{"metadata":{"id":"0009b6b41b2487f2292829fd7f07b317","source":"gardian_index","url":"https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/iwmi-tata/PDFs/iwmi-tata_water_policy_research_highlight-issue_07_2017.pdf"},"pageCount":12,"title":"","keywords":[],"chapters":[{"head":"INTRODUCTION","index":1,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":163,"text":"Minor rrigaঞon chemes are defined as those irrigaঞon i s schemes or structures, in either groundwater or surface water category, which have Culturable Command Area (CCA) up to 2000 ha. Owing to low capital investment, short gestaঞon period and widespread coverage, they deliver irrigaঞon benefits to millions of farmers and account for a major share (> 60 ) of the total irrigaঞon economy of the % country. The Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenaঞon (MoWR) conducts a census of minor irrigaঞon structures to obtain detailed informaঞon on their existence, ownership, working condiঞon, cost of construcঞon, operaঞonal expenses and related issues. The census provides a clear picture of the distribuঞon and uঞlizaঞon of different types of minor irrigaঞon schemes and is the only available data at the naঞonal scale on minor irrigaঞon. So far, five minor irrigaঞon censuses (MIC) have been completed with reference years 1986-87 (GoI 1993), 1993-94 (GoI 2001), 2000-01 (GoI 2005), 2006-07 (Go 2014) and 2013-14 (GoI 2017))."},{"index":2,"size":110,"text":"In 2014, the IWMI-Tata Program assisted MoWR to analyse data from the fourth MIC and prepare an analyঞcal report to encourage its wider use in policy making and program implementaঞon. In 2017, when the data collecঞon for the fi[ h MIC was completed, MoWR shared the (provisional) data with IWMI. ITP researchers used the data to prepare an analyঞcal report and shared it with MoWR (ITP 2017). The official report of the fi[ h MIC was published on the MoWR website in December 2017. The purpose of this Highlight is to present key insights from the ITP report to shed light on the evolving nature of India's minor irrigaঞon economy."}]},{"head":"D M ATA AND ETHODS","index":2,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":12,"text":"This paper uses data from the fourth and fi[ h MI Censuses."},{"index":2,"size":9,"text":"Both the censuses covered 33 states and union territories."},{"index":3,"size":48,"text":"The fi[ h census covered 673 districts and more than 650,000 villages to gather informaঞon on 21.71 million minor irrigaঞon schemes. Where relevant, we also use data from eighth and ninth Agriculture Censuses (MoA 2012; MoA 2015) and CGWB's data on dynamic groundwater resource of India (CGWB 2011)."},{"index":4,"size":162,"text":"Table 1 compares state-wise number of MI structures covered in the provisional data that we have analysed and the numbers in the data officially released. The official numbers are marginally higher in a few states, with the largest difference being in Madhya Pradesh where the official data included 1,513 more structures vis-à-vis the provisional data. However, overall the difference is , less than negligible 0.01%. We have used the revised data for state-level analyses; the district-level analyses relies primarily on provisional data. The total number of minor irrigaঞon structures conঞnues to grow, at a slower rate and with some change in the albeit relaঞve share of different scheme types. Between the fourth census (reference year: 2006-07) and the fi[ h census (reference year: 2013-14), the total number of structures increased by more than 700,000 to 21.71 million. While the surface schemes declined marginally from 1.25 million to 1.19 million, the number of groundwater schemes increased from 19.76 million to 20.52 million ("},{"index":5,"size":231,"text":").    Against a potenঞal of 20.6 million hectares (mha), dug wells irrigate 16.8 mha; up from 15.6 mha in 2006-07. All but 1.1% of DWs are privately owned; this has changed from the fourth census where 2.8% of DWs were publically owned. 