title: Loretta Lynn

text: Lynn wrote more than 160 songs and released 60 albums. She had 10 No. 1 albums and 16 No. 1 singles on the country charts. Lynn won three Grammy Awards, seven American Music Awards, eight Broadcast Music Incorporated awards, 13 Academy of Country Music, eight Country Music Association, and 26 fan-voted Music City News awards. Lynn remains the most awarded woman in country music history. She was the first woman in country music to receive a certified gold album for 1967's "Don't Come Home a' Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)".


title: Loretta Lynn

text: In 1972, Lynn was the first woman named "Entertainer of the Year" by the Country Music Association. In 1980, she was the only woman to be named "Artist of the Decade" for the 1970s by the Academy of Country Music. Lynn was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1988 and the Country Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1999. She was also the recipient of Kennedy Center Honors, an award given the President of the United States, in 2003. Lynn is ranked 65th on VH1's 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll and was the first female country artist to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1977. In 1994, she received the country music pioneer award from the Academy of Country Music.


title: Loretta Lynn

text: In 2001, "Coal Miner's Daughter" was named among NPR's "100 Most Significant Songs of the 20th Century". In 2002, Lynn had the highest ranking, No. 3, for any living female, in CMT television's special of the "40 Greatest Women of Country Music".


title: Loretta Lynn

text: A BMI affiliate for more than 45 years, Lynn was honored as a BMI Icon at the BMI Country Awards on November 4, 2004.


title: Loretta Lynn

text: In March 2007, Lynn was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music during her performance at the Grand Ole Opry.


title: Loretta Lynn

text: Lynn was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in New York City in 2008. She received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award for her 50 years in country music in 2010.


title: Loretta Lynn

text: Lynn was honored for 50 years in country music at the 44th Annual Country Music Awards on November 10, 2010. That same year, Lynn was presented with a rose named in her honor.


title: Loretta Lynn

text: Sony Music released a tribute CD to Lynn titled "" in November 2010"." The CD features Kid Rock, Reba McEntire, Sheryl Crow, Miranda Lambert, Alan Jackson, Gretchen Wilson, The White Stripes, Martina McBride, Paramore, Steve Earle, and Faith Hill. In 2011, Lynn was nominated for an Academy of Country Music, CMT Video and Country Music Association awards for "Vocal Event of the Year" with Miranda Lambert and Sheryl Crow for "Coal Miner's Daughter", released as a video and single from the CD.


title: Loretta Lynn

text: Lynn marked her 50th anniversary as a Grand Ole Opry member on September 25, 2012, and her 60th anniversary in 2022.


title: Loretta Lynn

text: Miranda Lambert presented Lynn with the Crystal Milestone Award from the Academy of Country Music. Lynn also received the 2015 Billboard Legacy Award for Women in Music.


title: Loretta Lynn

text: In 2016, she was the subject of an American Masters profile documentary "Loretta Lynn: Still a Mountain Girl" on PBS.


title: Victoria Justice

text: Victoria Dawn Justice (born February 19, 1993) is an American actress and singer. She has received several accolades, including two Young Artist Awards and nominations for three Imagen Awards, an NAACP Image Award, and three Kids' Choice Awards.


title: Victoria Justice

text: Justice made her acting debut with a guest appearance on the comedy drama series "Gilmore Girls" (2003), and rose to fame on Nickelodeon, playing Lola Martinez on the comedy drama series "Zoey 101" (2005–2008), Tori Vega on the teen sitcom "Victorious" (2010–2013), and Jordan Sands in the television comedy horror film "The Boy Who Cried Werewolf" (2010). She subsequently appeared in the romantic comedy film "The First Time" (2012), the teen film "Fun Size" (2012), the comedy drama film "Naomi and Ely's No Kiss List" (2015), the teen comedy film "The Outcasts" (2017), the romance film "Trust" (2021), the comedy film "Afterlife of the Party" (2021), and the romantic comedy film "A Perfect Pairing" (2022), and also starred in the lead role of Lindy Sampson on the MTV thriller television series "Eye Candy" (2015).


title: Victoria Justice

text: In music, Justice has recorded several songs for the soundtracks of her acting projects, including "Victorious" and the 2009 Nickelodeon musical "Spectacular!". Her debut single "Gold" was released in 2013. She took a seven-year hiatus from music, making her comeback with the track "Treat Myself", released in December 2020.


title: Victoria Justice

text: Victoria Dawn Justice was born on February 19, 1993, in the Miami suburb of Hollywood, Florida, the daughter of Serene Reed and Zack Justice. Her father is of English, German, and Irish descent; while her mother, originally from the Bronx, is of Puerto Rican ancestry.


title: Victoria Justice

text: She has a younger half-sister named Madison Grace Reed. She and her family moved to Hollywood, California in 2003. While filming "Victorious", Justice attended Cleveland High School before completing her diploma through a home school program.


title: Victoria Justice

text: In 2003, Justice began her acting career when she was 10 years old, making a guest appearance on the "Gilmore Girls" episode "The Hobbit, the Sofa and Digger Stiles". Justice portrayed Jill No. 2, a walk-on role. After her appearance in the series, her family moved to Los Angeles, when Justice began to pursue a career in acting. The following year, Justice guest-starred on the second episode of the Disney Channel series "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody", in which she played a young pageant contestant named Rebecca. Later, Justice was cast as Stella, a young girl who begins seeing visions of Mary Magdalene, in Aaron Ruell's 2005 short film "Mary".


