title: Shania Twain

text: On August 24, 2015, Twain stated: "First, I have to finish my new album this winter. Six tracks are already completed. I've written 38 songs in total, and now the process is underway to narrow that down to another six or eight to finish recording". That same month, it was announced by several sources, that even though her current Rock This Country Tour is her final time touring, she is possibly planning on extending the tour overseas because the Rock This Country tour was only based in the United States and Canada. Twain also mentioned, possibly returning to Las Vegas with a new residency show for possibly late 2016 or 2017. The new show would end up featuring music from her long-awaited new album as well as her hits.


title: Shania Twain

text: In October 2016, Twain confirmed to "Rolling Stone" that she had new music coming "really soon." In December 2016 in an interview with "Billboard", she spoke about her forthcoming album, describing the finished product as "kind of schizophrenic musically" maintaining "She's the glue". In February 2017, Twain again spoke to "Rolling Stone" about the album; select song titles were confirmed, as Twain detailed that she had not only hoped to release a single in March, but that she planned to release the album in May. She performed at the 2017 Stagecoach Festival, held on April 29.


title: Shania Twain

text: In April 2017, "Billboard" announced that Twain's new single, "Life's About to Get Good", would premiere in June, with the album projected for release in September. Twain headlined the 2017 Stagecoach Festival in Indio, California, where she previewed her new music for the first time. Twain performed on the "Today Show"s "Summer Concert Series" on June 16, 2017. Her fifth studio album, "Now," was released on September 29, 2017 and would debut at No. 1 on the "Billboard" 200, becoming her second album to do so.


title: Shania Twain

text: In June 2017, Twain announced on ET Canada that she would in fact tour with her new album "Now". The Now Tour was announced by Twain on her official website on August 17, 2017.


title: Shania Twain

text: The album's second single, "Swingin' With My Eyes Closed", was released on August 18, 2017. She has also internationally released two other promotional singles off of "Now", including "Poor Me" and "We've Got Something They Don't".


title: Shania Twain

text: In June 2019, Twain announced her second Las Vegas residency, "Let's Go!", which opened on December 6, 2019, and was due to run for two years. The COVID-19 pandemic caused the postponement and cancellation of many dates.


title: Shania Twain

text: In July 2022, a Netflix documentary spanning Twain's career, "Not Just A Girl", was released simultaneously with a companion compilation album, "Not Just a Girl (The Highlights)", featuring 17 previously released songs plus the new title track.


title: Shania Twain

text: On September 9, 2022, Twain announced "Waking Up Dreaming" as the first single from her forthcoming sixth studio album, due for release in February 2023.


title: Shania Twain

text: Twain's mainstream pop acceptance was further helped by her appearance in the 1998 first edition of the "VH1 Divas" concert where she sang alongside Mariah Carey, Celine Dion, Gloria Estefan, Carole King and Aretha Franklin, and also by VH1's 1999 heavily aired "Behind the Music", which concentrated on the tragic aspects of her early life as well as her physical attractiveness and Nashville's early resistance to her bare-midriff music videos. After "Divas", Twain sang background vocals with Lange for Dion's songs, "If Walls Could Talk" and "Goodbye's (The Saddest Word)".


title: Shania Twain

text: On November 12, 2008, Twain made her first television appearance since her split from Lange, where she appeared as a surprise presenter at the 42nd CMA Awards.


title: Shania Twain

text: In April 2010, Twain announced plans for her own TV show, titled "Why Not? with Shania Twain". The show debuted on May 8, 2011, on OWN. Twain returned to "American Idol" as a guest mentor for a week where the top 6 contestants showcased her songs. After the conclusion of the ninth season Twain was very close to becoming a judge but ultimately it was Jennifer Lopez who got the job.


title: Shania Twain

text: Twain guest starred as herself on the Comedy Central series "Broad City", in a September 2017 episode titled "Twaining Day".


title: Shania Twain

text: On October 23, 2017, Twain appeared as a guest judge on the 25th season of "Dancing with the Stars" during the show's "Movie Night", and also performed her song "Soldier". Twain appeared as a guest judge on episode five of the 10th Season of "Rupaul's Drag Race".


title: Shania Twain

text: She competed against singer Meghan Trainor in an episode of TBS's "Drop the Mic" which aired in January 2018.


title: Shania Twain

text: Twain was guest of honour for a "Lip Sync Battle" episode on Paramount Network pitting Derek Hough against Nicole Scherzinger that was dedicated to her and her music. The tribute episode aired June 21, 2018.


title: Shania Twain

text: In November 2018, Twain appeared in the reality talent show "Real Country", as an executive producer and co-presenter with Jake Owen and Travis Tritt.


title: Shania Twain

text: In 2019, Twain appeared in the film "Trading Paint", co-starring alongside John Travolta. In 2020, Twain played the role of the mother of singer Jeremy Camp in the biographical film "I Still Believe".


title: Shania Twain

text: In 2023, she will appear on the panel for the second series of ITV's "Starstruck", a revived and reformatted version of "Stars in Their Eyes".


title: Shania Twain

text: Twain possesses a contralto vocal range. Admitting that her singing voice is not as strong as it was prior to her Lyme disease diagnosis, Twain had to learn how to navigate her new voice in order to continue performing. Prior to her official diagnosis, several physicians with whom Twain consulted throughout the years primarily attribute the loss of her voice to emotional stress, from which she has since recovered after experimenting with various relaxation techniques and devoting a lot of time to vocal warmups. In 2018, Twain underwent laryngoplasty to have Gore-Tex stabilizers implanted in her throat to reduce the workload on her vocal muscles.


title: Shania Twain

text: Twain did little writing on her self-titled debut album, but Lange noticed the singer "had a distinctive voice as a songwriter" he felt had been overlooked by other collaborators. Describing Twain and Lange as a "versatile" songwriting duo, Bob Paxman of Sounds Like Nashville observed that their songs explore several themes such as feminism and romantic longing, while "Maclean"'s journalist Brian D. Johnson said her songs "range from domestic-bliss ballads to sassy rockers that taunt and tease." Alanna Nash of AARP observed that Twain crafted "The Woman in Me" around "hooky melodies and clever wordplay" from her point of view. During the 1990s, record executives feared Twain's lyrics were too "male-threatening"; both "The Woman in Me" and "Come On Over" contain feminist and anti-infidelity themes. Although she has become synonymous with singing songs about female empowerment that are "full of attitude", her catalogue also consists of love songs. Twain believes female singers are often misunderstood for expressing "feminist views" or standing up for themselves, about which she often sings, explaining, "that doesn't mean that we don't love the men in our lives, and that we don't need the men in our lives." Twain tends to isolate herself when writing songs to avoid distractions, believing she is most productive in this manner. She claims to adapt melancholy experiences into happy songs. "Now" was the first album Twain wrote without Lange's involvement, identifying the procedure as a very important songwriting experience because "I needed to do it alone, to start ideas and finish them without relying on anybody else's opinion and direction." Drawing from raw feelings of pain, she also used the album to process the demise of their relationship. Her primary musical genre is considered to be country pop, with AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine declaring that she "Skillfully fus[ed] mainstream, AOR rock production with country-pop". Some country music critics dismissed Twain's music as not being country enough, which some fans theorize resulted in her breakthrough album "The Woman in Me" being snubbed at the 1995 Country Music Awards, despite its widespread success. "Up" is considered to be her most straightforward pop album to-date. Twain has expressed that she is not particularly fond of performing live.


title: Shania Twain

text: Twain cites Karen Carpenter, Dolly Parton, Mickey Guyton, Taylor Swift, The Chicks, Wynonna Judd, and Kelsea Ballerini as some of the female country artists who inspire her. She has also expressed admiration for female country singers Loretta Lynn, Patsy Cline, Tammy Wynette, Reba McEntire and LeAnn Rimes.


title: Shania Twain

text: Despite her success, Twain has been a divisive figure within country music among purists who initially did not take kindly to her "genre-blending". According to biographer Stephen Thomas Erlewine, most critics accused her of "diluting country with bland, anthemic hard rock techniques and shamelessly selling her records with sexy videos." Similar to Garth Brooks before her, Twain was initially branded an interloper whose modern production, presentation and songwriting "disrupt[ed] the genre's status quo". During the 1990s, Twain often received backlash for her unconventionally liberated appearance as a country music singer. Despite the breakthrough success of "The Woman in Me", early detractors did not take her seriously as an artist, with several music journalists questioning her lyrics, the "manufactured" production of her albums, and her singing ability. Such critics concurred that Twain had little to offer apart from her sex appeal and music videos, often focusing on her physical appearance instead of her music. Early in her career, Twain found herself at-odds with the conservative opinions of the country music industry at the time due to her assertive personality and proclivity for wearing revealing outfits that exposed her midriff. Twain was constantly deprecated for baring her midriff to the point where critics nicknamed it "The most famous midriff in Nashville", while CMT banned the music video for her debut single "What Made You Say That". "The Independent"'s Roisin O'Connor believes "Nashville hadn't seen anything like Twain [before] – a leopard print-loving, midriff-exposing artist determined to be an international star." According to Kristin M. Hall of the Associated Press, since the singer had not yet begun touring, Twain used music videos to broaden her audience. Similarly, Erlewine considers Twain to be "the first country artist to fully exploit MTV's style" by cultivating "a sexy, video-oriented image ... that appealed" to both country and pop audiences, largely without touring.


title: Shania Twain

text: Twain's record label cautioned her that both men and women would dislike her independence and sexual expressiveness, respectively, but she did not believe them. Record executives warned her that women would feel threatened by her "dressing too sexy". Refusing "to conform to a single archetype of femininity", Twain recalled that she used music to communicate with like-minded women by alternating between heartbroken, comedic, vengeful, empowered, self-deprecating and lustful personas "all on the same record." Country rock musician Steve Earle famously labelled Twain "the world's highest-paid lap-dancer." Despite these criticisms, Twain's music has largely been embraced by fans. In a 2015 profile on the singer, "Maclean"'s Sonya Bell theorized that Twain's early critics would be shocked by her continued success, while "American Songwriter"'s Joe Vitagliano considers her a testament that "critics and the 'industry' aren't quite the 'be-all, end-all' that they think they are". Sarah Koo of "Entertainment Tonight Canada" wrote that, in hindsight, Twain's image throughout the 1990s seems tame in comparison to the revealing outfits of artists who have since succeeded her. Twain maintains that she did not dress proactively for fame, attention or "shock value" but simply because she enjoys her midriff, claiming to have no regrets about her past outfits. She defends contemporary pop stars who dress provocatively, explaining, "I don't think it's too sexy now ...The boundaries are really up to the individual. And then it's up to the viewer whether they like it or not."


