title: Moon Knight

text: Moon Knight shows little regard for his registration status or his registered colleagues. Carson Knowles, the Black Spectre, steals Stark nanotechnology and attempts to frame him for murder. Moon Knight later confronts Knowles and pushes him off a rooftop, apparently causing a fatal fall. Iron Man revokes Moon Knight's registration and buries the fact that Black Spectre stole his technology. Rather than be imprisoned as an unregistered vigilante, Marc Spector gives up his role as Moon Knight but continues to fight crime clandestinely while wearing an entirely black costume. He considers that crimefighting is easier without the use of an alias or "costume recognition." After realizing this change in methodology means he no longer has the insight and protection of Khonshu, he pleads for the moon god's forgiveness only to be told in a vision that he is no longer needed when Khonshu has other, more faithful followers.


title: Moon Knight

text: Despite having seemingly retired from vigilante activities, Moon Knight is targeted by the Thunderbolts, former villains led by Norman Osborn (the Green Goblin) who now act as enforcers of the Registration Act. To lure Moon Knight into resurfacing, the Thunderbolts arrange for the Whyos gang to attacks Frenchie's restaurant, resulting in his lover Rob being injured. As hoped, Spector becomes Moon Knight again to avenge his friend. Spector fights the villain Bullseye, an operative of the Thunderbolts at this time. Moon Knight lures the assassin into a warehouse where he then sets off explosives. While Bullseye escapes, it is believed Moon Knight was killed, leading Iron Man to publicly denounce the Thunderbolts and its methods, blaming the group for the explosion. Jake Lockley, having now resurfaced and become the dominant alter, relocates to Mexico. After hiding for a time, Lockley crosses paths with local Mexican criminal cartels and encounters the Punisher again, as well as an avatar of Toltec.


title: Moon Knight

text: In the U.S., the organization S.H.I.E.L.D. is shut down and replaced by H.A.M.M.E.R., led by Norman Osborn. Concerned about Osborn now being in charge of enforcing, imprisoning, and controlling registered superheroes, Lockley decides to adopt the Moon Knight identity again and return to NYC.


title: Moon Knight

text: Returning to New York, Lockley regrets Moon Knight's recent acts of ruthlessness. He tries to make amends to Marlene and Frenchie for his recent behavior. Determined Moon Knight must again be more heroic, he decides never to kill enemies or cause more injury than necessary in the future. Khonshu, now taking the form of a man in the Moon Knight costume with a bird skull, tests Lockley's resolve by repeatedly goading him to kill his foes. Moon Knight's efficient crimefighting and non-lethal tactics quickly gain favor with New York's population, angering Norman Osborn who resents failing to capture and imprison the hero before. Osborn hires the villains the Hood and Profile to take down Moon Knight. Using power borrowed from the demonic sorcerer Dormammu, the Hood resurrects Raoul Bushman.


title: Moon Knight

text: Bushman and the villain Scarecrow break into Ravencroft Asylum where they perform brain surgery on several patients, then manipulate them into attacking New York City. After quelling the attack, Moon Knight subdues Bushman. Despite Khonshu demanding lethal vengeance, Moon Knight spares Bushman's life, satisfied the villain will be incarcerated.


title: Moon Knight

text: After ordering an attack on Asgard and having his corruption and insanity exposed, Norman Osborn is removed from power. In the wake of H.A.M.M.E.R. being dissolved, the Registration Act is undone, meaning Moon Knight and other unregistered heroes are no longer fugitives. Steve Rogers, the original Captain America, recruits Moon Knight to the new team Secret Avengers, with Steven Grant becoming the dominant identity. On one mission, Moon Knight adopts a simple white suit and mask rather than his usual body armor and hooded cape.


title: Moon Knight

text: During the events of "Shadowland", the hero Daredevil is possessed by the Beast, a demon worshipped by the ninja assassin clan known as The Hand. Moon Knight joins a group of heroes on an assault on Daredevil's Shadowland fortress. Daredevil almost kills Moon Knight, but Khonshu appears and asks Marc's life be spared. Daredevil is able to see the moon god and concedes, leaving Moon Knight. Khonshu then reveals he needs Moon Knight to track down an artifact called the Sapphire Crescent. He must also fight and likely kill Randall Spector, who is still alive and operating as Shadow Knight again. Moon Knight and Shadow Knight track down the Sapphire Crescent in New Orleans. During another battle, Randall threatens a hostage. Seeing no other choice, Moon Knight uses the Sapphire Crescent against his brother to save the hostage, killing Randall in the process. Jake Lockley suffers a mental breakdown as a result, going dormant as the host, Marc Spector, becomes dominant again.


title: Moon Knight

text: Marc Spector relocates to Los Angeles and creates a TV show based on his own exploits called "Legends of the Khonshu". Secretly, he continues fighting crime as Moon Knight. But now, along with existing as Marc/Moon Knight, he also displays three new alters based on imitating the personalities of Spider-Man, Wolverine, and Steve Rogers. Moon Knight teams up with the superhero Echo against Count Nefaria. Nefaria strikes back and Echo is killed. This sends Moon Knight's Wolverine alter into a berserker rage, seemingly causing the deaths of Marc's alters based on Captain America and Spider-Man.


title: Moon Knight

text: Moon Knight fights Nefaria and his daughter Madame Masque, then shows a new alter based on the personality of Echo, who asks that she not die in vain. After further battle, Moon Knight summons the Avengers for help and Nefaria is defeated. Iron Man commends Marc Spector. After he leaves, Spector seems to develop a new alter based on Iron Man's personality as well. In the epilogue to the series, Spector leaves Los Angeles.


title: Moon Knight

text: During the events of the "Avengers vs. X-Men" storyline, Moon Knight is partnered with a small team of Avengers and battles some members of the X-Men team. At one point, Moon Knight grabs Rogue with his bare hand. Able to absorb the memories, powers, and life force of those she makes skin-to-skin contact with, Rogue experiences temporary madness as she absorbs the perspectives of Marc Spector's different alters. Later, Moon Knight is invited to Stark Tower to celebrate the return of Janet van Dyne, who had been thought killed in battle years before.


title: Moon Knight

text: Spector returns to New York. His identity and past now a matter of public record, Marc regularly utilizes two versions of the Moon Knight identity. When engaging in battle with high-tech equipment, he dons a new Moon Knight body armor and sometimes uses shamanic tools of Khonshu such as an enchanted skull helmet. When dealing with crime scene investigation and consulting openly with law enforcement, Spector dons only his mask and the white business suit he briefly wore during his time with the Secret Avengers, calling himself Mr. Knight.


title: Moon Knight

text: Deciding he needs to manage his mental health better, Marc Spector meets with a psychologist who determines that he does not have dissociative identity disorder (DID) as some have hypothesized in the past or some form of schizophrenia. In truth, he has a form of brain damage due to his brain being physically altered by Khonshu, who is a real entity from another world or dimension and altered Marc to create a conduit between them. Marc's different personalities are a result of his mind adjusting to the four different aspects of Khonshu's nature and aspects. It is why he sometimes has four alters existing simultaneously but never more. Moon Knight encounters another renegade Cult of Khonshu, though this cell targets the homeless and other marginalized people, making them new cult members as well or using them as human sacrifices.


title: Moon Knight

text: Marc Spector wakes up in a mental institute with no recollection of his past or how he got there. The staff, led by Dr. Emmet, seems to have supernatural powers and thwart Marc's attempts to recover his past. Marc is shown evidence that he is a mentally ill man who has convinced himself he is also Moon Knight, a vigilante he has seen on the news. Khonshu contacts Marc and explains that Emmet is an avatar like him, one who is connected to the Othervoid god Ammit. Khonshu decides it is now time for him to completely dominate Marc Spector's body. Marc denies Khonshu and fights him with the help of all of his alters. Marc accepts that whether they are the result of childhood trauma or Khonshu's interference, his alters are a part of him and have been for most of his life. After defeating Emmet and Khonshu, Marc resumes his life as Moon Knight, determined to be a protector and crime-fighter on his own terms rather than as a tool of anyone else. Later, Marc and Khonshu resume their bond.


title: Moon Knight

text: After re-appropriating Khonshu, Marc Spector resumes his normal life and his Moon Knight activities. Raoul Bushman collaborates with a mysterious mental patient only referred to as "Patient 86", who becomes an avatar of Ra and calls himself the Sun King. Together they come up with a plot to kill Moon Knight. To accomplish their plan, Bushman and Sun King go to Marlene's house and discovered she and Jake Lockley had a child together, a revelation that shocks Marc Spector and Steven Grant. Raoul and Sun King then kidnap Marlene and lure Moon Knight to an island base. With Khonshu's guidance, Moon Knight is able to overpower Sun King, although Bushman escapes.


title: Moon Knight

text: Deciding to take over Earth to protect it, Khonshu compels Moon Knight to acquire power for him. With enhanced abilities and insight, and convinced that Khonshu's plan is the only way to protect Earth from the demon lord Mephisto and others, Moon Knight takes the power of Iron Fist, Ghost Rider's hellfire, Thor's hammer Mjolnir, and some of Dr. Strange's magic. With this and more, Khonshu begins to reshape Earth. During a battle with the Black Panther, Moon Knight temporarily becomes a host for the cosmic Phoenix Force. But rather than allow the Phoenix power to "cleanse" the Earth by wiping out humanity, Moon Knight releases the power even while the Avengers defeat Khonshu. The Asgardians imprison Khonshu and Moon Knight is allowed to return to his activities. The Black Panther offers him membership in the Avengers again, but he refuses, preferring to focus on battles he understands and angry at Khonshu's extreme actions.


title: Moon Knight

text: Despite believing that Khonshu is a god unworthy of his worship, Marc Spector still considers himself to be spiritually connected to the deity, and decides to continue acting not only as a knight of the moon god but also as a priest of his teachings. He creates the Midnight Mission, a religious congregation following the teachings of Khonshu. As its high priest, Marc adopts his Mr. Knight suit and mask as his official religious vestments. Living at the Midnight Mission, he offers aid to listen to anyone who visits and needs his help. As Moon Knight, Spector frees several people who were kidnapped by vampires and unwillingly made into vampires themselves. Rather than condemn them, he offers them sympathy. One of the new vampires, a woman named Reese, takes a job as Marc's assistant at the Midnight Mission.


