{"metadata":{"id":"0134b96b2c596d96a197a8ecd0f4008a","source":"gardian_index","url":"https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/b7b94ae2-97ec-4ddd-9c02-d7c7cc18b2cd/retrieve"},"pageCount":48,"title":"CGIAR Research Program Portfolio Report for Year","keywords":[],"chapters":[{"head":"Preamble","index":1,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":90,"text":"This sixth annual CGIAR Research Program Portfolio Report ('2016 Portfolio Report') provides a synthesis and analysis of progress and achievements by the portfolio of 15 CGIAR Research Programs (CRPs) in 2016, together with reporting on management of CGIAR's Crop Collections -the Genebanks -in Appendix 1. Taking note that CGIAR has adopted a new Strategy and Results Framework to frame its strategic research agenda from 2017, the material presented represents the final year of reporting against CGIAR's 2010 Strategy and Results Framework 1 , which prioritized four system level outcomes (SLOs):"},{"index":2,"size":1,"text":"1"},{"index":3,"size":88,"text":"The main highlight for 2016 is that the volume and quality of outputs and outcomes produced is highly laudable (see Figure 1 below). This is so even though the volume of outcomes produced decreased compared to 2015, as could be expected given the two consecutive years of decline in Windows 1 and 2 (W1-2) funds experienced by all CRPs. Such a decrease was flagged as a risk for 2016 in the 2015 Portfolio Report, given the significant downsizing of staff positions triggered by decreasing W1-2 funds in 2015."},{"index":4,"size":57,"text":"The international public good nature of these outputs and outcomes means that these results have been used by stakeholders, including national governments in many countries where the CRPs do not work (in addition to those where they work), as well as by international NGOs and development institutions, such as the World Bank (see Section 2 for details)."}]},{"head":"3.","index":2,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"4.","index":3,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":108,"text":"There has been a significant increase in published outputs from gender research and the effective integration of gender in the design of the 2017 -2022 Portfolio. Gender scientists contributed to and influenced the research agenda of Phase 2 CRPs (by comparison, the 2011/2012 -2016 CRPs were not designed with gender specialists, nor was the 2011 CGIAR System-wide Gender Strategy 5 (CGIAR Gender Strategy) approved when they were designed). Regarding the integration of gender in the research cycle of CRPs, CGIAR has now fully implemented the CGIAR Gender Strategy. The heterogeneity in scale and quality of gender mainstreaming among Programs that was previously observed has essentially been ironed out."},{"index":2,"size":155,"text":"The second major highlight of the 2016 Portfolio Reports, is that as a collective effort, the CRPs became better positioned to contribute to all four of the System Level Outcomes (SLOs) agreed for the2011/12 -2016 implementation period for the first time since its inception. This improved positioning results from an increase in the production of outputs and outcomes related to (i) policy bottlenecks to adoption of improved varieties and (ii) the sustainable intensification of agriculture (see Section 2 for examples). This increase was not accidental. Rather, it reflects a broadening of the scope of the investigations of type 1 and some type 2 CRPs to include foresight, ex ante analysis and analysis of bottlenecks to adoption in the context of farmers' systems. This broader scope will continue to produce more effective and integrated options (compared to individual options addressing one issue at a time), that better address the complexity of farmers' environments, over 2017 -2022."},{"index":3,"size":71,"text":"CRPs with a strong breeding emphasis (type 1 and some type 2) showed that a prerequisite to large scale adoption is to remove key policy bottlenecks (e.g. regarding seed and input systems, fiscal disincentives, rights over land and natural resources). The ensuing awareness of the role of the economic and policy environment in adoption and its scaling up augurs well for the agri-food systems (AFS) CRPs during the 2017-2022 implementation period."},{"index":4,"size":51,"text":"Several type 1 and type 2 CRPs reported results demonstrating a credible system sustainability and resilience approach following their forging new strategic partnerships with upstream research institutes with highly reputable track records. This notably strengthens the sustainable intensification results produced by these CRPs and heralds well for the 2017 -2022 period."},{"index":5,"size":85,"text":"Third, systems approaches are becoming more embedded in the methodologies used by a greater number of CRPs, through increased collaborations across CRPs and communities of practices, so that results produced are better aligned with impact pathways and impact potential is increased. This trend bodes well for the 2017 -2022 Portfolio, as it contributes to embedding results produced in impact pathways, for greater impact on the ground. The leading role played by the three system CRPs (AAS, HT and DS) in initiating this trend deserves recognition."},{"index":6,"size":156,"text":"Fourth, a majority of CRPs now explicitly recognize in their Annual Report theimportance of robust baselines for credible and useful impact assessment in for the 2017 -2022 Portfolio, and have been taking steps to build these baselines. Several CRPs are also conscious that they need to use their theory of change (ToC) in their own internal monitoring evaluation and learning (MEL), with a strong emphasis on its 'learning' dimension. Many CRPs now use their ToC as a tool to: (i) align their partnerships to their ToC, including for identifying the new types of partnerships Page 8 of 43 they need for greater impact, (ii) align their capacity building activities to their ToC to strengthen impact, and (iii) align their fundraising to their ToC. It thus appears that CRPs have now internalized the roles and uses of their ToC and of their internal MEL system, emphasizing learning and feedback loops to research for greater research effectiveness. 5."}]},{"head":"6.","index":4,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"7."}]},{"head":"8.","index":5,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":69,"text":"Finally, collaboration among CRPs increased notably, with more joint products reported, from jointly authored books and articles to jointly developed methods, tools and innovation and to joint scaling up (e.g., Aflasafe). Communities of practices such as for gender (GENNOVATE) and for monitoring and evaluation (MELIA) played a visible role in cross-learnings on these issues (e.g., by expanding the use of inter-operable IT tools such as MARLO 6 ). 9."}]},{"head":"Key messages on lessons learned for the future 7","index":6,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":87,"text":"The positioning of the new 2017 -2022 Portfolio of CRPs and Platforms vis-a-vis the three SLOs that the System has agreed to take forward in the 2016 -2030 SRF is well-placed to improve continually over time given the steps taken by some CRPs in 2016 to strengthen their work on the sustainable intensification of agriculture, on policy bottlenecks, and on systems approaches. However, these trends will need to be supported financially and maintained over time during the 2017 -2022 Portfolio implementation period to bear their full fruits."},{"index":2,"size":32,"text":"AFS CRPs, for instance, may need to strengthen social science capacities to address policy bottlenecks to large scale adoption of their innovations, including through appropriate partnerships. These are often funded from W1-2."},{"index":3,"size":70,"text":"During 2017 -2022 better linkages between AFS and integrating CRPs may be needed at the national level to enhance influence on political economy processes towards the accomplishment of specific outcome targets. A consolidated and coordinated approach across AFS and integrative CRPs may be most effective whendialoguing with national policy-makers to bring about options for improving seeds and inputs systems, fiscal disincentives or land and natural resources tenure systems for instance."},{"index":4,"size":90,"text":"The integration of components of the 2011/12-2016 systems CRPs into various AFS CRPs in the 2017-2022 Portfolio is strengthening capabilities in systems approaches and agro-ecosystems approaches. This should lead to results that better address the complexities and multiple dimensions of agricultural and food systems. An open question for the 2017 -2022 implementation period is whether this integration of elements of three system CRPs into six AFS CRPs will be sufficient to maintain the momentum, or whether it should be complemented by additional capabilities in systems methods in some AFS CRPs."},{"index":5,"size":114,"text":"All CRPs need to work with partners and stakeholders to facilitate credible impact assessments and learn more about the adoption processes for their innovations (including improved policies). Numbers of beneficiaries need to be identified, as they are in the 2016 Annual CRP Reports, but these numbers are insufficient for claiming impact. Across the 2017 -2022 implementation period it will be essential to assess the positive and negative effects of adoption for beneficiaries in order to determine net effects and learn from the findings. This will provide new insights into pathways to impact by testing the hypotheses of the CRPs' theories of change. This will entail allocating funds to support (potentially costly) ex-post impact assessments."}]},{"head":"Given","index":7,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":35,"text":"the obvious benefits of greater communication and collaboration across CRPs (see Section 2), the 2017-2022 Portfolio of CRPs should include a stepping up of cross-CRP learnings with the goal of creating clear economies of scale."}]},{"head":"4.","index":8,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"5.","index":9,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"6."}]},{"head":"1.","index":10,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"2.","index":11,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"3.","index":12,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":17,"text":"CIAT, Colombia. Photo -Neil Palmer, CIAT Key messages on risk for the new 2017-2022 Portfolio 8 1."}]},{"head":"2.","index":13,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":113,"text":"As discussed in Section 5 in more detail, the single most important risk faced by the CRP portfolio in 2016 was that of ongoing financial uncertainty. Against the background of a 2008 CGIAR independent review setting a marker of no less than 30% of 'core' funding 9 (or W1-2 in current terminology), in 2016, 70% of CRPs received W12 allocations between 13 to 29% of their total expenditures, with actual W1-2 amounts from some of CGIAR's major funders being announced and received very late in 2016, sometimes even into early 2017. Whilst noted above that outputs and outcomes produced were fully satisfactory in 2016, outcomes decreased in volume to maintain quality of delivery."},{"index":2,"size":71,"text":"The effects of a continuing shrinking in the percentage of W1-2 funds in CRPs' total expenditures are multiple. They include a decrease in the volume of results produced following the closing down of staff positions and the postponing of activities. Another effect is that partnerships with institutions external to CGIAR become more difficult to implement as the signature of contracts is delayed and a reputational risk arises (this risk is 3."