title: The Boys (TV series)

text: Ahead of the premiere of the third season, the series had released video segments in the form of in-universe news reports from the Vought News Network channel on YouTube, titled "Seven on 7 with Cameron Coleman". Each of the seven segments contains seven stories that tease events in upcoming episodes and introduce new cast members, and acts as a bridge between Season 2 and 3. Matthew Edison, who plays news anchor Cameron Coleman, also appears in the third season of the series.


title: The Boys (TV series)

text: On October 3, 2020, Eric Kripke said that the in-universe pornographic superhero film scenes briefly glimpsed in the second season "The Boys" episode "Butcher, Baker, Candlestick Maker" had been produced in full, expressing interest in releasing them under the name "Supe Porn" to the website of the same name, registered to Sony Pictures, as well as supposedly requesting Seth Rogen, Evan Goldberg, Antony Starr and the other followers of his Twitter page to join him in petitioning Prime Video and Amazon Studios to allow the potential web series to be uploaded. Later on, a fictional sex toy online store was added to the website, with a collection of products such as "The StarMight Plug" and "Translucent's Glass Dildo". At the bottom of the website there is a message saying that its contents are for entertainment purpose only and not actually for sale.


title: Minecraft

text: Minecraft is a sandbox game developed by Mojang Studios. The game was created by Markus "Notch" Persson in the Java programming language. Following several early private testing versions, it was first made public in May 2009 before being fully released in November 2011, with Notch stepping down and Jens "Jeb" Bergensten taking over development. "Minecraft" is the best-selling video game of all time, with over 238 million copies sold and nearly 140 million monthly active players , and has been ported to several platforms.


title: Minecraft

text: In "Minecraft", players explore a blocky, procedurally generated 3D world with virtually infinite terrain and may discover and extract raw materials, craft tools and items, and build structures, earthworks, and simple machines. Depending on their chosen game mode, players can fight hostile mobs, as well as cooperate with or compete against other players in the same world. Game modes include a survival mode (in which players must acquire resources to build in the world and maintain health) and a creative mode (where players have unlimited resources and access to flight). There is also a wide variety of user-generated content, such as modifications, servers, skins, texture packs, and custom maps, which add new game mechanics and possibilities.


title: Minecraft

text: "Minecraft" received critical acclaim, winning several awards and later being cited as one of the greatest video games of all time. Social media, parodies, adaptations, merchandise, and the annual Minecon conventions played prominent roles in popularizing the game. The game has also been used in educational environments to teach chemistry, computer-aided design, and computer science. In 2014, Mojang and the "Minecraft" intellectual property were purchased by Microsoft for  billion. Several spin-offs have also been made, including "","" "Minecraft Dungeons", "Minecraft Earth", and the upcoming "Minecraft Legends".


title: Minecraft

text: "Minecraft" is a 3D sandbox game that has no required goals to accomplish, allowing players a large amount of freedom in choosing how to play the game. However, there is an achievement system, known as "advancements" in the "Java Edition" of the game, and "trophies" on the PlayStation ports. Gameplay is in the first-person perspective by default, but players have the option of a third-person perspective. The game world is composed of rough 3D objects—mainly cubes and fluids, and commonly called "blocks"—representing various materials, such as dirt, stone, ores, tree trunks, water, and lava. The core gameplay revolves around picking up and placing these objects. These blocks are arranged in a 3D grid, while players can move freely around the world. Players can "mine" blocks and then place them elsewhere, enabling them to build things. Many commentators have described the game's physics system as unrealistic. The game also contains a material called redstone, which can be used to make primitive mechanical devices, electrical circuits, and logic gates, allowing for the construction of many complex systems.


title: Minecraft

text: The game world is virtually infinite and procedurally generated as players explore it, using a map seed that is obtained from the system clock at the time of world creation (or manually specified by the player). There are limits on vertical movement, but "Minecraft" allows an infinitely large game world to be generated on the horizontal plane. Due to technical problems when extremely distant locations are reached, however, there is a barrier preventing players from traversing to locations beyond 30,000,000 blocks from the center. The game achieves this by splitting the world data into smaller sections called "chunks" that are only created or loaded when players are nearby. The world is divided into biomes ranging from deserts to jungles to snowfields; the terrain includes plains, mountains, forests, caves, and bodies of water/lava. The in-game time system follows a day and night cycle, with one full cycle lasting for 20 real-time minutes.


title: Minecraft

text: When starting a new world, players must choose one of five game modes, as well as one of four difficulties, ranging from "Peaceful" to "Hard". Increasing the difficulty of the game causes the player to take more damage from mobs, as well as having other difficulty-specific effects. For example, the Peaceful difficulty prevents hostile mobs from spawning, and the Hard difficulty allows players to starve to death if their hunger bar is depleted. Once selected, the difficulty can be changed, but the game mode is locked and can only be changed with cheats.


title: Minecraft

text: New players have a randomly selected default character skin of either Steve or Alex, but the option to create custom skins was made available in 2010. Players encounter various non-player characters known as mobs, such as animals, villagers, and hostile creatures. Passive mobs, such as cows, pigs, and chickens, can be hunted for food and crafting materials. They spawn in the daytime, while hostile mobs—including large spiders, skeletons, and zombies—spawn during nighttime or in dark places such as caves. Some hostile mobs, such as zombies, skeletons and drowned (underwater versions of zombies), burn under the sun if they have no headgear. Other creatures unique to "Minecraft" include the creeper (an exploding creature that sneaks up on the player) and the enderman (a creature with the ability to teleport as well as pick up and place blocks). There are also variants of mobs that spawn in different conditions; for example, zombies have husk and drowned variants that spawn in deserts and oceans, respectively.


title: Minecraft

text: "Minecraft" has two alternative dimensions besides the Overworld (the main world): the Nether and the End. The Nether is a hell-like underworld dimension accessed via player-built obsidian portals; it contains many unique resources and can be used to travel great distances in the Overworld, due to every block traveled in the Nether being equivalent to 8 blocks traveled in the Overworld. Water cannot exist in the Nether, as it will vaporize instantly. The Nether is mainly populated by pigman-like mobs called piglins and their zombified counterparts, plus floating balloon-like mobs called ghasts. The player can also build an optional boss mob called The Wither out of materials found in the Nether.


title: Minecraft

text: The End is reached by underground portals in the Overworld. It consists of islands floating above a dark, endless void. A boss dragon called the Ender Dragon guards the largest, central island. Killing the dragon opens access to an exit portal, which upon entering cues the game's ending credits and a poem written by Irish novelist Julian Gough. Players are then teleported back to their respawn point and may continue the game indefinitely.


title: Minecraft

text: In survival mode, players have to gather natural resources such as wood and stone found in the environment in order to craft certain blocks and items. Depending on the difficulty, monsters spawn in darker areas outside a certain radius of the character, requiring players to build a shelter at night. The mode also has a health bar which is depleted by attacks from mobs, falls, drowning, falling into lava, suffocation, starvation, and other events. Players also have a hunger bar, which must be periodically refilled by eating food in-game (except in peaceful difficulty). If the hunger bar is depleted, automatic healing will stop and eventually health will deplete. Health replenishes when players have a nearly full hunger bar or continuously on peaceful difficulty.


title: Minecraft

text: Players can craft a wide variety of items in "Minecraft". Craftable items include armor, which mitigates damage from attacks; weapons (such as swords or axes), which allows monsters and animals to be killed more easily; and tools (such as pickaxes or hoes), which break certain types of blocks more quickly. Some items have multiple tiers depending on the material used to craft them, with higher-tier items being more effective and durable. Players can construct furnaces, which can cook food, process ores, and convert materials into other materials. Players may also exchange goods with a villager (NPC) through a trading system, which involves trading emeralds for different goods and vice versa.


title: Minecraft

text: The game has an inventory system, allowing players to carry a limited number of items. Upon dying, items in the players' inventories are dropped unless the game is reconfigured not to do so. Players then re-spawn at their spawn point, which by default is where players first spawn in the game and can be reset by sleeping in a bed or using a respawn anchor. Dropped items can be recovered if players can reach them before they disappear or despawn after 5 minutes. Players may acquire experience points by killing mobs and other players, mining, smelting ores, breeding animals, and cooking food. Experience can then be spent on enchanting tools, armor and weapons. Enchanted items are generally more powerful, last longer, or have other special effects.


title: Minecraft

text: In creative mode, players have access to nearly all resources and items in the game through the inventory menu and can place or remove them instantly. Players can toggle the ability to fly freely around the game world at will, and their characters do not take any damage and are not affected by hunger. The game mode helps players focus on building and creating projects of any size without disturbance.


title: Minecraft

text: Minecraft includes other game modes such as spectator mode, which allows players to fly through blocks. Hardcore mode is a survival mode variant with permadeath, where the world is deleted upon the player's death, and adventure mode is a survivor mode variant with possible restrictions added by a creator of a map.


title: Minecraft

text: Multiplayer in "Minecraft" enables multiple players to interact and communicate with each other on a single world. It is available through direct game-to-game multiplayer, LAN play, local split screen (console-only), and servers (player-hosted and business-hosted). Players can run their own servers, use a hosting provider, or connect directly to another player's game via Xbox Live. Single-player worlds have local area network support, allowing players to join a world on locally interconnected computers without a server setup. "Minecraft" multiplayer servers are guided by server operators, who have access to server commands such as setting the time of day and teleporting players. Operators can also set up restrictions concerning which usernames or IP addresses are allowed or disallowed to enter the server. Multiplayer servers have a wide range of activities, with some servers having their own unique rules and customs. The largest and most popular server is Hypixel, which has been visited by over 14 million unique players. Player versus player combat (PvP) can be enabled to allow fighting between players. Many servers have custom plugins that allow actions that are not normally possible.


