text: what kinds of radiation have to be observed from the atmosphere? visible light, x-rays, gamma rays, cosmic rays? "electromagnetic radiation from space is unable to reach the surface of the earth except at a very few wavelengths, such as the visible spectrum, radio frequencies, and some ultraviolet wavelengths. astronomers can get above enough of the earth's atmosphere to observe at some infrared wavelengths from mountain tops or by flying their telescopes in an aircraft. experiments can also be taken up to altitudes as high as 35 km by balloons which can operate for months. rocket flights can take instruments all the way above the earth's atmosphere for just a few minutes before they fall back to earth, but a great many important first results in astronomy and astrophysics came from just those few minutes of observations. for long-term observations, however, it is best to have your detector on an orbiting satellite ... and get above it all!"  for those frequencies that do get through, it's a lot cheaper to build the telescopes on the earth, even if you do need to put a lot of effort into correcting the wobble in the images caused by turbulence in the atmosphere. it's far cheaper to make a huge earth-bound telescope with fancy adaptive optics than it is to send up a space telescope... but you only get a few slices of the spectrum.