title: Noel Fielding

text: Fielding has appeared in several music videos, including Mint Royale's "Blue Song", alongside Julian Barratt, Nick Frost and Michael Smiley. The video was directed by Edgar Wright and served as the inspiration for the opening sequence of his film "Baby Driver" (2017). He also made a brief appearance in the video for Razorlight's "In the Morning". He appeared in music videos for the Robots in Disguise songs "Girl" (alongside Chris Corner who was, at the time, boyfriend to Sue Denim), "The Tears", and "Turn It Up". In 2009, Noel was involved in the Kasabian video "Vlad the Impaler", in which he plays the titular character, and reprised the role at the 2014 Glastonbury Festival. The music video was directed by Richard Ayoade. He was referenced in Kasabian's "La Fée Verte", a track on their "Velociraptor!" album (his friend Sergio Pizzorno said "The line, 'I met Dalí in the street.' Dalí is Noel Fielding. And he is the modern-day Dalí"). Fielding also makes a brief appearance as Vlad in the video for another Kasabian song, "Re-Wired", riding a five-seater bicycle with the band, and appears as a patient in a psychiatric hospital in "You're In Love With a Psycho", in which he re-enacts the broken mirror routine from the Marx Brothers film ""Duck Soup"" with Pizzorno and Tom Meighan. He has also appeared in Kate Bush's music video "Deeper Understanding" as a means of thanks for the "Let's Dance For Comic Relief" performance.


title: Noel Fielding

text: He held his first exhibition, entitled "Psychedelic Dreams of the Jelly Fox", at Maison Bertaux, a patisserie in Greek Street, Soho in early 2008. There Fielding listed some of his inspirations as Henri Rousseau, René Magritte, Willem de Kooning, Roy Lichtenstein, and Dexter Dalwood. He has stated that he has been heavily influenced by the works of Salvador Dalí. A second exhibition entitled "Bryan Ferry vs the Jelly Fox" took place at Maison Bertaux, from 5 July 2010 through to 5 January 2011.


title: Noel Fielding

text: On 6 September 2011, Fielding received an honorary master's degree from Buckinghamshire New University for his ongoing interest in the graphics area and support for many art organisations.


title: Noel Fielding

text: In October 2011, Fielding released an art book called "Scribblings of a Madcap Shambleton", which he produced along with "The Mighty Boosh" cast member Dave Brown. It features many of his old and new paintings, drawings and photography.


title: Noel Fielding

text: Fielding's video installation of "The Jelly Fox" was shown at the Saatchi Gallery, and in 2012 he created a unique piece inspired by The Beatles for "Liverpool Love" at the Museum of Liverpool. In March 2015, his exhibition "He Wore Dreams Around Unkind Faces" was shown at the Royal Albert Hall. In January 2021, the luxury fashion house Fendi unveiled a collection featuring abstract takes on the brand's logo, created by Fielding.


title: Noel Fielding

text: Fielding was formerly in a relationship with Robots in Disguise lead vocalist Dee Plume, who made minor appearances in "The Mighty Boosh" and in its live adaptations. He began dating radio DJ Lliana Bird sometime around 2010. They reside in the Highgate area of London. Their first child, a daughter named Dali (after artist Salvador Dalí), was born in 2018. The couple's second daughter, Iggy, was born in August 2020.


title: Noel Fielding

text: In 2009, a "Sunday Times" article revealed that Fielding had contracted hepatitis during his college years; he said that he was helped through this time by his friend and collaborator Nigel Coan. This forced him not to drink alcohol for six months, which led him to become teetotal for a couple of years. He said, "I used to be able to enjoy myself with just nothing. I'd stay up till four in the morning, with everyone else being drunk. Just make a bit of effort and you can get used to it."


title: Chelsea Peretti

text: Chelsea Vanessa Peretti (born February 20, 1978) is an American comedian, actress, television writer, singer, and songwriter. She is best known for portraying Gina Linetti in the comedy series "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" and writing for "Parks and Recreation" and "Saturday Night Live".


title: Chelsea Peretti

text: Peretti was born on February 20, 1978, in Oakland, California, the daughter of a schoolteacher mother, Amanda Cherkin, and a criminal defense lawyer and painter father, Anthony Peretti. Her father is of Italian and English descent, and her mother is Jewish. Her step-mother is African-American. She was raised in Oakland, California. She has two brothers and a sister; her older brother, internet entrepreneur Jonah Peretti, co-founded BuzzFeed and "The Huffington Post". Chelsea Peretti attended The College Preparatory School in Oakland. She moved to New York City in 1996 to attend Barnard College, during which time (in her junior year) she took a study year abroad to Royal Holloway, University of London. She graduated in 2000. She attended elementary school with her "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" co-star Andy Samberg and junior high school with comedian Moshe Kasher.


title: Chelsea Peretti

text: Peretti has written for "The Village Voice", "Details", "Playgirl", "Jest", and "American Theatre Magazine", as well as online publications including "The Huffington Post".


title: Chelsea Peretti

text: After moving to Los Angeles, Peretti made appearances on programs such as "Kroll Show", "Louie", "The Sarah Silverman Program", "", and "Tosh.0". She appeared as a guest correspondent on one episode of "Lopez Tonight", interviewing local citizens about Prop 8.


title: Chelsea Peretti

text: Peretti is credited as a story editor on the fourth season of "Parks and Recreation" from 2011 to 2012.


title: Chelsea Peretti

text: From 2013 until 2019, Peretti was a series regular on NBC's detective/police comedy "Brooklyn Nine-Nine", playing Gina Linetti, until she announced her departure from the show in October 2018. Her departure episode was "Four Movements." She returned later in the season in a guest appearance, in "Return of the King," which premiered May 2, 2019. She also returned for the two part finale.


title: Chelsea Peretti

text: While in New York, Peretti made short films with Variety SHAC, a comedy troupe she formed in 2004 with Andrea Rosen, Heather Lawless, and Shonali Bhowmik.


title: Chelsea Peretti

text: She has made several guest appearances on podcasts, including "Doug Loves Movies", "How Did This Get Made?", "WTF with Marc Maron", "You Made It Weird with Pete Holmes", "The Todd Glass Show", "The Lavender Hour", "The Bone Zone with Brendon Walsh and Randy Liedtke", and "Comedy Bang! Bang!" In October 2012, Peretti launched her own call-in podcast, "Call Chelsea Peretti".


title: Chelsea Peretti

text: In July 2010, Peretti made "Variety" magazine's "Ten Comics to Watch in 2010" list. "Paste" ranked her Twitter account #75 on "The 75 Best Twitter Accounts of 2014."


title: Chelsea Peretti

text: On April 21, 2020, Peretti released an EP titled "Foam and Flotsam", a musical comedy concept album about coffee. She created the music in collaboration with Kool Kojak, and the songs feature guests Reggie Watts, Terry Crews, and Juliette Lewis. In tandem with the EP, Peretti also released two accompanying music videos: "Late" and "Oatmilk." Her music style is described as "whimsical yet depressive...[slamming] you into a wall and then [sliding] you up that wall and [releasing] you into a new galaxy."


title: Chelsea Peretti

text: Peretti began dating comedian and filmmaker Jordan Peele in 2013. They got engaged in November 2015. On April 26, 2016, Peretti announced that she and Peele had eloped. They have a son, Beaumont Gino, who was born in 2017.


title: Tina Fey

text: Elizabeth Stamatina "Tina" Fey (; born May 18, 1970) is an American actress, comedian, writer, producer, and playwright. She is best known for her work on the NBC sketch comedy series "Saturday Night Live" (1997–2006) and for creating the comedy series "30 Rock" (2006–2013) and "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" (2015–2020). Fey is also known for her work in film, including "Mean Girls" (2004), "Baby Mama" (2008), "Date Night" (2010), "Megamind" (2010), "Muppets Most Wanted" (2014), "Sisters" (2015), "Whiskey Tango Foxtrot" (2016), "Wine Country" (2019), and "Soul" (2020).


title: Tina Fey

text: Fey broke into comedy as a featured player in the Chicago-based improvisational comedy group The Second City. She joined "Saturday Night Live" ("SNL") as a writer, later becoming head writer and a performer, appearing as co-anchor in the "Weekend Update" segment and, later, developing a satirical portrayal of 2008 Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin in subsequent guest appearances. In 2004, she co-starred in and wrote the screenplay for "Mean Girls", which was adapted from the 2002 self-help book "Queen Bees and Wannabes". After leaving "SNL" in 2006, Fey created the television series "30 Rock" for Broadway Video, a sitcom loosely based on her experiences at "SNL". In the series, Fey starred as Liz Lemon, the head writer of a fictional sketch comedy series. In 2011, she released her memoir, "Bossypants", which topped "The New York Times Best Seller" list for five weeks and garnered her a Grammy Award nomination. In 2015, she co-created the Netflix comedy series "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt". Fey created the musical adaptation "Mean Girls", which premiered on Broadway in 2018, and earned her a Tony Award nomination.


title: Tina Fey

text: Fey has received numerous accolades, including nine Primetime Emmy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, five Screen Actors Guild Awards, and seven Writers Guild of America Awards. In 2008, the Associated Press gave Fey the AP Entertainer of the Year award for her Sarah Palin impression on "SNL". In 2010, Fey was awarded the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, becoming the youngest recipient of the award.


title: Tina Fey

text: Elizabeth Stamatina Fey was born on May 18, 1970 in Upper Darby Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. Her father, Donald Henry Fey, was a Korean War veteran, university administrator for the University of Pennsylvania and Thomas Jefferson University, and a grant proposal writer who raised $500 million for schools, hospitals, and public service agencies through proposals and direct mail appeals. Following her father's death, Fey established a scholarship fund in his name at his alma mater, Temple University, to support war veterans studying journalism. Her mother, Zenobia "Jeanne" ("née" Xenakes), is a retired brokerage employee born in Piraeus, Greece. Fey's maternal grandmother, Vasiliki Kourelakou, left the Greek village of Petrina on her own and arrived in the United States in February 1921. Fey's father had English, German, Irish and Scottish ancestry; one of her paternal ancestors was John Hewson, an English textile manufacturer who immigrated to the United States with the support of Benjamin Franklin, enabling Hewson to open a quilting factory in the Kensington neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. According to a genealogical DNA test arranged by the television series "Finding Your Roots", Fey's ancestry is 94% European, 3% Middle Eastern, and 3% from the Caucasus. She has a brother, Peter, who is eight years older.


title: Tina Fey

text: At age 11, Fey read Joe Franklin's "Seventy Years of Great Film Comedians" for a school project about comedy. She grew up watching "Second City Television" and has cited Catherine O'Hara as a role model.