78% of the dug wells operate in the shallow aquifers with depth less than 20m while another 12.3% have a depth of 20 -40m; only 4.8% go beyond 70m depth. A li le over 70% dug wells are owned by marginal and small farmers; up from 66% in the fourth census. 23.4% of the dug wells are jointly owned by groups of farmers; up from 20% in the fourth census. 85.1% DWs operate on electricity; up from only 69% in 2006-07. Dug wells are predominantly financed through the farmers' own savings (71%). 21% DWs cost less than 10,000; 19.9% cost between 10,000 and 50,000; 25.8% between 50,000 and 1 lakh; 32.2% between 1 lakh and 10 lakh; and only 1% cost more than 10 lakh. 94.4% DWs were reported to be funcঞonal with 3.4% temporarily not in use and 2.2% permanently out of use. Low discharge, possibly as a result of decline in groundwater level, was reported as the primary reason for dug wells being temporarily out of use; like-wise, drying up of wells was cited as the most common reason for dug wells being permanently out of use."}]},{"head":"Shallow Tubewells (STWs)","index":3,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":177,"text":"A STW consists of a bore hole drilled into the ground with the purpose of tapping groundwater from porous zones in the aquifer. STWs grew from 4. STWs operate at a depth of less than 20m while the rest (66.2%) operate between 20 -40m depth. All but 0.5% of STWs are privately owned; 79% owned by marginal and small farmers; and only 2% by large farmers. The main source of energy for STWs is diesel (63.5%) followed by electricity (35.9%). Predominantly financed through farmers' savings, 98.3% STWs are funcঞonal with 1.3% temporarily not in use and 0.4% permanently out of use. Nearly half (48.9%) STWs cost between 10,000 and 50,000; 27.6% between 50,000 and 1 lakh; 15.6% between 1 lakh and 10 lakh; 6.9% less than 10,000 and 1% more than 10 lakh. Mechanical failure (36.3%) and low discharge (24.6%) were reported as the primary reasons for STWs being temporarily out of use; destrucঞon beyond repair (36.2%) and drying up of wells (30.9%) were cited as the most common reason for STWs being permanently out of use."}]},{"head":"Medium Tubewells (MTWs)","index":4,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":64,"text":"MTWs 29.8% between 1 lakh and 10 lakh; 25.8% between 10,000 and 50,000; 4.9% less than 10,000 and 0.9% 5 more than 10 lakh. Low water discharge (55.9%) is reported as the primary reason for MTWs being temporarily out of use; drying up of wells (52.5%) and destrucঞon beyond repair were cited as the most common reasons for MTWs being permanently out of use."}]},{"head":"Deep Tubewells (DTWs)","index":5,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":307,"text":"DTWs are tubewells that operate at a depth of more than 70 m. The number of DTWs has grown exponenঞally from 0.1 million in 1987 to 0.5 million on 2000-01, 1.4 million in 2006-07 and 2.6 million in 2013-14. Almost all DTWs are located in western and peninsular India, with a high concentraঞon in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and other pockets of severe groundwater depleঞon such as Sangli (Maharashtra) Banaskantha (Gujarat) and Chitradurga (Karnataka) ( ). Figure 7 Against an irrigaঞon potenঞal of 15.4 mha, Deep Tubewells irrigate 12.7 mha, up from 8 mha in 2006-07. The depth profile of DTWs has changed substanঞally since the fourth MI census. In 2006-07, 47% of DTWs operated between 70 -90m depth; in 2013-14, the percentage fell to below 40%. Likewise, in 2006-07, only 10% of the DTWs operated deeper than 150m; in 2013-14, the share of DTWs operaঞng at depths greater than 150m has grown to 15.6%. This clearly indicates a secular and declining trend in groundwater tables. As with dug wells, STWs and MTWs, all but 1.1% of DTWs are privately owned. This has changed from 2006-07 when 4% of DTWs were under public ownership. A li le over half (52.3%) of DTWs are owned by marginal and small farmers; while only 4.5% are owned by large farmers. As many as 20% of DTWs are jointly owned by groups of farmers, indicaঞve of their high capital cost. Given the depth at which they operate, it is not surprising that 96.3% DTWs Water Policy Research Highlight-07 inadequate power / fuel is reported as the leading reason (43.5%) for S-Flow schemes being temporarily not in use, followed by low water discharge (20.3%) and mechanical failure (12.1%). Sinking (42.6%), and drying up of water source (30.4%) are the most common reasons for S-Flow schemes being permanently out of use."