Read the following passage and questions, then choose the right answer from options, the answer should be one of A, B, C, D.

<passage>:
is sociology good for?" Wilton Caswell, Ph.D., was head of my Sociology Department, and right then he was mad enough to chew nails. On the office wall behind him were three or four framed documents in Latin that were supposed to be to see to it that the university made money. I had a job to do, and I meant to do it. He bit off each word with great restraint: "Sociology is the study of social institutions, Mr. Halloway." I tried to make him understand my position. "Look, it's the big-money men who are supposed to be contributing to the support of this college. To them, sociology sounds like socialism—nothing can sound worse than that—and an institution is where they put Aunt Maggy when she began Come on now." I smiled condescendingly, knowing it would irritate him. "What are you doing that's worth anything?" He glared at me, his white hair bristling and his nostrils dilated like a war horse about to whinny. I can say one thing for them—these scientists and professors always keep themselves well under control. He had a book in his hand and I was expecting him to throw it, but he spoke instead: "This department's analysis of institutional accretion, by the use of open system mathematics, has been recognized as an outstanding and position, and ran his eyes over the titles of the books that lined his office walls. "Well, sociology has been valuable to business in initiating worker efficiency and group motivation studies, which they now use in management decisions. And, of course, since the depression, Washington has been using sociological studies of employment, labor and standards of living as a basis for its general policies of—" I stopped him with both raised hands. "Please, Professor Caswell! That would hardly be a recommendation. Washington, the New Deal and the present Administration are somewhat touchy subjects to the men I have to deal with. They consider its value debatable, if you know what I mean. If they got the idea that sociology professors are giving advice and guidance—No, we have to stick to brass tacks and leave Washington out of this. What, specifically, has the work of this specific He began to tap the corner of his book absently on the desk, watching me. "Fundamental research doesn't show immediate effects, Mr. Halloway, but its value is recognized." recognize its value." Prof. Caswell smiled back tightly. He knew his department was at stake. The other departments were popular with donors and pulled in gift and industry. Caswell had to show a way to make his own department "Institutions—organizations, that is—" his voice became more resonant like most professors, when he had to explain something he instinctively slipped into his platform lecture mannerisms, and began to deliver an essay—"have certain tendencies built into the way they happen to have been organized, which cause them to expand or contract without reference to the needs they were founded to serve." He was becoming flushed with the pleasure of explaining his subject. organizations set up to serve a vital need, will tend to repeatedly organized, a matter of positive and negative power feedbacks. Such organization can use the power available to him to increase his power?' effects could somehow be simplified and formulated. In working on the problem, I found that the mathematics of open system, as introduced to biology by Ludwig von Bertalanffy and George Kreezer, could be used as a base that would enable me to develop a specifically social mathematics, expressing the human factors of intermeshing authority and motives in simple formulas. "By these formulations, it is possible to determine automatically the amount of growth and period of life of any organization. The UN, to authority on their own. Yet by the use of formula analysis—" "That's theory," I said. "How about proof?" "I wouldn't mind hearing more, but I'm having lunch with some executors of a millionaire's will. They have to be convinced that by, 'furtherance of research into human ills,' he meant that the money should go to research fellowships for postgraduate biologists at the "I see you have your problems, too," Caswell said, conceding me progress of science and the respect of his colleagues, yet seething Caswell had to make it work or get out. going to do for a demonstration. At lunch, three days later, while we were waiting for our order, he opened a small notebook. "Ever hear of feedback effects?" "You notice," he said, "that when it becomes too heavy for the cohesion "Go on," I urged. He was deep in the symbology of human motives and the equations of human behavior in groups. After running through a few different types of grower and shrinker type organizations, we came back to the snowball, and decided to run the test by making something grow. group that no one in his right mind would expect to grow." "There should be a suitable club—" Picture Professor Caswell, head of the Department of Sociology, and with him the President of the University, leaning across the table toward each other, sipping coffee and talking in conspiratorial tones Circle. "Today we have guests." She signaled for us to rise, and we stood up, bowing to polite applause and smiles. "Professor Caswell, and Professor Smith." (My alias.) "They are making a survey of the methods I pointed out to Caswell the member I thought would be the natural "I think there's a way they could find for it," Caswell whispered back, she can be trusted with initiating the change. Just mention all the personal advantages an unscrupulous person could have." He nodded, keeping a straight and sober face as if we were exchanging admiring remarks about the techniques of clothes repairing, instead of After the meeting, Caswell drew the tall woman in the green suit If Caswell's equations meant anything at all, we had given that sewing how the test was coming along. Passing Caswell's office, I put my head "Caswell, about that sewing club business—I'm beginning to feel the "Not in the slightest. If you want to graph the membership rise, it should be going up in a log curve, probably doubling every so often." He grinned back. "If it's not rising, you won't have to fire me—I'll Poor Caswell. The bet between us was ironclad. He wouldn't let me through the first slow move to fire him. His professional pride would why the club had disbanded. Perhaps it had not just died. I called back. "This is Professor Smith," I said, giving the alias I And what if Caswell asked me what I had found out in the meantime? I and Secular Charities." That's what it said. Below began the rules of membership. I looked up. The speaker, with a clear, determined voice and conscious, All we need is more members. Now get out there and recruit! increase in membership simply by amalgamating with all the other types bright promise of advantages as long as there were always new members was becoming an openly profitable business. Membership was rising more inert, cantankerous, or both. Caswell's formula could be a handle to were spectacular. Caswell's formulas were proven to the hilt. many fellowships and scholarships and grants for your department that you'll think it's snowing money!" He answered somewhat disinterestedly, "I've been busy working with students on their research papers and marking tests—not following the doubted that his theory could work. And he was using its success to string of degrees after his name is just as human as anyone else. I had needled him pretty hard that first time. "I'm satisfied," I acknowledged. "I was wrong. The formulas work they all knew what would happen if it stopped growing. You remember, we built in as one of the incentives that the members know they are going The graph on the desk before me began to look sinister. Surely Caswell and Civic Development Corporation, and they're filing an application to change it to Civic Property Pool and Social Dividend, membership contractual, open to all. That social dividend sounds like a Technocrat climbed on the band wagon, eh?" growing more rapidly with each increase. "When you run out of people to join it. But after all, there are only

<question>:
Why is Caswell so confident that his organizational model will cause the group to grow?

<options>:
A Because he is an expert in pyramid schemes.
B Because he is an expert in socialism.
C Because he is an expert in organizational strategies.
D Because he is an expert in human social behavior.

<answer>:

D