title: Shania Twain

text: At one point, Twain was considered to be among the biggest music stars in the world. Journalist Brian D. Johnson wrote that, despite her girl next door image, the singer "has the sort of star power that people expect from royalty", which he attributes to her Cinderella-esque life story. "The Guardian"'s Simon Hattenstone described Twain as "sexy, empowering and funny. This was a woman who knew what she wanted – men, action, dancing, control." Calling her equally country, pop and rock star, Hattenstone went on to write that the singer is "fancied by the straight boys, admired by the straight girls, adored by gay men as a camp icon and loved by lesbians who read what they wanted into Man! I Feel Like a Woman!." Claiming Twain's stint hosting the 2003 Juno Awards was noticeably void of diva behaviour despite persistent rumours of outrageous antics and demands at the time, Brad Wheeler of "The Globe and Mail" described Twain as "an international icon and Canada's sweetheart", a sentiment with which Juno Awards producer John Brunton agreed. Instead the singer relied on her own security, band, production team and assistants.


title: Shania Twain

text: Twain's success in the music industry has earned her the honorific nickname the "Queen of Country Pop". By 1998, "Maclean"'s had named Twain "the reigning queen of country music". "American Songwriter" contributor Joe Vitagliano named Twain one of the greatest artists of our time. "The New York Times" music critic Jon Caramanica named Twain "Country's Crossover Queen", writing that during her prime Twain "was both a pop centrist and a country rebel, and many of the aesthetic moves she pioneered ended up, following a period of some resistance, as central to the sound of Nashville." In a ranking of the singer's best songs, "Rolling Stone" stated that Twain's catalogue of music "ha[s] come to define an era in country music and paved the way for other genre-bending artists that followed." According to Kristin M. Hall of the Associated Press, Twain's global success "changed country music for years to come." Nash credits Twain's work on "Come On Over" with helping to redefine the future of country music. NPR's Jewly Hight wrote that, despite initial derision, Twain eventually "redefin[ed] what country superstardom looked, sounded and behaved like", ultimately influencing a generation of country artists "in making flashier music videos, beefing up their backbeats and staging shows with the energy and theatricality of arena rock."


title: Shania Twain

text: BBC Online described her as "the real Queen of Pop", citing her influence on subsequent successful female artists such as Meghan Trainor, Britney Spears, Taylor Swift and Haim. As one of country music's first crossover stars, the website claims Twain's success as a country-pop crossover artist demonstrates that "she was doing the Taylor Swift thing before Taylor Swift even arrived." Swift has cited Twain as one of her most prominent musical influences. Country singer Carrie Underwood believes all similar artists were influenced by Twain, whether or not they realize it. Twain has also been cited as a major influence among Canadian country music artists such as Jess Moskaluke, Dean Brody, Lindi Ortega and Brett Kissel. Justin Chandler of CBC credited with making "country-pop crossover its own genre" and "paving the way for artists sitting atop those same charts every year since." Rapper Post Malone and singer Rihanna have cited Twain as an inspiration, with the former calling her his childhood crush. Twain covered Malone's song "Rockstar" live during the American Music Awards. Twain has expressed interest in collaborating with Malone, claiming to have written a song for the two of them in 2019. Singer-songwriter and actor Harry Styles has mentioned Twain as his biggest influence both "musically and in fashion".


title: Shania Twain

text: Shania Twain is credited for being the first of many country artists to cross over into pop music. Taylor Swift credits Twain for her pop crossover. Her record-breaking album "The Woman In Me" is also credited as the one that changed country music forever, while Carrie Underwood states that Twain "paved the way for a lot of us." CBC discussed in an article how she shaped Canadian country music by asking various Canadian artists about how she inspired them including Tenille Arts, Brett Kissel and Dean Brody.


title: Shania Twain

text: Twain's bold fashion statements also inspired multiple artists. Harry Styles revealed in an interview with Entertainment Tonight that in "I think, both music and fashion," his "main influence was probably Shania Twain." Halsey also cited her as one of the artists she was inspired by in her music video "You Should Be Sad".


title: Shania Twain

text: In January 2005, Twain joined Scentstories by Febreze to create a limited edition scent disc with the proceeds going to America's Second Harvest. In late 2005, Twain partnered with Coty to produce her namesake fragrance "Shania" by Stetson. A second fragrance was released in September 2007, called "Shania Starlight". On January 1, 2010, Twain carried the Olympic Torch through her hometown as part of the 2010 Winter Olympics torch relay.


title: Shania Twain

text: Twain met producer Robert John "Mutt" Lange after he heard her original songs and singing from her debut album; he then offered to produce and write songs with her. They first met at Nashville's Fan Fair in June 1993 and quickly became close. They were married on December 28, 1993, and had a son, Eja (pronounced "Asia"), on August 12, 2001. On May 15, 2008, it was announced that Twain and Lange were separating after Lange had an affair with Twain's best friend, Marie-Anne Thiébaud. Their divorce was finalized on June 9, 2010. On December 20, 2010, it was reported that Twain was engaged to Swiss Nestlé executive Frédéric Thiébaud, Marie-Anne's former husband. They were married on January 1, 2011, in Rincón, Puerto Rico.


title: Shania Twain

text: Twain is a vegetarian and a devotee of Sant Mat, an Eastern spiritual philosophy. In 2010, Twain created Shania Kids Can, a charity designed to address the needs of neglected children who are frequently overlooked by social assistance programs. Twain's autobiography, "From This Moment On", was published on March 27, 2011. She is a long-time resident of Corseaux, Switzerland, where her son was born. Twain is a hockey fan. When performing, Twain will sometimes wear the jersey of the local National Hockey League team.


title: Shania Twain

text: In addition to her various awards for her singles and albums, Twain has received a number of personal honours:


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Eric Marlon Bishop (born December 13, 1967), known professionally as Jamie Foxx, is an American actor, comedian, and singer. He became widely known for his portrayal of Ray Charles in the 2004 biographical film "Ray", for which he won the Academy Award, BAFTA, Screen Actors Guild Award, Critics' Choice Movie Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor. That same year, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in the crime film "Collateral". Since 2017, Foxx has served as the host and executive producer of the Fox game show "Beat Shazam".


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Other acting roles include Staff Sergeant Sykes in "Jarhead" (2005), record executive Curtis Taylor Jr. in "Dreamgirls" (2006), Detective Ricardo Tubbs in the 2006 film adaptation of TV series "Miami Vice", the title role in the film "Django Unchained" (2012), the supervillain Electro in "The Amazing Spider-Man 2" (2014) and "" (2021), Will Stacks in "Annie" (2014), gangster Bats / Leon Jefferson III in "Baby Driver" (2017) and as Walter McMillian in "Just Mercy" (2019), where he received a SAG Award nomination. In 1991, Foxx joined the cast as a featured player in the sketch comedy show "In Living Color" until the show's end in 1994. Following this success, he was given his own television sitcom "The Jamie Foxx Show", in which he starred, co-created and produced, airing for five highly rated seasons from 1996 to 2001 on The WB Television Network.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Foxx is also a Grammy Award-winning musician, producing four albums, which have charted in the top ten of the U.S. "Billboard" 200: "Unpredictable" (2005), which topped the chart, "Intuition" (2008), "Best Night of My Life" (2010), and " "(2015).


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Born in Terrell, Texas, Foxx is the son of Darrell Bishop (renamed Shahid Abdula following his conversion to Islam), who sometimes worked as a stockbroker and Louise Annette Talley Dixon. Shortly after his birth, Foxx was adopted and raised by his mother's adoptive parents, Estelle Marie (Nelson), a domestic worker and nursery operator, and Mark Talley, a yard worker. He has had little contact with his birth parents, who were not part of his upbringing. He was raised in the black quarter of Terrell, which at the time was a racially segregated community. He has often acknowledged his grandmother's influence as one of the greatest reasons for his success.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Foxx began playing the piano when he was five years old. He had a strict Baptist upbringing, and as a teenager was a part-time pianist and choir leader in Terrell's New Hope Baptist Church. His natural talent for telling jokes was already in evidence as a third grader, when his teacher used him as a reward: if the class behaved well, Foxx would tell them jokes. He attended Terrell High School, where he received top grades and played basketball and football (as quarterback). His ambition was to play for the Dallas Cowboys, and he was the first player in the school's history to pass for more than 1,000 yards. He also sang in a band called Leather and Lace. After high school, Foxx received a scholarship to United States International University, where he studied musical and performing arts composition.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Foxx first told jokes at a comedy club's open mic night in 1989, after accepting a girlfriend's dare. When he found that female comedians were often called first to perform, he chose the stage name of Jamie Foxx, which he felt was ambiguous enough to disallow any biases, with his surname being a tribute to the black comedian Redd Foxx. Foxx joined the cast of "In Living Color" in 1991, where his recurrent character Wanda also shared a name with Redd's friend and co-worker, LaWanda Page. Following a recurring role in the comedy-drama sitcom "Roc", Foxx went on to star in his own sitcom "The Jamie Foxx Show", from 1996 to 2001, and he also produced through his company Foxx Hole Productions.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Foxx made his film debut in the 1992 comedy "Toys". His first dramatic role came in Oliver Stone's 1999 film "Any Given Sunday", where he was cast as a hard-partying quarterback, partly because of his own football background. During filming, Foxx fought with costar LL Cool J.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: In 2001, Foxx starred opposite Will Smith in Michael Mann's biographical drama "Ali". Three years later, Foxx played taxi driver Max Durocher in the Mann film "Collateral" alongside Tom Cruise, for which he received outstanding reviews and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: In 1994, Foxx released an album (on the Fox record label) entitled "Peep This", which was not commercially successful. In 2003, Foxx made a cameo in Benzino's music video for "Would You", which features LisaRaye McCoy and Mario Winans.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: In 2003, Foxx featured on the rapper Twista's song, "Slow Jamz", together with Kanye West, which reached No. 1 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart and #3 on the UK Singles chart. His second collaboration with Kanye West, "Gold Digger," in which Foxx sang the Ray Charles-influenced "I Got a Woman" hook, then went straight to No. 1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, remaining there for 10 weeks. In 2005, Foxx featured on the single "Georgia" by Atlanta rappers Ludacris and Field Mob, which sampled Ray Charles' hit "Georgia on My Mind".