title: Minecraft

text: In 2013, Mojang announced "Minecraft Realms", a server hosting service intended to enable players to run server multiplayer games easily and safely without having to set up their own. Unlike a standard server, only invited players can join Realms servers, and these servers do not use IP addresses. "Minecraft: Java Edition" Realms server owners can invite up to twenty people to play on their server, with up to ten players online at a time. "Minecraft" Realms server owners can invite up to 3,000 people to play on their server, with up to ten players online at one time. The "Minecraft: Java Edition" Realms servers do not support user-made plugins, but players can play custom "Minecraft" maps. "Minecraft" Realms servers support user-made add-ons, resource packs, behavior packs, and custom "Minecraft" maps. At Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016, support for cross-platform play between Windows 10, iOS, and Android platforms was added through Realms starting in June 2016, with Xbox One and Nintendo Switch support to come later in 2017, and support for virtual reality devices. On 31 July 2017, Mojang released the beta version of the update allowing cross-platform play. Nintendo Switch support for Realms was released in July 2018.


title: Minecraft

text: The "modding community" consists of fans, users and third-party programmers. Using a variety of application program interfaces that have arisen over time, they have produced a wide variety of downloadable content for "Minecraft", such as modifications, texture packs and custom maps. Modifications of the "Minecraft" code, called "mods", add a variety of gameplay changes, ranging from new blocks, items, and mobs to entire arrays of mechanisms. The modding community is responsible for a substantial supply of mods from ones that enhance gameplay, such as minimaps, waypoints, and durability counters, to ones that add to the game elements from other video games and media. While a variety of mod frameworks were independently developed by reverse engineering the code, Mojang has also enhanced vanilla "Minecraft" with official frameworks for modification, allowing the production of community-created resource packs, which alter certain game elements including textures and sounds. Players can also create their own "maps" (custom world save files) which often contain specific rules, challenges, puzzles and quests, and share them for others to play. Mojang added an adventure mode in August 2012 and "command blocks" in October 2012, which were created specially for custom maps in "Java Edition". Data packs, introduced in version 1.13 of the "Java Edition", allow further customization, including the ability to add new advancements, dimensions, functions, loot tables, predicates, recipes, structures, tags, world generation settings, and biomes.


title: Minecraft

text: The "Xbox 360 Edition" supports downloadable content, which is available to purchase via the Xbox Games Store; these content packs usually contain additional character skins. It later received support for texture packs in its twelfth title update while introducing "mash-up packs", which combines texture packs with skin packs and changes to the game's sounds, music and user interface. The first mash-up pack (and by extension, the first texture pack) for the "Xbox 360 Edition" was released on 4 September 2013, and was themed after the "Mass Effect" franchise. Unlike "Java Edition", however, the "Xbox 360 Edition" does not support player-made mods or custom maps. A cross-promotional resource pack based on the "Super Mario" franchise by Nintendo was released for the "Wii U Edition" worldwide on 17 May 2016. A mash-up pack based on "Fallout" was announced for release on the "Wii U Edition". In April 2018, malware was discovered in several downloadable user-made "Minecraft" skins for use with the "Java Edition" of the game. Avast stated that nearly 50,000 accounts were infected, and when activated, the malware would attempt to reformat the user's hard drive. Mojang promptly patched the issue, and released a statement stating that "the code would not be run or read by the game itself", and would only run when the image containing the skin itself was opened.


title: Minecraft

text: In June 2017, Mojang released an update known as the "Discovery Update" to the "Bedrock" version of the game. The update includes a new map, a new game mode, the "Marketplace", a catalogue of user-generated content that gives "Minecraft" creators "another way to make a living from the game", and more.


title: Minecraft

text: Before coming up with "Minecraft", Markus "Notch" Persson was a game developer with King through March 2009, at the time serving mostly browser games, during which he learnt a number of different programming languages. He would prototype his own games during his off-hours at home, often based on inspiration he found from other games, and participated frequently on the TIGSource forums for independent developers. One of these personal projects was called "RubyDung", a base-building game inspired by "Dwarf Fortress", but as an isometric three dimensional game like "RollerCoaster Tycoon". He had already made a 3D texture mapper for another zombie game prototype he had started to try to emulate the style of "". Among the features in "RubyDung" he explored was a first-person view similar to "Dungeon Keeper" but at the time, felt the graphics were too pixelated and omitted this mode. Around March 2009, Persson left King and joined jAlbum, but otherwise kept working on his prototypes.


title: Minecraft

text: "Infiniminer", a block-based open-ended mining game first released in April 2009, sparked Persson's inspiration for how to take "RubyDung" forward. "Infiniminer" heavily influenced the visual style of gameplay, including bringing back the first-person mode, the "blocky" visual style and the block-building fundamentals. However, unlike "Infiniminer", Persson wanted "Minecraft" to have RPG elements.


title: Minecraft

text: The original edition of "Minecraft", now known as the "Java Edition", was first developed in May 2009. Persson released a test video on YouTube of an early version of "Minecraft". The base program of "Minecraft" was completed by Persson over a weekend in that month and a private testing was released on TigIRC on 16 May 2009. The game was first released to the public on 17 May 2009 as a developmental release on "TIGSource" forums. Persson updated the game based on feedback from the forums. This version later became known as the "Classic" version. Further developmental phases dubbed as "Survival Test", "Indev," and "Infdev" were released in 2009 and 2010.


title: Minecraft

text: The first major update, dubbed Alpha, was released on 30 June 2010. Although Persson maintained a day job with Jalbum.net at first, he later quit in order to work on "Minecraft" full-time as sales of the alpha version of the game expanded. Persson continued to update the game with releases distributed to users automatically. These updates included new items, new blocks, new mobs, survival mode, and changes to the game's behavior (e.g. how water flows). To back the development of "Minecraft", Persson set up a video game company, Mojang, with the money earned from the game. Mojang co-founders included Jakob Porser, one of Persson's coworkers from King, and Carl Manneh, jAlbum's CEO.


title: Minecraft

text: On 11 December 2010, Persson announced that "Minecraft" was entering its beta testing phase on 20 December 2010. He further stated that bug fixes and all updates leading up to and including the release would still be free. Over the course of the development, Mojang hired several new employees to work on the project.


title: Minecraft

text: Mojang moved the game out of beta and released the full version on 18 November 2011. On 1 December 2011, Jens "Jeb" Bergensten took full creative control over "Minecraft", replacing Persson as lead designer. On 28 February 2012, Mojang announced that they had hired the developers of the popular "Bukkit" developer API for "Minecraft", to improve "Minecraft" support of server modifications. This acquisition also included Mojang apparently taking full ownership of the CraftBukkit server mod which enables the use of Bukkit, although the validity of this claim was questioned due to its status as an open-source project with many contributors, licensed under the GNU General Public License and Lesser General Public License.


title: Minecraft

text: On 15 September 2014, Microsoft announced a $2.5 billion deal to buy Mojang, along with the ownership of the "Minecraft" intellectual property. The deal was suggested by Persson when he posted a tweet asking a corporation to buy his share of the game after receiving criticism for enforcing terms in the game's end user license agreement (EULA), which had been present in the EULA in the prior three years. According to Persson, Mojang CEO Carl Manneh received a call from a Microsoft executive shortly after the tweet, asking if Persson was serious about a deal. Mojang was also approached by other companies including Activision Blizzard and Electronic Arts. The deal with Microsoft was arbitrated on 6 November 2014 and led to Persson becoming one of "Forbes" "World's Billionaires".


title: Minecraft

text: Since the first full release of "Minecraft", dubbed the "Adventure Update", the game has been continuously updated with many major updates, available for free to users who have already purchased the game. Early updates frequently introduced gameplay-altering mechanics while more recent updates tend to enhance the game through additional content or tweaks to existing features. The most recent major update to the game was "The Wild Update", which released in June 2022 and added new creatures, biomes, and items.


title: Minecraft

text: The original version of the game was renamed to "Minecraft: Java Edition" on 18 September 2017 to separate it from "Bedrock Edition", which was renamed to just "Minecraft" by the "Better Together Update".


title: Minecraft

text: The "Bedrock Edition" has also been regularly updated, with these updates now matching the themes of "Java Edition" updates. Other versions of the game such as the various console editions and "Pocket Edition" were either merged into "Bedrock" or discontinued and as such have not received further updates.


title: Minecraft

text: On 16 April 2020, a beta version of "Minecraft" implementing physically based rendering, ray tracing and DLSS was released by Nvidia on RTX-enabled GPUs. The final version was released on 8 December 2020.


title: Minecraft

text: In August 2011, "Minecraft: Pocket Edition" was released for the Xperia Play on the Android Market as an early alpha version. It was then released for several other compatible devices on 8 October 2011. An iOS version of "Minecraft" was released on 17 November 2011. A port was made available for Windows Phones shortly after Microsoft acquired Mojang. The port concentrates on the creative building and the primitive survival aspect of the game and does not contain all the features of the PC release. On his Twitter account, Jens Bergensten said that the "Pocket Edition" of "Minecraft" is written in C++ and not Java, due to iOS not being able to support Java. However, there now exists a way to play "Java Edition" on both Android and iOS devices.


title: Minecraft

text: On 10 December 2014, a port of "Pocket Edition" was released for Windows Phone 8.1. In January 2017, Microsoft announced that it would no longer maintain the Windows Phone versions of "Pocket Edition". On 19 December 2016, the full version of "Minecraft: Pocket Edition" was released on iOS, Android and Windows Phone.


title: Minecraft

text: "Pocket Edition" was replaced by "Minecraft: Bedrock Edition" in 2017, enabling cross-platform play with the "Xbox One" and "Nintendo Switch Editions".


title: Minecraft

text: An Xbox 360 version of the game, developed by 4J Studios, was released on 9 May 2012. On 22 March 2012, it was announced that "Minecraft" would be the flagship game in a new Xbox Live promotion called "Arcade NEXT". The game differs from the home computer versions in a number of ways, including a newly designed crafting system, the control interface, in-game tutorials, split-screen multiplayer, and the ability to play with friends via Xbox Live. The worlds in the Xbox 360 version are also not "infinite", and are essentially barricaded by invisible walls. The Xbox 360 version was originally similar in content to older PC versions, but was gradually updated to bring it closer to the current PC version prior to its discontinuation. An Xbox One version featuring larger worlds among other enhancements was released on 5 September 2014.


title: Minecraft

text: Versions of the game for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 were released on 17 December 2013 and 4 September 2014 respectively. The PlayStation 4 version was announced as a launch title, though it was eventually delayed. A version for PlayStation Vita was also released in October 2014. Like the Xbox versions, the PlayStation versions were developed by 4J Studios.