}]},{"head":"4.","index":14,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":149,"text":"reported by various CRPs in 2016). A third effect is that joint program planning by all partners over planning horizons of 3 to 4 years becomes very difficult. One component of the comparative advantage of the CGIAR system has been its ability to plan and implement work over multiple years, over different spatial scales and with a range of strategic partners outside of CGIAR. This component may be very much undermined if W1-2 resources remain at current levels for several years Since bilateral funds cannot substitute fully for W1-2 funds 10 , prolonging current low allocations of W1-2 resources is likely to jeopardize CRPs' ability to (i) engage with strategic partners from outside of CGIAR, (ii) conduct multiyear program planning and implementation, and (iii) deliver the outcomes and impacts promised in their Phase 2 proposals. It is in this sense that prolonged financial unsustainability ca undermine CGIAR comparative advantage."},{"index":2,"size":93,"text":"The former CRPs started to mitigate this risk by seeking to mobilize bilateral resources jointly (across partners) for activities within impact pathways and CRPs' priorities. If this trend continues, the new Portfolio of CRPs and Platforms is likely to need to function with a very high percentage of bilateral funds (predictable and certain over a few years) and a very low percentage of W1-2 (unpredictable, uncertain on yearly basis). This will very much change the very nature and fabric of CGIAR and of the type of agricultural research for development it can conduct. "}]},{"head":"Traffic light assessment","index":15,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":76,"text":"Figure 1 (following), provides an assessment of progress at CRP Portfolio level through a 'traffic light' system using the same set of criteria from 2013 to 2016. It shows at a glance that compared with previous years, the 2011/12 -2016 Portfolio progressed significantly in terms of these criteria. Furthermore, the evolution of the different traffic light colors overtime shows that the CRP portfolio became less uneven in its progress than it has been in previous years."},{"index":2,"size":133,"text":"Output quality and quantity in 2016 were fully satisfactory for 80% of the CRPs, as was the case in 2015. This is remarkable considering the substantial decline in staff positions and research activities that followed the cuts in W1-2 funds in 2015, which had a flow on effect for the preparation and delivery of the 2016 research program across the whole Portfolio. It can be partly explained by the high priority given to wrapping up and publishing results by the six CRPs coming to an end at 31 December 2016. However, the proportion of CRPs producing a fully satisfactory quality and quantity of outcomes decreased compared to 2015 (47% of CRPs instead of 73% in 2015), as a direct result of these declining staff numbers and activities (see Key Message #1 concerning results)."},{"index":3,"size":34,"text":"Full alignment of results with IDOs continued to increase from 73% of CRPs in 2015, to 93% of CRPs in 2016, following improvements in the implementation of systemic approaches (see Section 2 for details)."},{"index":4,"size":36,"text":"Concerning gender research and its mainstreaming, the percentage of CRPs performing 'fully satisfactorily\" rose significantly compared to 2015, from 53% to 80% of the CRPs. Section 3 discusses the reasons for and implications of this rise."},{"index":5,"size":119,"text":"The Portfolio improved its performance in managing risks and learning lessons, with 87% of the CRPs performing fully satisfactorily in 2016, versus 80% doing so in 2015. CRPs' ability to learn from their experiences is documented in the individual Annual Performance reports of the CRPs, including for the six CRPs closing at the end of 2016 which all made a point of drawing many lessons from their years of existence, to pass on to other CRPs. Overall, the way CRPs managed the increasing uncertainty in the funding environment whilst continuing to produce results of high quality and relevance to IDOs and the SLOs demonstrates their resilience and the extremely high level of motivation of CGIAR scientific and other staff."},{"index":6,"size":80,"text":"Finally, concerning the effectiveness of CRPs' internal organization for results-based management, 67% of the CRPs had a fully satisfactory organization in 2016, whereas in 2015 only 47% of CRPs had the necessary organization and tools in place. This progress was due to the deliberate and systematic adoption by a number of CRPs of more rigorous internal monitoring and evaluation systems, including data management systems, in preparation for phase 2 (see section 4 and Key Message #9 above concerning 2016 results).  "}]},{"head":"(outputs and outcomes)","index":16,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":50,"text":"Outputs Each year, the most significant outputs of these CRPs have been the release by national partners of new CGIAR-derived varieties with different improved characteristics and new geographic targets. In 2016, 111 improved maize varieties were released through MAIZE partners globally. WHEAT's partners released 61 improved varieties and GRiSP's 49."},{"index":2,"size":42,"text":"All the pre-breeding work and implementation of modern molecular methods which facilitated the release of these numerous improved varieties targeted at resource poor farmers and specific stresses -from climate change to viruses -produced significant scientific outputs continuing the trend of previous years."},{"index":3,"size":87,"text":"In addition to these outputs, type 1 CRPs started producing outputs of a different sort. They did this through a broadening of the scope of their investigations to include foresight and ex ante analysis and by analyzing bottlenecks to large-scale adoption of improved cereals varieties in the context of farmers' systems. Their aim was to produce more effective and integrated options (compared to individual options addressing one issue at a time), that better address the complexity of farmers' environments and the interactions among components of these environments."},{"index":4,"size":118,"text":"MAIZE showed that a combination of the best drought tolerant maize variety and conservation agriculture produced 60% higher yields under strong El Niño conditions in Malawi than the best non-drought tolerant (DT) variety under classical non-conservation agriculture practices (ridge tillage). They conclude that a joint promotion of both conservation agriculture and DT maize varieties can reap the benefit of the mutually reenforcing effects of these two technologies. Farmers could harvest more maize in the 2016 cropping season while also spending 35-45 less labor days in the direct seeded conservation agriculture system compared to conventional ridging and using traditional weed control strategies. These multiple benefits preferentially benefit women and children who are usually tasked for this back breaking work."}]},{"head":"Outcomes","index":17,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":125,"text":"In terms of outcomes, a study on adoption of DT maize (2007-2016) across 13 countries in sub-Saharan Africa shows DT varieties outperformed popular commercial maize varieties in terms of more stable yields translating into more stable income. Total benefits were estimated at US$ 395 million for producers and consumers. However, the study found adoption rates high in some countries (61 % in Malawi) but very low in others (9 % in Zimbabwe). To remove bottlenecks to uptake of DT maize, MAIZE concludes that seed companies and agro-dealers need to redouble efforts to expand seed supplies in local markets, including selling seed in affordable 1-2 KG micro-packs and that major promotional efforts are needed to raise farmers' awareness and understanding of the benefits of DT maize."},{"index":2,"size":63,"text":"WHEAT's action research to integrate women beneficiaries into the ICARDA-led SARD-SC project in Sudan and Nigeria helped identify actions and approaches that can be applied more widely to enhance women's integration in wheat production systems.  women in Sudan gained access to microcredit, providing them more sustained control over income-generating activities. To scale up, the project is linking with policy makers and gender-progressive institutions."},{"index":3,"size":95,"text":"GRiSP has been developing new collaborative mechanisms, rice hubs and innovation platforms within them, in sub-Saharan Africa. Facilitated by AfricaRice, in 2016 more than 74 rice hubs were operational across 25 countries. 17 innovation platforms at these hubs were established in 10 countries to bring together rice value chain actors, from researchers to farmers, advisory services, small scale private sector, traders, input dealers, financial institutions or policy-makers. National agricultural research and extension systems and other development partners have been implementing this approach in various countries across sub-Saharan Africa to facilitate technological and institutional change processes."}]},{"head":"Impacts","index":18,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":74,"text":"Understanding impacts ex post, including the drivers and bottlenecks to adoption, is essential for designing options and innovations that contribute to long-term sustainable cereal-based food systems. Type 1 CRPs are now recognizing this need and have started to produce studies that explore more rigorously than before the multiple dimensions of the impacts of adoption. Indeed, consequences of adoption of improved varieties and improved practices need to be investigated, rather than simply extrapolated from models."},{"index":2,"size":85,"text":"For instance, GRiSP and partners published an article in the American Economic Review which indicates that adoption of Swarna-Sub1 (increased flood tolerance) has positive effects on area cultivated, fertilizer used, credit use and adoption of a more labor-intensive planting method. It is the conjunction of the use of Swarna-Sub1 with other inputs (fertilizer, credit, labor-intensive planting) which produces benefits to farmers. The percentage of Income spent on productive purposes (education, irrigation investment, etc.) was 18% higher for households that adopted Swarna-Sub1 than for non-adopting households."},{"index":3,"size":144,"text":"MAIZE, in a study in Zambia, reports that sustainable agricultural practices such as conservation agriculture are essential in mitigating risks from climate change. When practicing crop rotation and crop diversification (two components of conservation agriculture) farmers sow diverse ranges of crops that can perform well under different environmental conditions. They can then harvest produce at different times of the year thereby reducing the risk of total crop loss if drought strikes. In addition, retention of crop residue, another sustainable agricultural practice, was found to be a vital factor in improving soils and retaining moisture in drought prone areas. The study goes on to recommend policy interventions that promote the combined adoption of improved maize varieties and sustainable agricultural practices, such as a maize-legume rotation and residue retention, which can boost yields and farm incomes especially among resource poor farmers who cannot afford inorganic fertilizers."},{"index":4,"size":72,"text":"The results of a study completed in Morocco by WHEAT on the adoption of improved wheat varieties and on Morocco's seed system showed that wheat research can achieve large-scale impacts on food security and poverty reduction, but only if adoption of improved varieties and associated technologies and innovations is achieved at scale. This presupposes, inter alia, a robust national seed system, which provides timely availability of sufficient high-quality seed at affordable prices."},{"index":5,"size":62,"text":"Type 1 CRPs contributed substantially to the food security SLO by facilitating increases in the availability of improved rice, maize and wheat varieties through their partnerships. They also made a marked contribution to the poverty reduction SLO by helping to raise the income of resource poor farmers, since many of these varieties have been adapted to the specific conditions of these farmers."