title: Tina Fey

text: Fey went by the nickname "Tina" at an early age. She attended Cardington-Stonehurst Elementary School and Beverly Hills Middle School in Upper Darby. By middle school, she knew she was interested in comedy. Fey attended Upper Darby High School, where she was an honors student, a member of the choir, drama club, and tennis team, and co-editor of the school's newspaper, "The Acorn". She anonymously wrote the newspaper's satirical column, "The Colonel". Following her graduation in 1988, Fey enrolled at the University of Virginia, where she studied playwriting and acting and was awarded the Pettway Prize. She graduated in 1992 with a Bachelor of Arts, with a major in drama.


title: Tina Fey

text: After college, Fey moved to Chicago. She worked as a receptionist during the day at the YMCA in Evanston, Illinois, and took performance classes at the improvisational comedy troupe The Second City at night. Fey started doing gigs at Improv Olympic where she first worked with pianist Jeff Richmond, her future husband and collaborator. Both Fey and Richmond got jobs at Second City. Fey appeared in "the legendary revue 'Paradigm Lost', alongside the likes of Rachel Dratch, Kevin Dorff, Scott Adsit, Jenna Jolovitz and Jim Zulevic."


title: Tina Fey

text: While performing shows with The Second City in 1997, Fey submitted several scripts to NBC's variety show "Saturday Night Live", at the request of its head writer Adam McKay, a former performer at Second City. She was hired as a writer following a meeting with "SNL" creator Lorne Michaels, and moved from Chicago to New York. Fey told "The New Yorker", "I'd had my eye on the show forever, the way other kids have their eye on Derek Jeter." Originally, Fey "struggled" at "SNL". Her first sketch to air starred Chris Farley in a Sally Jessy Raphael satire. Fey went on to write a series of parodies, including one of ABC's morning talk show "The View". She co-wrote the "Sully and Denise" sketches with Rachel Dratch, who plays one of the teens.


title: Tina Fey

text: Fey was an extra in a 1998 episode, and after watching herself, decided to diet and lost 30 pounds. She told "The New York Times", "I was a completely normal weight, but I was here in New York City, I had money and I couldn't buy any clothes. After I lost weight, there was interest in putting me on camera." In 1999, McKay stepped down as head writer, which led Michaels to approach Fey for the position. She became "SNL"s first female head writer. In January 2001, she appeared on an episode of "Real World/Road Rules Extreme Challenge" as a judge of a comedy-based mission.


title: Tina Fey

text: In 2000, Fey began performing in sketches, and she and Jimmy Fallon became co-anchors of "SNL"s "Weekend Update" segment. Fey said she did not ask to audition, but that Michaels approached her. Michaels explained that there was chemistry between Fey and Fallon, though he felt the decision was "kind of risky" at the time. Her role in "Weekend Update" was well-received by critics. Ken Tucker of "Entertainment Weekly" wrote: "Fey delivers such blow darts – poison filled jokes written in long, precisely parsed sentences unprecedented in ["Weekend Update"] history – with such a bright, sunny countenance makes her all the more devilishly delightful." Dennis Miller, a former cast member of "SNL" and anchor of "Weekend Update", was pleased with Fey as one of the anchors: "Fey might be the best "Weekend Update" anchor who ever did it. She writes the funniest jokes." Robert Bianco of "USA Today", however, commented that he was "not enamored" of the pairing.


title: Tina Fey

text: In 2001, Fey and the rest of the writing staff won a Writers Guild of America Award for "SNL"s 25th anniversary special. The following year at the 2002 Emmy Awards ceremony, they won the Emmy for Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program.


title: Tina Fey

text: When Fallon left the show in May 2004, he was replaced on "Weekend Update" by Amy Poehler. It was the first time that two women co-anchored "Weekend Update". Fey revealed that she "hired" Poehler as her co-host for the segment. The reception was positive, with Rachel Sklar of the "Chicago Tribune" noting that the pairing "has been a hilarious, pitch-perfect success as they play off each other with quick one-liners and deadpan delivery".


title: Tina Fey

text: The 2005–2006 season was her last; she departed to develop "30 Rock" for Broadway Video. At the time she left, the 117 episodes she co-hosted made her "SNL"s longest-serving "Weekend Update" anchor, a mark that would later be passed by her replacement, Seth Meyers. In "Rolling Stone"s February 2015 appraisal of all 141 "SNL" cast members to date, Fey was ranked third in importance (behind John Belushi and Eddie Murphy). They credited her with "salvaging ["Weekend Update"] from a decade-long losing streak", and "slapping "SNL" out of its late-nineties coma."


title: Tina Fey

text: In 2002, Fey suggested a pilot episode for a situation comedy about a cable news network to NBC, which rejected it. The pilot was reworked to revolve around an "SNL" style series, and was accepted by NBC. She signed a contract with NBC in May 2003, which allowed her to continue in her position within "SNL" as head writer at least through the 2004–2005 television season. As part of the contract, Fey was to develop a prime-time project to be produced by Broadway Video and NBC Universal. The pilot, directed by Adam Bernstein, centered on Liz Lemon, the head writer of a variety show on NBC, and how she managed her relationships with the show's volatile stars and the new head of the network. In October 2006, the pilot aired on NBC as "30 Rock". Although the episode received generally favorable reviews, it finished third in its time slot.


title: Tina Fey

text: In 2007, Fey received an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series. The show itself won the 2007 Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series (and did so again for two subsequent years). In 2008, she won the Golden Globe, Screen Actors Guild, and Emmy awards all in the category for Best Actress in a Comedy Series. The following year, Fey again won the Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award in the same categories, and was nominated for an Emmy Award. In early 2010, Fey received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress, and won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Lead Actress. "30 Rock" returned for the 2011–2012 season, though due to Fey's pregnancy with her second child, the season premiere was delayed until midseason.


title: Tina Fey

text: Fey's performance on the show was inspired by Julia Louis-Dreyfus, and later used Louis-Dreyfus to play the stand-in for the character of Liz Lemon in flashback scenes during the live episode "Live Show" of the fifth season. After receiving 13 Emmy Award nominations and two wins for the final season, "30 Rock" ended its run with 112 Emmy Award nominations. It has been cited as one of the greatest TV series of all time and it is considered to have one of the greatest finales in television history.


title: Tina Fey

text: On June 16, 2020, it was announced that the show would be returning for a remotely-produced hourlong special, which aired on July 16, 2020.


title: Tina Fey

text: On June 23, 2020, Fey apologized for episodes of "30 Rock" where characters appeared in blackface. The episodes, which originally aired in seasons three, five, and six, were removed from streaming services and no longer shown in re-runs. In her apology, Fey wrote, "As we strive to do the work and do better in regards to race in America, we believe that these episodes featuring actors in race-changing make-up are best taken out of circulation."


title: Tina Fey

text: In 2015, Fey created and produced the television comedy "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" with fellow "30 Rock"-alumnus Robert Carlock. The series stars Ellie Kemper as the titular character who escapes from a doomsday cult and moves to New York City. It also stars Fey's former co-star Jane Krakowski, as well as Tituss Burgess (who had previously appeared in four "30 Rock" episodes) and Carol Kane. Although it was originally produced for NBC, it was eventually sold to Netflix and renewed for a second season. The show premiered on March 6, 2015, to critical acclaim.


title: Tina Fey

text: On July 16, 2015, the series was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Comedy Series. Fey was nominated both as the creator/executive producer of the series and for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her guest performance as Marcia, a bumbling prosecutor in reference to Marcia Clark.


title: Tina Fey

text: In the second season, Fey joined the cast in the role of Kimmy's psychiatrist Andrea Bayden, a role she reprised for season three. The season, along with the subsequent two seasons, were nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series, among other nominations. The fourth and final season concluded on January 25, 2019.


title: Tina Fey

text: On May 8, 2019, it was announced that the series would return with an interactive special, which premiered on May 12, 2020. The special was released to positive reviews from critics and earned a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie.


title: Tina Fey

text: In 2002, Fey appeared in the surreal comedy "Martin & Orloff". She made her debut as writer and co-star of the 2004 teen comedy "Mean Girls". Characters and behaviors in the film are based on Fey's high school life at Upper Darby High School and on the non-fiction book "Queen Bees and Wannabes" by Rosalind Wiseman. The cast includes other past cast members of "SNL" including Tim Meadows, Ana Gasteyer, and Amy Poehler. The film received favorable reviews, and was a box office success, grossing US$129 million worldwide.


title: Tina Fey

text: In a 2004 interview, Fey expressed a desire to write and direct films. In 2006, Fey worked on a script for Paramount Pictures, which was to feature Sacha Baron Cohen, by the name of "Curly Oxide and Vic Thrill", based loosely on the true story of a Hasidic rock musician. In 2007, she was cast in the animated comedy film "Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters" as the Aqua Teens' mother, a giant burrito.


title: Tina Fey

text: She received her SAG card after appearing in "Artie Lange's Beer League" released in 2006, in which she was compelled to join for "a thousand dollars".


title: Tina Fey

text: Fey and former "SNL" castmate Amy Poehler starred in the 2008 comedy "Baby Mama". The film was written and directed by Michael McCullers. The plot concerns Kate (Fey), a business woman, who wants a child but, discovering she has only a million-to-one chance of getting pregnant, decides to find a surrogate: Angie (Poehler), an obnoxious schemer. "Baby Mama" received mixed reviews, but critics enjoyed Fey's performance. Todd McCarthy of "Variety" wrote: "Fey is a delight to watch throughout. Able to convey Kate's intentions and feelings through the simple looks and inflections, she never melodramatizes her situation; nor does her efficient, perfectionist side become overbearing." The movie grossed over US$64 million at the box office.


title: Tina Fey

text: Fey's projects after 2008 include a voice role in the English-language version of the Japanese animated film "Ponyo". In 2009, she appeared in "The Invention of Lying". Her next film role was in Shawn Levy's 2010 comedy "Date Night", a feature that focuses on a married couple, played by Fey and Steve Carell, who go on a date; however, the night goes awry for the two. Also in the same year, she voiced Roxanne Ritchie, a television reporter, in the DreamWorks animated film "Megamind" (2010). With a total worldwide gross of US$321 million, "Megamind" is Fey's most commercially successful picture to date. It earned US$173 million outside the U.S. and US$148 million domestically.


title: Tina Fey

text: In 2013, Fey starred alongside Paul Rudd in the romantic comedy-drama film "Admission", based on the Jean Hanff Korelitz novel by the same name. The film was directed by Paul Weitz. Fey later starred in the 2014 comedy-drama "This Is Where I Leave You", helmed by "Date Night" director Shawn Levy. As was the case with "Baby Mama", although both of these films received generally mixed reviews, Fey's performances were well received by film critics.


