title: Andor (TV series)

text: By late January 2021, a large village set had been built on the grounds of a former quarry in Little Marlow, Buckinghamshire, not far from Pinewood Studios, with filming expected to last there until April. Filming in April also took place at the Coryton Refinery in Corringham, Essex, and in East London at Canary Wharf where the plaza under the bridge to the Elizabeth Line station served as the entrance to the Imperial Security Bureau on Coruscant. Canary Wharf had also been a filming location for Rogue One. The concrete walkways of the Barbican Centre were used to represent buildings on Coruscant. Several days of filming occurred in Cleveleys on the Fylde Coast of Lancashire in early May, with the town's promenade and beach area dressed as an alien location, later revealed to be the resort planet of Niamos followed by another several days filming in the disused Winspit quarry in Dorset. Second unit and location filming began for at least a week at the end of May in Black Park, a country park in Buckinghamshire near Pinewood Studios which was also used for filming Disney's "Star Wars" films. By the end of May, main production on "Pilgrim" had moved to Glen Tilt in Perthshire, Scotland, and was expected to continue there until late June. Around 500 crewmembers travelled to Oban, Scotland, for filming at the nearby Cruachan Dam. This started by June 18, with sets built around the dam and filming also happening in its tunnels. From June 22 to 24, filming took place at Middle Peak Quarry near Wirksworth, Derbyshire. Production was expected to wrap in mid-2021, and Luna confirmed that it had finished by September 27.


title: Andor (TV series)

text: The second season began filming on November 21, 2022, and will last until August 2023, with Gilroy anticipating a year for post-production as with the first season. Episodes will once again be filmed in "blocks" of three episodes at a time, with each block moving the story a year closer to the events of "Rogue One". Gilroy stated he would not direct in the second season because of his commitments as showrunner. Ariel Kleiman, Janus Metz, and Alonso Ruizpalacios will direct episodes of the second season, with Kleiman directing six episodes.


title: Andor (TV series)

text: Gilroy contacted Nicholas Britell about composing for the series in 2020, before filming began so he could compose source music that would be played on set. Gilroy and Britell, who are neighbors in Manhattan, first met for the project in August 2020. Kennedy and Gilroy wanted the series to have a unique sound, and Britell said it would be "orchestral-plus" with a "wide range of sounds" including some that he had created. He added that the large scope of the series meant that "every episode has new demands, new music, and new ideas. It's important that as the story evolves, the music should evolve too." Britell was publicly revealed to be the series' composer in February 2022, and was still working on it that May when he said they had been "working nonstop for months, actually years, at this point". Recording was underway by then at AIR Lyndhurst studios in London, with a full orchestra. Britell was unable to travel to London due to the pandemic, but had a team in place there that also worked with him on other television series.


title: Andor (TV series)

text: A sizzle reel featuring behind-the-scenes footage of pre-production and filming was released during Disney's Investors Day presentation in December 2020, when the series' title and cast was officially announced by Kennedy. Gilroy, Luna, and O'Reilly promoted the series at "Star Wars" Celebration in May 2022, where they revealed the first teaser trailer. "The Hollywood Reporter" Aaron Couch said it showed the "gritty side" of the "Star Wars" universe. Daniel Chin of "The Ringer" felt the series had a unique identity in the "Star Wars" franchise, with a darker tone, and said the teaser "paints a picture of the formative years of the rebellion against the Empire". Ryan Scott from "/Film" felt the teaser gave the "most comprehensive view at the show up to this point". He said the series could explore the morality behind the Rebels, writing that while they are usually seen as heroes there is also "much gray area in there to be explored". Writing for "CNET", Sean Keane felt the trailer did not give much away but gave an "intriguing taste of the show's espionage tone".


title: Andor (TV series)

text: Luna promoted the series and debuted the official trailer on "Good Morning America" on August 1. Hattie Lindert from "The A.V. Club" highlighted the action scenes in the trailer, saying "In addition to the epic scale and darker tone, the series also promises intense fight scenes created with limited green screen use" and also noted Gilroy's experience with action films due to his work on the "Jason Bourne" films. "The Hollywood Reporter" James Hibberd enjoyed Andor's increased screen-time in the trailer compared to the teaser, and felt the series was a "welcome scenic change from the company’s previous "Star Wars" shows". At CNN, Scottie Andrew felt it "reveals a bit more about Andor's evolution from common thief to galactic martyr". Luna and Kennedy promoted the series at the 2022 D23 Expo, with "CNET"s Keane writing "The trailer paints a pretty grim setup for revolutionary fighter Cassian Andor and his pals, as fighting the Empire and row upon row of Stormtroopers looks like a one-way ticket to death". Meanwhile, "Collider"s Rachel Leishman felt the trailer "gives us a bit more of a look at where the rebellion is and who is fighting back against the Empire" and was excited for the portrayal of the Empire in the series, writing "Seeing these little missions and the feelings that the rebels have towards the Empire feels so perfectly align with what we know about Cassian that this trailer really just has us excited for what is to come with the series".


title: Andor (TV series)

text: "Andor" premiered on Disney+ on September 21, 2022, with the first three episodes being released. The rest of the 12-episode first season was released weekly, until November 23, 2022. The series previously was expected to debut in 2021, before production was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic. It was originally set to premiere on August 31 with two episodes. In November 2022, Disney announced that the first two episodes of the first season would air on ABC on November 23, on FX on November 24, and Freeform on November 25, and be available on Hulu from November 23 through December 7. A similar move was to be also replicated across various countries in Europe, including Portugal, Spain, Poland and the Netherlands, with the first two episodes airing on Fox, on November 24 or 25, depending on the country.


title: Andor (TV series)

text: The second season will also consist of 12 episodes, with Gilroy expecting it to release in late 2024.


title: Andor (TV series)

text: According to Whip Media's viewership tracking app TV Time, "Andor" was the 2nd most anticipated new television series for September 2022. According to the streaming aggregator JustWatch, "Andor" was the most streamed television series across all platforms in the United States, during the week of September 25, 2022, the 7th during the week of November 7th, 2022 to November 13, 2022, and the 6th during the week of November 14, 2022 to November 20, 2022. According to the streaming aggregator Reelgood, "Andor" was the most watched program across all platforms during the week of September 28, 2022, the 3rd during the week of October 5, 2022, the 3rd during the week of October 14, 2022, the 7th during the week of October 26, 2022, and the 8th during the week of November 11, 2022.


title: Andor (TV series)

text: According to Whip Media, "Andor" was the 3rd most streamed original series across all platforms in the U.S. during the week of October 16, 2022, the most streamed original series across all platforms in the U.S. during the week of October 23, 2022, the most during the week of October 30, 2022, the most during the week of November 6, 2022, the most during the week of November 13, 2022, the most during the week of November 20, 2022, and the most during the week of November 27, 2022.


title: Andor (TV series)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 96% with an average rating of 8.50/10 based on 576 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "A gritty adventure told from the ground perspective of the Empire's reign, "Andor" is an exceptionally mature and political entry into the "Star Wars" mythos – and one of the best yet." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 74 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Andor (TV series)

text: In a four star review, "The Guardian" called "Andor" "the best Star Wars show since "The Mandalorian"", while "Variety" was positive towards "Andor"s departure from other "Star Wars" projects with a "story of people who have nothing to do with Solos, Skywalkers or Palpatines, but whose lives matter nonetheless".


title: Andor (TV series)

text: "Andor" appeared in the top ten on numerous publications' "Best of 2022" lists, including first for "IGN", "Polygon", "Vulture", "Empire", and "USA Today", among others.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: Jennifer Anne Garner (born April 17, 1972) is an American actress. Born in Houston, Texas, and raised in Charleston, West Virginia, Garner studied theater at Denison University and began acting as an understudy for the Roundabout Theatre Company in New York City. She made her screen debut in the television adaptation of Danielle Steel's romance novel "Zoya" in 1995. She had guest television appearances and supporting film roles, as well as a featured role on the teen drama television series "Time of Your Life" (1999–2000) and a supporting role in the war drama "Pearl Harbor" (2001).


title: Jennifer Garner

text: Garner gained recognition for her leading performance as CIA officer Sydney Bristow in the ABC spy-action thriller television series "Alias" (2001–2006). For her work on the series, she won the Golden Globe for Best Actress – Television Series Drama and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress in a Television Drama, in addition to four consecutive nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. She received additional praise for her performance in the romantic comedy "13 Going on 30" (2004), and went on to portray Elektra in the superhero films "Daredevil" (2003) and "Elektra" (2005). She continued to achieve commercial success with performances in the comedy-drama "Juno" (2007), and the romantic comedies "Ghosts of Girlfriends Past" (2009) and "Valentine's Day" (2010).


title: Jennifer Garner

text: Garner had starring film roles in the fantasy-comedy "The Invention of Lying" (2009), the fantasy drama "The Odd Life of Timothy Green" (2012), and the biographic drama "Dallas Buyers Club" (2013), the latter of which earned her a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. She went on to star in the family comedy "Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day" (2014), the drama "Miracles from Heaven" (2016), the romantic comedy-drama "Love, Simon" (2018), the HBO comedy series "Camping" (2018), the action thriller "Peppermint" (2018) and action-comedy "The Adam Project" (2022). Garner has also produced and starred in the comedy "Butter" (2011) and the family adventure "Yes Day" (2021).


title: Jennifer Garner

text: Garner works as an activist for early childhood education and is a board member of Save the Children USA. She is the co-founder and chief brand officer of the organic baby food company Once Upon a Farm. She is also an advocate for anti-paparazzi campaigns among children of celebrities.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: Jennifer Anne Garner was born on April 17, 1972, in Houston, Texas, but moved to Charleston, West Virginia at age three. Her father, William John Garner, worked as a chemical engineer for Union Carbide; her mother, Patricia Ann English, was a homemaker and later an English teacher at a local college. She has two sisters. Garner has described herself as a typical middle child who sought to differentiate herself from her accomplished older sister. While Garner did not grow up in a politically active household, her father was "very conservative" and her mother "quietly blue". She attended a local United Methodist Church every Sunday and went to Vacation Bible School. As teenagers, she and her sisters were not allowed to wear makeup, paint their nails, pierce their ears, or dye their hair; she has joked that her family's "take on the world" was "practically Amish".