title: Minecraft

text: On 17 December 2015, "Minecraft: Wii U Edition" was released. The Wii U version received a physical release on 17 June 2016 in North America, in Japan on 23 June 2016, and in Europe on 30 June 2016. A Nintendo Switch version of the game was released on the Nintendo eShop on 11 May 2017, along with a physical retail version set for a later date. During a Nintendo Direct presentation on 13 September 2017, Nintendo announced that "Minecraft: New Nintendo 3DS Edition" would be available for download immediately after the livestream, and a physical copy available on a later date. The game is only compatible with the "New" versions of the 3DS and 2DS systems and does not work with the original 3DS, 3DS XL, or 2DS models.


title: Minecraft

text: On 20 September 2017, the "Better Together Update" was released on the Xbox One, Windows 10, VR, and mobile versions of the game, which used the "Pocket Edition" engine to enable cross-platform play between each of these versions. This version of the game eventually became known as the "Bedrock Edition". Shortly after, the "Bedrock Edition" was also ported to the Nintendo Switch.


title: Minecraft

text: On 18 December 2018, the PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, Xbox 360, and Wii U versions of "Minecraft" received their final update and would later become known as "Legacy Console Editions".


title: Minecraft

text: The PlayStation 4 version of "Minecraft" was updated in December 2019 and became part of the "Bedrock Edition", which enabled cross-platform play for users with a free Xbox Live account.


title: Minecraft

text: "Minecraft: Education Edition" is an educational version of the base game, designed specifically for use in educational establishments such as schools, and built off of the "Bedrock Edition" codebase. It is available on Windows 10, MacOS, iPadOS and ChromeOS. It includes a Chemistry Resource Pack, free lesson plans on the "Minecraft: Education Edition" website, and two free companion applications: Code Connection and Classroom Mode.


title: Minecraft

text: An initial beta test was carried out between 9 June and 1 November 2016. The full game was then released on Windows 10 and MacOS on 1 November 2016. On 20 August 2018, Mojang announced that it would bring Education Edition to iPadOS in Autumn 2018. It was released to the App Store on 6 September 2018. On 27 March 2019, it was announced that the Education Edition would be operated by JD.com in China. On 26 June 2020, a public beta for the "Education Edition" was made available to Google Play Store compatible Chromebooks. The full game was released to the Google Play Store for Chromebooks on 7 August 2020.


title: Minecraft

text: On 20 May 2016, "Minecraft China" was announced as a localized edition for China, where it was released under a licensing agreement between NetEase and Mojang. The PC edition was released for public testing on 8 August 2017. The iOS version was released on 15 September 2017, and the Android version was released on 12 October 2017. The PC edition is based on the original "Java Edition", while the iOS and Android mobile version is based on the "Bedrock Edition". The edition is free-to-play and had over 300 million players by November 2019.


title: Minecraft

text: Apart from "Minecraft: Java Edition", there are other versions of "Minecraft" for PC, including "Minecraft for Windows", "Minecraft Classic", "Minecraft 4K", and a version for the Raspberry Pi.


title: Minecraft

text: "Minecraft for Windows" is exclusive to Microsoft's Windows 10 and Windows 11 operating systems. The beta release for Windows 10 launched on the Windows Store on July 29, 2015.


title: Minecraft

text: After nearly one and a half years in beta, Microsoft fully released "Minecraft for Windows" on December 19, 2016. Called the "Ender Update", this release implemented new features to this version of "Minecraft" like world templates and add-on packs. This version has the ability to play with Xbox Live friends, and to play local multiplayer with owners of "Minecraft" on other "Bedrock" platforms. Other features include the ability to use multiple control schemes such as a gamepad, keyboard, or touchscreen (for Microsoft Surface and other touchscreen-enabled devices). Virtual reality support has been implemented, as well as the ability to record and take screenshots in-game via the Windows built-in GameDVR.


title: Minecraft

text: As of 7 June 2022, the "Java" and "Bedrock Editions" of "Minecraft" for Windows were merged into a single title for purchase; those who owned one version would automatically gain access to the other version. Both game modes would otherwise remain separate.


title: Minecraft

text: "Minecraft 4K" is a simplified version of "Minecraft" similar to the Classic version that was developed for the Java 4K game programming contest "in way less than 4 kilobytes". The map itself is finite—composed of 64×64×64 blocks—and the same world is generated every time. Players are restricted to placing or destroying blocks, which consist of grass, dirt, stone, wood, leaves, and brick.


title: Minecraft

text: A version of "Minecraft" for the Raspberry Pi was officially revealed at Minecon 2012. The "Pi Edition" is based on an alpha version of "Pocket Edition" with the added ability of using text commands to edit the game world. Players can open the game code and use the Python programming language to manipulate things in the game world. It also includes a scripting API to modify the game, and server software for multiplayer. The game was leaked on 20 December 2012, but was quickly pulled off. It was officially released on 11 February 2013. Mojang stopped providing updates to "Minecraft: Raspberry Pi Edition" in 2016. It is preinstalled on Raspberry Pi OS and can be downloaded for free from the official "Minecraft" website.


title: Minecraft

text: "Minecraft" music and sound effects were produced by German musician Daniel Rosenfeld, better known as C418. The background music in "Minecraft" is instrumental ambient music. On 4 March 2011, Rosenfeld released a soundtrack titled "Minecraft – Volume Alpha"; it includes most of the tracks featured in "Minecraft", as well as other music not featured in the game. Kirk Hamilton of "Kotaku" chose the music in "Minecraft" as one of the best video game soundtracks of 2011. On 9 November 2013, Rosenfeld released the second official soundtrack, titled "Minecraft – Volume Beta", which includes the music that was added in later versions of the game. A physical release of "Volume Alpha", consisting of CDs, black vinyl, and limited-edition transparent green vinyl LPs, was issued by indie electronic label Ghostly International on 21 August 2015. In addition to Rosenfeld's work, other composers have contributed tracks to the game since release, including Samuel Åberg, Gareth Coker, Lena Raine, and Kumi Tanioka.


title: Minecraft

text: For the tenth anniversary of the game's release, Mojang remade a version of "Minecraft" Classic in JavaScript and made it available to play online. It functions much the same as creative mode, allowing players to build and destroy any and all parts of the world either alone or in a multiplayer server. Environmental hazards such as lava do not damage players, and some blocks function differently since their behavior was later changed during development.


title: Minecraft

text: Around 2011, prior to "Minecraft"s full release, there had been collaboration between Mojang and The Lego Group to make a Lego brick-based "Minecraft" game to be called "Brickcraft". This would have modified the base "Minecraft" game to use Lego bricks, which meant adapting the basic 1×1 block to account for larger pieces typically used in Lego sets. Persson had worked on the preliminary version of this game, which he had named "Project Rex Kwon Do" based on the joke from "Napoleon Dynamite". Lego had greenlit the project to go forward, and while Mojang had put two developers on the game for six months, they later opted to cancel the project, as Mojang felt that the Lego Group were too demanding on what they could do, according to Mojang's Daniel Kaplan. The Lego Group had considered buying out Mojang to complete the game, but at this point Microsoft made its offer to buy the company for over $2 billion. According to the Lego Group's Ronny Scherer, the company was not yet sure of the potential success of "Minecraft" at this point and backed off from acquisition after Microsoft brought this offer to Mojang.


title: Minecraft

text: Early on, Persson planned to support the Oculus Rift with a port of "Minecraft". However, after Facebook acquired Oculus in 2013, he abruptly canceled plans noting "Facebook creeps me out." A community-made modification known as "Minecraft VR" was developed in 2016 to provide virtual reality support to "Minecraft: Java Edition" oriented towards Oculus Rift hardware. A fork of the "Minecraft VR" modification known as "Vivecraft" ported the mod to OpenVR, and is oriented towards supporting HTC Vive hardware. On 15 August 2016, Microsoft launched official Oculus Rift support for "Minecraft" on Windows 10. Upon its release, the "Minecraft VR" mod was discontinued by its developer due to trademark complaints issued by Microsoft, and "Vivecraft" was endorsed by the community makers of the "Minecraft VR" modification due to its Rift support and being superior to the original "Minecraft VR" mod. Also available is a Gear VR version, titled "Minecraft: Gear VR Edition". Windows Mixed Reality support was added in 2017. On 7 September 2020, Mojang Studios announced that the PlayStation 4 version of the game would be getting PlayStation VR support in the same month. The only officially supported VR versions of "Minecraft" are the "PlayStation 4" version, "Minecraft: Gear VR Edition" and "Minecraft for Windows 10" for Oculus Rift and Windows Mixed Reality headsets.


title: Minecraft

text: Early versions of "Minecraft" received critical acclaim, praising the creative freedom it grants players in-game, as well as the ease of enabling emergent gameplay. Critics have praised "Minecraft" complex crafting system, commenting that it is an important aspect of the game's open-ended gameplay. Most publications were impressed by the game's "blocky" graphics, with IGN describing them as "instantly memorable". Reviewers also liked the game's adventure elements, noting that the game creates a good balance between exploring and building. The game's multiplayer feature has been generally received favorably, with IGN commenting that "adventuring is always better with friends". Jaz McDougall of "PC Gamer" said "Minecraft" is "intuitively interesting and contagiously fun, with an unparalleled scope for creativity and memorable experiences". It has been regarded as having introduced millions of children to the digital world, insofar as its basic game mechanics are logically analogous to computer commands.


title: Minecraft

text: IGN was disappointed about the troublesome steps needed to set up multiplayer servers, calling it a "hassle". Critics also said that visual glitches occur periodically. Despite its release out of beta in 2011, GameSpot said the game had an "unfinished feel", adding that some game elements seem "incomplete or thrown together in haste".


title: Minecraft

text: A review of the alpha version, by Scott Munro of the "Daily Record", called it "already something special" and urged readers to buy it. Jim Rossignol of Rock, Paper, Shotgun also recommended the alpha of the game, calling it "a kind of generative 8-bit Lego """. On 17 September 2010, gaming webcomic "Penny Arcade" began a series of comics and news posts about the addictiveness of the game. The Xbox 360 version was generally received positively by critics, but did not receive as much praise as the PC version. Although reviewers were disappointed by the lack of features such as mod support and content from the PC version, they acclaimed the port's addition of a tutorial and in-game tips and crafting recipes, saying that they make the game more user-friendly. The "Xbox One Edition" was one of the best received ports, being praised for its relatively large worlds.


