title: Rabbit

text: More than half the world's rabbit population resides in North America. They are also native to southwestern Europe, Southeast Asia, Sumatra, some islands of Japan, and in parts of Africa and South America. They are not naturally found in most of Eurasia, where a number of species of hares are present. Rabbits first entered South America relatively recently, as part of the Great American Interchange. Much of the continent has just one species of rabbit, the tapeti, while most of South America's southern cone is without rabbits.


title: Rabbit

text: Rabbits have been a source of environmental problems when introduced into the wild by humans. As a result of their appetites, and the rate at which they breed, feral rabbit depredation can be problematic for agriculture. Gassing (fumigation of warrens), barriers (fences), shooting, snaring, and ferreting have been used to control rabbit populations, but the most effective measures are diseases such as myxomatosis ("myxo" or "mixi", colloquially) and calicivirus. In Europe, where rabbits are farmed on a large scale, they are protected against myxomatosis and calicivirus with a genetically modified virus. The virus was developed in Spain, and is beneficial to rabbit farmers. If it were to make its way into wild populations in areas such as Australia, it could create a population boom, as those diseases are the most serious threats to rabbit survival. Rabbits in Australia and New Zealand are considered to be such a pest that land owners are legally obliged to control them.


title: Rabbit

text: In some areas, wild rabbits and hares are hunted for their meat, a lean source of high quality protein. In the wild, such hunting is accomplished with the aid of trained falcons, ferrets, or dogs, as well as with snares or other traps, and rifles. A caught rabbit may be dispatched with a sharp blow to the back of its head, a practice from which the term "rabbit punch" is derived.


title: Rabbit

text: Wild leporids comprise a small portion of global rabbit-meat consumption. Domesticated descendants of the European rabbit "(Oryctolagus cuniculus)" that are bred and kept as livestock (a practice called cuniculture) account for the estimated 200 million tons of rabbit meat produced annually. Approximately 1.2 billion rabbits are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide. In 1994, the countries with the highest consumption per capita of rabbit meat were Malta with , Italy with , and Cyprus with , falling to in Japan. The figure for the United States was per capita. The largest producers of rabbit meat in 1994 were China, Russia, Italy, France, and Spain. Rabbit meat was once a common commodity in Sydney, Australia, but declined after the myxomatosis virus was intentionally introduced to control the exploding population of feral rabbits in the area.


title: Rabbit

text: In the United Kingdom, fresh rabbit is sold in butcher shops and markets, and some supermarkets sell frozen rabbit meat. At farmers markets there, including the famous Borough Market in London, rabbit carcasses are sometimes displayed hanging, unbutchered (in the traditional style), next to braces of pheasant or other small game. Rabbit meat is a feature of Moroccan cuisine, where it is cooked in a tajine with "raisins and grilled almonds added a few minutes before serving". In China, rabbit meat is particularly popular in Sichuan cuisine, with its stewed rabbit, spicy diced rabbit, BBQ-style rabbit, and even spicy rabbit heads, which have been compared to "spicy duck neck". Rabbit meat is comparatively unpopular elsewhere in the Asia-Pacific.


title: Rabbit

text: An extremely rare infection associated with rabbits-as-food is tularemia (also known as "rabbit fever"), which may be contracted from an infected rabbit. Hunters are at higher risk for tularemia because of the potential for inhaling the bacteria during the skinning process.


title: Rabbit

text: In addition to their meat, rabbits are used for their wool, fur, and pelts, as well as their nitrogen-rich manure and their high-protein milk. Production industries have developed domesticated rabbit breeds (such as the well-known Angora rabbit) to efficiently fill these needs.


title: Rabbit

text: Rabbits are often used as a symbol of fertility or rebirth, and have long been associated with spring and Easter as the Easter Bunny. The species' role as a prey animal with few defenses evokes vulnerability and innocence, and in folklore and modern children's stories, rabbits often appear as sympathetic characters, able to connect easily with youth of all kinds (for example, the Velveteen Rabbit, or Thumper in "Bambi").


title: Rabbit

text: With its reputation as a prolific breeder, the rabbit juxtaposes sexuality with innocence, as in the Playboy Bunny. The rabbit (as a swift prey animal) is also known for its speed, agility, and endurance, symbolized (for example) by the marketing icons the Energizer Bunny and the Duracell Bunny.


title: Rabbit

text: The rabbit often appears in folklore as the trickster archetype, as he uses his cunning to outwit his enemies.


title: Rabbit

text: The rabbit as trickster is a part of American popular culture, as Br'er Rabbit (from African-American folktales and, later, Disney animation) and Bugs Bunny (the cartoon character from Warner Bros.), for example.


title: Rabbit

text: Anthropomorphized rabbits have appeared in film and literature, in "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" (the White Rabbit and the March Hare characters), in "Watership Down" (including the film and television adaptations), in "Rabbit Hill" (by Robert Lawson), and in the "Peter Rabbit" stories (by Beatrix Potter). In the 1920s "Oswald the Lucky Rabbit" was a popular cartoon character.


title: Rabbit

text: A rabbit's foot may be carried as an amulet, believed to bring protection and good luck. This belief is found in many parts of the world, with the earliest use being recorded in Europe c. 600 BC.


title: Rabbit

text: On the Isle of Portland in Dorset, UK, the rabbit is said to be unlucky and even speaking the creature's name can cause upset among older island residents. This is thought to date back to early times in the local quarrying industry where (to save space) extracted stones that were not fit for sale were set aside in what became tall, unstable walls. The local rabbits' tendency to burrow there would weaken the walls and their collapse resulted in injuries or even death. Thus, invoking the name of the culprit became an unlucky act to be avoided. In the local culture to this day, the rabbit (when he has to be referred to) may instead be called a “long ears” or “underground mutton”, so as not to risk bringing a downfall upon oneself. While it was true 50 years ago that a pub on the island could be emptied by calling out the word "rabbit", this has become more fable than fact in modern times.


title: Rabbit

text: In other parts of Britain and in North America, invoking the rabbit's name may instead bring good luck. "Rabbit rabbit rabbit" is one variant of an apotropaic or talismanic superstition that involves saying or repeating the word "rabbit" (or "rabbits" or "white rabbits" or some combination thereof) out loud upon waking on the first day of each month, because doing so will ensure good fortune for the duration of that month.


title: Rabbit

text: The "rabbit test" is a term, first used in 1949, for the Friedman test, an early diagnostic tool for detecting a pregnancy in humans. It is a common misconception (or perhaps an urban legend) that the test-rabbit would die if the woman was pregnant. This led to the phrase "the rabbit died" becoming a euphemism for a positive pregnancy test.


title: Vijay Deverakonda

text: Deverakonda Vijay Sai (born 9 May 1989), better known as Vijay Deverakonda, is an Indian actor and film producer who works predominantly in Telugu cinema. He is the recipient of a Filmfare Award, a Nandi Award, and a SIIMA Award. Since 2018, he has featured in "Forbes India"s Celebrity 100 list due to his income and popularity.


title: Vijay Deverakonda

text: Deverakonda made his debut with "Nuvvila" (2011) and received praise for his role in "Yevade Subramanyam" (2015). He established himself as a leading film actor with the blockbusters "Pelli Choopulu" (2016) and "Arjun Reddy" (2017), and gained further success by starring in "Mahanati" (2018), "Geetha Govindam" (2018), and "Taxiwaala" (2018). Deverakonda won the Filmfare Best Actor Award for his performance in "Arjun Reddy".


title: Vijay Deverakonda

text: Deverakonda ventured into production under the banner King of the Hill Entertainment, which notably backed "Meeku Maathrame Cheptha" (2019) and "Pushpaka Vimanam" (2021). Beyond his film career, Deverakonda endorses many products and designed his own fashion brand "Rowdy Wear", which premiered on Myntra in 2020.


title: Vijay Deverakonda

text: Deverakonda Vijay Sai was born in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh (now Telangana) to Govardhan Rao and Madhavi. His family hails from Thummanpeta village of erstwhile Mahbubnagar district (now Nagarkurnool). His father was a small television serial director who quit doing them due to lack of success.


title: Vijay Deverakonda

text: Vijay completed his Schooling in Sri Sathya Sai Higher Secondary School (a boarding school) till 10th grade in Puttaparthi. He then studied Intermediate at the Little Flower Junior College, Hyderabad. He holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree. He has a younger brother, Anand, who is also an actor.


title: Vijay Deverakonda

text: Deverakonda made his debut with Ravi Babu-directed romantic comedy "Nuvvila" (2011). He later appeared in Sekhar Kammula's "Life is Beautiful" in a minor role. He was introduced to Nag Ashwin, who later cast him in a supporting role for the 2015 film "Yevade Subramanyam" alongside actor Nani. The film was produced by the daughters of Ashwini Dutt, a producer in the Telugu film industry; Priyanka Dutt backed him and once shooting started, and Swapna Dutt signed him onto her company.


title: Vijay Deverakonda

text: Deverakonda's first lead role was in "Pelli Choopulu", a romantic coming-of-age film directed by Tharun Bhascker. The film became commercially successful and won the Best Feature Film in Telugu and the Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu at the 64th National Film Awards. He starred in the masala film, "Dwaraka" in 2017. His next film "Arjun Reddy" received praise and criticism alike for being very bold and radical. Vijay's portrayal as a self-destructive, short-tempered, and alcoholic surgeon received critical acclaim, and won him awards like the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu. In 2019, "Film Companion" ranked Deverakonda's performance in "Arjun Reddy" in "100 Greatest Performances of the Decade""."


title: Vijay Deverakonda

text: Following "Arjun Reddy" was "Ye Mantram Vesave", which was supposed to release in 2013 but released on 2018. He then starred in "Mahanati", a biographical film around the life of actress Savitri. Deverakonda's next release in 2018 was Geetha Arts' romantic comedy "Geetha Govindam", in which he starred as an innocent and nervous college professor. His next film, released on 5 October, was the Tamil political thriller "NOTA", directed by Anand Shankar, which performed poorly at the box office. His next project was UV Creations' supernatural comedy thriller "Taxiwaala".