title: Jennifer Garner

text: She attended George Washington High School in Charleston. In 1990, Garner enrolled at Denison University in Granville, Ohio, where she changed her major from chemistry to theater and was a member of Pi Beta Phi sorority. She spent the fall semester of 1993 studying at the National Theater Institute at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut. During college summers, she worked summer stock theatre. In 1994, she graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in theater performance.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: As a college student, Garner performed in summer stock theatre. In addition to performing, Garner helped sell tickets, build sets, and clean the venues. She worked at the Timber Lake Playhouse in Mount Carroll, Illinois, in 1992, the Barn Theatre in Augusta, Michigan, in 1993, and the Georgia Shakespeare Festival in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1994. Garner moved to New York City in 1995. During her first year in the city, Garner earned $150 per week as an understudy for a Roundabout Theatre Company production of "A Month in the Country" and made her first on-screen appearance as Melissa Gilbert's daughter in the romance miniseries "Zoya". In 1996, she played an Amish woman in the television movie "Harvest of Fire" and a shopkeeper in the Western miniseries "Dead Man's Walk". She appeared in the independent short film "In Harm's Way" and made one-off appearances in the legal dramas "Swift Justice" and "Law & Order". Garner also supplemented her income by working as a hostess at a restaurant on the Upper West Side.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: After moving to Los Angeles in 1997, Garner gained her first leading role in the television film "Rose Hill" and made her first feature film appearance in the period drama "Washington Square". She appeared in the comedy film "Mr. Magoo", the independent drama "1999" and Woody Allen's "Deconstructing Harry", though most of her performance was cut from the film. In 1998, Garner appeared in an episode of "Fantasy Island" and was cast as a series regular in the Fox drama "Significant Others", but Ken Tucker of "Entertainment Weekly" thought there was "no center" to the character as played by Garner. Fox canceled the series after airing three of six filmed episodes. Garner's most significant role of 1998 was in J. J. Abrams' college drama "Felicity". In 1999, Garner was cast as a series regular in another Fox drama, "Time of Your Life", but it was canceled midway through the first season. Also in 1999, she appeared in the miniseries "" and in two episodes of the action drama "The Pretender".


title: Jennifer Garner

text: Garner played the girlfriend of Ashton Kutcher's character in the comedy "Dude, Where's My Car?" (2000). In 2001, she appeared briefly opposite her husband Foley in the drama "Stealing Time" and had a small role as a nurse in the war epic "Pearl Harbor". Also in 2001, Garner was cast as the star of the ABC spy thriller "Alias". The show's creator, J. J. Abrams, wrote the part of Sydney Bristow with Garner in mind. "Alias" aired for five seasons from 2001 to 2006; Garner's salary began at $40,000 per episode and rose to $150,000 per episode by the series' end. During the show's run, Garner won a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress (with a further three Globe nominations), and received four nominations for the Emmy Award for Best Actress.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: While "Alias" was airing, Garner continued to work in film intermittently. She had an "other-worldly" experience when Steven Spielberg called to offer her a role as a high-class call girl in "Catch Me if You Can" (2002). After seeing her in "Alias", Spielberg thought for sure "she would be the next superstar". She filmed her scene opposite Leonardo DiCaprio during a one-day shoot. Garner's first co-starring film role was in the action film "Daredevil" (2003), in which she played Elektra to Ben Affleck's Daredevil. The physicality required for the role was something Garner had discovered "an aptitude for" through her work on "Alias". Elvis Mitchell of "The New York Times" wrote that she "realizes Elektra more through movement than by way of her lumpy, obvious lines. She hasn't mastered the combat skill of tossing off bad material." While "Daredevil" received mixed reviews, it was a box office success. Also in 2003, she voiced herself in an episode of "The Simpsons".


title: Jennifer Garner

text: Garner's first leading film role, in the romantic comedy "13 Going on 30" (2004), was widely praised. She played a teenager who finds herself trapped in the body of a thirty-year-old. Garner chose Gary Winick to direct the film and they continued to look for other projects to do together until his death in 2011. Manohla Dargis of the "Los Angeles Times" found her to be "startling": "Whenever she's on screen you don't want to look anywhere else." Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" called it an "utterly beguiling" performance, writing, "You can pinpoint the moment in it when Garner becomes a star." Ann Hornaday of "The Washington Post" remarked: "Garner is clearly cut out to be America's next Sweetheart; she has the same magic mix of allure and accessibility that the job calls for." "13 Going on 30" grossed $96 million worldwide. Garner reprised the character of Elektra in the 2005 "Daredevil" spin-off "Elektra"; it was a box office and critical failure. Claudia Puig of "USA Today" concluded that Garner "is far more appealing when she's playing charming and adorable, as she did so winningly in "13 Going on 30"". Garner next starred in the romantic drama "Catch and Release". Although filmed in 2005 in between seasons of "Alias", it was not released until early 2007 and failed to recoup its production budget. Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" praised Garner's ability "to blend charm and gravity" but Peter Hartlaub of the "San Francisco Chronicle" felt that, while her "natural beauty and likability are still assets, [she] seems occasionally challenged by what should be an easy role".


title: Jennifer Garner

text: After a one-year break following the conclusion of "Alias", her wedding to Affleck, and the birth of her first child, Garner returned to work in 2007. Her supporting role in "Juno" as a woman desperate to adopt a child was described by Kyle Buchanan of "New York Magazine" as a turning point in her career: "She came into the movie a steely figure, and left it as the mother you'd give your own child to ... Writer Diablo Cody and director Jason Reitman expertly deploy Garner's innate humanity as a trump card." Lisa Schwarzbaum of "Entertainment Weekly" said Garner had never "been lovelier or more affecting". Also that same year, she played an FBI investigator in the action thriller "The Kingdom". She was nursing her baby during filming in Arizona and was hospitalized on two occasions with heatstroke.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: In late 2007 and early 2008, Garner played Roxanne to Kevin Kline's "Cyrano de Bergerac" at the Richard Rodgers Theatre on Broadway. In preparation for the role, Garner worked with vocal and movement coaches and took French lessons. Ben Brantley of "The New York Times" described her performance as "captivating": "Ms. Garner, I am pleased to report, makes Roxane a girl worth pining over ... [She] speaks Anthony Burgess's peppery rhymed translation with unaffected sprightliness. If she's a tad stilted in the big tragic finale, her comic timing is impeccable." "The New Yorker"s theater critic was impressed by her "feistiness" and "lightness of comic touch". The play was recorded before a live audience and aired on PBS in 2008. In 2007, Garner became a spokesperson of skin care brand Neutrogena.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: Garner co-starred in two romantic comedies in 2009. She first appeared in "Ghosts of Girlfriends Past", portraying the childhood friend of a famous photographer and womanizer. While the film received lukewarm reviews, it grossed $102.2 million worldwide. Michael Phillips of "The Chicago Tribune" found Garner "easy to like and sharp with her timing"; he was disappointed to see her as "the love interest, which is not the same as a rounded character". Similarly, Manohla Dargis of "The New York Times" was dismayed to see Garner appear as "less a co-star than a place holder (you can almost see the words "enter generic female lead" in [the] screenplay)".


title: Jennifer Garner

text: Garner's second performance of 2009 was in comedian Ricky Gervais's directorial debut "The Invention of Lying". Gervais was keen to cast Garner—"always happy and always pleasant to everyone"—against type. In the film, she played the love interest of the first human with the ability to lie in a world where people can only tell the truth. Reviews for the movie were mixed and it made $32.4 million worldwide. David Edelstein of "New York Magazine" said Garner "proves again (the first time was "13 Going on 30") what a dizzying comedienne she is. She looks as if the wheels in her head are not just turning but falling off and needing to be screwed back on," while Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" said Garner "has never been better onscreen ... Garner gets to show a comic facility we haven't seen before."


title: Jennifer Garner

text: In Garry Marshall's ensemble romantic comedy "Valentine's Day" (2010), Garner shared scenes with Ashton Kutcher, Jessica Biel, and Patrick Dempsey. The film made $56.2 million in its US opening weekend; it eventually grossed $110.4 million domestically and $216.4 million worldwide. In 2011, she had a supporting role as a villainous deranged bride in the comedy "Arthur", a remake of the 1981 film of the same name, directed by Jason Winer and co-starring Russell Brand and Helen Mirren.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: Garner played a mother for the first time in 2012, in the drama "The Odd Life of Timothy Green", which followed a magical pre-adolescent boy whose personality and naïveté have profound effects on the people in his town. The film received mixed reviews from critics and made a modest $56 million worldwide.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: Garner reunited with Matthew McConaughey in the 2013 drama "Dallas Buyers Club", portraying the role of a doctor treating AIDS patients in Texas during the mid-1980s. The film received significant acclaim and was a box office success. Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" described Garner as "a radiant actress of rare spirit and sensitivity" and Betsy Sharkey of the "Los Angeles Times" said: "Garner is once again cast as a quintessentially decent, all-American girl, albeit a doctor. But the question of whether the actress has deeper emotional layers to bring to the screen is not answered here." David Edelstein of "New York" magazine said: "It's not a well-shaped role, but I've gotten to the point where I'm happy to see Garner in anything. She's incapable of phoniness." Also in 2013, Garner became the first celebrity spokesperson of the Italian fashion brand Max Mara.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: In 2014, Garner starred in the sports drama "Draft Day", as the fictional salary cap analyst of the Cleveland Browns. Critical reception toward the film was mixed and Mick LaSalle of "The San Francisco Chronicle", describing her part, remarked: "It's not much of a role, but she's perfectly nice in it. Perhaps someday someone will give Garner a chance to be something other than perfectly nice." Garner also co-starred with Steve Carell in the 2014 Disney adaptation of the popular children's book "Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day", taking on the role of the mother of the titular character. The film grossed $101 million worldwide. Sandie Angulo Chen of the "Washington Post" said: "Garner, who has long mastered the art of playing harried and overworked moms, is pleasantly frazzled." Her other film role in 2014 was that of an overprotective mother in the dramedy "Men, Women & Children", directed by Jason Reitman and co-starring Rosemarie DeWitt, Judy Greer, Dean Norris, and Adam Sandler. The film made $2.2 million worldwide, and Christopher Orr of "The Atlantic" said: "Garner does what she can as the Snooping Mom from Hell, but ultimately it's not much. The role is like a caricature of her performance in "Juno", minus the ultimate (and essential) redemption." In late 2014, Capital One signed Garner as their spokesperson for their Capital One Venture Air Miles credit card.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: In 2015's "Danny Collins", a drama inspired by the true story of folk singer Steve Tilston and starring Al Pacino and Annette Bening, Garner played the supporting role of the wife of Bobby Cannavale's character. The film was released in selected cinemas and was warmly received by critics; Stephanie Merry of "The Washington Post" felt Garner gave the movie "a powerful jolt of emotion". In 2016, Garner appeared in the Christian drama "Miracles from Heaven", playing the mother of a young girl who had a near-death experience and was later cured of an incurable disease. The film grossed $73.9 million worldwide and received generally mixed reviews from critics, who felt it "makes the most out of an outstanding performance" from Garner. Ken Jaworowski of "The New York Times" praised a "dedicated" and "heartfelt" performance, while Nigel Smith of "The Guardian" found "her subtly wrought work ... tremendously effective" in an otherwise "crassly manipulative" film. Also in 2016, Garner starred in the critically panned comedy "Nine Lives", playing the second wife of a workaholic father who has his mind trapped inside of his daughter's new cat. Garner made an uncredited cameo appearance in "Mother's Day" (2016).


