Modulibacteria
Modulibacteria is a bacterial phylum formerly known as KS3B3 or GN06. It is a candidate phylum, meaning there are no cultured representatives of this group. Members of the Modulibacteria phylum are known to cause fatal filament overgrowth (bulking) in high-rate industrial anaerobic wastewater treatment bioreactors.

The Modulibacteria phylum was first proposed in 2006 by two independent research groups based on analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences. One group recovered Modulibacteria sequences from the a hypersaline microbial mat from Guerrero Negro (Baja California Sur, Mexico) and used the provisional name GN06 for the novel phylum, while the other recovered sequences from sulfur-rich black mud marine sediments (CA, USA) and used the provisional name KSB3.

The first genomic insights into the phylum were achieved in 2015, at which time the name "Modulibacteria" was proposed. Two genomes were recovered from methanogenic sludge samples of a full-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating a high-strength organic wastewater discharged from a food-processing factory.

Through a combination of genome-based metabolic reconstruction and microscopic observation, it was determined that the two studied Modulibacteria species ("Moduliflexus flocculans" and "Vecturithrix granuli") produce filamentous structures and are Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic fermenters capable of non-flagellar based gliding motility. Both have an unusually large number of sensory and response regulator genes compared to other bacteria.

Members of the Modulibacteria phylum have been detected in a variety of environments in addition to bioreactors and hypersaline mats, such as wetland sediments (FJ516883.1), the dolphin mouth, and a tubeworm from a coldseep (FM165273).
Q2376866
bacterial phylum
UNK
Q857968
candidate
MISC
Q555853
anaerobic
Concept
Q864699
bioreactor
Concept
Q4552001
16S rRNA
UNK
Q2912558
hypersaline
Concept
Q957163
Guerrero Negro
LOC
Q38348
phylum
Concept
Q1898474
marine sediments
MISC
Q222046
genomic
Concept
Q22275999
methanogenic
UNK
Q986592
upflow anaerobic sludge blanket
UNK
Q336191
wastewater
Concept
Q1057
metabolic
Concept
Q632006
Gram-negative
Concept
Q845523
fermenter
UNK
Q189998
flagellar
Concept
Q2138797
regulator gene
Concept
Q7369
dolphin
Concept
Q3555694
tubeworm
UNK
Q1107856
coldseep
Concept
Q27067426
Modulibacteria
MISC
Q27067426
Modulibacteria
MISC
Q27067426
Modulibacteria
MISC
Q27067426
Modulibacteria
MISC
Q27067426
Modulibacteria
MISC
Q27067426
Modulibacteria
MISC
Q27067426
Modulibacteria
MISC
2006-01-01T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
2006
DATE
2015-01-01T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
2015
DATE
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3
NUMBER
+3^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal
3
NUMBER
+06^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal
06
NUMBER
+16^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal
16
NUMBER
+06^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal
06
NUMBER
+3^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal
3
NUMBER
+516883.1^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal
516883.1
NUMBER
+165273^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal
165273
NUMBER
instance of
taxon rank