title: Vijay Deverakonda

text: In 2019, Deverakonda was seen in Bharat Kamma's "Dear Comrade", a romantic action drama, alongside Rashmika Mandanna. He later signed "Hero," directed by Anand Annamalai co-starring Malavika Mohanan. But the film was reportedly shelved after beginning its production. In 2020, he acted in Kranthi Madhav's romantic drama "World Famous Lover" opposite Raashi Khanna, Catherine Tresa, Aishwarya Rajesh, and Izabelle Leite which opened to negative reviews. In 2022, he acted in the Hindi–Telugu bilingual film "Liger" which was directed by Puri Jagannadh and produced by Karan Johar which also opened to negative reviews.He is currently acting in "Kushi" which is directed by Shiva Nirvana and is scheduled to release on 23 December 2022. He also is signed onto "Jana Gana Mana" which is being directed by Puri Jagannadh, and is scheduled to release on 3 August 2023.


title: Vijay Deverakonda

text: He was the brand ambassador of food delivery app Zomato. On 15 October 2018, Deverakonda launched his fashion brand "Rowdy Wear". Later, in 2020 "Rowdy Wear" was launched on Myntra.


title: Vijay Deverakonda

text: Deverakonda has donated to relief funds, including a donation to families of victims in the 2019 Pulwama attack.


title: Vijay Deverakonda

text: Deverakonda conceptualised and founded The Deverakonda Foundation"," a nonprofit organisation in April 2019. In early 2020, he donated ₹24,000 through the Foundation to help Ganesh Ambari, a kickboxer who won the Vaco Indian Open International Kick-boxing Championship Title 2020.


title: Vijay Deverakonda

text: An initiative was started to battle COVID-19 pandemic crisis. The foundation has successfully aided 17,000 middle-class families with their groceries and basic essentials, spending ₹1.7 crores, with the help of his Middle Class Fund (MCF). More than 8,500 volunteers donated over ₹1.5 crores to join his community effort. Organizers decided to end the initiative on 2 June 2020.


title: Vijay Deverakonda

text: Deverakonda says his family used to call him a "rowdy" every time he did something that they did not approve of. Over time, he started using this term for himself and his fans.


title: Vijay Deverakonda

text: Deverakonda is known to express his real, unfiltered opinions on stage or at interviews and has gathered a lot of popularity and some criticism for his brutal honesty, like his speech at the "Arjun Reddy" audio launch in 2017.


title: Vijay Deverakonda

text: Deverakonda placed 72nd in the Forbes India Celebrity 100 list of 2018. He was ranked in The Times Most Desirable Men at No. 4 in 2018, at No. 3 in 2019, at No. 2 in 2020. He was additionally featured by "Forbes India" in their 30 Under 30 list, and became the most searched South Indian actor according to Google's annual report.


title: Future (rapper)

text: Nayvadius DeMun Cash (born Nayvadius DeMun Wilburn; born November 20, 1983), better known by the stage name Future, is an American rapper. Known for his mumble-styled vocals and prolific output, Future is considered a pioneer of the use of melody and auto-tune in modern trap music.


title: Future (rapper)

text: Born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia, Future signed a recording contract with A1 Recordings and Epic Records in 2011, and released the albums "Pluto" (2012) and "Honest" (2014), which contained the platinum singles "Turn On the Lights", "Honest", "Move That Dope" (featuring Pharrell Williams and Pusha T), and "I Won" (featuring Kanye West). He then achieved critical and commercial success with "DS2" (2015) and its singles "Fuck Up Some Commas" and "Where Ya At" (featuring Drake), and followed it up with "Evol" (2016) and its lead single "Low Life" (featuring The Weeknd). Future's eponymous fifth album and its successor "Hndrxx" (both 2017) made him the first artist since 2014 to debut two albums in consecutive weeks atop the US "Billboard" 200; the former contained the international hits "Used to This" (featuring Drake) and "Mask Off".


title: Future (rapper)

text: After departing A1, Future released the albums "The Wizrd" (2019) and "High Off Life" (2020), which featured the RIAA certified Diamond single "Life Is Good" (featuring Drake). In 2021, Future achieved his first number-one single on the Hot 100 after a record-breaking 125 entries after featuring with Young Thug on Drake's "Way 2 Sexy". The album "I Never Liked You" (2022) spawned his second number-one hit, "Wait for U", which also became his highest charting single as a lead artist.


title: Future (rapper)

text: Future released the mixtapes "Beast Mode" (with Zaytoven), "56 Nights", and "What a Time to Be Alive" (with Drake) in 2015; the latter included the song "Jumpman". He released the full-length collaborative projects "Super Slimey" (2017) with Young Thug, "Wrld on Drugs" (2018) with Juice Wrld, and "Pluto x Baby Pluto" (2020) with Lil Uzi Vert. Among the best selling musicians, Future's accolades include a Grammy Award at the 61st Grammy Awards for Best Rap Performance for "King's Dead" alongside Kendrick Lamar, Jay Rock, and James Blake.


title: Future (rapper)

text: Nayvadius DeMun Wilburn was born on November 20, 1983, in Atlanta, Georgia. He attended Columbia High School in Decatur.


title: Future (rapper)

text: Future began using his stage name while performing as one of the members of the musical collective The Dungeon Family, where he was nicknamed "The Future". His first cousin, record producer, and Dungeon Family member Rico Wade, encouraged him to sharpen his writing skills and pursue a career as a rapper, which could also be used to create temporary respite from street life. Future voices his praise of Wade's musical influence and instruction, calling him the "mastermind" behind his sound. He soon came under the wing of fellow Atlanta rapper Rocko, who signed Future to his label, A1 Recordings.


title: Future (rapper)

text: From 2010 to early 2011, Future released a series of mixtapes including "1000", "Dirty Sprite" and "True Story". The latter included the single "Tony Montana", in reference to the "Scarface" film. During that time, Future was also partnering with rapper Gucci Mane on their collaborative album "Free Bricks", and co-wrote and featured on YC's single "Racks". He gained popularity after his songs were played by DJ Esco at Magic City, a strip club in Atlanta deemed "largely responsible for launching the careers of artists."


title: Future (rapper)

text: Future signed a major label recording contract with Epic Records in September 2011, days before the release of his next mixtape, "Streetz Calling". The mixtape was described by "XXL" magazine as ranging from "simple and soundly executed boasts" to "futuristic drinking and drugging jams" to "tales of the grind". A Pitchfork review remarked that on the mixtape Future comes "as close as anyone to perfecting this thread of ringtone pop, where singing and rapping are practically the same thing, and conversing 100% through Auto-Tune doesn't mean you still can't talk about how you used to sell drugs. It would almost feel antiquated if Future weren't amassing hits, or if he weren't bringing some subtle new dimensions to the micro-genre."


title: Future (rapper)

text: Though Future had told MTV that "Streetz Calling" would be his final mixtape prior to the release of his debut studio album, another mixtape, "Astronaut Status", was released in January 2012. In December 2011, Future was featured on the cover of Issue #77 of The FADER. Before his album being released in April 2012. "XXL"'s Troy Mathews wrote, "While "Astronaut Status" is up and down and never really hits the highs like 'Racks', 'Tony Montana', and 'Magic' that fans have come to expect from Future, it's apparent that he's poised to continue the buzz of 2011 humming right along into 2012." Future was selected to the annual "XXL" Freshmen list in early 2012. His debut album "Pluto", originally planned for January, was eventually released on April 17. It includes remixes of "Tony Montana" featuring Drake and "Magic" featuring T.I.. According to Future, "'Magic' was the first record T.I. jumped on when he came outta jail. Like, he was out of jail a day and he jumped straight on the 'Magic' record without me even knowing about it." The track became Future's first single to enter the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. Other collaborators on the album include Trae tha Truth, R. Kelly and Snoop Dogg. On October 8, 2012, Pusha T released "Pain" featuring Future, the first single off "My Name Is My Name" which would be released in 2013.


title: Future (rapper)

text: It was announced that Future would be repackaging his debut album "Pluto" on November 27, 2012, under the name "Pluto 3D," featuring 3 new songs and 2 remix songs, including the remix for "Same Damn Time" featuring Diddy and Ludacris, as well as his single "Neva End (Remix)" featuring Kelly Rowland. In 2012, Future wrote, produced and was featured on "Loveeeeeee Song", taken from Barbadian singer Rihanna's seventh studio album, "Unapologetic".


title: Future (rapper)

text: On January 15, 2013, Future released the compilation mixtape "F.B.G.: The Movie" which features the artists signed to his Freebandz label: Young Scooter, Slice9, Casino, Mexico Rann and Maceo. It was certified platinum for having over 250,000 downloads on popular mixtape site DatPiff.


title: Future (rapper)

text: Future said of his second studio album "Future Hendrix" it will be a more substantive musical affair than his debut album and features R&B music along with his usual "street bangers". The album was to be released in 2013. The album features Kanye West, Rihanna, Ciara, Drake, Kelly Rowland, Jeremih, Diplo, and André 3000, among others.


title: Future (rapper)

text: The album's lead single, "Karate Chop" featuring Casino, premiered on January 25, 2013, and was sent to urban radio on January 29, 2013. The song, produced by fellow Atlanta based producer Metro Boomin, spawned an official remix featuring Lil Wayne, was sent radio and was released on iTunes on February 19, 2013. On August 7, 2013, Future changed the title of his second album from "Future Hendrix" to "Honest" and announced that it would be released on November 26, 2013. It was later revealed that the album would be pushed back to April 22, 2014, as it was said that Future has tour dates with Drake on Would You Like A Tour?. In December 2013, it was announced that Future would make a guest appearance on Kat Dahlia's upcoming debut, "My Garden". Future released "DS2" on July 16, 2015.


title: Future (rapper)

text: On September 20, 2015, Future released a collaborative mixtape with Canadian rapper Drake, titled "What a Time to Be Alive". The album debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200, Billboard R&B Charts, and Billboard Hot Rap Songs, marking the first time a rapper was able to score two number one albums in a year, in 11 years, since Jay Z back in 2004. The mixtape has sold over 334,000 copies in the U.S. On January 17, 2016, Future released another mixtape, titled "Purple Reign", with executive production from Metro Boomin and DJ Esco, as well as beat credits from Southside, Zaytoven and more. On February 5, 2016, Future premiered his fourth studio album, "EVOL", on DJ Khaled's debut episode of the Beats 1 radio show "We The Best". In 2016, Future became the fastest artist to chart three number-one albums on the "Billboard" 200 since "Glee" soundtrack albums in 2010.