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Foxx would also portray Ray Charles in the biographical film "Ray" (2004), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. Foxx is the third male in history (after Barry Fitzgerald and Al Pacino) to receive two acting Oscar nominations in the same year for two different movies, "Collateral" and "Ray". In 2005, Foxx was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Foxx released his second studio album, "Unpredictable", in December 2005. It debuted at No. 2, selling 598,000 copies in its first week, rising to No. 1 the following week and selling an additional 200,000 copies. To date, the album has sold 1.98 million copies in the United States, and was certified double Platinum by the RIAA. The album also charted on the UK Albums Chart, where it peaked at No. 9. Foxx became the fourth artist to have both won an Academy Award for an acting role and to have achieved a No. 1 album in the U.S, joining Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby and Barbra Streisand. Foxx's first single from the album, the title track "Unpredictable" (featuring Ludacris), peaked in the "Billboard" Hot 100 Top 10 singles and also made the UK Top 20 singles chart; the track samples "Wildflower" by New Birth. The second US single from the album was "DJ Play a Love Song," which reunited Foxx with Twista. In the UK, the second single was "Extravaganza", which saw Foxx once again collaborate with Kanye West, although Foxx did not feature in the song's music video.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: At the 2006 Black Entertainment Television (BET) Awards, Foxx won Best Duet/Collaboration with Kanye West for "Gold Digger" and tied with Mary J. Blige's "Be Without You" for Video of the Year. On December 8, 2006, Foxx received four Grammy Award nominations, which included Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for "Love Changes" featuring Mary J. Blige, Best R&B Album for "Unpredictable", Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for "Georgia" by Ludacris & Field Mob featuring Jamie Foxx, and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for "Unpredictable" featuring Ludacris.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Following on from these successes, Foxx went on to appear in the box-office hits "Jarhead", "Miami Vice" and "Dreamgirls", which lifted his profile even higher as a bankable star in Hollywood.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: 2007 brought him the lead role in the action thriller film "The Kingdom" opposite Chris Cooper, Jason Bateman, Jennifer Garner and Ashraf Barhom. In September 2007, Foxx was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame: "[it was] one of the most amazing days of my life," said Foxx. In April 2009, Foxx played the lead role in the dramatic film "The Soloist". A few months later in October 2009, he played a starring role alongside Gerard Butler in the thriller "Law Abiding Citizen". In 2007, his company FoxxKing Entertainment signed deals with MTV and VH1.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Foxx released his third album titled "Intuition" in 2008, featuring Kanye West, T.I., Ne-Yo, Lil' Kim and T-Pain. The album's first single, "Just Like Me" featuring T.I., was promoted by a video directed by Brett Ratner which featured an appearance by actress Taraji P. Henson. The second single "Blame It" featured T-Pain and became a top 5 single on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and a number-one single on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The song received many accolades for Foxx, including a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocalss at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards. The "Blame It" music video, directed by Hype Williams, features cameo appearances by Forest Whitaker, Samuel L. Jackson, Ron Howard, Quincy Jones and his "Jarhead" co-star Jake Gyllenhaal, amongst others.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Foxx's musical career has also included a number of collaborations. In 2007, he recorded the song "She Goes All the Way" with country superstars Rascal Flatts for their "Still Feels Good" album. Foxx performed backing vocals for artist/songwriter Tank. He featured alongside The-Dream on Plies' "Please Excuse My Hands." He also appeared alongside Fabolous on the remix of Ne-Yo's "Miss Independent". Foxx collaborated with rapper The Game on the track "Around the World". Foxx also featured on T.I.'s single "Live in the Sky" from the album "King".


title: Jamie Foxx

text: On January 22, 2007, Foxx launched The Foxxhole, a channel on Sirius Satellite Radio featuring talk-radio programs, stand-up comedy albums and music primarily by African-American performers, as well as much of Foxx's own material. Foxx's own talk-radio variety program "The Jamie Foxx Show" airs Friday evenings on The Foxxhole with guests including musicians, actors and fellow comedians; co-hosts have included Johnny Mack, Speedy, Claudia Jordan, The Poetess, Lewis Dix, Yvette Wilson, T.D.P and Tyrin Turner. On the April 17, 2009 episode of "The Jamie Foxx Show", Foxx and his co-hosts made several sexually suggestive and disparaging jokes regarding the teenage singer Miley Cyrus. Several days later Foxx issued a public apology on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" in response to growing public outcry and televised criticism by Cyrus's father, country singer Billy Ray Cyrus.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: On April 6, 2009, Foxx, a longtime fan of country music, performed the George Strait song "You Look So Good in Love" at the George Strait Artist of the Decade All-Star Concert. Jamie Foxx hosted the 2009 BET Awards ceremony on June 28, 2009, which featured several tributes to pop star Michael Jackson, who had died three days prior to the show. As well as performing "Blame It" with T-Pain and "She Got Her Own" with Ne-Yo and Fabolous, Foxx opened the show with a rendition of Jackson's "Beat It" dance routine and closed the show with a cover of The Jackson 5's "I'll Be There" with Ne-Yo. "We want to celebrate this black man. He belongs to us and we shared him with everybody else.", said Foxx during the ceremony.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: In April 2011, Foxx voiced the cartoon canary Nico in the movie "Rio". During the summer of 2011, Foxx was involved as a producer of "In the Flow with Affion Crockett" on Fox.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Foxx released his fourth album, "Best Night of My Life", on December 21, 2010, featuring the singles "Winner" (featuring Justin Timberlake and T.I.), "Living Better Now" (featuring rapper Rick Ross) and "Fall for Your Type" (featuring rapper Drake). On October 7, the RCA Music Group announced that it was disbanding J Records along with Arista Records and Jive Records, meaning that all artists (including Foxx) previously signed to the three labels will release their future material on the RCA Records brand. In 2011, Jamie Foxx also featured on the rapper Pitbull's album "Planet Pit", in the song "Where Do We Go".


title: Jamie Foxx

text: In 2012, Foxx starred in the title role of the Quentin Tarantino written and directed "Django Unchained". Foxx starred alongside his "Ray" co-star Kerry Washington, as well as Christoph Waltz, Leonardo DiCaprio and Samuel L. Jackson. In an interview about "Django Unchained", Foxx told "Vibe" magazine: "As a black person it's always racial. ... when I get home my other homies are like how was your day? Well, I only had to be white for at least eight hours today, [or] I only had to be white for four hours." The filming was emotional as Foxx said, "It's tough shooting when you're in plantation row and that's where your ancestors were persecuted and killed."


title: Jamie Foxx

text: On November 25, 2012, at BET's "Soul Train Awards", Foxx joked: "It's like church in here. First of all, giving honor to God and our lord and savior Barack Obama." The joke led to condemnation from some Christians, to which Foxx responded: "I'm a comic [and] sometimes I think people get a little too tight." While hosting "Saturday Night Live" on December 8, 2012, to promote "Django Unchained", Foxx joked about being excited "to kill all the white people in the movie". Appearing at the 2013 NAACP Image Awards, Foxx praised the achievements of black people, saying that "black people are the most talented people in the world".


title: Jamie Foxx

text: In 2013, Foxx was cast as President James Sawyer in "White House Down" alongside Channing Tatum. The following year, Foxx appeared in "The Amazing Spider-Man 2" as the villain Electro, and co-starred with Quvenzhané Wallis in "Annie", Sony's Will Smith and Jay-Z produced update of the comic strip-turned-musical. In 2017, Foxx starred as Bats, a trigger-happy gang member, in Edgar Wright's action film "Baby Driver".


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Foxx's October 2014 Deja Vu duet with Dionne Warwick appears on the "Feels So Good" album released by Warwick. He released his fifth studio album, "", on May 18, 2015. It debuted atop the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts and at No. 10 on the "Billboard" 200. In 2015, Foxx's voice was featured in the chorus on the Ariana Grande song, "Focus".