title: Minecraft

text: The "PlayStation 3 Edition" also received generally favorable reviews, being compared to the "Xbox 360 Edition" and praised for its well-adapted controls. The PlayStation 4 edition was the best received port to date, being praised for having 36 times larger worlds than the PlayStation 3 edition and described as nearly identical to the Xbox One edition. The "PlayStation Vita Edition" received generally positive reviews from critics but was noted for its technical limitations.


title: Minecraft

text: The Wii U version received generally positive reviews from critics but was noted for a lack of GamePad integration. The 3DS version received mixed reviews, being criticized for its high price, technical issues, and lack of cross-platform play. The "Nintendo Switch Edition" received fairly positive reviews from critics, being praised, like other modern ports, for its relatively larger worlds.


title: Minecraft

text: "Minecraft: Pocket Edition" initially received mixed reviews from critics. Although reviewers appreciated the game's intuitive controls, they were disappointed by the lack of content. The inability to collect resources and craft items, as well as the limited types of blocks and lack of hostile mobs, were especially criticized. After updates added more content, Pocket Edition started receiving more positive reviews. Reviewers complimented the controls and the graphics, but still noted a lack of content.


title: Minecraft

text: "Minecraft" surpassed over a million purchases less than a month after entering its beta phase in early 2011. At the same time, the game had no publisher backing and has never been commercially advertised except through word of mouth, and various unpaid references in popular media such as the "Penny Arcade" webcomic. By April 2011, Persson estimated that "Minecraft" had made €23 million (US$33 million) in revenue, with 800,000 sales of the alpha version of the game, and over 1 million sales of the beta version. In November 2011, prior to the game's full release, "Minecraft" beta surpassed 16 million registered users and 4 million purchases. By March 2012, "Minecraft" had become the 6th best-selling PC game of all time. , the game has sold 17 million copies on PC, becoming the best-selling PC game of all time. , the game has sold approximately 60 million copies across all platforms, making it the best-selling video game of all time. On 25 February 2014, the game reached 100 million registered users. By May 2019, 180 million copies had been sold across all platforms, making it the single best-selling video game of all time. The free-to-play "Minecraft China" version had over 300 million players by November 2019. By April 2021, "Minecraft" sold more than 238 million copies worldwide.


title: Minecraft

text: The Xbox 360 version of "Minecraft" became profitable within the first day of the game's release in 2012, when the game broke the Xbox Live sales records with 400,000 players online. Within a week of being on the Xbox Live Marketplace, "Minecraft" sold upwards of a million copies. GameSpot announced in December 2012 that "Minecraft" sold over 4.48 million copies since the game debuted on Xbox Live Arcade in May 2012. In 2012, "Minecraft" was the most purchased title on Xbox Live Arcade; it was also the fourth most played title on Xbox Live based on average unique users per day. , the Xbox 360 version has sold 12 million copies. In addition, "Minecraft: Pocket Edition" has reached a figure of 21 million in sales. The "PlayStation 3 Edition" sold one million copies in five weeks. The release of the game's PlayStation Vita version boosted "Minecraft" sales by 79%, outselling both PS3 and PS4 debut releases and becoming the largest "Minecraft" launch on a PlayStation console. The PS Vita version sold 100,000 digital copies in Japan within the first two months of release, according to an announcement by SCE Japan Asia. By January 2015, 500,000 digital copies of "Minecraft" were sold in Japan across all PlayStation platforms, with a surge in primary school children purchasing the PS Vita version. "Minecraft" helped improve Microsoft's total first-party revenue by $63 million for the 2015 second quarter.


title: Minecraft

text: The game, including all of its versions, had over 112 million monthly active players by September 2019. On its 11th anniversary in May 2020, the company announced that "Minecraft" had reached over 200 million copies sold across platforms with over 126 million monthly active players. By April 2021, the number of active monthly users had climbed to 140 million.


title: Minecraft

text: In July 2010, "PC Gamer" listed "Minecraft" as the fourth-best game to play at work. In December of that year, Good Game selected "Minecraft" as their choice for Best Downloadable Game of 2010, Gamasutra named it the eighth best game of the year as well as the eighth best indie game of the year, and Rock, Paper, Shotgun named it the "game of the year". Indie DB awarded the game the 2010 Indie of the Year award as chosen by voters, in addition to two out of five Editor's Choice awards for Most Innovative and Best Singleplayer Indie. It was also awarded Game of the Year by "PC Gamer UK". The game was nominated for the Seumas McNally Grand Prize, Technical Excellence, and Excellence in Design awards at the March 2011 Independent Games Festival and won the Grand Prize and the community-voted Audience Award. At Game Developers Choice Awards 2011, "Minecraft" won awards in the categories for Best Debut Game, Best Downloadable Game and Innovation Award, winning every award for which it was nominated. It also won GameCity's video game arts award. On 5 May 2011, "Minecraft" was selected as one of the 80 games that would be displayed at the Smithsonian American Art Museum as part of The Art of Video Games exhibit that opened on 16 March 2012. At the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards, "Minecraft" won the award for Best Independent Game and was nominated in the Best PC Game category. In 2012, at the British Academy Video Games Awards, "Minecraft" was nominated in the GAME Award of 2011 category and Persson received The Special Award. In 2012, "Minecraft" XBLA was awarded a Golden Joystick Award in the Best Downloadable Game category, and a TIGA Games Industry Award in the Best Arcade Game category. In 2013, it was nominated as the family game of the year at the British Academy Video Games Awards. "Minecraft Console Edition" won the award for TIGA Game Of The Year in 2014. In 2015, the game placed 6th on "USgamer" The 15 Best Games Since 2000 list. In 2016, "Minecraft" placed 6th on Time's The 50 Best Video Games of All Time list.


title: Minecraft

text: "Minecraft" was nominated for the 2013 Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite App, but lost to "Temple Run". It was nominated for the 2014 Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Video Game, but lost to "Just Dance 2014". The game later won the award for the Most Addicting Game at the 2015 Kids' Choice Awards. In addition, the "Java Edition" was nominated for "Favorite Video Game" at the 2018 Kids' Choice Awards, while the game itself won the "Still Playing" award at the 2019 Golden Joystick Awards, as well as the "Favorite Video Game" award at the 2020 Kids' Choice Awards. "Minecraft" also won "Stream Game of the Year" at inaugural Streamer Awards in 2022.


title: Minecraft

text: Microsoft and Mojang announced in 2014 that it would be changing the "Minecraft" End-user license agreement (EULA) to prohibit servers from accepting donations or payments in exchange for the donating or paying players receiving in-game advantages on such server, essentially banning servers from enacting "pay-to-win" (PTW) servers. Mojang spokesperson Owen Hill provided examples of what it would and would not allow, saying company would allow for pay-to-play servers in which a player is required to pay a fee to access the server, or for cosmetic enhancements (such as in-game costumes or pets), but that Mojang would be cracking down on paying to obtain powerful swords or potions. The new crackdowns were supported by Persson, citing him receiving multiple emails from parents of children who had spent hundreds of dollars on servers. The "Minecraft" community and server owners, however, heavily despised the new change in enforcement and protested en masse, which included comparing Mojang to monolithic video game publishers like Electronic Arts and Activision, gaming companies often criticized online for their highly restrictive digital rights management and user license agreements. Many argued that the crackdown would force smaller servers to close their doors, and some blamed the crackdown on Mojang attempting to suppress competition for its own "Minecraft Realms" subscription service.


title: Minecraft

text: In 2020, Mojang Studios revealed that it would begin the process of requiring that Microsoft accounts be used in order to log into the "Java Edition" of the game, and that older Mojang Studios accounts would be sunsetted. The move to Microsoft accounts also required "Java Edition" players to create Xbox network Gamertags. Mojang Studios defended the move to Microsoft accounts by saying that improved security could be offered, which included Java accounts being able to use two factor authentication, players could block cyberbullies in chat, and improve parental controls. The community responded with intense backlash against this announcement, particularly taking issue to the various technical difficulties encountered in the process and how account migration would be mandatory, even for those who do not play on servers. As of March 10, 2022, Microsoft requires all players to migrate in order to access the "Java Edition" of "Minecraft".


title: Minecraft

text: In June 2022, Microsoft and Mojang Studios announced it would be releasing a player reporting feature in all future builds of "Java Edition". In earlier development builds, players could report other players on multiplayer servers for sending messages that are prohibited by the Xbox Live Code of Conduct; report categories included profane language, substance abuse, hate speech, threats of violence, and nudity, though Microsoft in later builds has since excluded the profane language category from the player reporting feature. If a player was found to be in violation of Xbox Community Standards, the player would be banned from all servers for a specific period of time or permanently. The update containing the report feature was released on 27 July 2022.


title: Minecraft

text: Microsoft and Mojang Studios received substantial backlash and protest from community members, one of the most common complaints being that banned players would be forbidden from joining any server, even private ones. Others took issue to what they saw as Microsoft increasing control over its player base and exercising censorship, sparking some to dub the version "1.19.84", in reference to the novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four".


title: Minecraft

text: In September 2019, "The Guardian" classified "Minecraft" as the best video game of (the first two decades of) the 21st century, and in November 2019


title: Minecraft

text: "Polygon" called the game the "most important game of the decade" in its 2010s "decade in review". In December 2019, "Forbes" gave "Minecraft" a special mention in a list of the best video games of the 2010s, stating that the game is "without a doubt one of the most important games of the last ten years." In June 2020, "Minecraft" was inducted into the World Video Game Hall of Fame.


title: Minecraft

text: "Minecraft" is recognized as one of the first successful games to use an early access model to draw in sales prior to its full release version to help fund development. As "Minecraft" helped to bolster indie game development in the early 2010s, it also helped to popularize the use of the early access model in indie game development.