title: Future (rapper)

text: On Valentine's Day 2017, Future announced via Instagram that his self-titled fifth studio album would be released on February 17, 2017. Exactly one week later, he would release his sixth studio album titled "Hndrxx". Both albums went number one consecutively, which made Future the first artist to debut two albums at number one at the same time on the "Billboard" 200 and Canadian Albums Chart. On October 20, 2017 he alonside Young Thug would drop their collaboration mixtape Called Super Slimey. He, along with Ed Sheeran, collaborated with singer-songwriter Taylor Swift on the song "End Game" from her album "Reputation". The song peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was Future's eighth top 20 hit.


title: Future (rapper)

text: On January 11, 2018, Future collaborated alongside Kendrick Lamar, James Blake and Jay Rock for the song, "King's Dead", from the of the Marvel Studios superhero film "Black Panther" and Jay Rock's third studio album "Redemption". At the 61st Annual Grammy Awards, the song earned two Grammy nominations, for Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song, marking Future's first career Grammy nominations.


title: Future (rapper)

text: On October 19, 2018, Future released Wrld On Drugs, a collaborative mixtape with fellow American rapper Juice Wrld. "Wrld on Drugs" debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200 behind "A Star Is Born" by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper, with 98,000 album-equivalent units, which included 8,000 pure album sales. It became Future's tenth top-ten album in the United States, and Juice Wrld's second.


title: Future (rapper)

text: On January 18, 2019, Future released his seventh studio album, "Future Hndrxx Presents: The Wizrd". The album consists of 20 songs and was promoted by a film titled "The Wizrd", released on January 11 on Apple Music. "The Wizrd" received generally positive reviews from critics and became Future's sixth US number-one album, debuting at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 with 125,000 album-equivalent units (including 15,000 pure album sales). With the release of "The Wizrd", several songs from the album charted on the "Billboard" Hot 100, leading to Future becoming the artist with the 10th most entries in Hot 100 history.


title: Future (rapper)

text: At the 61st Annual Grammy Awards held on February 10, 2019, Future won his first Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance for his collaboration alongside Jay Rock, Kendrick Lamar and James Blake for the song, "King's Dead", from the of the Marvel Studios superhero film "Black Panther."


title: Future (rapper)

text: On June 7, 2019, Future released his second project of the year, his debut solo EP titled "Save Me". "Save Me" received mixed reviews from music critics and debuted at number 5 on the US "Billboard 200".


title: Future (rapper)

text: In January 2020, Future released the songs "Life Is Good" and "Desires", both collaborations with Drake. In April, Future announced his eighth studio album, "Life Is Good". The title was later changed to "High Off Life" and was released on May 15, 2020. The album debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, with 153,000 units in its first week, becoming Future's seventh consecutive album to debut at number one. In August 2020, Future teased a song, "Gucci Bucket Hat". It was released as a single with Pap Chanel, featuring Herion Young, on October 20, 2020.


title: Future (rapper)

text: On November 13, 2020, Future released "Pluto x Baby Pluto", a collaborative studio album with Lil Uzi Vert, which was his second project of that year. It debuted and peaked at number two on the US "Billboard" 200. Future broke the record for most "Billboard" Hot 100 entries (125) until a number one single after featuring on Drake's 2021 single "Way 2 Sexy".


title: Future (rapper)

text: In April 2022, Future was named one of the "best rappers alive" by "GQ". On April 29, 2022, Future released his ninth studio album "I Never Liked You", after it was previously announced earlier that month.


title: Future (rapper)

text: Future's music has been characterized as trap music. Future makes prevalent use of Auto-Tune in his songs, both rapping and singing with the effect. In 2013, "Pitchfork" wrote that Future "miraculously shows that it's still possible for Auto-Tune to be an interesting artistic tool", stating that he "finds a multitude of ways for the software to accentuate and color emotion". The "LA Times" wrote in 2016 that "Future's highly processed vocals suggest a man driven to bleary desperation by drugs or love or technology", stating that his music "comes closest to conjuring the numbing overstimulation of our time". "GQ" stated in 2014 that he "has managed to reboot the tired auto-tune sound and mash it into something entirely new", writing that he "combines it with a bizarro croon to synthesize how he feels, then [...] stretches and deteriorates his words until they're less like words, more like raw energy and reactive emotions". Critic Simon Reynolds wrote in 2018 that "he's reinvented blues for the 21st century."


title: Future (rapper)

text: American rapper T-Pain, who also uses that audio processor, criticized Future's unconventional use of it in 2014. In response, Future stated in an interview that "when I first used Auto-Tune, I never used it to sing. I wasn't using it the way T-Pain was. I used it to rap because it makes my voice sound grittier. Now everybody wants to rap in Auto-Tune. Future's not everybody."


title: Future (rapper)

text: Due to the sustained contemporary popularity of his musical style, he is commonly regarded as one of the most influential rappers of his generation.


title: Future (rapper)

text: Future is the father of at least seven children by his account, each with different women, although another child's paternity has been litigated. He has also adopted the son of one of the mothers of his daughter.


title: Future (rapper)

text: In October 2013, Future was engaged to Ciara, who is the mother of one of his sons, but she ended the engagement in August 2014 due to his infidelity.


title: Future (rapper)

text: In 2016, Future was sued by both Jessica Smith and Ciara. Smith sued him for failing to pay child support, stating their son "suffers from emotional and behavioral issues stemming from Future's neglect as a father". Ciara sued him for defamation, slander, and libel. In October 2016, a judge said that Future's string of tweets bashing Ciara did not relate to the $15 million she was asking for. In 2019, two women from Florida and Texas respectively filed paternity suits claiming that Future was the father of their respective daughter and son. In 2020, the Texas woman dropped her paternity suit.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: The 100 (pronounced The Hundred) is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series that premiered on March 19, 2014 on The CW, and ended on September 30, 2020. Developed by Jason Rothenberg, the series is loosely based on the young adult novel series of the same name by Kass Morgan. "The 100" follows post-apocalyptic survivors from a space habitat, the "Ark", who return to Earth nearly a century after a devastating nuclear apocalypse. The first people sent to Earth are a group of juvenile delinquents who encounter descendants of survivors of the nuclear disaster on the ground.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: The main characters of juvenile prisoners includes Clarke Griffin (Eliza Taylor), Finn Collins (Thomas McDonell), Bellamy Blake (Bob Morley), Octavia Blake (Marie Avgeropoulos), Jasper Jordan (Devon Bostick), Monty Green (Christopher Larkin), and John Murphy (Richard Harmon). Other lead characters include Clarke's mother Dr. Abby Griffin (Paige Turco), Marcus Kane (Henry Ian Cusick), and Chancellor Thelonious Jaha (Isaiah Washington), all of whom are council members on the "Ark", and Raven Reyes (Lindsey Morgan), an engineer aboard the "Ark".