},{"index":6,"size":102,"text":"Type 1 CRPs contributed to a lesser extent to the nutrition SLO, by developing enriched cereal varieties. These CRPs progressed in 2016 in their contribution to the SLO on natural resource management through their work on soil and water management practices and on the sustainable intensification of cereal-based systems. Their outputs and outcomes, as well as progress towards impact assessment studies indicate that they are adopting more systemic approaches and have set out to broaden the scope of their work to yield results that more effectively address the environmental footprint of cereal production as well as the real-world complexities of cereal-based systems."}]},{"head":"Recapping progress of Type 1 CRPs to end 2016 (GRiSP, MAIZE, WHEAT)","index":19,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":4,"text":"Indonesia. Aulia Erlangga, CIFOR"}]},{"head":"A key highlight","index":20,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":101,"text":"The work of RTB on orange flesh sweet potatoes (OFSP) received the ultimate recognition of the 2016 World Food Prize 11 , both for the outputs and outcomesproduced by this strand of RTB's work. A crucial aspect of this approachhas been to integrate the OFSP breeding programs with extension-style agronomy and nutrition education for farmers and consumers and with the implementation of effective marketing and dissemination strategies. This multi-dimensional approach has ensured that OFSP were incorporated into the diets of rural families, resulting in significantly reduced levels of micronutrient deficiencies, hidden hunger, and disease for 10 million people across Sub-Saharan Africa."}]},{"head":"Outputs","index":21,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":21,"text":"As in previous years, the outputs produced by type 2 CRPs included significant advances in knowledge and new tools and methods."},{"index":2,"size":106,"text":"For example, to improve the identification and management of sweet potato viruses, in particular novel ones, RTB and CIP researchers developed an automated bioinformatics pipeline, combined with deep sequencing and assembly of virus derived small interfering RNAs (sRNA) for the analysis of large-scale sRNA datasets to identify known and novel viruses. Called 'Virus Detect,' the pipeline performs both reference-guided assemblies through aligning sRNA sequences to a curated virus reference database and de novo assemblies of sRNA sequences with automated parameter optimization. Once validated, this tool is expected to reduce costs and increase the speed of testing sweet potato germplasm, breeding material and propagation material for viruses."},{"index":3,"size":36,"text":"GL completed the high-quality sequencing of the ancestral genomes of groundnut, in a scientific breakthrough that promises accelerated gene discovery and development of improved cultivars. This was completed through an internationally coordinated effort that included ICRISAT."},{"index":4,"size":93,"text":"DC completed an open access dataset and information resource which provides a basis for future analysis of the geographic range of dryland cereals and grain legumes. 'DCL eATLAS' includes maps of (1) crop distribution and suitability, (2) abiotic and biotic constraints to crop production, (3) biodiversity of the crop and hotspots for collection of wild relatives of dryland cereal and legumes crops, (4) socioeconomic maps related to populations that may produce or consume these crop commodities and ( 5) reference maps on these crops and the farming systems in which they are found."},{"index":5,"size":115,"text":"WLE has been working on digital soil property maps for SSA that provide spatial predictions of soil properties, such as soil organic carbon (SOC), pH and nutrient content. Information about soil health and degradation is indeed critical for landscape management and for making smart land-use choices that optimize sustainable production. Building on this, WLE facilitated and helped set up Soil-Plant Spectral Diagnostic Laboratories in 10 African countries, with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Scientists from these laboratories are preparing, with WLE, soil health baselines as part of the Africa Soil Information Service (AfSIS), the most comprehensive soil sample database available for Africa, with over 28,000 sampling locations by the end of 2016."},{"index":6,"size":49,"text":"PIM published a book, for an audience of policy-makers, which provides a comprehensive analysis of the pace and trends in agricultural productivity growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, incorporating geospatial data on production systems, quality of natural resources, population density, infrastructure, and market access to identify opportunities to accelerate productivity growth."},{"index":7,"size":83,"text":"FTA contributed to advancing the global understanding of timber legality by contributing key pieces to a synthesis Report coordinated by IUFRO on behalf of the Type 2 CRPs produced nevertheless a diverse range of outputs and outcomes, as these CRPs address more diverse issues and systems than type 1 CRPs. Their outputs and outcomes include influencing global agenda and policies and supporting national level policies and their implementation, in addition to developing innovations in methods, technical innovations and working on their scaling up."},{"index":8,"size":38,"text":"They maintained their overall focus on balancing productivity growth, profitability and sustainable intensification in furtherance of achievement of the four SLOs to end-2016, rather than on maximizing any one of these goals at the expense of the others. "}]},{"head":"Recapping progress of","index":22,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Outputs","index":23,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":27,"text":"The key outputs produced by AAS, DS and HT included many published papers and books synthesizing and analyzing the results of the work of the three CRPs."},{"index":2,"size":71,"text":"In particular, the three CRPs worked jointly to co-edit a book 12 entitled: 'Sustainable Intensification in Smallholder Agriculture: An integrated systems research approach' which is grounded in empirical analyses and syntheses of AAS, DS and HT's respective experiences and common learnings. DS published an ISI paper: A new dryland development paradigm grounded in empirical analysis of dryland systems science which proposes a new system approach to dryland issues through transdisciplinary methods."},{"index":3,"size":182,"text":"AAS produced 28 Institute for Scientific Information articles of relevance to framing research and gender approaches to aquatic agriculture systems. These and other publications of AAS offer the opportunity for the 2017-2022 FISH CRP to build on lessons learned from AAS' experience. L&F, HT and CCAFS researchers co-authored an article published in the prestigious and high impact Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences (USA) that shows that targeting poverty through improving market access and off-farm opportunities may be a better strategy for increasing food security than just focusing on agricultural production and closing yield gaps. Technologies thus tested include stress-resistant varieties (maize, cassava, rice, beans, sorghum, pigeon pea) and improved management of soils (conservation agriculture, no-till, organic production, composting, planting pits, residues) and water (water harvesting, small-scale irrigation, drip irrigation) and livestock (small ruminants, improved forages). A4NH noted that biofortification is the A4NH flagship most involved in reaching households, as producers and consumers, for nutrition, health and income benefits. In 2016, HarvestPlus achieved a global reach of 14.5 million people in 2.9 million households. Major crop and country reached included:"}]},{"head":"A4NH published the","index":24,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":140,"text":"• Vitamin A cassava in Nigeria -4 million people • Vitamin A cassava in Democratic Republic of Congo -1.4 million people • High zinc rice in Bangladesh -2.5 million people • High iron beans in Rwanda -2.5 million people • Vitamin A maize in Zambia -0.9 million people • High-zinc wheat in India -0.6 million people • Orange-sweet potato in Uganda -0.6 million people Whilst assessments of number of people reached by CRPs innovations are essential, they are only the first step in impact assessment studies. The assessment of the different costs of adoption (monetary and non-monetary) and benefits (monetary and non-monetary), for beneficiaries and other stakeholders constitutes the core of impact assessment studies. For type 3, as well as the other types of CRPs, progress toward the assessment of all these costs and benefits is expected in Phase 2."},{"index":2,"size":85,"text":"The outcomes produced by type 3 CRPs indicate progress toward all four SLOs. All type 3 CRPs contributed to the poverty alleviation and food security SLOs. While A4NH contributed very strongly to the nutrition SLO, the three systems CRPs (AAS, DS and HumidTropics) also contributed to this SLO, as they address nutrition challenges within a systems perspective, in their respective regions. Finally, type 3 CRPs contributed to the natural resources management SLO, with CCAFS contributing particularly to agriculture's adaptation to, and mitigation of climate change."}]},{"head":"Recapping progress of Type 3 CRPs to end 2016 (AAS, HT, DS,CCAFS, A4NH)","index":25,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":32,"text":"Photo -Neil Palmer, CIAT CGIAR's efforts to contribute to gender equality and rural poverty reduction through increased empowerment and participation of poor rural women in agricultural innovation produced meaningful results in 2016."}]},{"head":"Gender research mainstreaming","index":26,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":46,"text":"2016 saw an important increase in published outputs and in outcomes from gender research and whilst gender research was mainstreamed in about half of the work of the CRPs projects, the effective integration of gender in the design of the 2017 -2022 Portfolio has taken place."},{"index":2,"size":130,"text":"CGIAR implemented an accountability framework for gender mainstreaming such that CRPs maintained an overall level of around 15% of total budget earmarked for gender research at CRP portfolio level. CRPs also increased their staff capacity, including but not limited to employment of a cadre of 18 gender research Postdoctoral Fellows although some Programs coming to an end in 2016 or facing sizeable reductions in budget saw capacity decline, such as WLE, DC, HT and AAS. The Gender Network continued to promote knowledge sharing, cross-fertilization and cross-CRP gender research with the result that good practices for integrating gender into plant breeding were widely disseminated; novel capacity development approaches were trialed; and training continued in support of the cross-CRP study of gender norms, GENNOVATE, which completed all its data collection in 2016."},{"index":3,"size":269,"text":"CGIAR has now fully implemented the CGIAR Gender Strategy, a framework for mainstreaming gender research into the broader scientific agenda, which was approved in 2011. As a result, all CRP proposals approved as part of the 2017-2022 Portfolio appropriately integrated gender research, ensuring that gender is an adequately identified and considered element of CGIAR research approaches for the foreseeable future. The heterogeneity in scale and quality of gender mainstreaming among CRPs observed in previous years has very much decreased. Specifically, the CRPs approved as part of the 2017-2022 Portfolio meet requirements on the gender mainstreaming performance indicators included in annual reporting, and a majority exceed these requirements. These indicators were designed to track progress in the early stages of the implementation of the CGIAR Gender Strategy (2011). They show that all CRPs have now achieved gender integration in their research. All CRPs have paid more attention to considerations of gender in program-level planning, the design and targeting of specific innovations and the presentation of sex-disaggregated analysis in adoption and impact studies. For example, A4NH reports that three-fourths of its 2016 projects have a gender dimension in their research and around 65 per cent of project deliverables have a gender focus. A4NH exemplifies a systematic approach to gender auditing increasingly shared by other CRPs via the Gender Network. WLE for instance reports that 70% of all the technologies it developed, and 56% of all tools address gender issues. Livestock and Fish collected and analyzed sex-disaggregated data across all its flagships to re-orient its research priorities. DS disseminated its Gender Guidelines for Biophysical Researchers to mainstream gender across the flagship projects."