title: Minecraft

text: Social media sites such as YouTube, Facebook, and Reddit played a significant role in popularizing "Minecraft". Research conducted by the University of Pennsylvania's Annenberg School of Communication showed that one-third of "Minecraft" players learned about the game via Internet videos. In 2010, "Minecraft"-related videos began to gain influence on YouTube, often made by commentators. The videos usually contain screen-capture footage of the game and voice-overs. Common coverage in the videos includes creations made by players, walkthroughs of various tasks, and parodies of works in popular culture. By May 2012, over four million "Minecraft"-related YouTube videos had been uploaded. The game would go on to be a prominent fixture within YouTube's gaming scene during the entire 2010s; in 2014, it was the second-most searched term on the entire platform. By 2018, it was still YouTube's biggest game globally.


title: Minecraft

text: Some popular commentators have received employment at Machinima, a gaming video company that owns a highly watched entertainment channel on YouTube. The Yogscast is a British company that regularly produces "Minecraft" videos; their YouTube channel has attained billions of views, and their panel at Minecon 2011 had the highest attendance. Other well-known YouTube personalities include Jordan Maron, who has created many "Minecraft" parodies, including "Minecraft Style", a parody of the internationally successful single "Gangnam Style" by South Korean rapper Psy. "Minecraft"s popularity on YouTube was described by "Polygon" as quietly dominant, although in 2019, thanks in part to PewDiePie's playthrough of the game, "Minecraft" experienced a visible uptick in popularity on the platform. YouTube later announced that on December 14, 2021, the total amount of "Minecraft"-related views exceeded one trillion since the game's inception in 2009.


title: Minecraft

text: "Minecraft" has been referenced by other video games, such as "Torchlight II", "Team Fortress 2", "Borderlands 2", "Choplifter HD", "Super Meat Boy", "", "The Binding of Isaac", "The Stanley Parable", "", and "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate", the lattermost of which features a downloadable character and stage based on "Minecraft". It was also referenced by electronic music artist deadmau5 in his performances. The game is also referenced heavily in "Informative Murder Porn", the second episode of the seventeenth season of the animated television series "South Park". "Luca$", the seventeenth episode of the 25th season of the animated sitcom "The Simpsons", and "Minecraft is for Everyone" by Starbomb was inspired by "Minecraft".


title: Minecraft

text: The possible applications of "Minecraft" have been discussed extensively, especially in the fields of computer-aided design and education. In a panel at Minecon 2011, a Swedish developer discussed the possibility of using the game to redesign public buildings and parks, stating that rendering using "Minecraft" was much more user-friendly for the community, making it easier to envision the functionality of new buildings and parks. In 2012, a member of the Human Dynamics group at the MIT Media Lab, Cody Sumter, said: "Notch hasn't just built a game. He's tricked 40 million people into learning to use a CAD program." Various software has been developed to allow virtual designs to be printed using professional 3D printers or personal printers such as MakerBot and RepRap.


title: Minecraft

text: In September 2012, Mojang began the "Block by Block" project in cooperation with UN Habitat to create real-world environments in "Minecraft". The project allows young people who live in those environments to participate in designing the changes they would like to see. Using "Minecraft", the community has helped reconstruct the areas of concern, and citizens are invited to enter the "Minecraft" servers and modify their own neighborhood. Carl Manneh, Mojang's managing director, called the game "the perfect tool to facilitate this process", adding "The three-year partnership will support UN-Habitat's Sustainable Urban Development Network to upgrade 300 public spaces by 2016." Mojang signed "Minecraft" building community, "FyreUK", to help render the environments into "Minecraft". The first pilot project began in Kibera, one of Nairobi's informal settlements and is in the planning phase. The "Block by Block" project is based on an earlier initiative started in October 2011, "Mina Kvarter" (My Block), which gave young people in Swedish communities a tool to visualize how they wanted to change their part of town. According to Manneh, the project was a helpful way to visualize urban planning ideas without necessarily having a training in architecture. The ideas presented by the citizens were a template for political decisions.


title: Minecraft

text: In 2013, Stuart Duncan, known online as AutismFather, started a server for autistic children and their families, called Autcraft. The server was created because the public servers had many bullies and trolls that made the autistic kids angry and feel hurt. It was constantly monitored to help players and prevent bullying. The server had a whitelist that only allowed approved players, of which there are 8,000 players worldwide in 2017. The server had a unique ranking system based on the attributes of the player, offering titles such as "Player of the Week" and "Caught Being Awesome". The server was called "one of the best places on the Internet" and was a subject of a research paper.


title: Minecraft

text: In April 2014, the Danish Geodata Agency generated all of Denmark in fullscale in "Minecraft" based on their own geodata. This is possible because Denmark is one of the flattest countries with the highest point at (ranking as the country with the 30th smallest elevation span), where the limit in default "Minecraft" is around above in-game sea level.


title: Minecraft

text: Taking advantage of the game's accessibility where other websites are censored, the non-governmental organization Reporters Without Borders have used an open "Minecraft" server to create the Uncensored Library, a repository within the game of journalism by authors from countries (including Egypt, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam) who have been censored and arrested, such as Jamal Khashoggi. The neoclassical virtual building was created over about 250 hours by an international team of 24 people.


title: Minecraft

text: Despite its unpredictable nature, "Minecraft" has become a popular game for speedrunning, where players time themselves from being dropped into a new world to reaching The End and defeating the Ender Dragon boss. Some the speedrunners use a combination of mods, external programs, and debug menus, while other runners play the game in a more vanilla or more consistency-oriented way.


title: Minecraft

text: "Minecraft" has also been used in educational settings. In 2011, an educational organization named MinecraftEdu was formed with the goal of introducing "Minecraft" into schools. The group works with Mojang to make the game affordable and accessible to schools. The version of "Minecraft" through MinecraftEdu includes unique features to allow teachers to monitor the students' progress within the virtual world, such as receiving screenshots from students to show completion of a lesson. In September 2012, MinecraftEdu said that approximately 250,000 students around the world have access to "Minecraft" through the company. A wide variety of educational activities involving the game have been developed to teach students various subjects, including history, language arts and science. For an example, one teacher built a world consisting of various historical landmarks for students to learn and explore. Another teacher created a large-scale representation of an animal cell within "Minecraft" that student could explore and learn how the cell functions work. Great Ormond Street Hospital has been recreated in "Minecraft", and it proposed that patients can use it to virtually explore the hospital before they actually visit. "Minecraft" may also prove as an innovation in Computer Aided Design (CAD). "Minecraft" offers an outlet of collaboration in design and could have an impact on the industry.


title: Minecraft

text: With the introduction of redstone blocks to represent electrical circuits, users have been able to build functional virtual computers within "Minecraft". Such virtual creations include a working hard drive, an 8-bit virtual computer, and even a smaller-scale version of "Minecraft" that is playable and able to be built completely in survival mode with no external modifications. In at least one instance, a mod has been created to use this feature to teach younger players how to program within a language set by the virtual computer within a "Minecraft" world.


title: Minecraft

text: Another computational mechanic in "Minecraft" is the command block, a block that is only accesible in creative mode and can alter game logic. It has been used to create emulators for the Atari 2600 (including one by YouTube personality SethBling) and the Game Boy Advance.


title: Minecraft

text: In September 2014, the British Museum in London announced plans to recreate its building along with all exhibits in "Minecraft" in conjunction with members of the public.


title: Minecraft

text: Microsoft and non-profit Code.org had teamed up to offer "Minecraft"-based games, puzzles, and tutorials aimed to help teach children how to program; by March 2018, Microsoft and Code.org reported that more than 85 million children have used their tutorials.


title: Minecraft

text: After the release of "Minecraft", other video games were released with various similarities to "Minecraft", and some were described as being "clones". Examples include "Ace of Spades", "CastleMiner", "CraftWorld", "FortressCraft", "Terraria", BlockWorld 3D, "Total Miner", and "Minetest". David Frampton, designer of "The Blockheads", reported that one failure of his 2D game was the "low resolution pixel art" that too closely resembled the art in "Minecraft", which resulted in "some resistance" from fans. A homebrew adaptation of the alpha version of "Minecraft" for the Nintendo DS, titled "DScraft", has been released; it has been noted for its similarity to the original game considering the technical limitations of the system.


title: Minecraft

text: In response to Microsoft's acquisition of Mojang and their "Minecraft" IP, various developers announced further clone titles developed specifically for Nintendo's consoles, as they were the only major platforms to not officially receive "Minecraft" at the time. These clone titles include "UCraft" (Nexis Games), "" (Cypronia), "Discovery" (Noowanda), "Battleminer" (Wobbly Tooth Games), "Cube Creator 3D" (Big John Games), and "Stone Shire" (Finger Gun Games). Despite this, the fears of fans were unfounded, with official "Minecraft" releases on Nintendo consoles eventually resuming.


title: Minecraft

text: Minecon is the annual official fan convention dedicated to "Minecraft". The first Minecon was held in November 2011 at the Mandalay Bay Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. The event included the official launch of "Minecraft"; keynote speeches, including one by Persson; building and costume contests; "Minecraft"-themed breakout classes; exhibits by leading gaming and "Minecraft"-related companies; commemorative merchandise; and autograph and picture times with Mojang employees and well-known contributors from the "Minecraft" community. In 2016, Minecon was held in-person for the last time, with the following years featuring annual livestreams instead.


title: Winona Ryder

text: Winona Laura Horowitz (born October 29, 1971), professionally known as Winona Ryder, is an American actress. Originally playing quirky roles, in the 1990s, she rose to prominence for her more diverse roles in productions of diverse genres. She has received various accolades, including a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and nominations for a Grammy Award, two Academy Awards and a BAFTA Award.


title: Winona Ryder

text: After Ryder's film debut in "Lucas" (1986), she gained attention with her performance in Tim Burton's "Beetlejuice" (1988). She further rose to prominence with major roles in "Heathers" (1989), "Great Balls of Fire" (1989), "Mermaids" (1990), "Edward Scissorhands" (1990), and "Bram Stoker's Dracula" (1992). She garnered critical acclaim and two consecutive Academy Award nominations for her portrayals of socialite May Welland in Martin Scorsese's "The Age of Innocence" (1993) and Jo March in the fifth film adaptation of "Little Women" (1994). Her other films during this period were "Reality Bites" (1994), " How to Make an American Quilt" (1995), "The Crucible" (1996), "Alien Resurrection" (1997), "Celebrity" (1998), and "Girl, Interrupted" (1999), which she also executive-produced.