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Since its debut in 2017, Foxx has been the host and executive producer of the Fox game show "Beat Shazam", whose premise is similar to the once-popular game show format "Name That Tune". On the show, three sets of two partners try to beat the software application Shazam in correctly identifying the titles of popular songs for increasingly higher amounts of money, with one team eventually vying for a potential prize of $1 million. Foxx's daughter Corinne began co-hosting the show in its second season in 2018, replacing DJ October Gonzalez. The show has aired four seasons so far.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Foxx co-executive produced the 2017 Showtime sitcom "White Famous", which starred Jay Pharoah as a young aspiring African-American comic, and was based on Foxx's own early career. Foxx also occasionally appeared on the show as himself. "White Famous" got middling reviews and ratings, and was cancelled after one season.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: On May 22, 2019, Foxx appeared as George Jefferson in "Live in Front of a Studio Audience: Norman Lear's All in the Family and The Jeffersons" on ABC. That year, he played wrongly convicted death row prisoner Walter McMillian in the drama film "Just Mercy", for which he received significant critical acclaim.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Foxx starred in "Project Power", directed by Ariel Schulman and Henry Joost, opposite Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Dominique Fishback, which was released on August 14, 2020, by Netflix. That September, Foxx signed an overall deal with Sony Pictures Entertainment. Foxx then voiced the main character, jazz pianist and music teacher Joe Gardner, in the Pixar animated film "Soul" (2020). Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, "Soul" was released direct-to-streaming on Disney+ in most countries, including the United States, though it did get a theatrical release in some countries. "USA Today" Brian Truitt commended Foxx's performance, saying he brought "warmth, humor and an occasional touch of exasperation" to the role.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Foxx co-created, executive produced and starred in the 2021 Netflix sitcom "Dad Stop Embarrassing Me!", in which he played the single father of two teenage girls. The series marked Foxx's return to the sitcom format after "The Jamie Foxx Show" ended in 2001. The entire eight-episode series premiered April 14, 2021 on Netflix. It was cancelled after one season.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: In 2021, Foxx released the memoir "Act Like You Got Some Sense: And Other Things My Daughters Taught Me", which focused on his family life, both as a child and as an adult.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: On May 29, 2018, Foxx was cast as Al Simmons in a planned reboot of the "Spawn" film franchise, to be directed by Todd McFarlane. In 2015, Foxx became attached to portray former boxer Mike Tyson in a biographical drama film "Finding Mike"; in 2020, he began to exercise in order to gain muscle for the role. In 2021, the project turned into a miniseries, to be directed by Antoine Fuqua.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: In April 2003, Foxx was involved in an incident with two police officers who were attempting to escort him and his sister out of Harrah's casino in New Orleans. Employees claimed the Foxx party had failed to show identification upon entry. Originally charged with trespassing, disturbing the peace, battery on police officers and resisting arrest, Foxx pleaded no contest to disturbing the peace in exchange for the other charges being dropped, and was sentenced to a six-month suspended jail term with two years of probation and a $1,500 fine.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: In 2018, a woman reported to the Las Vegas Police Department that Foxx sexually assaulted her in 2002.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Foxx has two daughters: model, actress and television producer Corinne Foxx, born in 1994; and another daughter born in 2009. Corinne made her formal debut at the Bal des débutantes in November 2014 and was named Miss Golden Globe 2016 on November 18, 2015.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: In 2008, Foxx filmed a public service announcement for Do Something to promote food drives in local communities.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: On January 18, 2016, he rescued a young man from a burning vehicle that crashed outside his home. The driver, Brett Kyle, was driving his truck "at a high rate of speed" when it left the road, traveled into a drainage ditch, and rolled over several times. Kyle was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: On October 26, 2020, Foxx announced via Instagram that his 36-year-old sister Deondra Dixon had died. She was born with Down syndrome and had been an ambassador for the Global Down Syndrome Foundation.


title: Jamie Foxx

text: Foxx, Jamie (with Nick Chiles). "Act Like You Got Some Sense: And Other Things My Daughters Taught Me." 2021: Grand Central Publishing. .


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Mary Elizabeth Winstead (born November 28, 1984) is an American actress and singer. Her first significant role was that of Jessica Bennett on the NBC soap opera "Passions" (1999–2000). She went on to appear in series such as "Tru Calling" (2004) and films including the superhero film "Sky High" (2005). She came to wider attention for her roles in the horror series "Wolf Lake" (2001–2002), the giant monster film "Monster Island" (2004), the supernatural horror film "Final Destination 3" (2006), the slasher film "Black Christmas" (2006), and the exploitation horror film "Death Proof" (2007), the science fiction horror film "The Thing" (2011), the action thriller film "Gemini Man" (2019), and the superhero film "Birds of Prey" (2020).


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Further success came with her roles as John McClane's daughter Lucy Gennero-McClane in "Live Free or Die Hard" (2007) and Ramona Flowers in "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World" (2010). Her critically acclaimed performance as an alcoholic struggling with sobriety in the Sundance drama "Smashed" (2012) was followed by a series of roles in other well-received independent films, including "The Beauty Inside" (2012), "The Spectacular Now" (2013), "Faults" (2014), "Alex of Venice" (2014), and "Swiss Army Man" (2016). Winstead continued her Scream Queen roles in the sci-fi horror film "The Thing" (2011), as Mary Todd Lincoln in the fantasy horror film "" (2012), and in the psychological horror thriller film "10 Cloverfield Lane" (2016).


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: She reprised her role as Lucy Gennero-McClane in "A Good Day to Die Hard" (2013) and returned to television with roles in the supernatural drama series "The Returned" (2015), the political satire science fiction comedy series "BrainDead" (2016), the period medical drama series "Mercy Street" (2016–17) and the black comedy crime drama anthology series "Fargo" (2017). Her other roles include the comedy drama "All About Nina" (2018), the action thriller film "Gemini Man" (2019), and as the Huntress in "Birds of Prey" (2020).


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Mary Elizabeth Winstead was born on November 28, 1984, in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, to Betty Lou (née Knight) and James Ronald Winstead and is the youngest of five children. Her grandfather, Ambler William Winstead, was a cousin of actress Ava Gardner. When she was five years old, her family moved to Sandy, Utah, where she attended Peruvian Park Elementary and took advanced classes. She studied dance in a Joffrey Ballet summer program in Chicago and sang in the International Children's Choir. During her youth, she hoped to pursue a career as a ballerina and appeared in local ballet productions. As she entered her teens, she was forced to quit ballet due to her height. She later said, "I realized pretty early on that I was already too tall by the time I was 13... You know, your body has to stay that way for your entire life, and it's pretty hard on your muscles and your bones." Realizing a dance career was unlikely, she turned to acting. As she was still a teenager at the time, this required her to be homeschooled through most of high school.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Winstead appeared in a production of "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat" starring Donny Osmond. After her brief performance in that show, Winstead began making appearances in various television series and earned guest roles in "Touched by an Angel" and "Promised Land". She gained her first major role as Jessica Bennett in the NBC soap opera "Passions", from 1999 to 2000. She left to pursue other interests, later stating, "I really had one of the smallest roles on "Passions", so I didn't get too involved... I was able to leave pretty easily". Winstead's next significant television role was in the short-lived CBS drama series "Wolf Lake" (2001–02), as the daughter of Tim Matheson's character. The series was canceled after ten episodes. In 2004, Winstead played a supporting role in MTV's made-for-television film "Monster Island". She was offered a role in the film "A Cinderella Story", but turned it down as she had just graduated from school and was going on a cruise with friends (where she met Riley Stearns, her future husband).


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Following a minor role in the indie comedy "Checking Out" (2005), she took on a larger role as a school senior turned the main antagonist in the Walt Disney Pictures film "Sky High", about an airborne school for teenage superheroes. Winstead said of her role, "I bounced around. I was either the hero of the sidekicks or the sidekick to the heroes." The film was released on July 29, 2005, receiving favorable reviews, and budgeted at US$35 million, it grossed US$63.9 million domestically.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Winstead then began working with filmmakers James Wong and Glen Morgan, previously known for their contributions to "The X-Files". She starred in the 2006 horror movie "Final Destination 3" (which Wong directed and Morgan produced) as lead character Wendy Christensen, the "beleaguered heroine who experiences the premonition" that sets the story in motion. The production was a commercial success, but received a mixed response from critics. Winstead's performance fared positively with reviewers; James Berardinelli stated she "does as competent a job as one could expect in these dire circumstances," while Felix Gonzalez, Jr found her "likeable" in her role. Winstead would collaborate again with Morgan and Wong later that year, in the slasher film "Black Christmas". The movie, a loose remake of the 1974 film of the same name, follows a group of sorority sisters who are stalked and murdered by the house's former inhabitants during a winter storm. It received poor reviews, but earned her a nomination for Scream Queen at the 2007 Scream Awards. Winstead got a chance to lampoon horror scream queens when "Tonight Show" host Jay Leno, unaware of who she was, knocked on her front door and included her in a comedy segment spoofing horror films.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: She appeared in Emilio Estevez's "Bobby", a 2006 film depicting the last hours of Robert F. Kennedy. Winstead became interested in "Bobby" after learning that Anthony Hopkins would appear in the film. A moderate box office success in selected theaters, "Bobby" received mixed reviews with many criticisms directed at the film's script. The film's cast was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Cast in a Motion Picture, but won the Hollywood Film Festival Award for Best Ensemble Cast.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: In 2007, Winstead appeared in a pair of high-profile event films. Quentin Tarantino cast her as a well-intentioned but vapid and naïve actress in "Death Proof", his high-speed segment of the double–feature exploitation horror "Grindhouse". She appeared alongside Rosario Dawson, Tracie Thoms, Zoë Bell, and Kurt Russell in the movie's second part, which followed a psychopathic stunt man, played by Russell, stalking and murdering young women. It is the second film to feature Winstead with Russell (after "Sky High"), although she only filmed scenes with Dawson, Thoms, and Bell. The production under-performed commercially but attracted significant media buzz and critical acclaim, "Variety" magazine noted that "Death Proof" "proves its worth as a stand-alone feature" and found Winstead's "emergence" to be "one agreeable plus [to the movie]". Her next film appearance of the year was opposite Bruce Willis in "Live Free or Die Hard", portraying John McClane's estranged daughter, Lucy. The movie grossed US$383.5 million and was highly acclaimed.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: She starred in a lead role in "Make It Happen", a dance film. The film went straight to DVD in the United States, and fared poorly in its UK release. Nevertheless, it proved a delight for Winstead, who once dreamed of being a dancer. Critics agreed that she was the film's best asset. Reviewer Mike Martin wrote, "Winstead infuses every moment with an amazing amount of charm". Matthew Turner of "ViewLondon" wrote, "[Winstead] compensates for the generally poor direction."


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Winstead co-starred opposite Michael Cera in the film "Scott Pilgrim vs. The World", an adaptation of the comic-book Scott Pilgrim, under the direction of Edgar Wright. Her role was Ramona Flowers, a mysterious delivery girl and Scott's love interest. Winstead went through fight training for two months and performed most of her own stunts. Filming occurred from March to August 2009, and the film was released in late 2010, to critical acclaim but poor box office returns. Winstead's performance was well received generally, and earned her a Teen Choice Awards nomination for Choice Actress Action.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Winstead was cast as the lead female in the 2011 prequel film to 1982's "The Thing", which followed a group of scientists who discover an alien buried deep in the ice of Antarctica, realizing too late that it is still alive. Winstead portrayed paleontologist Dr. Kate Lloyd, a character she based on her sister, a neurologist. The production received a U.S. theatrical release on October 14, 2011, garnering a mixed critical reception and little commercial interest. Critics singled out Winstead for praise in her performance, with "Las Vegas Weekly" asserting that she "makes for an appealing protagonist, and Kate is portrayed as competent without being thrust into some unlikely action-hero role".