title: Moon Knight

text: He crosses paths with Dr. Badr/Hunter's Moon, who proclaims himself to be the second fist of Khonshu and believes that Moon Knight's path must be "corrected' after straying from Khonshu's methods of vengeance. After defeating Hunter's Moon in combat, Moon Knight confronts enemies sent after him by the villain Zodiac, leading to a direct confrontation between the two.


title: Moon Knight

text: During the "Devil's Reign" storyline, Mayor Wilson Fisk passes a law that outlaws superheroes. Moon Knight is the first to be apprehended by Thunderbolts members Agony, Electro II, Rhino, and U.S. Agent.


title: Moon Knight

text: Moon Knight is an Olympic-level athlete and a skilled acrobat who excels at combat strategy. Spector is a superb driver and can pilot a helicopter. Thanks to his life experience and training as a U.S. Marine, boxer, and mercenary, Marc Spector became an expert at hand-to-hand combat, marksmanship, boxing, kung fu, eskrima, judo, karate, ninjutsu, savate, and Muay Thai. Moon Knight's fighting style combines elements of various combat techniques and relies heavily on adaptability, using the environment to his advantage, intimidating his opponents, and accepting a certain level of pain and injury. The villain and mercenary Taskmaster, who can perfectly replicate fighting styles, has stated he prefers not to copy Moon Knight since the hero would sometimes rather take a punch than block or dodge it. Moon Knight is shown to possess a very high tolerance for pain and torture. Moon Knight is also an expert detective. Investigation is an important part of his stories, where he is often aided by his other personalities. Jake Lockley gathers information on the street level, Steven Grant among the rich and influential figures, and Mr. Knight works with the NYPD investigating police cases.


title: Moon Knight

text: As Moon Knight, Spector typically wears lightweight, kevlar body armor and a specially constructed, silver glider-cape that can catch winds and thermal updrafts. He typically wears metal bracers on his wrists and calves. Later costumes have added metal plates providing extra protection to his chest and shoulders. Moon Knight employs a variety of weapons over the course of his career, many of which involve or are made of silver. His most commonly used weapons are his silver crescent-darts (some of which are blunt, some of which are blades) and an adamantium-reinforced truncheon that can fire a grappling hook and extend into a bō staff. At times, he has also used nunchaku and a compound bow. For a brief time, Moon Knight wore gauntlets with spiked knuckles.


title: Moon Knight

text: At one point, Moon Knight accepted golden and ivory Egyptian-themed weapons created by followers of Khonshu. These included bolas, golden scarab-shaped darts, an ivory boomerang, throwing irons, an axe-shaped lasso-grapple, and a golden ankh-shaped blunt weapon which glowed in the presence of danger. These items were later replaced with duplicate weapons designed by Hawkeye.


title: Moon Knight

text: In a period while suffering from health issues, Moon Knight adopts thin, lightweight adamantium armor for greater protection. During this time, he acquires an adamantium staff, a truncheon capable of firing a cable line, and gauntlets that fire crescent darts.


title: Moon Knight

text: During the events of "Dark Reign," the Tinkerer makes Moon Knight carbonadium armor with joint-locking functions, reinforcing his strength. Moon Knight uses this feature to support a building from collapsing, despite a lack of superhuman strength. Additionally, the armor could instantly assemble around his body after being triggered by remote control.


title: Moon Knight

text: For transportation, Moon Knight employs a variety of sophisticated aircraft such as the Mooncopter and the Angelwing, a mini-jet featuring VTOL (vertical take-off and landing) and 20mm cannons. At times, Moon Knight has also used a white, customized motorcycle, a remote-controlled white limousine, and a remote-controlled crescent-shaped drone/glider capable of carrying a single person.


title: Moon Knight

text: During the onset of the "Age of Khonshu" event, Marc was provided by the cult whom worships his divinity with magical Ankhs that enabled him to drain away and utilize the primordial powers bestowed upon Earth's Mightiest through their colorful prehistoric ancestry. Taking the powers of The Iron Fist from Daniel Rand, the vengeance spirit Zarathos from The Ghost Rider alongside his hellcharger, and the mystical abilities pertaining to the Sorcerer Supreme Doctor Strange. He acquired these with the intent of assimilating those of the Star Brand, the Phoenix Force and the Odin-Force-imbued Mjolnir belonging to All-Father Thor as well.


title: Moon Knight

text: On more than one occasion, Marc Spector has died and then been resurrected by the other-dimensional entity Khonshu. It is not known if Khonshu will continually do this, making Marc Spector effectively immortal, or if he will only do this until he chooses a new champion.


title: Moon Knight

text: Due to his brain being altered by Khonshu, Marc Spector is more resistant to telepathic and psychic attack than the average person. He sometimes experiences visions of prophecy or enhanced insight. Some initially believed these visions were delusions or inspired simply by Spector inadvertently performing self-hypnosis, but it is now known that Khonshu is real and grants him these visions. It has been implied in several stories that Marc's connection to Khonshu and this supernatural insight increases when he wears his Moon Knight costume, as it represents "vestments" of the moon god. The villain-for-hire Profile has a superhuman analysis ability that does not function properly on beings with supernatural/magic-based abilities, and remarked that he found it painful to look at Marc Spector whenever the hero donned his Moon Knight costume. Profile was not sure if this was due to Spector's mental illness or if wearing the costume helped Moon Knight tap directly into the moon god's power.


title: Moon Knight

text: During the time that Moon Knight adopted golden and ivory weapons (symbolizing his status as the Fist of Khonshu), his strength, endurance, and reflexes would increase depending on the phases of the moon, operating on a superhuman level during a full moon night. Even during a new moon, he can lift several hundred pounds. Although some believed this superhuman strength had nothing to do with Khonshu and was the result of self-hypnosis, it is now known that Khonshu is real and is directly connected to Marc Spector. Khonshu later removed this power from Moon Knight as punishment for disobedience and has never returned it.


title: Moon Knight

text: After the "Serpent War", Marc's patron deity Khonshu opted to further empower his champion on Earth with all new abilities in preparation for the rise of Mephistopheles. By giving his herald the lion share of the moon supremacy's power; Marc would be endowed with all the abilities of his namesake as the Fist of Khonshu along with a couple others outside of the criteria. He is granted the transformational capability to change to and from his costumed identity at will, on top of powers over lunar effects such as creating astral rock formations consisting of planetary orbital satellites, raising and commanding the dead; mummies loyal to his divinity, lunar empowerment under the super moon created by Khonshu's will and the ability to survive unaided in the cold recesses of space without life support. These powers gave Moon Knight enough raw might to battle and defeat the world's most powerful heroes, the Avengers.


title: Moon Knight

text: For a brief time Moon Knight became a host avatar for the immortal Phoenix Force, the cosmological raptor that governs life, death and rebirth throughout the universe and potentially the multiverse. Possessing all the typical skills and abilities of an Avatar to the cosmic entity regarding cosmic pyrokinesis, telekinesis, flight, etc.


title: Moon Knight

text: Throughout his different stories, certain supporting characters frequently help Marc Spector in his activities as Moon Knight.


title: Moon Knight

text: While Moon Knight has fought many famous villains of the Marvel Universe, he has also accumulated his own rogues gallery of villains that have a personal connection to him and/or rarely appear outside of his own stories. Moon Knight's major recurring enemies include:


title: Moon Knight

text: Matt Attanasio of "ComicsVerse" referred to Moon Knight as the "excellent example of how anyone can suffer from a mental illness and manage to overcome such an illness," writing, "When you look at Moon Knight’s story as a whole, it appears to be more and more of a story about perseverance, endurance, and coming to grips with who you are. That’s an extremely universal story. That’s something anyone can relate to, in one way or another. It’s a call to believe in yourself, and to never give up. And, really, that’s one of the most heroic tales you can get." Syfy Wire Staff of "Syfy" called Moon Knight an "unusual fan favorite," saying, "For decades, some fans have affectionately called Moon Knight "Marvel’s Batman." But that's not a strictly accurate way to describe the Fist of Khonshu, who's his own man. [...] While Spector's public cover as a millionaire is definitely Bruce Wayne-lite, what separates the Moon Knight from the Dark Knight is that he has three secret identities. Chase Magnett of "Comicbook.com" stated, "Ever since Moon Knight premiered in the pages of "Werewolf by Night" in 1975, he has been a cult favorite among superhero fans. It took until 1980 for the complicated hero and his many personalities to get their own ongoing series. It was a hit from the very start with two of the great talents of the era doing career-defining work (we'll get to who). That high bar has encouraged a lot of others to take similarly distinctive shots at the character ever since." Shawn S. Lealos of "CBR.com" wrote, "Too many people call Moon Knight Marvel's version of Batman. There are some similarities, but Moon Knight is a much more complex character than Batman. Yes, both men are wealthy and use their money to front their crime-fighting adventures, but Batman is just a man fighting for good. Moon Knight has a split-personality and struggles to maintain his sanity. He gained the power of super-strength, durability, and stamina from the Moon God Khonshu. He doesn't mind killing, and most superheroes consider him to be completely insane. Sure, some fans compare him to Batman but only on the surface."


title: Moon Knight

text: Charlie Huston, writer of the 2006 re-launch of "Moon Knight", attempted to answer the criticism that Moon Knight is an ersatz Batman in an interview with Comixfan writer Remy Minnick. Minnick noted that the comparison is not baseless, as both Moon Knight and the Dark Knight are wealthy, "normal" humans who fight crime with detective skills, cover identities, skilled confidants, and are equipped with high-tech gadgetry, personalized air craft, and personalized throwing items. Likewise, Moon Knight briefly had a teenage would-be sidekick, with the Steven Grant identity becoming a billionaire (similar to Bruce Wayne), using the fortune to fund his career as Moon Knight. Huston accepted that the two characters have similarities, but went on to contrast them by noting particular differences in origin, motives, and personality. He said, "Bruce Wayne fights crime to avenge the murders of his parents," whereas Moon Knight "beats up whoever has it coming because he believes he is the avatar of the Egyptian god of vengeance and it helps him to feel better about all the people he killed when he was a mercenary." Thus, Batman is motivated by vengeance for a personal wrong against his parents, while Marc Spector is motivated by vengeance as a concept. Huston further notes that Bruce Wayne, Batman's alter ego, takes on other identities merely to aid in his investigations, while Moon Knight's three alters aid him as much in dealing with personal demons as fighting law-breakers, and had a further psychological toll by apparently causing dissociative identity disorder.


title: Moon Knight

text: According to Diamond Comic Distributors, "Vengeance of the Moon Knight" #1 was the 73rd best selling comic book in September 2009.