},{"index":4,"size":135,"text":"CRPs are working towards a unified, programmatic approach to the design of gender research. This is reflected in the increased implementation by CRPs of unifying frameworks to facilitate integration of gender into research priority setting. For example, CCAFS' innovations in adaptation and mitigation integrate gender into prioritizing and scaling up climate smart agriculture using the Climate Change and Social Learning (CCSL) and Climate Smart Agriculture Rapid Appraisal (CSA-RA) frameworks. In another example, RTB has standardized key gender research approaches and tools so that all partner centers incorporated common tools for gathering gender differentiated trait preferences in Participatory Varietal Selection. As part of the same cross-program initiative to increase standardization and sharing in the integration of gender in plant breeding throughout a CRP, DC conducted detailed analyses of gender-differentiated demand for specific traits and trait combinations."},{"index":5,"size":70,"text":"In addition to their ongoing work with A4NH in numerous countries and projects on the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index, (WEIA), PIM disseminated several tools with wide application and relevance for standardization (e.g. quantitative tools for inclusion of gender in value chain analysis). This standardization and sharing of gender research tools, now a feature of gender research in a majority of the CRPs, is essential for increased gender research efficiency."},{"index":6,"size":176,"text":"Cross-program standardization and sharing of gender research approaches, methods and tools is creating opportunities for comparative studies to identify strategic constraints and targets across regions and target beneficiary populations. Notable work done by GRiSP in this respect includes studies conducted to build large datasets suitable for comparative analysis to discern gender dynamics in rice value chains and production systems in several countries. Understanding of gender roles and gaps in rice-based agriculture in Africa, Asia and Latin America has expanded, showing how and why gender gaps persist in access to productive resources, assets and services. This type of gender research represents significant progress in CRPs' ability and capacity to orient the gender relevance of their technical research. For example, L&F's integration of a standardized gender module into its technical feed assessment software, FEAST, makes it possible for feed assessment to consider gender in a way that is replicable, increasing the potential to build datasets that can be used for comparative, cross-site analysis of gender differences, thereby increasing the potential of the work to produce international public goods."},{"index":7,"size":84,"text":"CRPs made a notable effort in 2016 to report a solid set of outputs from gender research, evidenced in an upswing in all CRPs in the number of international refereed journal publications with gender as a focus. For example, gender is the topic of one of the five most down-loaded publications of FTA. AAS and HT in particular, made a major effort to publish legacy products from gender research before closure. CRPs also increased their reporting of gender research outputs in use with partners."},{"index":8,"size":95,"text":"Working with 12 partners across 3 countries, WLE gender research showed the importance for gender equality of women's collective action around water and land. WLE's model is now being piloted by government and NGO partners across the Eastern Gangetic Plains. In other engagement with partners, FTA prepared a report for Oxfam Novib and USAID that is the basis for a 'gender strategy' for high-level sustainable resource management policy. GL gave gender high visibility in signature events celebrating the International Year of Pulses and contributed gender content to the 10 year International Research Strategy on Pulses."},{"index":9,"size":78,"text":"Research targeting reduction of drudgery for females, previously scarcely addressed, has made progress. Several CRPs have impactful findings ready for scaling up. For example, DC reported improved productivity of sorghum farmers in Nigeria through the use by women and youth of small-scale mechanization technologies, designed to reduce drudgery in sowing. Using a field experiment method with selected planters, there was a 60-77% reduction in drudgery over manual sowing while grain yield increased by 66% compared with manual sowing."},{"index":10,"size":113,"text":"Survey research by DS in Morocco showed that specific interventions are needed to redress inequalities, since higher-paid equipment-intensive tasks tend to be assigned to men whereas women perform lower-paid time-intensive tasks and men are routinely paid more than women for the same work. Another example, already cited above in the discussion of the outcomes of type 1 CRPs, is the ICARDA-led SARD-SC project in Sudan, Ethiopia and Nigeria, with WHEAT support, which improved women access to microcredit in wheat based systems and diminished their workloads and drudgery through appropriate mechanization (thresher, harvester) and improved access to key inputs such as pesticides. Women's decision-making power also increased through participation in training and field days."},{"index":11,"size":28,"text":"The effectiveness of CRPs' partnership strategies is now unquestionable: the outputs, outcomes and progress towards impact synthesized in Section 2 could not have been produced without such alliances."}]},{"head":"Overall effectiveness of partnerships strategies and inter-CRP linkages","index":27,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":102,"text":"These partnerships range from research and capacity development partnerships, with research institutions and universities from the South and North, to partnerships for scaling up with development implementers and value chain actors in the countries concerned. These include alliances with national extension services, farmers' organizations, national, regional and international development organizations including NGOs, and the private sector, particularly in value chain and innovation platform contexts. CRPs' strategies also include different modes of engagement with key decision-makers and stakeholders at global, regional and national levels, for CRPs such as PIM, CCAFS, WLE, FTA, A4NH and also increasingly for a number of the AFS CRPs."},{"index":2,"size":47,"text":"The uncertain funding environment in 2016 was not favorable for CRPs to expand their partnerships, though some CRPs successfully did so. Others (e.g., CCAFS) flagged that scaling back on some partnerships may take place in Phase 2 because of decreased human and financial capabilities following W1-2 decreases."},{"index":3,"size":199,"text":"In 2016 research and development partnerships and capacity development partnerships were consolidated by the CRPs, to better support their ToC and impact pathways. This was part of the lessons CRPs drew when designing their 2017-2022 proposals and thus built into their preparations for the new implementation period (e.g., PIM, A4NH, RTB). An example of new partnerships closely supporting the ToC and impact pathway is provided by MAIZE. They initiated collaborations with the University of Columbia (Earth Institute) to strengthen their data systems so they can support Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) decision-making at the national level, showing how sustainable maize options contribute to the SDGs. They also collaborated with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to develop and test a common framework for sustainability assessment of farming systems and landscapes that supports and adapts decision making for different stakeholders (e.g., farmers, farm advisors, policy makers) operating at different scales (e.g., field, farming system, landscape, institutional-market). A third new collaboration is with the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis to develop robust and cost effective sustainable intensification indicators and metrics at landscape level through matching monitoring and modelling technology to best characterize productivity, stability, resilience, systems' evolution and transition, and shock/impulse responses."},{"index":4,"size":85,"text":"These collaborations should allow MAIZE to improve its chances of delivering demonstrably sustainable maize options, contributing to the SDGs in a quantified and uncontroversial manner, and contributing to the decisions of national decision-makers regarding the SDGs. FTA similarly engaged in a new partnership with the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis to complement and improve its analytical capacity to examine impacts of sustainability processes at the macro-level in national economies. FTA also enlarged the number of its key non-CGIAR partners with INBAR and Tropenbos International."},{"index":5,"size":195,"text":"Inter-CRP linkages, which appeared somewhat ad hoc a few years ago, have been noticeably strengthened compared to previous years. Two CRPs, PIM and CCAFS, collaborated with a great number of the other CRPs, and with all CGIAR Centers. The number of outputs jointly produced by CRPs increased over past years. Examples include the article (mentioned in Section 2) in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) authored by researchers from L&F, HT and CCAFS on food security or the book co-edited by AAS, HT and DS scientists on integrated systems research, Sustainable Intensification in Smallholder Agriculture: An integrated systems research approach (mentioned in Section 2). There are many other examples of jointly produced results in the individual CRP Annual Reports, including collaborations leading to significant joint outcomes. One example is the collaboration between WLE and CCAFS and private sector insurance companies, government and research institutions to help farmers affected by extreme weather events in Bihar, India, with weather-based crop insurance, called Indexed-Based Flood Insurance (IBFI), as further detailed in Section 2. Another example is the collaboration between A4NH and MAIZE on the development and deployment of Aflasafe in diverse Sub Saharan African countries."},{"index":6,"size":100,"text":"Two communities of practices have played a key role in enabling learning and drawing of lessons across CRPs, thereby creating economies of scale and facilitating a more coherent approach at CRP portfolio level. One is the gender community of practice, which created GENNOVATE, a cross-CRP, global comparative research initiative which addresses the question of how gender norms and agency influence men, women and youth to adopt innovation in agriculture and natural resource management (NRM). The gender research carried out by each and every CRP has benefited from the lessons drawn from GENNOVATE's research in 125 rural communities in 26 countries."},{"index":7,"size":105,"text":"The other community of practice is the one on monitoring, evaluation and learning (MEL). It has been playing a very effective role in facilitating learning across CRPs with different levels of experience in MEL and in engaging CRPs in joint work on monitoring and indicators and on results-based management. This facilitation enabled the realization, on the part of some CRPs of the strategic importance of appropriate baselines and of aligning results, partnerships and capacity building with ToC and impact pathways. It also led to the expanding voluntary adoption by CRPs of MARLO, an online platform assisting CRPs in their strategic results-based program planning and reporting."