Shapur I
Shapur I (also spelled Shabuhr I; ; New Persian: ) was the second Sasanian King of Kings of Iran. The dating of his reign is disputed, but it is generally agreed that he ruled from 240 to 270, with his father Ardashir I as co-regent until the death of the latter in 242. During his co-regency, he helped his father with the conquest and destruction of Arab city of Hatra, whose fall was facilitated, according to Islamic tradition, by the actions of his future wife al-Nadirah. Shapur also consolidated and expanded the empire of Ardashir I, waged war against the Roman Empire and seized its cities of Nisibis and Carrhae while he was advancing as far as Roman Syria. Although he was defeated at the Battle of Resaena in 243 by Roman emperor Gordian III (), he was the following year able to win the Battle of Misiche and force the new Roman Emperor Philip the Arab () to sign a favorable peace treaty that was regarded by the Romans as "a most shameful treaty".

Shapur later took advantage of the political turmoil within the Roman Empire by undertaking a second expedition against it in 252/3–256, sacking the cities of Antioch and Dura-Europos. In 260, during his third campaign, he defeated and captured the Roman emperor, Valerian. He did not seem interested in permanently occupying the Roman provinces, choosing instead to resort to plundering and pillaging, gaining vast amount of riches. The captives of Antioch, for example, were allocated to the newly reconstructed city of Gundeshapur, later famous as a center of scholarship. In the 260s, Shapur suffered setbacks against Odaenathus, the king of Palmyra. According to Shapur's inscription at Hajiabad, he still remained active at the court in his later years, participating in archery. He died of illness in Bishapur, most likely in May 270.

Shapur was the first Iranian monarch to use the title of "King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians"; beforehand the royal titulary had been "King of Kings of Iranians". He had adopted the title due to the influx of Roman citizens whom he had deported during his campaigns. However, it was first under his son and successor Hormizd I, that the title became regularized. Shapur had new Zoroastrian fire temples constructed, incorporated new elements into the faith from Greek and Indian sources, and conducted an extensive program of rebuilding and refounding of cities.
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New Persian
Concept
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Sasanian
LOC
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King of Kings
PER
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Iran
LOC
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Ardashir I
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co-regent
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Hatra
LOC
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al-Nadirah
Concept
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Roman Empire
LOC
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Nisibis
LOC
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Carrhae
LOC
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Roman Syria
LOC
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Battle of Resaena
EVE
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Gordian III
PER
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Battle of Misiche
EVE
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Philip the Arab
PER
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Antioch
LOC
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Dura-Europos
LOC
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Valerian
PER
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Gundeshapur
LOC
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Odaenathus
PER
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Palmyra
Concept
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archery
Concept
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Bishapur
LOC
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Hormizd I
PER
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Zoroastrian
Concept
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fire temple
Concept
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Shapur I
PER
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3
NUMBER
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256
NUMBER
country of citizenship
religion
office held by head of state