How large was the Pararhabdodon?
4317487#17
"Pararhabdodon" most likely was a bipedal-quadrupedal herbivore, in the neighborhood of 6 m (19.7 ft) long, fully grown. The dorsal and sacral neural spines were elongate, so the animal would have had a tall back, like other hadrosaurids. Because the material is sparse, more specific conclusions cannot be reached.
Pararhabdodon
4317487#6
In 2013, a maxilla, specimen designation MCD 4919, was referred to "P. isonensis". It possessed synapomorphies of the tsintaosaurin tribe to which "Pararhabdodon" was by that point assigned to, and was referable to "Pararhabdodon" in particular due to rostrocaudally broad rostrocaudal region of the maxilla, a trait unique to "P. isonensis" relative to "Tsintaosaurus", the other named tsintaosaurin taxon. The specimen was discovered at the Serrat del Rostiar 1 locality, part of the "lower red unit" of the Tremp formation just like the type locality, SRA, but in a lower section of the strata, making it older. This extended the range of species further within the upper Maastrichtian. The Serrat del Rostiar 1 locality is near the village of Basturns. In 2019, the new genus and species "Adynomosaurus arcanus" was described, and in the paper describing the referral of MCD 4919 to "P. isonensis" was questioned. The specimen was found to have a differing to the maxilla of the SRA "Pararhabdodon", which would conflict with their identity as belonging to the same species. As the specimen was still recognized as having tsintaosaurin characteristics, the authors still considered it to likely belong to a close relative of "P. isonensis".
Pararhabdodon
4317487#12
Marc Boada discovered, in the late 1990s, a new fossil-bearing locality from the village of Basturs. As the village already lent its name to a locality where dinosaur eggs had been found, it was named the Basturs Poble (BP) locality, "poble" derived from the word for village. The locality belongs to the Conques Formation of the Tremp Group, dated to the late-Early Maastrictian. Over ten years, from 2001 through 2011, field work was done at this site, and a massive bonebed - consisting of some one thousand skeletal elements - was discovered. The discovery was first reported in the literature in an abstract at the "55th Symposium for Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy and the 16th meeting of the Symposium for Palaeontological Preparation and Conservation" conference in 2007. The authors, then, approached the bonebed under the hypothesis of a single species being present at the site. It was reported that all ontogenetic stages were present. Later, a poster presentation and abstract at another conference suggested the specimens may have belonged to "Koutalisaurus kohlororum", but they cautioned an adult dentary from the bonebed would need to be discovered to test the hypothesis. This was later rejected, as "Koutalisaurus" was found to be an invalid "nomen dubium". In 2018, the material was instead noted as possibly referrable to "Pararhabdodon isonensis".
Pararhabdodon
4317487#0
Pararhabdodon (meaning "near fluted tooth" in reference to "Rhabdodon") is a genus of tsintaosaurin hadrosaurid dinosaur, from the Maastrichtian-age Upper Cretaceous Tremp Formation of Spain. The first remains were discovered from the Sant Romà d’Abella fossil locality and assigned to the genus "Rhabdodon", and later named as the distinct species Pararhabdodon isonensis in 1993. Known material includes assorted postcranial remains, mostly vertebrae, as well as from the skull. Specimens from other sites, including remains from France, a maxilla previously considered the distinct taxon Koutalisaurus kohlerorum, an additional maxilla from another locality, the material assigned to the genera "Blasisaurus" and "Arenysaurus", and the extensive Basturs Poble bonebed have been considered at different times to belong to the species, but all of these assignments have more recently been questioned.
Pararhabdodon
4317487#15
An intertwined subject to the taxonomy which has been noted and studied has been the size and ontogeny (growth and development) of the individuals represented. Individuals of multiple sizes are represented in the sample, but overall they represent smaller animals than the hadrosaurs known from Asian and North American species. Despite this, a small number of individuals falling into the adult size ranges of other hadrosaurs are indicated by isolated elements, such as femurs. Multiple hypotheses have been put forward to explain this: firstly, juvenile individuals may have been the dominant life stage living in the area where the bonebed was preserved, due to ecological differences over lifespan; secondly, it's possible they represent dwarfed animals dominating the environment relative to rare a larger species; lastly, it's possible the large individuals were comparative giants of a single dwarfed species, near the extreme end of individual variation in the species. The 2015 analysis of hadrosaur dentaries from the Pyrenees found two morphotypes to be present in the bonebed, so they favored the second hypothesis. The more in-depth 2018 study used histological analysis in order to assess the age of different individuals, using tibiae. Of the several tibiae tested, four (between long) were identified as juveniles between the ages of one and three based on comparisons to tissue patterns in other ornithopods, and three more were found to likely be juveniles based on similarities to the former four. The eighth ( long) and ninth ( long) were found to belong to an early adult and subadult individual respectively. A femur was found to share subadult growth features with the subadult tibia. Three tibiae (, , and around respectively) were found to belong to adult individuals. Growth trajectory was found to be consistent between the tibiae, supporting the idea that the site represents a large variety of age stages of a single species.