}]},{"head":"Energy Use in Minor Irrigaঞon","index":6,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":53,"text":"Overall, the fi[ h MI census reports 72.16% of MI schemes as electric, 25.47% diesel, 1.58% manual, 0.07% wind-powered, 0.03% solar powered, and 0.69% energised from other sources. The distribuঞon is slightly different between groundwater and surface water schemes. In surface water schemes, there is a higher proporঞon of manual (5.87%) pumps ("},{"index":2,"size":25,"text":"). Electric pumps dominate in north-Figure 10 western, western and peninsular India while diesel pumps are mostly concentrated in the Gangeঞc basin in eastern India."},{"index":3,"size":16,"text":"The report of the fourth MI census highlighted the energy divide in India's minor irrigaঞon economy."},{"index":4,"size":48,"text":"shows Figure 11 how the divide has evolved and intensified during the period 2006-07 to 2013-14. The yellow areas of the maps represent districts with less than 20% electrified MI schemes while the dark red areas represent districts where more than 80% of the MI schemes are electric."},{"index":5,"size":270,"text":"(47.8%) and public (52.2%). This has changed from 2006-07 when only 39% were privately owned. Two-third (67.2%) of S-Flow schemes are owned and operated by marginal and small farmers; 6.5% are owned by large farmers. An overwhelming majority (71%) of privately owned S-Flow schemes are jointly owned by groups of farmers. Li le over a third (35.2%) S-Flow schemes are financed through farmers' own savings while 44.3% rely on government funds and 13.4% use bank loans. Only 87.6% S-Flow schemes are reported as funcঞonal with 9.5% temporarily and 2.9% permanently not in use. Whereas S-Flow schemes are supposed to operate with gravity, provisional data from the fi[ h MIC data suggests a significant number of them have energy source. Out of roughly 600,000 surface flow schemes, roughly 280,000 schemes report having an energy source. 57.9% of these are powered by electricity; 22.9% by diesel and 19.2% by other energy sources. This probably represents a case of mis-classificaঞon and these schemes should be classified as S-Li[ schemes. 42.5% S-Flow schemes cost less than 10,000; 22.4% between 10,000 and 50,000; 18.9% between 1 lakh and 10 lakh; 12.6% between 50,000 to 1 lakh; and 3.6% more than 10 lakh. Possibly owing to the mis-classificaঞon discussed earlier, The minor irrigaঞon census collects informaঞon on capacity of pumps (in HP) and cropping season-wise hours of use for every minor irrigaঞon structure. This informaঞon can be used to calculate total HP-Hours of operaঞon of energized minor irrigaঞon schemes; electric, diesel or otherwise. Using this informaঞon and assuming different values for average pump efficiency, one can esঞmate total annual energy use by MI schemes (Table 3)."},{"index":6,"size":102,"text":"The total installed capacity of mechanized MI structures is reported to be in excess of 106 GW. Of these, 102 GW is for groundwater schemes and 4.3 GW is for surface water MI schemes. It appears that, of all the values of esঞmated energy consumpঞon by electric pumps in Table 3, energy esঞmated at 40% pump efficiency is closest to the electricity supplied to agriculture, which was 122 billion units (kWhequivalent) in 2013-14. The total energy consumed in ² agriculture in 2013-14 is esঞmated to be roughly 162 billion units (kWh-equivalent) , up from 133 billion units esঞmated ³ for 2006-07 ("},{"index":7,"size":21,"text":"). This implies an average annual Figure 12 energy consumpঞon of 2281 kWh-equivalent units per hectare of irrigaঞon potenঞal uঞlized (IPU)."