Commercial Crew Program
The Commercial Crew Program (CCP) is a human spaceflight program operated by NASA, in association with American aerospace manufacturers Boeing and SpaceX. The program conducts crew rotations between the expeditions of the International Space Station program, transporting crews to and from the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the first crewed orbital spaceflights operated by private companies. Superseding NASA's dependence on the Soyuz program to transport its astronauts to the ISS following the retirement of the Space Shuttle, the Commercial Crew Program will send up to four astronauts to the ISS at a time aboard either a Boeing Starliner or SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule, with an option for a fifth passenger available. Crew Dragon spacecraft are launched to space atop a Falcon 9 Block 5 launch vehicle and return to Earth via splashdown in the Atlantic Ocean. Starliner spacecraft are launched atop an Atlas V N22 launch vehicle and return on land with airbags on one of four designated sites in the western United States. SpaceX's first operational mission in the program launched in November 2020, while Boeing's first mission is due to launch in late 2021.

Development of the Commercial Crew Program began in 2011 through a rescope of the Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program, a Recovery Act initiative originally aimed at funding private sector development of human spaceflight technologies. While NASA previously mulled internally-developed crewed vehicles to perform ISS crew rotation – such as the Orbital Space Plane and the Orion spacecraft – the agency looked instead to commercial industry to provide transport to the ISS, after cancelling the Constellation program and redesigning Orion for crewed deep space exploration only. A series of open competitions over the following two years saw successful bids from Boeing, Blue Origin, Sierra Nevada, and SpaceX to develop proposals for ISS crew transport vehicles. Boeing and SpaceX were ultimately selected by NASA in September 2014 to fly astronauts to the ISS, though the decision was met with an unsuccessful legal challenge from Sierra Nevada. The first operational missions in the program were initially planned for 2017, though numerous issues during design, testing, and operation of the spacecraft and launch vehicles pushed first operational flights to 2020, with additional seats on Soyuz spacecraft up to Soyuz MS-17 being bought by NASA to compensate for the delays. The final test flight of Crew Dragon was launched in May 2020, while the final test flight of Starliner is planned for launch in late 2021, prior to the companies' first operational missions.
Q752783
human spaceflight
Concept
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NASA
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aerospace manufacturer
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Boeing
ORG
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SpaceX
ORG
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expeditions
UNK
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International Space Station program
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International Space Station
MISC
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operated by private companies
Concept
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Soyuz program
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Space Shuttle
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Boeing Starliner
MISC
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Crew Dragon
MISC
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Falcon 9 Block 5
MISC
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splashdown
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Q97
Atlantic Ocean
LOC
Q23625
Atlas V N22
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airbag
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SpaceX's first operational mission
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Boeing's first mission
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Development of the Commercial Crew Program
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Recovery Act
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Orbital Space Plane
UNK
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Orion spacecraft
MISC
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Constellation program
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Blue Origin
ORG
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Sierra Nevada
ORG
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Soyuz MS-17
MISC
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final test flight of Crew Dragon
MISC
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final test flight of Starliner
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Commercial Crew Program
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Commercial Crew Program
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Q96375343
Commercial Crew Program
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2020-11-01T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
November 2020
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2021-01-01T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
2021
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2011-01-01T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
2011
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2014-09-01T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
September 2014
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2017-01-01T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
2017
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2020-01-01T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
2020
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2020-05-01T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
May 2020
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2021-01-01T00:00:00Z^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
2021
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+9^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal
9
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+5^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal
5
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+22^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal
22
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-17^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal
-17
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sponsor
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vehicle
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