Second EDSA Revolution
The Second EDSA Revolution, also known as People Power Revolution II, EDSA 2001, and EDSA II (pronounced as "EDSA Two" or "EDSA Dos"), was a political protest from January 17–20, 2001 that peacefully overthrew the government of Joseph Estrada, the thirteenth president of the Philippines. Estrada resigned and was succeeded by his Vice President, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, who was sworn into office by then-Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. at around noon on January 20, 2001, several hours before Estrada fled Malacañang Palace. EDSA is an acronym derived from Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, the major thoroughfare connecting five cities in Metro Manila, namely Pasay, Makati, Mandaluyong, Quezon City, and Caloocan, with the revolution's epicenter at the EDSA Shrine church at the northern tip of Ortigas Center, a business district.

Advocates described EDSA II as "popular", but critics view the uprising as a conspiracy among political and business elites, military top brass, and Catholic Cardinal Jaime Sin. International reaction to the revolt was mixed, with some foreign nations including the United States immediately recognising the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency, and foreign commentators describing it as "a defeat for due process of law", "mob rule", and a ""de facto" coup".

The only means of legitimizing the event was the last-minute Supreme Court ruling that "the welfare of the people is the supreme law." But by then, the Armed Forces of the Philippines had already withdrawn support for the president, which some analysts called unconstitutional, and most foreign political analysts agreeing with this assessment. William Overholt, a Hong Kong-based political economist said that "It is either being called mob rule or mob rule as a cover for a well-planned coup, ... but either way, it's not democracy." Opinion was divided during EDSA II about whether Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as the incumbent vice president should be president if Joseph Estrada was ousted; many groups who participated in EDSA II expressly stated that they did not want Arroyo for president either, and some of them would later participate in EDSA III. The prevailing Constitution of the Philippines calls for the Vice President of the Philippines, Arroyo at the time, to act as interim president only when the sitting president dies, resigns, or becomes incapacitated, none of which occurred during EDSA II.

On October 4, 2000, Ilocos Sur Governor Luis "Chavit" Singson, a longtime friend of President Joseph Estrada, went public with accusations that Estrada, his family and friends received millions of pesos from operations of the illegal numbers game, "jueteng".

The exposé immediately ignited reactions of rage. The next day, Senate Minority Leader Teofisto Guingona, Jr. delivered a fiery privilege speech accusing Estrada of receiving P220 million in jueteng money from Governor Singson from November 1998 to August 2000, as well as taking P70 million-worth of excise tax money from cigarettes intended for Ilocos Sur. The privilege speech was referred by Senate President Franklin Drilon, to the Blue Ribbon Committee and the Committee on Justice for joint investigation. Another committee in the House of Representatives decided to investigate the exposé, while other House members spearheaded a move to impeach the president.

More calls for resignation came from Manila Cardinal Archbishop Jaime Sin, the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, former Presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos, and Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (who had resigned her cabinet position of Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development). Cardinal Sin stated in a statement, "In the light of the scandals that besmirched the image of presidency, in the last two years, we stand by our conviction that he has lost the moral authority to govern." More resignations came from Estrada's cabinet and economic advisers, and other members of congress defected from his ruling party.

On November 13, 2000, the House of Representatives led by Speaker Manuel Villar transmitted the Articles of Impeachment, signed by 115 representatives, to the Senate. This caused shakeups in the leadership of both houses of congress. The impeachment trial was formally opened on November 20, with twenty-one senators taking their oaths as judges, and Supreme Court Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. presiding. The trial began on December 7.

The day-to-day trial was covered on live television and received the highest viewing rating, mostly by the broadcasting giant ABS-CBN at the time. Among the highlights of the trial was the testimony of Clarissa Ocampo, senior vice president of Equitable PCI Bank, who testified that she was one foot away from Estrada when he signed the name "Jose Velarde" documents involving a P500 million investment agreement with their bank in February 2000.
Q212733
Joseph Estrada
PER
Q269860
thirteenth
UNK
Q1209571
president of the Philippines
PER
Q2723485
Vice President
PER
Q123665
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
PER
Q3409778
Chief Justice
PER
Q2176997
Hilario Davide Jr.
PER
Q942688
Malacañang Palace
LOC
Q101244
acronym
Concept
Q1347008
Epifanio de los Santos Avenue
Concept
Q13580
Metro Manila
LOC
Q17189
Pasay
LOC
Q1508
Makati
LOC
Q9085
Mandaluyong
LOC
Q1475
Quezon City
LOC
Q1478
Caloocan
LOC
Q2914138
EDSA Shrine
LOC
Q7105027
Ortigas Center
LOC
Q1068288
due process of law
Concept
Q712144
de facto
Concept
Q45382
coup
Concept
Q207982
legitimizing
UNK
Q438061
Armed Forces of the Philippines
ORG
Q8646
Hong Kong
LOC
Q191031
mob rule
Concept
Q123665
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
PER
Q5322873
EDSA III
EVE
Q12741
Ilocos Sur
LOC
Q2399446
Luis "Chavit" Singson
PER
Q17193
pesos
Concept
Q2660956
jueteng
Concept
Q6869256
Senate Minority Leader
PER
Q983317
Teofisto Guingona, Jr.
PER
Q159579
excise tax money
Concept
Q2269913
Senate President
PER
Q471871
Franklin Drilon
PER
Q831525
Blue Ribbon Committee
Concept
Q10541573
Committee on Justice
MEDIA
Q678545
House of Representatives
LOC
Q1461
Manila
LOC
Q45722
Cardinal
Concept
Q49476
Archbishop
Concept
Q202108
Jaime Sin
PER
Q1930413
Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines
MEDIA
Q1480
Corazon Aquino
PER
Q215351
Fidel Ramos
PER
Q2723485
Vice President
PER
Q123665
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
PER
Q3547113
Department of Social Welfare and Development
ORG
Q6909090
moral authority
UNK
Q561797
Manuel Villar
PER
Q3409778
Supreme Court Chief Justice
PER
Q2176997
Hilario Davide, Jr.
PER
Q2022113
ABS-CBN
MEDIA
Q5384626
Equitable PCI Bank
ORG
Q1980316
Second EDSA Revolution
EVE
2001-01-01T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
2001
DATE
2001-01-01T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
2001
DATE
2001-01-20T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
January 20, 2001
DATE
2000-10-04T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
October 4, 2000
DATE
1998-11-01T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
November 1998
DATE
2000-08-01T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
August 2000
DATE
2000-11-13T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
November 13, 2000
DATE
2000-02-01T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
February 2000
DATE
+17^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal
17
NUMBER
+20^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal
20
NUMBER
+220^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal
220
NUMBER
+70^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal
70
NUMBER
+20^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal
20
NUMBER
+7^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal
7
NUMBER
+500^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal
500
NUMBER
position held
is a list of
position held
position held
located in the administrative territorial entity
located in the administrative territorial entity
located in the administrative territorial entity
located in the administrative territorial entity
located in the administrative territorial entity
located in the administrative territorial entity
position held