title: Tina Fey

text: In 2015, it was announced Fey would be the narrator for the Disney Nature film "Monkey Kingdom", which was released in theaters on April 17, 2015. She again worked with Poehler, starring in the 2015 comedy film "Sisters" as the title characters, and received positive reviews for her role. In 2016, Fey starred in the biographical war comedy-drama "Whiskey Tango Foxtrot", based on the memoir "The Taliban Shuffle: Strange Days in Afghanistan and Pakistan", to mixed reviews, with some criticizing the whitewashing of characters of color in the film. Fey dedicated the film to her late father, Don Fey, a veteran, writer, university administrator, and firefighter.


title: Tina Fey

text: Fey had a supporting role in the comedy film "Wine Country", longtime collaborator Amy Poehler's directorial debut, which was released on Netflix in 2019. In August 2019, it was announced that Fey would voice 22, the co-lead role in the Pixar fantasy comedy adventure film "Soul", which was released on Disney+ in December 2020 to critical acclaim. The film went on to receive three Academy Award nominations, including a win for Best Animated Feature. For her performance, Fey won the Critics' Choice Super Award for Best Voice Actress in an Animated Movie.


title: Tina Fey

text: In 2022, Tina Fey was announced as a cast member in Kenneth Branagh's "A Haunting in Venice", his third featuring Hercule Poirot and based on Agatha Christie novels, set to release in 2023. Fey is a part of the ensemble, alongside Michelle Yeoh and Jamie Dornan.


title: Tina Fey

text: On February 23, 2008, Fey hosted the first episode of "SNL" after the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. For this appearance, she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the category of Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program. Fey hosted "SNL" for a second time on April 10, 2010, and for her appearance she received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series.


title: Tina Fey

text: From September to November 2008, Fey made multiple guest appearances on "SNL" to perform a series of parodies of Republican vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin. On the 34th-season premiere episode, aired September 13, 2008, Fey imitated Palin in a sketch, alongside Amy Poehler as Hillary Clinton. Their repartee included Clinton needling Palin about her "Tina Fey glasses". The sketch quickly became NBC's most-watched viral video, with 5.7 million views by the following Wednesday. Fey reprised this role on the show of October 4, on the show of October 18 where she was joined by the real Sarah Palin, and on the show of November 1, where she was joined by John McCain and his wife Cindy. The show of October 18 had the best ratings of any "SNL" show since 1994. The following year Fey won an Emmy in the category of Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her impersonation of Palin. Fey returned to "SNL" in April 2010, and reprised her impression of Palin in one sketch titled the "Sarah Palin Network". Fey once again did her impression of Palin when she hosted "Saturday Night Live" on May 8, 2011. She hosted again on September 28, 2013. Fey returned to host on December 19, 2015, for which she won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series. Her most recent hosting appearance was on May 19, 2018, during which she revived her Sarah Palin impression.


title: Tina Fey

text: She served as one of the presenters on the December 18, 2021 episode hosted by Paul Rudd, in an emergency restructuring of the episode due to a surge in cases of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. This included her doing Weekend Update with incumbent co-anchor Michael Che.


title: Tina Fey

text: In December 2009, "Entertainment Weekly" put her Palin impersonation on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list, writing, "Fey's freakishly spot-on "SNL" impersonation of the wannabe VP (and her ability to strike a balance between comedy and cruelty) made for truly transcendent television." "Rolling Stone" called her Palin impression "[arguably] the most brilliant move "SNL" ever made".


title: Tina Fey

text: In 1997, Fey and other members of The Second City provided voices for the pinball game "Medieval Madness".


title: Tina Fey

text: In 2000, Fey partnered with fellow "SNL" cast member Rachel Dratch in the Off Broadway two-woman show "Dratch & Fey" at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater in New York City. The production was well received by critics. Tim Townsend of "The Wall Street Journal" wrote that the fun part of watching Fey and Dratch perform was "seeing how comfortable they are with each other". He concluded that the production "isn't about two women being funny ... Dratch and Fey are just funny. Period." One of the "SNL" sketches, "Sully and Denise", originated at The Second City.


title: Tina Fey

text: In 2001, Fey formed the television production company Little Stranger with longtime collaborator Eric Gurian. It produces many projects Fey is featured in, including the sitcoms "30 Rock" and "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt".


title: Tina Fey

text: On August 13, 2007, Fey made a guest appearance in the "Sesame Street" episode "The Bookaneers". She appeared as a guest judge on the November 25, 2007, episode of the Food Network program "Iron Chef America".


title: Tina Fey

text: Fey has appeared as Tinker Bell in Disney's campaign "Year of a Million Dreams." She has also done commercials for American Express and Garnier Nutrisse. Fey also had guest voice roles in the animated comedy series "SpongeBob SquarePants" and "Phineas and Ferb".


title: Tina Fey

text: On April 5, 2011, Fey's autobiography, "Bossypants", was released to a positive review from "The New York Times". Critic Janet Maslin reviewed the book, saying that ""Bossypants" isn't a memoir. It's a spiky blend of humor, introspection, critical thinking and Nora Ephron-isms for a new generation."


title: Tina Fey

text: In 2011, Fey narrated "The Secret Life of Girls", a two-hour-long radio documentary produced by The Kitchen Sisters. She introduced stories of women and girls from around the world, and also shared memories of her own girlhood and mother.


title: Tina Fey

text: In 2012, Fey made her rapping debut on the Childish Gambino (Donald Glover) mixtape "Royalty". Glover is a former writer on "30 Rock", on which he worked with Fey. That same year, Fey was featured as herself in the episode "iShock America" of the Nickelodeon teen sitcom "iCarly".


title: Tina Fey

text: On January 13, 2013, Fey hosted the 70th Golden Globe Awards with Amy Poehler, to critical acclaim. The duo hosted again in 2014 and 2015, generating the highest ratings for the annual ceremony in a decade and receiving similar acclaim.


title: Tina Fey

text: In 2015, Fey guest starred in the Comedy Central variety sketch series "Inside Amy Schumer", alongside Julia Louis-Dreyfus and Patricia Arquette. In 2016, she had guest roles in the NBC variety series "Maya & Marty" and the Hulu dark comedy series "Difficult People".


title: Tina Fey

text: In 2017, Fey recurred as Diana St. Tropez on the NBC sitcom "Great News", which she co-executive produced. Also in 2017, Fey adapted "Mean Girls" into a musical of the same name. It opened on Broadway in 2018, receiving twelve Tony Award nominations, including a nomination for Best Book of a Musical for Fey. In January 2020, producers of the stage musical announced that it was being adapted as a feature film by Paramount Pictures.


title: Tina Fey

text: Fey co-created, wrote and executive produced the NBC sitcom "Mr. Mayor", starring Ted Danson and Holly Hunter. The series premiered in January 2021. In February 2021, Fey returned to co-host the 78th Golden Globe Awards with Amy Poehler, for the first ever bi-coastal show. Fey was broadcast live from the Rainbow Room in New York City and Poehler from the usual venue at The Beverly Hilton in Los Angeles. Fey executive produced the Peacock musical comedy series "Girls5eva", which premiered in May 2021 to critical acclaim. She additionally guest starred in an episode of the series as Dolly Parton. Also in 2021, Fey had a recurring role as Cinda Canning, a true crime podcaster, in the Hulu mystery comedy series "Only Murders in the Building". Further, Fey reprised her role as 22 in "22 vs. Earth" in the same year.


title: Tina Fey

text: In March 2020, Netflix announced a 20-episode order for the animated sitcom "Mulligan", with Fey as executive producer, working with frequent collaborators Sam Means and Robert Carlock.


title: Tina Fey

text: Fey is known for her deadpan humor and delivery; her "sardonic wit" has become a professional trademark, upon which several critics have commented in their reviews of Fey's work. According to "Los Angeles Times" critic Mary McNamara, Fey "project[s] both oblivious security and hyper-alert insecurity with the same expression" in her performances, while "The Chronicle"'s Dillon Fernando wrote that the actress specializes in "delectable, situational and ironic comedy". On Fey's comedic prowess, "Saturday Night Live" creator Lorne Michaels enthused that his former employee "has a very clear take on things ... It always comes from a place of intelligence and there is just an edge to it." Michaels concluded, "It's not fearful. It's strong and confident and you recognise the voice and most of the time you agree with it." Writing for "The Guardian", Christopher Goodwin believes that Fey "fashioned her comic persona around her glasses," which she has worn since 1995; Fey joked that "Glasses make anyone look smarter."


title: Tina Fey

text: Seldom hesitating to use herself as the butt of her own jokes, Fey is also well known for practicing self-deprecating humor, as demonstrated throughout her performance as Liz Lemon in "30 Rock". In an article ranking Fey's six greatest jokes, David Renshaw of "The Guardian" wrote that the performer's work continues to feature her "trademark mix of snark, self-deprecation, and pop-culture smarts." Fey's self-deprecating comedic style inspired Ashley Fetters of "The Atlantic" to recognize her as comedian Phyllis Diller's successor because of their similar humor. Critics have been divided in their opinions and discussions of Fey's use of self-deprecating humor, and its effect on women as a female comic; while blogger Kate Harding disapproved of Fey's performance in "30 Rock" because "I'm torn between being sad that she apparently doesn't see [beauty] in herself and being pissed off that she's reinforcing the idea that having brown hair, glasses, and a figure that's maybe a size 2 instead of a 0 actually equals ugly," Jessica G. of "Jezebel" defended the actress, writing that Fey's performance is "supposed to be "parodying" precisely the kinds of media that reinforce ideas that unconventional women are unworthy." Writing that Harding misunderstood Fey's intentions, the author concluded that her self-deprecation "is "precisely" what makes her relatable", elaborating that "[women] have many moments of self-doubt, and seeing someone as successful as Tina Fey be self-deprecating gives us all permission to be imperfect." Sophie Caldecott of "Verily" defended Fey's modesty and tendency to downplay her own physical appearance: "She mocks her own appearance, sure, but she does so in a way that consistently shows up our culture for placing so much importance on how women look, as if that's the most interesting thing about us ... Her comic persona on "30 Rock", Liz Lemon, can be laughed at for many things, but her career managerial style and ability is not one of them." Caldecott concluded, "In reality, self-deprecation is an art that comedians everywhere dabble in ... In fact, I defy you to find a good male comedian who isn't a master of self-deprecation. Comedians make fun of themselves for many reasons, mostly because it is the most readily accessible source of inspiration but also because it is the most generous one." Observing that Fey's material lacks "whining", Gina Barreca of the "Hartford Courant" wrote that Fey's comedy "is not simply an iteration of self-deprecating femininity passing itself off as humor. In itself, this demarcates the current generation of female humorists from earlier generations of performers who were told, more or less, to use themselves not as a sounding board for ideas but as a punching bag for insults." Fey has also garnered criticism for being politically incorrect, but she defends her right to write borderline jokes, saying that she has chosen to "opt out" of the culture of demanding apologies.


