状语(adverbial,简称adv)是句子的一个重要修饰成分,是谓语里的另一个附加成分.从情况,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心词进行修饰,限制.在不同的语言中"状语"有不同的作用,中文状语是动词或形容词前面的连带成分,用来修饰,限制动词或形容词,表示动作的状态,方式,时间,处所或程度等;英语状语修饰动词,形容词,副词或整个句子;德语状语修饰动词,形容词,副词或整个句子.中文状语 现代状语 现代汉文中,状语分一般状语和句首状语,一般状语位于主语,谓语之间,起修饰,限制谓语中心词的作用;句首状语则比较少见,但在表示时间,处所,目的的名词,介词结构做状语时,可以把状语放在主语的前边,如"一九四九年,我们国家举行了开国大典","在北京,我们游览了故宫"其中"一九四九年,在北京"就是分别表时间,地点的句首状语.状语的书面标志是"地",如"小明愉快地回了家",当然有时候状语也不带"地",如"他们在上海见了面",其中愉快地,在上海就是状语1.一般状语例句他已经走了咱们北京见科学终于以伟大的不可抑制的力量战胜了神权2.句首状语一九四九年,我们国家举行了开国大典在杭州,我们游览了西湖美景状语常见形式1.副词,形容词经常做状语.2.表示时间,处所的名词经常做状语,一般名词不做状语,动词中除助动词外很少做状语.3.介词结构常做状语状语说白了,就是修饰动作的词,也可以理解成修饰谓语的词.多层状语的排列次序:多层状语的排序取决于状语内部的逻辑关系和表义的需要.a,表目的或原因的介宾短语b,表时间或处所的c,表语气(副词)或对象的(介宾短语)d, 表情态或程度的.另外, 表示对象的介宾短语一般紧挨在中心语前.例:在休息室里许多老师昨天都同他热情地交谈. [正确次序:许多老师昨天(时间)在休息室里(处所)都(范围)热情地(情态)同他(对象)交谈.] [1] 文言文中的状语 文言文中的状语分一般状语和状语后置,在文言文中,状语经常会后置,状语后置是文言文几种重要的倒装句式之一1.一般状语例句周桓王使虢仲伐曲沃武公 (司马迁 "史记")译为周恒王派虢仲讨伐曲沃武公,其中"使虢仲"为状语2.状语后置例句"然侍卫之臣,不懈于内,忠志之士,忘身于外者,盖追先帝之殊遇." (诸葛亮"前出师表")译为"不过宫廷里侍从护卫的官员不懈怠,战场上忠诚有志的将士们奋不顾身,大概是他们追念先帝对他们的特别的知遇之恩",其中"于内","于外"是状语后置"将军战河北,臣战河南.""鸿门宴"译为"将军于黄河之北作战,我在黄河之南作战",其中"河北,河南"就是状语后置"覆之以掌" (蒲松龄"促织")正序为"以掌覆之"译为"用手掌覆盖(蟋蟀)", "以掌"就是状语后置青,取之于蓝,而青于蓝;冰,水为之,而寒于水 (荀子"劝学")译为"靛青这种染料是从蓝草里提取的,然而却比蓝草的颜色更青;冰块是冷水凝结而成的,然而却比水更寒冷" ,其中的"于蓝,于水"为典型的状语后置每假借于藏书之家,手自笔录 (宋濂 "送东阳马生序")译为"常向藏书的人家求借,亲手抄录",其中"于藏书之家"便是状语后置文言文中的状语常以后置的形式出现,而今的现代汉文中如果把修饰,限制谓语的词放到谓语后面则被认为是补语而非状语了,因此状语后置只有在古文中才有. 英语状语 状语的作用:状语说明地点,时间,原因,目的,结果,条件,方向,程度,方式和伴随状语等.状语一般由副词,介词短语,分词和分词短语,不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当.其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中.状语是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念.1.副词一般在句子中做状语He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好.其中的"very"是程度副词,用来修饰"well"."very well"是修饰"speak"的程度状语.2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语I come specially to see you. 我专门来看你.3.介词短语Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.从十年以前开始,她开始住在了大连."in Dalian"是介词短语,在句中作地点状语.The boy was praised for his bravery.这个男孩因为他的勇敢而被夸奖."for his bravery"是介词短语,在句中作原因状语,解释男孩被夸奖的原因.4.从句作状语When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.她12岁的那一年开始居住于大连.此处When引导时间状语,从句在主句中充当时间状语从句.If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.如果我明天不忙,我就会陪你踢足球.此处If引导条件状语,从句在主句中充当条件状语从句.5.过去分词作状语Faced with the situation, what are we supposed to do? 德语状语 主要由副词担任.此外,形容词,介词短语,名词词组,动词不定式短语,分词短语及状语从句都可以作状语1) 修饰谓语的句子成分是状语.它分为:Wo bist du jetzt? (时间状语)你现在在哪儿?Ich gehe zur Schule. (地点状语)我去上学.Das Geschäft bleibt wegen Umbaues geschlossen. (原因状语)此工厂由于改建关闭了.Wenn es nicht regnet, komme ich. (条件状语)如不下雨,我就来.Ich komme, um meine Freundin zu besuchen. (目的状语)我来是为了看我的女友.Er verkauft alles zu kleinen Preisen. (方式状语)他低价销出一切货物.Obwohl er mein Freund ist, kann ich ihm in diesem Fall nicht helfen. (让步状语)尽管他是我的朋友,但在此情况下我也不能帮他.Würden Sie bitte langsamer sprechen? (情况状语)请您慢一点儿说,行吗?2) 可做状语的词类和形式1- 副词和形容词Ich habe sie oft dort gesehen.我经常在那儿看到他.Sie spricht sehr gut Deutsch.他能说非常好的德文.2- 介词短语Sie konnte vor Schmerzen nicht schlafen.他疼得睡不着.Alle Leute lieben ihn wegen seiner Freundlichkeit.因为他待人友好,所有的人都喜欢他.3- 分词和分词短语Lächend antwortete sie uns.他笑着回答我们.Durch Krankheit verhindert, musste der Sänger das Konzert verschieben.由于生病,歌唱家只好将此音乐会改期.4- 第二格和第四格名词Er hat den ganzen Tag in der Fabrik gearbeitet.他在工厂工作了一整天.Eines Tages schlug ein Blitz in unser Haus ein.一天,闪电打到我家的房子上.5- 不定式短语Statt dies mit Worten zu schildern, zeige ich dir Bilder. 状语的构成 经常充当状语的有形容词,副词,时间处所名词,能愿动词,指示代词,以及方位短语,介词短语,动宾短语,谓词性联合短语,谓词性偏正短语,谓词性主谓短语等.含有动量词的数量短语以及重叠式的数量短语(不论动量,物量)也可以充当状语.此外,少数名词带上表比况的助词也可以作状语.状语的书面标志 -  - "地"状语的书面标志是结构助词"地".状语后面带或者是不带"地",情况比较复杂.一般讲来,数量短语,主谓短语,动宾短语等作状语时,大都带"地";而介词短语,方位短语,能愿动词,时间处所名词作状语时不能带"地",副词,单音节形容词作状语一般也不带"地".多层状语如果一个中心语前面有好几个状语(多层状语),那就应当注意它们的语序.多层状语的状语个数一般比多层定语的定语个数要少些,其语序也比多层定语的语序要灵活一些.多层状语的一般语序:a.表时间的名词或方位短语,介词短语;b.副词.c.表处所的介词短语或名词,方位短语;d.表情态的形容词或谓词短语;e.表对象的介词短语.其中副词的位置较为灵活,也可放置在第三项之后.一般状语和句首状语状语在句子中有两种位置:一种是在主语之后,谓语中心之前,如上文所举各例,这是状语的一般位置;另一种是放在主语的前面的,这是状语的特殊位置,这种状语可称"句首状语".状语的分类状语按其修饰的功能不同可分为八大类:时间状语,地点状语,条件状语,原因状语,目的状语,结果状语,让步状语和比较状语时间状语从句要点: 时间状语从句,由以下连词引导:when ,while, as, after ,before, as soon as, since ,till until by the time 在时间状语从句中,要注意时态一致.一般情况下主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时.1.when 当...