Mizrahi Jews
Mizrahi Jews () or Mizrahim (), also sometimes referred to as Mizrachi (), Edot HaMizrach (; ) or Oriental Jews, are the descendants of the local Jewish communities that had existed in Western Asia and North Africa from Biblical times into the modern era.

In current usage, the term "Mizrahim" is almost exclusively applied to descendants of the Middle Eastern Jewish communities from Western Asia and North Africa; in this classification are Iraqi Jews, Kurdish Jews, Lebanese Jews, Syrian Jews, Yemenite Jews, Turkish Jews and Iranian Jews as well as the descendants of Maghrebi Jews who had lived in North African countries, such as Egyptian Jews, Libyan Jews, Tunisian Jews, Algerian Jews, and Moroccan Jews. These various Jewish communities were first officially grouped into a single ethnic identity during World War II, when they were distinctly outlined in the Jewish Agency's One Million Plan that detailed the methods by which Jews in diaspora were to be returned to the Land of Israel (then under the British Mandate of Palestine) after the Holocaust.

"Mizrahim" is also sometimes extended to include Jewish communities from the Caucasus and Central Asia, such as Mountain Jews from Dagestan and Azerbaijan, and Bukharan Jews from Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. While both communities traditionally speak Judeo-Iranian languages such as Juhuri and Bukharian, these countries were all part of the former Soviet Union, as a result of which many of their descendants also speak Russian to a large extent.

Before the declaration and establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the various Mizrahi Jewish communities did not identify themselves as a distinctive Jewish subgroup; instead, they generally characterized themselves as Sephardi Jews, as they largely followed the Sephardic customs and traditions of Judaism (with some differences in "minhag" between particular communities). The original Sephardi Jewish community was formed by the Jewish diaspora in the Iberian Peninsula (corresponding to Spain and Portugal), from where they were exiled in the 15th century CE, leading many of them to settle in areas where Mizrahi Jewish communities already existed. Both reasons have resulted in a conflation of terms, particularly in official Israeli ethnic and religious terminology, with "Sephardi" being used in a broad sense and including Middle Eastern Jews, North African Jews, as well as Sephardim proper from Southern Europe around the Mediterranean Basin. Per a decree by the authority of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel, any rabbis of Mizrahi origin in Israel are under the jurisdiction of the order of Sephardi chief rabbis.

Following the First Arab–Israeli War, over 850,000 Mizrahi and Sephardi Jews were expelled or evacuated from Arab and Muslim-majority countries from 1948 until the early 1980s. , 61 percent of Israeli Jews were of full or partial Mizrahi-Sephardi ancestry.
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