text: is a women's place in a muslim society determined by religion or the society she lives in.? i have been to few muslim countries and have noticed that a women's place in society is not always the best. in a few muslim societies women do seem to have complete freedom. what are the factors that determine this and are women equal to men in a muslim society. about this site basic islamic beliefs what's new  muslims today history & civilizations schools & family life  women in islam women of afghanistan companions of mohammed  converts to islam islamic books & media links   join our mailing list search this site             islam, culture and women by ruqaiyyah waris maqsood  how can anyone justify islam's treatment of women, when it imprisons afghans under blue shuttlecock burqas and makes pakistani girls marry strangers against their will?   how can you respect a religion that forces women into polygamous marriages, mutilates their genitals, forbids them to drive cars and subjects them to the humiliation of "instant" divorce? in fact, none of these practices are islamic at all.   anyone wishing to understand islam must first separate the religion from the cultural norms and style of a society. female genital mutilation is still practised in certain pockets of africa and egypt, but viewed as an inconceivable horror by the vast majority of muslims. forced marriages may still take place in certain indian, pakistani and bangladeshi communities, but would be anathema to muslim women from other backgrounds.   indeed, islam insists on the free consent of both bride and groom, so such marriages could even be deemed illegal under religious law.   a woman forbidden from driving a car in riyadh will cheerfully take the wheel when abroad, confident that her country's bizarre law has nothing to do with islam. afghan women educated before the taliban rule know that banning girls from school is forbidden in islam, which encourages all muslims to seek knowledge from cradle to grave, from every source possible.   the koran is addressed to all muslims, and for the most part it does not differentiate between male and female. man and woman, it says, "were created of a single soul," and are moral equals in the sight of god. women have the right to divorce, to inherit property, to conduct business and to have access to knowledge.   since women are under all the same obligations and rules of conduct as the men, differences emerge most strongly when it comes to pregnancy, child-bearing and rearing, menstruation and, to a certain extent, clothing.   some of the commands are alien to western tradition. requirements of ritual purity may seem to restrict a woman's access to religious life, but are viewed as concessions. during menstruation or postpartum bleeding, she may not pray the ritual salah or touch the koran and she does not have to fast; nor does she need to fast while pregnant or nursing.   the veiling of muslim women is a more complex issue. certainly, the koran requires them to behave and dress modestly - but these strictures apply equally to men. only one verse refers to the veiling of women, stating that the prophet's wives should be behind a hijab when his male guests converse with them.   some modernists, however, claim that this does not apply to women in general, and that the language used does not carry the textual stipulation that makes a verse obligatory. in practice, most modern muslim women appreciate attractive and graceful clothes, but avoid dressing provocatively.   what about polygamy, which the koran endorses up to the limit of four wives per man? the prophet, of course, lived at a time when continual warfare produced large numbers of widows, who were left with little or no provision for themselves and their children.   in these circumstances, polygamy was encouraged as an act of charity. needless to say, the widows were not necessarily sexy young women, but usually mothers of up to six children, who came as part of the deal.   polygamy is no longer common, for various good reasons. the koran states that wives need to be treated fairly and equally - a difficult requirement even for a rich man. moreover, if a husband wishes to take a second wife, he should not do so if the marriage will be to the detrimen