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: Ninety-seven years after a devastating nuclear apocalypse wipes out most human life on Earth, thousands of people now live in a space station orbiting Earth, which they call the Ark. Three generations have been born in space, but when life-support systems on the Ark begin to fail, one hundred juvenile detainees are sent to Earth in a last attempt to determine whether it is habitable, or at least save resources for the remaining residents of the Ark. They discover that some survived the apocalypse: the Grounders, who live in clans locked in a power struggle; the Reapers, another group of grounders who have been turned into cannibals by the Mountain Men; and the Mountain Men, who live in Mount Weather, descended from those who locked themselves away before the apocalypse. Under the leadership of Clarke and Bellamy, the juveniles attempt to survive the harsh surface conditions, battle hostile grounders and establish communication with the Ark.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: In the second season, forty-eight of the remaining detainees are captured and taken to Mount Weather by the Mountain Men. These are transfusing blood from imprisoned grounders as an anti-radiation treatment as their bodies have not adapted to deal with the remaining radiation on Earth. Medical tests of the forty-eight show their bone marrow will allow the Mountain Men to survive outside containment, so they begin taking the youths' bone marrow. Meanwhile, the inhabitants of the Ark have crash-landed various stations on Earth and begin an alliance with the grounders to save both their people, naming the main settlement at Alpha Station "Camp Jaha". The season ends with the massacre of the Mountain Men to save the prisoners. During this time, former Chancellor Jaha leads a group in search of a fabled "City of Light". Jaha discovers an artificial intelligence named A.L.I.E. while John Murphy finds an alarming video implying a connection between the AI and the destruction of the world.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: In the third season, Alpha Station renamed Arkadia, comes under new management when Pike, a former teacher, and mentor on the Ark, is elected as chancellor and begins a war with the grounders. Pike kills an encampment of grounder warriors while they sleep, which further damages their already fragile relationship with the grounders. Furthermore, the grounder commander Lexa is killed by her mentor during a failed assassination attempt on Clarke, with whom she was romantically involved. A.L.I.E. who was commanded to make life better for mankind is revealed to have responded to the problem of human overpopulation by launching the nuclear apocalypse that devastated Earth, and begins to use ingestible computer chips to take control of peoples' minds. A.L.I.E. is ultimately destroyed by Clarke, but not before warning of another impending apocalyptic disaster.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: In the fourth season, two dozen nuclear reactors around the world are melting down due to decades of neglect that will result in the majority of the planet becoming uninhabitable. Clarke and the others search for ways to survive the coming wave of radiation. When it is discovered that the grounders with black blood – known as the Nightbloods – can metabolize radiation, Clarke and the others attempt to recreate the formula, but fail to test it. An old bunker is discovered that can protect 1,200 people for over five years from the new apocalypse; each of the twelve clans selects a hundred people to stay in the bunker. A small group decides to return to space and attempt to survive in the remnants of the Ark. Clarke, who is now a nightblood, remains on the Earth's surface alone.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: In the fifth season, six years after the meltdown of the nuclear reactors, a prisoner transport ship arrives in the only green spot left on Earth, where Clarke and Madi, a young Nightblood grounder who also survived the wave of radiation that swept the planet after the meltdown, have been living. Those who survived in space and in the bunker have returned safely on the ground. A struggle for the Shallow Valley between the prisoners and a new, united clan, known as "Wonkru", begins, resulting in a battle ending with the valley being destroyed. The survivors escape to space and go into cryosleep while they wait for the Earth to recover. However, Monty believes that Earth will apparently never recover and, before dying of old age, sets the prison ship on a course for a new world.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: In the sixth season, after 125 years in cryosleep, Clarke, Bellamy, and the others wake up to find out that they are no longer orbiting Earth and have been brought to a new habitable world, Alpha, also known as Sanctum. After landing on this world, they discover a new society, led by ruling families known as the Primes. They also discover new dangers in this new world, and a mysterious rebel group, known as the Children of Gabriel as well as a mysterious Anomaly. Clarke falls victim to the Primes and ends up in a battle with one for control of her body, a fight which she ultimately wins. The season ends with the deaths of most of the Primes, but also with the loss of Abby Griffin and Marcus Kane. Throughout the season, Madi is haunted through the Flame AI by the spirit of the Dark Commander, an evil grounder leader that had ruled when Indra was a child. In order to save Madi, Raven is forced to destroy the Flame, but the Dark Commander escapes.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: The seventh season finds the inhabitants of Sanctum trying to find a way to live together in peace following the aftermath of the events of the previous season while battling the resurrected Dark Commander. At the same time, Clarke and others come into conflict with the mysterious Disciples, humans from another world who are convinced that Clarke holds the key to winning the last war that is coming. The season also explores the mysterious Anomaly introduced in the sixth season, now identified as a wormhole linking six planets, one of them being a regenerated Earth, together. After vanishing and being believed dead for some time, Bellamy returns but converts to the Disciple cause, having gone through a life-changing experience while stuck in the cold and treacherous mountains. After returning and converting to the Disciple cause, this leads to his death at Clarke's hands. At the end of the series, the Dark Commander is permanently killed by Indra and humanity achieves Transcendence aside from Clarke who committed murder during the test. They find out the test isn't an actual war, but a way to join the alien hive mind, which is a peaceful universal consciousness that grants immortality. Clarke returns to Earth where her surviving friends and Octavia's new boyfriend Levitt choose to join her to live out their lives, so that Clarke will not be alone. They will not have children, due to their infertility and sterility, and the series ends with Clarke's group being the last humans to ever live on the mortal plane of existence, on a pristine Earth, which is now habitable again.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: "The 100" premiered on March 19, 2014. On May 8, 2014, The CW renewed "The 100" for a second season, which premiered on October 22, 2014. On January 11, 2015, The CW renewed the series for a third season, which premiered on January 21, 2016. On March 12, 2016, "The 100" was renewed for a fourth season of 13 episodes, which premiered on February 1, 2017. On March 10, 2017, The CW renewed the series for a fifth season, which premiered on April 24, 2018. On May 9, 2018, the series was renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on April 30, 2019. On April 24, 2019, The CW renewed the series for a seventh season, that would consist of 16 episodes and premiered on May 20, 2020. In August 2019, it was announced the seventh season would be the final season, finishing the show with a total of 100 episodes across all seven seasons.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: Filming for the series takes place in and around Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Production on the pilot occurred during the second quarter of 2013. After the show received a series order, filming occurred for the first season between August 2013 and January 2014. Filming for the second season commenced on July 7, 2014, and concluded on January 23, 2015. The third season was filmed between July 15, 2015, and February 2, 2016. Filming for the fourth season commenced on August 2, 2016, and concluded on January 18, 2017. Filming for the fifth season commenced on August 14, 2017, and wrapped up on January 27, 2018.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: Post-production work, including ADR recording for the series, was done at the Cherry Beach Sound recording studio.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: David J. Peterson, who created Dothraki and Valyrian for "Game of Thrones", developed the Trigedasleng language for The Grounders. Jason Rothenberg said it was similar to Creole English. The language is called "Trig" on the show.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: After his constructed language work on "Star-Crossed", Peterson was contacted by the producers of "The 100" to create a language for the Grounders, an evolution of English. In the setting, 97 years have passed since the apocalypse, which is a very short time for significant language change. Because of this, Peterson posited an accelerated evolution in which the early Grounders used a cant specifically to obfuscate their speech and to differentiate between friend or foe. Trigedasleng derives from that cant and evolved over several short generations of survivors of the apocalypse.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: On March 12, 2020, Warner Bros. Television shut down production on all of their shows due to the COVID-19 pandemic, however, writer Kim Shumway confirmed they were able to complete filming for their seventh season.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: In late February 2013, Bob Morley and Eli Goree were cast as Bellamy Blake and Wells Jaha, respectively, followed a day later by the casting of Henry Ian Cusick as Marcus Kane. Less than a week later, Eliza Taylor and Marie Avgeropoulos were cast in co-starring roles as Clarke Griffin and Octavia Blake, respectively. Throughout March, the rest of the cast was filled out, with Paige Turco cast as Abigail Walters (now Abigail Griffin), Isaiah Washington as Chancellor Jaha, Thomas McDonnell as Finn Collins, Kelly Hu as Callie Cartwig, and Christopher Larkin as Monty Green.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: For the second season, Adina Porter and Raymond J. Barry were cast in recurring roles as Indra and Dante Wallace, respectively, along with Alycia Debnam-Carey as Lexa.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: In Canada, Season 1 of "The 100" was licensed exclusively to Netflix. The series premiered on March 20, 2014, the day after the mid-season premiere of Season 1 on the CW.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: In the UK and Ireland, "The 100" premiered on E4 on July 7, 2014. The first episode was viewed by an average audience of 1.39million, making it the channel's biggest ever program launch. Season 2 premiered on January 6, 2015, and averaged 1,118,000 viewers. Season 3 premiered on February 17, 2016.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: In Australia, "The 100" was originally scheduled to premiere on Go! but instead premiered on Fox8 on September 4, 2014. Season 2 premiered on January 8, 2015.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: Warner Home Entertainment released the first five seasons' DVDs, and the first season's Blu-ray while the remaining five seasons' Blu-rays were released through Warner Archive Collection who also released a manufacture-on-demand DVD for the sixth and seventh seasons.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: Its first season has a 76 percent approval rating based on 37 reviews, with an average score of 6.98/10. The site's consensus reads: "Although flooded with stereotypes, the suspenseful atmosphere helps make "The 100" a rare high-concept guilty pleasure." On Metacritic, the first season scores 63 out of 100 points, based on 26 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". In an early negative review of the first season, Brian Lowry of "The Boston Globe" said: "Our attraction to Apocalypse TV runs deep, as our culture plays out different futuristic possibilities. That's still no reason to clone material, nor is it a reason to deliver characters who are little more than stereotypes." At the start of the series, Allison Keene of "The Hollywood Reporter" said the show "has a lot of interesting things to play with in terms of its narrative and world-building, but it chooses to gloss over them", presenting "The CW's ultimate vision for humanity: an Earth populated only by attractive teenagers, whose parents are left out in space." Kelly West of "Cinema Blend" gave it a more favorable review, noting: "It takes a little while for the series to warm up, but when "The 100" begins to hit its stride, a unique and compelling drama begins to emerge." IGNs editor Eric Goldman also gave the show a positive review, writing: "Overcoming most of its early growing pains pretty quickly, "The 100" was a very strong show by the end of its first season."


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: The second season was met with mostly positive reviews and holds a rating of 100 percent on Rotten Tomatoes based on 11 reviews, with an average score of 8.77/10. The site's consensus reads: ""The 100" hones all of the things that make it tick for a dynamic second season complete with fast-paced storylines, vivid visuals, and interesting characters to root for – or against." In a review of the second-season finale, Kyle Fowle of "The A.V. Club" said, "Very few shows manage to really push the boundaries of moral compromise in a way that feels legitimately difficult. [...] "The 100" has done the same, presenting a finale that doesn't shy away from the morally complex stakes it's spent a whole season building up." Maureen Ryan of "The Huffington Post", wrote: "I've rarely seen a program demonstrate the kind of consistency and thematic dedication that "The 100" has shown in its first two seasons. This is a show about moral choices and the consequences of those choices, and it's been laudably committed to those ideas from Day 1." "IGN"s Eric Goldman said the second season "elevated the series into the upper echelon, as the show become one of the coolest and most daring series on TV these days". In "Variety", Ryan named "The 100" one of the best shows of 2015.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: The third season received an overall rating of 83 percent based on 12 reviews, with an average rating of 7.29/10. The critical consensus is, ""The 100" goes macro in season 3, skillfully expanding the literal scope of the setting and figurative moral landscape." "Variety"s Maureen Ryan stated in an early review of the season: "The show is more politically complicated than ever, and the world-building that accompanies the depiction of various factions, alliances and conflicts is generally admirable." In a review of the third-season finale, Mariya Karimjee of "Vulture" wrote: "Every moment of this finale is pitch-perfect: the choreography of the fight scenes, the plotting and pacing, and the stunning way in which the episode finally reaches it apex. [The episode] elevates the season's themes and pulls together its disparate story lines, setting us up nicely for season four." In his review of the finale and the season overall, Fowle of "The A.V. Club" stated: "This has been a rocky season. The first half of it was defined by shoddy character motivations and oversized villains. The second half has done some work to bring the show back from the brink, [...] paying off with "a thrilling, forward-thinking finale that provides some necessary closure to this season."


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: The fourth season received a 93 percent on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 8.22/10 based on 14 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "Season 4 of "The 100" rewards longtime viewers with a deeper look at their favorite characters, as well as adding exceptional nuance and depth to their thrilling circumstances." The latter half of the fourth season received better reception than the first, with the episodes "Die All, Die Merrily" and "Praimfaya" often cited as the best episodes of the season. "Die All, Die Merrily" has a 9.5/10 rating from "IGN", a 5/5 rating from "Vulture", and an A rating from "The AV Club". "Praimfaya" has a 9.0/10 from "IGN" and an A rating from "The AV Club".