的时候Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.(当)莫扎特4岁的时候,开始写音乐作品.2.while 当...时He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.他在旅途中参观了许多地方.3. as 在...的同时;一边...一边...He smiled as he stood up.他一边站起来一边笑着.4.after 在...之后He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.前几天做完作业之后回的家.5.before 在...之前Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.布朗先生来这之前已经在一家银行里工作一年了.6. as soon as 一...就...We began to work as soon as we got there.我们一到那就开始工作.I will write to you as soon as I get home.我一到家就给你写信.7.since 自...以来 到现在表示自过去的一个起点时间到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间.主句一般用现在完成时,从句用一般过去时.Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago.自格林先生来中国以来,他就在这所学校教书.[还可以用作介词,本句从句还可以用短语:since three years ago(自三年前以来)表示.]8 till until都可以作连词,连接时间状语,也可以作介词,与其它词构成介词短语,在句中作状语.They walked till until it was dark.他们一直走到天黑.Xiao Ming didn't leave home till  until his father came back.小明直到他爸爸回来才离开家.9. by the time 到...为止 (所在句子的主句应用现在或过去完成时)By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.他到家的时候,他爸爸已经走了.By the time I got to school, the class had already began.我到校时,已经开始上课了.一. 由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句.例如:When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候,你就是在开始知道一些事物了.When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候,它在生长,它感到压抑,它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就会炸破一切!Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁.Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候,请你照看一下我的衣服.You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候,你就能感觉到空气在流动.Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长边谈边笑.A, when, while和as的区别when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词.并且when有时表示"就在那时".例如:When she came in, I was eating.她进来时,我在吃饭.(瞬时动词)When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时,我常常为他担水.(延续性的动词)We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了.While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应).并且while有时还可以表示对比.例如:While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词,was reading和was watching同时发生)I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球.(对比)B, As表示"一边...一边",as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调"一先一后.例如:We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱.(as表示"一边...一边")As we were going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了.(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)C, as when while的辨析as when while都表示主,从句动作同时发生,三者差异如下:表示"一边...一边"的意思as 强调两个动作同时进行,并表示对比时用于发生时间较段时D, when1,还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作"之前 "或"之后"发生.2,when=and then; at that moment (正在那个时候)3,常用于常见搭配中E, while1,用于时间较长时2, 强调两个动作同时进行,并表示对比时有时这三个连词可以互换,有时不可以.lt was raining hard when (as) I got there.我到那里时,正在下大雨. ( 动作同时发生,when可换为as, 但不能换为while,因为get是点动词.)When I had read the article, he called me.我看完这篇文章之后,他给我打了电话.( 从句动作发生在主句之前,注意时态表达,只能用when )When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.(当)我到了电影院时,电影已经开演了.(从句的动作发生在主句之后,只能用when,并要注意时态)He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.他正要离开,忽然电话响了.( 此时不能放在句首.主句动词一般表达 "正在" "即将".while, as不能代替She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.他以为我在谈她女儿,然而,实际上在谈论我女儿.(表转折,对比,when, as都不能代替它)While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.外星人买纪念品时,那女孩给警察打了电话.(表示主句,从句的动作同时发生,while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词,因为它表示较长时间)Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when while) father was away.妈妈担心,因为小爱丽丝病了,特别是他父亲不在家的时候.(此时as ,when, while可通用)二. 由before和after引导的时间状语从句.注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语,并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成"就,才".还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系.当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,则主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后.After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后.主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反.例如:It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来.Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我.My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了.They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了.After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后,告诉我你是怎样决定的.After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后,我们回家了.