title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: In a scene, Sharon Tate goes into Larry Edmunds Bookshop and purchases a copy of "Tess of the d'Urbervilles". In real life, Tate gave a copy to Roman Polanski shortly before her death. In 1978 Polanski directed the film adaptation, "Tess" (1979), dedicating it to Tate. Tate and Polanski's Yorkie Terrier in the film is named "Dr. Sapirstein", as was Tate's Yorkie in real life, named after the doctor portrayed by Ralph Bellamy in "Rosemary's Baby". The carrier she puts the dog in is the one that Tate actually owned. The outfit Margot Robbie wears in the Bruin Theater scene is based on the one Tate wore in "Eye of the Devil".


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: In the film, Tate goes to see "The Wrecking Crew" at the Bruin Theater. She convinces the theater's employees that she stars in the movie after they fail to recognize her. Tarantino stated the scene came from a personal experience. When "True Romance" was released, he saw it at the same theater, where he eventually convinced its employees that he wrote the script.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: On the set of "Batman", for a crossover episode with "The Green Hornet", a fight was scripted with Kato (Bruce Lee) losing to Dick Grayson's Robin (Burt Ward). When Lee received the script, he refused to do it, so it was changed to a draw. When the cameras rolled, Lee stalked Ward until Ward backed away. Lee laughed and told him he was "lucky it is a TV show." Stuntman Gene LeBell put Lee in a Judo hold on "The Green Hornet" set in response to Lee hurting stuntmen. In the film, Stuntman Cliff Booth fights Lee on the set of "The Green Hornet"; the fight ends in a draw. Booth refers to Lee as "Kato".


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: According to Rudolph Altobelli, who rented the house to Polanski and Tate, in March 1969, Charles Manson showed up. Polanski's friend, Iranian photographer Shahrokh Hatami also said he saw Manson enter the grounds. Hatami approached Manson, asking him what he wanted. He told Hatami he was looking for Terry Melcher. Hatami responded the house was the Polanski residence and perhaps Melcher lived in the guest house. Altobelli told Manson that Melcher no longer lived there. This happens in the film, with Jay Sebring in place of Altobelli and Hatami.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: On the night of August 8, 1969, Patricia Krenwinkel, Tex Watson, and Susan Atkins broke into Tate's house, murdering her and four others. In the film, they go to Tate's house to commit the murders but instead end up breaking into Dalton's house after he interrupts them. Linda Kasabian went along that night, though she did not murder anyone and stayed outside the whole time as a lookout. In the film, she goes along and does not murder anyone but takes off and does not stay. Watson told his victims, "I'm the Devil, and I came to do the Devil's business." In the film, he says it to Cliff Booth.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: In the film, Atkins convinces the others to seek revenge by killing Rick Dalton, star of a TV western. Since TV taught them to kill, it is fitting they kill the guy from TV, and "My idea is to kill the people who taught us to kill!" In real life, Manson Family member Nancy Pitman said: "We are what you have made us. We were brought up on your TV. We were brought up watching "Gunsmoke" and "Have Gun – Will Travel"." Sandra Good said: "You want to talk about devils and demonic and immorals and evil, go to Hollywood. We don't touch the evil of that world. We don't even skim it." In the film when the four Manson Family members who drive to Tate's house are sitting outside in their car, Rick Dalton comes out of his house and yells at them to leave. In real-life the four members stopped at the house of Rudolf Weber, down the street from Tate's house. Weber came out and yelled at them to leave. Weber told the police he was tired of hippies on his street.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: Clem Grogan was convicted of the murder of stuntman Donald Shea on Spahn Ranch, whom he repeatedly beat with a lead pipe. In the film, Grogan is instead beaten by stuntman Cliff Booth. The 1959 Ford Galaxie driven by the Manson Family is a detailed replica of the car used in the Tate–LaBianca murders. Car coordinator Steven Butcher found the actual car, but after a meeting with Tarantino, they decided using it would be "too creepy". Boeing 747s are used in several airliner scenes, but were not in commercial use until 1970. The film is set in 1969.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: The film's depiction of Bruce Lee drew criticism. Fans and contemporaries of Lee, including his protégé Dan Inosanto, criticized the portrayal. Lee's daughter Shannon described the depiction as "an arrogant asshole who was full of hot air" and that "they didn't need to treat him in the way White Hollywood did when he was alive." Lee's student and friend Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, who starred with Lee in "Game of Death", stated that Tarantino's portrayal of Lee was "sloppy and somewhat racist".


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: Mike Moh, who played Lee, said he was conflicted at first: "Bruce in my mind was literally a God. [He] didn't always have the most affection for stuntmen; he didn't respect all of them." He stated, "Tarantino loves Bruce Lee; he reveres him." Brad Pitt and stunt coordinator Robert Alonzo objected to an extended version of the fight in which Lee loses. According to Lee's friend and "The Green Hornet" stuntman Gene LeBell, Lee had a reputation for "kicking the shit out of the stuntmen. They couldn't convince him that he could go easy and it would still look great on film." In the 2018 "Bruce Lee: A Life", Lee's biographer Matthew Polly wrote, Lee would jump-kick people on the set. According to Lee's co-star Van Williams, it stopped when "He dislocated [a set designer's] jaw." Polly continued, "Bruce insisted on close quarters combat. The stuntmen hated it." Williams said, "[The stuntmen] ... didn't want to work on the show. They were tired of getting hurt." LeBell was tasked with "calming Bruce down." According to Williams, Lee's treatment of stuntmen drove the show's stunt coordinator Bennie Dobbins to want to fight [him].


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: Tarantino responded, saying Lee was "kind of an arrogant guy," and that Lee's widow, Linda, wrote in her 1975 book "" that he could beat Muhammad Ali. She wrote, "Even the most scathing critics admitted that Bruce's Gung fu was sensational. One critic wrote, 'Those who watched him would bet on Lee to render Cassius Clay (Ali) senseless if they were put in a room and told anything goes.'" In 1972, Lee himself stated: "Everybody says I must fight Ali some day. ... Look at my hand. That's a little Chinese hand. He'd kill me."


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: Shannon filed a complaint with the China Film Administration affecting the film's release in China unless alterations were made. After Tarantino refused to remove the scene, China cancelled the release of the film on October 18, 2019, one week before its release date there.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: After being contacted over concerns, Tarantino invited a representative of Roman Polanski, Sharon Tate's widower, over to his house to read the script and report back to Polanski, to assure him "he didn't have anything to worry about". Tarantino stated: "When it comes to Polanski, we're talking about a tragedy that would be unfathomable for most human beings," and that he did not contact him while writing it, as he did not want to cause him anxiety. Despite this, Polanski's wife, Emmanuelle Seigner, criticized Tarantino for using Polanski's likeness after the film's premiere.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: Debra Tate, Sharon's sister, initially opposed the film, saying it was exploitative and perpetuated mistruths: "To celebrate the killers and the darkest portion of society as being sexy or acceptable in any way, shape or form is just perpetuating the worst of our society." After Tarantino contacted her and showed her the script, she withdrew her opposition, saying: "This movie is not what people would expect it to be when you combine the Tarantino and Manson names." She felt that Tarantino was a "very stand-up guy"; after visiting the set, she was impressed by Robbie and lent her some of Sharon's jewelry and perfume to wear in the film.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: After the premiere, journalist Farah Nayeri asked Tarantino why Robbie had so few lines. Tarantino responded, "I reject your hypothesis." Robbie elaborated, "I think the moments on screen show those wonderful sides of [Tate] could be adequately done without speaking." Tarantino said, "I thought it would both be touching and pleasurable and also sad and melancholy to just spend a little time with [Tate], just existing... I wanted you to see Sharon a lot."


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: Charles Manson was convicted of the murders of Tate and four others, despite not being present, due mostly to a theory presented by prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi that Manson was trying to instigate an apocalyptic race war, leaving only Black Muslims and the Family. According to the theory, the Black Muslims would eventually look to Manson to lead them. According to members of the Family; Paul Watkins, Juan Flynn and Barbara Hoyt, Manson referred to the race war as Helter Skelter, getting the name from the song of the same name.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: Musician and filmmaker Boots Riley criticized Tarantino's film for not portraying Bugliosi's Helter Skelter narrative, or depicting the Family as white supremacists. As did Lorraine Ali of the "Los Angeles Times". Saying that portraying The Manson Family as hippies is "a more bankable image than Manson the ignorant white supremacist."


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: However, according to members of The Family; Susan Atkins, Leslie Van Houten, Patricia Krenwinkel, Catherine Share, and Ruth Ann Moorehouse, the Tate murders were not perpetrated to start Helter Skelter, but as copycat murders mirroring that of Gary Hinman, in an attempt to convince police the killer was still at large, and get Bobby Beausoleil released from jail, as he was charged with Hinman's murder. He stated the murders had nothing to do with race.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: According to Jay Sebring's protégé and business partner Jim Markham, who provided original Sebring hair products for "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood", the murders were instigated by a drug deal gone bad, not a race war. He believes Manson was at Tate's house the day before the murders to sell drugs to Sebring and Voytek Frykowski, which resulted in the two beating Manson up. In his interview with Truman Capote, Beausoleil said, "They burned people on dope deals. Sharon Tate and that gang."


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: On "The Joe Rogan Experience", Tarantino said he thought Bugliosi's theory was "bullshit." He believes Manson never sent anyone over to Tate's house to murder anyone, and that the murders happened spontaneously.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: In November 2020, Tarantino signed a two-book deal with HarperCollins. On June 29, 2021, he published his first novel, an adaptation of "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood". The audiobook is narrated by Jennifer Jason Leigh who previously starred in Tarantino's "The Hateful Eight". According to Tarantino, her "Hateful Eight" character Daisy Domergue was "A Manson girl out west, like Susan Atkins or something."