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the fifth season has a 100 percent with an average of 8.31/10, based on 13 reviews. The site's consensus is, "Five years in, "The 100" manages to top itself once again with a audacious, addicting season." In a 4.5/5 review from "Den of Geek", the third episode "Sleeping Giants" is described as a "good ol' fashioned episode of "The 100"", praising its balance of action, humour, and rich relationships.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: The sixth season also has a 100 percent on Rotten Tomatoes, averaging a score of 7.20/10 based on 10 reviews. The site's consensus is, ""The 100" successfully resets its game, proving that conflict lies within these characters rather than their environment, and sows the seeds for a killer final season." In particular, the sixth season's change of scenery was the subject of a range of reactions. Nicolene Putter of "Cultured Vultures" praised the new storylines, stating "the cutthroat plotlines will always have you sitting on the edge of your seat", and Selina Wilken of "Hypable" praised the season premiere for, despite introducing a lot of new information, overall being "a solid opening hour of a semi-reset version of "The 100"". On the other hand, Yana Grebenyuk of "TV Fanatic" criticized the various subplots, referring to the season finale "The Blood of Sanctum" as "a collective statement on what happens when there's too much plot and not enough time found to pace it".


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: The seventh season has a 100 percent rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 7.50/10 based on 8 reviews. While the earlier episodes of season seven, such as the backdoor pilot to the cancelled prequel series "Anaconda", were generally met with praise, the later episodes and in particular the season and series finale received backlash. The 13th episode, "Blood Giant", was panned by critics and fans alike for its killing of Bellamy, one of the show's leads since the first season. Grebenyuk called the episode out for "undermin[ing] the two leads, their love for one another, and the show's entire message"; "Den of Geek" reviewer Delia Harrington viewed his re-characterization and subsequent death as "baffling". The season's final episode and series finale, "The Last War", was also widely criticized as an ineffective end to the series. Zack Giaimo of "FanSided" writes "despite some good scenes, the series finale of "The 100" wastes a lot of the character development of the last seven seasons". In a more positive review, a "SpoilerTV" reviewer said that while the finale was not without mistakes, it was enough to satisfy long-time viewers and gave the leads a happy ending.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: In 2016, "Rolling Stone" ranked the show #36 on its list of the "40 Best Science Fiction TV Shows of All Time".


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: In 2016, the series and showrunner Jason Ruthenberg faced widespread controversy when Lexa, the leader of the Grounders and the show's lesbian character, was killed off in the third-season episode "Thirteen". Critics and fans considered the death and the way it was written a continuation of the persistent bury your gays trope in television, in which LGBT characters, especially queer women, are killed off far more often than others, implicitly portraying them as disposable and existing primarily to serve the stories of straight characters or to attract viewers. Lexa's death occurring immediately after having sex with Clarke received particular criticism. A widespread debate about the trope among media, writers and viewers ensued, with Lexa's death cited as a prime example of the trope and why it should end. Rothenberg eventually wrote in response, "I [...] write and produce television for the real world where negative and hurtful tropes exist. And I am very sorry for not recognizing this as fully as I should have." Additionally, Debnam-Carey's concurrent role in the series "Fear the Walking Dead" was presented as an off-screen reason for Lexa's death.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: An estimated 2.7million American viewers watched the series premiere, which received an 18–49 rating of 0.9, making it the most-watched show in its time slot on The CW since 2010, with the series "Life Unexpected".


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: In October 2019, Rothenberg began developing a prequel series to "The 100" for The CW. A backdoor pilot episode was ordered; "Anaconda" aired July 8, 2020, as an episode of the seventh and final season of "The 100". The prequel series was to show the events 97 years before the original series, beginning with the nuclear apocalypse that wiped out almost all life on Earth.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: In February 2020, it was reported that Iola Evans, Adain Bradley, and Leo Howard had been cast as Callie, Reese, and August, respectively.


title: The 100 (TV series)

text: In January 2021, Deadline reported that "The 100" prequel was still being considered. In May 2021, according to Mark Pedowitz of The CW, the spinoff was still under consideration by the network. In November 2021, it was reported that The CW had decided not to move forward with the prequel series.


title: Apple

text: An apple is an edible fruit produced by an apple tree (Malus domestica). Apple trees are cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus "Malus". The tree originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancestor, "Malus sieversii", is still found today. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe and were brought to North America by European colonists. Apples have religious and mythological significance in many cultures, including Norse, Greek, and European Christian tradition.


title: Apple

text: Apples grown from seed tend to be very different from those of their parents, and the resultant fruit frequently lacks desired characteristics. Generally, apple cultivars are propagated by clonal grafting onto rootstocks. Apple trees grown without rootstocks tend to be larger and much slower to fruit after planting. Rootstocks are used to control the speed of growth and the size of the resulting tree, allowing for easier harvesting.


title: Apple

text: There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples. Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including cooking, eating raw, and cider production. Trees and fruit are prone to a number of fungal, bacterial, and pest problems, which can be controlled by a number of organic and non-organic means. In 2010, the fruit's genome was sequenced as part of research on disease control and selective breeding in apple production.


title: Apple

text: Worldwide production of apples in 2018 was 86 million tonnes, with China accounting for nearly half of the total.


title: Apple

text: The word "apple", whose Old English ancestor is , is descended from the Proto-Germanic noun , descended in turn from Proto-Indo-European .


title: Apple

text: As late as the 17th century, the word also functioned as a generic term for all fruit including nuts—such as the 14th-century Middle English expression , meaning a banana. This use is analogous to the French language use of .


title: Apple

text: The apple is a deciduous tree, generally standing tall in cultivation and up to in the wild. When cultivated, the size, shape and branch density are determined by rootstock selection and trimming method. The leaves are alternately arranged dark green-colored simple ovals with serrated margins and slightly downy undersides.


title: Apple

text: Blossoms are produced in spring simultaneously with the budding of the leaves and are produced on spurs and some long shoots. The flowers are white with a pink tinge that gradually fades, five petaled, with an inflorescence consisting of a cyme with 4–6 flowers. The central flower of the inflorescence is called the "king bloom"; it opens first and can develop a larger fruit.


title: Apple

text: The fruit is a pome that matures in late summer or autumn, and cultivars exist in a wide range of sizes. Commercial growers aim to produce an apple that is in diameter, due to market preference. Some consumers, especially those in Japan, prefer a larger apple, while apples below are generally used for making juice and have little fresh market value. The skin of ripe apples is generally red, yellow, green, pink, or russetted, though many bi- or tri-colored cultivars may be found. The skin may also be wholly or partly russeted i.e. rough and brown. The skin is covered in a protective layer of epicuticular wax. The exocarp (flesh) is generally pale yellowish-white, though pink, yellow or green exocarps also occur.


title: Apple

text: The original wild ancestor of "Malus domestica" was "Malus sieversii", found growing wild in the mountains of Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and northwestern China. Cultivation of the species, most likely beginning on the forested flanks of the Tian Shan mountains, progressed over a long period of time and permitted secondary introgression of genes from other species into the open-pollinated seeds. Significant exchange with "Malus sylvestris", the crabapple, resulted in current populations of apples being more related to crabapples than to the more morphologically similar progenitor "Malus sieversii". In strains without recent admixture the contribution of the latter predominates.


title: Apple

text: Apples are diploid (though triploid cultivars are not uncommon), have 17 chromosomes and an estimated genome size of approximately 650 Mb. Several whole genome sequences have been made available, the first one in 2010 was based on the diploid cultivar 'Golden Delicious'. However, this first whole genome sequence turned out to contain several errors in part owing to the high degree of heterozygosity in diploid apples which, in combination with an ancient genome duplication, complicated the assembly. Recently, double- and trihaploid individuals have been sequenced, yielding whole genome sequences of higher quality. The first whole genome assembly was estimated to contain around 57,000 genes, though the more recent genome sequences support more moderate estimates between 42,000 and 44,700 protein-coding genes. Among other things, the availability of whole genome sequences has provided evidence that the wild ancestor of the cultivated apple most likely is "Malus sieversii". Re-sequencing of multiple accessions has supported this, while also suggesting extensive introgression from "Malus sylvestris" following domestication.


title: Apple

text: "Malus sieversii" is recognized as a major progenitor species to the cultivated apple, and is morphologically similar. Due to the genetic variability in Central Asia, this region is generally considered the center of origin for apples. The apple is thought to have been domesticated 4000–10000 years ago in the Tian Shan mountains, and then to have travelled along the Silk Road to Europe, with hybridization and introgression of wild crabapples from Siberia ("M. baccata"), the Caucasus ("M. orientalis"), and Europe ("M. sylvestris"). Only the "M. sieversii" trees growing on the western side of the Tian Shan mountains contributed genetically to the domesticated apple, not the isolated population on the eastern side.


title: Apple

text: Chinese soft apples, such as "M. asiatica" and "M. prunifolia", have been cultivated as dessert apples for more than 2000 years in China. These are thought to be hybrids between "M. baccata" and "M. sieversii" in Kazakhstan.


title: Apple

text: Among the traits selected for by human growers are size, fruit acidity, color, firmness, and soluble sugar. Unusually for domesticated fruits, the wild "M. sieversii" origin is only slightly smaller than the modern domesticated apple.


title: Apple

text: At the Sammardenchia-Cueis site near Udine in Northeastern Italy, seeds from some form of apples have been found in material carbon dated to around 4000 BCE. Genetic analysis has not yet been successfully used to determine whether such ancient apples were wild "Malus sylvestris" or "Malus domesticus" containing "Malus sieversii" ancestry. It is generally also hard to distinguish in the archeological record between foraged wild apples and apple plantations.


title: Apple

text: There is indirect evidence of apple cultivation in the third millennium BCE in the Middle East. There was substantial apple production in the European classical antiquity, and grafting was certainly known then. Grafting is an essential part of modern domesticated apple production, to be able to propagate the best cultivars; it is unclear when apple tree grafting was invented.


title: Apple

text: Winter apples, picked in late autumn and stored just above freezing, have been an important food in Asia and Europe for millennia.


title: Apple

text: Of the many Old World plants that the Spanish introduced to Chiloé Archipelago in the 16th century, apple trees became particularly well adapted. Apples were introduced to North America by colonists in the 17th century, and the first apple orchard on the North American continent was planted in Boston by Reverend William Blaxton in 1625. The only apples native to North America are crab apples, which were once called "common apples". Apple cultivars brought as seed from Europe were spread along Native American trade routes, as well as being cultivated on colonial farms. An 1845 United States apples nursery catalogue sold 350 of the "best" cultivars, showing the proliferation of new North American cultivars by the early 19th century. In the 20th century, irrigation projects in Eastern Washington began and allowed the development of the multibillion-dollar fruit industry, of which the apple is the leading product.