title: Tina Fey

text: As an actress, Fey has developed a reputation for portraying "the hilarious, self-deprecating unmarried career woman" in most of her films to-date. "The Boston Globe"s Janice Paige defended her limited filmography by writing that, unlike most film actors, Fey remains "realistic about her range as a leading lady and says she's been deliberate about only taking on parts for which she actually seems suited." Fey explained that she approaches each role asking herself, "Would I be plausible in this role, in this job?" However, her role as Kate Ellis in 2015's "Sisters" provided Fey with an opportunity to stray from playing the type-A female characters for which she has become known. "The New York Times" film critic A. O. Scott wrote, "We're used to seeing Ms. Fey ... as an anxious overthinker using her caustic sarcasm as a weapon against both her own insecurities and the flakes and train wrecks who surround her. This time, she gets to be the train wreck." In "30 Rock", Fey's acting was influenced by both physical and improvisational comedy while, as a writer, her "carefully written scripts" were often quirky and character-driven.


title: Tina Fey

text: Fey stated that some of the artists who inspired her in her career include British feminist playwright Caryl Churchill, comedian Chris Rock, and composer and lyricist Stephen Sondheim.


title: Tina Fey

text: In 2001, "Entertainment Weekly" named Fey as one of their Entertainers of the Year for her work on "Weekend Update". In 2007, she was named one of the magazine's Entertainers of the Year, and placed number two in 2008. In 2009, Fey was named as "Entertainment Weekly"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s fifth individual in their 15 Entertainers of the 2000s list. In 2013, "Entertainment Weekly" crowned Fey as "The Once and Future Queen" (an allusion to "The Once and Future King") in their feature on "Women Who Run TV," calling her "the funniest woman in the free world." "EW" quoted Mindy Kaling as saying, "I always feel unoriginal bringing up Tina as my inspiration, but she's everyone's inspiration for a reason." The column also quoted praise by Zooey Deschanel and Lena Dunham.


title: Tina Fey

text: In 2002, Fey was ranked in the Hot 100 List at number 80 on "Maxim" magazine, which used photos taken earlier by "Rolling Stone" calling her "the thinking man's sex symbol". She was named one of "People magazine's" 50 Most Beautiful People in 2003, and continued as one of "People" magazine's 100 Most Beautiful People in 2007, 2008, and 2009. In 2007, Fey placed seventh on the Hot 100 List on AfterEllen.com. She repeated the appearance the following year, being voted as number one on the list.


title: Tina Fey

text: The newspaper editors and broadcast producers of the Associated Press voted Fey the AP Entertainer of the Year as the performer who had the greatest impact on culture and entertainment in 2008, citing her impression of Sarah Palin on "SNL". She has appeared on "Forbes"<nowiki>'</nowiki> annual Celebrity 100 list of the 100 most powerful celebrities in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 at No. 99, No. 86, No. 90, No. 92, and No. 79 respectively.


title: Tina Fey

text: Fey was among the Time 100, a list of the 100 most influential people in the world, in 2007 and 2009, as selected annually by "Time" magazine. Fey's featured article for the 2009 list was written by "30 Rock" co-star, Alec Baldwin. She was selected by Barbara Walters as one of America's 10 Most Fascinating People of 2008.


title: Tina Fey

text: In September 2011, Fey was ranked at the top of Forbes magazine's list of the highest-paid TV actresses. In June 2010, it was announced Fey would receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2011. In 2014, Fey was recognized by "Elle magazine" during The Women in Hollywood Awards, honoring women for their outstanding achievements in film, spanning all aspects of the motion picture industry, including acting, directing, and producing.


title: Tina Fey

text: Fey is a supporter of Mercy Corps, a global relief and development organization, in their campaign to end world hunger. Fey narrated a video for Mercy Corps's Action Center in New York City, describing hunger as a symptom of many wider world problems. She also supports the Love Our Children USA organization, which fights violence against children, who named her among their Mothers Who Make a Difference, in 2009. She was the 2009 national spokesperson for the Light the Night Walk, which benefits the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.


title: Tina Fey

text: Fey has granted wishes for The Make-A-Wish Foundation and hosted the 2018 Power of a Wish Gala in New York City.


title: Tina Fey

text: In 1994, two years after Fey joined Chicago's Second City improvisational theatre troupe, she began dating Jeff Richmond, a pianist who later became Second City's musical director and then a composer on "30 Rock". They married in a Greek Orthodox ceremony on June 3, 2001. They have two daughters, Alice Zenobia and Penelope Athena. In April 2009, Fey and Richmond purchased a US$3.4 million apartment on the Upper West Side in New York City.


title: Tina Fey

text: Fey has a scar a few inches long on the left side of her chin and cheek, the cause of which remained unexplained to the public until a 2009 "Vanity Fair" profile by Maureen Dowd and subsequently in her autobiographic book, where she revealed that "during the spring semester of kindergarten, I was slashed in the face by a stranger in the alley behind my house."


title: Tina Fey

text: In 2020, Fey revealed on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" that she called the police to help a man who was drifting in a kayak without an oar on the Hudson River, saving his life according to reports.


title: Tina Fey

text: Among her numerous accolades, Fey has won nine Primetime Emmy Awards, three Golden Globes, five Screen Actors Guild Awards, seven Writers Guild Awards, and three Producers Guild Awards. She has also been nominated for a Grammy Award and a Tony Award.


title: Tina Fey

text: In 2008, she received the AP Entertainer of the Year Award from the Associated Press. In 2010, Fey was awarded the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, becoming the youngest-ever recipient of the award, and it was announced that she would receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2011. In 2018, Fey received the Herb Sargent Award for Comedy Excellence from the Writers Guild of America together with frequent collaborator Robert Carlock.


title: Imogen Poots

text: Imogen Gay Poots (born 3 June 1989) is an English actress and model. She played Tammy in the post-apocalyptic horror film "28 Weeks Later" (2007), Linda Keith in the Jimi Hendrix biopic "" (2013), Debbie Raymond in the Paul Raymond biopic "The Look of Love" (2013), and Julia Maddon in the American action film "Need for Speed" (2014). Also in 2014, she portrayed Jesse Crichton in "A Long Way Down", alongside Pierce Brosnan and Aaron Paul. In 2016, she starred as Kelly Ann in the Showtime series "Roadies". In 2020, she played Laura in the Academy Award winning "The Father" (2020), which starred Anthony Hopkins and Olivia Colman.


title: Imogen Poots

text: Poots was born at the Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital in Hammersmith, London, the daughter of Trevor Poots, a current affairs television producer from Belfast, and Fiona Goodall, a journalist and voluntary worker from Bolton. She has an older brother, Alex, who is a model.


title: Imogen Poots

text: Raised in Chiswick, West London, Poots was privately educated, attending Bute House Preparatory School for Girls in Brook Green, Queen's Gate School in South Kensington, and Latymer Upper School in Hammersmith. While intending to become a veterinary surgeon, she began spending Saturdays at an improvisation workshop hosted by the Young Blood Theatre Company at the Riverside Studios in Hammersmith. She abandoned her original career aspiration after fainting at the sight of veterinary surgery during work experience. Attaining three A grades at A-level, she won a place at the Courtauld Institute of Art in 2008, but had it deferred for two years in order to pursue her acting career.


title: Imogen Poots

text: Poots first appeared on-screen in a 2004 episode of "Casualty" and had a non-speaking role in 2005 in "V for Vendetta", but she was largely unknown when, at the age of 17, Juan Carlos Fresnadillo cast her in the horror film "28 Weeks Later", released in 2007. Since then, she has appeared in films such as "Cracks" in 2009, "Centurion" in 2010, and as the female lead in the 2011 remake of "Fright Night" alongside Anton Yelchin. Although Poots has never formally trained as an actress, according to Giles Hattersley, she developed her acting skills through a practical apprenticeship that may have served her well, as she is "compellingly natural" in front of the camera.


title: Imogen Poots

text: In 2011, she was chosen by fashion house Chloé to appear in a campaign for its eponymous fragrance shot by Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin. In 2012, she was selected to star in a Sofia Coppola-directed advertising campaign for a collaboration between fashion label Marni and high street retailer H&M.


title: Imogen Poots

text: In 2012, Poots played the acrimonious young violinist Alexandra Gelbart opposite Catherine Keener and Philip Seymour Hoffman in "A Late Quartet". In 2013, she appeared in "Greetings from Tim Buckley", "Filth", "The Look of Love", and portrayed Linda Keith in the Jimi Hendrix biopic "", alongside André Benjamin as Hendrix. In 2014, Poots starred in the romantic comedy "That Awkward Moment" and action film "Need for Speed", an adaptation of the video game series, and played Jess in the black comedy "A Long Way Down". In 2015, she appeared in "She's Funny That Way" with Jennifer Aniston and "Knight of Cups" with Cate Blanchett, has been cast in the adaptation of Jess Walter's novel "Beautiful Ruins", and reunited with Yelchin for "Green Room". In 2016, she starred as Kelly Ann in the Showtime series "Roadies".


title: Imogen Poots

text: In 2017, she played Honey in "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", which was broadcast via National Theatre Live on 18 May 2017 from the Harold Pinter Theatre in the London West End. Also that year, Poots starred in the Amy Herzog play "Belleville" at the Donmar Warehouse opposite James Norton.


title: Mel B

text: Melanie Janine Brown (born 29 May 1975), commonly known as Melanie B or Mel B, is an English singer, songwriter, and television personality. She rose to fame in the 1990s as a member of the girl group Spice Girls, in which she was nicknamed Scary Spice. With over 100 million records sold worldwide, the group became the best-selling female group of all time.


title: Mel B

text: During the Spice Girls hiatus, Mel B released her debut solo album, "Hot" (2000). The album's lead single, "I Want You Back", reached number one on the UK Singles Chart, and was included on the soundtrack for the 1998 film "Why Do Fools Fall in Love". Other singles from the album, such as "Tell Me" and "Feels So Good", both reached the top 5 in the UK charts. After signing with the independent label Amber Café, she released her second solo album, "L.A. State of Mind" (2005), which spawned the single, "Today". Mel B released "For Once in My Life" in 2013, her first single in eight years; it peaked at No. 2 on the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Songs chart.