title: Victoria Justice

text: In 2005, Justice was accepted into the musical theatre program at the Millikan Performing Arts Academy in Los Angeles. She appeared in advertisements for companies such as Ralph Lauren, Gap, Guess, Mervyn's, Peanut Butter Toast Crunch, and Ovaltine. During the same year, Justice landed a main role in the Nickelodeon series "Zoey 101" as Lola Martinez, a new student who is an aspiring actress. On landing the role, she said, "I was extremely happy; I was bouncing up and down and screaming. That was a really great moment." Justice's character was introduced in the second season on September 11, 2005. She also made a cameo appearance in the R-rated film "When Do We Eat?", and played the role of Rose in the Hallmark television film "Silver Bells", the latter of which became a Hallmark Hall of Fame film.


title: Victoria Justice

text: In 2006, Justice made a guest appearance on an episode of "Everwood" in the episode "Enjoy the Ride". Also in 2006, Justice played the supporting role of Holly in the thriller film "The Garden". The film was met with negative reviews from critics. "Zoey 101" ended its run on May 2, 2008. In 2009, she announced plans to guest star on an episode of Nickelodeon's series "The Naked Brothers Band". The TV special, titled "Valentine Dream Date", featured Justice portraying herself. Justice did not record new music until 2009, when she starred in the Nickelodeon musical "Spectacular!", in which Justice performs three songs. The film aired on Nickelodeon on February 16, 2009. The film became one of Nickelodeon's most popular movies, attracting an audience 3.7million viewers on its premiere night. The film received generally positive reviews from several critics and held a 76 percent approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes as of 2011.


title: Victoria Justice

text: After the success of "The Naked Brothers Band" special in which Justice guest starred, she appeared in another episode, "The Premiere", on April 11, 2009. She later appeared in episodes of "iCarly", "True Jackson, VP", "The Troop", and "BrainSurge". Justice announced in 2009 that she would be working on a thriller film, set for theatrical release. Unlike initial plans of a theatrical release, the film had a limited preview release on December 12, 2009, and was returned to post production. Ultimately the film's worldwide release was canceled.


title: Victoria Justice

text: Justice confirmed that she would be starring in her own musical show on Nickelodeon called "Victorious", explaining the show's genesis thus: "I was on "Zoey 101". When I was 12, Dan Schneider cast me as a new character, Lola Martinez. From there, I worked with him for three years, on three seasons of "Zoey 101". And, after that, Dan found out that I could also sing and dance as well as act, so he thought it would be really cool to create a show for me on Nickelodeon, called "Victorious"." The pilot for the show debuted on March 27, 2010, and received 5.7million views, making it the second-highest rated premiere for a live-action Nickelodeon series. The original broadcast of this episode took place following the 2010 Kids' Choice Awards. Justice recorded several songs for the series throughout its run. Justice had the opportunity to share a recording set during the series' recordings, with different young artists who, like her, were in search of artistic possibilities.


title: Victoria Justice

text: Justice later guest-starred on the animated series "The Penguins of Madagascar", voicing the character of Stacy in the episode "Badger Pride". Justice starred in the 2010 Nickelodeon television movie "The Boy Who Cried Werewolf", playing Jordan Sands, a girl who is transformed into a werewolf following her move to a creepy manor. The film averaged 5.8million viewers for the premiere. "Victorious" ended its run on February 2, 2013. Justice played the lead role Wren in the comedy "Fun Size", released on October 26, 2012. In a 2010 interview with the Associated Press, she stated that she was recording an album but planned to take her time with the process. In October 2012, she revealed she would release her debut album in 2013. For the Girl Up movement, which helps girls in developing countries, she released a promotional single, "Girl Up", co-written with Toby Gad, on February 16, 2013. Justice's debut single "Gold" was released on June 18, 2013. In August 2014, "Billboard" revealed that Justice had left Columbia Records but was recording new music to be released in 2015.


title: Victoria Justice

text: In October 2013, it was announced that Justice had been cast as Lindy Sampson in MTV's "Eye Candy", a cyber thriller based on the novel by R. L. Stine. The series was canceled after one season. The same year, it was announced that Justice had been cast in "Naomi and Ely's No Kiss List." The film had its world premiere at the Outfest Film Festival on July 17, 2015. It was later released on September 18, 2015, through video-on-demand services. Justice also competed against Gregg Sulkin in an episode of "Lip Sync Battle" that aired on July 30, 2015, performing Bonnie Tyler's "Total Eclipse of the Heart" and Nelly's "Hot in Herre".


title: Victoria Justice

text: On October 20, 2016, Justice played Janet Weiss, one of the lead roles in the Fox musical film "." It is a tribute to the cult classic 1975 film of the same name and was directed by Kenny Ortega, using the original script written by Richard O'Brien and Jim Sharman. Justice also starred in "The Outcasts" as Jodie. The film was released on April 14, 2017.


title: Victoria Justice

text: Justice hosted the 2020 Kids' Choice Awards following Nickelodeon's decision to stage the event virtually. In July 2020, Justice announced she had become a member of the Recording Academy. That December, Justice announced that her first single in over seven years would be titled "Treat Myself". The song was released on December 11, 2020, and is the first single she released as an independent artist. This was followed by a single titled "Stay", released on February 12, 2021. The next single, "Too F*ckin' Nice", was released on May 28, 2021.


title: Victoria Justice

text: On March 12, 2021, Justice starred as Brooke Gatwick in the romantic drama film "Trust." To promote the film, she released a cover of Billy Paul's "Everybody's Breaking Up". Justice starred as Cassie Garcia in the film "Afterlife of the Party", which premiered on September 2, 2021, on Netflix. Along with Spencer Sutherland and Jessica Rose Weiss, she released the soundtrack EP to which she performed and co-wrote a song titled "Home". Justice portrayed Lola Alvarez in the Netflix romantic comedy film "A Perfect Pairing", released on May 19, 2022. She also joined the cast of the comedy film "California King" and mystery thriller film "The Tutor".