title: Apple

text: Until the 20th century, farmers stored apples in frostproof cellars during the winter for their own use or for sale. Improved transportation of fresh apples by train and road replaced the necessity for storage. Controlled atmosphere facilities are used to keep apples fresh year-round. Controlled atmosphere facilities use high humidity, low oxygen, and controlled carbon dioxide levels to maintain fruit freshness. They were first used in the United States in the 1960s.


title: Apple

text: In Norse mythology, the goddess Iðunn is portrayed in the "Prose Edda" (written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson) as providing apples to the gods that give them eternal youthfulness. The English scholar H. R. Ellis Davidson links apples to religious practices in Germanic paganism, from which Norse paganism developed. She points out that buckets of apples were found in the Oseberg ship burial site in Norway, that fruit and nuts (Iðunn having been described as being transformed into a nut in "Skáldskaparmál") have been found in the early graves of the Germanic peoples in England and elsewhere on the continent of Europe, which may have had a symbolic meaning, and that nuts are still a recognized symbol of fertility in southwest England.


title: Apple

text: Davidson notes a connection between apples and the Vanir, a tribe of gods associated with fertility in Norse mythology, citing an instance of eleven "golden apples" being given to woo the beautiful Gerðr by Skírnir, who was acting as messenger for the major Vanir god Freyr in stanzas 19 and 20 of "Skírnismál". Davidson also notes a further connection between fertility and apples in Norse mythology in chapter 2 of the "Völsunga saga": when the major goddess Frigg sends King Rerir an apple after he prays to Odin for a child, Frigg's messenger (in the guise of a crow) drops the apple in his lap as he sits atop a mound. Rerir's wife's consumption of the apple results in a six-year pregnancy and the birth (by Caesarean section) of their son—the hero Völsung.


title: Apple

text: Further, Davidson points out the "strange" phrase "Apples of Hel" used in an 11th-century poem by the skald Thorbiorn Brúnarson. She states this may imply that the apple was thought of by Brúnarson as the food of the dead. Further, Davidson notes that the potentially Germanic goddess Nehalennia is sometimes depicted with apples and that parallels exist in early Irish stories. Davidson asserts that while cultivation of the apple in Northern Europe extends back to at least the time of the Roman Empire and came to Europe from the Near East, the native varieties of apple trees growing in Northern Europe are small and bitter. Davidson concludes that in the figure of Iðunn "we must have a dim reflection of an old symbol: that of the guardian goddess of the life-giving fruit of the other world."


title: Apple

text: Apples appear in many religious traditions, often as a mystical or forbidden fruit. One of the problems identifying apples in religion, mythology and folktales is that the word "apple" was used as a generic term for all (foreign) fruit, other than berries, including nuts, as late as the 17th century. For instance, in Greek mythology, the Greek hero Heracles, as a part of his Twelve Labours, was required to travel to the Garden of the Hesperides and pick the golden apples off the Tree of Life growing at its center.


title: Apple

text: The Greek goddess of discord, Eris, became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of Peleus and Thetis. In retaliation, she tossed a golden apple inscribed Καλλίστη ("Kalliste", sometimes transliterated "Kallisti", "For the most beautiful one"), into the wedding party. Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. Paris of Troy was appointed to select the recipient. After being bribed by both Hera and Athena, Aphrodite tempted him with the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Sparta. He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the Trojan War.


title: Apple

text: The apple was thus considered, in ancient Greece, sacred to Aphrodite. To throw an apple at someone was to symbolically declare one's love; and similarly, to catch it was to symbolically show one's acceptance of that love. An epigram claiming authorship by Plato states:


title: Apple

text: Atalanta, also of Greek mythology, raced all her suitors in an attempt to avoid marriage. She outran all but Hippomenes (also known as Melanion, a name possibly derived from "melon", the Greek word for both "apple" and fruit in general), who defeated her by cunning, not speed. Hippomenes knew that he could not win in a fair race, so he used three golden apples (gifts of Aphrodite, the goddess of love) to distract Atalanta. It took all three apples and all of his speed, but Hippomenes was finally successful, winning the race and Atalanta's hand.


title: Apple

text: Though the forbidden fruit of Eden in the Book of Genesis is not identified, popular Christian tradition has held that it was an apple that Eve coaxed Adam to share with her. The origin of the popular identification with a fruit unknown in the Middle East in biblical times is found in confusion between the Latin words "mālum" (an apple) and "mălum" (an evil), each of which is normally written "malum". The tree of the forbidden fruit is called "the tree of the knowledge of good and evil" in Genesis 2:17, and the Latin for "good and evil" is "bonum et malum".


title: Apple

text: Renaissance painters may also have been influenced by the story of the golden apples in the Garden of Hesperides. As a result, in the story of Adam and Eve, the apple became a symbol for knowledge, immortality, temptation, the fall of man into sin, and sin itself. The larynx in the human throat has been called the "Adam's apple" because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit remaining in the throat of Adam. The apple as symbol of sexual seduction has been used to imply human sexuality, possibly in an ironic vein.


title: Apple

text: The proverb, "An apple a day keeps the doctor away", addressing the supposed health benefits of the fruit, has been traced to 19th-century Wales, where the original phrase was "Eat an apple on going to bed, and you'll keep the doctor from earning his bread". In the 19th century and early 20th, the phrase evolved to "an apple a day, no doctor to pay" and "an apple a day sends the doctor away"; the phrasing now commonly used was first recorded in 1922.


title: Apple

text: There are more than 7,500 known cultivars (cultivated varieties) of apples. Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Different cultivars are available for temperate and subtropical climates. The UK's National Fruit Collection, which is the responsibility of the Department of Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs, includes a collection of over 2,000 cultivars of apple tree in Kent. The University of Reading, which is responsible for developing the UK national collection database, provides access to search the national collection. The University of Reading's work is part of the European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources of which there are 38 countries participating in the Malus/Pyrus work group.


title: Apple

text: The UK's national fruit collection database contains much information on the characteristics and origin of many apples, including alternative names for what is essentially the same "genetic" apple cultivar. Most of these cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), though some are cultivated specifically for cooking (cooking apples) or producing cider. Cider apples are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give the beverage a rich flavor that dessert apples cannot.


title: Apple

text: Commercially popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Other desirable qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colorful skin, absence of russeting, ease of shipping, lengthy storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, common apple shape, and developed flavor. Modern apples are generally sweeter than older cultivars, as popular tastes in apples have varied over time. Most North Americans and Europeans favor sweet, subacid apples, but tart apples have a strong minority following. Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavor are popular in Asia, especially the Indian subcontinent.


title: Apple

text: Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and grow in a variety of textures and colors. Some find them to have better flavor than modern cultivars, but they may have other problems that make them commercially unviable—low yield, disease susceptibility, poor tolerance for storage or transport, or just being the "wrong" size. A few old cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have been preserved by home gardeners and farmers that sell directly to local markets. Many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own unique taste and appearance exist; apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local cultivars from extinction. In the United Kingdom, old cultivars such as 'Cox's Orange Pippin' and 'Egremont Russet' are still commercially important even though by modern standards they are low yielding and susceptible to disease.


title: Apple

text: Many apples grow readily from seeds. However, more than with most perennial fruits, apples must be propagated asexually to obtain the sweetness and other desirable characteristics of the parent. This is because seedling apples are an example of "extreme heterozygotes", in that rather than inheriting genes from their parents to create a new apple with parental characteristics, they are instead significantly different from their parents, perhaps to compete with the many pests. Triploid cultivars have an additional reproductive barrier in that three sets of chromosomes cannot be divided evenly during meiosis, yielding unequal segregation of the chromosomes (aneuploids). Even in the case when a triploid plant can produce a seed (apples are an example), it occurs infrequently, and seedlings rarely survive.


title: Apple

text: Because apples are not true breeders when planted as seeds, although cuttings can take root and breed true, and may live for a century, grafting is usually used. The rootstock used for the bottom of the graft can be selected to produce trees of a large variety of sizes, as well as changing the winter hardiness, insect and disease resistance, and soil preference of the resulting tree. Dwarf rootstocks can be used to produce very small trees (less than high at maturity), which bear fruit many years earlier in their life cycle than full size trees, and are easier to harvest. Dwarf rootstocks for apple trees can be traced as far back as 300 BCE, to the area of Persia and Asia Minor. Alexander the Great sent samples of dwarf apple trees to Aristotle's Lyceum. Dwarf rootstocks became common by the 15th century and later went through several cycles of popularity and decline throughout the world. The majority of the rootstocks used today to control size in apples were developed in England in the early 1900s. The East Malling Research Station conducted extensive research into rootstocks, and today their rootstocks are given an "M" prefix to designate their origin. Rootstocks marked with an "MM" prefix are Malling-series cultivars later crossed with trees of 'Northern Spy' in Merton, England.


title: Apple

text: Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics. The words "seedling", "pippin", and "kernel" in the name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling. Apples can also form bud sports (mutations on a single branch). Some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar. Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars.


title: Apple

text: Since the 1930s, the Excelsior Experiment Station at the University of Minnesota has introduced a steady progression of important apples that are widely grown, both commercially and by local orchardists, throughout Minnesota and Wisconsin. Its most important contributions have included 'Haralson' (which is the most widely cultivated apple in Minnesota), 'Wealthy', 'Honeygold', and 'Honeycrisp'.


title: Apple

text: Apples have been acclimatized in Ecuador at very high altitudes, where they can often, with the needed factors, provide crops twice per year because of constant temperate conditions year-round.


title: Apple

text: Apples are self-incompatible; they must cross-pollinate to develop fruit. During the flowering each season, apple growers often utilize pollinators to carry pollen. Honey bees are most commonly used. Orchard mason bees are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. Bumblebee queens are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in sufficient number to be significant pollinators.


title: Apple

text: One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from the same group or close (A with A, or A with B, but not A with C or D).


title: Apple

text: Cultivars are sometimes classified by the day of peak bloom in the average 30-day blossom period, with pollenizers selected from cultivars within a 6-day overlap period.