title: Mel B

text: Since 2007, Mel B has established herself as a television personality and talent-show judge. She participated in the fifth season of the American dance-competition series "Dancing with the Stars" (2007), finishing in second place with her professional partner, Maksim Chmerkovskiy. Between 2011 and 2016, Mel B served as a guest and main judge on the Australian and British versions of "The X Factor". She also co-presented the Australian version of "Dancing with the Stars" for one season (2012). Mel B judged on the NBC reality show "America's Got Talent" (2013–2018), served as a coach and mentor on "The Voice Kids Australia" (2014) and judged on "The Masked Singer Australia" (2022). From 2016 to 2018, she presented "Lip Sync Battle UK" alongside rapper Professor Green. In 2022, she co-presented BBC documentary series "Trailblazers: A Rocky Mountain Road Trip" alongside Ruby Wax and Emily Atack.


title: Mel B

text: Mel B has also appeared in various films, including "Spice World" (1997), "LD 50 Lethal Dose" (2003), "The Seat Filler" (2005), "Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast" (2014), "" (2017), "Killing Hasselhoff" (2017) and "Love Should Not Hurt" (2021).


title: Mel B

text: Melanie Janine Brown was born in Hyde Park, Leeds, and grew up in the Kirkstall area of the city, the daughter of Andrea (née Dixon) and Martin Brown. Her father is from Saint Kitts and Nevis and her mother is British. Through her mother, Brown is a first cousin of actor and director Christian Cooke; Cooke's mother, Di, and Brown's mother, Andrea, are sisters. Brown studied performing arts at Intake High School in Bramley, Leeds before entering the entertainment industry. For a time, she worked as a dancer in Blackpool, Lancashire. Melanie has also confirmed in an interview that she has dyslexia, ADHD, and dyspraxia.


title: Mel B

text: In 1994, Brown, along with Mel C, Geri Halliwell and Victoria Adams responded to an advertisement in "The Stage" magazine. Around 400 women who answered the advertisement attended auditions at Danceworks Studios in Mayfair, London. Halliwell, Chisholm, Adams, Brown, and Michelle Stephenson were originally chosen as the members of the group which was known as Touch. When Stephenson left she was replaced by Emma Bunton. The group felt insecure about the lack of a contract and were frustrated by the direction in which Heart Management was going and broke with them. In 1995, they toured record labels in London and Los Angeles and after teaming up with music manager Simon Fuller they signed a deal with Virgin Records and the group name was changed to Spice Girls. Their debut album, "Spice", was a huge worldwide commercial success, peaked at number one in more than 17 countries, and was certified multi-platinum in 27 countries. The album centred on the idea of "Girl Power", and was compared to Beatlemania. In total the album sold 30 million copies worldwide and became the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group and one of the most successful albums of all time. The first single, "Wannabe", reached number one in 37 countries and all the following singles – "Say You'll Be There", "2 Become 1", "Who Do You Think You Are" and "Mama" – also peaked at number one in United Kingdom.


title: Mel B

text: In 1997, they released their second album, "Spiceworld", and their first two singles "Spice Up Your Life" and "Too Much", entered the UK Albums Chart at number one, making seven consecutive number one hit singles, an all-time record for a musical group. The album was a global best seller, selling 20 million copies worldwide. The group also starred in their own film, "Spiceworld: The Movie", which grossed $100 million worldwide. The next single, "Stop", peaked at two, breaking the sequence of number ones. "Viva Forever", another number one, was the last single before Geri Halliwell's departure from the group in May 1998. As a four-piece, the group released "Goodbye" in late 1998. It topped the UK Singles Chart and became their third consecutive Christmas number-one – equaling the record previously set by The Beatles. Before the split of the Spice Girls, Brown went on to release music with Virgin Records, the label she was signed to when a member of the Spice Girls. "I Want You Back" charted at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart, and also had success around the globe. The song was recorded for the soundtrack of the film "Why Do Fools Fall in Love". The single sold 218,000 copies and became the 82nd Bestselling British Single of the year.


title: Mel B

text: In 1999, while recording her album, Brown worked with producers such as Sisqó, Teddy Riley, and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis (Janet Jackson, Prince), with whom she was also working on the Spice Girls' third album, "Forever". At the suggestion of her then-husband Jimmy Gulzar, Brown covered Cameo's 1986 hit "Word Up" as her next solo release. The track was already released on the soundtrack to "". The song charted poorly, peaking at fourteen on the UK Singles Chart making it the lowest-charting Spice Girls-related single of the 90s. Turning to television work, she hosted "Pure Naughty", a weekly BBC2 magazine show focusing on black music. She also hosted the MOBO Awards on two occasions, in 1998 with Bill Bellamy and in 1999 with Wyclef Jean, and took part in a BBC-funded short film entitled "Fish". She hosted a number of TV shows such as "This Is My Moment" (a talent show) for ITV1 and shot a documentary called "Voodoo Princess" for Channel 4. She took part in smaller projects as a presenter such as "Top of the Pops", Party in the Park for The Prince's Trust and "The All Star Animal Awards". She has appeared as herself in an advert for the Yorkshire tourist board in a series which included contributions from other Yorkshire-born celebrities, and in the film "Happy Birthday Oscar Wilde".


title: Mel B

text: Brown's debut album, "Hot" was released in October 2000, a month before the final Spice Girls album, "Forever" was released. Following the release of "Forever", which was far less successful than their previous two albums, the Spice Girls stopped recording and the members began investing more time into their solo careers. The lead single from "Hot", "Tell Me", debuted at No. 4 in the UK charts with about 40,000 copies sold in its first week of release. It sold approximately 100,000 copies, making it the 158th "best seller" of 2000. Further singles were released in February 2001; "Feels So Good" which had peaked at No. 5, followed by a "Lullaby", a pop number dedicated to her daughter. It was accompanied by a video shot in Morocco and featured Brown with Phoenix Chi. The media criticised Brown for using her child in the music video and single artwork, labeling her "Desperate Spice" and insinuating that she was exploiting her child as a marketing tool. The single entered and peaked at No. 13. The album was not a success and garnered mediocre reviews, selling a disappointing 7,419 copies in its first week and charting at a weak No. 28 leading to Virgin dumping Brown from their label. In 2002, Brown released her autobiography, "Catch a Fire", which reached No. 7 in the official books chart, and saw her touring the UK to promote it with a run of book signings. In 2003 Brown's first movie role came in the form of a British drama, "Burn It." She appeared in a horror film entitled, "LD 50 Lethal Dose", which was released directly to DVD in 2005. She acted in a long run of shows as part of the cast for "The Vagina Monologues". She was in the movie "The Seat Filler", co-produced by Will Smith and starring Destiny's Child star Kelly Rowland. In April 2004, Brown was approached to take part in the musical "Rent" as Mimi Marquez In Netherlands.


title: Mel B

text: After "Rent", Brown became interested in recording new songs. Since her breakup with Virgin in 2001, she remained distant from music, not interested in a return. She had a leading role in the thriller "Telling Lies", and decided to release them a year later through an independent label, Amber Café. The only single from the album, "Today", saw a UK release in June 2005. "Today" entered the singles chart at No. 41, selling around 1,000 copies in its first week. The album, "LA State of Mind", was released on 27 June 2005 in two formats: as a regular CD and as a limited edition with a 30-minute DVD documentary detailing Brown's life in Los Angeles. In a scathing review, AllMusic stated that this album was one of the worst pop albums of the decade. The album was also released with a bonus DVD featuring an in-depth documentary filmed and directed by Mark McConnell. Brown said she did not sign with a major label because the album was a non-commercial project. She also shied away from recording in an R&B or hip hop style again, instead focusing on using adult themes and rhythms such as in acoustic music following an appearance in the film "Love Thy Neighbor".


title: Mel B

text: In September 2007, Brown joined the fifth season of the US television dance competition, "Dancing with the Stars" with her partner Maksim Chmerkovskiy. On 27 November 2007, they took second place in the show, losing to Hélio Castroneves and his partner, Julianne Hough. That year, the Spice Girls re-grouped and announced plans for a reunion tour, from which they were said to have earned £10 million each (approximately $20 million). The band said that they are still enjoying doing their "own thing". The group decided to release their first compilation album, "Greatest Hits", in early November 2007 and the tour began on 2 December 2007. During one Spice Girls performance at London's The O2 Arena, the band's children, including Brown's children accompanied her on stage during "Mama", along with the other Spice Girls' children. During the reformation filmmaker Bob Smeaton directed an official film of the tour entitled "Spice Girls: Giving You Everything". As well as their sell-out tour, the Spice Girls were contracted to appear in Tesco advertisements, for which they were paid £1 million each.


title: Mel B

text: In April 2009, Brown joined actress and former "Dancing with the Stars" champion Kelly Monaco as original stars of a Las Vegas revue called "Peepshow" at the Las Vegas Planet Hollywood Hotel and Casino. On 17 August 2009, Brown was announced as a visiting panellist on ITV1's daily lunchtime show "Loose Women". She appeared for a week of shows during September 2009. In January 2010, Brown was selected to replace Marissa Jaret Winokur as the new host of Oxygen's weight loss show "Dance Your Ass Off". In September 2010, her own reality show aired on the Style Network called "." In November 2010, the virtual computer game "Get Fit with Mel B", was released in North America and Europe. Brown served as a celebrity mentor on the second season of the Australian version of "The X Factor" during week 8 of the live shows in 2010. During the results show, she performed a duet with the remaining five acts singing "Stop" originally by the Spice Girls.


title: Mel B

text: In April 2011, it was announced that Brown would replace Kyle Sandilands as a judge for the third series of the Australian version of "The X Factor" alongside Ronan Keating, Guy Sebastian and fellow new judge Natalie Bassingthwaighte (who replaced Natalie Imbruglia). For her first series on the show, she was given the Girls category. In February 2012, Brown was announced to replace Sonia Kruger as co-host on the Australian version of "Dancing with the Stars". In February of that year, rumours circled of a Spice Girls reunion. Brown revealed that the band were working on some projects for later in the year, including a musical featuring their back catalogue.


title: Mel B

text: On 31 March, it was announced that Brown signed a global partnership with EMI Music Australia for the release of her third studio album, but she later broke from the contract.


title: Mel B

text: Brown returned for the fourth series of "The X Factor" and mentored the Boys category. Her act Jason Owen reached the final, but finished in second place after losing out to Samantha Jade, mentored by Guy Sebastian. In June 2012, it was confirmed that Brown would become a guest judge for the Manchester auditions of the British version of "The X Factor" alongside Louis Walsh, Gary Barlow and Tulisa Contostavlos.