title: Victoria Justice

text: Justice has taken part in several charity events, supporting charities such as the United Nations Foundation, which benefits numerous causes such as AIDS, Children, Environment, Health, Human Rights and Peace.


title: Victoria Justice

text: On September 30, 2010, Justice announced she would be joining the charity campaign Girl Up. When asked about joining, she stated "I'm so excited to become a champion for Girl Up and to help make a difference for girls who aren't given the same opportunities that most of us take for granted. I know that there are plenty of girls throughout the country who are just like me—ready and motivated to stand up for the rights and well-being of girls in the developing world. I am confident that, together, we will rise to the challenge." Justice joined Girl Up on September 30, 2010, for the campaign's official launch in New York City and went on to support the "Unite for Girls" tour, which traveled to cities across the United States. She visited Girl Up–supported programs in developing countries to observe first-hand the impact the programs can have on girls and communities. In an interview with "Seventeen", Justice stated, "I was looking into different charities and hearing these girls in Guatemala and Africa talk about having to walk miles for water and crying because they don't have any money to go to school. It just really broke my heart, so I want to spread the word as much as I can and get other people working together. Before you know it we can actually make a difference."


title: Victoria Justice

text: Justice's musical influences include Madonna, Britney Spears, Pink, Sara Bareilles, Coldplay, No Doubt, the Jackson 5, the Beatles, Amy Winehouse, Lily Allen, Hall & Oates, Billy Joel, Carly Simon, Karen Carpenter, Elton John, Alanis Morissette, Carole King, and Diana Ross.


title: Donnie Darko

text: Donnie Darko is a 2001 American science fiction psychological thriller film written and directed by Richard Kelly and produced by Flower Films. It stars Jake Gyllenhaal, Jena Malone, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Drew Barrymore, Mary McDonnell, Katharine Ross, Patrick Swayze, Noah Wyle, Stu Stone, Daveigh Chase, James Duval, and Seth Rogen. Set in October 1988, the film follows Donnie Darko, an emotionally troubled teenager who inadvertently escapes a bizarre accident by sleepwalking. He has visions of Frank, a mysterious figure in a rabbit costume who informs him that the world will end in just over 28 days. Frank begins to manipulate Donnie to commit several crimes.


title: Donnie Darko

text: Development began in late 1997 when Kelly had graduated from film school and started writing scripts. He took an early idea of a jet engine falling onto a house with no one knowing its origin and built the story around it. Kelly insisted on directing the film himself and struggled to secure backing from producers until 2000, when Barrymore's Flower Films agreed to produce it on a $4.5 million budget. Filming took 28 days in the summer of 2000, mostly in California. The soundtrack features a cover of "Mad World" by Tears for Fears by American musicians Gary Jules and Michael Andrews, which went to No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart for three weeks.


title: Donnie Darko

text: The film premiered on January 19, 2001 at the Sundance Film Festival, followed by a limited theatrical release on October 26. Because the film's advertising featured a crashing plane and the September 11 attacks had occurred a month and a half before, it was scarcely advertised, which affected its box office performance; it grossed just $517,375 in its initial run. "Donnie Darko" received positive reviews and was listed No. 2 in "Empire"s "50 Greatest Independent Films of All Time", and No. 53 in "Empire"s "500 Greatest Movies of All Time". After reissues, it went on to gross $7.5 million worldwide. The film went on earning more than $10 million in US home video sales and gained a cult following. Kelly released "" in 2004. The film was adapted into a stage production in 2007 and a sequel, "S. Darko", followed in 2009 without Kelly's involvement. In 2021, he announced that work on a new sequel is in progress.


title: Donnie Darko

text: On October 2, 1988, troubled teenager Donald "Donnie" Darko sleepwalks outside, led by a mysterious voice. Once outside, he meets a figure in a monstrous rabbit costume named Frank who tells Donnie that the world will end in precisely 28 days, 6 hours, 42 minutes and 12 seconds. Donnie wakes up the next morning on the green of a local golf course and returns home to discover a jet engine has crashed into his bedroom. His older sister Elizabeth tells him the FAA investigators do not know its origin.


title: Donnie Darko

text: Over the next several days, Donnie continues to have visions of Frank, and his parents Eddie and Rose send him to psychotherapist Dr. Thurman. Thurman believes Donnie is detached from reality, and that his visions of Frank are "daylight hallucinations," symptomatic of paranoid schizophrenia. Frank asks Donnie if he believes in time travel, who, in turn, asks his science teacher Dr. Kenneth Monnitoff. Monnitoff gives Donnie "The Philosophy of Time Travel", a book written by Roberta Sparrow, a former science teacher at the school who is now a seemingly senile old woman living outside of town. Donnie also starts seeing Gretchen Ross, who has recently moved into town with her mother under a new identity to escape her violent stepfather.


title: Donnie Darko

text: Frank begins to influence Donnie's actions through his sleepwalking episodes, including causing him to flood his high school by breaking a water main. Gym teacher Kitty Farmer attributes the act of vandalism to the influence of the short story "The Destructors", assigned by dedicated English teacher Karen Pomeroy. Kitty begins teaching “attitude lessons” taken from local motivational speaker Jim Cunningham, but Donnie rebels against these, leading to friction between Kitty and Rose. Kitty arranges for Cunningham to speak at a school assembly, where Donnie insults him. He later finds Cunningham's wallet and address, and Frank suggests setting his house on fire. Firefighters discover a hoard of child pornography there. Cunningham is arrested, and Kitty, who wishes to testify in his defense, asks Rose to chaperone their daughters' dance troupe on its trip to Los Angeles.


