RNA vaccine
A ribonucleic acid (RNA) vaccine or messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a copy of a natural molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response. The vaccine transfects molecules of synthetic RNA into immunity cells. Once inside the immune cells, the vaccine's RNA functions as mRNA, causing the cells to build the foreign protein that would normally be produced by a pathogen (such as a virus) or by a cancer cell. These protein molecules stimulate an adaptive immune response which teaches the body how to identify and destroy the corresponding pathogen or cancer cells. The delivery of mRNA is achieved by a co-formulation of the molecule into lipid nanoparticles which protect the RNA strands and helps their absorption into the cells.

Reactogenicity, the property of a vaccine of being able to produce common, expected adverse reactions, is similar to that of conventional non-RNA vaccines. People susceptible to an autoimmune response may have an adverse reaction to RNA vaccines. The advantages of RNA vaccines over traditional protein vaccines are superior design and production speed, lower cost of production, and the induction of both cellular as well as humoral immunity. The Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine requires ultracold storage before distribution, but other mRNA vaccines do not , such as the COVID-19 vaccines by Moderna, CureVac and Walvax.

In RNA therapeutics, mRNA vaccines have attracted considerable interest as COVID-19 vaccines. By December 2020, there were two novel mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 that had completed the required eight-week period post-final human trials and were awaiting emergency use authorization (EUA): the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA-1273) and the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2). On 2 December 2020, the UK's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) became the first medicines regulator to approve an mRNA vaccine, authorizing the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (Comirnaty) for widespread use. On 11 December 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an EUA for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended its use in those aged 16 and older on 12 December 2020. On 19 December 2020, the CDC recommended the use of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine in adults after the FDA granted an EUA.

The use of RNA in a vaccine has been the basis of substantial misinformation circulated via social media, wrongly claiming that the use of RNA alters a person's DNA, which in itself is a biologically impossible occurrence.
Q134808
vaccine
Concept
Q188928
messenger RNA
Concept
Q7277187
transfects
UNK
Q103194381
synthetic RNA
Concept
Q506253
immunity cells
Concept
Q8054
protein
Concept
Q170065
pathogen
Concept
Q1645075
adaptive immune response
Concept
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delivery
Concept
Q7557912
lipid nanoparticle
Concept
Q7300322
Reactogenicity
Concept
Q192360
autoimmune response
Concept
Q189146
cellular
Concept
Q1142875
humoral immunity
Concept
Q97154240
Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine
MISC
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ultracold storage
UNK
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Moderna
MISC
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CureVac
MISC
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Walvax
UNK
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RNA therapeutics
Concept
None
mRNA
UNK
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COVID-19 vaccine
Concept
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emergency use authorization
MEDIA
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Moderna COVID-19 vaccine
MISC
Q97154240
Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine
MISC
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Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
ORG
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Concept
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Concept
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Concept
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Concept
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RNA
Concept
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Concept
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RNA vaccine
Concept
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RNA vaccine
Concept
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RNA vaccine
Concept
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RNA vaccine
Concept
Q85795487
RNA vaccine
Concept
Q85795487
RNA vaccine
Concept
Q85795487
RNA vaccine
Concept
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