Lower Saxony
Lower Saxony ( ; ; ) is a German state ("Land") situated in northwestern Germany. It is the second-largest state by land area, being larger than Denmark with , and fourth-largest in population (7.9 million) among the 16 "Länder" federated as the Federal Republic of Germany. In rural areas, Northern Low Saxon (a dialect of Low German) and Saterland Frisian (a variety of the Frisian language) are still spoken, but the number of speakers is declining.

Lower Saxony borders on (from north and clockwise) the North Sea, the states of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, and the Netherlands (Drenthe, Groningen and Overijssel). Furthermore, the state of Bremen forms two enclaves within Lower Saxony, one being the city of Bremen, the other, its seaport city of Bremerhaven (which is a semi-enclave, as it has a coastline). In fact, Lower Saxony borders more neighbours than any other single "Bundesland." The state's principal cities include the state capital Hanover, Braunschweig (Brunswick), Lüneburg, Osnabrück, Oldenburg, Hildesheim, Wolfenbüttel, Wolfsburg, and Göttingen.

The northwestern area of Lower Saxony, which lies on the coast of the North Sea, is called East Frisia and the seven East Frisian Islands offshore are popular with tourists. In the extreme west of Lower Saxony is the Emsland, an economically emerging but rather sparsely populated area, once dominated by inaccessible swamps. The northern half of Lower Saxony, also known as the North German Plains, is almost invariably flat except for the gentle hills around the Bremen geestland. Towards the south and southwest lie the northern parts of the German Central Uplands: the Weser Uplands and the Harz mountains. Between these two lie the Lower Saxon Hills, a range of low ridges. Thus, Lower Saxony is the only "Bundesland" that encompasses both maritime and mountainous areas.

Lower Saxony's major cities and economic centres are mainly situated in its central and southern parts, namely Hanover, Braunschweig, Osnabrück, Wolfsburg, Salzgitter, Hildesheim, and Göttingen. Oldenburg, near the northwestern coastline, is another economic centre. The region in the northeast is called the Lüneburg Heath ("Lüneburger Heide"), the largest heathland area of Germany and in medieval times wealthy due to salt mining and salt trade, as well as to a lesser degree the exploitation of its peat bogs until about the 1960s. To the north, the Elbe River separates Lower Saxony from Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and Brandenburg. The banks just south of the Elbe are known as "Altes Land" (Old Country). Due to its gentle local climate and fertile soil, it is the state's largest area of fruit farming, its chief produce being apples.

Most of the state's territory was part of the historic Kingdom of Hanover; the state of Lower Saxony has adopted the coat of arms and other symbols of the former kingdom. It was created by the merger of the State of Hanover with three smaller states on 1 November 1946.
Q1221156
German state
Concept
Q46613
northwestern Germany
LOC
Q35
Denmark
LOC
Q1221156
Länder
Concept
Q183
Germany
LOC
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Northern Low Saxon
MEDIA
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Low German
Concept
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Saterland Frisian
MEDIA
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Frisian language
Concept
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North Sea
LOC
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Schleswig-Holstein
LOC
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Hamburg
LOC
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Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
LOC
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Brandenburg
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Saxony-Anhalt
LOC
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Thuringia
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Hesse
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LOC
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Netherlands
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Drenthe
LOC
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Groningen
LOC
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Overijssel
LOC
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state of Bremen
LOC
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enclave
Concept
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Bremen
LOC
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seaport
Concept
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Bremerhaven
LOC
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semi-enclave
Concept
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Hanover
LOC
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Braunschweig
LOC
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Lüneburg
LOC
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Osnabrück
LOC
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Oldenburg
LOC
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Hildesheim
LOC
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Wolfenbüttel
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Wolfsburg
LOC
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Göttingen
LOC
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East Frisia
LOC
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East Frisian Islands
LOC
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Emsland
LOC
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North German Plain
LOC
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geest
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German Central Uplands
Concept
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Weser Uplands
LOC
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Harz
LOC
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Lower Saxon Hills
LOC
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Salzgitter
LOC
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Hildesheim
LOC
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Lüneburg Heath
LOC
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peat bog
Concept
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Elbe
LOC
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Schleswig-Holstein
LOC
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Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
LOC
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Brandenburg
LOC
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Altes Land
LOC
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apple
Concept
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Kingdom of Hanover
LOC
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State of Hanover
LOC
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Lower Saxony
LOC
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Lower Saxony
LOC
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Lower Saxony
LOC
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Lower Saxony
LOC
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Lower Saxony
LOC
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Lower Saxony
LOC
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Lower Saxony
LOC
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Lower Saxony
LOC
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Lower Saxony
LOC
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Lower Saxony
LOC
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Lower Saxony
LOC
1960-01-01T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
1960
DATE
1946-11-01T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
1 November 1946
DATE
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7.9
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16
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