title: Donnie Darko

text: With Rose in Los Angeles and Eddie away for business, Donnie and Elizabeth hold a Halloween costume party to celebrate Elizabeth's acceptance to Harvard. At the party, Gretchen arrives distraught as her mother has gone missing, and she and Donnie make love for the first time. When Donnie realizes that Frank's prophesied end of the world is only hours away, he takes Gretchen and two other friends to see Sparrow. Instead of Sparrow, they find two high school bullies, Seth and Ricky, who were trying to rob Sparrow's home. Donnie, Seth, and Ricky get into a fight in the road in front of her house, just as Sparrow was returning home. An oncoming car swerves to avoid Sparrow and runs over Gretchen, killing her. The driver turns out to be Elizabeth's boyfriend, Frank Anderson, wearing the same rabbit costume from Donnie's visions. Donnie shoots Frank in the eye with his father's gun, and walks home carrying Gretchen's body.


title: Donnie Darko

text: Donnie returns home as a vortex forms over his house. He borrows one of his parents' cars, loads Gretchen's body into it, and drives to a nearby ridge that overlooks town. There, he watches as the plane carrying Rose and the dance troupe home from Los Angeles gets caught in the vortex's wake, which violently rips off one of its engines, and sends it back in time. Events of the previous 28 days unwind. Donnie wakes up in his bedroom, recognizes the date is October 2, and laughs as the jet engine falls into his bedroom, crushing him. Around town, those whose lives Donnie would have touched wake up from troubled dreams. Gretchen rides by the Darko home the next morning, and learns of Donnie's death. Gretchen and Rose exchange glances and wave as if they know each other, but cannot remember from where.


title: Donnie Darko

text: The film originated in late 1997 when Kelly, aged 23, had graduated from USC School of Cinematic Arts in Los Angeles. While earning money as a client's assistant at a post-production house, he thought about his future and decided to write his first feature-length script. The task frightened Kelly at first because he did not want to produce something that was poor in quality. It was not until October 1998 when Kelly felt the time was right to write a script and wrote "Donnie Darko" in 28 days, the same time period as the film. The time of year influenced Kelly to set the film around Halloween.


title: Donnie Darko

text: Kelly set out to write something "ambitious, personal, and nostalgic" about the 1980s which "pushed the envelope by combining science fiction with a coming-of-age tale". The "New York Times" honed in on the 1980s coming-of-age story aspect by observing the influence of John Hughes, noting the "ineffectual" adults and the fact that Donnie's "suffering is a way to make him more sensitive". Kelly summarized the script was to be "an amusing and poignant recollection of suburban America in the Reagan era". He recalled a news story that he had read as a child, which he later called an urban legend, about a large piece of ice falling from the wing of a plane and crashing through a boy's bedroom, who was not there at the time and thus escaped death. Kelly used this to develop an initial idea of a jet engine falling onto a house and no one could determine its origin and built the rest of the script from there. At one point Kelly considered replacing the jet engine with a piece of ice, like he had read. Kelly was adamant to set the film in 1988, thinking it would be fresh to explore the era and depict a society that he had not seen in a film before. Later he admitted that he felt pressured to make the setting more contemporary. However, he could not figure out how to make the story work in such a setting and retained the original setting. The first draft had Donnie originally wake up at a shopping mall, rather than a golf course. Kelly got ideas for Donnie's experiences of paranoid schizophrenia from researching the topic online. He considered such a broad disorder that is difficult to define was "a great way to ground a supernatural story" in a scientific sense. The first draft was around 145 pages. Upon reading it, producer Sean McKittrick recalled he "had never read anything like this before" and helped refine the script while making the story understandable enough.


title: Donnie Darko

text: There are some autobiographical links with Kelly and the film; he said there is "plenty of me" in Donnie's character. Kelly grew up in Midlothian, Virginia, also a suburban town, where a local woman named Grandma Death would stand by the road and constantly open and close her mailbox. Kelly also incorporated the moment he almost ran over a homeless person while driving, arguments with his school teachers over the curriculum, and his personal experiences with sleepwalking into the narrative. Kelly had Frank as a rabbit from the beginning, but he was unsure whether the character originated from a dream or his longtime interest in the animal novel "Watership Down" by Richard Adams. The novel was to be taught in Karen's English class after the school had censored Graham Greene from her curriculum, but it was a subplot that was abandoned in the theatrical version, but included in the director's cut.


title: Donnie Darko

text: Kelly knew that the film's complicated story would be difficult to pitch to producers without a script, so he had producers read it before discussing it with them further. While pitching the script Kelly and McKittrick insisted that Kelly direct the film, which affected its chances at being picked up. McKittrick said "Donnie Darko" was "the challenging script in town that everybody wanted to make, but was too afraid". Kelly recalled 1999 being a year of "meeting after meeting", only to be rejected and declared the film "dead" at this point.


title: Donnie Darko

text: Development progressed when agents at the Creative Artists Agency took an interest in the script and signed Kelly on. This led to further meetings with several prominent individuals, including Francis Ford Coppola, Ben Stiller, William Horberg, and Betty Thomas. Kelly's meeting with Coppola was particularly influential, as Coppola drew his attention to one of Karen's lines after she is fired – "The kids have to figure it all out these days, because the parents, they don’t have a clue" – and Kelly recalled: "He slid the binder down the big table and very dramatically said: 'That's what your whole movie's about right there.'" Vince Vaughn was offered the role of Donnie, but he turned it down as he felt he was too old for the part. Mark Wahlberg was also approached, but he insisted that he should play Donnie with a lisp. The film progressed in 2000 when actor Jason Schwartzman had read the script and agreed to play as Donnie. Kelly said this moment "legitimized me as a director", which led to Barrymore accepting the part as Karen, having considered the script "so extraordinary." Barrymore had formed the production company Flower Films with Nancy Juvonen, and arranged a meeting with Kelly in March 2000 on the set of "Charlie's Angels" (2000). Barrymore and Juvonen suggested that Flower Films fund its production; Kelly accepted and the film received a $4.5 million budget. Kelly later called the sum the "bare minimum" to make the film.