(从句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时)三. 由till或until引导的时间状语从句.till和until一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until.并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同.例如:I didn't go to bed until(till) my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉.It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语.I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止.I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作.Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我.四. 由since引导的时间状语从句.since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词.一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时.但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时.例如:I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来,我一直在北京了.Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后,你到哪里去了?It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了.It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了.五. 知识扩展1. It is since从...以来多长时间了(因为since +从句或名词,表示一段时间)It is five years since we met last time.从我们上次见面已经五年了.2. It is +before...(...才)It was a long time before I went to sleep again.过了很长时间我才睡着.It was an hour before(=until) the police arrived.过了一个小时,警察才来.3. 由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句.这些连词都表示"一...就".例如:I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭,我立即到那里去.The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息,马上赶到了出事地点.As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大,就给你来电话.[注意]hardly(scarcely, rarely)...when  before, no sooner...than相当于as soon as之意.主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时.当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序.例如:He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家,就被邀请开始另一旅程.No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起,他就起床劳动去了.Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下,他就进来了.He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触.六. 由by the time引导的时间状语从句.注意时态的变化:在一般情况下,如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时.例如:By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时,我已经写完这本书了.By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候,我将已经完成此工作了.七. 由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句.例如:Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨,总是来看我.Whenever that man says"To tell the truth", I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每当那个人说"说实在话"的时候,我猜想他就要说谎了.You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你,见你更年轻了.八. 由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句.这两个连词表示"有多久就多久".例如:You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以随意到哪里去,只要在天黑以前回来就行.I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存,我就要反对这种境况.地点状语从句一 地点状语从句 (adverbial clause of place)地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型,要点: 由连词where和复合关系词wherever (=no matter where )引导.例如:句型1:Where+地点从句,(there)+主句.[注意]此句型通常译成"哪里哪里就";主句在从句后面时,there可用可不用;如果主句在从句的前面时,一般都不用there.例如:Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方,耕作是困难的,或根本不可能的.They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人.因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎.You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方.Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国共产党,哪里人民得解放.句型2:Anywhere wherever+地点从句,+主句.[注意]anywhere本身是个副词,但是,常可以引导从句,相当于连词,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后. 而wherever本身就是个连词,表示"在何处,无论何处".例如:Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员.二 知识扩展1.Where there is a will , there is a way.有志者事竟成.(谚语)1. It will be mixed school where not all the children are disabled.他将是一所混合式学校,那里的儿童并不都是残疾.(在限定性定语从句中对先行词起着限定作用.)2.Wherever you go , I go too.无论你到什么地方,我都去.(wherever=no matter where)无论何处,多用于句首.3.Wherever there is smoke , there is fire.无风不起浪.(谚语)4. While she was wondering where to go , she met a policeman.疑问副词where后跟不定式,构成不定式短语.条件状语从句要点: 表示状语从句由连词if, unless (=if not) 意思为除非引导.(让步)1.If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.如果明天不下雨, 我们就去远足.2.You will get good grades if you study hard.如果你努力学习,就会取得好成绩.3.I won't will not go to the party unless he goes there too.