title: Jennifer Garner

text: Garner appeared in the drama "Wakefield", which premiered at TIFF and was released in May 2017. Also in 2017, she starred in "The Tribes of Palos Verdes", and in friend Judy Greer's directorial debut "A Happening of Monumental Proportions." In 2018, she co-starred in "Love, Simon", an adaptation of the young-adult novel "Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda". Also that year, Garner voiced the role of Mama Llama for Netflix's original animated preschool series "Llama Llama", and starred as the lead in the action-revenge film "Peppermint", which was released on September 7.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: In August 2018, Garner was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. "Variety" praised her "radiant likability" and said she was second only to Tom Hanks. Also in 2018, she starred in the HBO television show "Camping".


title: Jennifer Garner

text: In 2020, Garner starred in the Quibi comedy miniseries "", a "fan made" recreation of the 1987 film of the same name produced in social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Filmed in a deliberately DIY fashion, it was created to raise money for World Central Kitchen. She also appeared in the Netflix comedy film "Yes Day", directed by Miguel Arteta and released in March 2021.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: In 2022, she appeared in The Adam Project, which reunited her with her 13 Going on 30 (2004) co-star Mark Ruffalo.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: Not long after the turn of the Twenty-First Century, Garner became one of the fourteen actors, not generally known for singing, who participated in the compilation album "Unexpected Dreams - Songs from the Stars," released on April 4, 2006, on which album she sang a solo version of "My Heart Is So Full Of You", from Frank Loesser's "The Most Happy Fella;" the original version had been a duet. (Victor Garber, who had portrayed Sydney Bristow's father Jack Bristow on "Alias," was another such actor on the same compilation album; "his" song on the album was Stephen Sondheim's "No One Is Alone", from "Into The Woods.") It was neither the first time, nor would it be the last, that Garner had ever done any singing publicly; she had previously sung "My Funny Valentine" when hosting a 2003 edition of "Saturday Night Live" on which Beck was the booked musical guest, and on "Alias," in the 2002 episode "Rendezvous", she sang a version of "Since I Fell For You" to which she wrote her own lyrics; she was not credited for either. Later, in 2016, Garner sang "Doin' It (All for My Baby)" in the 2016 Garry K. Marshall comedy-drama "Mother's Day," and in 2021, in the family comedy "Yes Day," she interpreted the Four Tops's 1964 chart selection "Baby I Need Your Loving".


title: Jennifer Garner

text: In 2009, Garner became an artist ambassador for Save the Children USA, promoting national literacy, nutrition, and early education efforts. Since 2014, Garner has served on the board of trustees for the organization, advocating for early childhood education. As an ambassador, she frequently visits with families involved in the organization's Early Steps to School Success program, which coaches families to help children learn in the early years.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: In 2011, Garner partnered with Frigidaire as part of her work with Save the Children. In 2013, Garner took her eldest daughter Violet to a Save the Children gala in New York: "My husband and I have never taken our kids to a public event before, but I brought my daughter Violet, because ... I want her to see the passionate commitment Mark Shriver and Hillary Clinton have to make the world a better place for everyone." In 2014, she joined the Invest in Us campaign. In 2015, she appeared in "A Path Appears", a PBS documentary that focuses on rural poverty among children in West Virginia.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: In 2002, Garner filmed a 30-second television advertisement for her childhood friend Corey Palumbo, who was running as a Democratic candidate for the West Virginia House of Delegates. In 2006, she spoke at a rally in support of Democratic congressional candidate Jerry McNerney in Pleasanton, California. In 2008, she hosted two fund-raisers for Barack Obama during the 2008 Democratic Primary. In 2007, Garner said she was "not a particularly outwardly political person". In 2014, Garner donated $25,000 to the campaign of Democratic politician Wendy Davis. During the 2016 presidential campaign, Garner hosted a fundraiser in support of Hillary Clinton in Bozeman, Montana. Garner also attended voter registration and phone bank events in support of Clinton in Reno, Nevada.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: In 2007, Garner appeared in a global warming awareness video produced by the Center for American Progress Action Fund.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: Garner has campaigned for laws to protect her children from paparazzi, stating in 2013: "There's an idea that because our pictures are everywhere that we are complicit in it. When really what happens is they're waiting outside our door every single day." In August 2013, Garner testified before the California Assembly Judiciary Committee in support of a bill that would protect celebrities' children from harassment by photographers. Her six-year-old daughter made a speech about her personal experiences at a private event in support of the bill. The bill passed in September 2013 and is now California law. While photographs of children may still be taken, behavior which "seriously alarms, annoys, torments, or terrorizes" children is illegal, as is "lying in wait" outside their various activities. In 2014, her then-husband Affleck argued in favor of a United Kingdom-style system, where "you have to blur out the face[s]" of minor children in published photographs. In 2014, Garner spoke in support of the "No Kids" policy, which was adopted by many media organizations and forbids publication of photos of celebrities' children. She described the paparazzi interest as "gross": "Our hope is maybe our kids won't be so recognizable in a few years."


title: Jennifer Garner

text: In 2019, Garner reflected on "a solid decade where there were five or six cars minimum, and easily up to 15 or 20 on the weekends, outside of my house at all times". While she said the situation had improved since the legislation was passed, she noted that "seven or eight" photographers still regularly wait outside her children's school to photograph them from a distance and that she sometimes requires police assistance when they get too close.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: Garner and John Foraker co-founded the organic, fresh baby food company Once Upon a Farm in 2018; Garner is also the company's chief brand officer. In 2019, Once Upon a Farm became the first refrigerated baby food available to WIC-eligible families.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: In partnership with Save the Children, Garner and her team remain dedicated to bringing 'A Million Meals' to children across America in food insecure communities.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: Garner met co-star Scott Foley on the set of "Felicity" in 1998. They married in a ceremony at their home on October 19, 2000. The pair separated in March 2003. Garner filed for divorce in May 2003, citing irreconcilable differences, and divorce papers were signed in March 2004. She dated her "Alias" co-star Michael Vartan from August 2003 to mid-2004.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: Garner began dating Ben Affleck in August 2004, having established a friendship on the sets of "Pearl Harbor" (2001) and "Daredevil" (2003). They married on June 29, 2005, in a private Turks and Caicos ceremony. Victor Garber, who officiated the ceremony, and his (later) husband, Rainer Andreesen, were the only guests. Garner and Affleck have three children together: two daughters, Violet Anne Affleck born in 2005 and Seraphina Rose Elizabeth Affleck born in 2009, and one son, Samuel Garner Affleck born in 2012. The couple announced their intention to divorce in June 2015, and jointly filed legal documents in April 2017, seeking joint physical and legal custody of their children. The divorce was finalized in October 2018. Before dating Affleck, when Garner was filming "13 Going on 30" (2004), "her director, Gary Winick, suggested she get involved with Al-Anon, a group for people living with addicts." This would prove helpful later on, as she supported Affleck's struggles with alcoholism during their marriage and after they separated. She previously used the surnames Foley and Affleck during her marriages to Scott Foley and Ben Affleck, respectively.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: She dated businessman John C. Miller from mid-2018 to early 2020. According to sources and paparazzi photos, they rekindled their relationship in April 2021 and have been together since.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: Although Garner stopped attending church regularly after moving to Los Angeles, her three children were baptized as members of the United Methodist Church in her hometown of Charleston, West Virginia. In 2015, she and her family began attending weekly Methodist church services in Los Angeles.


title: Jennifer Garner

text: Garner was stalked by Steven Burky from 2002 to 2003, and again from 2008 to 2009. Garner, her then-husband Affleck, and their daughter Violet obtained a restraining order in 2008. Burky was arrested in December 2009 outside Violet's preschool. He was charged with two counts of stalking, to which he pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity. In March 2010, he was ruled insane, sent to California's state mental hospital, and ordered to stay away from the Garner-Affleck family for ten years if released.


title: Camila Cabello

text: Karla Camila Cabello Estrabao (; ; born March 3, 1997) is a Cuban-born American singer and songwriter. She rose to prominence as a member of the girl group Fifth Harmony, which became one of the best-selling girl groups of all time. While in Fifth Harmony, Cabello began to establish herself as a solo artist with the release of the collaborations "I Know What You Did Last Summer" with Shawn Mendes and "Bad Things" with Machine Gun Kelly, the latter reaching number four on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. She left the group in late 2016.