title: Donnie Darko

text: After securing financial backing, pre-production accelerated and filming was booked for the summer of 2000 and scheduled to accommodate Barrymore, who had one week's availability. However, by July, Schwartzman had withdrawn due to scheduling conflicts. This led to an "exciting" period for Kelly who met several hopefuls, including Patrick Fugit and Lucas Black. Gyllenhaal, who was in Los Angeles auditioning for parts, was "mesmerised" by the script and recalled pulling over the side of the road to finish reading it. Filming was scheduled to start in one month, during which Kelly worked with Gyllenhaal to amend parts of his dialogue. Gyllenhaal was given "a lot of room" to incorporate his own ideas, including making his voice sound like "a child talking to its blanket" when he talks to Frank as he is a source of comfort for Donnie. Gyllenhaal also had the idea to have his real-life sister Maggie star as Elizabeth Darko. Jolene Purdy's audition for Cherita was the first of her career. Kelly credits Juvonen for being instrumental for getting Wyle and Swayze on board.


title: Donnie Darko

text: Kelly recalled several people showing him drawings of what they thought Frank should look like, describing them like an Easter bunny. He wanted Frank to be "disturbing and animalistic". He produced initial sketches of Frank's face and presented them to production designer Alex Hammond, who then made front and side drawings of the mask and sketches of the full suit. Kelly also said that the 1972 novel "Watership Down" was also the inspiration for Frank. The design was given to costume designer April Ferry who built a fur suit from scratch and hired a sculptor to create Frank's altered grin. Kelly insisted that Frank's face had to disturb people and create an intense response with the audience. The costume was first presented to the cast and crew at Loyola High School, shortly after filming began. Although Duval wore the suit for almost every scene, a director stepped in for the initial shoot. Kelly recalled, "Everyone just got quiet [...] like, this is really intense. So I knew it was working, and I felt the sense of relief."


title: Donnie Darko

text: Cinematographer Steven Poster agreed to be involved in the film after his initial meeting with Kelly, which saw the pair dissecting the script. Poster said "We read every word, every sentence, every page, every scene in the movie. I made him justify to me why he wanted that in the movie. I wanted him to be able to tell me what each scene was going to tell the audience." Despite the task creating arguments, the two knew what was needed to make the film when they finished.


title: Donnie Darko

text: Filming took place across 28 days, the same length of time as the film's events, in July and August 2000. Most of the film was shot in Long Beach, California. The golf course scenes were filmed at Virginia Country Club and the school scenes were shot at Loyola High School. The "Carpathian Ridge" scenes were shot on the Angeles Crest Highway. Kelly lost 20 lbs from the stress of filming to a tight schedule, plus the pressure of justifying himself to others that he could direct the film. Hammond bought the jet engine for $10,000. The scene where it falls onto Donnie's bedroom was done in one shot. The shell of it was rigged above the set and sent through using an air pressure gun. Poster remembered people telling Kelly that jet engines do not fall off planes, but during production in August 2000, a "dishwasher-sized engine part" fell from the engine of a Boeing 747 and landed on a beach. Swayze frosted his hair specifically for his part and the infomercial clips were filmed at his ranch.


title: Donnie Darko

text: The film was shot with a Panavision Panastar camera and in anamorphic format, which involves filming in widescreen onto standard 35 mm film. Despite its setbacks and the need to have twice as much light, Kelly was adamant. Poster suggested using Kodak 800 ASA film stock, which people said looked "terrible and grainy", but he convinced the producers that anamorphic would reduce the amount of work with low ceiling lights that were common in the locations used for filming as they would be cut from the shot. The anamorphic process required Swayze to kneel down for some scenes so he could fit in the image. Kelly's goal was to "seduce the audience" from the film's opening shot. Kelly was attentive to details and spoke to his transportation coordinator to ensure all cars in the film were era-specific. He wanted to avoid going "too kitsch" with the style and costumes and retain a conservative style of the Virginia suburb. The long shots at the school with "Head Over Heels" playing angered the production and line managers at first, who thought it was "an indulgent music video" that lacked dialogue and did nothing to advance the story. Upon viewing the finished sequence, they had changed their minds. Kelly choreographed the scene's action to the song before the rights to use it had been acquired. Sparkle Motion's performance scene was one of the more difficult shots for Poster, who used smoke to give the appearance that light is there and to achieve silhouettes of the girls on stage.


title: Donnie Darko

text: The film's soundtrack was composed by San Diego musician and songwriter Michael Andrews. Kelly knew that the film's limited budget prevented him from hiring either "Thomas Newman or Danny Elfman" to compose the score for the film, so he decided to look for a composer who happens to be someone "very young, hungry, and really talented". Andrews was recommended by Juvonen's brother, Jim.