title: Mel B

text: In July 2012, Brown reunited with the Spice Girls for a one-off performance at the 2012 Summer Olympics Closing Ceremony in London, performing a medley of their hits "Wannabe" and "Spice Up Your Life". The performance was the most tweeted moment of the entire Olympics with over 116,000 tweets on Twitter per minute. Later in the year, the Spice Girls reunited again to launch and attend the premiere of "Viva Forever!". In addition to the promotion of the musical, the group appeared in the documentary, "Spice Girls' Story: Viva Forever!" which aired on 24 December 2012 on ITV1.


title: Mel B

text: In March 2013 it was confirmed that Brown would judge "Australia's Got Talent" along with Dawn French. The same month, it was confirmed that Brown would not return as a judge for the fifth season of "The X Factor" due to her commitments with "Australia's Got Talent". Brown was replaced by Dannii Minogue. On 9 April 2013, the Australian Associated Press reported that Brown was off the chain and banned from judging on "Australia's Got Talent" after Seven, the Australian TV network that airs "The X Factor", filed suit to prevent Brown from appearing on any rival networks. The judge ruled that Brown was still under contract with Seven until January 2014, thus preventing her from appearing on a program aired by another network until after that date. The Nine Network confirmed rumours on 29 April that they had hired former Spice Girl Geri Halliwell to replace Brown.


title: Mel B

text: She had a small part in the final episode of the ITV2 drama series "Secret Diary of a Call Girl". In 2013, she returned to acting in the Lifetime movie "Twelve Trees of Christmas". From August to September 2013, she became a judge on the televised dancing show, "Stepping Out", alongside choreographers Wayne Sleep and Jason Gardiner. That month, Brown released her first single in eight years, "For Once in My Life", from her untitled and unreleased third studio album. The single peaked at No.2 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs charts.


title: Mel B

text: On 20 February 2013, NBC had announced that Brown would be a judge on "America's Got Talent" for its eighth season, alongside Howie Mandel, Howard Stern, fellow new judge Heidi Klum, and eventually Simon Cowell, who replaced Stern in 2016. Brown had replaced Sharon Osbourne. She judged seasons 8 through 13, and the first season of "" before her departure was announced in February 2019 and replaced by Gabrielle Union.


title: Mel B

text: In late 2014, she appeared on "The Big Fat Quiz of the Year" and a sketch with the cast of Coronation Street for charity telethon Text Santa.


title: Mel B

text: Early 2014, Brown become a coach on the Australian version of "The Voice Kids", alongside singers Joel Madden and Delta Goodrem. In June, she was confirmed as the fourth judge for the eleventh series of the British version of "The X Factor", replacing Nicole Scherzinger. Emma Bunton joined her in Cancun, Mexico for the judges' houses stage of "The X Factor".


title: Mel B

text: In December 2014, it was announced that Brown would miss "The X Factor" final due to illness. In the same year, Brown became a guest co-host on the Breakfast program of Sydney radio station 2Day FM, alongside Jules Lund, Merrick Watts and Sophie Monk. Brown's and co-hosts replaced top hosts Kyle and Jackie O who moved to a rival station.


title: Mel B

text: On 16 June 2015, it was confirmed that she would not return for the twelfth series of "The X Factor" and was replaced by Rita Ora. She began presenting "Lip Sync Battle UK", the British adaption of "Lip Sync Battle", on Channel 5 in January 2016, alongside Professor Green.


title: Mel B

text: In 2016, Brown guest judged at The X Factor at the London auditions, standing in for Scherzinger, while she had other commitments. In 2016 she announced that the Spice Girls – except for Victoria Beckham and Melanie C – were working on new material and a 20th anniversary tour for 2017. The song "Song for Her" was later leaked online featuring the bandmembers. Plans for a reunion were dropped when Geri Halliwell announced she was expecting her second child. Brown also confirmed her return to "The X Factor Australia" replacing Minogue, after a three-year absence. As only three categories were announced, she got a new category, Underdogs, where she chose an eliminated act from each of their categories to bring back to form a new category. In 2017 she returned to Broadway to star in the musical "Chicago" as Roxie Hart. Around the same time, she returned to acting in the movie "" guestarring Robert Ri'chard, Michael Jai White, Mekhi Phifer, Vivica A. Fox and Ginuwine. The same month, she had made a cameo in the movie "Killing Hasselhoff" guest-starring David Hasselhoff and Justin Bieber. In late 2017, Brown had a cameo in the music video for "Spice Girl" by Aminé.


title: Mel B

text: On 5 November 2018, Brown announced the Spice Girls reunion tour on her Instagram profile. It was confirmed that Brown and ex-bandmates Melanie C, Emma Bunton and Geri Halliwell—but not Victoria Beckham, who Brown dressed as for Halloween the previous week — would return for a 13-date UK and Ireland stadium tour Spice World - 2019 Tour, their first for a decade.


title: Mel B

text: In 2021, Brown appeared on the second series of "The Masked Singer" as "Seahorse" and finished in 11th place. In May 2021, Brown collaborated with Fabio D'Andrea in his short music film, "Love Should Not Hurt", in support of Women's Aid. In 2021, she also appeared on the Spanish version of "" as "Medusa" and finished in ninth place. Mel B later appeared on the panel of fourth season of the Australian version of "The Masked Singer" as a replacement for Dannii Minogue.


title: Mel B

text: Brown was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to charitable causes and vulnerable women. Brown was also appointed as a tourism ambassador from the United Kingdom to Nevis in 2022. She was also selected to replace Leona Lewis as a judge on the Paramount+ reality series "Queen of the Universe".


title: Mel B

text: In November 2022, Brown presented "Trailblazers: A Rocky Mountain Road Trip" alongside Ruby Wax and Emily Atack. The BBC documentary follows in the footsteps of Victorian explorer Isabella Bird, who travelled on her own for hundreds of miles across the American Wild West. The three-part series debuts on 28 November 2022.


title: Mel B

text: In March 1998, she began a relationship with Dutch dancer Jimmy Gulzar while on the Spiceworld Tour. The couple became engaged on 13 May 1998, Brown became pregnant that June, and the couple were married in Little Marlow, Buckinghamshire, on 13 September 1998. Brown changed her stage name to Melanie G while they were married. Their daughter, Phoenix Chi Gulzar, was born on 19 February 1999. Brown filed for divorce in 2000, and the divorce was finalised later that year. Brown won custody, and paid a settlement of £1.25m to Gulzar. Gulzar was prosecuted for threatening Brown and attacking her sister Danielle. In August 2001, Gulzar was found guilty of the assault, but later cleared by the court.


title: Mel B

text: From 2002 to 2006, she was in a relationship with film producer Christine Crokos. Brown and Crokos lived together in Los Angeles, California. Speaking to "Gay Star News" about the relationship, she said: 'It wasn't experimentation. I fell in love with a woman for five years. An experiment doesn't last five years.' Asked about the relationship, Brown said: "People call me lesbian, bisexual or heterosexual, but I know who's in my bed and that's it. I have a huge libido and a great sex life." Brown and Crokos's relationship ended in 2006. Brown said that she had had a four-year relationship with a woman when she was in her teens. In 2019, Brown confirmed rumours that she and Geri Halliwell had sex during the height of the Spice Girls' fame. She said: "It just happened, and we just giggled at it and that was it."


title: Mel B

text: Brown became the subject of tabloid stories during her relationship with Hollywood actor Eddie Murphy, who fathered Brown's second child, Angel Iris Murphy Brown, born 3 April 2007. By early December 2006, Brown and Murphy had separated. Murphy told a journalist that the parentage of Brown's unborn baby could not be proven until a paternity test was performed. On 22 June 2007, a court-ordered DNA test confirmed that Murphy was the child's father. Murphy admitted paternity and indicated that he and Brown had reached a paternity settlement of $7 million.


title: Mel B

text: In February 2007, Brown began dating Stephen Belafonte, a film producer. The couple secretly married on 6 June 2007 in Las Vegas at A Special Memory Wedding Chapel. They renewed their vows in front of their families on 8 November 2008 in Hurghada, Egypt. On 1 September 2011, Brown gave birth to her third daughter, Madison Brown Belafonte.


title: Mel B

text: Brown and Belafonte separated in December 2016. Brown filed for divorce in March 2017, and accused Belafonte of emotional and physical abuse. In court, Belafonte's representative said that due to the couple's "extravagant and affluent" lifestyle, Brown had "wiped out all her Spice Girls money – approximately $50 million (£38.3 million), if not more". The divorce was finalised on 15 December 2017. Brown cited her divorce from Belafonte and her father's death as her reasons for seeking treatment for PTSD. In November 2018, Brown became a patron of the domestic violence survivors' charity, Women's Aid.


title: Mel B

text: In December 2018, Brown fell, breaking several of her ribs and suffering a serious cut to her hand, for which she underwent emergency surgery.


title: Mel B

text: In October 2022, Brown announced she had got engaged to boyfriend Rory McPhee. It is thought the pair have been in a relationship since 2018.


title: Book of Revelation

text: The Book of Revelation is the final book of the New Testament (and consequently the final book of the Christian Bible). Its title is derived from the first word of the Koine Greek text: , meaning "unveiling" or "revelation". The Book of Revelation is the only apocalyptic book in the New Testament canon. It occupies a central place in Christian eschatology.


title: Book of Revelation

text: The author names himself as simply "John" in the text, but his precise identity remains a point of academic debate. Second-century Christian writers such as Papias of Hierapolis, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Melito of Sardis, Clement of Alexandria, and the author of the Muratorian fragment identify John the Apostle as the "John" of Revelation. Modern scholarship generally takes a different view, with many considering that nothing can be known about the author except that he was a Christian prophet. Modern theological scholars characterize the Book of Revelation's author as "John of Patmos". The bulk of traditional sources date the book to the reign of the Roman emperor Domitian (AD 81–96), which evidence tends to confirm.


title: Book of Revelation

text: The book spans three literary genres: the epistolary, the apocalyptic, and the prophetic. It begins with John, on the island of Patmos in the Aegean Sea, addressing a letter to the "Seven Churches of Asia". He then describes a series of prophetic visions, including figures such as the Seven-Headed Dragon, the Serpent, and the Beast, which culminate in the Second Coming of Jesus.