title: Camila Cabello

text: Her debut studio album, "Camila" (2018), reached number one on the US "Billboard" 200. The Latin music–influenced pop album was critically well-received and earned a Platinum certification from the RIAA. Its lead single "Havana" topped charts in several countries, including the US and UK, and the follow-up single "Never Be the Same" reached the top ten in multiple countries. Cabello's 2019 duet with Mendes, "Señorita", became her second single to top the "Billboard" Hot 100. Her second studio album, "Romance" (2019), peaked at number 3 on the "Billboard" 200 chart, with the single "My Oh My" peaking at number 12 on the Hot 100, and inside the top ten in multiple countries.


title: Camila Cabello

text: In 2021, Cabello made her acting debut, starring as the title character from the film "Cinderella". Cabello released her third studio album "Familia" in April 2022, with the lead single "Don't Go Yet" released in July 2021. The second single from "Familia", "Bam Bam", reached the top five of the "Billboard" Global 200 Chart, Cabello's highest entry and peaked inside the top ten in several countries, it also peaked at 21 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "Familia" peaked at number 10 on the "Billboard" 200, number 9 in the UK and number 6 in Canada.


title: Camila Cabello

text: Cabello has amassed billions of streams on music platforms, and "Havana" became the best-selling digital single of 2018, according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). Cabello's many awards include two Latin Grammy Awards, five American Music Awards, and one "Billboard" Music Award. In 2021, "Havana" was certified Diamond by the RIAA, making Cabello the first Hispanic woman to receive this certification.


title: Camila Cabello

text: Cabello was born in the Habana del Este district of Cojímar in Havana, Cuba, to Alejandro Cabello and Sinuhe Estrabao. Her father was born in Mexico City and is a Mexican who moved to Cuba. She has a younger sister named Sofia. For most of her early life, Cabello and her family moved back and forth between Havana and Mexico City.


title: Camila Cabello

text: When Cabello was six years old, she relocated to Miami, Florida with her mother by crossing the border from Mexico to the United States and taking a 36 hour long Greyhound bus ride to Miami after waiting only a day at the border before being granted permission to enter the US. Cabello was told by her mother that she was going to Disneyworld as an incentive to go to the US; they moved into Cabello’s grandfather’s colleague’s house who later became her godmother. Cabello’s mother took night courses to learn English. Cabello’s father was unable to obtain a visa at the time and joined the family approximately 18 months later where he would first work washing cars in front of Dolphin Mall. Cabello’s mother who was an architect with a degree in Cuba worked at Marshalls stacking shoes in the US before two other Cuban women approached her at work and told her that they had a brother who worked in architecture and needed someone who worked in AutoCAD; Cabello’s mother learned the program in a week and later earned enough money to move into an apartment with Cabello. Cabello’s mother and father eventually formed a construction company named after her and her sister. Cabello acquired American citizenship in 2008.


title: Camila Cabello

text: She attended Miami Palmetto High School but left during the 2012–2013 school year while she was in 9th grade to pursue her singing career. Later she earned her high school diploma.


title: Camila Cabello

text: Camila Cabello auditioned for the TV talent competition show "The X Factor" in Greensboro, North Carolina, with Aretha Franklin's "Respect"; however, her audition was not aired because the series did not get the rights for the song. After elimination during the "bootcamp" portion of the process in Miami, Florida, Cabello was called back to the stage along with other contestants Ally Brooke, Normani, Lauren Jauregui, and Dinah Jane to form the girl group that would later become known as Fifth Harmony. After finishing in third place on the show, they signed a joint deal with Syco Music, owned by Simon Cowell, and Epic Records, L.A. Reid's record label.


title: Camila Cabello

text: The group released the EP "Better Together" (2013) along with the studio albums "Reflection" (2015) and "7/27" (2016). The latter two generated the singles "Worth It" and "Work from Home", respectively, which reached the top 10 in several international charts. From 2013 through the end of 2016, Cabello performed in various tours with Fifth Harmony.


title: Camila Cabello

text: In November 2015, Cabello collaborated with Canadian singer Shawn Mendes on a duet titled "I Know What You Did Last Summer", a song they wrote together. The single charted at number 20 in the US and 18 in Canada and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). On October 14, 2016, American rapper Machine Gun Kelly released a joint single with Cabello called "Bad Things", which reached a peak of number four on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 songs chart. Also that year, "Time" magazine included Cabello on "The 25 Most Influential Teens of 2016" list.


title: Camila Cabello

text: On December 18, 2016, Fifth Harmony announced Cabello's departure, with both sides giving contradictory explanations of the circumstances for her exit. She appeared in a previously taped performance with the group on "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve" at the end of 2016. Writing about Cabello's time in the group, a "Billboard" journalist noted it is "rather uncommon for someone to stand out in a collective as much as Cabello has over the past years."


title: Camila Cabello

text: On January 25, 2017, "Love Incredible", a collaboration with Norwegian DJ Cashmere Cat, leaked online. The official version of the song was released on February 16 and later featured on Cashmere's debut studio album, "9" (2017). Cabello also recorded "Hey Ma" with rappers Pitbull and J Balvin for (2017). The Spanish version of the single and its music video were released on March 10, 2017, and the English version was released on April 6. The singer was also featured on a collaboration with Major Lazer, Travis Scott and Quavo for the song "Know No Better".


title: Camila Cabello

text: In May 2017, Cabello announced the future release of her first studio album, at the time titled "The Hurting. The Healing. The Loving.", which she described as "the story of my journey from darkness into light, from a time when I was lost to a time when I found myself again". Her debut solo single "Crying in the Club" was released on May 19, 2017, followed by a performance at the 2017 "Billboard" Music Awards. The single peaked at number 47 in the United States. She joined Bruno Mars' 24K Magic World Tour as an opening act for several shows in 2017 and partnered with clothing brand Guess as the face of their 2017 Fall campaign.


title: Camila Cabello

text: New writing and recording sessions for her album, influenced by the success of her single "Havana" featuring Young Thug, postponed the album's original release date. The single reached number one in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Hungary and the United States. It also spent seven weeks atop the US Mainstream Top 40 airplay chart. The song became Spotify's most-streamed song ever by a solo female artist in June 2018, with over 888 million streams at the time. Titled "Camila", her debut album is a pop record containing Latin-influenced songs and ballads. "Camila" was released on January 12, 2018, and debuted at number one in the United States with 119,000 album-equivalent units, including 65,000 from pure album sales. The album was eventually certified platinum in the country. "Real Friends" and "Never Be the Same" were released in the same day on December 7, 2017, the latter becoming her third top 10 entry on the Hot 100, peaking at Number 6. "Havana" and "Never Be the Same" made Cabello the first artist to top the Mainstream Top 40 and Adult Top 40 airplay charts with the first two singles from a debut studio album. She later won an MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year for "Havana".


title: Camila Cabello

text: In April 2018, Cabello embarked on the Never Be the Same Tour, her first headlining concert tour as a solo artist. She was featured in "Sangria Wine", a song she recorded with Pharrell Williams. Cabello released the song live during the tour. In May 2018, Cabello made a cameo appearance in Maroon 5's music video for "Girls Like You". In the same month, she began performing as the opening act for American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift in her Reputation Stadium Tour in between the European leg of the Never Be the Same Tour. She headlined an arena for the first time on July 31, 2018, at the Mohegan Sun Arena in Uncasville, Connecticut. Cabello was featured in the remix version of "Beautiful", a song from American singer Bazzi. The remix was released on August 2. On October 9, 2018, Cabello released the video single "Consequences", having first surprised 12 of her biggest fans in advance with a "Most Amazing Mystery Gift & Personal Letter".


title: Camila Cabello

text: In December 2018, she was nominated for two Grammys: Best Pop Solo Performance for a live version of "Havana" and Best Pop Vocal Album for "Camila". Her performance of "Havana" with guests Ricky Martin, J Balvin and Young Thug at the start of the ceremony made her the first female Latin artist to open the show.


title: Camila Cabello

text: In October 2018, Cabello announced she would start working on new music in the new year after the holidays. In April 2019, it was announced that Cabello would star in an upcoming film adaptation of "Cinderella", directed by Kay Cannon for Sony Pictures.


title: Camila Cabello

text: On June 21, 2019, Cabello released "Señorita" with Canadian singer Shawn Mendes, along with the music video. The song debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and marked Mendes' and Cabello's second collaboration, following "I Know What You Did Last Summer" (2015). In August, "Señorita" climbed to the number one position on the Hot 100, making it Cabello's second single to top the chart. "Señorita" reached Number 1 in over 30 countries. It earned a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance. According to the IFPI, "Señorita" was the third best-selling song of 2019 globally and is currently the 9th most streamed song on Spotify, as of November 2021. She also recorded the song "South of the Border" with British singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran and American rapper Cardi B, which was released in July 2019 and reached Number 4 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Camila Cabello

text: On September 1, 2019, Cabello posted a clip on Instagram, teasing the release of her second studio album "Romance". Two days later, she announced the first two singles from the album, "Liar" and "Shameless", which were released on September 5, followed by "Cry for Me" and "Easy" in October 2019. "Romance" was released on December 6, 2019, and was supposed to be supported by the Romance Tour in 2020, until its cancelation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. "Living Proof" was released with the pre-orders of the album on November 15, 2019. "Romance" debuted and peaked at Number 3 on the US "Billboard" 200 and reached Number 1 in Canada. It also reached the top 10 in 12 countries, including Australia, New Zealand and Spain. "My Oh My" featuring DaBaby entered the top 20 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at Number 12; it also peaked at Number 1 on US Mainstream Top 40.


title: Camila Cabello

text: In mid-March 2020, Cabello participated in iHeart Media's Living Room Concert for America, a benefit to raise awareness and funds for the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Camila Cabello

text: On July 23, 2021, Cabello released "Don't Go Yet" as the lead single from her third studio album "Familia", announced alongside the release of the single. On October 15, 2021, Cabello premiered "La Buena Vida", from "Familia", during her NPR Tiny Desk Concert. On October 29, 2021, Cabello released "Oh Na Na" with Myke Towers and Tainy, though it is not included on the album. "Familia" was named by "Forbes" one of the most anticipated pop albums of 2022. It was confirmed on March 3, 2022, that "Familia" would be released on April 8, 2022 and is 12 tracks long.