title: Moon Knight

text: Jesse Schedeen of "IGN" gave "Vengeance of the Moon Knight" #1 a grade of 7.5 out of 10, saying, "On the whole, it's simply to early to judge this book one way or the other. I'm not enamored with some of the changes to the Moon Knight formula, but it's clear, if nothing else, that Hurwitz has a handle on his main character. Hopefully this series will strengthen in the coming months and manage to pull in more readers than the last one did. Moon Knight wasn't broken before - it's just that no one seemed to notice it." Chase Magnett of "Comicbook.com" called the "Vengeance of the Moon Knight" comic book series one of the "greatest Moon Knight runs of all time," asserting "This short-lived version of the series, under a new title, emphasized Moon Knight's incredibly violent nature. There is a constant push-pull effect as the character resists his impulses only to give back into them. Few other iterations play into Moon Knight's prior history as a mercenary quite as well, and how that career has warped his personality every bit as much as the mask has."


title: Moon Knight

text: According to Diamond Comic Distributors, "Moon Knight" #1 was the 16th best selling book in March 2014.


title: Moon Knight

text: Doug Zawisza of "CBR.com" said, "While I'm not ready to proclaim "Moon Knight" #1 to be this year's "Hawkeye," this is a magnificent debut issue, which raises many more questions asked than answers. Ellis gives readers plenty of incentive to return for more action and intrigue next issue, and his take on the character fits right between Daredevil and Punisher. The debut issue gives readers exactly enough action and mystery translated through brilliant art to hook them until the next installment. With lines like, "I died before," Ellis proves a sliver of humor hiding under the cowl, but not an overwhelming amount. That humor, combined with the ingenuity and intelligence of Khonshu's disciple maes for a compelling and intriguing "all-new" Moon Knight. Thanks to gorgeous art and smart storytelling, "Moon Knight" #1 is an incredibly strong debut." Benjamin Bailey of "IGN" gave "Moon Knight" #1 a grade of 9.9 out of 10, asserting, ""Moon Knight" #1 is a masterpiece, anyway you cut it. Whether you are a longtime fan or new to the character, this is a comic you need to read. Like, right now. Stop what you are doing and read "Moon Knight"."


title: Moon Knight

text: According to Diamond Comic Distributors, "Moon Knight" #1 was the 17th best selling book in April 2016.


title: Moon Knight

text: Alexander Jones of "ComicsBeat" stated, ""Moon Knight #1" does a lot of things right, especially in how the comic characterizes the lead hero while asking some interesting new questions about him. The comic takes the impeccable sense of style and presentation that went into the last run and weaves a new story thread out of it. This comic book does not seem like a brand new take on the character that avoids all previous continuity, but it does shake things up within the context of what came before." Jesse Schedeen of "IGN" gave "Moon Knight" #1 a grade of 8 out of 10, writing, "It's good to have Moon Knight back on the stands. This new series retains much of what made its predecessor so appealing while also shaking up the formula in a major way. Between the moody atmosphere and terrific sense of style, this issue has a lot going for it. It's just a shame the book works against itself by rushing to the big reveal rather than offering a slower and more purposeful build-up."


title: Moon Knight

text: According to "Bleeding Cool", "Moon Knight" #1 was the best-selling comic book in the week of July 25, 2021, while "Moon Knight" #3 was the best-selling comic book in the week of September 26, 2021. "Moon Knight" #1 was the 7th best-selling comic book in 2021.


title: Moon Knight

text: Matthew Aguilar of "Comicbook.com" stated, ""Moon Knight" #1 captures the essence of the character and all the elements that make him stand out from his peers while expanding the character's mythos and supporting cast in exciting new ways, and it does so with flair and wit to spare. If that weren't enough, the stunning artwork from Cappuccio and colorist Rachelle Rosenberg demands your attention with every page. [...] "Moon Knight" #1 pulls together several threads of Knight's complicated history along with fresh new ideas to create something absolutely perfect for the character. The hype was at an all-time high, but Moon Knight manages to deliver on it, and I certainly could not have asked for a better debut." Benjamin Bailey of "IGN" gave "Moon Knight" #1 a grade of 9.9 out of 10, writing, "Moon Knight's books have almost always been good, often they're great, but this new relaunch is on a whole other level. This is more than a re-imaging, it's a brilliant introduction to a character more folks need to be acquainted with. Whether you are a longtime fan or brand new to the character, this is a comic you absolutely must read. [...] "Moon Knight" #1 is a masterpiece, anyway you cut it. Whether you are a longtime fan or new to the character, this is a comic you need to read. Like, right now. Stop what you are doing and read Moon Knight."


title: Moon Knight

text: The one-shot "2099: Manifest Destiny" (March 1998) introduced a female Marvel 2099 version of Moon Knight, fighting crime in the lunar city of Attilan. This version of the character also appears in issue #14 of "Spider-Man 2099" (2015).


title: Moon Knight

text: Moon Knight appears in "House of M" as part of Luke Cage's Sapien Resistance against Earth's rulers, the House of Magnus (Magneto and his children, Quicksilver, Polaris, and the Scarlet Witch), although he is not wearing his costume in this timeline. He also appears in House of M: Avengers wearing his costume. A little more of his backstory is uncovered as well, still following Khonshu and still suffering from dissociative identity disorder.


title: Moon Knight

text: In the "Infinity War" crossover, the alien double of Moon Knight uses Franklin Richards' powers to become the multi-dimensional Moon Shade. He then murders the majority of the Multiverse's alternate versions of Moon Knight.


title: Moon Knight

text: In "Marvel Zombies", Moon Knight is one of the superheroes infected by the zombie plague. Previously he had been part of the resistance organized by Nick Fury, but presumably turned into one of the zombies in a later battle. He is attacked by 'Deadites', reanimated versions of many of the dead humans, which seemingly tear Moon Knight apart (he presumably escapes, as he is seen in the first issue of the regular Marvel Zombies series, which is set after "Army of Darkness"). He is later killed by Deadpool, who appears on the Marvel Zombies Earth and cuts his head off.


title: Moon Knight

text: In the pages of "Old Man Logan", a flashback was seen where Moon Knight assisted Daredevil and She-Hulk in fighting Enchantress and Electro in Manhattan. In his fight against Electro, Moon Knight was electrocuted into a state of unconsciousness.


title: Moon Knight

text: "S.H.I.E.L.D." #1 features an ancient Egyptian version of Moon Knight during the days of the Brotherhood of the Shield. This version is similar in appearance to the Khonshu statue that Marc Spector worshiped in the past. He can be seen holding a staff that has a crescent moon at the top.


title: Moon Knight

text: In the parallel universe of "Ultimate Marvel", Marc Spector is a Navy SEAL who becomes a test subject for a "super-soldier" program of the US government. Although he gains increased strength, resiliency to injury, and accelerated healing, the experiment fractures Spector's mind, causing symptoms similar to dissociative identity disorder. Spector now manifests as both his own persona and the alters named Moon Knight and Steven Grant, as well as an unnamed alter who identifies as a girl with red hair (referred to as "Inner Child"). Like some people with DID, Spector experiences co-consciousness and so his alters are able to share information and are aware of each other's activities. At times, Spector's alters create a new personality for special situations or will somehow combat each other to take or maintain control.


title: Moon Knight

text: After leaving the US military, Spector temporarily works for the Roxxon Corporation as Paladin. After leaving Roxxon's employ, Spector's Moon Knight alter takes more control and begins operating as a vigilante in New York City. During this time, Spector lives with his girlfriend Marlene Alraune, who is aware he has DID and that one of his alters is the vigilante Moon Knight. During a gang war between the crime lord Kingpin and newcomer gangster Hammerhead, Moon Knight is seriously wounded by the assassin Elektra but escapes to safety. He then encounters the vigilantes Punisher, Spider-Man, and Daredevil. Later on, Daredevil invites Moon Knight to join an organization of superheroes dedicated to bringing down the Kingpin. Spector accepts and then decides to infiltrate the Kingpin's ranks. Opposing how much control the Moon Knight persona has, the personalities of Steven Grant and Marc Spector create a new alter named Ronin to take command, a ruthless warrior who would be more easily welcomed into Kingpin's organization. The Moon Knight alter opposes this decision, only to then be seemingly destroyed by the new Ronin alter. It is later revealed the Moon Knight alter is not gone, only buried and in a state mirroring unconsciousness.


title: Moon Knight

text: After Kingpin discovers Ronin is an agent of Daredevil, the crime lord orders the man's execution. Ronin survives an attack and then informs the police that the Kingpin has attempted to murder him. He then calls for the Moon Knight alter to wake once more.


title: Moon Knight

text: In "Universe X", Moon Knight is locked in a never-ending battle with the Sons of Set, over the statue of Khonshu. It is actually stated that Marc Spector has been dead from the beginning, and just as the moon reflects light, Spector has been "reflecting" the form of a living man, making him effectively immortal. Moreover, it is also suggested that the original inspiration for the moon god Khonshu was the Watcher Uatu who watches the Earth from his base on the moon.


title: Moon Knight

text: During the "Secret Wars" storyline, different versions of Moon Knight reside in the different Battleworld domains:


title: Moon Knight

text: In the "Extraordinary X-Men" Apocalypse Wars crossover, a female version of Moon Knight is one of the Horsemen of Apocalypse. She is killed by Nightcrawler, who teleports her into a spiked pit trap.


title: Moon Knight

text: Working with the Punisher, Moon Knight / Mr. Knight investigates the killings of multiple superheroes by an unknown assailant, with his own personal assistant Gwenpool finding Magneto, the Red Skull, the Abomination and Doctor Doom to be responsible, directing Deadpool to kill the Marvel Universe's heroes on their behalf. As Gwen sends the photos and flees, Moon Knight loses reception and assumes her dead, before being killed himself by Deadpool sometime later, realizing in his dying moments that Deadpool is being remotely directed via brainwashing and is mostly unaware of what he is actually doing but for a few moments of lucidity caused by Moon Knight's punches, which he uses to warn Moon Knight about the villains' plans, allowing a message to be passed on to the remaining heroes.