title: Donnie Darko

text: The film's opening sequence is set to "The Killing Moon" by Echo & the Bunnymen. The continuous shot of introduction of Donnie's high school prominently features the song "Head over Heels" by Tears for Fears. Samantha's dance group "Sparkle Motion" performs to "Notorious" by Duran Duran. "Under the Milky Way" by The Church is played after Donnie and Gretchen emerge from his bedroom during the party. "Love Will Tear Us Apart" by Joy Division also appears in the film diegetically during the party and shots of Donnie and Gretchen upstairs. Despite the film being set in 1988, the version played was not released until 1995. In the director's cut, the music in the opening sequence is replaced by "Never Tear Us Apart" by INXS; "Under the Milky Way" is moved to the scene of Donnie and Eddie driving home from Donnie's meeting with his therapist; and "The Killing Moon" is played as Gretchen and Donnie return to the party from Donnie's parents' room.


title: Donnie Darko

text: The film's end sequence features a piano-driven cover of "Mad World" by English new wave group Tears for Fears, sung by American musician Gary Jules, a schoolfriend of Andrews. In 2003, the cover of "Mad World" was released as a single that was No. 1 in the United Kingdom for three weeks, during which it was the country's Christmas No. 1 of that year.


title: Donnie Darko

text: "Donnie Darko" premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in Park City, Utah, on January 19, 2001. Kelly said it took around six months to secure a theatrical release; at one point, he was close to having it on the premium cable and satellite television network Starz. Donnie firing a gun became one of Kelly's biggest problems while finding a distributor, as the Columbine High School massacre from 1999 raised concerns of the film promoting teenage suicide. The licensed songs in the film also presented problems as they had yet to be paid for, causing a risk of them being removed for a wide release. Kelly was also advised to cut 30 minutes from the film. Despite the problems, Newmarket Films agreed to buy the film and organise a theatrical release in a service deal with IFC Films. Kelly involved Barrymore in the negotiations and recalled getting her to "beg" Newmarket for a deal, who had initially considered a straight-to-video release for it. Kelly credits Christopher Nolan and his wife Emma Thomas in securing the deal, after "Memento" producer Aaron Ryder arranged a private screening of "Donnie Darko" for Newmarket executives Chris Ball and Will Tyrer and encouraged the pair to distribute it.


title: Donnie Darko

text: With a deal secured, the crew spent the summer of 2001 revisiting the film; Ryder said it was to get the film "in the best possible shape we could", but recalled the difficulty in the task. This involved an additional day of shooting to clarify some plot holes, such as Ryder's suggestion of including shots of Frank in the "Mad World" sequence. Nolan and Thomas had advised Kelly to insert title cards throughout the film to break down the events leading up to October 30, 1988, which he did.


title: Donnie Darko

text: "Donnie Darko" was theatrically released from October 26, 2001, to its peak of 58 theaters across the United States; its premiere was held at the Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood. The film grossed $110,494 on its opening weekend, ranking No. 34 on the box office. The film was released six weeks after the September 11 attacks and its trailer featured an accident involving an aircraft, which affected its chances of box office success. Kelly said the film was not "attractive to people in that emotional, very deeply traumatizing chapter in our history". Newmarket president Bob Berney said "the bleak mood and the timing" was the cause of the film's failure at the box office, and that critics failed to understand or accept the film for what it is. "The mood filtered through everything." When its theatrical run ended on April 11, 2002, the film had grossed $517,375. After reissues, it went on to gross $7.6 million worldwide, recouping its budget. Despite its initial poor box office showing, the film attracted a devoted fan base and gained a cult following. Following its release on home video in March 2002, the Pioneer Theatre in New York City began midnight screenings of "Donnie Darko" that ran for 28 consecutive months.


title: Donnie Darko

text: In October 2002, the film was released in the UK, which generated renewed critical and commercial interest in the film. It sold 300,000 tickets within the first six weeks of its release, based mostly on word-of-mouth marketing, and grossed the equivalent of $2.5 million in its theatrical run. Its UK distributor Metrodome Distribution organised They Made Me Do It, an art exhibition that ran for 28 days at cafe bar Dream Bags Jaguar Shoes in Shoreditch, London. The project involved several graffiti artists given 6 hours, 42 minutes, and 12 seconds to complete a work inspired by the film.


title: Donnie Darko

text: Kelly published "The Donnie Darko Book" in October 2003. Jake Gyllenhaal wrote the foreword, in which he comments on the confusing nature of the film. The book includes an interview with Kelly who discusses the process of making and marketing the film, and questions about his personal life. The full shooting script of the film is included, plus several pages from "The Philosophy of Time Travel" and photographs and concept sketches such as Frank's mask and slides from Cunningham's school presentation.


title: Donnie Darko

text: The official Donnie Darko website, donniedarko.com, which can still be found at http://archive.hi-res.net/donniedarko/ is an interactive experience and marketing tool for the film made by Hi-ReS!, a digital marketing firm. The website is riddled with puzzles and secrets and contains never-before-seen information about the universe of the film, including information about the fate of many of the characters after the film ends. James Beck has commented on the website's validity as a narrative in and of itself due to the website's introduction of new content while reinforcing themes from the movie like fluidity of time, exemplified by the website's lack of concern for the chronology of the movie. Beck further argues that the Donnie Darko website differs from most other promotional websites in that it treats the user not as an outside viewer, but rather as someone within the universe of the film, creating an experience rather than an advertisement.


title: Donnie Darko

text: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film for home video several times. The first was in March 2002 on VHS and DVD formats, of which the latter included bonus material, including audio commentaries, trailers and TV spots, concept art, galleries, and a virtual guide through "The Philosophy of Time". Berney declared the film "a runaway hit" on DVD, the sales in the US alone brought in over $10 million.


title: Donnie Darko

text: In 2009, the film was released on Blu-ray, containing the theatrical and director's cuts. This was released in the UK in 2010. A four-disc set was released in 2011 to commemorate its tenth anniversary. In December 2016, Arrow Films released a limited edition Blu-ray and DVD set in the UK, taken from a new 4K scan of the original print, and supervised and approved by Kelly. It was released in the US in 2017.