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Winstead appeared opposite Aaron Paul in "Smashed", an independent drama directed by James Ponsoldt about a married alcoholic couple (Paul and Winstead) whose relationship is put to test when the wife decides to get sober. She said that the film was shot in 19 days. Screened during the 2012 Sundance Film Festival, Winstead's performance earned her rave reviews, with "JoBlo.com" calling it: "the type of performance that could be Award-worthy if given the right kind of build-up by whichever studio picks it up". The film was released theatrically on October 12, 2012, and saw Winstead snagging the Dallas International Film Festival Award for Best Actress. During a promotional interview for the movie with website "Collider", she expressed pride in working on an independent project: "It's something I've been trying to do for years and years [...] It's almost like my first movie in a weird way, cause it's my first movie in this world, which is a world I've been trying to break into. [I've wanted] to be around filmmakers that are trying new things and not part of the system, so to speak, and they're doing things on their own terms."


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Winstead played the role of Mary Todd Lincoln opposite Benjamin Walker in "". The film, also released in 2012, received a mixed critical response while it flopped at the box office. Nevertheless, critics praised Winstead's performance. The "San Jose Mercury News" called Winstead "a standout", and the "Illinois Times" film critic wrote, "Winstead humanizes Mary [Todd Lincoln] by giving her a fiery wit and sense of resolve in the face of considerable adversity". Winstead was commended for scenes opposite Benjamin Walker, with "Little White Lies" writing that they shared: "a sweet chemistry that gives their handful of scenes an endearing warmth".


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: In 2012, Winstead and Topher Grace appeared in "The Beauty Inside", an "interactive social film". It was broken into six filmed episodes interspersed with interactive storytelling, all on Alex (the main character)'s Facebook timeline. He awakes each day with a different appearance; Winstead appeared as Leah, Alex's love interest. The web series served as an advertising campaign for Intel and Toshiba; it ran from August 16 through September 20, 2012.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Winstead was also cast in Roman Coppola's "A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III" (2013), as Kate, "the best friend of [Charlie Sheen's] girlfriend who just broke up with him. She is not so supportive of their relationship." The film reunited her with Jason Schwartzman and Aubrey Plaza, her collaborators on "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World". Winstead next co-starred with Adam Scott, Richard Jenkins, Jane Lynch, Jessica Alba, Amy Poehler, and Catherine O'Hara in "A.C.O.D." (2013), portraying Lauren Stinger, the "long-time girlfriend of Carter (Scott) and the rock in his increasingly chaotic life." Although the film received mixed reviews, Winstead's acting was singled out by the "Washington Post": "Winstead brings surprising depth to a small role, in which she has little to do except wait for her boyfriend to grow up, or to at least let go of his cynicism about love." "Screen Rant" critic Ben Kendrick wrote: "[Winstead] and [Alba] also deliver in their contributions – though both of their characters are mainly designed to be mirrors for Carter to examine his own life and choices." "A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III" and "A.C.O.D." both received a limited theatrical run in North America.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Winstead collaborated again with James Ponsoldt in "The Spectacular Now" (2013) as Holly, the sister of Miles Teller's lead character. She appeared with Brie Larson, her co-star in "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World", and with Shailene Woodley, Kyle Chandler, and Bob Odenkirk. The film garnered critical acclaim and was an arthouse success. Next, Winstead briefly reprised her role in the film "A Good Day to Die Hard" (also 2013), shooting her scenes in only one day. Winstead stated in an interview with "Yahoo!" that she was not expecting another sequel but "[had fun reprising] the father-daughter rapport." Winstead's scene was only available in the theatrical version, and was cut from the unrated version.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: In 2014, Winstead was given the title role in "Alex of Venice", directed by Chris Messina and penned by Jessica Goldberg. She played "an environmental lawyer who is left to raise her 12-year-old son alone after her husband bolts." Premiering at the 57th San Francisco International Film Festival, reviews for the film were mostly positive, with many critics praising Winstead's part in it; "Variety" magazine called her performance "extraordinary", saying the film: "belongs to Winstead, whose minor-key thesping proves as compelling as her heavy lifting in "Smashed". Alex's gradual metamorphosis into a richer, more fully realized young woman is accomplished in hundreds of tiny emotional brushstrokes, flitting across her girl-next-door wholesomeness in ever-shifting patterns". Website "Twitch Film" wrote:


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: In 2014, Winstead starred in Stearns' debut feature film "Faults". Winstead and co-star Leland Orser were praised for their performances, with "Film School Rejects" calling it an "exceptional performance" and "Indiewire" saying "[Winstead's] inscrutable expression epitomizes this unique movie's enigmatic appeal", and even "ranks among her best". Winstead was next cast alongside Jeremy Renner and Rosemarie DeWitt in "Kill the Messenger". The thriller tells the true story of investigative journalist Gary Webb. Winstead portrayed Dawn Garcia, Webb's editor at the San Jose Mercury News. It received a limited theatrical release on October 10, 2014, to favorable reviews but little commercial interest.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: By January 2015, Winstead had been already cast as a series regular on A&E's U.S. remake of the French drama series "The Returned", with Sandrine Holt and Agnes Bruckner. The adapted show followed residents in a small town whose lives are disrupted when people who have been dead for many years begin reappearing. It premiered on March 9, 2015, for a 10-episode run, to mostly critical acclaim. The series was cancelled after its first season though, due to low ratings. Also in 2015, she also made a guest-appearance on the August 6 episode of IFC's "Comedy Bang! Bang!" ("Mary Elizabeth Winstead Wears an A-Line Skirt and Pointy Black Boots").


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Winstead next portrayed the leading role of Mary Phinney in PBS' civil rights drama "Mercy Street". The six-part series, about two volunteer nurses on opposing sides of the Civil War, premiered on-demand on January 14, 2016, and made its broadcast debut three days later, on January 17. It rated favorably with reviewers, who also showed praise of Winstead's performance; "Variety" magazine described her as the "smart, capable center around which "Mercy Street" pivots" and therefore noted that she was "so good that it's hard not to wish the show had pared down the sheer number of storylines it attempts to service in its six installments". The show was renewed for a second season, which premiered on January 22, 2017, and was cancelled after its finale aired.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Winstead headlined the psychological thriller "10 Cloverfield Lane", appearing as Michelle, a woman held in a shelter with two men, who claim the outside world is affected by a widespread chemical attack. The film, directed by Dan Trachtenberg, was released on March 11, 2016, to a widely positive reception from critics who, according to website Rotten Tomatoes, agreed that the movie "makes the most of its confined setting and outstanding cast". "Daily Express" found Winstead "sympathetic" and remarked that she "creates a character who is smart and resourceful", while writer James Berardinelli called her a "good choice" to play the heroine as she is "strong yet feminine". "10 Cloverfield Lane" had the highest debut at the box office for Winstead in a leading role, with over US$24 million grossed on its opening weekend; it went on to gross US$72 million in North America and US$110.2 million worldwide.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Winstead appeared in "Swiss Army Man", an independent comedy-drama directed by Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert. The film, co-starring Daniel Radcliffe and Paul Dano, follows a hopeless man stranded on an island who befriends an apparent dead body as he tries to get back home. It premiered at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival and was released in selected theaters on June 24, to a positive reception. Winstead also had a role in John Krasinski's small-scale dramedy "The Hollars", opposite Richard Jenkins, Anna Kendrick, Mary Kay Place, and Margo Martindale. She played the ex-girlfriend of Krasinski's struggling New York City graphic novelist, who returns to his hometown after learning his mother has fallen ill. Like "Swiss Army Man", the production was screened at Sundance and received a limited U.S. theatrical release in August 2016.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Winstead appeared in CBS' political comic thriller "BrainDead", as leading character Laurel, "the daughter of a Democratic political dynasty who left Washington, D.C. to become a documentary filmmaker, but is pulled back into the family business when her brother needs political help". The series received mildly positive reviews by critics, with "New York Magazine" calling Winstead's casting the "smartest decision the makers made", and "The A.V. Club" said that she "makes an eminently watchable, formidable heroine". Despite a largely positive critical response, the series debuted to lackluster ratings and after the airing of its 13-episode first season, CBS announced its cancellation.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Winstead starred opposite Ewan McGregor in the third season of "Fargo" as Nikki Swango, "a crafty and alluring recent parolee with a passion for competitive bridge playing with a plan, focused on always being at least one move ahead of her opponents". The season is set around December 2010 in Minnesota and follows the lives of McGregor and Winstead's criminal couple roles; it premiered on April 19, 2017, to positive reviews. In an interview with "Variety", Winstead spoke of the character, "I'd never played a character like this. Once I was on set and doing it, it was so easy but it took all the elements coming together for me to feel confident and comfortable."


