the Roman Empire. Four months later I had time out from a very busy schedule to wonder how the test was coming along. Passing Caswell's office, I put my head in. He looked up from a student research paper he was correcting. "Caswell, about that sewing club business—I'm beginning to feel the suspense. Could I get an advance report on how it's coming?" "I'm not following it. We're supposed to let it run the full six months." "Would that change the results?" Poor Caswell. The bet between us was ironclad. He wouldn't let me shooting himself. It had seemed funny to both of us at the time, but.... What a mess And what if Caswell asked me what I had found out in the meantime? I Everyone's supposed to have it. We've just printed up six thousand copies to make sure there'll be enough to last." " All we need is more members. Now get out there and recruit! " Next day, after calling Mrs. Searles, I placed some red stars on my graph for the first three months. They made a nice curve, rising more steeply as it reached the fourth month. They had picked up their first increase in membership simply by amalgamating with all the other types inert, cantankerous, or both. Caswell's formula could be a handle to were spectacular. Caswell's formulas were proven to the hilt. students on their research papers and marking tests—not following the Watashaw business at all, I'm afraid. You say the demonstration went obviously he was still peeved whenever he was reminded that I had doubted that his theory could work. And he was using its success to needled him pretty hard that first time. "I'm satisfied," I acknowledged. "I was wrong. The formulas work beautifully. Come over and see my file of documents on it if you want a boost for your ego. Now let's see the formula for stopping it." grow . It falls apart naturally when it stops growing for more than two months. It's like the great stock boom before an economic crash. Everyone in it is prosperous as long as the prices just keep going up and new buyers come into the market, but to lose if membership stops growing. Why, if I tried to stop it now, they'd cut my throat." I remembered the drive and frenzy of the crowd in the one early meeting The graph on the desk before me began to look sinister. Surely Caswell must have made some provision for— "You underestimate their ingenuity," I said into the phone. "Since they wanted to expand, they didn't stick to sewing. They went from general growing more rapidly with each increase. "Leaving out practical limitations for a moment, where does the formula say it will stop?" I asked. "When you run out of people to join it. But after all, there are only After the next doubling, the curve went almost straight up and off the page. Allowing for a lag of contagion from one nation to another, depending on how much their citizens intermingled, I'd give the rest of the world about twelve years. There was a long silence while Caswell probably drew the same graph

<question>:
What was an error in Caswell's theories (in reference to how they were applied)?

<options>:
A Their experiment assumed that only men would be interested in the test at hand
B Their experiment assumed that only women would be interested in the test at hand
C Their experiment was using too small a sample size
D Their experiment was using too large an initial sample size

<answer>:

B