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: According to Tarantino, the novel is "a complete rethinking of the entire story", and adds details to various sequences and characters, including multiple chapters dedicated to the backstory of Cliff Booth. The novel also departs from the film; the film's finale occurs towards the beginning of the novel, and its aftermath includes Rick Dalton earning newfound fame as a regular on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson". It also focuses on Charles Manson's pursuit of a music career, the "inner worlds" of Sharon Tate and Trudi Frazer, and has a whole chapter focused on actor Aldo Ray.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: In June 2021, Tarantino revealed he wrote and plans to publish a second novel connected to "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood" about the films of Rick Dalton. The book details every film and TV series of Dalton's entire career, some of which are completely fictional but the majority of Dalton's work are real, with Dalton replacing the actors who actually starred in the films. In it, Cliff Booth writes a film for Dalton featuring a flamethrower, which they produce and Dalton directs.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: On August 5, 2019, it was reported that a four-hour cut of the film may be coming to Netflix. On January 3, 2020, Collider confirmed the statement in an interview with Quentin Tarantino, revealing the extended-cut of "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood" would probably be available in approximately one year. In June 2021 Tarantino said the extended cut would probably be released "in a couple of years." It will be around three hours and 20 minutes and be released theatrically.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: Also in 2019, Tarantino expressed interest in creating a "Bounty Law" television series based on five half-hour scripts he wrote in preparation for the film and that he plans on writing three more episodes. Tarantino said he does not know who would play Jake Cahill, the lead but added "if [Leonardo DiCaprio] wants to do it that'd be great." The series would be shot in black and white and follow the half-hour format of Western television shows from the 1950s. Scenes from the episodes already written appear in "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood". Tarantino plans on directing all episodes of the series.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: Tarantino hopes Robert Rodriguez will turn Tarantino's version of "Lancer" in "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood" into a film.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: In June 2021 Tarantino announced his plan to produce a stage adaptation of "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood". He already wrote the play, which takes place in Italy. The entire second act consists of Rick Dalton, Marvin Schwarz, and Sergio Corbucci having dinner in Rome.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: On August 6, 2021, the rock band Twin Atlantic released a "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood"-themed music video for their song "Bang On the Gong," with lead singer, Sam McTrusty taking inspiration from Rick Dalton.


title: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

text: During the opening credits of the Japanese anime, 'Chainsaw Man', the opening scene of the movie has been referenced.


title: One Piece

text: One Piece (stylized in all caps) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Eiichiro Oda. It has been serialized in Shueisha's "shōnen" manga magazine "Weekly Shōnen Jump" since July 1997, with its individual chapters compiled into 104 "tankōbon" volumes . The story follows the adventures of Monkey D. Luffy, a boy whose body gained the properties of rubber after unintentionally eating a Devil Fruit. With his pirate crew, the Straw Hat Pirates, Luffy explores the Grand Line in search of the deceased King of the Pirates Gol D. Roger's ultimate treasure known as the "One Piece" in order to become the next King of the Pirates.


title: One Piece

text: The manga spawned a media franchise, having been adapted into a festival film produced by Production I.G, and an anime series produced by Toei Animation, which began broadcasting in Japan in 1999. Additionally, Toei has developed fourteen animated feature films, one original video animation, and thirteen television specials. Several companies have developed various types of merchandising and media, such as a trading card game and numerous video games. The manga series was licensed for an English language release in North America and the United Kingdom by Viz Media and in Australia by Madman Entertainment. The anime series was licensed by 4Kids Entertainment for an English-language release in North America in 2004 before the license was dropped and subsequently acquired by Funimation in 2007.


title: One Piece

text: "One Piece" has received praise for its storytelling, art, characterization, and humor. It has received many awards and is ranked by critics, reviewers, and readers as one of the best manga of all time. Several volumes of the manga have broken publishing records, including the highest initial print run of any book in Japan. In 2015 and 2022, "One Piece" set the "Guinness World Record" for "the most copies published for the same comic book series by a single author". It was the best-selling manga for eleven consecutive years from 2008 to 2018, and is the only manga that had an initial print of volumes of above 3 million continuously for more than 10 years, as well as the only that had achieved more than 1 million copies sold in all of its over 100 published "tankōbon" volumes. "One Piece" is the only manga whose volumes have ranked first every year in Oricon's weekly comic chart existence since 2008.


title: One Piece

text: , "One Piece" had over 516.5 million copies in circulation in 61 countries and regions worldwide, making it the best-selling manga series in history, and the best-selling comic series printed in book volume. It is also one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time.


title: One Piece

text: The world of "One Piece" is populated by humans and many other races, such as dwarves, fish-men, and giants. It is covered by two vast oceans, which are divided by a massive mountain range called the Red Line; The Grand Line, a sea that runs perpendicular to the Red Line, further divides them into four seas: North Blue, East Blue, West Blue, and South Blue. Surrounding the Grand Line are two regions called Calm Belts, similar to horse latitudes, which experience almost no wind or ocean currents and are the breeding ground for huge sea creatures called sea kings. Because of this, the calm belts are very effective barriers for those trying to enter the Grand Line. However, navy ships, members of an intergovernmental organization known as the World Government, are able to use a sea-prism stone to mask their presence from the sea kings and can simply pass through the calm belts. All other ships are forced to take a more dangerous route, going through a mountain at the first intersection of the Grand Line and the Red Line, a canal system known as Reverse Mountain. Sea water from each of the four seas runs up that mountain and merges at the top to flow down a fifth canal and into the first half of the Grand Line, called Paradise because how it compared to the second half. The second half of the Grand Line, beyond the second intersection with the Red Line, is known as the New World.


title: One Piece

text: The series focuses on Monkey D. Luffy, a young man made of rubber, who, inspired by his childhood idol, the powerful pirate Red-Haired Shanks, sets off on a journey from the East Blue Sea to find the mythical treasure, the One Piece, and proclaim himself the King of the Pirates. In an effort to organize his own crew, the Straw Hat Pirates, Luffy rescues and befriends a pirate hunter and swordsman named Roronoa Zoro, and they head off in search of the titular treasure. They are joined in their journey by Nami, a money-obsessed thief and navigator; Usopp, a sniper and compulsive liar; and Sanji, an amorous but chivalrous cook. They acquire a ship, the "Going Merry", and engage in confrontations with notorious pirates of the East Blue. As Luffy and his crew set out on their adventures, others join the crew later in the series, including Tony Tony Chopper, an anthropomorphized reindeer doctor; Nico Robin, an archaeologist and former Baroque Works assassin; Franky, a cyborg shipwright; Brook, a skeleton musician and swordsman; and Jimbei, a fish-man helmsman and former member of the Seven Warlords of the Sea. Once the "Going Merry" is damaged beyond repair, Franky builds the Straw Hat Pirates a new ship, the "Thousand Sunny", Together, they encounter other pirates, bounty hunters, criminal organizations, revolutionaries, secret agents, and soldiers of the corrupt World Government, and various other friends and foes, as they sail the seas in pursuit of their dreams.


title: One Piece

text: Eiichiro Oda's interest in pirates began in his childhood, watching the animated series "Vicky the Viking", which inspired him to want to draw a manga series about pirates. The reading of pirate biographies influenced Oda to incorporate the characteristics of real-life pirates into many of the characters in "One Piece"; for example, the character Marshall D. Teach is based on and named after the historical pirate Edward "Blackbeard" Teach. Apart from the history of piracy, Oda's biggest influence is Akira Toriyama and his series "Dragon Ball", which is one of his favorite manga. He was also inspired by "The Wizard of Oz", claiming not to endure stories where the reward of adventure is the adventure itself, opting for a story where travel is important, but even more important is the goal.


title: One Piece

text: While working as an assistant to Nobuhiro Watsuki, Oda began writing "One Piece" in 1996. It started as two one-shot stories entitled "Romance Dawn"—which would later be used as the title for "One Piece"s first chapter and volume. They both featured the character of Luffy, and included elements that would appear later in the main series. The first of these short stories was published in August 1996 in "Akamaru Jump" and later in "One Piece Red". The second was published in the 41st issue of "Weekly Shōnen Jump" in 1996, and reprinted in 1998 in Oda's short story collection, "Wanted!". In an interview with TBS, Takanori Asada, the original editor of "One Piece", revealed that the manga was rejected by "Weekly Shōnen Jump" three times before Shueisha agreed to publish the series.


title: One Piece

text: When creating a Devil Fruit, Oda thinks of something that would fulfill a human desire; he added that he does not see why he would draw a Devil Fruit unless the fruit's appearance would entice one to eat it. The names of many special attacks, as well as other concepts in the manga, consist of a form of punning in which phrases written in "kanji" are paired with an idiosyncratic reading. The names of some characters' techniques are often mixed with other languages, and the names of several of Zoro's sword techniques are designed as jokes; they look fearsome when read by sight but sound like kinds of food when read aloud. For example, Zoro's signature move is "Onigiri", which is written as "demon cut" but is pronounced the same as "rice ball" in Japanese. Eisaku Inoue, the animation director, has said that the creators did not use these "kanji" readings in the anime since they "might have cut down the laughs by about half". Nevertheless, Konosuke Uda, the director, said that he believes that the creators "made the anime pretty close to the manga".


title: One Piece

text: Oda was "sensitive" about how his work would be translated. In many instances, the English version of the "One Piece" manga uses one onomatopoeia for multiple onomatopoeia used in the Japanese version. For instance, ""saaa"" (the sound of light rain, close to a mist) and ""zaaa"" (the sound of pouring rain) are both translated as "fshhhhhhh". Unlike other manga artists, Oda draws everything that moves himself to create a consistent look while leaving his staff to draw the backgrounds based on sketches he has drawn. In this way, he wishes to maintain a uniform representation, leaving only the realization of the backgrounds to his staff, based on his sketches. This workload forces him to keep tight production rates, starting from five in the morning until two in the morning the next day, with short breaks only for meals. Oda's work program includes the first three days of the week dedicated to the writing of the storyboard and the remaining time for the definitive inking of the boards and for the possible coloring. When a reader asked who Nami was in love with, Oda replied that there would hardly be any love affairs within Luffy's crew. The author also explained he deliberately avoids including them in "One Piece" since the series is a shōnen manga and the boys who read it are not interested in love stories.