我不会去参加聚会的, 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我也不去.)4.You will be late unless you leave immediately.如果你不马上走,你将会迟到的.(=If you don't leave immediately, you will be late.)难点提示:用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时.lHe will not leave if it isn't fine tomorrow.一般将来时, 一般现在时lThey are going to have a picnic if it doesn't rain next week.一般将来时, 一般现在时原因状语从句要点: 由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that 等词引导1.I didn't go to school yesterday because I was ill.我昨天没去上学,因为我生病了.2. Since everybody is here, let's begin our meeting.既然大家都来了, 让我们开始开会吧.3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late.既然你身体不好, 你就不该熬夜.4.I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her.我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她..难点 -  - because , since , as , for,辨析1) because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题.当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或 since.I didn't go, because I was afraid.Since As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2) 由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗 号,则可以用for来代替.但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for.He is absent today, becaus e  for he is ill.He must be ill, for he is absent today.目的,结果状语从句要点: 目的状语从句由连词that, so that, so...that , in order that 引导.结果状语从句由连词( so )that, so...that, such...that, so muchmany...that引导.1. so...that 如此...以至于The scientist's report was so instructive that we were all very excited.科学家的报告很有教育性,我们感到很兴奋.He always studied so hard that he made great progress.他总是那么努力,所以他取得了很大的进步.2. so that 以至于, 以便于I'll run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的)我将慢慢跑以至于你能赶上我.I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的)我把窗户打开以便于使新鲜空气可以进来.3. such...that 如此...以至It's such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.天气是如此的好,我们大家都想去公园玩.4. in order that=so that:为了We shall let you know the details soon in order that you canmay make your arrangements.不久我们将会让你知道详情,以便你们能够做出安排.(目的)5.比较:so和 such其规律由so与such的不同词性决定.such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词. so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用,形成固定搭配.so foolish such a foolso nice a flower such a nice flowerso many  few flowers such nice flowersso much  little money. such rapid progressso many people such a lot of people( so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于 many,但 a lot of 为名词性的,只能用such搭配.)so...that与such...that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换.The boy is so young that he can't go to school.He is such a young boy that he can't go to school难点+形容词或副词+形+a(an)+单数可数名词so +many 或few+复数可数名词 +that+much或 little+不可数名词so that ,such...that 都可以in order that两者皆可引导目的地状语从句和结果状语从句,当他们引导目的状语从句时,从句的谓语里常常有can, could, may, might, will, would等次.so +adj或adv.+ that, such +n.+ that 以上两种句型都表示结果,其中so为副词,后接形容词,副词原型,当可数名词前有many, few;不可数名词前有much, little修饰时,应采用句型:so many (few, much, little )+n. . such为形容词, 后只能接名词.这名词既可以地可数的,也可以是不可数的.如果这名词是可数的,则必须在名词前加不定冠词a(an). 常见的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people.1.I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over.我跌了很多跤,浑身数摔得清一块紫一块.2.there are so few notebooks that I can't give you any.笔记本太少了,我一本也给不了你.3.It is such nice weather that I'd like to take a walk.天气是如此只好,以致于我想去散散步.4.Mike is so honest a man that we all believe him.麦克是如此诚实的一个人,以致于大家都相信他(=Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him.)5.The weather is so nice that I'd like to take a walk.天气是如此之好,以致于我想去散散步.让步状语从句要点: 表示让步的状语从句由连词 though, although引导.难点:lthough, although当虽然讲, 都不能和but连用. Although,(though)...but的格式是不对的.但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用. 所以thought (although)...yet(still)的格式是正确的.Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy.Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.虽然他很富有, 然而他并不快乐.Right : Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children.Right : Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children.尽管我们已经长大了,可是我们的父母仍把我们看作小孩.although, though 辨析although 不能though 那样用作副词, 放在句首表示强调时要用even though.1.He is looking fit, though.但是,他看上去很健康. 考点2.Even though I didn't under a word, I kept smiling.尽管我一个字也不懂,我还是一直微笑着.3.He is quite experienced, he is young, though.尽管他很年轻,他很有经验.