title: Camila Cabello

text: In early September, Cabello performed "Don't Go Yet" at the BCC Live Lounge. She also performed a cover of Olivia Rodrigo's "Good 4 U", which later won the iHeartRadio Music Award for Best Cover Performance.


title: Camila Cabello

text: In the latter half of 2021, Cabello appeared in an adaptation of "Cinderella", which was released in select theatres and digitally on Amazon Prime Video on September 3, 2021. "Cinderella" was the most-watched streaming movie over the Labour Day weekend, as well as the most-watched movie musical yet in 2021. The film received mixed reviews from critics, though Cabello's performance received favourable reviews. Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and praised Cabello for her performance, saying "she has a real knack for comedy", and IndieWire remarked, "In her cinematic debut, the pop star stitches up a charming performance in an oft-told fairy tale." In an interview with "The One Show" in July, Cabello said she would like to continue acting.


title: Camila Cabello

text: In November 2021, Cabello released an Amazon Exclusive of the Bing Crosby song "I'll Be Home for Christmas". It reached Number 2 on the "Billboard" Bubbling Under Hot 100, before peaking at Number 71 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It is the highest charting cover version of the song to date on the Hot 100. It also peaked at Number 58 on the "Billboard" Holiday 100 and Number 24 on the UK Singles Chart, marking Cabello's 13th Top 40 hit in the UK. Cabello performed the single at the "Michael Bublé's Christmas in the City" special on NBC and for PBS' "In Performance at The White House: Spirit of the Season."


title: Camila Cabello

text: On December 6, 2021, it was announced that Cabello would open for Coldplay during the Latin American leg of their Music of the Spheres World Tour in September 2022. She opened for them in Colombia, Peru and Chile, with additional dates added. She also performed at Rock in Rio that same month.


title: Camila Cabello

text: On February 21, 2022, Cabello announced that her collaboration with Ed Sheeran titled "Bam Bam" would arrive on March 4, 2022. The song was released that day, with a music video accompanying. Cabello debuted the song with a performance on "The Late Late Show with James Corden" on the day of release. Cabello and Sheeran performed "Bam Bam" together for the first time live at the "Concert For Ukraine" benefit at Resorts World Arena in Birmingham. "Bam Bam" peaked at number 5 on the Billboard Global 200 chart, marking Cabello's highest peak since the charts creation in 2020. It also peaked at 21 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and inside the top 10 in Canada and the UK.


title: Camila Cabello

text: On April 8, 2022, "Familia" was released and accompanied by a virtual TikTok concert 'immersive performance' titled "Familia: Welcome to the Family". Familia was met with positive reviews from critics, with "NME", "The Guardian" and "Rolling Stone" all giving it 4/5 stars. Reviewing positively for "NME", Nick Levine called the album "[Cabello's] richest and most compelling album yet," having delved into her heritage and psyche. In a similar review, "Rolling Stone" critic Tomás Mier wrote that the album is "an imperfect yet revealing mosaic of Cabello's Cuban-Mexican heritage." While noting the multiple changes in style as quite disorienting, Mier complimented the album's raw and honest lyrics, comparing it to reading Cabello's diary. In a review for "The Guardian," Alim Kheraj praised the album's vibrant Latin motifs—"honest and humming with artistic intent"—and noted the recurring theme of "self-sabotage and paranoia."


title: Camila Cabello

text: "Familia" debuted at number 10 on the US "Billboard" 200, marking Cabello's 3rd Top ten album. It also debuted at number six in Canada, number nine in the UK and number four in Spain, the latter marking Cabello's 2nd highest debut there.


title: Camila Cabello

text: On May 9, 2022, it was announced Cabello would headline the UEFA Champions League Final on May 28. On May 28, 2022, Cabello performed "Señorita", "Havana", "Bam Bam" and "Don't Go Yet" during the UEFA Champions League Final opening ceremony. The performance is the most viewed video on UEFA's channel. Cabello released 'Road to the UEFA Champion's League Final', a Behind the Scenes look at preparing for the performance on her YouTube channel.


title: Camila Cabello

text: On May 15, 2022, Cabello announced via her TikTok account that she would be a coach on the US version of "The Voice" for its twenty-second season replacing Kelly Clarkson. In October 2022, it was confirmed that Cabello would not return for the twenty-third season.


title: Camila Cabello

text: On July 27, 2022 Stromae released a remix of his song "Mon Amour" starring Cabello, with an accompanying music video that is a play on shows like Love Island. Cabello provided a verse she recorded in LA and sang in French for the song. In September 2022, Cabello released a collaboration with Camilo, "Ambulancia" is on Camilo's new album De adentro pa afuera.


title: Camila Cabello

text: In September 2022, Cabello departed Epic Records and signed to Interscope Records, a label of Universal Music Group.


title: Camila Cabello

text: Primarily a pop singer, Cabello possesses a soprano vocal range. She grew up listening to artists such as Alejandro Fernández and Celia Cruz. Her debut studio album is a pop record, influenced by Latin music. The album incorporates elements of reggaeton, hip hop, and dancehall and took inspiration from contemporary Latin artists such as Calle 13 and J Balvin, as well as from the songwriting of Taylor Swift and Ed Sheeran. Her sophomore album was inspired by the "big sounds" of the 80s and Queen. She has also cited Michael Jackson, Rihanna, Shakira, Alejandro Sanz, David Bisbal, Alejandro Fernández, Maná, Beyoncé, John Mayer, Demi Lovato and Eminem as influences.


title: Camila Cabello

text: In February 2016, Cabello announced she had partnered with Save the Children to design a limited-edition "Love Only" T-shirt to help raise awareness of issues involving girls' equal access to education, health care and opportunities to succeed. In June 2016, Cabello, producer Benny Blanco, and members of the nonprofit arts organization OMG Everywhere helped to create the charity single "Power in Me". Cabello has also partnered with the Children's Health Fund, a non-profit dedicated to providing health care to low-income families with children.


title: Camila Cabello

text: On April 3, 2017, Cabello performed at Zedd's WELCOME! Fundraising Concert, which raised money for ACLU. Cabello sang to patients at UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital on May 8, 2017. In late 2017, she joined Lin-Manuel Miranda and multiple other Latin artists on the song "Almost Like Praying" for Puerto Rico hurricane relief. Cabello also announced she was donating all proceeds of "Havana" to the ACLU for DREAMers.


title: Camila Cabello

text: Cabello donated portions of proceeds from VIP sale packages to the Children's Health Fund while on the 2018 Never Be the Same tour. On July 13, 2018, she performed a concert in San Juan and donated a portion of the concert's proceeds to Hurricane Maria Relief Fund. In November 2018, Cabello became an ambassador for Save the Children.


title: Camila Cabello

text: In March 2019, Cabello announced she donated $10,000 to a GoFundMe campaign for a homeless immigrant. In September 2019, Cabello pledged to raise $250,000 for Save the Children organization. In October 2019, Cabello performed at the We Can Survive concert which donates to breast cancer. On October 22, 2019, Cabello appeared with the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge at Kensington Palace in support of the finalists for the BBC Radio 1 Teen Heroes Awards.


title: Camila Cabello

text: In March 2020, Cabello participated in iHeart Media's Living Room Concert for America, a benefit to raise awareness and funds for the COVID-19 pandemic. In March and April 2020, Cabello participated in Global Citizen Festival's Together at Home virtual concert to raise awareness and funds for the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2020, Cabello, alongside Shawn Mendes, joined protests in Miami for racial justice after the murder of George Floyd. In July 2021, she expressed support for the 2021 Cuban protests against the country's government.


title: Camila Cabello

text: In January 2021, Cabello partnered with the nonprofit Movement Voter Fund to launch The Healing Justice project, a project to identify ten organizations to receive grants to pay for mental health resources for their frontline workers. Cabello pledged the seed money for the venture, $250,000, and has pledged to continue to support the project going forward. So far the project has given grants to several organisations, including Muslim Woman For, Freedom Inc and QLatinx.


title: Camila Cabello

text: Cabello is an outspoken advocate for climate change and regularly speaks about this on her social media and in interviews. In September 2021 Cabello recruited over 60 artists to sign an open letter to several entertainment companies including Amazon, Facebook and Apple, calling on them to ask Congress to pass the climate action that President Biden called for in his Build Back Better agenda.


title: Camila Cabello

text: In March 2022, Cabello performed at the "Concert for Ukraine" benefit concert. The two-hour benefit show was put on to raise money for the Disasters Emergency Committee's (DEC) Ukraine Humanitarian Appeal following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Cabello performed a cover of "Fix You" by Coldplay and her single "Bam Bam", with Ed Sheeran joining her on stage for their first live performance of the song together.


title: Camila Cabello

text: In May 2022, Cabello launched and hosted a benefit concert to support the emergency "Protect Our Kids" fund. The singer has teamed with Lambda Legal and Equality Florida to help protect LGBTQ+ students and their families from Florida's so-called "Don't Say Gay or Trans" bill.


title: Camila Cabello

text: As part of her collaboration with Pepsi for UEFA Champions League, Cabello is among music and football talent that will be supporting #Football4Refugees, an appeal launched by UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, to unite the global football community to raise funds for displaced people around the world.


title: Camila Cabello

text: On August 22, 2022, Cabello announced that she had provided vocals and written a song with Hans Zimmer for the documentary series Frozen Planet 2. Cabello called this an 'honour' and the song debuted on August 28, 2022, incorporated in the first trailer for the show. It won the award for Best Song/Score in a Trailer at the 2022 Hollywood Music in Media Awards.


title: Camila Cabello

text: Among her awards, Cabello has won two Latin Grammy Awards, four American Music Awards, a Billboard Music Award, five MTV Europe Music Awards, two iHeartRadio Music Awards, four MTV Video Music Awards (including one for Video of the Year), three iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards, and a "Billboard" Women in Music award for Breakthrough Artist.


