Obama's devastating Nasa cuts
Open letter: Neil Armstrong, James Lovell and Eugene Cernan urge Obama not to forfeit US progress in space exploration
Buzz Aldrin on the moon, 1969
Neil Armstrong, James Lovell and Eugene Cernan
Thursday 15 April 2010 13.02 EDT
Last modified on Tuesday 20 April 2010 06.51 EDT
The United States entered into the challenge of space exploration under President Eisenhower's first term, however, it was the Soviet Union who excelled in those early years. Under the bold vision of Presidents Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon, and with the overwhelming approval of the American people, we rapidly closed the gap in the final third of the 20th century, and became the world leader in space exploration.
America's space accomplishments earned the respect and admiration of the world. Science probes were unlocking the secrets of the cosmos; space technology was providing instantaneous worldwide communication; orbital sentinels were helping man understand the vagaries of nature. Above all else, the people around the world were inspired by the human exploration of space and the expanding of man's frontier. It suggested that what had been thought to be impossible was now within reach.Students were inspired to prepare themselves to be a part of this new age. No government programme in modern history has been so effective in motivating the young to do "what has never been done before". World leadership in space was not achieved easily. In the first half-century of the space age, our country made a significant financial investment, thousands of Americans dedicated themselves to the effort, and some gave their lives to achieve the dream of a nation. In the latter part of the first half century of the space age, Americans and their international partners focused primarily on exploiting the near frontiers of space with the space shuttle and the International Space Station.
As a result of the tragic loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia in 2003, it was concluded that our space policy required a new strategic vision. Extensive studies and analysis led to this new mandate: meet our existing commitments, return to our exploration roots, return to the moon, and prepare to venture further outward to the asteroids and to Mars. The programme was named "Constellation". In the ensuing years, this plan was endorsed by two presidents of different parties and approved by both Democratic and Republican Congresses.
The Columbia Accident Board had given Nasa a number of recommendations fundamental to the Constellation architecture which were duly incorporated. The Ares rocket family was patterned after the Von Braun Modular concept so essential to the success of the Saturn 1B and the Saturn 5. A number of components in the Ares 1 rocket would become the foundation of the very large heavy lift Ares V, thus reducing the total development costs substantially. After the Ares 1 becomes operational, the only major new components necessary for the Ares V would be the larger propellant tanks to support the heavy lift requirements. The design and the production of the flight components and infrastructure to implement this vision was well underway. Detailed planning of all the major sectors of the programme had begun. Enthusiasm within Nasa and throughout the country was very high.
When President Obama recently released his budget for Nasa, he proposed a slight increase in total funding, substantial research and technology development, an extension of the International Space Station operation until 2020, long range planning for a new but undefined heavy lift rocket and significant funding for the development of commercial access to low earth orbit.
Although some of these proposals have merit, the accompanying decision to cancel the Constellation programme, its Ares 1 and Ares V rockets, and the Orion spacecraft, is devastating.
America's only path to low Earth orbit and the International Space Station will now be subject to an agreement with Russia to purchase space on their Soyuz (at a price of over $50m per seat with significant increases expected in the near future) until we have the capacity to provide transportation for ourselves. The availability of a commercial transport to orbit as envisioned in the president's proposal cannot be predicted with any certainty, but is likely to take substantially longer and be more expensive than we would hope. It appears that we will have wasted our current $10bn-plus investment in Constellation and, equally importantly, we will have lost the many years required to recreate the equivalent of what we will have discarded.
For the United States, the leading space faring nation for nearly half a century, to be without carriage to low Earth orbit and with no human exploration capability to go beyond Earth orbit for an indeterminate time into the future, destines our nation to become one of second or even third rate stature. While the president's plan envisages humans travelling away from Earth and perhaps toward Mars at some time in the future, the lack of developed rockets and spacecraft will assure that ability will not be available for many years.
Without the skill and experience that actual spacecraft operation provides, the US is far too likely to be on a long downhill slide to mediocrity. America must decide if it wishes to remain a leader in space. If it does, we should institute a programme which will give us the very best chance of achieving that goal.
Neil ArmstrongCommander, Apollo 11
James LovellCommander, Apollo 13
Eugene CernanCommander, Apollo 17
• The caption for the photograph accompanying this article was amended on 20 April 2010. It originally stated that the photograph depicted Neil Armstrong. It is in fact of Buzz Aldrin, and taken by Armstrong. This has now been corrected
Barack Obama unveils new vision for Nasa spaceflight
President attempts to quell mounting dissent by unveiling 'ambitious' new direction for space policy
Lunar eclipse: US retreat leaves China leading way in race to return to moon
Politicians fight to keep America's moon mission alive
Barack Obama to drop Nasa moon mission in budget cutbacks
Buzz Aldrin: 'A race to the moon is a dead end'