title: Moon Knight

text: During the "Infinity Warps" storyline, Moon Knight's life is combined with elements of Spider-Man's history. The result is a character named Peter Spector whose Uncle Ben and Aunt May are killed by the being known as the Goblin by Night. Attacked and left for dead by the Goblin, Peter Spector is then revived to be an avatar of a mystical Spider deity. Peter gains spider-powers but also has his mind split into four personas. As the ArachKnight, he fights crime. As Peter Spector, he rises to become president of his company, working alongside his girlfriend Marlene Jane. He soon discovers the truth from his friend Harry that Norman Osborn was cursed into the Goblin and killed both Ben and May against his will. When the Goblin curse took over Norman's body and transfers its curse infects his own son against his will, ArachKnight forgives and welcomes a now cured Norman to join his company to find a cure for a recently cursed Harry.


title: Moon Knight

text: On Earth-818 which was ruled by Multiversal Masters of Evil member Black Skull, a version of Moon Knight named Mariama Spector is a member of the resistance against Black Skull that is led by Ant-Man (this Earth's version of Tony Stark). During the fight with Black Skull, Moon Knight and Vision get sucked into one of Black Skull's portals and end up at the Center of Infinity where they are approached by Captain Carter, War Widow, and Longbow who recruit them into Avenger Prime's army.


title: Moon Knight

text: The character's dissociative identities of Marc Spector / Moon Knight, Steven Grant / Mr. Knight, and Jake Lockley appear in live-action media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), all portrayed by Oscar Isaac, with Carlos Sanchez portraying Grant and Spector as a child while David Jake Rodriguez portrays Spector as a teenager. In the MCU, the Marc Spector identity is depicted as an ex-mercenary who assumes the role of Moon Knight under the Egyptian god, Khonshu to save his life, the Steven Grant identity is a British gift shop employee who assumes the alias of Mr. Knight under Khonshu, and the Jake Lockley identity is depicted as brutal and Khonshu's favored avatar. Isaac was in talks for the role in October 2020, and was cast by January 2021, before Marvel officially confirmed his casting that May.


title: Moon Knight

text: The MCU versions of Marc Spector / Moon Knight and Steven Grant / Mr. Knight appear as meet-and-greet characters at Avengers Campus.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: Vikram is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film written and directed by Lokesh Kanagaraj and produced by Raaj Kamal Films International. The film stars Kamal Haasan, Fahadh Faasil and Vijay Sethupathi. Kalidas Jayaram, Narain and Chemban Vinod Jose play supporting roles while Suriya makes a cameo appearance. The film's soundtrack and score are composed by Anirudh Ravichander, with cinematography handled by Girish Gangadharan and editing done by Philomin Raj. The film serves as the second installment in the Lokesh Cinematic Universe (LCU).


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: The plot follows a black-ops squad led by Agent Vikram, in which he aims to bring down a drug syndicate group called "Vetti Vagaiyara", led by Sandhanam, who wants the missing drugs to be delivered to his boss Rolex.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: The film is a spiritual successor of the 1986 film of the same name. The film also features a remixed version of the theme song from the 1986 film. Principal photography began in July 2021 and ended in February 2022 with filming taking place across Tamil Nadu including Karaikudi, Chennai, Pondicherry, and Coimbatore. "Vikram" was released theatrically on 3 June 2022 with positive reviews from critics, praising the direction, soundtrack, action sequences, technical aspects and cast performances (particularly Kamal Haasan, Vijay Sethupathi, Fahaad Faasil and Suriya). The film was commercially successful at the box office, by grossing over – and becoming the 2nd highest grossing Tamil film of 2022.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: Amar, the head of a black-ops team, is summoned by Police Chief Jose to bring justice to a group of masked vigilantes, who have killed Stephen Raj (following his arrest and subsequent release after being busted for helping Adaikalam and Anbu in Kaithi), ACP Prabhanjan and his foster father, Karnan. Amar leads the investigation by digging into Karnan's life, as his murder seems out of place, since Karnan was a common man and the other two were higher officials in the Narcotics division. He learns about Karnan's recent addictions to alcohol, drugs and prostitutes, while at the same time being very protective of his infant foster grandson. While investigating, Amar about two missing containers of drugs being hunted by Sandhanam, who runs a much bigger drug syndicate than Adaikalam, named "Vetti Vagaiyara". The two containers had to be delivered to his cold-blooded smuggler boss 'Rolex', whose identity is unknown. If the drugs are delivered, Rolex will help Sandhanam form his own government; if not, Sandhanam and his family will be killed.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: Amar slowly figures that all of Karnan's addictions were a ruse to cover up a highly covert operation being run by him. Meanwhile, Veerapandian, a PWD officer, assigns a meeting with other gangsters at a theatre, where he reveals that he, along with a contractor named Rudra Pratap, know the location of the drug containers as they want to bring the containers to Rolex, bypassing Sandhanam in the process. However, the masked vigilantes arrive and kill Veerapandian. Amar and his team arrive at the scene through a tracking chip left behind by Karnan and successfully capture one of them, revealed to be ex-Inspector Bejoy. Amar interrogates Bejoy, who reveals that his family was killed for his role in leading the earlier drug bust, leading him to don the mask and join the vigilantes. Realizing that Rudra Pratap is also a target of the members, Amar and his team sneak into Rudra Pratap's daughter's wedding ceremony, where Rudra Pratap has also invited Sandhanam for protection, fearing for his life and family. The masked men, along with their leader, arrive at Rudra Pratap's daughter's wedding, where the leader threatens Rudra Pratap by holding his daughter at knifepoint. The leader drags Rudra Pratap, and escapes from the wedding on a bike, leaving the other members to deal with Sandhanam. However, Sandhanam manages to defeat all of them. Amar chases the leader and finally confronts him.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: The leader makes a video call to Sandhanam and reveals himself to be Karnan, who is actually alive and had faked his death. Karnan kills Rudra Pratap and escapes from the police. Amar reveals that Karnan is actually Vikram, who was the former commander of the black-ops squad's pilot batch. Vikram's team, consisting of 12 members, was disbanded after a botched mission in 1991 and its members were declared as terrorists. Subsequently, them and their families were hunted down but Vikram and three other members of the team managed to survive.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: Amar meets up with Jose and figures out that Jose himself is Sandhanam's mole in the department. It is revealed that Prabhanjan was captured by Sandhanam with Jose's help. Sandhanam had interrogated Prabhanjan about the containers and upon Prabhanjan's refusal to divulge any information, murders him. Enraged, Sandhanam killed him, which forces Jose, Veerapandian and Rudra Pratap to cover up the murder by making it look like a terrorist attack. Amar orchestrates a bomb blast at Sandhanam's house, which destroys his bungalow and his drug lab in the basement. Jose informs Sandhanam in the nick of time and everyone but Sandhanam's brother Elango manage to escape the blast. Jose reveals Vikram's and Amar's identity to Sandhanam. Later, Vikram arrives at the prison and frees Bejoy and his team. Sandhanam brutally kills Amar's wife Gayathri by decapitating her and sends his men to attack and kill Vikram's daughter-in-law and grandson at Prabhanjan's house. Having deduced this, Vikram rushes to save them, where a team member of Vikram's Pilot Black squad and associate, Agent Tina, who was undercover as the domestic help of the house under the name Valliamma, is killed whilst protecting Vikram's daughter-in-law and grandson.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: Vikram finally manages to save them. Distraught at Gayathri's death, Amar joins Vikram's gang to take down Sandhanam and his syndicate. He leaves for Jose's house and kills him after learning about his involvement in Gayathri's murder. It is revealed that the reason for Vikram's actions is not vengeance, but a drive to bust the drug syndicate in the city, which manifested in him through Prabhanjan's death. He also admits that Prabhanjan was his own biological son. Vikram and his grandson reach Chennai Port where the containers are hidden. Sandhanam learns about the location of the containers and attacks Vikram. Vikram mows down Sandhanam's men with a cannon and M2 Browning but the remaining members of his Pilot Black squad, Agents Uppiliappan and Lawrence are also killed in the action whilst trying to protect Vikram's grandson. Vikram blows up Sandhanam's containers and Sandhanam is killed in the ensuing blast. Amar mourns Gayathri's death and with the syndicate destroyed, he dons the grease paint to continue Vikram's mission, by joining his team, along with Bejoy.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: In Sassoon Docks, Mumbai, Anbu and Adaikalam, arrive with their men. They meet up with the gangsters affiliated with Sandhanam and hold a meeting with their boss, Rolex. Adaikalam and Anbu reveal Dilli's involvement in the drug ambush, and Sandhanam's men reveal Vikram and Amar's involvement in destroying their drug syndicate and killing their leader. Rolex announces a huge sum as a reward for the execution of Amar, Dilli, and Vikram's team. They also reveal the current location of Dilli, in Bundelkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Vikram's family in San Francisco. However, unknown to Rolex and everybody else at the meeting, Vikram is hiding amongst the gangsters and learns about the bounty placed on his team and Dilli.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: Lokesh Kanagaraj was signed by Kamal Haasan's production house Raaj Kamal Films International to direct a film for the studio during November 2019. For which he had previously mentioned his admiration of Kamal Haasan's work, noting that two of the actor's films, "Sathya" (1988) and "Virumaandi" (2004), had influenced him to become a film director. Despite agreeing terms, both the director and the studio opted to prioritise commitments, for other films before beginning production work. Lokesh narrated the script of the proposed film to Rajinikanth during December 2019. The project which was tentatively titled as "Thalaivar 169", was scheduled to be launched in March 2020. Despite the progress of discussions, the COVID-19 pandemic delayed the launch of the film.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: In September 2020, Lokesh announced a different project, that would feature Kamal Haasan in the lead role. The film's official poster was released on 16 September 2020, which came under the tentative titles as "Kamal Haasan 232", a 232nd film to Kamal Haasan and "Evanendru Ninaithaai", a titular song from his film "Vishwaroopam" (2013), and it features Anirudh Ravichander scoring music for the film, collaborating with Kamal Haasan and Lokesh for the second time after "Indian 2" and "Master". The team shot for a promotional teaser of the film during October 2020 in Chennai, adhering to the COVID-19 safety regulations suggested by the Indian government. Coinciding with the actor's 66th birthday, 7 November 2020, the makers unveiled the title teaser of the film, featuring Kamal Haasan, in which the title of the film was revealed to be "Vikram", a repeat of an earlier film of the same name, starring the actor which was released in 1986.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: After Kamal Haasan's commitments during the 2021 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly elections, on 7 April, a post was shared by Lokesh Kanagaraj through his social media handles, anticipating that the pre-production works for the film had begun. Since Haasan decided to shoot for the film only after the election results, since he contested in the Coimbatore South constituency, he demanded Lokesh to make changes in the script, however, that was delayed due to the pandemic. Initially, it was planned as a single shooting schedule for 60 days, with a new technology, that would shorten the days of film production, being undisclosed, did not happen as plan. In the film, Kamal Haasan was reported to play a retired police officer and media reports stated that he will don a "khaki uniform" for this film, after 15 years since the Gautham Vasudev Menon-directorial "Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu" (2006). He was reported to sport a thick beard in the film. For the flashback portions, Lokesh Kanagaraj reported to use de-aging technology for the film. The flashback sequence in its entirety, was eventually said to be cost around 10 crore, particularly for the technology used in the film. In April 2022, Lokesh had submitted the film's script at the Copyright Office, New Delhi for legal copyrights.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: Lokesh roped in his norm technicians, cinematographer Sathyan Sooryan and editor Philomin Raj, who previously worked with the director in his projects for the film. However, due to schedule conflicts, Sooryan was replaced by Girish Gangadharan, in his second Tamil film after "Sarkar" (2018), whose inclusion was later confirmed by Lokesh in July 2021. Twin stunt choreographers Anbariv, were announced a part of the film's technical crew. This marked the duo's second collaboration with Lokesh after "Kaithi" (2019), where they received accolades for the stunt sequences.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: Raghava Lawrence was initially approached to play the antagonist in the film during March 2021. However he stepped out of the project due to prior commitments. In April 2021, Fahadh Faasil confirmed his presence in acting in the film. The film marked Fahadh's third project in Tamil after "Velaikkaran" (2017) and "Super Deluxe" (2019). In May 2021, Vijay Sethupathi announced his confirmation in the project, collaborating with Lokesh for the second time after "Master" and first with Kamal Haasan. Antony Varghese who earlier stepped out of the director's previous film "Master" citing date issues agreed to play an integral part in the film, thus making his debut in Tamil, but later the news turned out to be false. Narain who appeared in a pivotal role in Lokesh's Kaithi too signed the project. Kalidas Jayaram was approached to be cast in a pivotal role in July 2021, where he portrays Haasan's son. It was revealed that Arjun Das also was approached for a role in the film, in his third consecutive association with the director Lokesh after "Kaithi" and "Master". Later, it was confirmed that he would be seen in a cameo role in this film reprising his role from "Kaithi".


