W and Z bosons
In particle physics, the W and Z bosons are vector bosons that are together known as the weak bosons or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary particles mediate the weak interaction; the respective symbols are , , and . The  bosons have either a positive or negative electric charge of 1 elementary charge and are each other's antiparticles. The  boson is electrically neutral and is its own antiparticle. The three particles have a spin of 1. The  bosons have a magnetic moment, but the has none. All three of these particles are very short-lived, with a half-life of about . Their experimental discovery was pivotal in establishing what is now called the Standard Model of particle physics.

The  bosons are named after the "weak" force. The physicist Steven Weinberg named the additional particle the " particle", and later gave the explanation that it was the last additional particle needed by the model. The  bosons had already been named, and the  bosons were named for having "zero" electric charge.

The two  bosons are verified mediators of neutrino absorption and emission. During these processes, the  boson charge induces electron or positron emission or absorption, thus causing nuclear transmutation.

The  boson mediates the transfer of momentum, spin and energy when neutrinos scatter "elastically" from matter (a process which conserves charge). Such behavior is almost as common as inelastic neutrino interactions and may be observed in bubble chambers upon irradiation with neutrino beams. The  boson is not involved in the absorption or emission of electrons or positrons. Whenever an electron is observed as a new free particle, suddenly moving with kinetic energy, it is inferred to be a result of a neutrino interacting directly with the electron, since this behavior happens more often when the neutrino beam is present. In this process, the neutrino simply strikes the electron and then scatters away from it, transferring some of the neutrino's momentum to the electron.
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particle physics
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vector boson
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elementary particle
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weak interaction
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Standard Model
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particle physics
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Steven Weinberg
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neutrino
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nuclear transmutation
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elastically
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bubble chamber
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W and Z bosons
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