title: One Piece

text: Oda revealed that he originally planned "One Piece" to last five years, and that he had already planned the ending. However, he found it would take longer than he had expected as Oda realized that he liked the story too much to end it in that period of time. In 2016, nineteen years after the start of serialization, the author said that the manga has reached 65% of the story he intends to tell. In July 2018, on the occasion of the twenty-first anniversary of "One Piece", Oda said that the manga has reached 80% of the plot, while in January 2019, he said that "One Piece" is on its way to the conclusion, but that it could exceed the 100th volume. In August 2019, Oda said that, according to his predictions, the manga will end between 2024 and 2025. However, Oda stated that the ending would be what he had decided in the beginning; he is committed to seeing it through. In a television special aired in Japan, Oda said he would be willing to change the ending if the fans were to be able to predict it. In August 2020, Shueisha announced in the year's 35th issue of "Weekly Shōnen Jump" that "One Piece" was "headed toward the upcoming final saga." On January 4, 2021, "One Piece" reached its thousandth chapter. In June 2022, Oda announced that the manga would enter a one-month break to prepare for its 25th anniversary and its final saga, set to begin with the release of chapter 1054.


title: One Piece

text: Written and illustrated by Eiichiro Oda, "One Piece" has been serialized by Shueisha in the "shōnen" manga anthology "Weekly Shōnen Jump" since July 22, 1997. Shueisha has collected its chapters into individual "tankōbon" volumes. The first volume was released on December 24, 1997. As of November 4, 2022, a total of 104 volumes have been released.


title: One Piece

text: The "One Piece" manga was licensed for an English language release by Viz Media, who published it via chapters in the manga anthology "Shonen Jump", since the magazine's launch in November 2002, and in bound volumes since June 30, 2003. In 2009, Viz announced the release of five volumes per month during the first half of 2010 to catch up with the serialization in Japan. Following the discontinuation of the print "Shonen Jump", Viz began releasing "One Piece" chapterwise in its digital successor "Weekly Shonen Jump" on January 30, 2012. In the United Kingdom, the volumes were published by Gollancz Manga, starting in March 2006, until Viz Media took it over after the fourteenth volume. In Australia and New Zealand, the English volumes have been distributed by Madman Entertainment since November 10, 2008. In Poland, Japonica Polonica Fantastica is publishing the manga, Glénat in France, Panini Comics in Mexico, LARP Editores and later by Ivrea in Argentina, Planeta de Libros in Spain, Edizioni Star Comics in Italy, and Sangatsu Manga in Finland.


title: One Piece

text: Oda teamed up with Akira Toriyama to create a single crossover of "One Piece" and Toriyama's "Dragon Ball". Entitled "Cross Epoch", the one-shot was published in the December 25, 2006, issue of "Weekly Shōnen Jump" and the April 2011 issue of the English "Shonen Jump". Oda collaborated with Mitsutoshi Shimabukuro, author of "Toriko", for a crossover one-shot of their series titled , which ran in the April 4, 2011, issue of "Weekly Shōnen Jump". The spin-off series , written by Ei Andō in a super deformed art style, began serialization in the January 2015 issue of "Saikyō Jump".


title: One Piece

text: "One Piece: Defeat Him! The Pirate Ganzack!" was produced by Production I.G for the 1998 Jump Super Anime Tour and was directed by Gorō Taniguchi. Luffy, Nami, and Zoro are attacked by a sea monster that destroys their boat and separates them. Luffy is found on an island beach, where he saves a little girl, Medaka, from two pirates. All the villagers, including Medaka's father have been abducted by Ganzack and his crew and forced into labor. After hearing that Ganzack also stole all the food, Luffy and Zoro rush out to retrieve it. As they fight the pirates, one of them kidnaps Medaka. A fight starts between Luffy and Ganzack, ending with Luffy's capture. Meanwhile, Zoro is forced to give up after a threat is made to kill all the villagers. They rise up against Ganzack, and while the islanders and pirates fight, Nami unlocks the three captives. Ganzack defeats the rebellion and reveals his armored battleship. The Straw Hat Pirates are forced to fight Ganzack once more to prevent him from destroying the island.


title: One Piece

text: A second film, "One Piece: Romance Dawn Story", was produced by Toei Animation in July 2008 for the Jump Super Anime Tour. It is 34 minutes in length and based on the first version of "Romance Dawn". It includes the Straw Hat Pirates up to Brook and their second ship, the "Thousand Sunny". In search for food for his crew, Luffy arrives at a port after defeating a pirate named Crescent Moon Gally on the way. There he meets a girl named Silk, who was abandoned by attacking pirates as a baby and raised by the mayor. Her upbringing causes her to value the town as her "treasure". The villagers mistake Luffy for Gally and capture him just as the real Gally returns. Gally throws Luffy in the water and plans to destroy the town, but Silk saves him and Luffy pursues Gally. His crew arrives to help him, and with their help he recovers the treasure for the town, acquires food, and destroys Gally's ship. The film was later released as a triple feature DVD with "" and "Tegami Bachi: Light and Blue Night", that was available only though a mail-in offer exclusively to Japanese residents.


title: One Piece

text: The "One Piece Film Strong World: Episode 0" original video animation adapts the manga's special "Chapter 0", which shows how things were before and after the death of Roger. It received a limited release of three thousand DVDs as a collaboration with the House Foods brand.


title: One Piece

text: Toei Animation produces an anime television series based on the "One Piece" manga. The series, which premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on October 20, 1999, has aired more than 1,000 episodes, and has been exported to various countries around the world. Two cross-over episodes with the anime adaptation of "Toriko" were aired. The first of these, which was also the first episode of "Toriko", aired on April 3, 2011. A second special, which also crossed over with "Dragon Ball Z", aired on April 7, 2013.


title: One Piece

text: On June 8, 2004, 4Kids Entertainment acquired the license for distribution of "One Piece" in North America. 4Kids contracted Viz Media to handle home video distribution. 4Kids' in-house musicians wrote a new background score and theme song nicknamed "Pirate Rap". 4Kids' dub mandated edits for content and length, which reduced the first 143 episodes into 104. Initially, 4Kids originally created an English version of the first opening theme, "We Are!" by Russell Velazquez. It premiered in the United States on September 18, 2004, in first-run syndication on the Fox network as part of the weekend programming block FoxBox TV, and later aired on Cartoon Network on their Saturday night action programming block, Toonami in April 2005. It also aired in other blocks and lineups, such as its Monday-Thursday night prime-time lineup and its "Miguzi" weekday after-school action block in 2006. Production was halted in 2006 after episode 143/104. Viz also ceased its home video release of the series after volume 11. On July 22, 2010, an interview with Anime News Network and Mark Kirk, senior vice-president of digital media for 4Kids Entertainment, revealed that 4Kids acquired "One Piece" as part of a package deal with other anime, and that the company did not screen the series before licensing it. However, once 4Kids realized "One Piece" was not appropriate for their intended demographic, the company decided to edit it into a more child-oriented series until they had an opportunity to legally drop the license. Kirk said the experience of producing "One Piece" "ruined the company's reputation". Since then, 4Kids established a stricter set of guidelines, checks, and balances to determine which anime the company acquires.


title: One Piece

text: On April 13, 2007, Funimation licensed the series and started production on an English-language release of "One Piece". In an interview with voice actor Christopher Sabat, he stated that Funimation had been interested in acquiring "One Piece" from the very beginning, and produced a "test episode", in which Sabat portrayed the character of Helmeppo and Eric Vale played the part of the main character, Monkey D. Luffy. (They would later go on to provide the English voices for Roronoa Zoro and Sanji, respectively.) After resuming production of the renewed English dub, which featured less censorship because of fewer restrictions on cable programming, Funimation released its first uncut, bilingual DVD box set containing 13 episodes on May 27, 2008. Similarly sized sets followed with fourteen sets released. The Funimation-dubbed episodes premiered on Cartoon Network on September 29, 2007 and aired until its removal on March 22, 2008. On October 28, 2011, Funimation posted a press release on their official website confirming the acquisition of episodes 206–263, and the aspect ratio, beginning with episode 207, would be changed to the 16:9 widescreen format. On May 18, 2013, the uncut series began airing on Adult Swim's revived Toonami late-night programming block from episode 207 onward. "One Piece" was removed from the Toonami block after March 18, 2017.


title: One Piece

text: In May 2009, Funimation, Toei Animation, Shueisha, and Fuji Television announced they would simulcast stream the series within an hour of the weekly Japanese broadcast at no charge. Originally scheduled to begin on May 30, 2009, with episode 403, a lack of security resulted in a leak of the episode, and Funimation delayed the offer until episode 415 on August 29, 2009. On February 12, 2013, it was announced that Manga Entertainment would start releasing the Funimation dub of "One Piece" in the United Kingdom in a DVD box set format. Crunchyroll began simulcasting the series on November 2, 2013, for the United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Latin America.


title: One Piece

text: On July 21, 2017, "Weekly Shōnen Jump" editor-in-chief Hiroyuki Nakano announced that Tomorrow Studios (a partnership between Marty Adelstein and ITV Studios) and Shueisha would commence production of an American live-action television adaptation of Eiichiro Oda's "One Piece" manga series as part of the series' 20th anniversary celebrations. Eiichiro Oda will serve as executive producer for the series alongside Tomorrow Studios CEO Adelstein and Becky Clements. The series will reportedly begin with the East Blue arc.


title: One Piece

text: In January 2020, Oda revealed that Netflix ordered a first season consisting of ten episodes. On May 19, 2020, producer Marty Adelstein revealed during an interview with SyFy Wire, that the series was originally set to begin filming in Cape Town sometime around August, but has since been delayed to around September due to COVID-19. He also revealed that, during the same interview, all ten scripts had been written for the series and they were set to begin casting sometime in June. However, executive producer Matt Owens stated in September 2020 that casting had not yet commenced.


