{"metadata":{"id":"01205a9a0508a6f976473bd442382c38","source":"gardian_index","url":"https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/a03c29b0-f76b-4734-ae43-5dd8b34086f5/retrieve"},"pageCount":15,"title":"Community participatory inventory and prioritization of climate-smart crop-livestock agroforestry technologies / practices Techical Manual","keywords":["Community participatory inventory and prioritization of climatesmart crop-livestock-agroforestry technologies / practices. ICRAF Technical Manual. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre Adaptation","Climate-Smart","Climate change","Climate variability","Food security","Mitigation"],"chapters":[{"head":"","index":1,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":50,"text":"The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) is a centre of scientific excellence that harnesses the benefits of trees for people and the environment. Leveraging the world's largest repository of agroforestry science and information, we develop knowledge practices, from farmers' fields to the global sphere, to ensure food security and environmental sustainability."},{"index":2,"size":112,"text":"ICRAF's headquarters are based in Nairobi, Kenya, and we operate in six regional programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America. Our vision is an equitable world where all people have viable livelihoods supported by healthy and productive landscapes. Our mission is to harness the multiple benefits trees provide for agriculture, livelihoods, resilience and the future of our planet, from farmers' fields through to continental scales. ICRAF is the only institution conducting globally significant agroforestry research in and for all of the developing tropics. Knowledge produced by ICRAF allows governments, development agencies, and farmers to use the power of trees to make farming livelihoods more environmentally, socially and economically sustainable at scales."},{"index":3,"size":52,"text":"The geographic designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Agroforestry Centre concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. "}]},{"head":"Table of content","index":2,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Summary","index":3,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Literature","index":4,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":62,"text":"Babou André Bationo is a senior forestry biology and ecology scientist. He holds a PhD from the University of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). He works at the Agriculture and Environmental Research Institute (INERA), Burkina Faso. He is an associate scientist and the focal point of ICRAF in Burkina Faso. His expertise includes participatory regeneration and ecology of agroforestry tree species in agroforestry systems."},{"index":2,"size":91,"text":"Saaka Buah is an agronomist and soil scientist with a PhD in Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition from Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA. He is currently working with CSIR-SARI, Ghana where his research activities focus on solving agricultural production problems in the savanna zone of Ghana. He also provides technical assistance to increase the availability of appropriate and affordable soil fertility management technologies to sustainably improve agricultural productivity in northern Ghana. He is currently the Head of the farming system research team based in the Upper West region of Ghana."},{"index":3,"size":69,"text":"Diaminatou Sanogo is a senior scientist at the Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute, focal person of ICRAF in Senegal. She holds a doctoral degree in Ecology, Agroforestry at Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar (Senegal). Her research interests include Participatory Action Research in agroforestry and forestry including cultivation of high-value indigenous tree species. She is also working on developing strategies for the sustainable management of natural resources on communal lands."},{"index":4,"size":89,"text":"Abasse Tougiani is a senior scientist at the National Agricultural Research Institute of Niger (INRAN), and is an ICRAF focal point in Niger. He holds a PhD in Biology and Silviculture from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. His research interests include agroforestry, integration of agricultural crops, livestock and tree species production system and cultivation of high-value indigenous tree species. (iii) making an inventory of key crop-livestock-agroforestry value chains and their actors. This is just a rapid identification of promising value chains and a detailed study is to follow later."}]},{"head":"Definition of key terms used in the document","index":5,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":21,"text":"In this guide, the terminologies such as adaptation, mitigation and ecosystem services are used as defined by Bayala et al. (2016):"},{"index":2,"size":31,"text":"Adaptation is referred to as \"adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities\" (IPCC, 2007)."