},{"index":8,"size":52,"text":"It covers the project cycle from planning to reporting and learning. Reports generated through MARLO support outcome-focused programmatic reporting with additional synthesis at the flagship and cross-cutting levels. MARLO was originally commissioned by CCAFS and has now been voluntarily adopted by 7 CRPs, providing further opportunities for cross learnings among these CRPs."},{"index":9,"size":21,"text":"Carrying water in Khulna, Bangladesh. Photo -Felix Clay, Duckrabbit Three main lessons can be drawn from 2016 at the portfolio level."}]},{"head":"Lessons learned and implications for the new 2017-2022 Portfolio","index":28,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":68,"text":"The first is that the positioning of the new 2017-2022 Portfolio of CRPs and Platforms vis-a-vis the three revised SLOs that the System has agreed to take forward in the 2016-2030 SRF is well-placed to improve continually over time given the steps taken by some of the CRPs operating in 2016 to strengthen their work on the sustainable intensification of agriculture, on policy bottlenecks and on systems approaches."},{"index":2,"size":160,"text":"However, these trends will need to be nurtured, financially supported and maintained over time during the 2017-2022 implementation period. The AFS CRPs for instance may need to strengthen social science capacities to address policy bottlenecks to large scale adoption. They may also need to strengthen capacities in systems approaches and ecosystem approaches, to design options for sustainable intensification that better address the complexities and multiple dimensions of agriculture and food systems. Complementary partnerships may be needed, as well as working closely with PIM, WLE and CCAFS. At national level, AFS CRPs may contribute to policy and institutional processes most effectively by coordinating their messages for policy-makers around a few essential cross-cutting issues (e.g., seeds and input systems, land and resource tenure, fiscal incentives) and 'speaking with one voice' about these issues. Dedicated funding will be needed to accomplish all of this. This is going to be particularly challenging if the short to medium term financial environment remains under significant pressure."},{"index":3,"size":32,"text":"A second lesson is that all CRPs need to work with their partners and stakeholders to facilitate actual impact assessments and learn about the adoption process for their innovations (including improved policies)."},{"index":4,"size":210,"text":"Although a prerequisite, reporting on numbers of beneficiaries (as carried out by most CRPs) is not in itself sufficient. Assessing both the positive and negative effects of adoption, including the unintended consequences, is essential to establish what the net effects of adoption were and learn from the findings, in a feedback loop to research plans. The MEL-CoP should play a key role in this. Assessing the positive and negative effects of adoption for beneficiaries is essential to (i) determine net effects, (ii) learn from the findings, for instance about unforeseen consequences of adoption, and if need be (iii) re-adjusting research plans based upon the empirical evidence collected. The CRPs will need to work collectively, in system-wide efforts to enhance impact assessment, augmenting the work of the SPIA group with individually crafted CRP assessments to create better system coverage of impacts and learnings. This will provide new insights into pathways to impact by testing the hypotheses of the CRPs' theories of change. In the same manner as for the first lesson, this will entail allocating funds to support impact assessments. Few CRPs currently allocate funds to such ex-post impact pathway assessments. It is going to be challenging for CRPs to earmark funds to such impact assessments in the current financial environment."},{"index":5,"size":38,"text":"A third lesson to emerge from the portfolio's performance in 2016 is that communication, collaboration and learning across CRPs create significant economies of scale for the CRPs through the synergies they trigger. There are no losers, only winners."},{"index":6,"size":170,"text":"The momentum from economies of scale created can be maintained, and perhaps increased, into the 2017-2022 implementation period without inordinate financial investments. There are a few areas in which such collaboration across most CRPs would be particularly beneficial. During 2017-2022 implementation CRPs will need to establish the track record and effectiveness of the scaling up processes that they set in motion over 2011/12 2016. For instance, the effectiveness of value chain approaches, of multi-stakeholders' platforms and of innovation platforms/hubs are unclear at this point in time. Sufficient work on these has been taking place across the CRPs that joint analyses of the effectiveness of these mechanisms in scaling up adoption of innovations would benefit all CRPs. Other issues that would benefit from CRPs' collaboration (e.g., including through the MEL-CoP) include designing joint baselines in key benchmark geographic areas and designing useful and credible indicators of progress at CRP level towards the SLOs and most likely also towards the SDGs, that capture the specificities of the results produced by diverse CRPs."}]},{"head":"Looking towards the future","index":29,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":130,"text":"For the first time since the inception of the CRPs in 2011/2012, the CRP portfolio as configured during 2016 demonstrated that it was on track to deliver against CGIAR's System-Level Outcomes, reflecting a year-on-year improvement since standardized reporting was introduced in 2013. Steps taken by type 1 CRPs (one crop, small number of Centers) and some type 2 CRPs (greater number of Centers, with an scientific integration approach) to better embrace sustainable intensification of cereal production in all its systemic dimensions and at multiple spatial scales, as well as the steps taken to strengthen work on the identification and removal of policy and institutional bottlenecks to adoption of technological innovations, underpinned this significant achievement and mean that the CRP portfolio is now fully positioned to deliver on all the SLOs."},{"index":2,"size":134,"text":"The financial tables submitted by each CRP as part of their respective 2016 CRP Annual Report show that, when taken together, CRPs maintained their expenses in line with funds received for 2016, even though Centers' own funds had to be used in many instances. However, Table 1 (following) shows that the share of the different sources of funds used by the CRPs has evolved to a point where significant questions arise in regard to the overall ability of CGIAR to maintain a sufficiently cohesive and holistic research agenda to deliver on CGIAR's Strategy -recognizing that the fundamental premise of CRPs was to move CGIAR away from delivering against somewhat unconnected research/challenge projects, to a portfolio of integrated research actions that when taken together, the outcomes were greater than the sum of the individual parts."}]},{"head":"Consequences of continuing financial pressure and uncertainty","index":30,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":51,"text":"Table 1 reports that for 2013 and 2014, the share of W1-2 in total budgets increased over 2012 levels for most CRPs. The increases did not address the issue of the wide-ranging differences in shares of W1-2 across CRPs, but they did contribute to the financial sustainability of the CRP Portfolio."},{"index":2,"size":82,"text":"There were signals in 2014 that this situation was about to change, such that the 2014 CGIAR Portfolio report flagged this as a key threat to CGIAR's research agenda. By 2015, the downward trend in the share of W1-2 in CRP budgets became more acute, and it worsened in 2016, raising an urgent question about the capacity of the CRP portfolio to continue delivering results of the highest scientific quality and of the highest relevance to the 'grand' development challenges they address."},{"index":3,"size":167,"text":"Table 1 shows also that in 2016 70% of the CRPs (excluding those CRPs closing at the end of 2016 and which were therefore subject to special financial circumstances) received from between 13% and 29% of their funding from W1-2 13 against one of the clearly stated objectives of the 2010 CGIAR reform, namely to remedy the low average percentage of 'core funds' in Centers' total budgets. 14 2016 was the second consecutive year during which levels of W1-2 funds allocated to the CRPs decreased materially whilst bilateral income remained stable overall and thus grew as a percentage of total funding. In addition, actual amounts of W1-2 funds were announced by major funders very late in 2016, sometimes even in early 2017. Thus, perhaps one of the most significant challenges for the leadership of CRPs across 2016 was to maintain a coherent and well-planned research for development program, including with external partners and aligned to CGIAR's broad strategic goals, under conditions of high uncertainty regarding W12 funds."},{"index":4,"size":148,"text":"The consequences of the lack of financial predictability over successive years for a large majority of CRPs are multiple. First, as shown in Table 1, Centers have had to use their own resources to cover operating costs, in particular when cuts were made retroactively after funds were expanded. This has resulted in some Centers carrying a deficit on behalf of the CRP they lead. This cannot continue for many years; Centers' own resources are finite. Second, as discussed in Section 2 (above), the volume of outputs and outcomes produced by the CRP portfolio started to decline in 2016, reflecting cuts in key staff and research activities. If not reversed through actions that reinforce CGIAR's comparative advantage, the risks to CGIAR's reputation and the quality of its research results may be irreversibly negatively impacted. Third, according to analysis of the 2017 CRP and Platforms work plans and budgets (background  "}]},{"head":"Mitigation strategies responding to financial uncertainty at a pivotal time","index":31,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":53,"text":"In 2016, after two years of significant decreases in 1-2 allocations to the CRPs, continuing financial ncertainty for a majority of CRPs presented as the most ignificant risk to CGIAR's capacity to deliver on its bold new Strategy -however the newly approved 2017-2022 CGIAR Portfolio of research programs and platforms was ultimately configured."},{"index":2,"size":48,"text":"In different sections, this report highlights that the amplitude of the decreases is calling into question some of the elements constituting the comparative advantage of CGIAR and is thus threatening the System's ability to deliver results contributing to CGIAR's newly stated three System Level Outcomes, and the SDGs."}]},{"head":"Mitigation strategies responding to financial uncertainty at a pivotal time","index":32,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":78,"text":"The most effective mitigation strategy to counter this risk at CGIAR System-level would be that all CRPs in the 2017-2022 CGIAR Portfolio receive at least 30% of their budget from W1-2 in line with the recommendations of the 2008 Independent Review Panel 16 , together with some level of assurance that this percentage will be maintained across successive years so that program planning and implementation is not subject to a causally connected series of 'stop and go' measures."},{"index":2,"size":47,"text":"Failing this, and still at CGIAR System-level, further mitigation can result from allocations of W1-2 funds to CRPs based upon agreed relative overall CGIAR priorities and an appropriate and transparently applied performance assessment process, being elements that were identified as critically absent in the 2015 Portfolio Report."