},{"index":8,"size":81,"text":"As per esঞmates of MI Census 2006-07, four districts consumed more than 2 billion units per year; this number has now gone up to 7 districts. Nalgonda district (Telangana) is esঞmated to consume 3.53 billion units. The other districts ² We assume 20% technical and commercial losses in farm power supply and exclude it from the electricity supplied to agriculture which was 153 billion units in 2013-14 (CSO 2017)). h p://www.mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publicaঞon_reports/Energy_Staঞsঞcs_2017r.pdf.pdf ³ For esঞmaঞng energy consumpঞon, we assume 40% pump efficiency."}]},{"head":"Assumed Pump","index":7,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":2,"text":"Efficiency (%)  "}]},{"head":"Water Distribuঞon and Irrigaঞon Technologies","index":8,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":165,"text":"Between 2006-07 and 2013-14, we see significant improvement in minor irrigaঞon schemes equipped with improved water distribuঞon systems. Proporঞon of schemes using unlined open channels has declined (from 55.09% in 2006-07 to 43.09%); while share of MI schemes equipped with buried pipelines (11.72% to 14.78%), surface pipes (14.75% to 24.74%), drip irrigaঞon (0.76% to 1.89%) and sprinklers (1.88% to 3.18%) have all increased significantly ( ). Figure 13 In terms of minor irrigated area using different water distribuঞon systems, numbers are different for groundwater and surface water schemes. In groundwater schemes, lined channels service only 8% of the IPU while buried pipes service 12.3% and surface pipes service 29.2% of the IPU. 1.4% of groundwater irrigated area is drip irrigated while 6.1% is irrigated with sprinklers. In surface water schemes, 22.3% of the IPU is irrigated through lined channels while buried pipes service 11.3% and surface pipes service 19.3%. 0.3% of surface water irrigated area is drip irrigated while 1.8% is irrigated with sprinklers ("},{"index":2,"size":4,"text":"). There has been  "}]},{"head":"CONCLUSION","index":9,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":97,"text":"Since the 1980's, India's irrigaঞon economy has been dominated by minor irrigaঞon, especially groundwater and pump irrigaঞon. Over the past fi[ y years, India and much of South Asia added more irrigated area through expansion of minor irrigaঞon than over the previous 200 years of major and medium irrigaঞon expansion via investments in large reservoirs and canal networks (Shah 2009). Not surprisingly, these structures have become the backbone of the smallholder agriculture economy. Despite some inconsistencies and shortcomings, data from the minor irrigaঞon census represents the most comprehensive and reliable source of informaঞon about this criঞcal economy."},{"index":2,"size":25,"text":"the years, the MIC has improved in breadth as well in the depth of its coverage and the fi[ h MIC has not been an"},{"index":3,"size":54,"text":"With more than 21 million structures spread across more than 6 0,000 villages, the minor irrigaঞon 5 census is an enormous field and logisঞcal exercise. It has been suggested that the next census will make use of mobile compuঞng and GPS technologies to improve reliability, ease of data gathering and access to MIC data."},{"index":4,"size":126,"text":"Since the last census in 2006-07, India's MI economy has evolved in terms of number of structures, energy source, energy use, delivery technologies etc. Despite some signs of plateauing and decline in the rate of growth, MI structures conঞnue to increase. How long the groundwater juggernaut will conঞnue is difficult to say. While in many parts of western and peninsular India, DWs and STWs are being replaced by DTWs, the density of structures sঞll has tremendous scope for expansion in central and eastern India. As states conঞnue to offer free or highly subsidized electricity for farm use, unsustainable and economically unviable pumping of fossil groundwater is likely to conঞnue. In recent years, new states like Chhaম sgarh and Telangana have also announced free farm power policies."