Mongolia
Mongolia (, Mongolian: , Traditional Mongolian: ""; literally "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia"), is a landlocked country in East Asia. It is sandwiched between Russia to the north and China to the south, where it neighbours the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Mongolia does not border Kazakhstan, although they are separated by only . It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, making it the world's most sparsely populated sovereign nation. Mongolia is the world's largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea, and much of its area is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to roughly half of the country's population.

The territory of modern-day Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the First Turkic Khaganate, and others. In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history. His grandson Kublai Khan conquered China to establish the Yuan dynasty. After the collapse of the Yuan, the Mongols retreated to Mongolia and resumed their earlier pattern of factional conflict, except during the era of Dayan Khan and Tumen Zasagt Khan. In the 16th century, Tibetan Buddhism spread to Mongolia, being further led by the Manchu-founded Qing dynasty, which absorbed the country in the 17th century. By the early 20th century, almost one-third of the adult male population were Buddhist monks. After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, and achieved actual independence from the Republic of China in 1921. Shortly thereafter, the country became a satellite state of the Soviet Union, which had aided its independence from China. In 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was founded as a socialist state. After the anti-Communist revolutions of 1989, Mongolia conducted its own peaceful democratic revolution in early 1990. This led to a multi-party system, a new constitution of 1992, and transition to a market economy.

Approximately 30% of the population is nomadic or semi-nomadic; horse culture remains integral. Buddhism is the majority religion, with the nonreligious being the second-largest group. Islam is the second-largest religion, concentrated among ethnic Kazakhs. Most citizens are ethnic Mongols, with roughly 5% of the population being Kazakhs, Tuvans, and other minorities, who are especially concentrated in the west. Mongolia is a member of the United Nations, Asia Cooperation Dialogue, G77, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Non-Aligned Movement and a NATO global partner. It joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade groups.
Q9246
Mongolian
Concept
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Traditional Mongolian
MEDIA
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landlocked country
Concept
Q27231
East Asia
LOC
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Russia
LOC
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to the north
Concept
Q148
China
LOC
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to the south
Concept
Q41079
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
LOC
Q232
Kazakhstan
LOC
Q176310
most sparsely populated sovereign nation
UNK
Q194502
closed sea
Concept
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steppe
Concept
Q42070
Gobi Desert
LOC
Q23430
Ulaanbaatar
LOC
Q661638
largest city
UNK
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nomadic empire
Concept
Q188836
Xiongnu
MEDIA
Q861054
Xianbei
LOC
Q155361
Rouran
MEDIA
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First Turkic Khaganate
LOC
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Genghis Khan
PER
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Mongol Empire
LOC
Q478024
contiguous land empire
UNK
Q7523
Kublai Khan
PER
Q7313
Yuan dynasty
Concept
Q41975
Mongols
Concept
Q9304
Dayan Khan
PER
Q9335
Tumen Zasagt Khan
PER
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Tibetan Buddhism
ORG
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Manchu
MEDIA
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Qing dynasty
Concept
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declared independence
UNK
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independence from the Republic of China
EVE
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Concept
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Soviet Union
LOC
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Mongolian People's Republic
LOC
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Concept
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revolutions of 1989
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democratic revolution
EVE
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multi-party system
Concept
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constitution of 1992
MEDIA
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market economy
Concept
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nomad
Concept
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horse culture
UNK
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Buddhism
Concept
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Islam
Concept
Q80040
Kazakhs
Concept
Q80040
Kazakhs
Concept
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Tuvans
MEDIA
Q1065
United Nations
Concept
Q776874
Asia Cooperation Dialogue
ORG
Q477328
G77
ORG
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Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
ORG
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Non-Aligned Movement
ORG
Q7184
NATO
Concept
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global partner
UNK
Q7825
World Trade Organization
Concept
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Mongolia
LOC
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Mongolia
LOC
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Mongolia
LOC
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Mongolia
LOC
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Mongolia
LOC
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Mongolia
LOC
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Mongolia
LOC
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Mongolia
LOC
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Mongolia
LOC
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Mongolia
LOC
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Mongolia
LOC
Q711
Mongolia
LOC
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1911
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1989-01-01T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
1989
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1990
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1992-01-01T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
1992
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