title: Apple

text: Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Some cultivars, if left unpruned, grow very large—letting them bear more fruit, but making harvesting more difficult. Depending on tree density (number of trees planted per unit surface area), mature trees typically bear of apples each year, though productivity can be close to zero in poor years. Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. Trees grafted on dwarfing rootstocks bear about of fruit per year.


title: Apple

text: Crops ripen at different times of the year according to the cultivar. Cultivar that yield their crop in the summer include 'Gala', 'Golden Supreme', 'McIntosh', 'Transparent', 'Primate', 'Sweet Bough', and 'Duchess'; fall producers include 'Fuji', 'Jonagold', 'Golden Delicious', 'Red Delicious', 'Chenango', 'Gravenstein', 'Wealthy', 'McIntosh', 'Snow', and 'Blenheim'; winter producers include 'Winesap', 'Granny Smith', 'King', 'Wagener', 'Swayzie', 'Greening', and 'Tolman Sweet'.


title: Apple

text: Commercially, apples can be stored for a few months in controlled atmosphere chambers to delay ethylene-induced ripening. Apples are commonly stored in chambers with higher concentrations of carbon dioxide and high air filtration. This prevents ethylene concentrations from rising to higher amounts and preventing ripening from occurring too quickly.


title: Apple

text: For home storage, most cultivars of apple can be held for approximately two weeks when kept at the coolest part of the refrigerator (i.e. below 5 °C). Some can be stored up to a year without significant degradation. Some varieties of apples (e.g. 'Granny Smith' and 'Fuji') have more than three times the storage life of others.


title: Apple

text: Non-organic apples may be sprayed with a substance 1-methylcyclopropene blocking the apples' ethylene receptors, temporarily preventing them from ripening.


title: Apple

text: Apple trees are susceptible to a number of fungal and bacterial diseases and insect pests. Many commercial orchards pursue a program of chemical sprays to maintain high fruit quality, tree health, and high yields. These prohibit the use of synthetic pesticides, though some older pesticides are allowed. Organic methods include, for instance, introducing its natural predator to reduce the population of a particular pest.


title: Apple

text: A wide range of pests and diseases can affect the plant. Three of the more common diseases or pests are mildew, aphids, and apple scab.


title: Apple

text: Among the most serious disease problems is a bacterial disease called fireblight, and two fungal diseases: "Gymnosporangium" rust and black spot. Other pests that affect apple trees include Codling moths and apple maggots. Young apple trees are also prone to mammal pests like mice and deer, which feed on the soft bark of the trees, especially in winter. The larvae of the apple clearwing moth (red-belted clearwing) burrow through the bark and into the phloem of apple trees, potentially causing significant damage.


title: Apple

text: World production of apples in 2020 was 86 million tonnes, with China producing 47% of the total (table). Secondary producers were the United States and Turkey.


title: Apple

text: A raw apple is 86% water and 14% carbohydrates, with negligible content of fat and protein (table). A reference serving of a raw apple with skin weighing 100 grams provides 52 calories and a moderate content of dietary fiber. Otherwise, there is low content of micronutrients, with the Daily Values of all falling below 10%.


title: Apple

text: All parts of the fruit, including the skin, except for the seeds, are suitable for human consumption. The core, from stem to bottom, containing the seeds, is usually not eaten and is discarded.


title: Apple

text: Apples can be consumed in various ways: juice, raw in salads, baked in pies, cooked into sauces and spreads like apple butter, and other baked dishes.


title: Apple

text: Several techniques are used to preserve apples and apple products. Apples can be canned, dried or frozen. Canned or frozen apples are eventually baked into pies or other cooked dishes. Apple juice or cider is also bottled. Apple juice is often concentrated and frozen.


title: Apple

text: Apples are an important ingredient in many desserts, such as apple pie, apple crumble, apple crisp and apple cake. When cooked, some apple cultivars easily form a puree known as apple sauce. Apples are also made into apple butter and apple jelly. They are often baked or stewed and are also (cooked) in some meat dishes. Dried apples can be eaten or reconstituted (soaked in water, alcohol or some other liquid).


title: Apple

text: Apples are milled or pressed to produce apple juice, which may be drunk unfiltered (called apple cider in North America), or filtered. Filtered juice is often concentrated and frozen, then reconstituted later and consumed. Apple juice can be fermented to make cider (called hard cider in North America), ciderkin, and vinegar. Through distillation, various alcoholic beverages can be produced, such as applejack, Calvados, and apfelwein.


title: Apple

text: Organic apples are commonly produced in the United States. Due to infestations by key insects and diseases, organic production is difficult in Europe. The use of pesticides containing chemicals, such as sulfur, copper, microorganisms, viruses, clay powders, or plant extracts (pyrethrum, neem) has been approved by the EU Organic Standing Committee to improve organic yield and quality. A light coating of kaolin, which forms a physical barrier to some pests, also may help prevent apple sun scalding.


title: Apple

text: Apple skins and seeds contain various phytochemicals, particularly polyphenols which are under preliminary research for their potential health effects.


title: Apple

text: The enzyme polyphenol oxidase causes browning in sliced or bruised apples, by catalyzing the oxidation of phenolic compounds to o-quinones, a browning factor. Browning reduces apple taste, color, and food value. Arctic apples, a non-browning group of apples introduced to the United States market in 2019, have been genetically modified to silence the expression of polyphenol oxidase, thereby delaying a browning effect and improving apple eating quality. The US Food and Drug Administration in 2015, and Canadian Food Inspection Agency in 2017, determined that Arctic apples are as safe and nutritious as conventional apples.


title: Apple

text: Preliminary research is investigating whether apple consumption may affect the risk of some types of cancer.


title: Apple

text: One form of apple allergy, often found in northern Europe, is called birch-apple syndrome and is found in people who are also allergic to birch pollen. Allergic reactions are triggered by a protein in apples that is similar to birch pollen, and people affected by this protein can also develop allergies to other fruits, nuts, and vegetables. Reactions, which entail oral allergy syndrome (OAS), generally involve itching and inflammation of the mouth and throat, but in rare cases can also include life-threatening anaphylaxis. This reaction only occurs when raw fruit is consumed—the allergen is neutralized in the cooking process. The variety of apple, maturity and storage conditions can change the amount of allergen present in individual fruits. Long storage times can increase the amount of proteins that cause birch-apple syndrome.


title: Apple

text: In other areas, such as the Mediterranean, some individuals have adverse reactions to apples because of their similarity to peaches. This form of apple allergy also includes OAS, but often has more severe symptoms, such as vomiting, abdominal pain and urticaria, and can be life-threatening. Individuals with this form of allergy can also develop reactions to other fruits and nuts. Cooking does not break down the protein causing this particular reaction, so affected individuals cannot eat raw or cooked apples. Freshly harvested, over-ripe fruits tend to have the highest levels of the protein that causes this reaction.


title: Apple

text: Breeding efforts have yet to produce a hypoallergenic fruit suitable for either of the two forms of apple allergy.


title: Apple

text: Apple seeds contain small amounts of amygdalin, a sugar and cyanide compound known as a cyanogenic glycoside. Ingesting small amounts of apple seeds causes no ill effects, but consumption of extremely large doses can cause adverse reactions. It may take several hours before the poison takes effect, as cyanogenic glycosides must be hydrolyzed before the cyanide ion is released. The United States National Library of Medicine's Hazardous Substances Data Bank records no cases of amygdalin poisoning from consuming apple seeds.


title: Jonny Lee Miller

text: Jonathan Lee Miller (born 15 November 1972) is a British film, television and theatre actor. He achieved early success for his portrayal of Simon "Sick Boy" Williamson in the dark comedy-drama film "Trainspotting" (1996) and as Dade Murphy in "Hackers" (1995) before earning further critical recognition for his performances in "Afterglow" (1997), "Mansfield Park" (1999), "The Flying Scotsman" (2006), "Endgame" (2009) and "T2 Trainspotting" (2017); for "The Flying Scotsman" he received a London Film Critics' Circle nomination for Actor of the Year. He was also part of the principal cast in the films "Melinda and Melinda" (2004), "Dark Shadows" (2012) and "Byzantium" (2013). He has appeared in several theatrical productions, most notably "After Miss Julie" and "Frankenstein", the latter of which earned him an Olivier Award for Best Actor.


title: Jonny Lee Miller

text: Miller starred as the title character in the ABC comedy drama "Eli Stone", for which he received a Satellite Award nomination for Best Actor. This was followed by another starring role in the BBC costume drama "Emma" and a supporting role as Jordan Chase in the fifth season of the Showtime drama "Dexter". From 2012 to 2019 he starred as a modern-day version of Sherlock Holmes in the CBS crime drama "Elementary", which earned him his second Satellite Award nomination for Best Actor. In 2022, he played British prime minister John Major in the fifth season of the Netflix historical drama "The Crown".


title: Jonny Lee Miller

text: Miller was born on 15 November 1972 in Kingston-upon-Thames and was raised in south west London. The son of Anna (Lee) and Alan Miller, he was inspired by his parents to go into acting. Both were theatre actors. His grandfather was actor Bernard Lee, who played M in the first eleven James Bond films.


title: Jonny Lee Miller

text: Miller attended Tiffin School as a child. He appeared in several school plays such as "The Ragged Child" and performed as part of the "Tiffin Swing Band". He joined the National Youth Music Theatre, where he met fellow actor Jude Law. He left school, aged 16 after taking his GCSEs, to pursue an acting career.


title: Jonny Lee Miller

text: Miller made his television debut with an uncredited appearance in the BBC series "Doctor Who" at the age of nine in the 1982 episode "Kinda". The following year he appeared in "Jemima Shore" and had a role as Charles Price in the serial drama "Mansfield Park". In 1991, he costarred, with Alexei Sayle in ""'Itch"", which was broadcast on Channel 4 as part of the 4 Play strand, a platform for a series of one-off plays that ran from 1989 to 1991. The play was written by Alexei Sayle and David Stafford. Miller played "Dennis Turnbull", the teenaged son of Gordon and Susan Turnbull. He then appeared in various television shows throughout the 1990s. These included "Keeping Up Appearances" in 1990, followed by "Inspector Morse" and "Minder" in 1991. He appeared in two separate guest roles in the ITV police drama "The Bill", one in 1991 and another in 1993, as well as single-episode roles in the BBC drama "Between the Lines" and the medical drama "Casualty", both of which were broadcast in 1992.