title: One Piece

text: In March 2021, production started up again with showrunner Steven Maeda revealing that the series codename is "Project Roger". In November 2021, it was announced that the casting for the series includes Iñaki Godoy as Monkey D. Luffy, Mackenyu as Roronoa Zoro, Emily Rudd as Nami, Jacob Romero Gibson as Usopp and Taz Skylar as Sanji. In March 2022, Netflix added Morgan Davies as Koby, Ilia Isorelýs Paulino as Alvida, Aidan Scott as Helmeppo, Jeff Ward as Buggy, McKinley Belcher III as Arlong, Vincent Regan as Garp and Peter Gadiot as Shanks to the cast in recurring roles.


title: One Piece

text: Fourteen animated theatrical films based on the "One Piece" series have been released in Japan. The films are typically released in March in accordance with the spring vacation of Japanese schools. The films feature self-contained, completely original plots, or alternate retellings of story arcs with animation of a higher quality than what the weekly anime allows. The first three films were typically double features paired up with other anime films, and were thus, usually an hour or less in length. The films themselves offer contradictions in both chronology and design that make them incompatible with a single continuity. Funimation has licensed the eighth, tenth, and twelfth films for release in North America, and these films have received in-house dubs by the company.


title: One Piece

text: The "One Piece" franchise has been adapted into multiple video games published by subsidiaries of Bandai and later as part of Bandai Namco Entertainment. The games have been released on a variety of video game, handheld consoles, and mobile devices. The video games feature role-playing games, and fighting games, such as the titles of the "Grand Battle!" meta-series. The series debuted in Japan on July 19, 2000, with "From TV Animation – One Piece: Become the Pirate King!". Over forty games have been produced based on the franchise. Additionally, "One Piece" characters and settings have appeared in various "Shonen Jump" crossover games, such as "Battle Stadium D.O.N", "Jump Super Stars", "Jump Ultimate Stars", "J-Stars Victory VS" and "Jump Force".


title: One Piece

text: Music soundtracks have been released that are based on songs that premiered in the series. Kohei Tanaka and Shiro Hamaguchi composed the score for "One Piece". Various theme songs and character songs were released on a total of 51 singles. Eight compilation albums and seventeen soundtrack CDs have been released featuring songs and themes that were introduced in the series. On August 11, 2019, it was announced that the musical group Sakuramen is collaborating with Kohei Tanaka to compose music for the anime's "Wano Country" story arc.


title: One Piece

text: A series of light novels was published based on the first festival film, certain episodes of the anime television series, and all but the first feature film. They feature artwork by Oda and are written by Tatsuya Hamasaki. The first of these novels, "One Piece: Defeat The Pirate Ganzak!" was released on June 3, 1999. "One Piece: Logue Town Chapter" followed on July 17, 2000, as an adaptation of the anime television series' Logue Town story arc. The first feature film to be adapted was "Clockwork Island Adventure" on March 19, 2001. The second, and so far last, light novel adaptation of an anime television series arc, "One Piece: Thousand-year Dragon Legend", was published on December 25, 2001. The adaptation of "Chopper's Kingdom on the Island of Strange Animals" was released on March 22, 2002, and that of "Dead End Adventure" on March 10, 2003. "Curse of the Sacred Sword" followed on March 22, 2004, and "Baron Omatsuri and the Secret Island" on March 14, 2005. The light novel of "The Giant Mechanical Soldier of Karakuri Castle" was released on March 6, 2006, and that of "" on March 7, 2007. The newest novel adapts "" and was released on February 25, 2008.


title: One Piece

text: Five art books and five guidebooks for the "One Piece" series have been released. The first art book, "One Piece: Color Walk 1", released June 2001, was also released in English by Viz Media on November 8, 2005. A second art book, "One Piece: Color Walk 2", was released on November 4, 2003; and "One Piece: Color Walk 3 – Lion" the third art book, was released January 5, 2006. The fourth art book, subtitled "Eagle", was released on March 4, 2010, and "One Piece: Shark", the fifth art book, was released on December 3, 2010.


title: One Piece

text: The first guidebook "One Piece: Red – Grand Characters" was released on March 2, 2002. The second, "One Piece: Blue – Grand Data File", followed on August 2, 2002. The third guidebook, "One Piece: Yellow – Grand Elements", was released on April 4, 2007, and the fourth, "One Piece: Green – Secret Pieces", followed on November 4, 2010. An anime guidebook, "One Piece: Rainbow!", was released on May 1, 2007, and covers the first eight years of the TV anime.


title: One Piece

text: Other "One Piece" media include a trading card game by Bandai called "One Piece CCG" and a drama CD centering on the character of Nefertari Vivi released by Avex Trax on December 26, 2002. A Hello Kitty-inspired Chopper was used for several pieces of merchandise as a collaboration between "One Piece" and Hello Kitty. A kabuki play inspired by "One Piece" ran at Tokyo's Shinbashi Enbujō throughout October and November 2015.


title: One Piece

text: An event called ""One Piece" Premier Show" debuted at Universal Studios Japan in 2007. The event has been held at the same location every year since 2010. (except in 2020, when the event was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic). As of 2018, the event has attracted over 1 million visitors. The Baratie restaurant, modeled after the restaurant of the same name in the manga, opened in June 2013 at the Fuji Television headquarters. An indoor theme park located inside the Tokyo Tower called the Tokyo One Piece Tower, which includes some attractions, shops and restaurants, opened on March 13, 2015.


title: One Piece

text: "One Piece" is the first-ever manga series to hold a "Dome Tour", in which events were held from March 25–27, 2011, at the Kyocera Dome in Osaka, and from April 27 – May 1 of the same year at the Tokyo Dome. In 2014, the first "One Piece" exhibition in South Korea was held at the War Memorial of Korea, and the second exhibition in Hongik Daehango Art Center. In 2015, a "One Piece" "trompe-l'œil" exhibition was held at the Hong Kong 3D Museum.


title: One Piece

text: "One Piece" is the best-selling manga series in history; in 2012, Oricon, a Japanese company that began its own annual manga sales ranking chart in year 2008, reported that the series was the first to sell 100 million copies (the company does not report on sales figures before April 2008). The series had over 300 million copies in circulation as of November 2013; it had over 440 million copies in circulation worldwide as of May 2018; 460 million copies as of December 2019; 470 million copies as of April 2020; 480 million copies in circulation in forty-three countries worldwide as of February 2021. It reached 490 million copies in print worldwide as of July 2021. As of August 2022, the manga had reached 516,566,000 copies in circulation worldwide.


title: One Piece

text: "One Piece" was the best-selling manga series for eleven consecutive years from 2008 until 2018. In 2019, the manga did not top the chart for the first time in twelve years, ranking second in the annual manga sales ranking with over 10.1 million copies sold, although it remained as the best-selling manga by volume in its twelfth consecutive year. It was the third best-selling manga series in 2020, with over 7.7 million copies sold, while volumes 95–97 were the 23rd–25th best-selling manga volumes of 2020, behind the first twenty-two volumes of "Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba". In 2021, it was the 6th best selling manga with over 7 million copies sold, while volumes 98, 99, and 100 were the 6th, 8th, and 9th best-selling manga volumes, respectively. It was the fourth best-selling manga series in 2022, with over 10.3 million copies sold; volumes 101–104 were among the 10 best-selling manga volumes of the year.


title: One Piece

text: Individual volumes of "One Piece" have broken publishing and sales records in Japan. In 2009, the 56th volume had a print run of 2.85 million, the highest initial print run of any manga by then. The 57th volume had a print run of 3 million in 2010, a record that was broken several times by subsequent volumes. The 60th volume had a first print run of 3.4 million and was the first book to sell over two million copies in its opening week on Oricon book rankings, and later became the first book to sell over three million copies in Oricon's history. In 2012, the 67th volume had an initial print run of 4.05 million, holding the record of the volume with the highest number of copies in the first print. "One Piece" is the only manga that had an initial print of volumes of above 3 million continuously for more than ten years. In September 2021, it was reported that of the one-hundred volumes published by then, each one had sold over 1 million copies. Additionally, "One Piece" is the only work whose volumes have ranked 1st every year in Oricon's weekly comic chart existence since 2008.


title: One Piece

text: "One Piece" has also sold well in North America, charting on "Publishers Weekly"s list of best-selling comics for April/May 2007 and numerous times on "The New York Times" Manga Best Seller list. On "ICv2"s list of Top 25 Manga Properties Fall 2008 for North America, which is compiled by interviews with retailers and distributors, Nielsen BookScan's Top 20 Lists of graphic novels and "ICv2"s own analysis of information provided by Diamond Comic Distributors, "One Piece" came in 15th place. It rose to second place on their Top 25 Manga Properties Q3 2010 list. As of August 2022, the manga has sold 2.9 million copies in print in North America (including single volumes and omnibus editions).


title: One Piece

text: In France, "One Piece" has been the best-selling manga since 2011, with over 31.80 million copies sold as of August 2022. The manga is very popular in the country, where its sales alone represent 8.5% of the French manga market as of 2021. The first volume had sold more than 1 million copies in France as of July 2021. The 100th volume had one of the biggest initial prints ever for a manga in the French market, selling 131,270 copies in just three days, the best-selling manga volume in a week in the country. The manga sold 6,011,536 copies in 2021. This amount represents almost 20% of the total sales in the country; almost one in five volumes of the series was sold in the year.


title: One Piece

text: In Italy, "One Piece" had 18 million copies in circulation as of April 2021. which represents around 22.5% of the series market outside Japan. In September 2021, the limited edition of the ninety-eighth volume ranked first in the best-selling books weekly ranking, making it the first time that a manga reaches that achievement.


title: One Piece

text: In Germany, "One Piece" is the second best-selling manga behind "Dragon Ball". The manga had sold 6.7 million copies in the country.