title: Winona Ryder

text: In 2002, Ryder starred in the critically panned box office hit "Mr. Deeds", after which her career declined and she took a break from films. In 2009, she returned in the high-profile film "Star Trek". In 2010, she was nominated for two Screen Actors Guild Awards: as the lead actress in the television film "" and as part of the cast of "Black Swan". She also reunited with Burton for "Frankenweenie" (2012). Since 2016, she has starred as Joyce Byers in the Netflix science fiction horror series "Stranger Things", for which she has received Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild nominations; while in 2020, she starred in the HBO drama miniseries "The Plot Against America".


title: Winona Ryder

text: Ryder's relationship with Johnny Depp from 1989 to 1993 and a 2001 arrest for shoplifting were both subjects of tabloid journalism. She has been open about her personal struggles with anxiety and depression. In 2000, Ryder received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.


title: Winona Ryder

text: Winona Laura Horowitz was born on October 29, 1971, in Winona County, Minnesota, to Cynthia Palmer (née Istas) and Michael D. Horowitz. Her mother is an author, video producer, and editor, and her father is an author, editor, publisher, and antiquarian bookseller. He also worked as an archivist for psychologist Timothy Leary (who was Ryder's godfather). Her father is from a Russian Jewish and Romanian Jewish family. Growing up, she visited her paternal grandparents in Brooklyn for Passover every year.


title: Winona Ryder

text: Named after Winona, Minnesota, Ryder was given her middle name, Laura, because of her parents' friendship with Laura Huxley, writer Aldous Huxley's wife. Her stage name derives from Mitch Ryder, a soul and rock singer of whom her father was a fan. Ryder's father is an atheist and her mother is a Buddhist. Ryder has a younger brother, Urie (named in honor of the first man in space, Yuri Gagarin), and two older half-siblings from her mother's prior marriage: half-brother Jubal Palmer and half-sister Sunyata Palmer. Ryder's family friends were her godfather Timothy Leary, the Beat Movement poets Allen Ginsberg and Lawrence Ferlinghetti, and the science fiction novelist Philip K. Dick. In 1978, when Ryder was seven years old, she and her family relocated to Rainbow, a commune near Elk, Mendocino County, California, where they lived with seven other families on a plot of land. As the remote property had no electricity or television sets, Ryder began to devote her time to reading and became an avid fan of J. D. Salinger's "The Catcher in the Rye".


title: Winona Ryder

text: When she was ten, Ryder and her family moved to Petaluma, California. During her first week at Kenilworth Junior High, she was bullied by children who mistook her for an effeminate boy. In 1983, 12-year-old Ryder enrolled at the American Conservatory Theater in nearby San Francisco, where she took her first acting lessons. During the same year she nearly drowned, which caused her to develop aquaphobia. This psychological trauma caused problems later in her life during the underwater scenes in "Alien Resurrection" (1997), some of which had to be reshot numerous times. Ryder's bullying experiences continued through high school, when she achieved early film success with "Beetlejuice": "I remember thinking, 'Ooh, it's like the number-one movie. This is going to make things great at school.' But it made things worse. They called me a witch." In 1989, Ryder graduated from Petaluma High School with a 4.0 GPA.


title: Winona Ryder

text: Ryder has stated that her natural hair color is brown, but she was "really blonde as a kid", and when she was 11 or 12 she started dying her blonde hair blue and purple. At the time of her audition for the 1986 film "Lucas", her hair had been dyed black and the filmmakers asked her to keep it.


title: Winona Ryder

text: In 1985, Ryder sent a videotaped audition, where she recited a monologue from the novel "Franny and Zooey" by J. D. Salinger, to appear in the film "Desert Bloom". Although the role went to Annabeth Gish, writer/director David Seltzer cast her in his high school drama "Lucas" (1986), which starred Corey Haim, Charlie Sheen, and Kerri Green. When asked how she wanted her name to appear in the credits, she suggested "Ryder" as her surname because a Mitch Ryder album that belonged to her father was playing in the background. Ryder's next film was "Square Dance" (1987), where her teenage character creates a bridge between two different worlds – a traditional farm in the middle of nowhere and a large city. She won acclaim for the performance, with the "Los Angeles Times" calling it "a remarkable debut." Both films, however, were only marginally successful commercially.


title: Winona Ryder

text: After seeing her in "Lucas", director Tim Burton decided to cast Ryder in his film "Beetlejuice" (1988). Ryder starred as a goth teenager whose family moves to a haunted house populated by ghosts played by Geena Davis, Alec Baldwin, and Michael Keaton. The film was a success at the box office, and the film as well as Ryder's performance received mostly positive reviews from critics. Also in 1988, Ryder appeared alongside Kiefer Sutherland and Robert Downey Jr. in "1969", a drama about the Vietnam War and the tensions it created in American families.


title: Winona Ryder

text: Ryder next starred in the independent film "Heathers" (1989). The film, a satirical take on teenage life, featured Ryder and Christian Slater as high school sweethearts who begin killing off popular students. Ryder's agent initially begged her to turn the role down, saying the film would "ruin her career". Critical reaction to the film was largely positive, and Ryder's performance was positively received, with "The Washington Post" stating Ryder is "Hollywood's most impressive ingénue...Ryder...makes us love her teen-age murderess, a bright, funny girl with a little Bonnie Parker in her. She is the most likable, best-drawn young adult protagonist since the sexual innocent of "Gregory's Girl"." Despite its critical success, "Heathers" was a box office flop, but has achieved the status of a cult film in the following decades. Ryder’s other 1989 starring role was in the biopic "Great Balls of Fire!", in which she played the 13-year-old bride (and cousin) of rock’n’roll idol Jerry Lee Lewis. The film was a box office failure and received mixed reviews from critics. In addition to films, Ryder also appeared in 1989 in the music video for Mojo Nixon's "Debbie Gibson Is Pregnant with My Two-Headed Love Child".


title: Winona Ryder

text: Ryder began the 1990s with three starring roles. In the fantasy film "Edward Scissorhands" (1990), she reunited with director Tim Burton to play the female lead alongside her then-boyfriend Johnny Depp. The film was a significant box office success, grossing US$86 million and receiving much critical devotion. Ryder's second role of the year was in the family comedy-drama "Mermaids" (1990), which co-starred Cher, Bob Hoskins and Christina Ricci. "Mermaids" was a moderate box office success and Ryder's performance was acclaimed; critic Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" wrote: "Winona Ryder, in another of her alienated outsider roles, generates real charisma." For her performance, Ryder received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, and a National Board Review award for the same category. Following "Mermaids", Ryder had the lead role as a troubled teenager in the comedy-drama "Welcome Home, Roxy Carmichael" (1990). The film co-starred Jeff Daniels and was deemed a commercial flop. In 1990, Ryder also made a cameo in Roy Orbison's music video, "A Love So Beautiful" with Matthew Modine, and was awarded 'ShoWest's Female Star of Tomorrow' by The National Association of Theatre Owners. She was next slated to appear as Mary Corleone in Francis Ford Coppola's "The Godfather Part III", but withdrew from the project in the beginning of filming in 1990 due to nervous exhaustion.


title: Winona Ryder

text: In 1991, Ryder played a young taxicab driver in Jim Jarmusch's independent film "Night on Earth". The film was given a limited release, but received critical praise. Ryder then starred in three big-budget adaptations of literary classics. The first was "Bram Stoker's Dracula" (1992), directed by Francis Ford Coppola and featuring Ryder in the dual role of Mina Murray and Count Dracula’s past lover, Princess Elisabeta. The script was originally intended for a television adaptation but Ryder liked it so much she brought it to Coppola’s attention. The film premiered in November 1992 to critical and commercial success.


title: Winona Ryder

text: Ryder continued her work in period films with Martin Scorsese's "The Age of Innocence" (1993), an adaptation of Edith Wharton's novel which co-starred Michelle Pfeiffer and Daniel Day-Lewis. Ryder considers Scorsese "the best director in the world". For her portrayal of May Welland, the fiancée of Newland Archer (Day-Lewis), Ryder won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress as well as received Academy Award and BAFTA award nominations. Although not a commercial success, the "Age of Innocence" received critical praise upon its release in October 1993. Vincent Canby in the New York Times wrote; "Ms Ryder is wonderful as this sweet young thing who's hard as nails, as much out of ignorance as of self-interest." Ryder next starred alongside Meryl Streep, Jeremy Irons, Antonio Banderas, and Glenn Close in the melodrama "The House of the Spirits" (1993), based on Isabel Allende's novel. Also released in October 1993, the film was poorly reviewed and a box office flop, grossing just $6 million on its $40 million budget. Roger Ebert wrote that Ryder ”seems an unlikely casting choice but she is more convincing, with more abandon and passion, and she makes her character work."


title: Winona Ryder

text: Ryder was next set to star in "Broken Dreams" with actor River Phoenix. The project was put on hold due to his death on October 31, 1993. In 1993, Ryder also appeared on the music video "Without a Trace" by Soul Asylum, whose member David Pirner was her boyfriend at the time.


title: Winona Ryder

text: Ryder's next film, the Generation X drama "Reality Bites" (1994), marked a departure from period films. Directed by Ben Stiller and co-starring Ethan Hawke, the film featured Ryder as a recent college graduate searching for direction in her life. According to Hawke and Stiller, the film only got greenlit due to Ryder's star status. Her performance received acclaim but the film did not meet its studio’s expectations in the box office. Ryder returned to period films later that year, appearing as Josephine March in "Little Women", an adaptation of Louisa May Alcott's novel. The film received widespread praise; critic Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" wrote that the film was the greatest adaptation of the novel, and remarked on Ryder's performance: "Ms. Ryder, whose banner year also includes a fine comic performance in ""Reality Bites", plays Jo with spark and confidence. Her spirited presence gives the film an appealing linchpin, and she plays the self-proclaimed 'man of the family' with just the right staunchness." Ryder received her second Best Actress Oscar nomination for the role. In 1994, Ryder also made a guest appearance in "The Simpsons" episode "Lisa's Rival" as Allison Taylor, whose intelligence and over-achieving personality makes her an adversary of Lisa.