典型例题1) she is young, she knows quite a lot.A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless答案:C.意为虽然她很年轻,却知道许多.2) as, though 引导的倒装句as  though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前).Child as though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.[注意]a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词.b. 句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后.如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前.Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.= Though he tries hard, he never seems...虽然他尽了努力,但他的工作总做的不尽人意.c ever if, even though. 即使We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.d whether...or- 不管都Whether you believe it or not, it is true.e "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"No matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.替换:no matter what = whateverno matter who = whoeverno matter when = wheneverno matter where = whereverno matter which = whicheverno matter how = however注意:no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句.(错)No matter what you say is of no use now.(对)Whatever you say is of no use now.你现在说什么也没用了.(Whatever you say是主语从句)(错)Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,(对)Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么.比较状语从句要点:比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级,比较级及最高级的句子之中.原级1. as...as 和...一样Jack is as tall as Bob.捷克和汤姆一样高.2. not so(as)...as ...和不一样She is not so(as)outgoing as her sister.她不如她姐姐外向.比较级more...than (更)This book is more instructive than that one.这本书比那本书由教育意义.最高级1.The most...inofThis book is the most interesting of the three.这本书是三本中最有趣的.2. the + 形容词+est...ofinThis road is the busiest street in our city.这条路是我们城市最繁忙的街道.知识扩展no more than只不过(嫌少的意思)1.I have no more than two pens.我只有两支笔.2.It's no more than a mile to the shops.去商店不过一英里.not more than不如...;(前者不如后者)1.Jack is not more diligent than John.捷克不如约翰勤奋.2.one of the + 名词(复数)....之一(用于最高级)Han Mei is one of the best students in our school.韩梅是我们学校最好的学生之一.方式状语从句1) 方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as...so..., as if, as though引导.as, (just) as...so...引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在(just) as...so...结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是"正如...","就像",多用于正式文体,例如:1.Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎样待你,你就要怎样待人.2.As water is to fish, so air is to man.我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水.3.Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打扫房屋一样,我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西.2) as if, as though两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大.汉译常作"仿佛似的","好像似的",例如:1.They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它不存在似的.(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气.)2.He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的.(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气.)3.It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来.(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气.)[说明]as if  as though也可以引导一个分词短语,不定式短语或无动词短语,例如:1.He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着我,就像第一次看见我似的.2.He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子,像要说什么似的.3.The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.波涛冲击着岩石,好像很愤怒. 运用 写作中能合理,正确地使用状语从句,不但能地道的表达英文习惯,而且还能使文体结构更加严谨,美观.例如下文:My hobbyThe hobby I enjoy most is fishing.I started fishing (1)when I was five years old. I'll never forget the day (2)when my father first took me fishing with him. On that day, I was holding a fishing rod (3)when a fish suddenly started pulling on the line. (4)I was so shocked that I fell into the water. But experience didn't put me off and I have been fishing ever since.Now I still go fishing with my father. And we often go out on Sundays and spend the whole day fishing in the river.(1)是由when引导的时间状语从句,这列从句的使用频率很高.(2)句是由I'll never forget the day .及when my father first took me fishing with him.两局组成.When在从句中做时间状语.(3)句也是由when 引导的时间状语从句.When 常与suddenly 连用,主句常用过去进行是.译为 "正在, 忽然".(4)是以 so...that... (太.....以致于)引导的结果状语从句.语文状语定义:状语是名词前面的连带成分,用来修饰,限制动词或形容词,表示动作的状态,方式,时间,处所或程度等.说明:1.副词,形容词经常做状语.2.表示时间,处所的名词经常做状语,一般名词不做状语动词中除助动词外很少做状语.3.介词结构常做状语4.一般状语紧连在中心词的前边,但表示时间,处所,目的的名词或介词结构作状语时,可以放在主语的前边.如[在杭州],我们游览了西湖美景.