title: Donnie Darko

text: In April 2021, Arrow Films released a two-disc Ultra HD Blu-ray box set containing both cuts in 4K resolution restorations from the original negatives, supervised by Kelly and Poster. This set includes a poster, postcards, and a 100-page book.


title: Donnie Darko

text: The idea to produce a director's cut of the film originated in late 2003, when Kelly and Berney attended the first-anniversary screening at the Pioneer Theatre in New York City. "" premiered on May 29, 2004, at the Seattle International Film Festival, followed by screenings in New York City and Los Angeles on July 23. The tickets sold out within the day for the Seattle International Film Festival premiere, grossing nearly $33,000 over a five-day period. This cut includes 20 minutes of extra footage and an altered soundtrack.


title: Donnie Darko

text: The director's cut DVD was released on February 15, 2005, in single- and double-disc versions, the latter being available in a standard DVD case or in a limited edition that also features a lenticular slipcase, whose central image alternates between Donnie and Frank depending on the viewing angle. Most additional features are exclusive to the two-DVD set: the director's commentary assisted by Kevin Smith, excerpts from the storyboard, a 52-minute production diary, "#1 fan video", a "cult following" video interviewing English fans, and the new director's cut trailer. The single-DVD edition was also released as a giveaway with copies of the British "Sunday Times" newspaper on February 19, 2006.


title: Donnie Darko

text: The DVD of the Director's Cut includes text of the in-universe book, "The Philosophy of Time Travel", written by Roberta Sparrow, which Donnie is given and reads in the film. The text expands on the philosophical and scientific concepts much of the film's plot revolves around, and has been seen as a way to understand the film better than from its theatrical release. As outlined by "Salon"s Dan Kois from the book's text, much of the film takes place in an unstable Tangent Universe that is physically connected to the Primary Universe by a wormhole (the entrance to which is the Vortex seen at the end of the film) and which is an exact duplicate of it, except for an extra metal object known as an Artifact — which in this case is the jet engine. If the Artifact is not sent to the Primary Universe by the chosen Living Receiver (Donnie) within 28 days, the Primary Universe will be destroyed upon the collapse of the Tangent in a black hole. To aid in this task, the Living Receiver is given super-human abilities such as foresight, physical strength and elemental powers, but at the cost of troubling visions and paranoia, while the Manipulated Living (all who live around the Receiver) support him in unnatural ways, setting up a domino-like chain of events encouraging him to return the Artifact. The Manipulated Dead (those who die within the Tangent Universe, like Frank and Gretchen) are more aware than the Living, having the power to travel through time, and will set an Ensurance Trap, a scenario which leaves the Receiver no choice but to save the Primary Universe.


title: Donnie Darko

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 86% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 118 reviews, with an average rating of 7.60/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Richard Kelly's debut feature "Donnie Darko" is a daring, original vision, packed with jarring ideas and intelligence and featuring a remarkable performance from Jake Gyllenhaal as the troubled title character." Metacritic gives the theatrical version of the film a weighted average score of 71 out of 100 based on 21 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".


title: Donnie Darko

text: Andrew Johnson cited the film in "Us Weekly", as one of the outstanding films at Sundance in 2001, describing it as "a heady blend of science fiction, spirituality, and teen angst". Jean Oppenheimer of "New Times (LA)" praised the film, saying, "Like gathering storm clouds, "Donnie Darko" creates an atmosphere of eerie calm and mounting menace—[and] stands as one of the most exceptional movies of 2001." Writing for ABC Australia, Megan Spencer called the movie "menacing, dreamy and exciting" and noted "it could take you to a deeply emotional place lying dormant in your soul". Roger Ebert gave the theatrical version of the film two and a half stars out of four, but later gave the director's cut three stars out of four.


title: Donnie Darko

text: Other critics like Sam Adams called the movie an apparent "big mess", citing incoherent plot, sloppy writing, and an uneven tone. Adams also took issue with the "seemingly irrelevant" but oft-referenced setting in a suburban America in the 1980s, claiming that it "serves as another example of the movie's struggle to find identity". Another review from the "San Antonio Current" lauds the build-up, citing vast build of mysteries with compelling characters, but claims the movie's ending "leaves much to be desired", calling it cheap and anti-climactic.


title: Donnie Darko

text: A 2009 sequel, "S. Darko", set seven years afterwards, centers on the now 18-year-old Sam, Donnie's younger sister. Sam is troubled by her brother's death and begins to have problems with sleepwalking, along with strange dreams that hint at an impending major catastrophe. The sequel received extremely negative reviews. Kelly said he had no involvement in the sequel as he no longer owns the rights to the original. In 2017, Kelly said that he resents being asked about the sequel and that he had never seen it. Actress Daveigh Chase and producer Adam Fields were the only creative links between "S. Darko" and the original film.


title: Donnie Darko

text: In 2017, Kelly revealed that he had ideas for a new sequel that is "much bigger and more ambitious" than the original. In January 2021, he announced that "an enormous amount of work" had been done on the script. He was inspired to do so after a 2010 meeting with James Cameron, who found the film "disturbing" and had Kelly explain what happened to Donnie at the end of the film. Cameron suggested to Kelly that he continue working on the project, which made Kelly realise that "there was really something big, something epic that could be done."


title: Donnie Darko

text: Marcus Stern, associate director of the American Repertory Theater, directed a stage adaptation of "Donnie Darko" at the Zero Arrow Theatre, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the fall of 2007. It ran from October 27 until November 18, 2007, with opening night scheduled near Halloween.