title: Winona Ryder

text: Ryder's next starring role was in "How to Make an American Quilt" (1995), an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Whitney Otto, co-starring Anne Bancroft, Maya Angelou, and Ellen Burstyn. The film grossed nearly four times its budget and received mixed to positive reviews from critics. The same year, Ryder narrated Anne Frank's "The Diary of a Young Girl", for which she received a Grammy Award nomination. A review by "Audiofile" praised her performance, saying "Winona Ryder is the perfect narrator for this work. Her voice sounds very young, matching the 14-year-old's enthusiasm and frustrations."


title: Winona Ryder

text: Ryder made several film appearances in 1996, the first in "Boys". The film failed to become a box office success and attracted mostly negative critical reaction. Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" stated: ""Boys" is a low-rent, dumbed-down version of "Before Sunrise", with a rent-a-plot substituting for clever dialogue." He stated that the film was a waste of Ryder's talent and intelligence. Her next role was in "Looking for Richard", Al Pacino's meta-documentary on a production of William Shakespeare's "Richard III", which grossed only $1 million at the box office, but drew moderate critical acclaim. She starred in "The Crucible" with Daniel Day-Lewis and Joan Allen. The film, an adaptation of Arthur Miller's play, centered on the Salem witch trials. The film was expected to be a success, considering its budget, but was a commercial failure. Despite this, it was well received and Ryder's performance was lauded, with Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" saying, "Ryder offers a transfixing portrait of warped innocence." Ryder later claimed that the role of Abigail Williams is the hardest in her whole career.


title: Winona Ryder

text: Ryder next took on a role as an android in "Alien Resurrection" (1997), alongside Sigourney Weaver, who had starred in the entire "Alien" trilogy. Ryder's brother, Uri, was a major fan of the film series, and when approached about it, she agreed to the project. The film became one of the least successful entries in the "Alien" film series, but irrespective of the film series was considered a success as it grossed $161 million worldwide. Ryder's and Weaver's performances drew mostly positive reviews, and Ryder won a Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Best Actress. Roger Ebert, however, in his review of the film commented that Ryder lacks the conviction and presence to stand alongside Ripley and the rest of the cast. He compares her with Jenette Goldstein in "Aliens". "Ryder is a wonderful actress, one of the most gifted of her generation, but wrong for this movie," he added. At 1997's ShoWest event, she was presented with their 'Female Star of the Year' award.


title: Winona Ryder

text: On Valentine's Day, 1998, Ryder performed in Eve Ensler's play, "The Vagina Monologues." She then starred in Woody Allen's "Celebrity" (1998), after Drew Barrymore turned down Ryder's role, in an ensemble cast. The film satirizes the lives of several celebrities. In 1998, Ryder also appeared in the music video for Jon Spencer Blues Explosion's song "Talk About the Blues"; a screenshot from the video later appeared on the cover of their album Xtra-Acme USA. In 1998, Ryder and Leonardo DiCaprio narrated "Survivors: Testimonies of the Holocaust", a CD-ROM produced by Steven Spielberg's Shoah Foundation. She also served as a member of the jury, led by Martin Scorsese, at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Winona Ryder

text: In 1999, Ryder starred in and served as an executive producer for "Girl, Interrupted", based on the 1993 memoir of the same name by Susanna Kaysen. The film had been in development since late 1996, but took time to begin filming. Ryder was deeply attached to the project, referring to it as her "child of the heart." She played Kaysen, who has borderline personality disorder and was admitted to a psychiatric hospital for recovery. Directed by James Mangold and co-starring Angelina Jolie, the film was expected to mark Ryder's comeback playing leading roles. Instead, it turned out to be the "welcome-to-Hollywood coronation" for Jolie, who won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance. Roger Ebert stated: "Ryder shows again her skill at projecting mental states; one of her gifts is to let us know exactly what she's thinking, without seeming to." He later said that Ryder is one of the reasons to see the film. The same year, Ryder was parodied in "". She also started her own music company, Roustabout Studios, in 1999.


title: Winona Ryder

text: In April 2000, Ryder was awarded the Peter J. Owens Award at the San Francisco Film Festival. Her next film, the melodrama "Autumn in New York", starred with Richard Gere, was released in August. The film received mixed reviews, but was a commercial success, grossing $90 million at the worldwide box office. In September, Ryder made a guest appearance in the series finale of Comedy Central's "Strangers With Candy". Ryder then played a nun of a secret society loosely connected to the Roman Catholic Church and determined to prevent Armageddon in "Lost Souls" (2000), which was a commercial failure. Ryder refused to do commercial promotion for the film. She later said, "I was attracted to "Lost Souls" because I know nothing about this subject. I personally don't believe in demonic possession. For me to play this woman was a real challenge. She is the ultimate believer. Most of all, I just wanted to do a movie in the thriller genre, at least one." On October 6, 2000, Ryder received her own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.


title: Winona Ryder

text: In 2001, Ryder began a four-year career hiatus. Apart from a guest appearance on NBC's sitcom "Friends", where she played Rachel's college sorority sister, and a brief cameo in Ben Stiller's comedy "Zoolander" (2001), she appeared in no new releases in 2001. She was scheduled to appear in "Lily and the Secret of Planting", but withdrew from the project after being hospitalized for a severe stomach-related disorder in August 2001. In December 2001, Ryder was arrested for shoplifting (see below), which made it difficult for her to be insured for further film projects. Woody Allen wanted to cast Robert Downey Jr. and Ryder in his film "Melinda and Melinda" (2003), but was unable to do so because "I couldn't get insurance on them ... We couldn't get bonded. The completion bonding companies would not bond the picture unless we could insure them. ... We were heartbroken because I had worked with Winona before [on "Celebrity"] and thought she was perfect for this and wanted to work with her again."


title: Winona Ryder

text: In 2002, Ryder appeared in two movies, filmed before her arrest. The first was a romantic comedy titled "Mr. Deeds" with Adam Sandler, grossing over $126 million in the United States alone. The film was not a critical success, however; British film critic Philip French described it as a terrible film, saying that "remakes are often bad, but this one was particularly bad." The second film was the science fiction drama "Simone" in which she portrayed a glamorous star who is replaced by a computer simulated actress due to the clandestine machinations of a director, portrayed by her "Looking for Richard" costar Al Pacino. On May 18, 2002, Ryder hosted "Saturday Night Live". In 2005, Ryder co-produced and co-narrated the documentary "The Day My God Died" (2004) with Tim Robbins, which focuses on international child sex trafficking.


title: Winona Ryder

text: Ryder made a career return with appearances in several independent films in 2006 and 2007. The first was "The Darwin Awards" (2006) in which she acted alongside Joseph Fiennes. The second was Richard Linklater's "A Scanner Darkly", a film adaptation of Philip K. Dick's novel, in which she co-starred opposite Keanu Reeves, Robert Downey, Jr. and Woody Harrelson. The film was made entirely with rotoscope software, which was used to turn live action scenes into animation. The following year, Ryder appeared in David Wain's comedy "The Ten", and reunited with "Heathers" screenwriter Daniel Waters for the surreal black comedy "Sex and Death 101" (2007). She also starred in Kirsten Dunst-directed short horror film "Welcome" (2007), and made a brief appearance in the music video for "We're All Stuck Out In The Desert" by Jonathan Rice.


title: Winona Ryder

text: In 2008, Ryder played the female lead opposite Wes Bentley and Ray Romano in Geoffrey Haley's offbeat romantic drama "The Last Word". She then starred as a newscaster in the film adaptation of "The Informers". She also appeared in director J. J. Abrams's "Star Trek", as Spock's human mother Amanda Grayson. Several media outlets noted Ryder's return to film during this time. In 2009, Ryder starred alongside Robin Wright and Julianne Moore in Rebecca Miller's "The Private Lives of Pippa Lee" (2009).


title: Winona Ryder

text: The following year, Ryder had a prominent supporting role as an aging ballet star in Darren Aronofsky's "Black Swan" (2010). She also starred in the independent film "Stay Cool" alongside Hilary Duff, Mark Polish and Chevy Chase, and in the television movie, "". For her performance as Lois Wilson, whose husband co-founded Alcoholics Anonymous in 1930s, Ryder was nominated for a SAG Award in the Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries category. "Entertainment Weekly" wrote that "Ryder played her character with wide eyes of both innocence and terror." Ryder next appeared in a leading role in Ron Howard's "The Dilemma" (2011), co-starring Vince Vaughn and Kevin James.


title: Winona Ryder

text: Ryder then played Deborah Kuklinski, the wife of contract killer Richard Kuklinski, in the thriller "The Iceman" (2012), co-starring Michael Shannon. Ryder also appeared with her "The Iceman" co-star James Franco in "The Letter" (2012). She also reunited with director Tim Burton, who directed her in the music video for The Killers' single, "Here with Me", and cast her in the animated 3D feature film "Frankenweenie" (2012). Ryder also worked with the classic film channel TCM in 2012, guest hosting for a week in September, while Robert Osborne was on vacation, and introducing some of her favorite classic films in December.


title: Winona Ryder

text: In 2013, Ryder appeared in the action thriller "Homefront" (2013), again opposite James Franco, this time playing a meth-addicted woman. Steven Boone of RogerEbert.com stated: "Ryder often seems on the verge of laughing in Franco's face as he attempts to manhandle and pimp-talk her. But it's nice to see her raven eyes and regal cheekbones on a big screen again, in whatever capacity." Ryder also starred in a segment of the Comedy Central television series "Drunk History" (2013) called "Boston". She played religious protester Mary Dyer, opposite stern Puritan magistrate John Endicott, played by Michael Cera. She then took on the role of Peggy Shippen, the wife of Benedict Arnold, in her appearance of the second season of "Drunk History" (2014). In 2014, Ryder appeared in the British television film "Turks & Caicos" (2014) and modeled in the Fall advertising campaign of fashion label Rag & Bone.


title: Winona Ryder

text: In 2015, Ryder was a juror at the Sundance Film Festival. She continued her work in television with the HBO miniseries "Show Me a Hero" (2015), in which she played the president of the Yonkers City Council. She then starred alongside Peter Sarsgaard in the biopic "Experimenter", playing the wife of Stanley Milgram. "Experimenter" was released to positive reviews in October 2015. Aside from acting, Ryder appeared in advertisements for Marc Jacobs, both for their cosmetics and for their spring 2016 collection.