title: One Piece

text: Allen Divers of "Anime News Network" comments in 2003 that the art style "One Piece" employs "initially seems very cartoonish with much of the character designs showing more North American influence than that from its Japanese origins", adding that the "artwork and settings come across as timeless in their presentation". He also notes that the influence of Akira Toriyama ("Dragon Ball") shines through in Oda's style of writing with its "huge epic battles punctuated by a lot of humor" and that, in "One Piece", he "manages to share a rich tale without getting bogged down by overly complicated plots". Rebecca Silverman of the same site stated that one of the series' strengths is to "blend action, humor, and heavy fare together" and praised the art, but stated that the panels could get too crowded for easy reading. The website "activeAnime" describes the artwork in "One Piece" as "wonderfully quirky and full of expression". "Splashcomics" comments that Oda's "pleasantly bright and dynamic" () art style suits the story's "funny and exciting" (German: "witzigen und ... spannenden") atmosphere. Isaiah Colbert of "Kotaku" called "One Piece" a "masterpiece", highlighting Oda's character writing, world-building and the balance between "fun and serious subject matter". Dale Bashir of IGN wrote that "One Piece" is more about the world-building, adventuring, and the meaning of freedom instead of the "usual shonen battling" from series like "Dragon Ball" and "Naruto". Bashir concluded: "While not everyone would want to go so far for a franchise that isn’t even finished yet, trust me when I say that it is definitely worth it."


title: One Piece

text: EX Media lauds Oda's art for its "crispy" monochrome pictures, "great use of subtle shade changes" on color pages, "sometimes exquisite" use of angles, and for its consistency. Shaenon K. Garrity, who at some point edited the series for English "Shonen Jump", said that, while doing so, her amazement over Oda's craft grew steadily. She states that "he has a natural, playful mastery of the often restrictive weekly-manga format," notes that "interesting things [are] going on deep in the narrative structure," and recommends "sticking through to the later volumes to see just how crazy and Peter Max-y the art gets". Mania Entertainment writer Jarred Pine commented: ""One Piece" is a fun adventure story, with an ensemble cast that is continuing to develop, with great action and character drama." He praised Oda's artwork as "imaginative and creative" and commented that "Oda's imagination just oozes all of the panels ". He also noted that "Oda's panel work [...] features a lot of interesting perspectives and direction, especially during the explosive action sequences which are always a blast".


title: One Piece

text: In March 2021, "Mobile Suit Gundam"s creator, Yoshiyuki Tomino, said in his interview that "One Piece" is the "only manga to trust". He praised the manga, commenting: "Still, we are working in the same studio and I saw storyboards near the photocopier. Unlike mine, those storyboards are good. But, you know, among the popular manga there is manga with very beautiful art and manga with bad art, but interesting nonetheless. And I don't trust manga with very beautiful art unless it is "One Piece".


title: One Piece

text: After the release of the hundredth volume, "Weekly Shonen Jump"s editor-in-chief, Hiroyuki Nakano, explained how "One Piece" changed the history of manga and the way of making it. Nakano said that "Weekly Shonen Jump" is "a game of weekly popularity", and before "One Piece", he aimed for something "interesting this week without thinking about the next"; however, the series reached overwhelming popularity due to its style that involves a story concept and detailed hints, adding that the series had a huge impact on other series. Nakano lauded Oda for his "overwhelming passion, talent and power" and his "unwavering will" to deliver a story to boys and girls, adding that he goes far beyond the reader's expectations, with the belief in "don't fool the reader" and "there is something interesting ahead of it".


title: One Piece

text: "One Piece" was nominated for the 23rd Kodansha Manga Award in the "shōnen" category in 1999. It was a finalist for the Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize three times in a row from 2000 to 2002, with the highest number of fan nominations in the first two years. The manga was nominated for Favorite Manga Series in "Nickelodeon Magazine"s 2009 Comics Awards. In 2012, the series won the 41st Japan Cartoonists Association Award Grand Prize, alongside Kimuchi Yokoyama's "Neko Darake". In 2014, the series received the 18th Yomiuri Advertising Award's Golden Medal, In 2014, it also won the 34th Newspaper Advertising Award in the Advertising category and the 67th Advertising Dentsu Award in Newspaper Advertising Planning category.


title: One Piece

text: The forty-sixth volume of "One Piece" was the best manga of 2007, according to the Oricon's Japanese Book of the Year Action Committee. The series was chosen as one of the best continuing manga for all ages/teens in 2011 by critics from About.com, Anime News Network, and ComicsAlliance. The series has ranked on the "Book of the Year" list from Media Factory's "Da Vinci" magazine, where professional book reviewers, bookstore employees, and "Da Vinci" readers participate; it ranked 5th in 2011; 2nd in 2012; 3rd in 2013; 2nd in 2014, 2015 and 2016; 3rd in 2017 and 2018; 2nd in 2019; 3rd in 2020 and 2021; and 2nd in 2022. It ranked 8th in the 2023 edition of Takarajimasha's "Kono Manga ga Sugoi!" list of best manga for male readers.


title: One Piece

text: The German translation of the manga won the Sondermann Award in the international manga category in 2005. The series received the award for the forty-fourth volume in 2008 and the forty-eighth volume in 2009. "One Piece" won the "AnimeLand"s Anime & Manga 19th Grand Prix for the "Best Classic Shōnen" category in 2012.


title: One Piece

text: In a poll conducted by Oricon in 2008 about "the most moving (touching) manga ever", "One Piece" ranked 1st in both male and female categories. In another 2008 poll by Oricon, Japanese teenagers voted it the most interesting manga. On Tencent's anime and manga web portal, "One Piece" ranked first in a poll of "must-read manga for the younger generation in China". In a poll conducted by eBookJapan in 2014 about "manga that children want to read" for "Children's Reading Day" by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the series also ranked 1st.


title: One Piece

text: On June 15, 2015, it was announced that Eiichiro Oda and "One Piece" had set the Guinness World Record for "The most copies published for the same comic book series by a single author" with 320,866,000 copies printed worldwide as of December 2014; it updated the record on August 4, 2022, when it reached over 500 million copies in circulation worldwide in both print and digital copies (416,566,000 in Japan and 100 million copies in 60 countries and territories outside of Japan). The series ranked 4th on the first annual Tsutaya Comic Awards' All-Time Best Section in 2017. In 2021, TV Asahi announced the results of its "Manga General Election" poll in which 150,000 people voted for their "Most Favorite Manga", "One Piece" ranked first on the list.


title: One Piece

text: In 2014, the ""One Piece" Premiere Summer" event received the "Best Overall Production" award from the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions.


title: One Piece

text: At the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Greek athlete Miltiadis Tentoglou performed a "Gear Second" pose before winning a gold medal in the men's long jump competition. A gene in the fruit fly ("Drosophila melanogaster") was named "Baramicin", partly taking inspiration from the "One Piece" character Buggy. The gene encodes a protein that is split up into multiple parts.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Jessica Michelle Chastain (born March 24, 1977) is an American actress and producer. Known for primarily starring in films with feminist themes, she has received various accolades, including an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award. "Time" magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2012.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Chastain developed an interest in acting from an early age and made her professional stage debut in 1998 as Shakespeare's Juliet. After studying acting at the Juilliard School, she was signed to a talent holding deal with the television producer John Wells. She was a recurring guest star in several television series, including "". She also took on roles in the stage productions of Anton Chekhov's play "The Cherry Orchard" in 2004 and Oscar Wilde's tragedy "Salome" in 2006.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: After making her film debut at age 31 in the drama "Jolene" (2008), Chastain had her breakthrough in 2011 with six film releases, including the dramas "Take Shelter" (2011) and "The Tree of Life" (2011). She received Academy Award nominations for playing an aspiring socialite in the period drama "The Help" (2011) and a CIA analyst in the thriller "Zero Dark Thirty" (2012). Her biggest commercial successes came with the science fiction films "Interstellar" (2014) and "The Martian" (2015), and the horror film "It Chapter Two" (2019). She continued to receive critical acclaim for playing strong-willed women in the dramas "A Most Violent Year" (2014), "Miss Sloane" (2016), and "Molly's Game" (2017), and the television miniseries "Scenes from a Marriage" (2021). For her portrayal of Tammy Faye in the biopic "The Eyes of Tammy Faye" (2021), which she also produced, Chastain won the Academy Award for Best Actress.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Chastain is the founder of the production company Freckle Films, which was created to promote diversity in film, and is an investor in the soccer club Angel City FC. She is vocal about mental health issues, as well as gender and racial equality. She is married to fashion executive Gian Luca Passi de Preposulo, with whom she has two children.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Jessica Michelle Chastain was born on March 24, 1977, in Sacramento, California, to Jerri Renee Hastey (née Chastain) and rock musician Michael Monasterio. Her parents were both teenagers when she was born. Chastain is reluctant to publicly discuss her family background; she was estranged from Monasterio, who died in 2013, and has stated that no father is listed on her birth certificate. She has two sisters and two brothers. Her younger sister, Juliet, died by suicide in 2003 following years of drug addiction. Chastain was raised in Sacramento by her mother and stepfather, Michael Hastey, a firefighter. She says her stepfather was the first person to make her feel secure. She shares a close bond with her maternal grandmother, Marilyn, whom she credits as someone who "always believed in me".