title: Camila Cabello

text: Cabello was in a relationship with dating coach and writer Matthew Hussey, whom she met on the set of "The Today Show". They dated from February 2018 to June 2019.


title: Camila Cabello

text: She began dating Canadian singer Shawn Mendes in July 2019. The relationship caused controversy, as both were accused of attempting to form a relationship for publicity, but Mendes insisted it was "definitely not a publicity stunt". The relationship was confirmed after the release of their song "Señorita". In November 2021, Cabello and Mendes announced their breakup. Mendes had said ‘Oh no, I really have such a big ego, I do not want to show her that I hurt, I do not want to show her that it hurts me, and I want to be male, and I want to be strong in this relationship' on their break-up in an interview with "RadioTimes".


title: Camila Cabello

text: As of August 2022, Cabello is dating Lox CEO Austin Kevitch, whom she met through their mutual friend Nicholas Galitzine, Cabello's co-lead in "Cinderella".


title: Camila Cabello

text: Cabello has anxiety and obsessive–compulsive disorder. Cabello has spoken openly about engaging with therapy and the importance of looking after one's mental health and well-being.


title: Camila Cabello

text: Cabello purchased a home in the Hollywood Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles in 2019. In December 2021, it was reported that she sold the home for $4.3 million.


title: Camila Cabello

text: In December 2019, Tumblr posts that Cabello had reblogged between 2012 and 2013 surfaced on Twitter, containing racial slurs and derogatory language, including uses of the slur "nigger" and mocking Chris Brown's 2009 assault on Rihanna. Her Tumblr account was deleted soon afterward and Cabello issued an apology, stating that she was "uneducated and ignorant" when younger and that she was deeply embarrassed to have ever used "horrible and hurtful" language. She added that "those mistakes don't represent" her and that she "only [stands] and [has] ever stood for love and inclusivity." In March 2021, Cabello said she had taken part in weekly racial healing sessions administered by the racial equity group National Compadres Network, in which "you get corrected, you have homework, and you learn … Now I know better so I can do better."


title: French Revolution

text: The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy, while phrases like "liberté, égalité, fraternité" reappeared in other revolts, such as the 1917 Russian Revolution, and inspired campaigns for the abolition of slavery and universal suffrage. The values and institutions it created dominate French politics to this day.


title: French Revolution

text: Its causes are generally agreed to be a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the "Ancien Régime" proved unable to manage. In May 1789, widespread social distress led to the convocation of the Estates General, which was converted into a National Assembly in June. Continuing unrest culminated in the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July, which led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, including the abolition of feudalism, the imposition of state control over the Catholic Church in France, and extension of the right to vote.


title: French Revolution

text: The next three years were dominated by the struggle for political control, exacerbated by economic depression and civil disorder. Austria, Britain, Prussia and other external powers sought to restore the "Ancien Régime" by force, while many French politicians saw war as the best way to unite the nation and preserve the spirit of the revolution by exporting it to other countries. These factors resulted in the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in April 1792 and proclamation of the French First Republic in September, followed by the Execution of Louis XVI in January 1793.


title: French Revolution

text: The Paris-based Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793 replaced the Girondins who dominated the National Assembly with the Committee of Public Safety, headed by Maximilien Robespierre. This sparked the Reign of Terror, an attempt to eradicate alleged "counter-revolutionaries"; by the time it ended in July 1794, over 16,600 had been executed in Paris and the provinces. As well as its external enemies, the Republic faced internal opposition from both Royalists and Jacobins and in order to deal with these threats, the French Directory took power in November 1795. Despite a series of military victories, many won by Napoleon Bonaparte, political divisions and economic stagnation resulted in the Directory being replaced by the Consulate in November 1799. This is generally seen as marking the end of the Revolutionary period.


title: French Revolution

text: The underlying causes of the French Revolution are generally seen as arising from the failure of the "Ancien Régime" to manage social and economic inequality. Rapid population growth and the inability to adequately finance government debt resulted in economic depression, unemployment and high food prices. Combined with a regressive tax system and resistance to reform by the ruling elite, it resulted in a crisis Louis XVI proved unable to manage.


title: French Revolution

text: At the same time, discussion of these issues and political dissent had become part of wider European society, rather than confined to a small elite. This took different forms, such as the English 'coffeehouse culture', and extended to areas colonised by Europeans, particularly British North America. Contacts between diverse groups in Edinburgh, Geneva, Boston, Amsterdam, Paris, London or Vienna were much greater than often appreciated.


title: French Revolution

text: Transnational elites who shared ideas and styles were not new; what changed was their extent and the numbers involved. Under Louis XIV, the Court at Versailles was the centre of culture, fashion and political power. Improvements in education and literacy over the course of the 18th century meant larger audiences for newspapers and journals, with Masonic lodges, coffee houses and reading clubs providing areas where people could debate and discuss ideas. The emergence of this "public sphere" led to Paris replacing Versailles as the cultural and intellectual centre, leaving the Court isolated and less able to influence opinion.


title: French Revolution

text: In addition to these social changes, the French population grew from 18 million in 1700 to 26 million in 1789, making it the most populous state in Europe; Paris had over 600,000 inhabitants, of whom roughly one third were either unemployed or had no regular work. Inefficient agricultural methods meant domestic farmers struggled to grow enough food to support these numbers and primitive transportation networks made it hard to distribute what they did produce. As a consequence of this imbalance, food prices rose by 65% between 1770 and 1790 but wages increased by only 22%. Such shortages were damaging for the regime, since many blamed price increases on government failure to prevent profiteering. Poor harvests throughout the 1780s, culminating in the most severe winter for decades in 1788/1789, created a rural peasantry with nothing to sell, and an urban proletariat whose purchasing power had collapsed.


title: French Revolution

text: The other major drag on the economy was state debt. Traditional views of the French Revolution often attribute the financial crisis to the costs of the 1778–1783 Anglo-French War, but modern economic studies show this is only a partial explanation. In 1788, the ratio of debt to gross national income in France was 55.6%, compared to 181.8% in Britain, and although French borrowing costs were higher, the percentage of revenue devoted to interest payments was roughly the same in both countries. One historian concludes "neither the level of French state debt in 1788, or its previous history, can be considered an explanation for the outbreak of revolution in 1789".


title: French Revolution

text: The root of the problem lay in the taxation system used to fund government expenditure. While often suggested the nobility and clergy were largely exempt from taxes, more recent work argues the tax burden was in fact shared more equally between the classes than previously understood but its assessment and collection were "a disaster". Tax rates varied widely from one region to another, often bore little or no relation to the principles set out in official decrees and were collected inconsistently; it was the "bewildering complexity of the system" that caused resentment as much as the level. Attempts to make the system more transparent were blocked by the regional "Parlements" which controlled financial policy. The resulting impasse in the face of widespread economic distress led to the calling of the Estates-General, which became radicalised by the struggle for control of public finances.


title: French Revolution

text: Although not indifferent to the crisis and willing to consider reforms, Louis XVI often backed down when faced with opposition from conservative elements within the nobility. As a result, the court became the target of popular anger, particularly Queen Marie-Antoinette, who was viewed as a spendthrift Austrian spy, and blamed for the dismissal of 'progressive' ministers like Jacques Necker. For their opponents, Enlightenment ideas on equality and democracy provided an intellectual framework for dealing with these issues, while the American Revolution was seen as confirmation of their practical application.


title: French Revolution

text: The French state faced a series of budgetary crises during the 18th century, caused primarily by structural deficiencies rather than lack of resources. Unlike Britain, where Parliament determined both expenditures and taxes, in France the Crown controlled spending, but not revenue. National taxes could only be approved by the Estates-General, which had not sat since 1614; its revenue functions had been assumed by regional "parlements", the most powerful being the "Parlement de Paris" (see Map).


title: French Revolution

text: Although willing to authorise one-time taxes, these bodies were reluctant to pass long-term measures, while collection was outsourced to private individuals. This significantly reduced the yield from those that were approved and as a result, France struggled to service its debt despite being larger and wealthier than Britain. Following partial default in 1770, within five years the budget had been balanced thanks to reforms instituted by Turgot, the Controller-General of Finances. This reduced government borrowing costs from 12% per year to under 6%, but he was dismissed in May 1776 after arguing France could not afford to intervene in the American Revolutionary War.


title: French Revolution

text: Two ministers followed in quick succession before the Swiss banker Necker took over in July 1777. He was able to fund the war through loans rather than taxes, but his dire warnings about the impact on national finances led to his replacement in 1781 by Charles Alexandre de Calonne. Continued French intervention in America and the associated 1778 to 1783 Anglo-French War could only be funded by issuing substantial quantities of new state debt. This created a large "rentier" class who lived on the interest, primarily members of the French nobility or commercial classes. By 1785, the government was struggling to cover these payments; since defaulting on the debt would negatively impact much of French society, the only other option was to increase taxes. When the "parlements" refused to collect them, Calonne persuaded Louis to summon the Assembly of Notables, an advisory council dominated by the upper nobility. Led by de Brienne, a former archbishop of Toulouse, the council also refused to approve new taxes, arguing this could only be done by the Estates.


title: French Revolution

text: By 1788, total state debt had increased to an unprecedented 4.5 billion livres. De Brienne, who succeeded Calonne in May 1787, tried to address the budgetary impasse without raising taxes by devaluing the coinage instead; the result was runaway inflation, worsening the plight of the farmers and urban poor. In a last attempt to resolve the crisis, Necker returned as Finance Minister in August 1788 but was unable to reach an agreement on how to increase revenue. In May 1789, Louis summoned the Estates-General for the first time in over a hundred and fifty years.


title: French Revolution

text: The Estates-General was divided into three parts: the First for members of the clergy; Second for the nobility; and Third for the "commons". Each sat separately, enabling the First and Second Estates to outvote the Third, despite representing less than 5% of the population, while both were largely exempt from tax.