},{"index":3,"size":42,"text":"Mitigation refers to actions that limit the magnitude and/or rate of long-term climate change; it generally involves reductions in human (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse gases and may also be achieved by increasing the capacity of carbon sinks, e.g., through reforestation (IPCC, 2007)."},{"index":4,"size":53,"text":"Ecosystem services refers to the benefits people obtain from ecosystems which are grouped into four broad categories: provisioning, such as the production of food and water; regulating, such as the control of climate and disease; supporting, such as nutrient cycles and crop pollination; and cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits (MEA, 2005)."},{"index":5,"size":20,"text":"Climate-smart agricultural production is defined by FAO (2013) as agricultural production activities that composed of three pillars: (1) sustainably increasing"}]},{"head":"Preamble","index":6,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":12,"text":"This manual has been produced within the framework of the project: Building  "}]},{"head":"Team member Role","index":7,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":54,"text":"Team Leader Introduces the workshop and the agenda for the day. Explains the objectives of the project, has the responsibility for the management of the workshop and acts as a contact point between community and the rest of the team. He/She is responsible for quality control and the final production of the workshop report."},{"index":2,"size":39,"text":"Facilitator Explains and guides the discussion during the workshop. Ensure all participants are getting an equal chance to participate, especially women and try as much as possible to ensure that the sitting arrangements allow for interactions among the participants."},{"index":3,"size":12,"text":"It will be advantageous for the facilitator to understand the local language."},{"index":4,"size":89,"text":"2 Rapporteurs They have the responsibility of tracking and documenting in details the content of the discussions. The note takers should also record any controversies during the discussions, contentious issues, how group makes decisions or reached consensus. The note takers should remind the facilitator if any issues that are supposed to be covered have been left out. The names of the workshop participants should be recorded together with their gender and institution of origin. An example of how to record the names of the participants is given Table 2."},{"index":5,"size":58,"text":"agricultural productivity and incomes; (2) adapting and building resilience to climate change; and (3) reducing and/or removing greenhouse gases emissions, where possible. Therefore, for a technology to be considered climate smart, it has to contribute to food security through increased productivity and income generation, adaptation and mitigation strategies. The technologies should also be proven up-scalable and economically viable."},{"index":6,"size":58,"text":"A list of crop-livestock-agroforestry technologies that could be climate-smart as adapted from the publication by IUCN (Savadogo et al., 2011) is provided in Annex to this guide. The list should not be read to the participants but should only serve as a guide. It will be good for the workshop team to familiarize themselves with this informative publication."}]},{"head":"Community participatory inventory of the climate-smart technologies/practices","index":8,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":15,"text":"The inventory of the CSA practices/technologies should be conducted during a community workshop (Photo 1)."}]},{"head":"Identification of workshop participants","index":9,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":4,"text":"The workshop should gather:"},{"index":2,"size":13,"text":"• At least 30 adult participants (over 18 years) from the target communities;"},{"index":3,"size":65,"text":"• At least 30% of communities participants should be women who have a good knowledge of the biophysical and socio-institutional contexts of the sites; • All key social groups/ethnic groups in the community including crop and livestock farmers; • Representatives from the community should form at least 50% of the workshop participants; • At least 2 representatives (with background in agronomy, livestock and agroforestry) from:"},{"index":4,"size":3,"text":"• research institutes,"},{"index":5,"size":4,"text":"• development agencies (NGOs),"},{"index":6,"size":7,"text":"• private sector and • Government agencies."},{"index":7,"size":23,"text":"• The workshop team should consist of a team leader, a facilitator and 2 rapporteurs. Their role is described in Table 1 below."},{"index":8,"size":2,"text":"(note-takers) 16"}]},{"head":"Conduct of the inventory","index":10,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":21,"text":"The conduct of the inventory workshop entails: (i) explaining to the participants the technologies that could be considered \"climate-smart\" (Photo 2);"},{"index":2,"size":71,"text":"(ii) asking the participants to mention technologies that have proven successful and beneficial in terms of improving household food security, adaptation to climate change and mitigation; Attendants should be asked to bear in mind technologies/practices from all domains namely agronomic, soil and water conservation / water storage, livestock and forestry-agroforestry, social practices, etc. (Table 4a, b, c, etc.). You can start with crop-related technologies, and then followed by livestock and agroforestry."