},{"index":5,"size":87,"text":"The introducঞon of solar irrigaঞon pumpsespecially with high capital subsidies from union and state governmentscoupled with the rapid decline in their unit costs is likely to have a significant impact on the minor irrigaঞon economy. Once installed, solar irrigaঞon pumps offer high quality, zeromarginal cost, day-ঞme energy to farmers without the possibility of raঞoning. Mindless promoঞon of off-grid solar pumping systems will mimic a free farm power regime and the inability of uঞliঞes and government agencies to limit pumping hours will further accentuate the precarious groundwater situaঞon."},{"index":6,"size":42,"text":"The expansion of efficient irrigaঞon technologies in recent year is a posiঞve sign but even with the recent rise, drip and sprinkler technologies cover only about 5% of minor irrigaঞon schemes and cover less than 10% of the area irrigated by them."}]}],"figures":[{"text":" Since the first MI census in 1987, MI structures have been classified into 5 categories: [1] Dugwells (DWs); [2] Shallow Tubewells (STWs); [3] Deep Tubewells (DTWs); [4] Surface flow schemes; and [5] Surface li[ schemes. The fi[ h MI census introduced a new category - "},{"text":"U Figure : Irrigaঞon Potenঞal Created (IPC) and Irrigaঞon Potenঞal Uঞlized (IPU) for different structure types, 2013-14 3 "},{"text":"Figure  "},{"text":" Figure : Distribuঞon of Dugwells, 2013-14 4 Figure : Distribuঞon of Shallow Tubewells (STWs), 2013-5 14 "},{"text":"Figure : Figure : Distribuঞon of Medium Tubewells (MTWs), 2013-14 6 Figure : Distribuঞon of Deep Tubewells (DTWs), 2013-14 7 "},{"text":"Figure Figure : Distribuঞon of Surface Flow Schemes , 2013-14 9 (S-Flow) "},{"text":" -wise annual energy use in minor irrigaঞon, 2006-07 (le[ ) and2013-14 (right)     "},{"text":" Figure 14 significant expansion of drip and sprinkler irrigated area between the 4 and 5 MI censuses. Drip irrigated area has £ £ increased from 287,075 Ha in 2006-07 to 849,601 Ha in 2013-14 while sprinkler irrigated area has grown from 2.1 mha in 2006-07 to 3.7 mha in 2013-14. "},{"text":"Figure Figure : Share of Irrigaঞon Potenঞal Uঞlized by Water Distribuঞon 14 Systems, 2013-14 "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"Table 2 Dugwells This Highlight is based on research carried out under the IWMI-Tata Program (ITP) with addiঞonal support from the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). It is not externally peer-reviewed and the views expressed are of the author/s alone and not of ITP or its funding partners. The category has been created by bifurcaঞng the STW category into STW and MTW based on the depth of the scheme. Till the fourth census, depth of STWs was up to 70 meters. In fi[ h census, depth of STWs has been limited to 35 meters while MTWs have depth in the 35-70 meters range.   conঞnue to dominate the MI landscape (8.8 m; conঞnue to dominate the MI landscape (8.8 m; 40%); followed by STWs (5.9 m; 27%); and MTWs (3.2 m; 40%); followed by STWs (5.9 m; 27%); and MTWs (3.2 m; 15%). However, both DWs and STWs have declined in 15%). However, both DWs and STWs have declined in absolute numbers compared to the fourth MI census. Deep absolute numbers compared to the fourth MI census. Deep tubewells (DTWs) have increased significantly from 1.4 tubewells (DTWs) have increased significantly from 1.4 million (7%) in 2006-07 to 2.6 million (12%) in 2013-14. million (7%) in 2006-07 to 2.6 million (12%) in 2013-14. Surface flow schemes (S -Flow ) have declined marginally from Surface flow schemes (S -Flow ) have declined marginally from 0.60 million to 0.59 million (3%) and surface li[ schemes 0.60 million to 0.59 million (3%) and surface li[ schemes -Li[ (S ) have declined from 0.65 million to 0.60 million (3%) -Li[ (S) have declined from 0.65 million to 0.60 million (3%) ( Figure 1 ). ( Figure 1).  "},{"text":"VOLVING ATURE OF NDIA S RRIGATION CONOMY Insights from the Fi[ h Minor Irrigaࢼon Census* †  Water Policy Research Highlight-07 Water Policy Research Highlight-07 Table : 1 Comparison of provisional and official data for fi[ h MI census Table : 1 Comparison of provisional and official data for fi[ h MI census  "},{"text":"Type of Structure First Census (1987) Second Census (1993-94) Third Census (2000-01) Fourth Census (2006-07) Fi[ h Census (2013-14)  Dugwells (DWs) 7,320,586 4,466,958 9,617,381 9,200,191 8,784,359 Dugwells (DWs)7,320,5864,466,9589,617,3819,200,1918,784,359 Shallow Tubewells (STWs) Medium Tubewells (MTWs) 4,773,071 5,080,725 8,355,693 9,104,665 5,940,656 3,176,684 Shallow Tubewells (STWs) Medium Tubewells (MTWs)4,773,0715,080,7258,355,6939,104,6655,940,656 3,176,684 Deep Tubewells (DTWs) 103,814 104,309 530,194 1,452,964 2,618,606 Deep Tubewells (DTWs)103,814104,309530,1941,452,9642,618,606 Total Groundwater Schemes 12,     Total Groundwater Schemes12,  "},{"text":"197,471 9,651,992 18,503,268 19,757,820 20,520,305  Surface Flow Schemes (S -Flow ) 436,466 418,584 642,013 601,115 592,156 Surface Flow Schemes (S -Flow )436,466418,584642,013601,115592,156 Surface Li[ Schemes (S-Li[ ) 481,045 352,916 606,918 647,738 600,093 Surface Li[ Schemes (S-Li[ )481,045352,916606,918647,738600,093 Total Surface Water Schemes 917     Total Surface Water Schemes917  "},{"text":",511 771,500 1,248,931 1,248,853 1,192,249  ALL MI STRUCTURES (millions) 13.11 10.42 19.75 21.00 21.71 ALL MI STRUCTURES (millions)13.1110.4219.7521.0021.71  "},{"text":"ALL INDIA 21,712,554 21,714,133 +1,579 +0.007%  State / UT Number of MI Structures Provisional Data Final Data Absolute Difference % Difference State / UTNumber of MI Structures Provisional Data Final DataAbsolute Difference% Difference Andaman & Nicobar Islands 2,710 2,710 - - Andaman & Nicobar Islands2,7102,710-- Andhra Pradesh 1,054,356 1,054,356 - - Andhra Pradesh1,054,3561,054,356-- Arunachal Pradesh 4,779 4,779 - - Arunachal Pradesh4,7794,779-- Assam 136,520 136,520 - - Assam136,520136,520-- Bihar 649,992 649,992 - - Bihar649,992649,992-- Chandigarh 52 52 - - Chandigarh5252-- Chhaম sgarh 315,708 315,708 - - Chhaম sgarh315,708315,708-- Delhi 7,506 7,506 - - Delhi7,5067,506-- Goa 7,755 7,755 - - Goa7,7557,755-- Gujarat 1,330,225 1,330,226 +1 +0.000% Gujarat1,330,2251,330,226+1+0.000% Haryana 350,909 350,909 - - Haryana350,909350,909-- Himachal Pradesh 20,774 20,774 - - Himachal Pradesh20,77420,774-- Jammu & Kashmir 11,313 11,313 - - Jammu & Kashmir11,31311,313-- Jharkhand 251,224 251,224 - - Jharkhand251,224251,224-- Karnataka 1,353,880 1,353,889 +9 +0.001% Karnataka1,353,8801,353,889+9+0.001% Kerala 103,657 103,657 - - Kerala103,657103,657-- Madhya Pradesh 2,080,716 2,082,229 +1,513 +0.073% Madhya Pradesh2,080,7162,082,229+1,513+0.073% Maharashtra 2,920,869 2,920,874 +5 +0.000% Maharashtra2,920,8692,920,874+5+0.000% Manipur 866 866 - - Manipur866866-- Meghalaya 9,238 9,238 - - Meghalaya9,2389,238-- Mizoram 4,281 4,281 - - Mizoram4,2814,281-- Nagaland 17,106 17,106 - - Nagaland17,10617,106-- Odisha 491,394 491,394 - - Odisha491,394491,394-- Puducherry 4,498 4,498 - - Puducherry4,4984,498-- Punjab 1,120,963 1,120,963 - - Punjab1,120,9631,120,963-- Rajasthan 1,471,068 1,471,068 - - Rajasthan1,471,0681,471,068-- Sikkim 1,749 1,749 - - Sikkim1,7491,749-- Tamil Nadu 2,072,468 2,072,517 +50 0.002% Tamil Nadu2,072,4682,072,517+500.002% Telangana 1,522,292 1,522,292 - - Telangana1,522,2921,522,292-- Tripura 5,073 5,073 - - Tripura5,0735,073-- U ar Pradesh 3,801,284 3,801,286 - - U ar Pradesh3,801,2843,801,286-- U arakhand 91,518 91,518 - - U arakhand91,51891,518-- West Bengal 495,811 495,811 - - West Bengal495,811495,811-- Table : Type-wise number of minor irrigaঞon structures reported over the years (1987 to 2013-14) 2 Table : Type-wise number of minor irrigaঞon structures reported over the years (1987 to 2013-14) 2     2 2  "},{"text":" is a new category of groundwater schemes introduced in the fi[ h MI census. MTWs are deeper than STWs but shallower than DTWs, so they operate between 35 -70 m depth. The highest concentraঞon of MTWs can be