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Chastain developed an interest in acting at age seven, after her grandmother took her to a production of "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat". She would regularly put on amateur shows with other children, and considered herself to be their artistic director. As a student at the El Camino Fundamental High School in Sacramento, Chastain struggled academically. She was a loner and considered herself a misfit in school, eventually finding an outlet in the performing arts. She has described how she used to miss school to read Shakespeare, whose plays she became enamored with after attending the Oregon Shakespeare Festival with her classmates. With too many absences during her senior year in school, Chastain did not qualify for graduation, but later obtained an adult diploma. She later attended Sacramento City College from 1996 to 1997, during which she was a member of the institution's debate team. Describing her early childhood, she recalled:


title: Jessica Chastain

text: In 1998, Chastain finished her education at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts and made her professional stage debut as Juliet in a production of "Romeo and Juliet" staged by TheatreWorks, a company in the San Francisco Bay Area. The production led her to audition for the Juilliard School in New York City, where she was soon accepted and granted a scholarship funded by actor Robin Williams. In her first year at the school, Chastain suffered from anxiety and was worried about being dropped from the program, spending most of her time reading and watching films. She later remarked that her participation in a successful production of "The Seagull" during her second year helped build her confidence. She graduated from the school with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 2003.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Shortly before graduating from Juilliard, Chastain attended an event for final-year students in Los Angeles, where she was signed to a talent holding deal by the television producer John Wells. She relocated to Los Angeles and started auditioning for jobs. She initially found the process difficult, which she believed was due to other people finding her difficult to categorize as a redhead with an unconventional look. In her television debut, The WB network's 2004 pilot remake of the 1960s gothic soap opera "Dark Shadows", she was cast as Carolyn Stoddard. The pilot was directed by P. J. Hogan, but the series was never picked up for broadcast. Later that year, she appeared as a guest performer on the medical drama series "ER" playing a woman she described as "psychotic", which led to her getting more unusual parts such as accident victims or characters with mental illness. She went on to appear in such roles in a few other television series from 2004 to 2007, including "Veronica Mars" (2004), "Close to Home" (2006), "Blackbeard" (2006), and "" (2005–06).


title: Jessica Chastain

text: In 2004, Chastain took on the role of Anya, a virtuous young woman, in a Williamstown Theatre Festival production of Anton Chekhov's play "The Cherry Orchard" in Massachusetts, starring with Michelle Williams. Also that year, she worked with Playwrights Horizons on a production of Richard Nelson's "Rodney's Wife" as the daughter of a troubled middle-aged film actor. Her performance was not well received by the critic Ben Brantley of "The New York Times", who thought that she "somehow seems to keep losing color as the evening progresses". While working on the play, she was recommended by Nelson to Al Pacino, who was looking for an actress to star in his production of Oscar Wilde's tragedy "Salome". The play tells the tragic story of its titular character's sexual exploration. In the play, Salome is a 16-year-old, but Chastain, aged 29 then, was cast for the part. The play was staged in 2006 at the Wadsworth Theatre in Los Angeles, and Chastain later remarked that it helped bring her to the attention of several casting directors. Writing for "Variety", the critic Steven Oxman criticized her portrayal in the play: "Chastain is so ill-at-ease with Salome, not quite certain whether she's a capable seductress or a whiny, wealthy brat; she doesn't flesh out either choice".


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Chastain made her film debut in 2008 as the titular character in Dan Ireland's drama "Jolene", based on a short story by E. L. Doctorow inspired by Dolly Parton's song "Jolene". It follows the life of a sexually abused teenager over the course of a decade. Chastain's performance was praised by a reviewer for the "New York Observer", who considered her as the only notable aspect of the production. She won a Best Actress award at the Seattle International Film Festival. In 2009, she had a minor role in "Stolen" (2009), a mystery-thriller film with a limited theatrical release. Also in 2009, she played the part of Desdemona in The Public Theatre production of Shakespeare's tragedy "Othello", co-starring John Ortiz as the title character and Philip Seymour Hoffman as Iago. Writing for "The New Yorker", Hilton Als commended Chastain for finding "a beautiful maternal depth" in her role.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: In 2010, Chastain starred in John Madden's dramatic thriller "The Debt", portraying a young Mossad agent sent to East Berlin in the 1960s to capture a former Nazi doctor who carried out medical experiments in concentration camps. She shared her role with Helen Mirren, with the two actresses portraying the character at different phases of her life. They worked together before filming to perfect the voice and mannerisms of the character and make them consistent. Chastain took classes in German and Krav Maga, and studied books about the Nazi doctor Josef Mengele and Mossad history. William Thomas of "Empire" termed the film a "smart, tense, well-acted thriller", and noted that Chastain "pulses with strength and vulnerability" in her part. She also appeared as Mary Debenham in an episode of the British television series "Agatha Christie's Poirot", based on Agatha Christie's 1934 novel "Murder on the Orient Express".


title: Jessica Chastain

text: After struggling for a breakthrough in film, Chastain had six releases in 2011 and garnered wide recognition for several of them. The first of the roles was as the wife of Michael Shannon's character in Jeff Nichols' "Take Shelter", a drama about a troubled father who tries to protect his family from what he believes is an impending storm. The film was screened at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival, and critic Tim Robey of "The Daily Telegraph" noted how much Chastain's supporting part aided the narrative. In "Coriolanus", an adaptation of the Shakespearian tragedy from actor-director Ralph Fiennes, she played Virgilia. Her next role was opposite Brad Pitt, as the loving mother of three children in Terrence Malick's experimental drama "The Tree of Life", which she had filmed in 2008. Chastain signed on to the film without receiving a traditional screenplay from Malick, and she improvised several scenes and dialogues with Pitt. She considered her part to be "the embodiment of grace and the spirit world"; in preparation, she practiced meditation, studied paintings of the Madonna, and read poems by Thomas Aquinas. The film premiered at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival to a polarized reception from the audience, though it was praised by critics and won the Palme d'Or. The critic Justin Chang termed the film a "hymn to the glory of creation, an exploratory, often mystifying [...] poem" and credited Chastain for playing her part with "heartrending vulnerability".


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Chastain's biggest success of the year came with the drama "The Help", co-starring Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer and Emma Stone, which was based on Kathryn Stockett's novel of the same name. She played Celia Foote, an aspiring socialite in 1960s Jackson, Mississippi, who develops a friendship with her Black maid (played by Spencer). Chastain was drawn to Foote's antiracist stand, and connected with her energy and enthusiasm; in preparation, she watched the films of Marilyn Monroe and researched the history of Tunica, Mississippi, where her character was raised. "The Help" grossed $216 million at the box office to become her most widely seen film to that point. Manohla Dargis of "The New York Times" praised the chemistry between Chastain and Spencer, and Roger Ebert credited her for being "unaffected and infectious". The ensemble of "The Help" won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Cast, and Chastain received Academy, BAFTA, Golden Globe and SAG Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress, all of which she lost to Spencer.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Chastain's final two roles of the year were in "Wilde Salomé", a documentary based on her 2006 production of "Salome", and the critically panned crime-thriller "Texas Killing Fields". Her film roles in 2011, particularly in "The Help", "Take Shelter" and "The Tree of Life", won her awards from several critics' organizations. Two of Chastain's films in 2012 premiered at the 65th Cannes Film Festival — the animated comedy "" and the crime drama "Lawless". In the former, which marked the third installment in the "Madagascar" series, she voiced Gia the Jaguar with an Italian accent. With global revenues of $747 million, the film ranks as her highest-grossing release. In "Lawless", based on Matt Bondurant's Prohibition-era novel "The Wettest County in the World", she played a dancer who becomes embroiled in a conflict between three bootlegging brothers (played by Shia LaBeouf, Tom Hardy, and Jason Clarke). The film received generally positive reviews, with Richard Corliss finding Chastain to be filled with "poised, seductive gravity". In an experimental biopic of the author C. K. Williams, entitled "The Color of Time" (2012), directed by the New York University students of actor James Franco, she played the mother of the young Williams.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: A short part Chastain had filmed for Terrence Malick's "To the Wonder" (2012) was edited out of the final film, and due to scheduling conflicts, she dropped out of the action films "Oblivion" and "Iron Man 3" (both 2013). She instead made her Broadway debut in a revival of the 1947 play "The Heiress", playing the role of Catherine Sloper, a naïve young girl who transforms into a powerful woman. Chastain was reluctant to take the role, fearing the anxiety she had faced during her early stage performances. She ultimately agreed after finding a connection to Sloper, explaining: "she's painfully uncomfortable and I used to be that". The production was staged at the Walter Kerr Theatre from November 2012 to February 2013. Ben Brantley of "The New York Times" was disappointed in Chastain's performance, writing that she was "oversignaling the thoughts within" and that her delivery of dialogue was sometimes flat. "The Heiress" emerged as a sleeper hit at the box office.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Kathryn Bigelow's thriller "Zero Dark Thirty" was Chastain's final film release of 2012. It is a partly fictionalized account of the nearly decade-long manhunt for Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden after the September 11 attacks in 2001. She played Maya Harris, a CIA intelligence analyst who helps kill bin Laden. Chastain was unable to meet the undercover agent on whom her character was based, so she relied on the research done by the film's screenwriter Mark Boal. The difficult subject matter made it unpleasant for her to film; she suffered from depression during production, and once walked off the set in tears because she was unable to continue. "Zero Dark Thirty" was critically acclaimed, albeit controversial for its scenes of torture that were shown providing useful intelligence in the search for bin Laden. Roger Ebert took note of Chastain's versatility, and likened her ability and range to that of Meryl Streep. Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" wrote, "Chastain is a marvel. She plays Maya like a gathering storm in an indelible, implosive performance that cuts so deep we can feel her nerve endings." She won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama and received Academy, BAFTA and SAG nominations for Best Actress.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Chastain took on the lead role of a musician who is forced to care for her boyfriend's troubled nieces in the horror film "Mama" (2013), directed by Andy Muschietti. She was drawn to the idea of playing a woman drastically different from the "perfect mother" roles she had previously played, and she based her character's look on the singer Alice Glass. The critic Richard Roeper considered her performance to be proof of her being one of the finest actors of her generation. During the film's opening weekend in North America, Chastain became the first performer in fifteen years to have leading roles in the top two films ("Mama" and "Zero Dark Thirty") at the box office. She then starred as the titular character of a depressed woman who separates from her husband (played by James McAvoy) following a tragic incident in the drama "The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby" (2013), which she also produced. The writer-director Ned Benson initially wrote the story from the perspective of Rigby's husband, then wrote a separate version from Rigby's perspective at the insistence of Chastain. Three versions of the film — "Him", "Her", and "Them" — were released. It did not find a wide audience, but the critic A. O. Scott praised Chastain for "short-circuit[ing] conventional distinctions between tough and vulnerable, showing exquisite control even when her character is losing it, and keeping her balance even when the movie pitches and rolls toward melodrama".