},{"index":3,"size":26,"text":"(iii) For each mentioned technology, the participants should be asked to elaborate on the benefits and constraints for its implementation, and reasons for being considered climate-smart;"},{"index":4,"size":20,"text":"(iv) At completion of the inventory, the results should be presented to the participants to ensure that nothing is missing.  "}]},{"head":"Collecting general Information on the target site","index":11,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":117,"text":"After introducing the project and explaining the objectives of the workshop, it is essential to collect general information on the village using Table 3. This information is necessary to better contextualize the responses of the participants regarding the inventory of climate-smart crop-livestock-agroforestry practices.  It is critical here to prevent any group from dominating in giving score for the technologies. Technologies/social practices with higher score should be considered as promising and used for the next assessment regarding the identification of the key value chains which the scaling up of the technologies/social practices should focus on. However, attention should be paid to the adaptation and mitigation score for final decision on which technology to screen for their value addition."}]},{"head":"Prioritization of the climate-smart crop-livestock-agroforestry practices/technologies","index":12,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":43,"text":"In this session, the inventoried climate-smart crop-livestock-agroforestry practicesare to be prioritized by assessing each identified practice against seven criteria (Table 5). In the context of climate change, it is recognised that technology innovations alone are insufficient, and we suggest to include social innovations."},{"index":2,"size":20,"text":"In fact, social innovations emerge as networks generating innovative solutions for climate change adaptation and mitigation (Feola et Nunes, 2014).  "}]},{"head":"Rapid identification of key crop-livestockagroforestry value chains","index":13,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":72,"text":"This short session identifies key crop-livestock-agroforestry value chains, rank ing them and identifying the main actors together with their level of influence on the value chain. It also identifies interventions needed to make the value chain operational (Table 6).   Savadogo M., Somda J., Seynou O., Zabré S., Nianogo A. J. 2011.Catalogue des bonnes pratiques d'adaptation aux risques climatiques au Burkina Faso. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. UICN Burkina Faso. 52 pp. ISBN : 978-2-8317-1392-2."}]},{"head":"Selecting scalable technologies/social practices from the inventory","index":14,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":10,"text":"(Follow up of the results from the inventory and prioritization)"},{"index":2,"size":48,"text":"Once the prioritization is completed, the cost-benefit analysis of the selected options (Andrieu et al., 2017) will help coming up with a limited number that will be up-scaled through improved understanding of farmer's perceptions and demands, by addressing barriers to adoption taking into consideration gender and social differentiation."},{"index":3,"size":50,"text":"This will be done either by strengthening the capacity of the key stakeholders on the short list of options retained or testing and evaluating them (fine tuning to local circumstances) through participatory action research. The stakeholders include farmers, extension services, development agencies (e.g. NGO), private sector, researchers and governmental agencies."}]}],"figures":[{"text":" Criteria to be used for the prioritization exercise 4.2. Procedure for conducting the prioritization 5. Rapid identification of key crop-livestock-agroforestry value chains 6. Selecting scalable technologies/social practices from the inventory (Follow up of the results from the inventory and prioritization) "},{"text":" resilient agro-sylvo-pastoral systems in West Africa through participatory action research (BRAS-PAR)\". BRAS-PAR is one of the flagship 2 projects funded by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). The flagship 2 of CCAFS, which is about climate-smart technologies and practices, addresses the challenge of how to transition to a climate-smart agriculture (CSA) at a large scale for enabling agricultural systems to be transformed and reoriented to support food security under the new realities of climate change. Led by ICRAF-WCA/Sahel, the BRAS-PAR project is being implemented by a consortium of National research institutes in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger and Senegal, IUCN, and ILRI. This project seeks to develop up-scalable technological and social innovations of climate-smart agriculture for integrated croplivestock-tree systems through improved understanding of farmer's perceptions and demands, by addressing barriers to adoption taking into consideration gender and social differentiation. One of the three activities of the project is to strengthen the capacity of key actors through multi-stakeholders platforms and the key element of this activity is engaging different key actors and the local communities to make inventory of promising climate-smart crop-livestock-agroforestry practices and to prioritize these practices for testing and evaluation through participatory action research. The stakeholders include farmers, extension services, development agencies (e.g. NGO), private sector, researchers and governmental agencies. 