title: Book of Revelation

text: The obscure and extravagant imagery has led to a wide variety of Christian interpretations. Historicist interpretations see Revelation as containing a broad view of history while preterist interpretations treat Revelation as mostly referring to the events of the Apostolic Age (1st century), or, at the latest, the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Futurists, meanwhile, believe that Revelation describes future events with the seven churches growing into the body of believers throughout the age, and a reemergence or continuous rule of a Greco-Roman system with modern capabilities described by John in ways familiar to him; and idealist or symbolic interpretations consider that Revelation does not refer to actual people or events but is an allegory of the spiritual path and the ongoing struggle between good and evil.


title: Book of Revelation

text: The name "Revelation" comes from the first word of the book in Koine Greek: (), which means "unveiling" or "revelation". The author names himself as "John", but modern scholars consider it unlikely that the author of Revelation also wrote the Gospel of John. He was a Jewish Christian prophet, probably belonging to a group of such prophets, and was accepted by the congregations to whom he addresses his letter.


title: Book of Revelation

text: The book is commonly dated to about AD 95, as suggested by clues in the visions pointing to the reign of the emperor Domitian. The beast with seven heads and the number 666 seem to allude directly to the emperor Nero (reigned AD 54–68), but this does not require that Revelation was written in the 60s, as there was a widespread belief in later decades that Nero would return.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Revelation is an apocalyptic prophecy with an epistolary introduction addressed to seven churches in the Roman province of Asia. The term "apocalypse" means the revealing of divine mysteries; John is to write down what is revealed (what he sees in his vision) and send it to the seven churches. The entire book constitutes the letter—the letters to the seven individual churches are introductions to the rest of the book, which is addressed to all seven. While the dominant genre is apocalyptic, the author sees himself as a Christian prophet: Revelation uses the word in various forms 21 times, more than any other New Testament book.


title: Book of Revelation

text: The predominant view is that Revelation alludes to the Old Testament, although it is difficult among scholars to agree on the exact number of allusions or the allusions themselves. Revelation rarely quotes directly from the Old Testament, yet almost every verse alludes to or echoes ideas of older scriptures. Over half of the references stem from Daniel, Ezekiel, Psalms, and Isaiah, with Daniel providing the largest number in proportion to length and Ezekiel standing out as the most influential. Because these references appear as allusions rather than as quotes, it is difficult to know whether the author used the Hebrew or the Greek version of the Hebrew scriptures, but he was clearly often influenced by the Greek.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Conventional understanding has been that the Book of Revelation was written to comfort beleaguered Christians as they underwent persecution at the hands of an emperor. This is, however, not the only interpretation; Domitian may not have been a despot imposing an imperial cult, and there may not have been any systematic empire-wide persecution of Christians in his time. Revelation may instead have been composed in the context of a conflict within the Christian community of Asia Minor over whether to engage with, or withdraw from, the far larger non-Christian community: Revelation chastises those Christians who wanted to reach an accommodation with the Roman cult of empire. This is not to say that Christians in Roman Asia were not suffering for withdrawal from, and defiance against, the wider Roman society, which imposed very real penalties; Revelation offered a victory over this reality by offering an apocalyptic hope. In the words of professor Adela Collins, "What ought to be was experienced as a present reality."


title: Book of Revelation

text: Revelation was among the last books accepted into the Christian biblical canon, and to the present day some churches that derive from the Church of the East reject it. Eastern Christians became skeptical of the book as doubts concerning its authorship and unusual style were reinforced by aversion to its acceptance by Montanists and other groups considered to be heretical. This distrust of the Book of Revelation persisted in the East through the 15th century.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Dionysius (AD 248), bishop of Alexandria and disciple of Origen, wrote that the Book of Revelation could have been written by Cerinthus although he himself did not adopt the view that Cerinthus was the writer. He regarded the Apocalypse as the work of an inspired man but not of an Apostle "(Eusebius, Church History VII.25)".


title: Book of Revelation

text: Eusebius, in his Church History (), mentioned that the Apocalypse of John was accepted as a canonical book and rejected at the same time:


title: Book of Revelation

text: The Apocalypse of John is counted as both accepted (Kirsopp. Lake translation: "Recognized") and disputed, which has caused some confusion over what exactly Eusebius meant by doing so. The disputation can perhaps be attributed to Origen. Origen seems to have accepted it in his writings.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Athanasius (AD 367) in his "Letter 39", Augustine of Hippo () in his book "On Christian Doctrine" (Book II, Chapter 8), Tyrannius Rufinus () in his "Commentary on the Apostles' Creed", Pope Innocent I (AD 405) in a letter to the bishop of Toulouse and John of Damascus (about AD 730) in his work "An Exposition of the Orthodox Faith" (Book IV:7) listed "the Revelation of John the Evangelist" as a canonical book.


title: Book of Revelation

text: The , which is a work written by an anonymous scholar between 519 and 553, contains a list of books of scripture presented as having been reckoned as canonical by the Council of Rome (AD 382). This list mentions it as a part of the New Testament canon.


title: Book of Revelation

text: The Synod of Hippo (in AD 393), followed by the Council of Carthage (397), the Council of Carthage (419), the Council of Florence (1442) and the Council of Trent (1546) classified it as a canonical book.


title: Book of Revelation

text: The Apostolic Canons, approved by the Eastern Orthodox Council in Trullo in 692, but rejected by Pope Sergius I, omit it.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Doubts resurfaced during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther called Revelation "neither apostolic nor prophetic" in the 1522 preface to his translation of the New Testament (he revised his position with a much more favorable assessment in 1530), Huldrych Zwingli labelled it "not a book of the Bible", and it was the only New Testament book on which John Calvin did not write a commentary. Revelation remains the only New Testament book not read in the Divine Liturgy of the Eastern Orthodox Church, though Catholic and Protestant liturgies include it.


title: Book of Revelation

text: There are approximately 300 Greek manuscripts of Revelation. While it is not extant in the (4th century), it is extant in the other great uncial codices: the (4th century), the (5th century), and the (5th century). In addition, there are numerous papyri, especially and (both 3rd century); minuscules (8th to 10th century); and fragmentary quotations in the Church fathers of the 2nd to 5th centuries and the 6th-century Greek commentary on Revelation by Andreas.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Divisions in the book seem to be marked by the repetition of key phrases, by the arrangement of subject matter into blocks, and associated with its Christological passages, and much use is made of significant numbers, especially the number seven, which represented perfection according to ancient numerology. Nevertheless, there is a "complete lack of consensus" among scholars about the structure of Revelation. The following is therefore an outline of the book's contents rather than of its structure.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Revelation has a wide variety of interpretations, ranging from the simple historical interpretation, to a prophetic view on what will happen in the future by way of God's will and the Woman's (traditionally believed to be the Virgin Mary) victory over Satan ("symbolic interpretation"), to different end time scenarios ("futurist interpretation"), to the views of critics who deny any spiritual value to Revelation at all, ascribing it to a human-inherited archetype.


title: Book of Revelation

text: This interpretation, which has found expression among both Catholic and Protestant theologians, considers the liturgical worship, particularly the Easter rites, of early Christianity as background and context for understanding the Book of Revelation's structure and significance. This perspective is explained in "The Paschal Liturgy and the Apocalypse" (new edition, 2004) by Massey H. Shepherd, an Episcopal scholar, and in Scott Hahn's "The Lamb's Supper: The Mass as Heaven on Earth" (1999), in which he states that Revelation in form is structured after creation, fall, judgment and redemption. Those who hold this view say that the Temple's destruction (AD 70) had a profound effect on the Jewish people, not only in Jerusalem but among the Greek-speaking Jews of the Mediterranean.


title: Book of Revelation

text: They believe the Book of Revelation provides insight into the early Eucharist, saying that it is the new Temple worship in the New Heaven and Earth. The idea of the Eucharist as a foretaste of the heavenly banquet is also explored by British Methodist Geoffrey Wainwright in his book "Eucharist and Eschatology" (Oxford University Press, 1980). According to Pope Benedict XVI some of the images of Revelation should be understood in the context of the dramatic suffering and persecution of the churches of Asia in the 1st century.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Accordingly, they argue, the Book of Revelation should not be read as an enigmatic warning, but as an encouraging vision of Christ's definitive victory over evil.


title: Book of Revelation

text: In the Coptic Orthodox Church the whole Book of Revelation is read during Apocalypse Night or Good Friday.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Additionally, there are significant differences in interpretation of the thousand years (the "millennium") mentioned in Revelation 20:2.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Eastern Orthodoxy treats the text as simultaneously describing contemporaneous events (events occurring at the same time) and as prophecy of events to come, for which the contemporaneous events were a form of foreshadow. It rejects attempts to determine, before the fact, if the events of Revelation are occurring by mapping them onto present-day events, taking to heart the Scriptural warning against those who proclaim "He is here!" prematurely. Instead, the book is seen as a warning to be spiritually and morally ready for the end times, whenever they may come ("as a thief in the night"), but they will come at the time of God's choosing, not something that can be precipitated nor trivially deduced by mortals.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Book of Revelation is the only book of the New Testament that is not read during services by the Byzantine Rite Churches although in the Western Rite Orthodox Parishes, which are under the same bishops as the Byzantine Rite, it is read.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Similar to the early Protestants, Adventists maintain a historicist interpretation of the Bible's predictions of the apocalypse.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Seventh-day Adventists believe the Book of Revelation is especially relevant to believers in the days preceding the second coming of Jesus Christ. "The universal church is composed of all who truly believe in Christ, but in the last days, a time of widespread apostasy, a remnant has been called out to keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus." "Here is the patience of the saints; here are those who keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus." As participatory agents in the work of salvation for all humankind, "This remnant announces the arrival of the judgment hour, proclaims salvation through Christ, and heralds the approach of His second advent." The three angels of Revelation 14 represent the people who accept the light of God's messages and go forth as his agents to sound the warning throughout the length and breadth of the earth.


title: Book of Revelation

text: By reasoning analogous with Millerite historicism, Bahá'u'lláh's doctrine of progressive revelation, a modified historicist method of interpreting prophecy, is identified in the teachings of the Bahá'í Faith.


title: Book of Revelation

text: ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, the son and chosen successor of Bahá'u'lláh, has given some interpretations about the 11th and 12th chapters of Revelation in "Some Answered Questions". The 1,260 days spoken of in the forms: one thousand two hundred and sixty days, forty-two months, refers to the 1,260 years in the Islamic Calendar (AH 1260 or AD 1844). The "two witnesses" spoken of are Muhammad and Ali. The red Dragon spoken of in Revelation 12:3 – "And there appeared a great wonder in heaven; and behold a great red dragon, having seven heads and ten horns, and seven crowns upon his heads" – are interpreted as symbolic of the seven provinces dominated by the Umayyads: Damascus, Persia, Arabia, Egypt, Africa, Andalusia, and Transoxania. The ten horns represent the ten names of the leaders of the Umayyad dynasty: Abu Sufyan, Muawiya, Yazid, Marwan, Abd al-Malik, Walid, Sulayman, Umar, Hisham, and Ibrahim. Some names were re-used, as in the case of Yazid II and Yazid III and the like, which were not counted for this interpretation.