},{"index":3,"size":118,"text":"Table 1 (above) shows that allocations of W1-2 funds to CRPs have differed substantially since the creation of the CRPs. In 2016, they varied between a low of 13% to a high of 50% of the total expenditures of a CRP. These differences in percentages of W1-2 allocated to the CRPs currently do not reflect overall CGIAR priorities (these have not been identified in the 2016-2030 Strategy and Results Framework). Nor do they reflect the relative performance of the CRPs (a process is under development by CGIAR's MEL-CoP in close collaboration with CGIAR's Funders and considering CGIAR's longer-term research mandate). Addressing this issue would go some way in increasing transparency and decreasing some of the uncertainty in allocations."}]},{"head":"Program/Portfolio mitigation strategies","index":33,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":40,"text":"At CRP level, a mitigation strategy that some CRPs (and now also Platforms) have started to implement is joint fundraising by partners within specified research/integration agendas, targeting high priority CRP/Platform domains that match bilateral funder priorities (both existing and new)."}]},{"head":"The prognosis","index":34,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":103,"text":"The conjunction of both mitigation options is the strategy most likely to be effective. The prolongation of financial uncertainty may result in CRPs and Platforms functioning with a very high percentage of bilateral funds (predictable and certain over a few years once obtained) and a low percentage of W1-2 (unpredictable, uncertain on yearly basis). This would change the strategic nature of the research for development conducted by the CRPs, create significant strain on the coherence of the research agenda and thus the potential to reach the agreed 2022 intermediate targets towards CGIAR's 2030 goals, as well as on the very fabric of CGIAR."},{"index":2,"size":79,"text":"The 11 CGIAR Centers hosting genebanks have an obligation to the world to conserve and make available the 35-ex situ crop and tree collections under their management according to the provisions of the International Treaty of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA). The Genebanks \"CGIAR Research Program\" (Genebank CRP) provides security in funding for the routine operations of the genebanks and works towards improving individual performance standards and strengthening quality and risk management systems in all genebanks.   "}]},{"head":"Genebanks Program Highlights","index":35,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":43,"text":"Cryobanking CIP, IITA and Bioversity continued their efforts towards building cryobanks of potato, sweet potato, cassava, yam and banana collections. Of particular note, a total of 591 potato accessions were cryopreserved in 2016, bringing the total number of potato in CIP cryobank to"}]},{"head":"Collecting","index":36,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":91,"text":"In 2016, ICARDA, IITA and IRRI completed collecting missions to fill priority gaps in their collections. All missions were successfully concluded with activities focused on multiplication and characterization of the collected accessions and their introduction into long-term storage. The collecting projects improved the representation of crops and their wild relatives in both CGIAR and national genebanks, contributed to knowledge of landrace distributions and strengthened CGIAR's partnership with national genebanks. Some of these collecting trips could be considered as \"rescue\" missions as a considerable number of indigenous landraces are threatened by extinction."},{"index":2,"size":38,"text":"1,742. The percentage survival and recovery of accessions continues to increase and levels of contamination or low viability continues to decrease. The success of the current cryopreservation method has increased substantially over the past four years (Figure 4)."}]},{"head":"Optimizing collections","index":37,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":34,"text":"The 11 genebanks have achieved a large number of significant efficiencies that will play a role in improving germplasm conservation and use and reducing costs. Although such efficiencies are not systematically monitored or quantified,  "}]},{"head":"Capacity building and outreach","index":38,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":95,"text":"The genebanks undertake numerous individual capacity and partnership building activities to the benefit of both CGIAR and partners (Table 3). At the CRP level, five    • % availability: % collection that is clean, viable, in sufficient seed number to be made immediately available for international distribution from medium term storage (90% target) • % security: % collection that is held in long term storage conditions in two locations and also in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault or for clonal crops and trees % collection in two locations (90% target seed collections; 90% clonal crop/tree collections)"},{"index":2,"size":16,"text":"• % data availability: % collection with minimum passport or characterization data available online (90% target) "}]}],"figures":[{"text":"Legend Figure 1 Results are fully satisfactory Results are almost satisfactory Results do not fully meet expectations Results are below expectations "},{"text":"Figure 1 : Figure 1: Comparison of traffic light analysis for the CRP Portfolio from 2013 to 2016 "},{"text":"2. 1 Type 1 CRPs: One crop, few Centers, and long historical scientific base impacts progressed and evolved in 2016 from the CRP Portfolio and their bearing on progress towards CGIAR's strategic System Level Outcomes. A few examples of the diversity and quality of the outputs, outcomes and impacts generated are provided for illustrative purposes. The individual 2016 Annual Reports of the CRPs contain many more examples that go into greater detail. This section provides analysis of how outputs, outcomes and Nepal. Photo -Neil Palmer (CIAT) "},{"text":" Type 2 CRPs to end 2016 (RTB, L&F, GL, DC, FTA, WLE, PIM) Pakistan. Photo -Fasseh Shams, IWMIAs for the situation reported immediately above, three of the five type 3 CRPs (i.e., AAS, HT and DS) were focused during 2016 on managing the closing down of their activities by the end of 2016 and on negotiating which research elements from those programs would be integrated into the 2017-2022 Portfolio. Thus, as a group, type 3 CRPs produced a lower volume of outcomes than in 2015. The main challenge for type 3 CRPs continued to be to design new methods and innovative ways of working in domains that cut across many disciplines and in which the global scientific community has had relatively scant experience. "},{"text":"HT organized meetings with scientists of the planned 2017-2022 AFS CRPs to discuss HT tools and research experiences, including those in the book on sustainable intensification of smallholders' agriculture, thereby increasing awareness of these methods and lessons by scientists engaged in systems research in these CRPs. HT and RTB, in particular, agreed on parts of HT to become integrated in RTB from 2017. AAS did the same with FISH. DS (and GL and DC) contributed to the proposal for a new Phase 2 CRP, GLDC, although as referenced earlier, the proposed proposal is still under re-design and discussion among partners.CCAFS produced 134 peer-reviewed papers on climate change and agriculture in 2016 which had large readership. For instance, an article setting a global target for emissions reduction in agriculture to meet the 2 degrees target was widely communicated, as measured by Altmetric. It was in the top 5% of all research outputs, and #1 of 2,316 articles in the highimpact Global Change Biology. CCAFS also produced new technologies, for instance by trialing 47 climate-smart agricultural practices at 36 climate smart villages across 5 CCAFS regions, using the 'agricultural research for development approach' developed for climate-smart villages, including gender-disaggregated evaluations and the 'climate smart agriculture rapid rural appraisal tool' to assess within and between district variations in farming systems, agricultural management practices, challenges for current agricultural practices, and climate vulnerability, in order to inform targeting of climate smart agriculture. "},{"text":"Figure 1 .Figure 2 . Figure 1. Annual total samples distributed from CGIAR genebanks, 2012 to 2016 "},{"text":" Figure 4. % Success rate of potato cryobanking (% accessions > 30% recovery rate) "},{"text":"Figure 1 . Figure 1. % Seed accessions available for international distribution from 2012 to 2016. (Trends in % availability relate not only to improved status of accessions and changing collection size, but also corrections in inventory and documentation). "},{"text":"Figure 2 .Figure 3 . Figure 2. % Clonal crop accessions available for international distribution from 2012 to 2016 (Trends in % availability relate to improved status of accessions, changing collection size, the incidence of diseases of quarantine risk and the imposition of new standards to ensure trueness-to-type) "},{"text":"Figure 4 . Figure 4. % Clonal crop accessions in safety duplication in vitro or in cryopreservation from 2012 to 2016 (Trends in % safety duplication relate to improved status of accessions, changing collection size, the incidence of diseases of quarantine risk and the imposition of new standards to ensure trueness-to-type) "},{"text":"  "},{"text":" The Report assesses the drivers, dynamics and impacts of illegal logging, and was launched at a special session of the UN Biodiversity Conference (Convention on Biological Diversity, 13th meeting of the Conference of the Parties) in Cancun, Mexico.Contagious caprine pleuro-pneumonia (CCPP) is a transboundary disease which constitutes the most important threat to sheep and goats in Africa and Asia. L&F developed a rapid, inexpensive, field diagnostic tool which is a prerequisite to control the disease. The field diagnostic tool for CCPP includes a simple read-out device, powered by a car battery. It achieves a diagnosis in less than 45 minutes. The next step will be its commercial development.  L&F. Beyond including crop quantitative and L&F. Beyond including crop quantitative and  qualitative fodder traits as additional selection criteria, qualitative fodder traits as additional selection criteria,  this work is changing crop improvement paradigms by this work is changing crop improvement paradigms by  basing them on whole plant optimization rather than on basing them on whole plant optimization rather than on  the optimization of single traits. the optimization of single traits.  GL national partners released a total of 40 new varieties GL national partners released a total of 40 new varieties  for pigeonpea, chickpea, faba bean and classical bean, for pigeonpea, chickpea, faba bean and classical bean,  and DC national partners released a total of 45 new and DC national partners released a total of 45 new  improved varieties for sorghum, barley, finger millet and improved varieties for sorghum, barley, finger millet and  pearl millet. pearl millet.  Impacts Impacts  L&F reports an initial impact assessment of a large L&F reports an initial impact assessment of a large  aquaculture project in Egypt, implemented by WorldFish aquaculture project in Egypt, implemented by WorldFish  in partnership with CARE Egypt and the Egyptian in partnership with CARE Egypt and the Egyptian  Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation from 2011 Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation from 2011  to 2015. The assessment found that $16,000 of extra to 2015. The assessment found that $16,000 of extra  profits per farm were generated using best aquaculture profits per farm were generated using best aquaculture  management practices, amounting to a USD 27 million management practices, amounting to a USD 27 million  total value added by the project. Increased profitability total value added by the project. Increased profitability  was mainly achieved by cost savings through more was mainly achieved by cost savings through more  efficient feed management rather than increased efficient feed management rather than increased  production. production.  