15 14 "},{"text":"Figure 1 : Figure 1: Participants at prioritization exercise of climate-smart crop-livestockagroforestry technologies/practices. "},{"text":"Figure 2 : Figure 2: A facilitator explaining a point to community members during the inventory workshop. "},{"text":"Figure 3 : Figure 3: A woman scoring for a technology during the inventory workshop. "},{"text":"4. 1 . Criteria to be used for the prioritization exercise (i) ability to sustainably improving agricultural productivity; (ii) market value of the different products generated by the technology; (iii) viability as adaptation strategy; (iv) potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation); (v) potential for up-scaling; (vi) economic viability (cost and benefit) /income generation and (vii) impact on ecosystem services.4.2. Procedure for conducting the prioritization(i) Participants are first asked to score each identified technology/practice for each criterion on a scale of 0 (none/not at all) to 10 (Excellent/highly suitable) (Photo 3). "},{"text":"Dr. Diaminatou Sanogo sdiami@yahoo.fr Dr. Abasse Tougiani abasse.tougiani@gmail.com Dr. Robert Zougmoré r.zougmore@cgiar.org List of acronyms and abbreviations CCAFS:  Dr. Babou André Bationo 1. Introduction Dr. Babou André Bationo1. Introduction babou.bationo@gmail.com  babou.bationo@gmail.com   This guide describes a simple method for community participatory inventory This guide describes a simple method for community participatory inventory  Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security and prioritization of climate-smart agriculture practices/technologies and so-cial innovations. Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Securityand prioritization of climate-smart agriculture practices/technologies and so-cial innovations. CGIAR: Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research  CGIAR:Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research   It aims at: It aims at: CIAT: International Center for Tropical Agriculture (i) engaging key stakeholders in inventorizing promising climate-smart CIAT:International Center for Tropical Agriculture(i) engaging key stakeholders in inventorizing promising climate-smart Dr. Saaka Buah CSA: Climate-Smart Agriculture crop-livestock-agroforestry practices that fit their local context; Dr. Saaka Buah CSA: Climate-Smart Agriculturecrop-livestock-agroforestry practices that fit their local context; ssbuah@yahoo.com  ssbuah@yahoo.com CSIR-SARI: Savanna Agricultural Research Institute of the Council for (iI) prioritizing the promising climate-smart technologies based on a set of CSIR-SARI: Savanna Agricultural Research Institute of the Council for(iI) prioritizing the promising climate-smart technologies based on a set of  Scientific and Industrial Research criteria pertinent to climate smart agriculture (food security, adaptation Scientific and Industrial Researchcriteria pertinent to climate smart agriculture (food security, adaptation DANIDA: Danish International Development Agency  DANIDA:Danish International Development Agency EU: European Union  EU:European Union FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations  FAO:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ICRAF: World Agroforestry Centre  ICRAF:World Agroforestry Centre ICRISAT: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics  ICRISAT:International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics IFAD: International Fund for Agricultural Development  IFAD:International Fund for Agricultural Development IICT: Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical  IICT:Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical ILRI: International Livestock Research Institute  ILRI:International Livestock Research Institute INERA: Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles  INERA:Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles INRAN: Institut National de Recherche Agronomique du Niger  INRAN:Institut National de Recherche Agronomique du Niger IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change  IPCC:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISRA: Institut Sénégalais de Recherche Agricole  ISRA:Institut Sénégalais de Recherche Agricole IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature  IUCN:International Union for Conservation of Nature MEA: Millenium Ecosystem Assessment  MEA:Millenium Ecosystem Assessment NGO: Robert Zougmoré is an agronomist and soil Non-Governmental Organization  NGO:Robert Zougmoré is an agronomist and soil Non-Governmental Organization  scientist with a PhD in Production Ecology & Re-  scientist with a PhD in Production Ecology & Re- SDC: sources Conservation, University of Wageningen. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation  SDC:sources Conservation, University of Wageningen. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation He is based at ICRISAT Bamako where he currently leads the CGIAR research pro-  He is based at ICRISAT Bamako where he currently leads the CGIAR research pro- gramme on climate change, agriculture and food security (CCAFS) in West Africa.  gramme on climate change, agriculture and food security (CCAFS) in West Africa. His work focuses on the development of climate-smart agriculture technologies,  His work focuses on the development of climate-smart agriculture technologies, practices, institutions and policies for better climate risk management in West  practices, institutions and policies for better climate risk management in West Africa.   Africa.  "},{"text":"Table 1 : Roles of the Workshop team   "},{"text":"Table 2 : List of participants  Name Sex Institution NameSexInstitution  1=Male;  1=Male;  2= Female  2= Female 1.   1. 2.   2. 3.   3. 4.   4. 5.   5. 6.   6. 7.   7. 8.   8. ...   ... ...   ... ...   ...  "},{"text":"Table 3 : Preliminary information on the village (project site)  Name Name Dominant ethnic group (s) Dominant ethnic group (s) Total population Total population Total number of households Total number of households Number of female headed households Number of female headed households Proportion of households growing crops and keeping livestock Proportion of households growing crops and keeping livestock Proportion of households growing crops only Proportion of households growing crops only Proportion of households keeping livestock only Proportion of households keeping livestock only Proportion of the households engaged in agroforestry practices Proportion of the households engaged in agroforestry practices Proportion of households engaged in non-agricultural activities only e.g. commerce Proportion of households engaged in non-agricultural activities only e.g. commerce Average size of crop farm per household Average size of crop farm per household Dominant crops grown in the village Dominant crops grown in the village Dominant livestock species in the village Dominant livestock species in the village Average livestock number per household Average livestock number per household Access to market (0=Poor; 1=Fair; 2=Good; 3= Very good) Access to market (0=Poor; 1=Fair; 2=Good; 3= Very good) State of infrastructures (school, health centre etc.) State of infrastructures (school, health centre etc.) in the community (0=Poor; 1=Fair; 2=Good; 3= Very good) in the community (0=Poor; 1=Fair; 2=Good; 3= Very good) Pressure on crop land in the community (1=Low; 2=Average; 3=High; 4= Very high) Pressure on crop land in the community (1=Low; 2=Average; 3=High; 4= Very high)  "},{"text":"Table 4a : Inventory of promising climate smart agronomic practices (including soil and water)  Technology/ Benefit Constraint Reason for climate Technology/BenefitConstraintReason for climate social practices   smartness social practicessmartness 1.    1. 2.    2. 3.    3. 4.    4. 5.    5. 6.    6. 7.    7. 8.    8. 9.    9. 10.    10.  "},{"text":"Table 4b : Inventory of promising climate smart livestock practices  Technology/ Benefit Constraint Reason for climate Technology/BenefitConstraintReason for climate social practices   smartness social practicessmartness 1.    1. 2.    2. 3.    3. 4.    4. 5.    5. 6.    6. 7.    7. 8.    8. 9.    9. 10.    10.  "},{"text":"Table 4c : Inventory of promising climate smart agroforestry practices      Pass-on-the-gift (Credit in kind) sheep (Social innovation) • Easy source of up scaling livestock rearing • Poverty reduction • Source of manure • Lower mortality rates • Higher fertility rates, • Improvement in animal and herd performance • Extra income and food • Preventive health measures such as vaccinations to control disease, stress reduction (provision of shade and water) • Growth in animal-source foods • Rich and diversified diets • Inadequate veterinary services in a cost-effective manner. ties and dissemination of vaccine quality vaccines in the communi-• Challenges are scarcity of high-• High cost of treatment and housing to small ruminant production Sheep and is a major impediment infects primarily Goats and de petits ruminants) virus that • Vaccine against The PPR (peste • Healthy stock with reduced mortality risks • Food security strategy through poverty reduction. Pass-on-the-gift (Credit in kind) sheep (Social innovation)• Easy source of up scaling livestock rearing • Poverty reduction • Source of manure • Lower mortality rates • Higher fertility rates, • Improvement in animal and herd performance • Extra income and food • Preventive health measures such as vaccinations to control disease, stress reduction (provision of shade and water) • Growth in animal-source foods • Rich and diversified diets• Inadequate veterinary services in a cost-effective manner. ties and dissemination of vaccine quality vaccines in the communi-• Challenges are scarcity of high-• High cost of treatment and housing to small ruminant production Sheep and is a major impediment infects primarily Goats and de petits ruminants) virus that • Vaccine against The PPR (peste• Healthy stock with reduced mortality risks • Food security strategy through poverty reduction.     