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: In October 2017, "Deadline" reported that Winstead would be starring as lead in the semi-autographical dark comedy "All About Nina", opposite Common. The film screened at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2018 and won Winstead rave reviews, with "The Hollywood Reporter" calling it "yet another impressive performance by Mary Elizabeth Winstead" and earning her a nomination for Bravest Performance at the Alliance of Women Film Journalists.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: In December 2017, it was reported that Winstead would co-star in "The Parts You Lose"; the romantic thriller saw her reuniting with her "Smashed" co-star, Aaron Paul. In January 2018, it was reported that Winstead was cast as female lead opposite Will Smith in "Gemini Man". The film, directed by Ang Lee, was released in the United States on October 11, 2019, by Paramount Pictures. In late-September 2018, Winstead was announced to play Huntress in Warner Bros.' DC Comics film "Birds of Prey (And the Fantabulous Emancipation of One Harley Quinn)". Directed by Cathy Yan, and starring Margot Robbie, who reprised her role as Harley Quinn, the film was released in February 2020.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: In February 2019, it was revealed that Winstead is also voice starring in the Netflix adult-oriented animated anthology series "Love, Death & Robots". The series saw her reuniting with "The Beauty Inside" co-star Topher Grace and was released on March 15.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: In April 2019, Winstead joined the cast of Netflix action film "Kate" as the titular lead character. The film was released in September 2021 to lukewarm reviews, but Winstead was praised for her performance.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: In January 2022, Winstead was added to the cast of Disney+ "Star Wars" series "Ahsoka". She is also set to co-star with Xochitl Gomez in Jonathan and Josh Baker's second feature film "Ursa Major", based on an original script by Patrick Somerville, for XYZ Films.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Winstead has expressed her interest in singing, but initially did not plan on pursuing it as a career. "I wasn't ever really going to be a singer, but it's just something I've always loved." For her part in 2007's "Death Proof", Tarantino had Winstead sing an a cappella cover of The Shirelles' hit recording "Baby It's You". She was asked without warning to perform the song and the cast were reportedly "gob-smacked" by her singing. Winstead and music producer Thai Long Ly eventually co-wrote a song, called "Warmth of Him". Although first rumored to be a pre-release single, Winstead confirmed that she was just exploring her interest and did not plan at the time on releasing any music albums.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: In an interview with "Complex" magazine for the June/July 2012 issue, Winstead revealed she was working with Dan the Automator and was indeed planning on releasing a music album. The duo formed the band Got a Girl the following year, and released their demo "You & Me" on May 21, 2013. The album, titled "I Love You but I Must Drive Off This Cliff Now", was released on July 22, 2014, via Bulk Recordings. The first single, "Did We Live Too Fast" premiered on June 3, and its music video, directed by Hope Larson, premiered online on June 16. The album features heavy influences of French pop music, with Winstead detailing that the inspiration behind the project came from "French '60s pop—Jane Birkin, and stuff like that. It's kind of married with Dan's sensibility, which is his beats and a little bit of that low-key hip-hop vibe. So it makes for something that's very unique; it's very lounge-y and light. It's got a little bit of a French quality." All lyrics were written by Winstead while all music was composed by Dan the Automator.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Winstead was also featured on the songs "The Agony" and "Look Across The Sky" on Deltron 3030's second studio album "Event 2", released on September 30, 2013.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: In November 2016, Honus Honus from experimental band Man Man released a song on SoundCloud, "Santa Monica," that features Winstead. In December 2016, Portugal. The Man released the single and video for "Noise Pollution (Version A, Vocal Up Mix 1.3)" from their album "Woodstock", featuring Winstead and Zoe Manville.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: In 2010, Winstead married filmmaker Riley Stearns, whom she had met at age eighteen on an ocean cruise. She starred in and produced Stearns' debut feature film, "Faults", in 2014. She announced their separation in May 2017 and their divorce was finalized later that year.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: It was reported in October 2017 that she was in a relationship with Scottish actor Ewan McGregor, whom she had met on the set of "Fargo". Their son, Laurie, was born on June 27, 2021. Winstead and McGregor married in April 2022.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Sigmund Freud ( , ; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies explained as originating in conflicts in the psyche, through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire. He qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. Upon completing his habilitation in 1885, he was appointed a docent in neuropathology and became an affiliated professor in 1902. Freud lived and worked in Vienna, having set up his clinical practice there in 1886. In 1938, Freud left Austria to escape Nazi persecution. He died in exile in the United Kingdom in 1939.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: In founding psychoanalysis, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference, establishing its central role in the analytic process. Freud's redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms led him to formulate the Oedipus complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory. His analysis of dreams as wish-fulfillments provided him with models for the clinical analysis of symptom formation and the underlying mechanisms of repression. On this basis, Freud elaborated his theory of the unconscious and went on to develop a model of psychic structure comprising id, ego and super-ego. Freud postulated the existence of libido, sexualised energy with which mental processes and structures are invested and which generates erotic attachments, and a death drive, the source of compulsive repetition, hate, aggression, and neurotic guilt. In his later works, Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Though in overall decline as a diagnostic and clinical practice, psychoanalysis remains influential within psychology, psychiatry, and psychotherapy, and across the humanities. It thus continues to generate extensive and highly contested debate concerning its therapeutic efficacy, its scientific status, and whether it advances or hinders the feminist cause. Nonetheless, Freud's work has suffused contemporary Western thought and popular culture. 1940 poetic tribute to Freud describes him as having created "a whole climate of opinion / under whom we conduct our different lives".


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Sigmund Freud was born to Ashkenazi Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire (now Příbor, Czech Republic), the first of eight children. Both of his parents were from Galicia, a historic province straddling modern-day West Ukraine and southeast Poland. His father, Jakob Freud (1815–1896), a wool merchant, had two sons, Emanuel (1833–1914) and Philipp (1836–1911), by his first marriage. Jakob's family were Hasidic Jews and, although Jakob himself had moved away from the tradition, he came to be known for his Torah study. He and Freud's mother, Amalia Nathansohn, who was 20 years younger and his third wife, were married by Rabbi Isaac Noah Mannheimer on 29 July 1855. They were struggling financially and living in a rented room, in a locksmith's house at Schlossergasse 117 when their son Sigmund was born. He was born with a caul, which his mother saw as a positive omen for the boy's future.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: In 1859, the Freud family left Freiberg. Freud's half-brothers immigrated to Manchester, England, parting him from the "inseparable" playmate of his early childhood, Emanuel's son, John. Jakob Freud took his wife and two children (Freud's sister, Anna, was born in 1858; a brother, Julius born in 1857, had died in infancy) firstly to Leipzig and then in 1860 to Vienna where four sisters and a brother were born: Rosa (b. 1860), Marie (b. 1861), Adolfine (b. 1862), Paula (b. 1864), Alexander (b. 1866). In 1865, the nine-year-old Freud entered the , a prominent high school. He proved to be an outstanding pupil and graduated from the Matura in 1873 with honors. He loved literature and was proficient in German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, Hebrew, Latin and Greek.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Freud entered the University of Vienna at age 17. He had planned to study law, but joined the medical faculty at the university, where his studies included philosophy under Franz Brentano, physiology under Ernst Brücke, and zoology under Darwinist professor Carl Claus. In 1876, Freud spent four weeks at Claus's zoological research station in Trieste, dissecting hundreds of eels in an inconclusive search for their male reproductive organs. In 1877, Freud moved to Ernst Brücke's physiology laboratory where he spent six years comparing the brains of humans and other vertebrates with those of frogs and invertebrates such as crayfish and lampreys. His research work on the biology of nervous tissue proved seminal for the subsequent discovery of the neuron in the 1890s. Freud's research work was interrupted in 1879 by the obligation to undertake a year's compulsory military service. The lengthy downtimes enabled him to complete a commission to translate four essays from John Stuart Mill's collected works. He graduated with an MD in March 1881.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: In 1882, Freud began his medical career at Vienna General Hospital. His research work in cerebral anatomy led to the publication in 1884 of an influential paper on the palliative effects of cocaine, and his work on aphasia would form the basis of his first book "On Aphasia: A Critical Study", published in 1891. Over a three-year period, Freud worked in various departments of the hospital. His time spent in Theodor Meynert's psychiatric clinic and as a locum in a local asylum led to an increased interest in clinical work. His substantial body of published research led to his appointment as a university lecturer or docent in neuropathology in 1885, a non-salaried post but one which entitled him to give lectures at the University of Vienna.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: In 1886, Freud resigned his hospital post and entered private practice specializing in "nervous disorders". The same year he married Martha Bernays, the granddaughter of Isaac Bernays, a chief rabbi in Hamburg. Freud was, as an atheist, dismayed at the requirement in Austria for a Jewish religious ceremony and briefly considered, before dismissing, the prospect of joining the Protestant 'Confession' to avoid one. In the event a civil ceremony took place on 13 September and a religious ceremony the following day with Freud having been hastily tutored in the Hebrew prayers. The Freuds had six children: Mathilde (b. 1887), Jean-Martin (b. 1889), Oliver (b. 1891), Ernst (b. 1892), Sophie (b. 1893), and Anna (b. 1895). From 1891 until they left Vienna in 1938, Freud and his family lived in an apartment at Berggasse 19, near Innere Stadt, a historical district of Vienna.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: In 1896, Minna Bernays, Martha Freud's sister, became a permanent member of the Freud household after the death of her fiancé. The close relationship she formed with Freud led to rumours, started by Carl Jung, of an affair. The discovery of a Swiss hotel guest-book entry for 13 August 1898, signed by Freud whilst travelling with his sister-in-law, has been presented as evidence of the affair.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Freud began smoking tobacco at age 24; initially a cigarette smoker, he became a cigar smoker. He believed smoking enhanced his capacity to work and that he could exercise self-control in moderating it. Despite health warnings from colleague Wilhelm Fliess, he remained a smoker, eventually suffering a buccal cancer. Freud suggested to Fliess in 1897 that addictions, including that to tobacco, were substitutes for masturbation, "the one great habit."