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: In August 2021, television actress and one of the contestants of Bigg Boss Tamil series, Shivani Narayanan was roped in to play one of the three female leads paired opposite Sethupathi's character. In September, Mynaa Nandhini and Maheshwari Chanakyan were confirmed as the other two actresses. Swathishta Krishnan and Malayalam actor Chemban Vinod Jose, were cast in pivotal roles, the latter in his Tamil film debut. In October, popular Tamil-language YouTube channel, Village Cooking Channel team (M. Periyathambi, the grandson V. Subramanian and his cousins), were cast as a part of the film during the third schedule for a wedding sequence. In November 2021, Hareesh Peradi was also confirmed to star in a pivotal role. Later, in early-January 2022, veteran actor-director Santhana Bharathi joined the film's shoot. Actor Suriya confirmed he would also be seen in the film in a cameo appearance, where his scenes would appear approximately for 10 minutes. Kamal Haasan talked about Suriya's role at the "Film Companion" in the Cannes Film Festival stating that "It's no more a rumour. We had to put up our hand and admit that Suriya is playing an incredible last minute appearance. That should take the story a little further, probably into part 3."


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: The film's principal photography began with a photoshoot session on 16 July 2021. The team began shooting for the film's first schedule in Karaikudi on 6 August, which was delayed eventually since the shooting of Suriya's "Etharkkum Thunindhavan", took place in the same location and the crew had to begin filming only after the crew members leave the location post-shooting, as per the COVID-19 safety regulations. The first schedule began on 20 August, and shooting took place for a month in Karaikudi. The team began second schedule of the film in Chennai on 19 September and later moved to Pondicherry, to shoot further sequences. The second schedule of the film was subsequently wrapped on 2 October 2021. On 13 October, the film makers started shooting for the third schedule of the film. The team planned to shoot two sequences at the Tamil Nadu Police Museum for four days, including two days of set work in 24–25 October and two days of shooting 27–28 October 2021, but the officials denied permission to shoot there, citing pandemic restrictions. The makers later decided to postpone the shoot, as they needed an alternative location.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: The team began the final and month-long schedule on 17 November 2021 in Coimbatore, with scenes featuring Haasan, Sethupathi and Faasil being shot. However, filming was halted after Kamal Haasan was diagnosed with COVID-19 after his travel to the United States, for the inauguration of his clothing brand. This resulted in the team shooting major stunt sequences indoors. A set work with more than 50 damaged cars, had been shot in Coimbatore during this schedule, and following the actor's health condition, the team decided to shift the location to Binny Mills for continuity. Shooting resumed on 10 December 2021 with important sequences being canned with other actors and later Haasan joined the sets on 22 December.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: In late-December 2021, the team continued shooting few sequences at a house located in East Coast Road at a quick pace. However, in early-January, the shoot had to be stalled after a few technicians working on the film were infected with COVID-19. The production cost simultaneously increased as the rent paid for the house was enormous, even on non-shooting days. Furthermore, Haasan's medical commitments and his participation in the Bigg Boss Ultimate show, delayed the shooting further, which resulted in the team skipping an entire schedule. Due to the rise in COVID-19 infections in Tamil Nadu, the team planned to shoot the film with minimal crew. On 24 January 2022, the team shot few sequences at the premises of Vettri Theatres in Chromepet (Chennai). The final filming schedule began on 5 February 2022, with face off scenes with Haasan and Sethupathi being shot for 15 days. To prioritise for the film's shooting, Haasan stepped down as the host for Bigg Boss Ultimate show, and participated for patchwork filming. On 1 March, it was announced that principal photography has been wrapped.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: The film's soundtrack and background score is composed by Anirudh Ravichander, making this his second collaboration with Lokesh Kanagaraj and Kamal Haasan after "Master" and "Indian 2" respectively. The music rights were purchased by Sony Music India. Film's audio launch took place in a grand manner in Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium, Chennai on 15 May 2022.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: A 45-second teaser trailer of the film – involving an action sequence set in prison – was released on the eve of Haasan's 67th birthday (7 November 2021). In April 2022, the teaser was attached to the prints of "" and "Beast" in theatres. As a part of the film's promotions, in collaboration with Southern Railways, the marketing team designed the film's posters at the locomotive trains travelling across India. The film's trailer was released at the audio launch event on 15 May 2022, and within 24 hours, the trailer crossed over 1.2 crore views.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: Raajkamal Films International collaborated with Vistas Media Capital's Fantico and Lotus Metaentertainment, for the film's launch in the metaverse platform, Vistaverse. Vistaverse further announced the launch of utilities through non-fungible tokens (NFT), being unveiled at the 2022 Cannes Film Festival on 18 May 2022. Raajkamal further spearheaded the film's marketing campaign, with pre-release events being held in Mumbai, New Delhi, Kochi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Dubai and Malaysia. Haasan further promoted the film at The Kapil Sharma Show, Super Singer 8, the fourth season of Bigg Boss Malayalam. and also in his YouTube debut by featuring in Village Cooking Channel, which appeared in a role in one of the film's scenes.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: At the pre-release event held at PVR Priya-Vasant Vihar theatre in Delhi, PVR Cinemas in collaboration with Raajkamal Films, had announced that all theatres in Delhi owned by PVR will be rebranded as "PVR Vikram Hitlist". The film's Kerala distributor, Shibu Thameens, hosted a pre-release event at Lulu International Shopping Mall, Kochi on 27 May 2022. An event was held in Mumbai on 28 May, to promote the film's Hindi version. On 29 May, the film's press screening was held in Malaysia, with opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim, being the chief guest. Another pre-release event was held in Hyderabad on 31 May, with Venkatesh Daggubati and Nithiin felicitating the event. On 1 June, Haasan, Lokesh Kanagaraj and Anirudh attended the film's pre-release event in Dubai, with the theatrical trailer being showcased at Burj Khalifa.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: The packaged water company, Bisleri had unveiled a limited edition water bottles featuring the cast of Vikram, for the promotions. The official Twitter emoji was released on 23 May 2022. On 27 May 2022, a special promo teasing the conference-call sequence from Haasan's "Panchathanthiram" (2002) was released, and featured the other lead actors from the original film, Jayaram, Yugi Sethu, Ramesh Aravind and Sriman. Post-release, the film was promoted at Times Square in New York. Amul released a doodle inspired from the film, to celebrate the film's success.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: "Vikram" was theatrically released on 3 June 2022. It was initially scheduled for theatrical release in mid-April 2022. The film was later preponed to 31 March, and pushed back to 29 April, and then to June 2022, both times after the producers adjusted the release date due to the scheduling of several other big-budget films and production delays caused due to COVID-19 pandemic. The film was dubbed in Telugu and Hindi-languages under the title "Vikram Hitlist".


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: According to Tiruppur Subramanian, president of Tamil Nadu Theatre Owners Association (TNTOA), "Vikram" received a "widest release for Kamal Haasan film". The film opened in over 5,000 screens worldwide, with 700-800 screens in Tamil Nadu, 400 screens in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, 100 screens across Kerala and 200 screens across Karnataka. The Hindi-dubbed version being released in over 1,000-1,500 screens in North India, competing with Akshay Kumar's "Samrat Prithviraj" and Adivi Sesh's "Major". Prime Media, which acquired the theatrical rights in United States, hosted special shows in the country on 2 June, ahead of its Indian release. The film will be screened in over 500 theatres and exhibited in over 2,000 screens. Rakesh Gowthaman, managing director of Vettri Theatres, stated that the film's anticipation has been attributed to the rigorous promotions from the team. Film distributor and exhibitor Akshaye Rathi exclaimed about the possibilities of the film's performance in Northern belt, stating that "Vikram has an urban look and feel but the storytelling syntax seems very mass friendly. Kamal's recent movies were abstract and intellectually inaccessible for many. Vikram is a simple, hard-hitting, commercial cinema. It is as mainstream as it gets."