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Chastain appeared in three films in 2014. She played the titular character in "Miss Julie", a film adaptation of August Strindberg's 1888 play of the same name, from director Liv Ullmann. It tells the tragic tale of a sexually repressed Anglo-Irish aristocrat who wishes to sleep with her father's valet (Colin Farrell). She was drawn to Ullmann's feminist take on the subject. The film only received a limited theatrical release. While filming "Miss Julie" in Ireland, she received the script for Christopher Nolan's science fiction film "Interstellar" (2014). With a budget of $165 million, the high-profile production, co-starring Matthew McConaughey and Anne Hathaway, was filmed mostly using IMAX cameras. Chastain played the adult daughter of McConaughey's character; she was drawn to the project for the emotional heft she found in the father-daughter pair. Drew McWeeny of HitFix took note of how much Chastain had stood out in her supporting role. "Interstellar" grossed over $701 million worldwide to rank as her highest-grossing live-action film to date.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: In her final release of 2014, Chastain starred in the J. C. Chandor-directed crime drama "A Most Violent Year". Set in New York City in 1981, the year in which the city had the highest crime rate, the film tells the story of a heating-oil company owner (Oscar Isaac) and his ruthless wife (Chastain). In preparation, she researched the period and worked with a dialect coach to speak in a Brooklyn accent. She collaborated with the film's costume designer to work on her character's wardrobe, and contacted Armani which provided her with clothing of the period. Mark Kermode of "The Observer" found Chastain to be "terrific" in a part inspired by Lady Macbeth's character, and Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" described her portrayal as "the embodiment of a nouveau riche New York woman of the era". She received a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress nomination for it. For her work in 2014, the Broadcast Film Critics Association honored Chastain with a special achievement award.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: In 2015, Chastain took on the part of a commander in Ridley Scott's science fiction film "The Martian". Starring Matt Damon as a botanist who is stranded on Mars by a team of astronauts commanded by Chastain's character, the film is based on Andy Weir's novel of the same name. Chastain met with astronauts at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Johnson Space Center, and modeled her role on Tracy Caldwell Dyson, with whom she spent time in Houston. "The Martian" became her second film to gross over $600 million in two consecutive years. Chastain next starred as a woman who plots with her brother (Tom Hiddleston) to terrorize his new bride (Mia Wasikowska) in Guillermo del Toro's gothic romance "Crimson Peak". She approached the villainous part with empathy, and in preparation read graveyard poetry and watched the films "Rebecca" (1940) and "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?" (1962). Del Toro cast Chastain to lend accessibility to a part he considered "psychopathic", but Peter Debruge of "Variety" found her "alarmingly miscast" and criticized her for failing to effectively convey her character's insecurity and ruthlessness. Conversely, David Sims of "Slate" praised her for portraying her character's "jealous intensity to the hilt".


title: Jessica Chastain

text: After playing a series of intense roles, Chastain actively looked for a light-hearted part. She found it in the ensemble fantasy film "" (2016), which served as both a sequel and a prequel to the 2012 film "Snow White and the Huntsman". She was drawn to the idea of playing a warrior whose abilities were on par with those of the male lead, but the film flopped both critically and commercially. Chastain next starred as the titular character, a lobbyist, in the political thriller "Miss Sloane", which reunited her with John Madden. She read the novel "Capitol Punishment" by disgraced former lobbyist Jack Abramoff to research the practice of lobbying in America, and met with female lobbyists to study their mannerisms and sense of style. Hailing her as "one of the best actresses on the planet", Peter Travers commended Chastain for successfully drawing the audience into Sloane's life, and Justin Chang termed her performance "a tour de force of rhetorical precision and tightly coiled emotional intensity". She received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Drama. Also in 2016, Chastain launched the production company Freckle Films, headed by a team of female executives.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Chastain began 2017 by serving as the executive producer and providing the narration for "I Am Jane Doe", a documentary on sex trafficking. In an effort to work with more female filmmakers, Chastain starred in two projects directed by women — Niki Caro's "The Zookeeper's Wife" and Susanna White's "Woman Walks Ahead". In the former, an adaptation of Diane Ackerman's non-fiction book of the same name, she co-starred with Johan Heldenbergh as the real-life Polish zookeepers Jan and Antonina Żabiński who saved many human and animal lives during World War II. The film received mixed reviews, but Stephen Holden took note of how Chastain's "watchful, layered performance" empowered the film. "Woman Walks Ahead" tells the story of the 19th-century activist Catherine Weldon, who served as an adviser to the Sioux chieftain Sitting Bull prior to the Wounded Knee Massacre. She was interested in portraying a role that young girls could look up to for inspiration, and provided off-screen inputs to avoid a white savior narrative.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Chastain portrayed Molly Bloom, a former skier who ran a high-profile gambling operation that led to her arrest by the FBI, in Aaron Sorkin's directorial debut, "Molly's Game" (2017). She took the part due to her desire to work with Sorkin, whose writing she admired. Instead of relying on Bloom's public persona, she met Bloom personally to explore her character's flaws and vulnerabilities. She also researched the world of underground poker and interviewed some of Bloom's customers. Peter Debruge hailed her role as "one of the screen's great female parts", and credited its success to both Sorkin's script and Chastain's "stratospheric talent." She received her fifth Golden Globe nomination for it. In 2018, she hosted an episode of the television sketch comedy show "Saturday Night Live" and voiced the virtual reality production "". She had filmed a part in Xavier Dolan's ensemble drama "The Death & Life of John F. Donovan", but her scenes were deleted from the final cut as Dolan found her role incompatible to the story.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: In the superhero film "Dark Phoenix" (2019), which marked the twelfth installment in the "X-Men" series, Chastain took on the role of an evil alien due to its focus on female characters. Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" considered it to be "a waste of her talents", and the film registered poor box office returns. She reteamed with Andy Muschietti in "It Chapter Two", the sequel to his 2017 horror film "It", based on Stephen King's novel. She played the adult Beverly Marsh (a woman in an abusive marriage), sharing the role with Sophia Lillis. Filming proved challenging for Chastain, as Muschietti preferred the usage of practical effects to computer-generated imagery; one particular scene required her to be covered in of fake blood. The film received favorable reviews, with Charlotte O'Sullivan of the "Evening Standard" finding Chastain to be "suitably sad and sepulchral" in her role. It grossed over $470 million worldwide.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Under Freckle Films, Chastain produced and starred in the action film "Ava" (2020), written and initially set to be directed by Matthew Newton, who has been accused of domestic violence. Following backlash against her for agreeing to work with him, Newton was replaced with Tate Taylor. Boyd van Hoeij of "The Hollywood Reporter" bemoaned that Chastain's talents as an action star had been wasted in an underwhelming film. Released theatrically during the COVID-19 pandemic, it performed poorly at the box office but gained success on video on demand.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Chastain and Andrew Garfield starred as the televangelists Tammy Faye and Jim Bakker in the biopic "The Eyes of Tammy Faye" (2021). She acquired the rights to Faye's life in 2012, and produced the film under her company Freckle Films. To look like Faye, Chastain wore prosthetic makeup which took 4–7 hours to apply. The role also required her to sing, which she has said made her nervous. She worked with the music producer Dave Cobb to record seven songs for the film's soundtrack. David Fear of "Rolling Stone" found Chastain to be the "only reason to see this curiously tepid biopic" and praised her for rising above the script to humanize Faye. Kevin Maher of "The Times" considered it to be a "riveting, unleashed and award-worthy performance" and compared it to Joaquin Phoenix's performance in "Joker" (2019). She won the Academy Award for Best Actress, Critics Choice Award and SAG Award, in addition to a Golden Globe nomination.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Also in 2021, Chastain agreed to "Scenes from a Marriage", a gender-switched remake of Ingmar Bergman's 1973 Swedish miniseries of the same name for HBO, for its subversion of stereotypical portrayal of women. Lucy Mangan of "The Guardian" took note of the chemistry between Chastain and her co-star Oscar Isaac, as did Carol Midgley of "The Times" who praised them for "delivering crackling, wounding dialogue faultlessly". She received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Miniseries; her second nomination at that year's ceremony. She also reteamed with Ralph Fiennes in "The Forgiven", an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Lawrence Osborne.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: For "The 355" (2022), a female-led spy film, Chastain and her team of female co-stars pitched the idea to prospective buyers at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival, where it was picked up by Universal Pictures. Critics dismissed the film as generic and unremarkable, and it failed commercially. Chastain then took on a brief role as Maryanne Trump in James Gray's period film "Armageddon Time". In "The Good Nurse", she played night nurse Amy Loughren who discovers that her co-worker Charles Cullen (played by Eddie Redmayne) is a serial killer. She worked closely with Loughren and attended nursing school to prepare for the part. Kate Erbland of IndieWire found hers to be "an effective performance in a very quiet package". Chastain executive produced the Showtime biographical miniseries "George & Tammy", in which she played the country singer Tammy Wynette opposite Michael Shannon's George Jones. In preparation, Chastain and Shannon trained with a vocal coach to sing several of their character's songs. She also lost weight to play Wynette toward the end of her life. Emma Fraser of "The Playlist" was appreciate of the chemistry between the actors, and took note of the "fragility and toughness" in Chastain's portrayal. The series had strong viewership across various platforms.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Chastain will return to Broadway theatre in a 2023 revival of Henrik Ibsen's play "A Doll's House", which will run for 16 weeks at the Hudson Theatre. She will feature in Michel Franco's film "Memory" alongside Peter Sarsgaard, and produce and star alongside Anne Hathaway in "Mothers’ Instinct", a remake of the Belgian psychological thriller of the same name.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Chastain identifies as a feminist, and has often spoken out against the discrimination faced by women and minorities in Hollywood. She penned an essay on gender imbalance in the industry for a December 2015 issue of "The Hollywood Reporter". At the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, where she served as a jury member, Chastain bemoaned the passive portrayal of women in most films. She has complained about a lack of female film critics, which she believes hinders a gender-neutral perspective on film. She advocates for greater gender balance on sets, including more representation of women on film crews and in positions of power. On social media, Chastain aims to "amplify the voices" of victims of sexual harassment in the industry. In 2018, she collaborated with 300 women in Hollywood to set up the Time's Up initiative to protect women from harassment and discrimination. In the same year, she appeared alongside several actresses in "This Changes Everything", a documentary about the poor representation of women in Hollywood films.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Chastain is a vocal advocate for equal pay in the workplace, and turns down offers of work whose salaries she finds unfair. She spoke out in support of actress Michelle Williams, who was paid less than her co-star Mark Wahlberg for the 2017 film "All the Money in the World"; a gesture which Williams said led to greater awareness of the issue and a donation worth $2 million to the Time's Up Legal Defense Fund. In 2013, Chastain lent her support to the Got Your 6 campaign, to help empower veterans of the United States Army, and in 2016, she became an advisory-board member to the organization We Do It Together, which produces films and television shows to promote women empowerment. In 2017, she featured alongside several Hollywood celebrities in a theatrical production of "The Children's Monologues", in which she performed a monologue as a thirteen-year-old girl who is raped by her uncle. The event raised funds for Dramatic Need, a charity that helps African children pursue a career in the arts. In 2020, Chastain became an investor in a Los Angeles-based franchise for the National Women's Soccer League. The new team has since been named Angel City FC.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Chastain supports charitable organizations that promote mental health, and is involved with the nonprofit organization To Write Love on Her Arms to help high-school students of alternate sexual and gender identities overcome insecurities. Teased as a child for having red hair and freckles, she takes a stand against body-shaming and bullying. Chastain has campaigned for access to affordable reproductive health care for women, and in 2017, "Variety" honored her for her work with Planned Parenthood. In response to abortion bans in certain American states, she joined several actors in refusing to work in those regions. In 2022, Chastain traveled to Kyiv in Ukraine during Russia's invasion of the country. She visited a children's hospital and met with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and head of the Presidential Administration Andrii Yermak.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Describing Chastain's off-screen persona, Roy Porter of "InStyle" magazine wrote in 2015 that "she's an adult, which isn't always a given in Hollywood. Unconsciously candid with her answers, she retains a sense of perspective uncommon among her peers, and has real opinions"; Porter also credited her for being the rare actress who is "all about the craft". Evgenia Peretz, an editor at "Vanity Fair", finds Chastain "the most sensitive and empathetic actor" she has interviewed.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Chastain specializes in portraying emotionally grueling roles and is drawn to parts of strong but flawed women. The journalist Sanjiv Bhattacharya has identified a theme of characters who "subvert gender expectations in some way". David Ehrlich of IndieWire credits her for being the sole American actress to consistently play roles that "champion feminist ideals". She believes in extensive preparations for a role: "[I] fill myself up with as much history of the character as I can." The film critics Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper have praised Chastain's versatility, and "W" magazine credits her for avoiding typecasting.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Guillermo del Toro, who directed Chastain in "Crimson Peak", believes that she is "interested in being chameleonic", and that she brings authenticity even to bizarre situations. Sophie Heawood of "The Guardian" believes that Chastain's ability to bring very little ego to her roles renders her unrecognisable to the audience. Sarah Karmali of "Harper's Bazaar" opines that "she goes for total immersion, sinking so deep into character that her face seems to change shape with each one". Lea Goldman of "Marie Claire" has compared her craft to that of Meryl Streep and Cate Blanchett, and writes that she values her craft over her looks. Describing her film career in 2017, Ben Dickinson of "Elle" wrote:


title: Jessica Chastain

text: The journalist Tom Shone describes Chastain as being "excessively luscious [with] pale Botticelli features wrapped around a bone structure that has a touch of the masculine, right down to the cleft in her chin." She was named the sexiest vegetarian actress in a poll conducted by PETA in 2012. From 2012 to 2014, she was featured in AskMen's listing of the most desirable women, and in 2015, "Glamour" magazine ranked her as one of the best-dressed women.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: "Time" magazine named Chastain one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2012. That same year, she was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and she endorsed an Yves Saint Laurent fragrance called Manifesto. In 2015, she became the global ambassador for the Swiss jewelry and watchmaking company Piaget, and in 2017, she was made the face of Ralph Lauren's fragrance campaign, named Woman. For the latter, she led an initiative called Lead Like A Woman, and featured in a short film named "Leading with Intensity" (2019) made by an all-female cast and crew.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Despite significant media attention, Chastain remains guarded about her personal life, and chooses not to attend red carpet events with a partner. She considers herself to be a "shy" person, and in 2011 said that she enjoys domestic routines like dog-walking and playing ukulele, rather than partying. She has cited the actress Isabelle Huppert as an influence, for managing a family, while also playing "out-there roles" on screen.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Chastain is an animal lover, and has adopted a rescue dog. She was a pescatarian for much of her life; following health troubles she began practicing veganism. She is an investor in Beyond Meat, a meat substitutes company.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: In the 2000s, Chastain was in a long-term relationship with writer-director Ned Benson that ended in 2010. In 2012, she began dating Gian Luca Passi de Preposulo, an Italian count of the Passi de Preposulo noble family, who is an executive for the fashion brand Moncler. On June 10, 2017, she married Preposulo at his family's estate in Carbonera, Italy. In 2018, the couple had a daughter through surrogacy. They later had a second daughter. They reside in New York City.


title: Jessica Chastain

text: According to the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes and the box-office site Box Office Mojo, Chastain's most critically acclaimed and commercially successful films are "Take Shelter" (2011), "Coriolanus" (2011), "The Tree of Life" (2011), "The Help" (2011), "" (2012), "Zero Dark Thirty" (2012), "Mama" (2013), "Interstellar" (2014), "A Most Violent Year" (2014), "The Martian" (2015), "Miss Sloane" (2016), "Molly's Game" (2017), and "It Chapter Two" (2019). Among her stage roles, she has appeared in a Broadway revival of "The Heiress" in 2012. Her television roles include the miniseries "Scenes from a Marriage" (2021) and "George & Tammy" (2022).


title: Jessica Chastain

text: Chastain won an Academy Award in the Best Actress category for "The Eyes of Tammy Faye" (2021), and has been nominated two more times: Best Supporting Actress for "The Help" and Best Actress for "Zero Dark Thirty". She won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama for "Zero Dark Thirty", and has been nominated seven more times: Best Actress in a Drama for "Miss Sloane", "Molly's Game", and "The Eyes of Tammy Faye"; Best Supporting Actress for "The Help" and "A Most Violent Year"; and Best Actress for a Miniseries or Television Film for "Scenes from a Marriage" and "George & Tammy".


title: Iceland

text: Iceland (; ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the Arctic Ocean. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Iceland's capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which (along with its surrounding areas) is home to over 65% of the population. Iceland is the biggest part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that rises above sea level, and its central volcanic plateau is erupting almost constantly. The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.


title: Iceland

text: According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.


title: Iceland

text: The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden. Iceland thus followed Norway's integration into that union, coming under Danish rule after Sweden seceded from the union in 1523. The Danish kingdom forcefully introduced Lutheranism to Iceland in 1550.


title: Iceland

text: In the wake of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in independence in 1918 with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic has been credited with sustaining the world's oldest and longest-running parliament.


title: Iceland

text: Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.


title: Iceland

text: Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks high in democracy and equality indexes, ranking third in the world by median wealth per adult. In 2021, it was ranked as the third-most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index, and it ranks first on the Global Peace Index. Iceland runs almost completely on renewable energy.


title: Iceland

text: Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Scandinavian heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is descended from Old West Norse and is closely related to Faroese. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, Icelandic literature, and medieval sagas. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, with a lightly armed coast guard.


title: Iceland

text: The Sagas of Icelanders say that a Norwegian named Naddodd (or Naddador) was the first Norseman to reach Iceland, and in the ninth century, he named it Snæland or "snow land" because it was snowing. Following Naddodd, the Swede Garðar Svavarsson arrived, and so the island was then called Garðarshólmur which means "Garðar's Isle".


title: Iceland

text: Then came a Viking named Flóki Vilgerðarson; his daughter drowned en route, then his livestock starved to death. The sagas say that the rather despondent Flóki climbed a mountain and saw a fjord () full of icebergs, which led him to give the island its new and present name. The notion that Iceland's Viking settlers chose that name to discourage the settlement of their verdant isle is a myth.


title: Iceland

text: According to both Landnámabók and Íslendingabók, monks known as the Papar lived in Iceland before Scandinavian settlers arrived, possibly members of a Hiberno-Scottish mission. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed the ruins of a cabin in Hafnir on the Reykjanes peninsula. Carbon dating indicates that it was abandoned sometime between 770 and 880. In 2016, archaeologists uncovered a longhouse in Stöðvarfjörður that has been dated to as early as 800.


title: Iceland

text: Swedish Viking explorer Garðar Svavarsson was the first to circumnavigate Iceland in 870 and establish that it was an island. He stayed during the winter and built a house in Húsavík. Garðar departed the following summer, but one of his men, Náttfari, decided to stay behind with two slaves. Náttfari settled in what is now known as Náttfaravík, and he and his slaves became the first permanent residents of Iceland to be documented.


title: Iceland

text: The Norwegian-Norse chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson built his homestead in present-day Reykjavík in 874. Ingólfr was followed by many other emigrant settlers, largely Scandinavians and their thralls, many of whom were Irish or Scottish. By 930, most arable land on the island had been claimed; the Althing, a legislative and judicial assembly was initiated to regulate the Icelandic Commonwealth. The lack of arable land also served as an impetus to the settlement of Greenland starting in 986. The period of these early settlements coincided with the Medieval Warm Period, when temperatures were similar to those of the early 20th century. At this time about 25% of Iceland was covered with forest, compared to 1% in the present day. Christianity was adopted by consensus around 999–1000, although Norse paganism persisted among segments of the population for some years afterward.