Fodder production (Cajanus cajan) • Animals do not roam far • Provide protein to animals • Provides nutrients to the land • Reliable source of animal feed • Labour intensive • Often grazed by free roaming livestock • Little or no cultivated pastures • Bulk of current forage resource are from natural rangelands • Improved quality feeds and products mitigating emissions • Forage quality improvement. • By enhancing forage produc-tion, more organic matter is returned to soils, which, in turn, increases the amount of orga-nic carbon stored in the soil Fodder production (Cajanus cajan)• Animals do not roam far • Provide protein to animals • Provides nutrients to the land • Reliable source of animal feed• Labour intensive • Often grazed by free roaming livestock • Little or no cultivated pastures • Bulk of current forage resource are from natural rangelands• Improved quality feeds and products mitigating emissions • Forage quality improvement. • By enhancing forage produc-tion, more organic matter is returned to soils, which, in turn, increases the amount of orga-nic carbon stored in the soil     Semi-intensive housing • Know where about of live stock • Manure is secured • Sick animals are easily identified • Highly protected from thieves • Lower mortality rates • Higher fertility rates, • Improvement in animal and herd-shade and water) stress reduction (provision of as vaccinations to control disease, • Preventive health measures such performance • Difficulties in bringing livestock home every evening • limited expertise • Poor feed quality (low feed digestibility). • Adaptation strategy. • Reduction in disease and pest incidence • Prevent excessive/extreme weather events • Minimizes deforestation and land degradation Semi-intensive housing• Know where about of live stock • Manure is secured • Sick animals are easily identified • Highly protected from thieves • Lower mortality rates • Higher fertility rates, • Improvement in animal and herd-shade and water) stress reduction (provision of as vaccinations to control disease, • Preventive health measures such performance• Difficulties in bringing livestock home every evening • limited expertise • Poor feed quality (low feed digestibility).• Adaptation strategy. • Reduction in disease and pest incidence • Prevent excessive/extreme weather events • Minimizes deforestation and land degradation Technology/ social practices 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Benefit Constraint Reason for climate smartness Grazing management • Able to manage limited land. • Increased mobility of animals • Areas allocated for livestock are over utilized due to insufficient land. • Poor feed quality (low feed digestibility). • Vegetation loss due to overgrazing • Increases deforestation and land degradation • Deforestation is a land-use change process that can gene-rate most GHG emissions • Adaptation strategy in livestock feeding • Grassland carbon sequestration could offset emissions • The impact of better grazing management (increased mobi-lity, and a better balance bet-ween grazing and rest periods) can have a positive impact on forage production and soil carbon sequestration. • Forage quality improvement Technology/ social practices 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.BenefitConstraintReason for climate smartnessGrazing management • Able to manage limited land. • Increased mobility of animals• Areas allocated for livestock are over utilized due to insufficient land. • Poor feed quality (low feed digestibility). • Vegetation loss due to overgrazing • Increases deforestation and land degradation • Deforestation is a land-use change process that can gene-rate most GHG emissions• Adaptation strategy in livestock feeding • Grassland carbon sequestration could offset emissions • The impact of better grazing management (increased mobi-lity, and a better balance bet-ween grazing and rest periods) can have a positive impact on forage production and soil carbon sequestration. • Forage quality improvement 7. 8. 9. 10.    Supplementary feeding (Acacia fruits) • Enhance faster growth of livestock • Not easily available • Adaptation strategy against limited access to feed. • Forage quality improvement 7. 8. 9. 10.Supplementary feeding (Acacia fruits)• Enhance faster growth of livestock• Not easily available• Adaptation strategy against limited access to feed. • Forage quality improvement 20       21 2021  "},{"text":"Table 5 . Framework for technology and social practices prioritization Repeat the table separately for the different categories(agronomy, livestock, agroforestry, etc.)     Technology/ Criteria (score 0 (none/not at all) to 10 (Excellent/highly suitable) Technology/Criteria (score 0 (none/not at all) to 10 (Excellent/highly suitable) social practices    social practices  Food security Adaptation Mitigation Others Score total Food securityAdaptation MitigationOthersScore total 1. 2. 3. 4. … … Productivity Income Adaptation Mitigation potential potential economic impact on for viability ecosystem up-scaling services 1. 2. 3. 