This also resulted in reduced environmental impacts This also resulted in reduced environmental impacts  (greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient discharges). (greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient discharges).  The work with women retailers increased understanding The work with women retailers increased understanding  of this vulnerable group and led to the development of a of this vulnerable group and led to the development of a  toolkit of approaches that could be scaled out to other toolkit of approaches that could be scaled out to other Research and policy dialogues led by ICRAF in communities. The main benefit achieved appears to Research and policy dialogues led by ICRAF incommunities. The main benefit achieved appears to collaboration between PIM and FTA have helped the have been the empowerment that they gained from collaboration between PIM and FTA have helped thehave been the empowerment that they gained from Indonesian Directorate General of Social Forestry and being able to work together in a group and advocate for Indonesian Directorate General of Social Forestry andbeing able to work together in a group and advocate for Environment Partnership to design a decree for their rights with local authorities and other value chain Environment Partnership to design a decree fortheir rights with local authorities and other value chain enforcing guidelines for the rapid assessment of actors, such as wholesalers. enforcing guidelines for the rapid assessment ofactors, such as wholesalers. tenurial conflict in forest areas. In addition, the  tenurial conflict in forest areas. In addition, the guidelines have been modified for a teaching curriculum WLE and CCAFS are collaborating with private sector guidelines have been modified for a teaching curriculumWLE and CCAFS are collaborating with private sector and syllabus on conflict mediation. The curriculum, insurance companies, government and research and syllabus on conflict mediation. The curriculum,insurance companies, government and research designed to assist forest managers from government institutions to help farmers affected by extreme weather designed to assist forest managers from governmentinstitutions to help farmers affected by extreme weather agencies or private companies in identifying and solving events in Bihar, India, with weather-based crop agencies or private companies in identifying and solvingevents in Bihar, India, with weather-based crop forest tenure conflicts, has been endorsed by the insurance, called Indexed-Based Flood Insurance (IBFI). forest tenure conflicts, has been endorsed by theinsurance, called Indexed-Based Flood Insurance (IBFI). Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry. IBFI uses remote sensing and modelling to support a Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry.IBFI uses remote sensing and modelling to support a  low-cost crop insurance product offered to farmers by a low-cost crop insurance product offered to farmers by a FTA research on synergies and tradeoffs of Joint major private-sector insurance provider, Bajaj Allianz. In FTA research on synergies and tradeoffs of Jointmajor private-sector insurance provider, Bajaj Allianz. In Mitigation and Adaptation (JMA), in particular, the 2016, 307,677 ha were under flood insurance coverage. Mitigation and Adaptation (JMA), in particular, the2016, 307,677 ha were under flood insurance coverage. production of new evidence for tropical landscapes and After a major flood in August, the project provided crop production of new evidence for tropical landscapes andAfter a major flood in August, the project provided crop new methods and tools, is influencing global climate damage estimates for rice and maize over an area of new methods and tools, is influencing global climatedamage estimates for rice and maize over an area of change negotiations. JMA is now entrenched in the on- 30,357 ha, for which Baja Allianz reportedly covered change negotiations. JMA is now entrenched in the on-30,357 ha, for which Baja Allianz reportedly covered going UNFCCC negotiations and in the work of the losses to farmers of some USD 34 million. going UNFCCC negotiations and in the work of thelosses to farmers of some USD 34 million. Green Climate Fund.  Green Climate Fund.  "},{"text":"3 Type 3 CRPs: Addressing newer, integrative and systemic issues outputs Global Nutrition Report 2016, as the go-to reference for decision makers, implementers and researchers for nutrition data globally. According to Altmetric, the Report is in the top 5% of all research 2.ever tracked. A4NH and ILRI scientists were involved in a series of papers on climate change and disease that highlighted the effects of climate change on the distribution of livestock diseases, priorities for modelling livestock health and pathogens and tracking progress on health and climate change. Climate change can indeed exacerbate disease in livestock and many of these are foodborne and/or zoonotic diseases. A4NH, ILRI and partners produced the first ever global mapping of antimicrobial use in livestock showing huge and increasing amounts driven by BRICs in 2015 and in 2016 they continued to build on the momentum generated through publications onantimicrobial use (and resistance) in agriculture in high impact journals, including The Lancet. GreenSeeker tool in 75% of the 666,000 ha of wheat production in Mexico to reduce N 2 O emissions by a minimum of 25%. Aflatoxins are one of the many 'silent' threats in Africa. A4NH research carried out by IITA, ILRI, and IFPRI has drawn attention to viable solutions for controlling and mitigating aflatoxins in specific African countries and contexts. One such solution is a biocontrol product, generically referred to as Aflasafe. IITA, with the US Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service and local national institutions, has successfully adapted the technology, reducing groundnut and maize aflatoxin contamination consistently by at least 80 percent. Supported by A4NH, other donors, and national governments, IITA's ambitious plan for expanding Aflasafe to 13 countries in Africa involves several steps, from collecting baseline data on aflatoxin prevalence to gaining regulatory approval and completing efficacy trials until partners, both public and private, are prepared to take the product to scale. The number of farmers using Aflasafe and selling certified aflatoxin safe maize in Nigeria has more than doubled in one year (13,241 farmer) and hectarage covered (19,726 ha) and safe maize produced (35,186 tons) have more than trebled in the same period. Outcomes  Outcomes In terms of outcomes, HT reports that uptake of the  In terms of outcomes, HT reports that uptake of the Rural Household Multiple Indicator (RHoMIS) survey  Rural Household Multiple Indicator (RHoMIS) survey tool and resulting database was higher than expected.  tool and resulting database was higher than expected. More than 10 agricultural development projects are  More than 10 agricultural development projects are either using the tool or are planning to do so. RHoMIS  either using the tool or are planning to do so. RHoMIS has now been applied in more than 30 sites in 15  has now been applied in more than 30 sites in 15 countries. Seven different agricultural research  countries. Seven different agricultural research organizations have used it and are continuing to use it,  organizations have used it and are continuing to use it, while 3 NGOs and one government organization are  while 3 NGOs and one government organization are using it. RHoMIS is a spatial targeting tool which uses standardized indicator sets and procedures for data Impacts using it. RHoMIS is a spatial targeting tool which uses standardized indicator sets and procedures for dataImpacts collection and data analysis at smallholder farm Regarding progress towards impacts, CCAFS reported collection and data analysis at smallholder farmRegarding progress towards impacts, CCAFS reported household level. It quantitatively links agricultural that measurable impact in 2016 has included more than household level. It quantitatively links agriculturalthat measurable impact in 2016 has included more than management and production options to income, food 9 million people across 3 continents receiving new and management and production options to income, food9 million people across 3 continents receiving new and security and nutritional status and identifies and tracks improved climate advisory services, improved security and nutritional status and identifies and tracksimproved climate advisory services, improved different development pathways to improve income, weather-index insurance products reaching more than a different development pathways to improve income,weather-index insurance products reaching more than a food security and nutritional status of different groups million households, and reaching 50,000 women in food security and nutritional status of different groupsmillion households, and reaching 50,000 women in of smallholder farmers, within and across sites in the South Asia with peer-to-peer climate-smart training of smallholder farmers, within and across sites in theSouth Asia with peer-to-peer climate-smart training developing world. tailored to their needs and priorities. In terms of welfare developing world.tailored to their needs and priorities. In terms of welfare  and climate resilience, CCAFS work has led for example and climate resilience, CCAFS work has led for example Whilst climate smart villages continue to be scaled up to increases in income for 179,000 dairy farmers in East Whilst climate smart villages continue to be scaled upto increases in income for 179,000 dairy farmers in East (in particular, in India and Nepal), CCAFS methods and Africa (ILRI and ICRAF), coupled with reduced (in particular, in India and Nepal), CCAFS methods andAfrica (ILRI and ICRAF), coupled with reduced tools developed in their climate smart villages and their emissions, raising wheat yields in South Asia by 9% tools developed in their climate smart villages and theiremissions, raising wheat yields in South Asia by 9% country climate risk profiles were used by the World (WHEAT, CIMMYT), through conservation agriculture country climate risk profiles were used by the World(WHEAT, CIMMYT), through conservation agriculture Bank to shape USD 360 million of investments in climate while also saving water costs via laser land levelling, Bank to shape USD 360 million of investments in climatewhile also saving water costs via laser land levelling, smart agriculture in Kenya and Niger. Another and saving rice farmers' water and input costs in smart agriculture in Kenya and Niger. Anotherand saving rice farmers' water and input costs in significant outcome is that 5 different countries Vietnam (GRiSP, IRRI) and West Africa (AfricaRice). significant outcome is that 5 different countriesVietnam (GRiSP, IRRI) and West Africa (AfricaRice). (Colombia, Kenya, Costa Rica, Peru, and Vietnam) used  (Colombia, Kenya, Costa Rica, Peru, and Vietnam) used CCAFS science to inform  CCAFS science to inform (i) their national decision-making related to Nationally  (i) their national decision-making related to Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions, Nationally Determined  Appropriate Mitigation Actions, Nationally Determined Contributions, (ii) their concept notes to the Green  Contributions, (ii) their concept notes to the Green Climate Fund, or (iii) country planning processes to  Climate Fund, or (iii) country planning processes to scale up low emissions practices. CCAFS continued to  scale up low emissions practices. CCAFS continued to  "},{"text":"Taking stock of key success elements achieved by end-2016 meeting paper to the 4 th System Council meeting in May 2017 15 ), W1-2 funds are mainly used by CRPs to support:  baselines). Bilateral funds cannot really replace W1-2 baselines). Bilateral funds cannot really replace W1-2  funds for such uses as it is extremely difficult to credibly funds for such uses as it is extremely difficult to credibly (i) the delivery of international public goods by undertaking analyses of results across sites and and transparently apportion most of these uses to bilateral projects. (i) the delivery of international public goods by undertaking analyses of results across sites andand transparently apportion most of these uses to bilateral projects. regions; (ii) ensuring effective CRP management, including undertaking essential foresight, monitoring, evaluation and learning, gender and other cross cutting activities; (iii) collaborations with new partners; (iv) activities to respond to sudden changes in the research environment (e.g., emergence of a new crop disease), in addition to funding high priority research for Decreases in W1-2 thus threaten the ability of CRPs to continue functioning as global research for development partnerships, weaving diverse research projects together into a coherent global portfolio and planning work over multiple years with, in particular, NARS and other partners external to CGIAR. regions; (ii) ensuring effective CRP management, including undertaking essential foresight, monitoring, evaluation and learning, gender and other cross cutting activities; (iii) collaborations with new partners; (iv) activities to respond to sudden changes in the research environment (e.g., emergence of a new crop disease), in addition to funding high priority research forDecreases in W1-2 thus threaten the ability of CRPs to continue functioning as global research for development partnerships, weaving diverse research projects together into a coherent global portfolio and planning work over multiple years with, in particular, NARS and other partners external to CGIAR. development activities that are difficult to fund  development activities that are difficult to fund bilaterally (e.g., design of new methodologies, work on  bilaterally (e.g., design of new methodologies, work on  "},{"text":"Table 1 -Evolution from 2012 to 2016 of W1-2 funds, as a percentage of CRPs total expenditures.   "},{"text":"Appendix 1 Genebank CRP 2016 -Summary Annual Report  CGIAR genebanks presently manage 757,767 The genebanks continue to improve the availability of CGIAR genebanks presently manage 757,767The genebanks continue to improve the availability of accessions, including 23,682 in vitro accessions and accessions. A total of 119,011 accessions are now accessions, including 23,682 in vitro accessions andaccessions. A total of 119,011 accessions are now 29,122 accessions held as plants or trees in the field. immediately available that were not available in 2012, 29,122 accessions held as plants or trees in the field.immediately available that were not available in 2012, Approximately 77% of total accessions are immediately added to which routine multiplication has supported the Approximately 77% of total accessions are immediatelyadded to which routine multiplication has supported the available for international distribution under the distribution of 590,936 samples over the course of the available for international distribution under thedistribution of 590,936 samples over the course of the Standard Material Transfer Agreement (Figure 3). past five years. Of the seed accessions, 56% is secured Standard Material Transfer Agreement (Figure 3).past five years. Of the seed accessions, 56% is secured  in safety duplication at two levels, and 88% of in safety duplication at two levels, and 88% of  accessions of clonal crop collections is safety accessions of clonal crop collections is safety  duplicated in the form of in vitro or cryopreserved duplicated in the form of in vitro or cryopreserved  samples. Currently, 87% of accessions has passport or samples. Currently, 87% of accessions has passport or  characterization data accessible online. characterization data accessible online. Figure 3.    Figure 3. 2000    2000 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 All genebanks are actively improving the availability and distributed Numbers of samples   80,000 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 All genebanks are actively improving the availability and distributed Numbers of samples80,000 safety duplication of the collections through seed 0 2013 2012 multiplication, viability testing and disease cleaning (see Annex A to this Appendix 1). These activities have been 2014 2015 2016 safety duplication of the collections through seed 0 2013 2012 multiplication, viability testing and disease cleaning (see Annex A to this Appendix 1). These activities have been201420152016 Within CGIAR Outside CGIAR   Within CGIAROutside CGIAR  "},{"text":"Status of availability and safety duplication of CGIAR genebanks, 2012 to 2016  funded through Recommendation Action Plans, which funded through Recommendation Action Plans, which were developed by each Center in response to review were developed by each Center in response to review recommendations. Of the total aggregate collection, recommendations. Of the total aggregate collection, 13% (100,223) of accessions were planted out in the 13% (100,223) of accessions were planted out in the field for multiplication or regeneration or subcultured in field for multiplication or regeneration or subcultured in vitro in 2016. vitro in 2016.  "},{"text":"Table 2  (below) attempts to (below) attempts to  "},{"text":"Table 2 . Examples of gains made in efficiency Center Center Reported conservation management efficiencies Establishment of virus indexing services in University of Liège and reduction of pre-indexing procedure from 6 months to 3 months or less CIAT• Species prioritization enables the stratification of the forages collection and potential archiving of 52% of grass and 58% legume species • 10% increase in acceptance rate of forage accessions and 5% in bean accessions through heath testing after improved seed production in the field • Deployment of hand-held devices for all data collection • 81% of cassava accessions now available after entire collection screened for cassavaGraduate student scholarship in partnership with Bioversity, KULeuven, & RBG Kew NARS partner training on Musa characterization & documentation. Curators from 16 NARS collections from East & Southern Africa attended the workshop in Uganda Training of staff from national genebank partners in Germany, China, & South Korea on tissue culture of vegetatively propagated crops, cryopreservation of banana & other vegetative crops, genebanking & genebank data management Germplasm health testing service with Université de Liège Germplasm characterization with IEB (Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Republic) & USDA (Puerto Rico) Seed lots of a wide range of wild banana species were received from USDA, Puerto Rico, CIRAD, Guadeloupe, NARI, Papua New Guinea for conservation research Banana collecting mission conducted in Bougainville, PNG by NARI (PNG), Bioversity, Botanic Garden Meise (Belgium) Future Food project (Norwegian Government) with NIBIO, Piql, Bioversity on the development of a secure storage & future proof-access system for data of cryopreserved biological material Phenseedata, Belgian Development Cooperation funded project (July 2016-June 2017) aims to expand the services of the Bioversity International Musa germplasm Transit Centre (ITC) & the use of the global banana collection Germplasm explorations in Costa Rica with the University of Costa Rica Selection of 5,000 landraces from Latin America through the Bean-Adapt Project (Italy, USA, Germany) Cassava clones distributed to 6 NARS of Central America Cassava clones distributed to the IAEA for screening for herbicide tolerance & starch with novel properties CIAT Farmers' field days with local communities on highland maizeStaff exchange with USDA  • Increased rate of annual seed multiplication by 50% • Increased rate of annual seed multiplication by 50%  • 72% increase in accessions in long-term storage (from 42% of the collection to 67%) • 72% increase in accessions in long-term storage (from 42% of the collection to 67%)  since 2012 since 2012  • 67% reduction in seed processing time from harvest to storage from 6 to 2 months • 67% reduction in seed processing time from harvest to storage from 6 to 2 months  • Germination tests indicate 97% accessions have maintained adequate viability over • Germination tests indicate 97% accessions have maintained adequate viability over  20-year period in long-term storage 20-year period in long-term storage Bioversity • Safety measures (e.g. oxygen alarm) put in place to manage liquid nitrogen Bioversity• Safety measures (e.g. oxygen alarm) put in place to manage liquid nitrogen  • Measures agreed to make available approx. 30% of the collection affected by banana • Measures agreed to make available approx. 30% of the collection affected by banana  streak virus streak virus  • 66% accessions genotyped using SSR markers • 66% accessions genotyped using SSR markers  • frogskin disease • frogskin disease CIMMYT • New stratified curation policy will result in archiving of wheat accessions and reduction CIMMYT• New stratified curation policy will result in archiving of wheat accessions and reduction  in monitoring needs in monitoring needs  • New drying room for maize collection has improved seed processing • New drying room for maize collection has improved seed processing CIP • 36% reduction in size of field/screenhouse collections since 2012 CIP• 36% reduction in size of field/screenhouse collections since 2012  • Installation of a liquid Nitrogen plant saving USD18K/yr in supply costs • Installation of a liquid Nitrogen plant saving USD18K/yr in supply costs  • Barcoding in place for all transactions in seed processing chain from acquisition to • Barcoding in place for all transactions in seed processing chain from acquisition to  distribution distribution  • First level duplication established at Huancayo significantly increasing security of the • First level duplication established at Huancayo significantly increasing security of the  collection and reducing need for in vitro multiplication collection and reducing need for in vitro multiplication  • 40% potato collection cryobanked and substantial gains in efficiency of • 40% potato collection cryobanked and substantial gains in efficiency of  cryopreservation process described under section B.a.ii cryopreservation process described under section B.a.ii ICARDA • Construction of genebanks and resumption of routine genebank operations in two ICARDA• Construction of genebanks and resumption of routine genebank operations in two  Lebanon and Morocco Lebanon and Morocco  • 200 isolation cages installed for regeneration of cross-pollinating (mainly wild) species • 200 isolation cages installed for regeneration of cross-pollinating (mainly wild) species ICRAF • Major improvement in storage conditions and seed packing ICRAF• Major improvement in storage conditions and seed packing  • Dormancy breaking procedure improved for baobab and other species resulting in • Dormancy breaking procedure improved for baobab and other species resulting in  increased levels of viability increased levels of viability  • Consolidation of field collections and field sites under way as part of acquisition and • Consolidation of field collections and field sites under way as part of acquisition and  retention strategy retention strategy  "},{"text":"Table 3 . Partnership building with NARS & national genebanks by Center Center Partnership building activity capacity building events were organized in 2016 and a total of 153 participants from 39 countries have been trained.In 2016, Bioversity, CIP, IITA and ILRI uploaded new accession data into the global portal, Genesys, (www.genesys-pgr.org). The Passport Data Completion Index (PDCI) increased for these Centers as illustrated in Table4. At the end of 2016, Genesys contained AfricaRice 5.62 AfricaRice5.62  "},{"text":"Table 4 . Passport Data Completeness Index in Genesys Center Average PDCI 2015 Average PDCI 2015 records on 3.61 million accessions. The increase is due to significant data contributions also from the Australian Pastures and Grains Genebanks (83,465 and 138,016 accessions respectively), the Centre for Pacific Crops and Trees (2,163 accessions) and the World Vegetable Center (61,952 accessions).Annex A to Appendix 1: Status of accession availability and safety duplication  "}],"sieverID":"80c0bcfa-5c06-41d5-ad93-a9914d755f4c","abstract":"This report was approved by the CGIAR System Management Board on 31 August 2017."}