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: The advance bookings of "Vikram" began on 29 May 2022. It has been reported that the film had earned over from pre-ticket sales, according to Asianet News. The early morning shows, were held at 4:00 a.m. across Tamil Nadu. In May 2022, a petition was filed in order to stop screening of 4:00 a.m. shows from the film, claiming that theatre owners may extort high charges from the ticket rate and estimated that tax evasion on these shows, may claim huge loss for the makers, though the issue was later resolved. Horizon Studios, which distributed the film in Karnataka, allotted early morning shows beginning 6:30 a.m. Tony Raj, the film's distributor, claimed that with this estimate, the film will receive over 1,200 shows a day in the state.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: A week ahead of its release, the Madras High Court restrained ISPs and over 1,000 unauthorized piracy sites for illegal streaming and downloading of the film, after one of the executives from production company filed an affidavit regarding the same name.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: Trade pundits claimed the film as the "hottest in the trade". The film made a business of about before the release, from theatrical and non-theatrical revenues, including satellite, digital, audio and Hindi dubbing rights. In late-March 2022, Udhayanidhi Stalin's Red Giant Movies acquired the film's theatrical distribution rights in Tamil Nadu. Jayantilal Gada's Pen Studios acquired the theatrical rights for the Hindi-dubbed version and the film was distributed by Pen's distribution division, Pen Marudhar Entertainment. The film's Kerala rights were acquired by Shibu Thameens HR Pictures for . Shree Karpaga Vinayaga Film Circuits has acquired the Karnataka distribution rights of the film. The Andhra Pradesh and Telangana distribution rights, have been acquired by Sreshth Movies. The overseas theatrical rights of the film were acquired by AP International, excluding United States, where the film was distributed by Prime Media. Hamsini Entertainment and Ahimsa Entertainment, acquired the theatrical rights for United Kingdom and Europe, the latter, additionally distributed the film in Australia and New Zealand.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: In late-February 2022, it was reported that the satellite and digital distribution rights were sold to Star India Network for . It was then confirmed that the satellite rights of the film have been sold to Star Vijay. The film was streamed through Disney+ Hotstar from 8 July 2022 in Tamil and dubbed versions of Telugu, Hindi, Malayalam and Kannada languages and two months later, on September 13, 2022, started streaming on ZEE5 in all five languages. The Telugu-language version of the film was premiered on television on 11 September 2022 on Star Maa. The Hindi-language version of the film was premiered on 24 September 2022 on Star Gold. The original Tamil-language version was premiered on 24 October 2022 on Star Vijay, coinciding with the Diwali festival. The Malayalam dubbed version of the film had its television premiere on 6 November 2022 on Asianet.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: The film made it to 'Open Cinema' section of 27th Busan International Film Festival and was screened at the hallmark outdoor theater on 7 October 2022.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: "Vikram" earned in Tamil Nadu, in Kerala, in Karnataka, in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and from other territories, to earn over from India on the opening day of its release. It also earned from overseas countries, with the total collections being estimted around . It entered the 100-crore club within two day of its release. "Vikram" had a total gross collection of crore in India and crore overseas making the first weekend collection to crore gross worldwide. The film collected over crores in Tamil Nadu, crores in Kerala, crores in Karnataka, crores in Telugu states and crores in rest of India.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: In its opening weekend the film had collected crore in USA, crore in UK and crore in Australia. The film grossed worldwide with in seven days. On the fourth day of its release, the film collected around $2.10 million in Russia, $2.65 million in Middle East, $1.25 million in Malaysia, $0.46 million in Singapore, $0.22 million in France, $0.50 million in Europe. On the sixth day of its release, the film crossed the 200 crores mark, surpassing the collections made by the Tamil film "Beast". The film has also performed well in Norway and Russia, grossing $31,320 and $6,543 respectively on the first week of its release.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: "Vikram" grossed over crore in the first week of its theatrical run, and emerged as the highest-grossing Tamil film of the year by surpassing "Beast at that point of time". The film has collected over $2.5 million in USA and grossed crore worldwide after its second weekend run. the film has grossed , in 75 days the film grossed and went on to become one of the highest-grossing Tamil films.


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: Divya Nair of "Rediff" rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "With ample whistle podu moments, Vikram is a macho blockbuster that shouldn't be missed". Soundarya Athimuthu of "The Quint" rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Lokesh Kanagaraj has loaded Vikram with a battalion of characters but he has ensured that all of them have their due scope to perform, even though some might have lesser screen time including Ulaganaayagan". A critic for "Pinkvilla" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Kamal Haasan is a visual delight in this action thriller". Ashameera Aiyappan of "Firstpost" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "One glimpse of Kamal Haasan in Lokesh Kanagaraj's Vikram and you just know he is the G.O.A.T". Sowmya Rajendran of "The News Minute" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Lokesh must be applauded for not wasting time on fanboy tributes to the superstar on board, and sticking to telling the story". Manoj Kumar R of "The Indian Express" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Vikram is only the beginning. In the climax, Lokesh teases at least three separate movies that could branch out from this one. A critic for "Zee News" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Vikram works if one looks at it as just an action entertainer". Vivek M V of "Deccan Herald" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Lokesh has found his own voice and his fast yet admirable growth promises exciting things going forward". Josh Hurtado of "The Austin Chronicle" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "An incredible booming background score from Anirudh Ravichandar, and some very fun surprises throughout, Vikram is definitely among the year's best Tamil films". Haricharan Pudipeddi of "Hindustan Times" stated that "Anirudh Ravichander's music, especially the background score, plays a pivotal role in amplifying the overall experience of watching Vikram on the big screen, apart from the terrific action sequences. Suriya's brief but powerful cameo is just the high one needs as you step out of Vikram." Srivatsan S of "The Hindu" stated that "The new ‘Vikram’ disappoints the fans of the 1986 original and could have been a standalone film with Fahadh Faasil carrying on the legacy of the agent like in the James Bond films."


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: Lakshmi Subramanian of "The Week" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Vikram is packed with thrilling moments from the very first minute. With technical superiority and terrific casting, the first half is an interesting watch, while the narration and a few long rants tire you in the second half". Saibal Chatterjee of "NDTV" rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Kamal Haasan is fabulous. Vijay Sethupathi fleshes out an edgy criminal whose frazzled heart and addled mind push him in startling directions". M Suganth of "The Times Of India" rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "In a film filled with action heroes, the biggest mass moment comes in a stunt scene involving a female character. Vikram needed a few more such moments to have been truly memorable". Janani K of "India Today" rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Vikram has several whistle-worthy moments. But, the plot becomes too generic after a point". Gautaman Bhaskaran of "News 18" rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Vikram is drama, drama, drama all the way in which the director has not only bitten more than he can chew but exhibits his diehard admiration for Kamal Haasan". Sudhir Srinivasan of "The New Indian Express" rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote "Much like the morality of both characters, I'll have to say it lies somewhere in between, and much like those two men, the film does tilt towards the good." "Ananda Vikatan" rated the film 44 out of 100. "Behindwoods" gave the film’s rating 3 out of 5 stars and stated that "Kamal, VJS, Fahadh, Lokesh & Anirudh deliver an entertaining Vikram with amazing performances, terrific music, surprise twists and stylish stunts." "The Hans India" gave it 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "On the whole, Vikram is all for action lovers and movie buffs as it is the best entertaining movie that hit the screens these days! A perfect concoction of action and mystery turned it out into a blockbuster!" "Dinamalar" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars. A critic named Ashwin Ram of "Moviecrow" rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote that "Vikram is interesting with a lot of layers and angles, but the presentation falls short of a solid punch."


title: Vikram (2022 film)

text: Owing to the film's success, Kamal Haasan in an interview with "Pinkvilla", asserted the possibility of a sequel to "Vikram", and there were also reports stating that the film would have a third sequel to "Vikram", which will be part of Lokesh Cinematic Universe (LCU).


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Jurassic Park is a 1993 American science fiction action film directed by Steven Spielberg and produced by Kathleen Kennedy and Gerald R. Molen. It is the first installment in the "Jurassic Park" franchise, and the first film in the "Jurassic Park" original trilogy, and is based on the 1990 novel of the same name by Michael Crichton and a screenplay written by Crichton and David Koepp. The film is set on the fictional island of Isla Nublar, located off Central America's Pacific Coast near Costa Rica. There, wealthy businessman John Hammond and a team of genetic scientists have created a wildlife park of de-extinct dinosaurs. When industrial sabotage leads to a catastrophic shutdown of the park's power facilities and security precautions, a small group of visitors and Hammond's grandchildren struggle to survive and escape the perilous island.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Before Crichton's novel was published, four studios put in bids for its film rights. With the backing of Universal Studios, Spielberg acquired the rights for $1.5 million before its publication in 1990; Crichton was hired for an additional $500,000 to adapt the novel for the screen. Koepp wrote the final draft, which left out much of the novel's exposition and violence and made numerous changes to the characters. Filming took place in California and Hawaii from August to November 1992, and post-production rolled until May 1993, supervised by Spielberg in Poland as he filmed "Schindler's List". The dinosaurs were created with groundbreaking computer-generated imagery by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) and with life-sized animatronic dinosaurs built by Stan Winston's team. To showcase the film's sound design, which included a mixture of various animal noises for the dinosaur roars, Spielberg invested in the creation of DTS, a company specializing in digital surround sound formats. The film was backed by an extensive $65 million marketing campaign, which included licensing deals with over 100 companies.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: "Jurassic Park" premiered on June 9, 1993, at the Uptown Theater in Washington, D.C., and was released on June 11 in the United States. It went on to gross over $914 million worldwide in its original theatrical run, becoming the highest-grossing film ever at the time, surpassing Spielberg's own film "E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial", a record held until the release of "Titanic" in 1997. It received positive reviews from critics, who praised its special effects and Spielberg's direction. Following its 20th anniversary re-release in 2013, "Jurassic Park" became the oldest film in history to surpass $1billion in ticket sales and the seventeenth overall. The film won more than twenty awards, including three Academy Awards for its technical achievements in visual effects and sound design. In 2018, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". The film was followed by five sequels – "" (1997), "Jurassic Park III" (2001), "Jurassic World" (2015), "" (2018), and "Jurassic World Dominion" (2022).


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Industrialist John Hammond has created a theme park of cloned dinosaurs, Jurassic Park, on tropical Isla Nublar. After a dinosaur handler is killed by a "Velociraptor", the park's investors, represented by lawyer Donald Gennaro, demand a safety certification. Gennaro invites chaotician Ian Malcolm, while Hammond invites paleontologist Alan Grant and paleobotanist Ellie Sattler. Upon arrival, the group is shocked to see a live "Brachiosaurus".