4. … …Productivity Income Adaptation Mitigation potentialpotential economic impact on for viability ecosystem up-scaling services  "},{"text":"Table 6 . Template for participatory value chain analysis  Value Chain Rank Main actors Influence of Intervention Value ChainRankMain actorsInfluence ofIntervention    the main actors needed the main actorsneeded    (1. Weak; 2. Modest; 3. Strong; 4. Very strong /dominant)  (1. Weak; 2. Modest; 3. Strong; 4. Very strong /dominant) 1.     1. 2.     2. 3.     3. 4.     4. 5.     5. 6.     6. 7.     7. 8.     8. 9.     9. 10.     10.  "},{"text":"score from 0 (none/not at all) to 10 (excellent/highly suitable)  Adaptation Mitigation Others Adaptation Mitigation Up-scaling Economic Ecosystem Adaptation Mitigation OthersAdaptation Mitigation Up-scaling Economic Ecosystem Food security Productivity Income Food securityProductivity Income  "},{"text":" Zougmoré R.,Ky-Dembele C., Bationo B.A., Buah S., Sanogo D., Somda J.,  Tougiani A., Traoré K., Kalinganire A. 2016. Towards developing scalable climatesmart village models: approach and lessons learnt from pilot research in West Africa. ICRAF Occasional Paper No. 25. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre. FAO 2013. Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook. Rome, Italy. Feola, G. and Nunes, R. (2014) Success and failure of grassroots innovations for addressing climate change: the case of the Transition Movement. Global Envi-/doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.011 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/36095/ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2007. Climate change 2007: mitigation of climate change,B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave & L.A. Meyer (eds). Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA, Cambridge University Press. Millenium Ecosystem Assessment 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. Island Press, World Resources Institute, Washington, USA. Literature       Literature Andrieu N., Sogoba B., Zougmore R., Howland F., Samake O., Bonilla-Findji O., Andrieu N., Sogoba B., Zougmore R., Howland F., Samake O., Bonilla-Findji O., Lizarazo M., Nowak A., Dembele C., Corner-Dolloff C. 2017. Prioritizing invest- Lizarazo M., Nowak A., Dembele C., Corner-Dolloff C. 2017. Prioritizing invest- ments for climate-smart agriculture: Lessons learned from Mali. Agricultural ments for climate-smart agriculture: Lessons learned from Mali. Agricultural Systems 154: 13-24       Systems 154: 13-24 Bayala J., Zougmoré R., Dayamba S.D., Olivier A. 2017. Climate-Smart Agriculture Bayala J., Zougmoré R., Dayamba S.D., Olivier A. 2017. Climate-Smart Agriculture Technologies in West Africa: learning from the ground Research for Development Technologies in West Africa: learning from the ground Research for Development experiences. Agriculture & Food Security (2017) 6:40. DOI 10.1186/s40066-017- experiences. Agriculture & Food Security (2017) 6:40. DOI 10.1186/s40066-017- 0117-5.        0117-5. Bayala J., ronmental Change, 24. pp. 232250. ISSN 09593780 doi: Bayala J., ronmentalChange,24.pp.232250.ISSN09593780doi: https:/        https:/  "}],"sieverID":"dbe141ab-8357-4f95-a61e-34b06cb384ff","abstract":"He is currently working on establishing key directions for the agroforestry research and development programme in the Sahel. His research focus is on the soil-plant-water continuum in West and Central Africa and on agroforestry species physiology in the face of climate change.Djibril S. Dayamba is a postdoctoral fellow on Climate-Smart Agriculture at the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), based in Bamako, Mali. He is involved in a number of projects aiming at capacitating stakeholders in using climate Information and climate-smart practices for enhanced resilience of the production systems in West Africa. He holds a PhD degree in Forest Biology, Ecology and Management from Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.Augustine Ayantunde is a principal scientist in sustainable livestock systems at International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). He holds a PhD degree in ruminant nutrition from University of Wageningen, The Netherlands. He is based at ILRI office in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. His areas of research include participatory testing and evaluation of livestock-related strategies for sustainable intensification of crop-livestock systems in West Africa, evaluation of feed resources in West African Sahel, evaluation, monitoring of natural resource use in (agro)-pastoral systems including conflict management, and participatory analysis of vulnerability to climate change in agro-pastoral systems in the Sahel.Jacques Somda is a senior programme officer with the International Union for Conservation of Nature, Central and West Africa programme. He holds a doctoral degree in rural economics at the University of Cocody, Côte d'Ivoire. His research interests include monitoring and evaluation, environmental economics, technology adoption and policy analysis.Catherine Ky-Dembele is a tree scientist based at the Sahel Node, Bamako of the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF-WCA/Sahel). She holds a PhD in Forest Management, Option Silviculture from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Her research interests include developing appropriate propagation methods for valuable agroforestry tree species and other activities regarding tree domestication."}