What is the deepest diving expedition recorded?
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Trieste is a Swiss-designed, Italian-built deep-diving research bathyscaphe, which with its crew of two reached a record maximum depth of about , in the deepest known part of the Earth's oceans, the Challenger Deep, in the Mariana Trench near Guam in the Pacific. On 23 January 1960, Jacques Piccard (son of the boat's designer Auguste Piccard) and US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh achieved the goal of Project Nekton.
Bathyscaphe Trieste
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On 23 January 1960, she reached the ocean floor in the Challenger Deep (the deepest southern part of the Mariana Trench), carrying Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh. This was the first time a vessel, manned or unmanned, had reached the deepest known point of the Earth's oceans. The onboard systems indicated a depth of , although this was revised later to ; fairly recently, more accurate measurements have found Challenger Deep to be between and deep.
Bathyscaphe Trieste
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Ahmed Gabr (أحمد جبر in Arabic; born 9 November 1972) is an Egyptian scuba diver who holds the Guinness World Records for both The Deepest Scuba Dive (Male) and The Deepest Scuba Dive in Sea Water. Ahmed dived to a depth of .In 2010, Gabr started training to break the world's record for the deepest depth ever reached by a human in scuba diving. The holder of the previous record was Nuno Gomes, with a record of 1,044 feet (318.25 m). Initially, the dive was scheduled to be done in 2012, but due to some political unrest in Egypt the dive was postponed.
Ahmed Gabr
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MacInnis led another series of dives in 1995 to salvage the bell from "Edmund Fitzgerald". The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians backed the expedition by co-signing a loan in the amount of $250,000. Canadian engineer Phil Nuytten's atmospheric diving suit, known as the "Newtsuit," was used to retrieve the bell from the ship, replace it with a replica, and put a beer can in "Edmund Fitzgerald"s pilothouse. That same year, Terrence Tysall and Mike Zee set multiple records when they used trimix gas to scuba dive to "Edmund Fitzgerald". The pair are the only people known to have touched the "Edmund Fitzgerald" wreck. They also set records for the deepest scuba dive on the Great Lakes and the deepest shipwreck dive, and were the first divers to reach "Edmund Fitzgerald" without the aid of a submersible. It took six minutes to reach the wreck, six minutes to survey it, and three hours to resurface to avoid decompression sickness, also known as "the bends."
SS Edmund Fitzgerald
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In the following years, Denlay and Tysall mounted several larger expeditions to survey "Atlanta", exploring and videoing the wreck in detail to a depth of at the bow. The civil unrest in Solomon Islands from late 1998 prevented further diving around Guadalcanal for several years. However, on the final expedition that year, the then deepest wreck dive by a woman was made by Kevin's wife, Mirja, on "Atlanta". Denlay's last visit to the wreck was in 2002 using a closed circuit rebreather or CCR, the first CCR dive on "Atlanta". Since then, very few dives have been conducted on "Atlanta", although in May 2011 a very experienced deep diving team from "Global Underwater Explorers" successfully videoed the wreck for documentary purposes, the first survey of the wreck since Denlay's expeditions up to 1998.
USS Atlanta (CL-51)
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In an expedition in 1977, the deepest point of the cave system was discovered after staging multiple underground camps, a flooded tunnel at 1325 meters, known as the San Agustín sump. Subsequent scuba diving expeditions in 1979 and 1981 proved logistically insufficient to transport equipment to explore it further. In 1994, during a 135-day expedition of 44 people, mostly from the UK and the US, 11 were cave diving using closed cycle life support systems called rebreathers. They explored three parts of the sump system and discovered an upstream tunnel leading to the only known exit for the water that enters the Huautla caves, the spring of Peña Colorada.
During a two-month expedition in 2013 involving 40 team members from the UK, USA, Canada, Poland and Mexico, cavers entered through Sótano de San Agustin; it took divers three weeks to reach "what looked like a calm, rock-enclosed lake about 100 feet wide", the San Agustín sump. One of them established a new record depth when stopping at 1545 meters. The new survey data gave the cave a total length of 64.2 kilometers. A navigable connection between where water enters Sistema Huautla and where it exits at Peña Colorada has yet to be found.
Sistema Huautla
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During the course of his expeditions Beebe gradually developed an interest in marine biology, ultimately leading to his 1930s dives in the Bathysphere, along with its inventor, Otis Barton, off the coast of Bermuda. This was the first time a biologist observed deep-sea animals in their native environment, and set several successive records for the deepest dive ever performed by a human, the deepest of which stood until it was broken by Barton 15 years later. Following his Bathysphere dives, Beebe returned to the tropics and began to focus his study on the behavior of insects. In 1949, he founded a tropical research station in Trinidad which he named Simla, and which remains in operation as part of the Asa Wright Nature Centre. Beebe's research at Simla continued until his death from pneumonia in 1962 at the age of 84.
William Beebe
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The difference in elevation of the cave's entrance and its deepest explored point is . It became the deepest-known cave in the world in 2001 when the expedition of the Ukrainian Speleological Association reached a depth of which exceeded the depth of the previous deepest-known cave, Lamprechtsofen, in the Austrian Alps, by . In 2004, for the first time in the history of speleology, the Ukrainian Speleological Association expedition reached a depth greater than , and explored the cave to . Ukrainian diver Gennadiy Samokhin extended the cave by diving in the terminal sump to 46 metres' depth in 2007 and then to 52 m in 2012, setting successive world records of 2,191 m and 2,197 m, respectively. Krubera is one of the two known caves on Earth deeper than 2,000 metres.
Krubera Cave
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Leatherback turtles are one of the deepest-diving marine animals. Individuals have been recorded diving to depths as great as .
Typical dive durations are between 3 and 8 minutes, with dives of 30–70 minutes occurring infrequently.
Leatherback sea turtle
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The Bathysphere (Greek: "βαθύς", "bathus", "deep" and "σφαῖρα", "sphaira", "sphere") was a unique spherical deep-sea submersible which was unpowered and lowered into the ocean on a cable, and was used to conduct a series of dives off the coast of Bermuda from 1930 to 1934. The Bathysphere was designed in 1928 and 1929 by the American engineer Otis Barton, to be used by the naturalist William Beebe for studying undersea wildlife. Beebe and Barton conducted dives in the Bathysphere together, marking the first time that a marine biologist observed deep-sea animals in their native environment. Their dives set several consecutive world records for the deepest dive ever performed by a human. The record set by the deepest of these, to a depth of meters on August 15, 1934, lasted until it was broken by Barton in 1949.
Bathysphere
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On 24 November 2004, Verna van Schaik set the Guinness Woman's World Record for the deepest dive with a dive to .In Mo Hayder's novel "Ritual" (2008), the death of the parents of one of the protagonists while diving in Bushman's Hole is an important plot device.
Boesmansgat
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Pascal Bernabé is a French scuba diver who in 2005 laid claim to the world best for depth on a deep dive using self-contained breathing apparatus. Bernabé claimed to have reached a maximum depth of using trimix on 5 June 2005 near Propriano, Corsica. This was actually deeper than the official deepest scuba dive recognized by Guinness World Records at the time. That mark, set by Nuno Gomes in Dahab, Egypt, was of sea water. However, Bernabé's claimed deepest dive was not included in the "Guinness Book of World Records" due to insufficient evidence of such a dive ever being performed.
Pascal Bernabé