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: At the park's visitor center, the group learns that the cloning was accomplished by extracting dinosaur DNA from prehistoric mosquitoes preserved in amber. DNA from frogs and other animals was used to fill in gaps in the genome of the dinosaurs, and to prevent breeding, all the dinosaurs were made female by direct chromosome manipulation. The group witnesses the hatching of a baby "Velociraptor" and visits the raptor enclosure. During lunch, the group debates the ethics of cloning and the creation of the park; Malcolm warns about the implications of genetic engineering and scoffs at the park's conceptualization, saying that it will inevitably break down.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Hammond's grandchildren, Lex and Tim, join for a tour of the park, while Hammond oversees from the control room. The tour does not go as planned, with most of the dinosaurs failing to appear and the group encountering a sick "Triceratops"; it is cut short as a tropical storm approaches. Most of the park employees leave for the mainland on a boat while the visitors return to their electric tour vehicles, except Sattler, who stays behind with the park's veterinarian to study the "Triceratops".


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Jurassic Park's disgruntled lead computer programmer, Dennis Nedry, has been bribed by Dodgson, a man working for Hammond's corporate rival, to steal fertilized dinosaur embryos. Nedry deactivates the park's security system to gain access to the embryo storage room and stores the embryos inside a container disguised as a shaving cream can. Nedry's sabotage also cuts power to the tour vehicles, stranding them just as they near the park's "Tyrannosaurus rex" paddock. Most of the park's electric fences are also deactivated, allowing the "Tyrannosaurus" to escape and attack the group. After the "Tyrannosaurus" overturns a tour vehicle, it injures Malcolm and devours Gennaro, while Grant, Lex, and Tim escape. On his way to deliver the embryos to the island's docks, Nedry becomes lost in the rain, crashes his Jeep Wrangler, and is killed by a "Dilophosaurus".


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Sattler helps the game warden, Robert Muldoon, search for survivors; they only find an injured Malcolm, just before the "Tyrannosaurus" returns and chases them away. Grant, Tim, and Lex take shelter in a treetop and encounter a "Brachiosaurus". They later discover the broken shells of dinosaur eggs, and Grant concludes that the dinosaurs have been breeding, which occurred because of their amphibian DNA—animals like West African frogs can change their gender in a single-sex environment, allowing the dinosaurs to do so as well.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Unable to decipher Nedry's code to reactivate the security system, Hammond and chief engineer Ray Arnold reboot the park's system. The group shuts down the park's grid and retreats to an emergency bunker while Arnold heads to a maintenance shed to complete the rebooting process. When Arnold fails to return, Sattler and Muldoon head to the shed. They discover the shutdown has deactivated the remaining fences and released the "Velociraptors". Muldoon distracts the raptors while Sattler goes to turn the power back on before being attacked by a raptor and discovering Arnold's severed arm. Meanwhile, Muldoon is caught off-guard and killed by the other two raptors.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Grant, Tim and Lex reach the visitor center. Grant heads out to look for Sattler, leaving Tim and Lex inside. Tim and Lex are pursued by the raptors in a kitchen, but they escape and join Grant and Sattler, who have returned. The group reaches the control room and Lex uses Nedry's computer to restore the park's power, allowing them to call Hammond, who calls for help. As they try to escape by the front entrance, they are cornered by the raptors, but they escape when the "Tyrannosaurus" appears and kills the raptors. Hammond arrives in a jeep with Malcolm, and the group boards a helicopter to leave the island.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Michael Crichton originally conceived a screenplay about a graduate student who recreates a dinosaur. He continued to wrestle with his fascination with dinosaurs and cloning until he began writing the novel "Jurassic Park". Before its publication, Steven Spielberg learned of the novel in October 1989, while he was discussing a screenplay with Crichton that would become the television series "ER". Spielberg recognized what really fascinated him about "Jurassic Park" was it was "a really credible look at how dinosaurs might someday be brought back alongside modern mankind", going beyond a simple monster movie.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Before the book was published, Crichton had demanded a non-negotiable fee of $1.5 million for the film rights and a substantial percentage of the gross. Warner Bros. and Tim Burton, Columbia Pictures and Richard Donner, and 20th Century Fox and Joe Dante bid for the rights, but Universal Studios eventually acquired them in May 1990 for Spielberg. After completing "Hook", Spielberg wanted to film "Schindler's List". Sid Sheinberg, president of Music Corporation of America (Universal Pictures's parent company at the time) gave the green light to "Schindler's List" on the condition Spielberg make "Jurassic Park" first. He said later by choosing a creature-driven thriller, he wanted to try to make a good sequel to "Jaws", on land. Spielberg also cited "Godzilla" as an inspiration for "Jurassic Park", specifically "Godzilla, King of the Monsters!" (1956), which he grew up watching. During production, Spielberg described "Godzilla" as the most masterful of all the dinosaur movies because it made him and viewers believe it was really happening.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: To create the dinosaurs, Spielberg thought of hiring Bob Gurr, who designed a giant mechanical King Kong for Universal Studios Hollywood's "King Kong Encounter". Upon reflection, he felt life-sized dinosaurs would be too expensive and not at all convincing. Instead Spielberg sought the best effects supervisors in Hollywood. He brought in Stan Winston to create the animatronic dinosaurs; Phil Tippett (credited as Dinosaur Supervisor) to create go motion dinosaurs for long shots; Michael Lantieri to supervise the on-set effects; and Dennis Muren of Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) to do the digital compositing. Paleontologist Jack Horner supervised the designs, to help fulfill Spielberg's desire to portray the dinosaurs as animals rather than monsters. Certain concepts about dinosaurs, like the theory they evolved into birds and had very little in common with lizards, were followed. This prompted the removal of the raptors' flicking tongues in Tippett's early animatics, as Horner complained it was implausible. Winston's department created fully detailed models of the dinosaurs before molding latex skins, which were fitted over complex robotics. Tippett created stop-motion animatics of the raptors in the kitchen and the "Tyrannosaurus" attacking the car. Despite go motion's attempts at motion blurs, Spielberg found the end results unsatisfactory for a live-action feature film. Muren told Spielberg he thought the dinosaurs could be built using computer-generated imagery; the director asked him to prove it. ILM animators Mark Dippé and Steve Williams developed a computer-generated walk cycle for the "T. rex" skeleton and were approved to do more. When Spielberg and Tippett saw an animatic of the "T. rex" chasing a herd of "Gallimimus", Spielberg said, "You're out of a job", to which Tippett replied, "Don't you mean extinct?" Spielberg later injected this exchange into the script, as a conversation between Malcolm and Grant. Although no go motion was used, Tippett and his animators were still used by the production to supervise dinosaur movement. Tippett acted as a consultant for dinosaur anatomy, and his stop motion animators were re-trained as computer animators. The animatics made by Tippett's team were also used, along with the storyboards, as a reference for what would be shot during the action sequences. ILM's artists were sent on private tours to the local animal park, so they could study large animals – rhinos, elephants, alligators, and giraffes – up close. They also took mime classes to aid in understanding movements.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Universal paid Crichton a further $500,000 to adapt his own novel, which he had finished by the time Spielberg was filming "Hook". Crichton noted that because the book was "fairly long" his script had about 10 to 20 percent of the novel's content; scenes were dropped for budgetary and practical reasons, and the violence was toned down. Malia Scotch Marmo began a script rewrite in October 1991 over a five-month period, merging Ian Malcolm with Alan Grant.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Spielberg wanted another writer to rework the script, so Universal president Casey Silver recommended David Koepp, co-writer of "Death Becomes Her". Koepp started afresh from Marmo's draft, and used Spielberg's idea of a cartoon shown to the visitors to remove much of the exposition that fills Crichton's novel. While Koepp tried to avoid excessive character detail "because whenever they started talking about their personal lives, you couldn't care less", he tried to flesh out the characters and make for a more colorful cast, with moments such as Malcolm flirting with Sattler leading to Grant's jealousy. Some characterizations were changed from the novel. Hammond went from being a ruthless businessman to a kindly old man, because Spielberg identified with Hammond's obsession with showmanship. He also switched the characters of Tim and Lex; in the book, Tim is aged eleven and interested in computers, and Lex is only seven or eight and interested in sports. Spielberg did this because he wanted to work with the younger Joseph Mazzello, and it allowed him to introduce the sub-plot of Lex's adolescent crush on Grant. Koepp changed Grant's relationship with the children, making him hostile to them initially to allow for more character development.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Two scenes from the book were ultimately excised. Spielberg removed the opening sequence with "Procompsognathus" attacking a young child as he found it too horrific. For budgetary reasons Koepp cut the "T. rex" chasing Grant and the children down a river before being tranquilized by Muldoon. Both parts were included in film sequels. Spielberg suggested adding the scene where the "T. rex" pursues a jeep, which at first only had the characters driving away after hearing the dinosaur's footsteps.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: William Hurt was initially offered the role of Alan Grant, but turned it down without reading the script. Harrison Ford was also offered the role of Grant, before Sam Neill was ultimately cast three or four weeks before filming began. Neill said "it all happened real quick. I hadn't read the book, knew nothing about it, hadn't heard anything about it, and in a matter of weeks I'm working with Spielberg". Janet Hirshenson, the film's casting director, felt Jeff Goldblum would be the right choice to play Ian Malcolm after reading the novel. Jim Carrey also auditioned for the role. According to Hirshenson, Carrey "was terrific, too, but I think pretty quickly we all loved the idea of Jeff".


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Laura Dern was Spielberg's first choice for the role of Ellie Sattler though she was not the only actress offered the part. Robin Wright and Juliette Binoche turned down the role. Gwyneth Paltrow and Helen Hunt auditioned for the role of Ellie Sattler. Spielberg chose to cast Wayne Knight as Dennis Nedry after seeing his acting performance in "Basic Instinct".


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Ariana Richards, who plays Lex Murphy, said: "I was called into a casting office, and they just wanted me to scream. I heard later on that Steven had watched a few girls on tape that day, and I was the only one who ended up waking his sleeping wife on the couch, and she came running through the hallway to see if the kids were all right". Christina Ricci also auditioned for the role. Joseph Mazzello had screen-tested for a role in "Hook", but was deemed too young. Spielberg promised him they would work together on a future film. Sean Connery was considered for the role of John Hammond before Richard Attenborough was chosen. It was Attenborough's first screen appearance as an actor in 13 years.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Cameron Thor had previously worked with Spielberg on "Hook", and initially auditioned for the role of Malcolm, before trying out for the role of Dodgson. In the film, Dodgson gives Nedry a container disguised as a can of shaving cream that is used to transport the embryos. Thor said about his casting: "It just said 'shaving-cream can' in the script, so I spent endless time in a drug store to find the most photogenic. I went with Barbasol, which ended up in the movie. I was so broke that I took the can home after the audition to use it".