title: Jonny Lee Miller

text: In 1993's third instalment of "Prime Suspect", Miller played a young man victimised as a child by a paedophile. His first notable acting role that year was in the soap opera "EastEnders", wherein he played Jonathan Hewitt. Miller later revealed he had been offered a contract to remain on the show but declined: "It was five weeks' work and I made more money there than I ever had in my life. Then they offered me a year's contract. I said no, thank God. I thought I should get out of there while I still could."


title: Jonny Lee Miller

text: In 2003, Miller appeared in the BBC modernisation of "The Canterbury Tales" in the episode "The Pardoner's Tale" and had a starring role as Lord Byron in the television film "Byron". He then starred alongside Ray Liotta in the CBS drama "Smith". However, the show was canceled after only seven episodes. Miller was then cast as the eponymous character in the legal comedy drama "Eli Stone". The show ran for two seasons on ABC and he received a Satellite Award nomination for Best Actor. He then co-starred with Romola Garai in the 2009 BBC costume drama "Emma" as George Knightley.


title: Jonny Lee Miller

text: Miller appeared in a guest role as Jordan Chase in the fifth season of the Showtime drama "Dexter", for which he received a nomination for Screen Actors Guild Award for being part of the main cast in the category of Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. In early 2010, it was reported he was set to portray Rick Grimes in the television adaptation of the comic "The Walking Dead". It was later revealed that Andrew Lincoln had been cast. In 2011, Miller auditioned for the role of Sherlock Holmes in the CBS adaption based on the works of Arthur Conan Doyle. He originally turned down the part, as he feared it would be too similar to the BBC version "Sherlock". However, after receiving the script he accepted the part, and it was officially announced he would star in "Elementary", alongside Lucy Liu. This earned him his second Satellite Award nomination for Best Actor.


title: Jonny Lee Miller

text: In 2021, it was announced that he was to star in season five of "The Crown", as former British Prime Minister, John Major.


title: Jonny Lee Miller

text: He first starred in the film "Hackers" (1995), with Angelina Jolie, whom he married in 1996. Shortly after "Hackers", Miller was cast as Sick Boy in "Trainspotting". He was suggested for the role by Ewan McGregor. The accent he used in the film was regarded as convincing, leading some people to incorrectly believe that he was Scottish. Miller has stated: "I had to do a lot of work. I read and re-read the book and I pretended to be Scottish all the time I was in Glasgow, hanging around with Scots, picking up bits and pieces on the street and in bars. Everyone's been very encouraging and Danny [Boyle, the director] thinks that I've got it about right. Of course, the others are from all over Scotland and have different accents themselves, so I've tried to just pick up a general, composite accent."


title: Jonny Lee Miller

text: In 1997, he played Billy Prior in the film adaptation of Pat Barker's World War I novel "Regeneration". In 2000, he played Cameron Colley in "Complicity", based on the book by Iain Banks. He costarred in the film "Love, Honour and Obey" as Johnny, a London street kid getting mixed up with a notorious British gangster. Also in 2000, he appeared as Simon Sheppard in Wes Craven's "Dracula 2000". In 2006 Miller portrayed cyclist Graeme Obree in "The Flying Scotsman".


title: Jonny Lee Miller

text: He was considered as the third teammate to join Ben Fogle and James Cracknell in Team QinetiQ for the Amundsen Omega 3 South Pole Race in January 2009. He participated in training for the event in Norway, which was televised for a BBC2 documentary series "On Thin Ice". He was not able to attend the race because of filming commitments, after "Eli Stone" was extended for a second season.


title: Jonny Lee Miller

text: In 1997, he was involved with the creation and operation of the production company Natural Nylon with friend Jude Law. Natural Nylon folded in 2003.


title: Jonny Lee Miller

text: In November 1999, he played Brito in Paul Corcoran's "Four Nights in Knaresborough" at the Tricycle Theatre, London. In March 2011, at the Royal National Theatre, he played both Victor Frankenstein and Frankenstein's Monster on alternate nights, opposite Benedict Cumberbatch, in a stage adaptation of "Frankenstein". Directed by Danny Boyle, the play was broadcast to cinemas worldwide as part of National Theatre Live on 17 March 2011 and additional dates throughout March and April. He also appeared on Broadway in a production of "After Miss Julie", with his performance receiving very positive reviews. In March 2004, he played Christian in "Festen" by David Eldridge at The Almeida Theatre in London.


title: Jonny Lee Miller

text: Initially Edward Snowden had been nominated by Mensa members, and the IQ commission had approved his nomination; but the managing board of Mensa revoked Snowden's nomination because "Mensa is not allowed to comment on political issues." In protest, Miller was then proposed by one member, for his portrayal of Sherlock Holmes. He won the most votes to take the award.


title: Jonny Lee Miller

text: Miller married actress Angelina Jolie on 28 March 1996. They separated 18 months later, and were divorced in 2000; however, they remain close friends. He began dating actress and model Michele Hicks in 2006. They married in July 2008 in Malibu, California. The couple have one son, Buster Timothy Miller, born in December 2008. They divorced in 2018.


title: Jonny Lee Miller

text: He is a marathon runner, often supporting the charity Mencap. Miller was signed up to run the 2006 Marathon des Sables but had to drop out due to shooting a film. He ran the 2008 London Marathon in 3:01:40. Miller is an advocate to finding treatment for the disease Sanfilippo syndrome, following a case with five-year-old Jonah Weishaar. In 2014, he addressed the Congressional caucus in Washington, D.C., on behalf of rare disease organisations, in the hope of securing funding for treatment research.


title: Jonny Lee Miller

text: Miller has trained in both Muay Thai and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu at Evolution Muay Thai in New York City. In May 2018, he took part in an exhibition Muay Thai bout held at Chok Sabai Gym in New York City, which followed a five-week training camp leading up to the event.


title: Jonny Lee Miller

text: On 1 February 2019, Miller made his Muay Thai debut at "Friday Night Fights" held at Broad Street Ballroom in New York City, where he took on Robert Bermudez in the scheduled-for-three-rounds 145-pound bout. Miller won the fight by knockout in the third round with a right cross – left hook combination.


title: Machine learning

text: Machine learning (ML) is a field of inquiry devoted to understanding and building methods that 'learn', that is, methods that leverage data to improve performance on some set of tasks. It is seen as a part of artificial intelligence. Machine learning algorithms build a model based on sample data, known as training data, in order to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed to do so. Machine learning algorithms are used in a wide variety of applications, such as in medicine, email filtering, speech recognition, agriculture, and computer vision, where it is difficult or unfeasible to develop conventional algorithms to perform the needed tasks.


title: Machine learning

text: A subset of machine learning is closely related to computational statistics, which focuses on making predictions using computers, but not all machine learning is statistical learning. The study of mathematical optimization delivers methods, theory and application domains to the field of machine learning. Data mining is a related field of study, focusing on exploratory data analysis through unsupervised learning. Some implementations of machine learning use data and neural networks in a way that mimics the working of a biological brain. In its application across business problems, machine learning is also referred to as predictive analytics.


title: Machine learning

text: Learning algorithms work on the basis that strategies, algorithms, and inferences that worked well in the past are likely to continue working well in the future. These inferences can be obvious, such as "since the sun rose every morning for the last 10,000 days, it will probably rise tomorrow morning as well". They can be nuanced, such as "X% of families have geographically separate species with color variants, so there is a Y% chance that undiscovered black swans exist".


title: Machine learning

text: Machine learning programs can perform tasks without being explicitly programmed to do so. It involves computers learning from data provided so that they carry out certain tasks. For simple tasks assigned to computers, it is possible to program algorithms telling the machine how to execute all steps required to solve the problem at hand; on the computer's part, no learning is needed. For more advanced tasks, it can be challenging for a human to manually create the needed algorithms. In practice, it can turn out to be more effective to help the machine develop its own algorithm, rather than having human programmers specify every needed step.


title: Machine learning

text: The discipline of machine learning employs various approaches to teach computers to accomplish tasks where no fully satisfactory algorithm is available. In cases where vast numbers of potential answers exist, one approach is to label some of the correct answers as valid. This can then be used as training data for the computer to improve the algorithm(s) it uses to determine correct answers. For example, to train a system for the task of digital character recognition, the MNIST dataset of handwritten digits has often been used.


title: Machine learning

text: The term "machine learning" was coined in 1959 by Arthur Samuel, an IBM employee and pioneer in the field of computer gaming and artificial intelligence. Also the synonym "self-teaching computers" were used in this time period.


title: Machine learning

text: By the early 1960s an experimental "learning machine" with punched tape memory, called Cybertron, had been developed by Raytheon Company to analyze sonar signals, electrocardiograms, and speech patterns using rudimentary reinforcement learning. It was repetitively "trained" by a human operator/teacher to recognize patterns and equipped with a "goof" button to cause it to re-evaluate incorrect decisions. A representative book on research into machine learning during the 1960s was Nilsson's book on Learning Machines, dealing mostly with machine learning for pattern classification. Interest related to pattern recognition continued into the 1970s, as described by Duda and Hart in 1973. In 1981 a report was given on using teaching strategies so that a neural network learns to recognize 40 characters (26 letters, 10 digits, and 4 special symbols) from a computer terminal.


title: Machine learning

text: Tom M. Mitchell provided a widely quoted, more formal definition of the algorithms studied in the machine learning field: "A computer program is said to learn from experience "E" with respect to some class of tasks "T" and performance measure "P" if its performance at tasks in "T", as measured by "P", improves with experience "E"." This definition of the tasks in which machine learning is concerned offers a fundamentally operational definition rather than defining the field in cognitive terms. This follows Alan Turing's proposal in his paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", in which the question "Can machines think?" is replaced with the question "Can machines do what we (as thinking entities) can do?".


title: Machine learning

text: Modern-day machine learning has two objectives, one is to classify data based on models which have been developed, the other purpose is to make predictions for future outcomes based on these models. A hypothetical algorithm specific to classifying data may use computer vision of moles coupled with supervised learning in order to train it to classify the cancerous moles. A machine learning algorithm for stock trading may inform the trader of future potential predictions.