title: French Revolution

text: In the 1789 elections, the First Estate returned 303 deputies, representing 100,000 Catholic clergy; nearly 10% of French lands were owned directly by individual bishops and monasteries, in addition to tithes paid by peasants. More than two-thirds of the clergy lived on less than 500 livres per year, and were often closer to the urban and rural poor than those elected for the Third Estate, where voting was restricted to male French taxpayers, aged 25 or over. As a result, half of the 610 deputies elected to the Third Estate in 1789 were lawyers or local officials, nearly a third businessmen, while fifty-one were wealthy land owners.


title: French Revolution

text: The Second Estate elected 291 deputies, representing about 400,000 men and women, who owned about 25% of the land and collected seigneurial dues and rents from their tenants. Like the clergy, this was not a uniform body, and was divided into the "noblesse d'épée", or traditional aristocracy, and the "noblesse de robe". The latter derived rank from judicial or administrative posts and tended to be hard-working professionals, who dominated the regional "parlements" and were often intensely socially conservative.


title: French Revolution

text: To assist delegates, each region completed a list of grievances, known as "Cahiers de doléances". Although they contained ideas that would have seemed radical only months before, most supported the monarchy, and assumed the Estates-General would agree to financial reforms, rather than fundamental constitutional change. The lifting of press censorship allowed widespread distribution of political writings, mostly written by liberal members of the aristocracy and upper middle-class. Abbé Sieyès, a political theorist and priest elected to the Third Estate, argued it should take precedence over the other two as it represented 95% of the population.


title: French Revolution

text: The Estates-General convened in the Menus-Plaisirs du Roi on 5 May 1789, near the Palace of Versailles rather than in Paris; the choice of location was interpreted as an attempt to control their debates. As was customary, each Estate assembled in separate rooms, whose furnishings and opening ceremonies deliberately emphasised the superiority of the First and Second Estates. They also insisted on enforcing the rule that only those who owned land could sit as deputies for the Second Estate, and thus excluded the immensely popular Comte de Mirabeau.


title: French Revolution

text: As separate assemblies meant the Third Estate could always be outvoted by the other two, Sieyès sought to combine all three. His method was to require all deputies be approved by the Estates-General as a whole, instead of each Estate verifying its own members. Since this meant the legitimacy of deputies derived from the Estates-General, they would have to continue sitting as one body. After an extended stalemate, on 10 June the Third Estate proceeded to verify its own deputies, a process completed on 17 June; two days later, they were joined by over 100 members of the First Estate, and declared themselves the National Assembly. The remaining deputies from the other two Estates were invited to join, but the Assembly made it clear they intended to legislate with or without their support.


title: French Revolution

text: In an attempt to prevent the Assembly from convening, Louis XVI ordered the "Salle des États" closed down, claiming it needed to be prepared for a royal speech. On 20 June, the Assembly met in a tennis court outside Versailles and swore not to disperse until a new constitution had been agreed. Messages of support poured in from Paris and other cities; by 27 June, they had been joined by the majority of the First Estate, plus forty-seven members of the Second, and Louis backed down.


title: French Revolution

text: Even these limited reforms went too far for Marie Antoinette and Louis' younger brother the Comte d'Artois; on their advice, Louis dismissed Necker again as chief minister on 11 July. On 12 July, the Assembly went into a non-stop session after rumours circulated he was planning to use the Swiss Guards to force it to close. The news brought crowds of protestors into the streets, and soldiers of the elite "Gardes Françaises" regiment refused to disperse them.


title: French Revolution

text: On the 14th, many of these soldiers joined the mob in attacking the Bastille, a royal fortress with large stores of arms and ammunition. Its governor, Bernard-René de Launay, surrendered after several hours of fighting that cost the lives of 83 attackers. Taken to the "Hôtel de Ville", he was executed, his head placed on a pike and paraded around the city; the fortress was then torn down in a remarkably short time. Although rumoured to hold many prisoners, the Bastille held only seven: four forgers, two noblemen held for "immoral behaviour", and a murder suspect. Nevertheless, as a potent symbol of the "Ancien Régime", its destruction was viewed as a triumph and Bastille Day is still celebrated every year. In French culture, some see its fall as the start of the Revolution.


title: French Revolution

text: Alarmed by the prospect of losing control of the capital, Louis appointed the Marquis de Lafayette commander of the National Guard, with Jean-Sylvain Bailly as head of a new administrative structure known as the Commune. On 17 July, Louis visited Paris accompanied by 100 deputies, where he was greeted by Bailly and accepted a tricolore cockade to loud cheers. However, it was clear power had shifted from his court; he was welcomed as 'Louis XVI, father of the French and king of a free people.'


title: French Revolution

text: The short-lived unity enforced on the Assembly by a common threat quickly dissipated. Deputies argued over constitutional forms, while civil authority rapidly deteriorated. On 22 July, former Finance Minister Joseph Foullon and his son were lynched by a Parisian mob, and neither Bailly nor Lafayette could prevent it. In rural areas, wild rumours and paranoia resulted in the formation of militia and an agrarian insurrection known as "la Grande Peur". The breakdown of law and order and frequent attacks on aristocratic property led much of the nobility to flee abroad. These "émigrés" funded reactionary forces within France and urged foreign monarchs to back a counter-revolution.


title: French Revolution

text: In response, the Assembly published the August Decrees which abolished feudalism and other privileges held by the nobility, notably exemption from tax. Other decrees included equality before the law, opening public office to all, freedom of worship, and cancellation of special privileges held by provinces and towns. Over 25% of French farmland was subject to feudal dues, which provided most of the income for large landowners; these were now cancelled, along with tithes due to the church. The intention was for tenants to pay compensation for these losses but the majority refused to comply and the obligation was cancelled in 1793.


title: French Revolution

text: With the suspension of the 13 regional "parlements" in November, the key institutional pillars of the old regime had all been abolished in less than four months. From its early stages, the Revolution therefore displayed signs of its radical nature; what remained unclear was the constitutional mechanism for turning intentions into practical applications.


title: French Revolution

text: Assisted by Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette prepared a draft constitution known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which echoed some of the provisions of the Declaration of Independence. However France had reached no consensus on the role of the Crown, and until this question was settled, it was impossible to create political institutions. When presented to the legislative committee on 11 July, it was rejected by pragmatists such as Jean Joseph Mounier, President of the Assembly, who feared creating expectations that could not be satisfied.


title: French Revolution

text: After editing by Mirabeau, it was published on 26 August as a statement of principle. It contained provisions considered radical in any European society, let alone 1789 France, and while historians continue to debate responsibility for its wording, most agree the reality is a mix. Although Jefferson made major contributions to Lafayette's draft, he himself acknowledged an intellectual debt to Montesquieu, and the final version was significantly different. French historian Georges Lefebvre argues that combined with the elimination of privilege and feudalism, it "highlighted equality in a way the (American Declaration of Independence) did not".


title: French Revolution

text: More importantly, the two differed in intent; Jefferson saw the US Constitution and Bill of Rights as fixing the political system at a specific point in time, claiming they 'contained no original thought...but expressed the American mind' at that stage. The 1791 French Constitution was viewed as a starting point, the Declaration providing an aspirational vision, a key difference between the two Revolutions. Attached as a preamble to the French Constitution of 1791, and that of the 1870 to 1940 French Third Republic, it was incorporated into the current Constitution of France in 1958.


title: French Revolution

text: Discussions continued. Mounier, supported by conservatives like Gérard de Lally-Tollendal, wanted a bicameral system, with an upper house appointed by the king, who would have the right of veto. On 10 September, the majority led by Sieyès and Talleyrand rejected this in favour of a single assembly, while Louis retained only a "suspensive veto"; this meant he could delay the implementation of a law, but not block it. On this basis, a new committee was convened to agree on a constitution; the most controversial issue was citizenship, linked to the debate on the balance between individual rights and obligations. Ultimately, the 1791 Constitution distinguished between 'active citizens' who held political rights, defined as French males over the age of 25, who paid direct taxes equal to three days' labour, and 'passive citizens', who were restricted to 'civil rights'. As a result, it was never fully accepted by radicals in the Jacobin club.


title: French Revolution

text: Food shortages and the worsening economy caused frustration at the lack of progress, and the Parisian working-class, or "sans culottes", became increasingly restive. This came to a head in late September, when the Flanders Regiment arrived in Versailles to reinforce the Royal Bodyguard and in line with normal practice were welcomed with a formal banquet. Popular anger was fuelled by press descriptions of this as a 'gluttonous orgy', and claims that the tricolor cockade had been abused. The arrival of these troops was also viewed as an attempt to intimidate the Assembly.


title: French Revolution

text: On 5 October 1789, crowds of women assembled outside the Hôtel de Ville, urging action to reduce prices and improve bread supplies. These protests quickly turned political, and after seizing weapons stored at the Hôtel de Ville, some 7,000 marched on Versailles, where they entered the Assembly to present their demands. They were followed by 15,000 members of the National Guard under Lafayette, who tried to dissuade them, but took command when it became clear they would desert if he did not grant their request.


title: French Revolution

text: When the National Guard arrived later that evening, Lafayette persuaded Louis that the safety of his family required their relocation to Paris. Next morning, some of the protestors broke into the Royal apartments, searching for Marie Antoinette, who escaped. They ransacked the palace, killing several guards. Although the situation remained tense, order was eventually restored, and the Royal family and Assembly left for Paris, escorted by the National Guard. Announcing his acceptance of the August Decrees and the Declaration, Louis committed to constitutional monarchy, and his official title changed from 'King of France' to 'King of the French'.


title: French Revolution

text: Historian John McManners argues "in eighteenth-century France, throne and altar were commonly spoken of as in close alliance; their simultaneous collapse ... would one day provide the final proof of their interdependence." One suggestion is that after a century of persecution, some French Protestants actively supported an anti-Catholic regime, a resentment fuelled by Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire. Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote it was "manifestly contrary to the law of nature... that a handful of people should gorge themselves with superfluities while the hungry multitude goes in want of necessities."