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Freud had greatly admired his philosophy tutor, Brentano, who was known for his theories of perception and introspection. Brentano discussed the possible existence of the unconscious mind in his "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" (1874). Although Brentano denied its existence, his discussion of the unconscious probably helped introduce Freud to the concept. Freud owned and made use of Charles Darwin's major evolutionary writings, and was also influenced by Eduard von Hartmann's "The Philosophy of the Unconscious" (1869). Other texts of importance to Freud were by Fechner and Herbart, with the latter's "Psychology as Science" arguably considered to be of underrated significance in this respect. Freud also drew on the work of Theodor Lipps, who was one of the main contemporary theorists of the concepts of the unconscious and empathy.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Though Freud was reluctant to associate his psychoanalytic insights with prior philosophical theories, attention has been drawn to analogies between his work and that of both Schopenhauer and Nietzsche. In 1908, Freud said that he occasionally read Nietzsche, and was strongly fascinated by his writings, but did not study him, because he found Nietzsche's "intuitive insights" resembled too much his own work at the time, and also because he was overwhelmed by the "wealth of ideas" he encountered when he read Nietzsche. Freud sometimes would deny the influence of Nietzsche's ideas. One historian quotes Peter L. Rudnytsky, who says that based on Freud's correspondence with his adolescent friend Eduard Silberstein, Freud read Nietzsche's "The Birth of Tragedy" and probably the first two of the "Untimely Meditations" when he was seventeen. In 1900, the year of Nietzsche's death, Freud bought his collected works; he told his friend, Fliess, that he hoped to find in Nietzsche's works "the words for much that remains mute in me." Later, he said he had not yet opened them. Freud came to treat Nietzsche's writings "as texts to be resisted far more than to be studied." His interest in philosophy declined after he had decided on a career in neurology.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Freud read William Shakespeare in English throughout his life, and it has been suggested that his understanding of human psychology may have been partially derived from Shakespeare's plays.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Freud's Jewish origins and his allegiance to his secular Jewish identity were of significant influence in the formation of his intellectual and moral outlook, especially concerning his intellectual non-conformism, as he pointed out in his "Autobiographical Study". They would also have a substantial effect on the content of psychoanalytic ideas, particularly in respect of their common concerns with depth interpretation and "the bounding of desire by law".


title: Sigmund Freud

text: During the formative period of his work, Freud valued and came to rely on the intellectual and emotional support of his friend Wilhelm Fliess, a Berlin-based ear, nose, and throat specialist whom he had first met in 1887. Both men saw themselves as isolated from the prevailing clinical and theoretical mainstream because of their ambitions to develop radical new theories of sexuality. Fliess developed highly eccentric theories of human biorhythms and a nasogenital connection which are today considered pseudoscientific. He shared Freud's views on the importance of certain aspects of sexuality – masturbation, coitus interruptus, and the use of condoms – in the etiology of what was then called the "actual neuroses," primarily neurasthenia and certain physically manifested anxiety symptoms. They maintained an extensive correspondence from which Freud drew on Fliess's speculations on infantile sexuality and bisexuality to elaborate and revise his own ideas. His first attempt at a systematic theory of the mind, his "Project for a Scientific Psychology", was developed as a metapsychology with Fliess as interlocutor. However, Freud's efforts to build a bridge between neurology and psychology were eventually abandoned after they had reached an impasse, as his letters to Fliess reveal, though some ideas of the "Project" were to be taken up again in the concluding chapter of "The Interpretation of Dreams".


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Freud had Fliess repeatedly operate on his nose and sinuses to treat "nasal reflex neurosis", and subsequently referred his patient Emma Eckstein to him. According to Freud, her history of symptoms included severe leg pains with consequent restricted mobility, as well as stomach and menstrual pains. These pains were, according to Fliess's theories, caused by habitual masturbation which, as the tissue of the nose and genitalia were linked, was curable by removal of part of the middle turbinate. Fliess's surgery proved disastrous, resulting in profuse, recurrent nasal bleeding; he had left a half-metre of gauze in Eckstein's nasal cavity whose subsequent removal left her permanently disfigured. At first, though aware of Fliess's culpability and regarding the remedial surgery in horror, Freud could bring himself only to intimate delicately in his correspondence with Fliess the nature of his disastrous role, and in subsequent letters maintained a tactful silence on the matter or else returned to the face-saving topic of Eckstein's hysteria. Freud ultimately, in light of Eckstein's history of adolescent self-cutting and irregular nasal (and menstrual) bleeding, concluded that Fliess was "completely without blame", as Eckstein's post-operative haemorrhages were hysterical "wish-bleedings" linked to "an old wish to be loved in her illness" and triggered as a means of "rearousing [Freud's] affection". Eckstein nonetheless continued her analysis with Freud. She was restored to full mobility and went on to practice psychoanalysis herself.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Freud, who had called Fliess "the Kepler of biology", later concluded that a combination of a homoerotic attachment and the residue of his "specifically Jewish mysticism" lay behind his loyalty to his Jewish friend and his consequent overestimation of both his theoretical and clinical work. Their friendship came to an acrimonious end with Fliess angry at Freud's unwillingness to endorse his general theory of sexual periodicity and accusing him of collusion in the plagiarism of his work. After Fliess failed to respond to Freud's offer of collaboration over the publication of his "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality" in 1906, their relationship came to an end.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: In October 1885, Freud went to Paris on a three-month fellowship to study with Jean-Martin Charcot, a renowned neurologist who was conducting scientific research into hypnosis. He was later to recall the experience of this stay as catalytic in turning him toward the practice of medical psychopathology and away from a less financially promising career in neurology research. Charcot specialized in the study of hysteria and susceptibility to hypnosis, which he frequently demonstrated with patients on stage in front of an audience.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Once he had set up in private practice back in Vienna in 1886, Freud began using hypnosis in his clinical work. He adopted the approach of his friend and collaborator, Josef Breuer, in a type of hypnosis that was different from the French methods he had studied, in that it did not use suggestion. The treatment of one particular patient of Breuer's proved to be transformative for Freud's clinical practice. Described as Anna O., she was invited to talk about her symptoms while under hypnosis (she would coin the phrase "talking cure" for her treatment). In the course of talking in this way, her symptoms became reduced in severity as she retrieved memories of traumatic incidents associated with their onset.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: The inconsistent results of Freud's early clinical work eventually led him to abandon hypnosis, having concluded that more consistent and effective symptom relief could be achieved by encouraging patients to talk freely, without censorship or inhibition, about whatever ideas or memories occurred to them. In conjunction with this procedure, which he called "free association", Freud found that patients' dreams could be fruitfully analyzed to reveal the complex structuring of unconscious material and to demonstrate the psychic action of repression which, he had concluded, underlay symptom formation. By 1896 he was using the term "psychoanalysis" to refer to his new clinical method and the theories on which it was based.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Freud's development of these new theories took place during a period in which he experienced heart irregularities, disturbing dreams and periods of depression, a "neurasthenia" which he linked to the death of his father in 1896 and which prompted a "self-analysis" of his own dreams and memories of childhood. His explorations of his feelings of hostility to his father and rivalrous jealousy over his mother's affections led him to fundamentally revise his theory of the origin of the neuroses.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Based on his early clinical work, Freud postulated that unconscious memories of sexual molestation in early childhood were a necessary precondition for psychoneuroses (hysteria and obsessional neurosis), a formulation now known as Freud's seduction theory. In the light of his self-analysis, Freud abandoned the theory that every neurosis can be traced back to the effects of infantile sexual abuse, now arguing that infantile sexual scenarios still had a causative function, but it did not matter whether they were real or imagined and that in either case, they became pathogenic only when acting as repressed memories.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: This transition from the theory of infantile sexual trauma as a general explanation of how all neuroses originate to one that presupposes autonomous infantile sexuality provided the basis for Freud's subsequent formulation of the theory of the Oedipus complex.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Freud described the evolution of his clinical method and set out his theory of the psychogenetic origins of hysteria, demonstrated in several case histories, in "Studies on Hysteria" published in 1895 (co-authored with Josef Breuer). In 1899, he published "The Interpretation of Dreams" in which, following a critical review of existing theory, Freud gives detailed interpretations of his own and his patients' dreams in terms of wish-fulfillments made subject to the repression and censorship of the "dream-work". He then sets out the theoretical model of mental structure (the unconscious, pre-conscious and conscious) on which this account is based. An abridged version, "On Dreams", was published in 1901. In works that would win him a more general readership, Freud applied his theories outside the clinical setting in "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life" (1901) and "Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious" (1905). In "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality", published in 1905, Freud elaborates his theory of infantile sexuality, describing its "polymorphous perverse" forms and the functioning of the "drives", to which it gives rise, in the formation of sexual identity. The same year he published "Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria", which became one of his more famous and controversial case studies. Known as the 'Dora' case study, for Freud it was illustrative of hysteria as a symptom and contributed to his understanding of the importance of transference as a clinical phenomena. In other of his early case studies Freud set out to describe the symptomatology of obsessional neurosis in the case of the Rat man, and phobia in the case of Little Hans.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Transference is the process by which patients displace onto their analyst feelings and ideas which derive from previous figures in their lives. Transference was first seen as a regrettable phenomenon that interfered with the recovery of repressed memories and disturbed patients' objectivity, but by 1912, Freud had come to see it as an essential part of the therapeutic process.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: In 1902, Freud, at last, realised his long-standing ambition to be made a university professor. The title "professor extraordinarius" was important to Freud for the recognition and prestige it conferred, there being no salary or teaching duties attached to the post (he would be granted the enhanced status of "professor ordinarius" in 1920). Despite support from the university, his appointment had been blocked in successive years by the political authorities and it was secured only with the intervention of one of his more influential ex-patients, a Baroness Marie Ferstel, who (supposedly) had to bribe the minister of education with a valuable painting.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: With his prestige thus enhanced, Freud continued with the regular series of lectures on his work which, since the mid-1880s as a docent of Vienna University, he had been delivering to small audiences every Saturday evening at the lecture hall of the university's psychiatric clinic.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: From the autumn of 1902, a number of Viennese physicians who had expressed interest in Freud's work were invited to meet at his apartment every Wednesday afternoon to discuss issues relating to psychology and neuropathology. This group was called the Wednesday Psychological Society ("Psychologische Mittwochs-Gesellschaft") and it marked the beginnings of the worldwide psychoanalytic movement.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Freud founded this discussion group at the suggestion of the physician Wilhelm Stekel. Stekel had studied medicine at the University of Vienna under Richard von Krafft-Ebing. His conversion to psychoanalysis is variously attributed to his successful treatment by Freud for a sexual problem or as a result of his reading "The Interpretation of Dreams", to which he subsequently gave a positive review in the Viennese daily newspaper "Neues Wiener Tagblatt".