found in Punjab, north Bihar, north Gujarat, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and southern Karnataka (Figure6). Against an irrigaঞon potenঞal of 14.3 mha, Medium Against an irrigaঞon potenঞal of 14.3 mha, Medium Tubewells irrigate 11.6 mha; thus the irrigated area by STWs Tubewells irrigate 11.6 mha; thus the irrigated area by STWs and MTWs together in 2013-14 is 33.8 mha, up from 31.4 and MTWs together in 2013-14 is 33.8 mha, up from 31.4 mha in 2006-07. Surprisingly, 12.6% of groundwater mha in 2006-07. Surprisingly, 12.6% of groundwater schemes recorded as MTWs operate at depth between 20 - schemes recorded as MTWs operate at depth between 20 - 40 m and should have been classified as STWs. More than 40 m and should have been classified as STWs. More than half the MTWs (53.4%) operate at depths between 40 and half the MTWs (53.4%) operate at depths between 40 and 60 m while a third (33.9%) operate between 60 -70m depth. 60 m while a third (33.9%) operate between 60 -70m depth. Like in the case of dug wells and STWs, all but 0.4% of Like in the case of dug wells and STWs, all but 0.4% of MTWs are privately owned. About 65% of MTWs are owned MTWs are privately owned. About 65% of MTWs are owned by marginal and small farmers; while only 2.4% are owned by by marginal and small farmers; while only 2.4% are owned by large farmers. Only 7% of MTWs are jointly owned by groups large farmers. Only 7% of MTWs are jointly owned by groups of farmers. MTWs are overwhelmingly electrified (88.4%) of farmers. MTWs are overwhelmingly electrified (88.4%) and only a few (10.9%) run on diesel. Like dug wells and and only a few (10.9%) run on diesel. Like dug wells and STWs, MTWs are also predominantly financed through the STWs, MTWs are also predominantly financed through the farmers' own savings (81.4%). 97.9% MTWs are funcঞonal farmers' own savings (81.4%). 97.9% MTWs are funcঞonal with 1.6% temporarily not in use and 0.5% permanently out with 1.6% temporarily not in use and 0.5% permanently out of use. 38.6% MTWs cost between 50,000 and 1 lakh; of use. 38.6% MTWs cost between 50,000 and 1 lakh;  "},{"text":"Esঞmated Energy Consumpঞon (in billion kWh-equivalent)   Electric Diesel Total ElectricDieselTotal 30 171.8 43.6 216.5 30171.843.6216.5 40 128.9 32.7 162.4 40128.932.7162.4 50 103.1 26.2 129.9 50103.126.2129.9 60 85.9 21.8 108.3 6085.921.8108.3 70 73.6 18.7 92.8 7073.618.792.8  "},{"text":"Table 3     Water Policy Research Highlight-07    Water Policy Research Highlight-07    Energy ConsumpƟon    Energy ConsumpƟon Energy ConsumpƟonEnergy ConsumpƟon    Data not Available    Data not Available Data not AvailableData not Available    Less than 50 MU/year    Less than 50 MU/year Less than 50 MU/yearLess than 50 MU/year    50-200 MU/year    50-200 MU/year 50-200 MU/year50-200 MU/year    200-500 MU/yearr    200-500 MU/year 200-500 MU/yearr200-500 MU/year    500-1000 MU/year    500-1000 MU/year 500-1000 MU/year500-1000 MU/year    More than 1000 MU/year    More than 1000 MU/year More than 1000 MU/yearMore than 1000 MU/year 0 500 1,000 2,000 Kilometers 0 500 1,000 2,000 Kilometers 05001,0002,000Kilometers05001,0002,000Kilometers     consuming more than 2 billion units annually are: Medak consuming more than 2 billion units annually are: Medak     (Telangana); Jodhpur and Bikaner (Rajasthan); Sangrur (Telangana); Jodhpur and Bikaner (Rajasthan); Sangrur     (Punjab); Banaskantha (Gujarat); and Pune (Maharashtra). (Punjab); Banaskantha (Gujarat); and Pune (Maharashtra).     These 7 districts have more than 0.85 million electric pumps These 7 districts have more than 0.85 million electric pumps     with an installed capacity of 9.4 million HP and consume with an installed capacity of 9.4 million HP and consume     20.3 billion units to irrigate an area of nearly 2.8 mha. 20.3 billion units to irrigate an area of nearly 2.8 mha.     : Esঞmated Energy Consumpঞon by MI Structures :Esঞmated Energy Consumpঞon by MI Structures  "}],"sieverID":"44eed8af-7a02-4c6d-ace2-1ad08bb6927f","abstract":""}