title: Book of Revelation

text: The Book of Mormon states that John the Apostle is the author of Revelation and that he was foreordained by God to write it.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Doctrine and Covenants, section 77, postulates answers to specific questions regarding the symbolism contained in the Book of Revelation. Topics include: the sea of glass, the four beasts and their appearance, the 24 elders, the book with seven seals, certain angels, the sealing of the 144,000, the little book eaten by John, and the two witnesses in Chapter 11.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that the warning contained in Revelation 22:18–19 does not refer to the biblical canon as a whole. Rather, an open and ongoing dialogue between God and the modern-day Prophet and Apostles of the LDS faith constitute an open canon of scripture.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Christian Gnostics are unlikely to be attracted to the teaching of Revelation because the doctrine of salvation through the sacrificed Lamb, which is central to Revelation, is repugnant to Gnostics. Christian Gnostics "believed in the Forgiveness of Sins, but in no vicarious sacrifice for sin ... they accepted Christ in the full realisation of the word; his life, not his death, was the keynote of their doctrine and their practice."


title: Book of Revelation

text: James Morgan Pryse was an esoteric gnostic who saw Revelation as a western version of the Hindu theory of the Chakra. He began his work, "The purpose of this book is to show that the Apocalypse is a manual of spiritual development and not, as conventionally interpreted, a cryptic history or prophecy." Such diverse theories have failed to command widespread acceptance. However, Christopher Rowland argues: "there are always going to be loose threads which refuse to be woven into the fabric as a whole. The presence of the threads which stubbornly refuse to be incorporated into the neat tapestry of our world-view does not usually totally undermine that view."


title: Book of Revelation

text: The radical discipleship interpretation asserts that the Book of Revelation is best understood as a handbook for radical discipleship; i. e., how to remain faithful to the spirit and teachings of Jesus and avoid simply assimilating to surrounding society. In this interpretation the primary agenda of the book is to expose as impostors the worldly powers that seek to oppose the ways of God and God's Kingdom. The chief temptation for Christians in the 1st century, and today, is to fail to hold fast to the non-violent teachings and example of Jesus and instead be lured into unquestioning adoption and assimilation of worldly, national or cultural values – imperialism, nationalism, and civil religion being the most dangerous and insidious.


title: Book of Revelation

text: This perspective (closely related to liberation theology) draws on the approach of Bible scholars such as Ched Myers, William Stringfellow, Richard Horsley, Daniel Berrigan, Wes Howard-Brook, and Joerg Rieger. Various Christian anarchists, such as Jacques Ellul, have identified the State and political power as the Beast and the events described, being their doings and results, the aforementioned 'wrath'.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Literary writers and theorists have contributed to a wide range of theories about the origins and purpose of the Book of Revelation. Some of these writers have no connection with established Christian faiths but, nevertheless, found in Revelation a source of inspiration. Revelation has been approached from Hindu philosophy and Jewish Midrash. Others have pointed to aspects of composition which have been ignored such as the similarities of prophetic inspiration to modern poetic inspiration, or the parallels with Greek drama. In recent years, theories have arisen which concentrate upon how readers and texts interact to create meaning and which are less interested in what the original author intended.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Charles Cutler Torrey taught Semitic languages at Yale University. His lasting contribution has been to show how prophets, such as the scribe of Revelation, are much more meaningful when treated as poets first and foremost. He thought this was a point often lost sight of because most English bibles render everything in prose. Poetry was also the reason John never directly quoted the older prophets. Had he done so, he would have had to use their (Hebrew) poetry whereas he wanted to write his own. Torrey insisted Revelation had originally been written in Aramaic.


title: Book of Revelation

text: According to Torrey, "The Fourth Gospel was brought to Ephesus by a Christian fugitive from Palestine soon after the middle of the first century. It was written in Aramaic." Later, the Ephesians claimed this fugitive had actually been the beloved disciple himself. Subsequently, this John was banished by Nero and died on Patmos after writing Revelation. Torrey argued that until AD 80, when Christians were expelled from the synagogues, the Christian message was always first heard in the synagogue and, for cultural reasons, the evangelist would have spoken in Aramaic, else "he would have had no hearing." Torrey showed how the three major songs in Revelation (the new song, the song of Moses and the Lamb and the chorus at 19: 6–8) each fall naturally into four regular metrical lines plus a coda. Other dramatic moments in Revelation, such as 6:16 where the terrified people cry out to be hidden, behave in a similar way. The surviving Greek translation was a literal translation that aimed to comply with the warning at Revelation 22:18 that the text must not be "corrupted" in any way.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Christina Rossetti was a Victorian poet who believed the sensual excitement of the natural world found its meaningful purpose in death and in God. Her "The Face of the Deep" is a meditation upon the Apocalypse. In her view, what Revelation has to teach is patience. Patience is the closest to perfection the human condition allows. Her book, which is largely written in prose, frequently breaks into poetry or jubilation, much like Revelation itself. The relevance of John's visions belongs to Christians of all times as a continuous present meditation. Such matters are eternal and outside of normal human reckoning. "That winter which will be the death of Time has no promise of termination. Winter that returns not to spring ... – who can bear it?" She dealt deftly with the vengeful aspects of John's message. "A few are charged to do judgment; everyone without exception is charged to show mercy." Her conclusion is that Christians should see John as "representative of all his brethren" so they should "hope as he hoped, love as he loved."


title: Book of Revelation

text: Recently, aesthetic and literary modes of interpretation have developed, which focus on Revelation as a work of art and imagination, viewing the imagery as symbolic depictions of timeless truths and the victory of good over evil. Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza wrote "Revelation: Vision of a Just World" from the viewpoint of rhetoric. Accordingly, Revelation's meaning is partially determined by the way John goes about saying things, partially by the context in which readers receive the message and partially by its appeal to something beyond logic.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Professor Schüssler Fiorenza believes that Revelation has particular relevance today as a liberating message to disadvantaged groups. John's book is a vision of a just world, not a vengeful threat of world-destruction. Her view that Revelation's message is not gender-based has caused dissent. She says humanity is to look behind the symbols rather than make a fetish out of them. In contrast, Tina Pippin states that John writes "horror literature" and "the misogyny which underlies the narrative is extreme."


title: Book of Revelation

text: D. H. Lawrence took an opposing, pessimistic view of Revelation in the final book he wrote, "Apocalypse". He saw the language which Revelation used as being bleak and destructive; a 'death-product'. Instead, he wanted to champion a public-spirited individualism (which he identified with the historical Jesus supplemented by an ill-defined cosmic consciousness) against its two natural enemies. One of these he called "the sovereignty of the intellect" which he saw in a technology-based totalitarian society. The other enemy he styled "vulgarity" and that was what he found in Revelation. "It is very nice if you are poor and not humble ... to bring your enemies down to utter destruction, while you yourself rise up to grandeur. And nowhere does this happen so splendiferously than in Revelation." Lawrence did not consider how these two types of Christianity (good and bad in his view) might be related other than as opposites. He noted the difference meant that the John who wrote a gospel could not be the same John who wrote Revelation.


title: Book of Revelation

text: His specific aesthetic objections to Revelation were that its imagery was unnatural and that phrases like "the wrath of the Lamb" were "ridiculous." He saw Revelation as comprising two discordant halves. In the first, there was a scheme of cosmic renewal in "great Chaldean sky-spaces", which he quite liked. After that, Lawrence thought, the book became preoccupied with the birth of the baby messiah and "flamboyant hate and simple lust ... for the end of the world." Lawrence coined the term "Patmossers" to describe those Christians who could only be happy in paradise if they knew their enemies were suffering in hell.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Modern biblical scholarship attempts to understand Revelation in its 1st-century historical context within the genre of Jewish and Christian apocalyptic literature. This approach considers the text as an address to seven historical communities in Asia Minor. Under this interpretation, assertions that "the time is near" are to be taken literally by those communities. Consequently, the work is viewed as a warning to not conform to contemporary Greco-Roman society which John "unveils" as beastly, demonic, and subject to divine judgment.


title: Book of Revelation

text: New Testament narrative criticism also places Revelation in its first century historical context but approaches the book from a literary perspective. For example, narrative critics examine characters and characterization, literary devices, settings, plot, themes, point of view, implied reader, implied author, and other constitutive features of narratives in their analysis of the book.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Although the acceptance of Revelation into the canon has, from the beginning, been controversial, it has been essentially similar to the career of other texts. The eventual exclusion of other contemporary apocalyptic literature from the canon may throw light on the unfolding historical processes of what was officially considered orthodox, what was heterodox, and what was even heretical. Interpretation of meanings and imagery are anchored in what the historical author intended and what his contemporary audience inferred; a message to Christians not to assimilate into the Roman imperial culture was John's central message. Thus, the letter (written in the apocalyptic genre) is pastoral in nature (its purpose is offering hope to the downtrodden), and the symbolism of Revelation is to be understood entirely within its historical, literary, and social context. Critics study the conventions of apocalyptic literature and events of the 1st century to make sense of what the author may have intended.


title: Book of Revelation

text: Scholar Barbara Whitlock pointed out a similarity between the consistent destruction of thirds depicted in the Book of Revelation (a third of mankind by plagues of fire, smoke, and brimstone, a third of the trees and green grass, a third of the sea creatures and a third of the ships at sea, etc.) and the Iranian mythology evil character Zahhak or Dahāg, depicted in the Avesta, the earliest religious texts of Zoroastrianism. Dahāg is mentioned as wreaking much evil in the world until at last chained up and imprisoned on the mythical Mt. Damāvand. The Middle Persian sources prophesy that at the end of the world, Dahāg will at last burst his bonds and ravage the world, consuming one in three humans and livestock, until the ancient hero Kirsāsp returns to life to kill Dahāg. Whitlock wrote: "Zoroastrianism, the state religion of the Roman Empire's main rival, was part of the intellectual environment in which Christianity came into being, just as were Judaism, the Greek-Roman religion, and the worship of Isis and Mithras. A Zoroastrian influence is completely plausible".


title: Book of Revelation

text: Much of Revelation employs ancient sources, primarily but not exclusively from the Old Testament. For example, Howard-Brook and Gwyther regard the Book of Enoch as an equally significant but contextually different source. "Enoch's journey has no close parallel in the Hebrew scriptures."