title: French Revolution

text: The Revolution caused a massive shift of power from the Catholic Church to the state; although the extent of religious belief has been questioned, elimination of tolerance for religious minorities meant by 1789 being French also meant being Catholic. The church was the largest individual landowner in France, controlling nearly 10% of all estates and levied tithes, effectively a 10% tax on income, collected from peasant farmers in the form of crops. In return, it provided a minimal level of social support.


title: French Revolution

text: The August decrees abolished tithes, and on 2 November the Assembly confiscated all church property, the value of which was used to back a new paper currency known as "assignats". In return, the state assumed responsibilities such as paying the clergy and caring for the poor, the sick and the orphaned. On 13 February 1790, religious orders and monasteries were dissolved, while monks and nuns were encouraged to return to private life.


title: French Revolution

text: The Civil Constitution of the Clergy of 12 July 1790 made them employees of the state, as well as establishing rates of pay and a system for electing priests and bishops. Pope Pius VI and many French Catholics objected to this since it denied the authority of the Pope over the French Church. In October, thirty bishops wrote a declaration denouncing the law, further fuelling opposition.


title: French Revolution

text: When clergy were required to swear loyalty to the Civil Constitution in November 1790, it split the church between the 24% who complied, and the majority who refused. This stiffened popular resistance against state interference, especially in traditionally Catholic areas such as Normandy, Brittany and the Vendée, where only a few priests took the oath and the civilian population turned against the revolution. The result was state-led persecution of "Refractory clergy", many of whom were forced into exile, deported, or executed.


title: French Revolution

text: The period from October 1789 to spring 1791 is usually seen as one of relative tranquility, when some of the most important legislative reforms were enacted. While certainly true, many provincial areas experienced conflict over the source of legitimate authority, where officers of the "Ancien Régime" had been swept away, but new structures were not yet in place. This was less obvious in Paris, since the formation of the National Guard made it the best policed city in Europe, but growing disorder in the provinces inevitably affected members of the Assembly.


title: French Revolution

text: Centrists led by Sieyès, Lafayette, Mirabeau and Bailly created a majority by forging consensus with "monarchiens" like Mounier, and independents including Adrien Duport, Barnave and Alexandre Lameth. At one end of the political spectrum, reactionaries like Cazalès and Maury denounced the Revolution in all its forms, with extremists like Maximilien Robespierre at the other. He and Jean-Paul Marat gained increasing support for opposing the criteria for 'active citizens', which had disenfranchised much of the Parisian proletariat. In January 1790, the National Guard tried to arrest Marat for denouncing Lafayette and Bailly as 'enemies of the people'.


title: French Revolution

text: On 14 July 1790, celebrations were held throughout France commemorating the fall of the Bastille, with participants swearing an oath of fidelity to 'the nation, the law and the king.' The "Fête de la Fédération" in Paris was attended by Louis XVI and his family, with Talleyrand performing a mass. Despite this show of unity, the Assembly was increasingly divided, while external players like the Paris Commune and National Guard competed for power. One of the most significant was the Jacobin club; originally a forum for general debate, by August 1790 it had over 150 members, split into different factions.


title: French Revolution

text: The Assembly continued to develop new institutions; in September 1790, the regional "Parlements" were abolished and their legal functions replaced by a new independent judiciary, with jury trials for criminal cases. However, moderate deputies were uneasy at popular demands for universal suffrage, labour unions and cheap bread, and over the winter of 1790 and 1791, they passed a series of measures intended to disarm popular radicalism. These included exclusion of poorer citizens from the National Guard, limits on use of petitions and posters, and the June 1791 Le Chapelier Law suppressing trade guilds and any form of worker organisation.


title: French Revolution

text: The traditional force for preserving law and order was the army, which was increasingly divided between officers, who largely came from the nobility, and ordinary soldiers. In August 1790, the loyalist General Bouillé suppressed a serious mutiny at Nancy; although congratulated by the Assembly, he was criticised by Jacobin radicals for the severity of his actions. Growing disorder meant many professional officers either left or became émigrés, further destabilising the institution.


title: French Revolution

text: Held in the Tuileries Palace under virtual house arrest, Louis XVI was urged by his brother and wife to re-assert his independence by taking refuge with Bouillé, who was based at Montmédy with 10,000 soldiers considered loyal to the Crown. The royal family left the palace in disguise on the night of 20 June 1791; late the next day, Louis was recognised as he passed through Varennes, arrested and taken back to Paris. The attempted escape had a profound impact on public opinion; since it was clear Louis had been seeking refuge in Austria, the Assembly now demanded oaths of loyalty to the regime, and began preparing for war, while fear of 'spies and traitors' became pervasive.


title: French Revolution

text: Despite calls to replace the monarchy with a republic, Louis retained his position but was generally regarded with acute suspicion and forced to swear allegiance to the constitution. A new decree stated retracting this oath, making war upon the nation, or permitting anyone to do so in his name would be considered abdication. However, radicals led by Jacques Pierre Brissot prepared a petition demanding his deposition, and on 17 July, an immense crowd gathered in the Champ de Mars to sign. Led by Lafayette, the National Guard was ordered to "preserve public order" and responded to a barrage of stones by firing into the crowd, killing between 13 and 50 people.


title: French Revolution

text: The massacre badly damaged Lafayette's reputation; the authorities responded by closing radical clubs and newspapers, while their leaders went into exile or hiding, including Marat. On 27 August, Emperor Leopold II and Frederick William II of Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz declaring their support for Louis, and hinting at an invasion of France on his behalf. In reality, the meeting between Leopold and Frederick was primarily to discuss the Partitions of Poland; the Declaration was intended to satisfy Comte d'Artois and other French émigrés but the threat rallied popular support behind the regime.


title: French Revolution

text: Based on a motion proposed by Robespierre, existing deputies were barred from elections held in early September for the French Legislative Assembly. Although Robespierre himself was one of those excluded, his support in the clubs gave him a political power base not available to Lafayette and Bailly, who resigned respectively as head of the National Guard and the Paris Commune. The new laws were gathered together in the 1791 Constitution, and submitted to Louis XVI, who pledged to defend it "from enemies at home and abroad". On 30 September, the Constituent Assembly was dissolved, and the Legislative Assembly convened the next day.


title: French Revolution

text: The Legislative Assembly is often dismissed by historians as an ineffective body, compromised by divisions over the role of the monarchy which were exacerbated by Louis' resistance to limitations on his powers and attempts to reverse them using external support. Restricting the franchise to those who paid a minimum amount of tax meant only 4 out of 6 million Frenchmen over 25 were able to vote; it largely excluded the "sans culottes" or urban working class, who increasingly saw the new regime as failing to meet their demands for bread and work.


title: French Revolution

text: This meant the new constitution was opposed by significant elements inside and outside the Assembly, itself split into three main groups. 245 members were affiliated with Barnave's "Feuillants", constitutional monarchists who considered the Revolution had gone far enough, while another 136 were Jacobin leftists who supported a republic, led by Brissot and usually referred to as "Brissotins". The remaining 345 belonged to "La Plaine", a central faction who switched votes depending on the issue; many of whom shared "Brissotins" suspicions as to Louis' commitment to the Revolution. After Louis officially accepted the new Constitution, one response was recorded as being ""Vive le roi, s'il est de bon foi!"", or "Long live the king – if he keeps his word".


title: French Revolution

text: Although a minority, the "Brissotins" control of key committees allowed them to focus on two issues, both intended to portray Louis as hostile to the Revolution by provoking him into using his veto. The first concerned émigrés; between October and November, the Assembly approved measures confiscating their property and threatening them with the death penalty. The second was non-juring priests, whose opposition to the Civil Constitution led to a state of near civil war in southern France, which Bernave tried to defuse by relaxing the more punitive provisions. On 29 November, the Assembly passed a decree giving refractory clergy eight days to comply, or face charges of 'conspiracy against the nation', which even Robespierre viewed as too far, too soon. As expected and indeed intended by their authors, both were vetoed by Louis who was now portrayed as opposed to reform in general.


title: French Revolution

text: Accompanying this was a campaign for war against Austria and Prussia, also led by Brissot, whose aims have been interpreted as a mixture of cynical calculation and revolutionary idealism. While exploiting popular anti-Austrianism, it reflected a genuine belief in exporting the values of political liberty and popular sovereignty. Ironically, Marie Antoinette headed a faction within the court that also favoured war, seeing it as a way to win control of the military, and restore royal authority. In December 1791, Louis made a speech in the Assembly giving foreign powers a month to disband the émigrés or face war, which was greeted with enthusiasm by supporters and suspicion from opponents.


title: French Revolution

text: Bernave's inability to build a consensus in the Assembly resulted in the appointment of a new government, chiefly composed of "Brissotins". On 20 April 1792 the French Revolutionary Wars began when French armies attacked Austrian and Prussian forces along their borders, before suffering a series of disastrous defeats. In an effort to mobilise popular support, the government ordered non-juring priests to swear the oath or be deported, dissolved the Constitutional Guard and replaced it with 20,000 "fédérés"; Louis agreed to disband the Guard, but vetoed the other two proposals, while Lafayette called on the Assembly to suppress the clubs.


title: French Revolution

text: Popular anger increased when details of the Brunswick Manifesto reached Paris on 1 August, threatening 'unforgettable vengeance' should any oppose the Allies in seeking to restore the power of the monarchy. On the morning of 10 August, a combined force of the Paris National Guard and provincial fédérés attacked the Tuileries Palace, killing many of the Swiss Guards protecting it. Louis and his family took refuge with the Assembly and shortly after 11:00 am, the deputies present voted to 'temporarily relieve the king', effectively suspending the monarchy.


title: French Revolution

text: In late August, elections were held for the National Convention; voter restrictions meant those cast fell to 3.3 million, versus 4 million in 1791, while intimidation was widespread. The former "Brissotins" now split into moderate "Girondins" led by Brissot, and radical "Montagnards", headed by Maximilien Robespierre, Georges Danton and Jean-Paul Marat. While loyalties constantly shifted, around 160 of the 749 deputies were Girondists, 200 Montagnards and 389 members of "La Plaine". Led by Bertrand Barère, Pierre Joseph Cambon and Lazare Carnot, as before this central faction acted as a swing vote.