title: Sigmund Freud

text: The other three original members whom Freud invited to attend, Alfred Adler, Max Kahane, and Rudolf Reitler, were also physicians and all five were Jewish by birth. Both Kahane and Reitler were childhood friends of Freud. Kahane had attended the same secondary school and both he and Reitler went to university with Freud. They had kept abreast of Freud's developing ideas through their attendance at his Saturday evening lectures. In 1901, Kahane, who first introduced Stekel to Freud's work, had opened an out-patient psychotherapy institute of which he was the director in Bauernmarkt, in Vienna. In the same year, his medical textbook, "Outline of Internal Medicine for Students and Practicing Physicians", was published. In it, he provided an outline of Freud's psychoanalytic method. Kahane broke with Freud and left the Wednesday Psychological Society in 1907 for unknown reasons and in 1923 committed suicide. Reitler was the director of an establishment providing thermal cures in Dorotheergasse which had been founded in 1901. He died prematurely in 1917. Adler, regarded as the most formidable intellect among the early Freud circle, was a socialist who in 1898 had written a health manual for the tailoring trade. He was particularly interested in the potential social impact of psychiatry.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Max Graf, a Viennese musicologist and father of "Little Hans", who had first encountered Freud in 1900 and joined the Wednesday group soon after its initial inception, described the ritual and atmosphere of the early meetings of the society:


title: Sigmund Freud

text: The gatherings followed a definite ritual. First one of the members would present a paper. Then, black coffee and cakes were served; cigars and cigarettes were on the table and were consumed in great quantities. After a social quarter of an hour, the discussion would begin. The last and decisive word was always spoken by Freud himself. There was the atmosphere of the foundation of a religion in that room. Freud himself was its new prophet who made the heretofore prevailing methods of psychological investigation appear superficial.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: By 1906, the group had grown to sixteen members, including Otto Rank, who was employed as the group's paid secretary. In the same year, Freud began a correspondence with Carl Gustav Jung who was by then already an academically acclaimed researcher into word-association and the Galvanic Skin Response, and a lecturer at Zurich University, although still only an assistant to Eugen Bleuler at the Burghölzli Mental Hospital in Zürich. In March 1907, Jung and Ludwig Binswanger, also a Swiss psychiatrist, travelled to Vienna to visit Freud and attend the discussion group. Thereafter, they established a small psychoanalytic group in Zürich. In 1908, reflecting its growing institutional status, the Wednesday group was reconstituted as the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society with Freud as president, a position he relinquished in 1910 in favor of Adler in the hope of neutralizing his increasingly critical standpoint.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: The first woman member, Margarete Hilferding, joined the Society in 1910 and the following year she was joined by Tatiana Rosenthal and Sabina Spielrein who were both Russian psychiatrists and graduates of the Zürich University medical school. Before the completion of her studies, Spielrein had been a patient of Jung at the Burghölzli and the clinical and personal details of their relationship became the subject of an extensive correspondence between Freud and Jung. Both women would go on to make important contributions to the work of the Russian Psychoanalytic Society founded in 1910.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Freud's early followers met together formally for the first time at the Hotel Bristol, Salzburg on 27 April 1908. This meeting, which was retrospectively deemed to be the first International Psychoanalytic Congress, was convened at the suggestion of Ernest Jones, then a London-based neurologist who had discovered Freud's writings and begun applying psychoanalytic methods in his clinical work. Jones had met Jung at a conference the previous year and they met up again in Zürich to organize the Congress. There were, as Jones records, "forty-two present, half of whom were or became practising analysts." In addition to Jones and the Viennese and Zürich contingents accompanying Freud and Jung, also present and notable for their subsequent importance in the psychoanalytic movement were Karl Abraham and Max Eitingon from Berlin, Sándor Ferenczi from Budapest and the New York-based Abraham Brill.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Important decisions were taken at the Congress to advance the impact of Freud's work. A journal, the "Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und psychopathologische Forschungen", was launched in 1909 under the editorship of Jung. This was followed in 1910 by the monthly "Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse" edited by Adler and Stekel, in 1911 by "Imago", a journal devoted to the application of psychoanalysis to the field of cultural and literary studies edited by Rank and in 1913 by the "Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse", also edited by Rank. Plans for an international association of psychoanalysts were put in place and these were implemented at the Nuremberg Congress of 1910 where Jung was elected, with Freud's support, as its first president.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Freud turned to Brill and Jones to further his ambition to spread the psychoanalytic cause in the English-speaking world. Both were invited to Vienna following the Salzburg Congress and a division of labour was agreed with Brill given the translation rights for Freud's works, and Jones, who was to take up a post at the University of Toronto later in the year, tasked with establishing a platform for Freudian ideas in North American academic and medical life. Jones's advocacy prepared the way for Freud's visit to the United States, accompanied by Jung and Ferenczi, in September 1909 at the invitation of Stanley Hall, president of Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, where he gave five lectures on psychoanalysis.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: The event, at which Freud was awarded an Honorary Doctorate, marked the first public recognition of Freud's work and attracted widespread media interest. Freud's audience included the distinguished neurologist and psychiatrist James Jackson Putnam, Professor of Diseases of the Nervous System at Harvard, who invited Freud to his country retreat where they held extensive discussions over a period of four days. Putnam's subsequent public endorsement of Freud's work represented a significant breakthrough for the psychoanalytic cause in the United States. When Putnam and Jones organised the founding of the American Psychoanalytic Association in May 1911 they were elected president and secretary respectively. Brill founded the New York Psychoanalytic Society the same year. His English translations of Freud's work began to appear from 1909.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Some of Freud's followers subsequently withdrew from the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA) and founded their own schools.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: From 1909, Adler's views on topics such as neurosis began to differ markedly from those held by Freud. As Adler's position appeared increasingly incompatible with Freudianism, a series of confrontations between their respective viewpoints took place at the meetings of the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society in January and February 1911. In February 1911, Adler, then the president of the society, resigned his position. At this time, Stekel also resigned from his position as vice president of the society. Adler finally left the Freudian group altogether in June 1911 to found his own organization with nine other members who had also resigned from the group. This new formation was initially called "Society for Free Psychoanalysis" but it was soon renamed the "Society for Individual Psychology". In the period after World War I, Adler became increasingly associated with a psychological position he devised called individual psychology.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: In 1912, Jung published "Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido" (published in English in 1916 as "Psychology of the Unconscious") making it clear that his views were taking a direction quite different from those of Freud. To distinguish his system from psychoanalysis, Jung called it analytical psychology. Anticipating the final breakdown of the relationship between Freud and Jung, Ernest Jones initiated the formation of a Secret Committee of loyalists charged with safeguarding the theoretical coherence and institutional legacy of the psychoanalytic movement. Formed in the autumn of 1912, the Committee comprised Freud, Jones, Abraham, Ferenczi, Rank, and Hanns Sachs. Max Eitingon joined the Committee in 1919. Each member pledged himself not to make any public departure from the fundamental tenets of psychoanalytic theory before he had discussed his views with the others. After this development, Jung recognised that his position was untenable and resigned as editor of the "Jahrbuch" and then as president of the IPA in April 1914. The Zürich Society withdrew from the IPA the following July.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Later the same year, Freud published a paper entitled "", the German original being first published in the "Jahrbuch", giving his view on the birth and evolution of the psychoanalytic movement and the withdrawal of Adler and Jung from it.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: The final defection from Freud's inner circle occurred following the publication in 1924 of Rank's "The Trauma of Birth" which other members of the Committee read as, in effect, abandoning the Oedipus Complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytic theory. Abraham and Jones became increasingly forceful critics of Rank and though he and Freud were reluctant to end their close and long-standing relationship the break finally came in 1926 when Rank resigned from his official posts in the IPA and left Vienna for Paris. His place on the Committee was taken by Anna Freud. Rank eventually settled in the United States where his revisions of Freudian theory were to influence a new generation of therapists uncomfortable with the orthodoxies of the IPA.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: After the founding of the IPA in 1910, an international network of psychoanalytical societies, training institutes, and clinics became well established and a regular schedule of biannual Congresses commenced after the end of World War I to coordinate their activities.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Abraham and Eitingon founded the Berlin Psychoanalytic Society in 1910 and then the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute and the Poliklinik in 1920. The Poliklinik's innovations of free treatment, and child analysis, and the Berlin Institute's standardisation of psychoanalytic training had a major influence on the wider psychoanalytic movement. In 1927, Ernst Simmel founded the Schloss Tegel Sanatorium on the outskirts of Berlin, the first such establishment to provide psychoanalytic treatment in an institutional framework. Freud organised a fund to help finance its activities and his architect son, Ernst, was commissioned to refurbish the building. It was forced to close in 1931 for economic reasons.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: The 1910 Moscow Psychoanalytic Society became the Russian Psychoanalytic Society and Institute in 1922. Freud's Russian followers were the first to benefit from translations of his work, the 1904 Russian translation of "The Interpretation of Dreams" appearing nine years before Brill's English edition. The Russian Institute was unique in receiving state support for its activities, including publication of translations of Freud's works. Support was abruptly annulled in 1924, when Joseph Stalin came to power, after which psychoanalysis was denounced on ideological grounds.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: After helping found the American Psychoanalytic Association in 1911, Ernest Jones returned to Britain from Canada in 1913 and founded the London Psychoanalytic Society the same year. In 1919, he dissolved this organisation and, with its core membership purged of Jungian adherents, founded the British Psychoanalytical Society, serving as its president until 1944. The Institute of Psychoanalysis was established in 1924 and the London Clinic of Psychoanalysis was established in 1926, both under Jones's directorship.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: The Vienna Ambulatorium (Clinic) was established in 1922 and the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute was founded in 1924 under the directorship of Helene Deutsch. Ferenczi founded the Budapest Psychoanalytic Institute in 1913 and a clinic in 1929.


title: Sigmund Freud

text: Psychoanalytic societies and institutes were established in Switzerland (1919), France (1926), Italy (1932), the Netherlands (1933), Norway (1933), and in Palestine (Jerusalem, 1933) by Eitingon, who had fled Berlin after Adolf Hitler came to power. The New York Psychoanalytic Institute was founded in 1931.