Pararhabdodon
4317487#10
Evidence for this synonymy would later come in a 2009 study, from Prieto-Márquez alongside Jonathan R. Wagner. Material from "Pararhabdodon", the holotype of "Koutalisaurus", and material of the Chinese species "Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus" were examined and compared, and the edentulous slope previously thought unique to "Koutalisaurus" was found to be nearly identical in "T. spinorhinus". It was noted various approaches could be taken to this matter. As the species "K. koelerororum" shared a unique trait with "Tsintaosaurus" and could not be distinguished from it, the former could be considered a junior synonym of the latter. However, it was noted that the likelihood of a large archosaur species with a large enough range to include both specimens is completely unprecedented, so they refrained from this referral. "K. kohlerorum" could instead be considered a "nomen dubium", a taxon of uncertain distinctiveness due to lacking any autapomorphies. But they disliked this course of action too, as unless a second taxon with the same morphology was found in the area, they posited the specimen likely did represent a unique component of the local fauna. Thus, they decided to keep it distinct, relative to "Tsintaosaurus". No material had, as yet, been discovered from the SRA locality permitting comparison with "Pararhabdodon". However, traits uniting "P. isonensis" with "T. spinorhinus" were found. As both taxa from the Tremp Formation uniquely shared traits with the Asian genus, the authors decided to treat the two as one species, as maintaining them as provisionally separate would in their eyes be misleading to non-specialists, who would likely not distinguish the two taxa were kept separate to be conservative and not due to strong evidence for two hadrosaurs in the area.
Pararhabdodon
4317487#13
The stratigraphic layer where the bonebed was found is in thickness. Around 95% of all remains from the site belong to dinosaurs; nearly all identified specimens from this sample belong to hadrosaurs. Of prepared material, 270 skeletal elements can confidently be identified as belonging to hadrosauroids. The number of hadrosaur specimens from the site in total could number over 500, and possibly as much as 900. In addition to the large numbers of fossils of the animals themselves, the BP locality is one of many sites from the Tremp Syncline where hadrosaurs tracks have been found. At least one track is preserved at the site, in a sandstone block from a stratigraphic level similar to that of the bonebed. It is the richest hadrosaur bonebed ever found in Europe, and the largest ever found in one palaeoinsular locale; as such, it is the most important hadrosauroid site of the eastern Tremp Syncline.
Pararhabdodon
4317487#16
Fondevilla "et al." (2018) compared to the material from Basturs Poble to recognized species of lambeosaurine from geographically and temporally similar locations in the Pyrenees. The jugals from the sample were found to be distinct from those known from "Blasisaurus" and "Arenysaurus" (possible synonyms of "Pararhabdodon"), and the frontals were also distinguishable from the latter. Identity as specimens as either of those taxa was therefore ruled out. Overlapping taxonomically informative material with "Pararhabdodon" was not found from the bonebed, excepting a maxilla too fragmentary for use in referral. However, both the type locality of SRA and the locality of the referred maxilla MCD 4919 are close to the area the bonebed was found. As such, it was considered most likely the Basturs Poble hadrosaurs are members of the species "P. isonensis", but the poor state of preservation of the only comparable material in the bonebed prevented a secure referral. Later, a 2019 study by Prieto-Márquez "et al." described a new genus and species of Spanish lambeosaurine, "Adynomosaurus arcanus". They compared the material of their species to that of the bonebed, and though similarities were found, their tooth crowns and ilia had different shapes, and the from the site lacked the distinct shallow nature that characterizes "A. arcanus". Accordingly, they considered it unlikely the bonebed belonged to their species. Additionally, they commented on the lack of tsintaosaurin synapomorphies in the bonebed material and so kept a referral as indeterminate lambeosaurines rather than considering it to represent "Pararhabdodon".
Pararhabdodon
40077981#0
Tsintaosaurini is a tribe of basal lambeosaurine hadrosaurs native to Eurasia. It currently contains only "Tsintaosaurus" (from Shandong, east China) and "Pararhabdodon" (from Spain and France).
"Koutalisaurus", also known from late Cretaceous Spain and formerly referred to "Pararhabdodon" 
, may also be a tsintaosaurin because of its association with the latter genus; some recent work also suggests it may indeed be referrable to "Pararhabdodon".
Tsintaosaurini
14046416#2
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.
Trimethyllysine dioxygenase