title: Winona Ryder

text: Since 2016, Ryder has starred in the Netflix scifi-horror series "Stranger Things" (2016–), created by The Duffer Brothers, playing Joyce Byers, a single mother whose 12-year-old son Will vanishes mysteriously. The Duffer brothers stated that Ryder "has a very intense energy about her ... a wiry unpredictability, a sort of anxiousness that we thought we'd really lean into." The series' first season premiered in July 2016 to critical acclaim and high audience ratings. Ryder also received praise for her performance, and the cast won the SAG award for best ensemble for a drama series in 2017. The second and third seasons of the series were released in October 2017 and July 2019. For season 3, she was paid a reported $350,000 per episode. The filming for the fourth season had been halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but resumed filming September 2020. The first volume of Stranger Things 4 premiered on May 27, 2022. Its second volume premiered July 1, 2022.


title: Winona Ryder

text: Because of Ryder's persistent wearing of Kate Bush T-shirts and lapel badges on the set of Stranger Things, the producers of the show eventually decided to include Bush's 1985 single Running Up That Hill in various scenes throughout the series. Downloads of the song went viral, culminating in it reaching number one in the music charts of many territories around the world.


title: Winona Ryder

text: In 2018, Ryder appeared in the film "Destination Wedding", alongside Keanu Reeves. The two performers had previously worked together in three other movies ("Bram Stoker's Dracula", "A Scanner Darkly", and "The Private Lives of Pippa Lee"), portraying love interests in the first two films. The same year, Ryder also starred in a L'Oréal shampoo commercial, and in H&M's spring collection campaign co-starring Elizabeth Olsen.


title: Winona Ryder

text: In early 2020, Ryder appeared in Squarespace's Super Bowl commercial which was aired during the first half of the game. Later that year, she starred in "The Plot Against America", an HBO limited series based upon the 2004 novel of the same name. David Simon, the creator of the series commented; "Winona always had the standing of the great American ingenue. Now we're ready for the second act, because she's always been a remarkable actor—always asking questions about the role, doing the research, and then feeling the camera instinctively once the work begins." The series marked Ryder's second collaboration with Simon.


title: Winona Ryder

text: In 2021, Ryder reprised her role as Kim Boggs in "Edward Scissorhands" alongside Timothée Chalamet in a Super Bowl ad for Cadillac.


title: Winona Ryder

text: Ryder's next film is "Gone in the Night", co-starring with Dermot Mulroney, her former co-star in "How To Make an American Quilt".


title: Winona Ryder

text: Ryder maintains homes in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Williamsburg in New York City. Although she was raised in a secular household, she identifies as Jewish. She has experienced antisemitism in her past. She suffers from insomnia, and has been a victim of stalking.


title: Winona Ryder

text: Ryder has been involved in philanthropic work for the American Indian College Fund since her twenties, which sends low income Native Americans to universities.


title: Winona Ryder

text: Ryder was engaged to actor Johnny Depp for three years beginning in July 1990. She met him at the "Great Balls of Fire!" premiere in June 1989, and they began dating two months later, before she turned 18. From 1993 to 1996, she dated Soul Asylum band member Dave Pirner. She dated Matt Damon from 1998 to 2000, and she has been in a relationship with Scott Mackinlay Hahn since 2011.


title: Winona Ryder

text: In 1993, Ryder offered a reward in the hope that it would lead to the return of kidnapped child Polly Klaas. Klaas lived in Petaluma, the town where Ryder grew up. Ryder offered a $200,000 reward for the 12-year-old kidnap victim's safe return. After the girl's death, Ryder dedicated her performance as Jo in the 1994 film adaptation of "Little Women", one of Klaas's favorite novels, to Klaas's memory.


title: Winona Ryder

text: During a sentencing hearing related to the 2001 shoplifting incident, Ryder's attorney, Mark Geragos, referred to her work with the Polly Klaas Foundation and other charitable causes. In response, Deputy District Attorney Ann Rundle said, "What's offensive to me is to trot out the body of a dead child." Ryder was visibly upset at the accusation and Rundle was admonished by the judge. Outside the courthouse, Polly's father Marc Klaas defended Ryder and expressed outrage at the prosecutor's comments.


title: Winona Ryder

text: On December 12, 2001, Ryder was arrested on shoplifting charges in Beverly Hills, California, accused of stealing $5,500 worth of designer clothes and accessories at a Saks Fifth Avenue department store. Los Angeles District Attorney Stephen Cooley assembled a team of eight prosecutors and filed four felony charges against her. Ryder hired celebrity defense attorney Mark Geragos. Negotiations failed to produce a plea bargain at the end of summer 2002. Joel Mowbray from "National Review" noted that the prosecution was not ready to offer her a no-contest plea on misdemeanor charges.


title: Winona Ryder

text: She was accused of using drugs during the trial, including oxycodone, diazepam, and Vicodin without valid prescriptions. She was convicted of grand theft, shoplifting, and vandalism but was acquitted on the charge of burglary. In December 2002, she was sentenced to three years of probation, 480 hours of community service, $3,700 in fines, and $6,355 in restitution to the Saks Fifth Avenue store, and she was ordered to attend psychological and drug counseling. On June 18, 2004, Superior Court Judge Elden Fox reviewed Ryder's probation report and observed that she had served 480 hours of community service, and the felonies were reduced to misdemeanors. She remained on probation until December 2005.


title: Winona Ryder

text: Ryder explained to "Interview" magazine that the incident occurred during a difficult time in her life when she was clinically depressed. She also stated the heavy pain-killing medication that a physician practicing quackery had prescribed for her significantly clouded her judgment. The doctor who prescribed the medication subsequently had his medical license revoked by the Medical Board of California for unethically catering to "the demands of wealthy and/or famous drug-seekers for prescription narcotics which would otherwise have to be obtained on the street".


title: Winona Ryder

text: Ryder has been recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for the following performances:


title: Winona Ryder

text: Ryder has been nominated for three Golden Globe Awards, one British Academy Film Award, seven Screen Actor Guild Awards, and one Grammy Award.


title: Jimmy Carter

text: James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American former politician who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 76th governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975 and as a Georgia state senator from 1963 to 1967. Since leaving office, Carter has remained engaged in political and social projects, receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002 for his humanitarian work.


title: Jimmy Carter

text: Born and raised in Plains, Georgia, Carter graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1946 with a Bachelor of Science degree and joined the United States Navy, serving on numerous submarines. After the death of his father in 1953, he left his naval career and returned home to Plains, where he assumed control of his family's peanut-growing business. He inherited comparatively little, because of his father's forgiveness of debts and the division of the estate amongst himself and his siblings. Nevertheless, his ambition to expand and grow the family's peanut farm was fulfilled. During this period, Carter was encouraged to oppose racial segregation and support the growing civil rights movement. He became an activist within the Democratic Party. From 1963 to 1967, Carter served in the Georgia State Senate, and in 1970 was elected as governor of Georgia, defeating former Governor Carl Sanders in the Democratic primary. He remained in office until 1975. Despite being a dark-horse candidate who was not well known outside of Georgia, he won the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination. In the 1976 presidential election, Carter ran as an outsider and narrowly defeated incumbent Republican president Gerald Ford.


title: Jimmy Carter

text: On his second day in office, Carter pardoned all Vietnam War draft evaders by issuing Proclamation 4483. During his term, two new cabinet-level departments—the Department of Energy and the Department of Education—were established. He created a national energy policy that included conservation, price control, and new technology. Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, and the second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II). On the economic front he confronted stagflation, a persistent combination of high inflation, high unemployment, and slow growth. The end of his presidency was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident, the Nicaraguan Revolution, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. In response to the invasion, Carter escalated the Cold War when he ended détente, imposed a grain embargo against the Soviets, enunciated the Carter Doctrine, and led a 1980 Summer Olympics boycott in Moscow. He is the only president to have served a full term in office and not have appointed a justice to the Supreme Court. In the 1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries, he was challenged by Senator Ted Kennedy, but won re-nomination at the 1980 Democratic National Convention. Carter lost the 1980 presidential election in an electoral landslide to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan. Polls of historians and political scientists generally rank Carter as a below-average president, although his post-presidential activities have been viewed more favorably than his presidency.


title: Jimmy Carter

text: In 1982, Carter established the Carter Center, aimed at promoting and expanding human rights. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in co-founding the Center. He has traveled extensively to conduct peace negotiations, monitor elections, and advance disease prevention and eradication in developing nations. Carter is considered a key figure in the nonprofit organization Habitat for Humanity. He has written over 30 books, ranging from political memoirs to poetry, while continuing to actively comment on ongoing American and global affairs, including the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. At years old, Carter is both the oldest living and longest-lived president, as well as the one with the longest post-presidency, and his -year-long marriage makes him the longest-married president. He is also the third-oldest living person to have served as a state leader.


title: Jimmy Carter

text: James Earl Carter Jr. was born on October 1, 1924, at the Wise Sanitarium (now the Lillian G. Carter Nursing Center) in Plains, Georgia, a hospital where his mother was employed as a registered nurse. Carter was the first U.S. president to be born in a hospital. He was the eldest son of Bessie Lillian () and James Earl Carter Sr.


title: Jimmy Carter

text: Carter is a descendant of English immigrant Thomas Carter, who settled in Virginia in 1635. Numerous generations of Carters lived as cotton farmers in Georgia. Plains was a boomtown of 600 people at the time of Carter's birth. His father was a successful local businessman, who ran a general store and was an investor in farmland. Carter's father had previously served as a reserve second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps during World War I. The family moved several times during Carter's infancy. The Carters settled on a dirt road in nearby Archery, which was almost entirely populated by impoverished African American families. They eventually had three more children: Gloria, Ruth, and Billy. Carter got along well with both of his parents, despite his mother often being absent during his childhood due to working long hours. Although Carter's father was staunchly pro-segregation, he allowed his son to befriend the black farmhands' children. Carter was an enterprising teenager who was given his own acre of Earl's farmland, where he grew, packaged, and sold peanuts. He also rented out a section of tenant housing that he had purchased.