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: After 25 months of pre-production, filming began on August 24, 1992, on the Hawaiian island of Kauai. While the Dominican Republic and Costa Rica were considered as locations, given they are the novel's settings, Spielberg's concerns over infrastructure and accessibility made him choose a place where he had already worked. The three-week shoot involved various daytime exteriors for Isla Nublar's forests. On September 11, Hurricane Iniki passed directly over Kauai, costing a day of shooting. Several of the storm scenes from the film are of actual footage shot during the hurricane. The scheduled shoot of the "Gallimimus" chase was moved to Kualoa Ranch on the island of Oahu. One of the early scenes had to be created by digitally animating a still shot of scenery. The opening scene was shot in Haiku, on the island of Maui, with additional scenes filmed on the "forbidden island" of Niihau. The exterior of the Visitor Center was a large façade constructed on the grounds of the Valley House Plantation Estate in Kauai. Samuel L. Jackson was to film a lengthy death scene where his character is chased and killed by raptors, but the set was destroyed by Hurricane Iniki.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: By mid-September, the crew moved to California, to shoot the raptors in the kitchen at Stage 24 of the Universal studio lot. Given the kitchen set was filled with reflective surfaces, cinematographer Dean Cundey had to carefully plan the illumination while also using black cloths to hide the light reflections. The crew also shot the scenes involving the power supply on Stage 23, before going on location to Red Rock Canyon for the Montana dig scenes. The crew returned to Universal to shoot Grant's rescue of Tim, using a fifty-foot prop with hydraulic wheels for the car fall, and the "Brachiosaurus" encounter. The crew filmed scenes for the Park's labs and control room, which used animations for the computers lent by Silicon Graphics and Apple. While Crichton's book features electric-powered Toyota Land Cruisers as the tour cars in Jurassic Park, Spielberg made a deal with the Ford Motor Company, who provided seven Ford Explorers. The Explorers were modified by ILM's crew and veteran customizer George Barris to create the illusion they were autonomous cars by hiding the driver in the car's trunk. Barris also customized the Jeep Wranglers featured in the production.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: The crew moved to Warner Bros. Studios' Stage 16 to shoot the "T. rex" attack on the LSX powered SUVs. Shooting proved frustrating because when water soaked the foam rubber skin of the animatronic dinosaur, it caused the "T. rex" to shake and quiver from the extra weight when the foam absorbed it. This forced Stan Winston's crew to dry the model with shammys between takes. On the set, Malcolm distracting the dinosaur with a flare was included at Jeff Goldblum's suggestion. He felt a heroic action was better than going by the script, where like Gennaro, Malcolm was scared and ran away. The ripples in the glass of water caused by the "T. rex"s footsteps were inspired by Spielberg listening to Earth, Wind and Fire in his car, and the vibrations the bass rhythm caused. Lantieri was unsure how to create the shot until the night before filming when he put a glass of water on a guitar he was playing, which achieved the concentric circles in the water Spielberg wanted. The next morning, guitar strings were put inside the car and a man on the floor plucked them to achieve the effect. Back at Universal, the crew filmed scenes with the "Dilophosaurus" on Stage 27. Finally, the shoot finished on Stage 12, with the climactic chases with the raptors in the Park's computer rooms and Visitor's Center. Spielberg changed the climax to bring back the "T. rex", abandoning the original ending where Grant uses a platform machine to maneuver a raptor into a fossil tyrannosaur's jaws. The scene, which already included the juxtaposition of live dinosaurs in a museum filled with fossils, while also destroying the bones, now had an ending where the "T. rex" saved the protagonists, and afterwards made what Spielberg described as a "King Kong roar" while an ironic banner reading "When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth" flew. The film wrapped twelve days ahead of schedule on November 30, and within days, editor Michael Kahn had a rough cut ready, allowing Spielberg to go ahead with filming "Schindler's List".


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Despite the title of the film's referencing the Jurassic period, "Brachiosaurus" and "Dilophosaurus" are the only dinosaurs featured that actually lived during that time; the other species featured did not exist until the Cretaceous period. This is acknowledged in the film during a scene where Dr. Grant describes the ferocity of the "Velociraptor" to a young boy, saying: "Try to imagine yourself in the Cretaceous period..."


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Special effects work continued on the film, with Tippett's unit adjusting to new technology with Dinosaur Input Devices: models which fed information into computers to allow them to animate the characters like stop motion puppets. In addition, they acted out scenes with the raptors and "Gallimimus". As well as the computer-generated dinosaurs, ILM also created elements such as water splashing and digital face replacement for Ariana Richards' stunt double. Compositing the dinosaurs onto the live action scenes took around an hour. Rendering the dinosaurs often took two to four hours per frame, and rendering the "T. rex" in the rain took six hours per frame.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Spielberg monitored their progress from Poland during the filming of "Schindler's List", and had teleconferences four times a week with ILM's crew. The director described working simultaneously in two vastly different productions as "a bipolar experience", where he used "every ounce of intuition on "Schindler's List" and every ounce of craft on "Jurassic Park"". Some of the software used to create dinosaurs and other visual effects was Pixar's RenderMan and Softimage 3D. Industrial Light & Magic also used the program Viewpaint, which allowed the visual effects artists to paint color and texture directly onto the surface of the computer models.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Along with the digital effects, Spielberg wanted the film to be the first with digital sound. He funded the creation of DTS (Digital Theater Systems), which allows audiences to "really hear the movie the way it was intended to be heard". The sound effects crew, supervised by George Lucas, were finished by the end of April. Sound designer Gary Rydstrom considered it a fun process, given the film had all kinds of noise—animal sounds, rain, gunshots, car crashes—and at times no music. During the process, Spielberg would take the weekends to fly from Poland to Paris, where he would meet Rydstrom to see the sound progress. Former ILM CG Animator Steve "Spaz" Williams said that it took nearly a year for the shots that involved computer-generated dinosaurs to be completed. "Jurassic Park" was finally completed on May 28, 1993.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: John Williams began scoring the film at the end of February, and it was recorded a month later. Alexander Courage and John Neufeld provided the score's orchestrations. As with "Close Encounters of the Third Kind", another Spielberg film he scored, Williams felt he needed to write "pieces that would convey a sense of 'awe' and fascination" given it dealt with the "overwhelming happiness and excitement" that would emerge from seeing live dinosaurs. In turn more suspenseful scenes such as the "Tyrannosaurus" attack required frightening themes. The first soundtrack album was released on May 25, 1993. For the 20th anniversary of the film's release, a new soundtrack was issued for digital download on April 9, 2013, including four bonus tracks personally selected by Williams.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Universal took the lengthy pre-production period to carefully plan the "Jurassic Park" marketing campaign. It cost $65 million and included deals with 100 companies to market 1,000 products. These included: three "Jurassic Park" video games by Sega and Ocean Software; a toy line by Kenner distributed by Hasbro; McDonald's "Dino-Sized meals"; and a novelization for young children.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: The film's trailers provided only a fleeting glimpse of the dinosaurs, a tactic journalist Josh Horowitz described as "that old Spielberg axiom of never revealing too much" after Spielberg and director Michael Bay did the same for their production of "Transformers" in 2007. The film was marketed with the tagline "An Adventure 65 Million Years in the Making". This was a joke Spielberg made on set about the genuine, thousands of years old mosquito in amber used for Hammond's walking stick.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: "Jurassic Park" was premiered at the Uptown Theater (Washington, D.C.) on June 9, 1993, in support of two children's charities. The film had previews on 1,412 screens starting at 9:30 pm EDT on Thursday, June 10, and officially opened on Friday in 2,404 theater locations and an estimated 3,400 screens. Following the film's release, a traveling exhibition called "The Dinosaurs of Jurassic Park" began, showcasing dinosaur skeletons and film props. The film began its international release on June 25, in Brazil before further openings in South America and then rolling out around most of the rest of the world from July 16 until October. The United Kingdom premiere helped save the Lyric Theatre in Carmarthen, Wales from closure, an event chronicled in the 2022 film "Save the Cinema".


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: In anticipation of the Blu-ray release, "Jurassic Park" had a digital print released in UK cinemas on September 23, 2011. It wound up grossing £245,422 ($786,021) from 276 theaters, finishing at eleventh on the weekend box office list.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Two years later, on the 20th anniversary of "Jurassic Park," a 3D version of the film was released in cinemas. Spielberg declared that he had produced the film with a sort of "subconscious 3D", as scenes feature animals walking toward the cameras and some effects of foreground and background overlay. In 2011, he stated in an interview that "Jurassic Park" was the only one of his works he had considered for a conversion. Once he saw the 3D version of "Titanic" in 2012, he liked the new look of the film so much that he hired the same retrofitting company, Stereo D. Spielberg and cinematographer Janusz Kamiński closely supervised the nine-month process in-between the production of "Lincoln". Stereo D executive Aaron Parry said the conversion was an evolution of what the company had done with "Titanic", "being able to capitalize on everything we learned with Jim on "Titanic" and take it into a different genre and movie, and one with so many technical achievements". The studio had the help of ILM, which contributed some elements and updated effects shots for a better visual enhancement. It opened in the United States and seven other territories on April 5, 2013, with other countries receiving the re-release over the following six months. In 2018, the film was re-released in select theaters to celebrate its 25th anniversary.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: "Jurassic Park" was first released on VHS and LaserDisc on October 4, 1994. With 17 million units sold, "Jurassic Park" is the fifth best-selling VHS tape ever. Three years later, a THX certified Widescreen VHS was released on September 9, 1997.


title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: The film was also first released as a Collector's Edition DVD and VHS on October 10, 2000, in both Widescreen (1.85:1) and Full Screen (1.33:1) versions, and as part of a box set with the sequel "" and both movies' soundtrack albums. It was the 13th best-selling DVD of 2000 counting both versions, finishing the year with 910,000 units sold. Following the release of "Jurassic Park III", a new box set with all the films called "Jurassic Park Trilogy" was released on December 11, 2001; it was re-released on VHS and DVD as part of its 15th anniversary on October 8, 2004. It was repackaged as "Jurassic Park Adventure Pack" on November 29, 2005.