title: Donnie Darko

text: An article written by the production drama team says the director and production team planned to "embrace the challenge to make the fantastical elements come alive on stage". In 2004, Stern adapted and directed Kelly's screenplay for a graduate student production at the American Repertory Theater's Institute for Advanced Theater Training (I.A.T.T./M.X.A.T.).


title: From (TV series)

text: From (stylized as FROM) is an American science fiction horror television series created by John Griffin. It stars an ensemble cast consisting of Harold Perrineau, Catalina Sandino Moreno, Eion Bailey, David Alpay, Elizabeth Saunders, Shaun Majumder, Scott McCord, Ricky He, Chloe Van Landschoot, Pegah Ghafoori, Corteon Moore, Hannah Cheramy, Simon Webster, Avery Konrad, Paul Zinno, and Elizabeth Moy. The series premiered on Epix on February 20, 2022. It received generally positive reviews from critics for its story and Perrineau's performance. In April 2022, the series was renewed for a second season.


title: From (TV series)

text: In a nightmarish town in middle America that traps everyone who enters, unwilling residents strive to stay alive and search for a way out... but they are plagued by the terrifying nocturnal creatures from the surrounding forest, and secrets are hidden in the town itself.


title: From (TV series)

text: On June 7, 2018, YouTube Red announced the development of the John Griffin–created series "From" as part of an overall deal between production companies Midnight Radio and the Russo brothers' AGBO. By April 2021, the series had transferred to Epix after YouTube Red, now YouTube Premium, moved into unscripted programming. The project was given a series order consisting of 10 episodes, with Jack Bender set to direct the first four. In May 2021, Harold Perrineau, Eion Bailey, and Catalina Sandino Moreno were cast in lead roles. In July, Shaun Majumder, Elizabeth Saunders, Avery Konrad, Hannah Cheramy, Ricky He, Simon Webster, Chloe Van Landschoot, and Pegah Gahfoori were announced to star.


title: From (TV series)

text: Filming for the first season began in the last week of May 2021 in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Principal photography took place around Beaver Bank and Sackville River, situated in the suburban community of Lower Sackville. The opening theme song, "Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)", was performed by the Pixies, and Chris Tilton composed the musical score.


title: From (TV series)

text: The series premiered in the United States on Epix on February 20, 2022. In Australia, it was distributed by Stan. In the UK, it is broadcast on Sky Sci-Fi In Canada, it is available to stream on Paramount+.


title: From (TV series)

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 94% of 16 reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Ably anchored by Harold Perrineau, "From" is an intriguing journey toward a mysterious destination." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 65 out of 100 based on four critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Helen Hunt

text: Helen Elizabeth Hunt (born June 15, 1963) is an American actress and director. She is the recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, four Primetime Emmy Awards, and four Golden Globe Awards.


title: Helen Hunt

text: Hunt rose to fame portraying Jamie Buchman in the sitcom "Mad About You" (1992–1999, 2019), which earned her three Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy and four Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series.


title: Helen Hunt

text: Hunt won the Academy Award for Best Actress for starring as Carol Connelly in the romantic comedy "As Good as It Gets" (1997), while her portrayal of Cheryl Cohen-Greene in "The Sessions" (2012), gained her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Her other notable films include "Twister" (1996), "Cast Away" (2000), "What Women Want" (2000), "Pay It Forward" (2000), "Bobby" (2006), "Soul Surfer" (2011), and "The Miracle Season" (2018).


title: Helen Hunt

text: Hunt made her directorial film debut with "Then She Found Me" (2007), and has directed the film "Ride" (2014), and episodes of television series, including "House of Lies", "This Is Us", "", "American Housewife", and the premiere episode of the "Mad About You" revival.


title: Helen Hunt

text: Helen Hunt was born in Culver City, California. Her mother, Jane Elizabeth (née Novis), worked as a photographer, and her father, Gordon Hunt, was a film, voice and stage director and acting coach. Her uncle, Peter H. Hunt, was also a director. Her maternal grandmother, Dorothy (Anderson) Fries, was a voice coach. Hunt's paternal grandmother was from a German-Jewish family, while Hunt's other grandparents were of English descent (her maternal grandfather was born in England), with a Methodist religious background. When she was three, Hunt's family moved to New York City, where her father directed theatre and Hunt attended plays as a child several times a week. Hunt studied ballet, and briefly attended the University of California, Los Angeles.


title: Helen Hunt

text: Hunt began working as a child actress in the 1970s. Her early roles included an appearance as Murray Slaughter's daughter on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", as the daughter of George Segal's main character in "Rollercoaster" (1977), alongside Lindsay Wagner in an episode of "The Bionic Woman", an appearance in an episode of "Ark II" called "Omega", and a regular role in the television series "The Swiss Family Robinson". She appeared as a marijuana-smoking classmate on an episode of "The Facts of Life". In 1982, Hunt played a young woman who, while on PCP, jumps out of a second-story window, in a made-for-television film called "Desperate Lives" (a scene which she mocked during a "Saturday Night Live" monologue in 1994), and she was cast on the ABC sitcom "It Takes Two", which lasted only one season. In 1983, she starred in "", with Mickey Rooney and played Tami Maida in the fact-based production "Quarterback Princess"; both were made-for television films. She also had a recurring role on "St. Elsewhere" as Clancy Williams, the girlfriend of Jack "Boomer" Morrison, and had a notable guest appearance as a cancer-stricken mother-to-be in a two-part episode of "Highway to Heaven".


title: Helen Hunt

text: By the mid and late 1980s, Hunt had begun appearing in studio films aimed at a teenage audience. Her first major film role was that of a punk rock girl in the sci-fi film "Trancers" (1984). She played the friend of an army brat in the comedy "Girls Just Want to Have Fun" (1985), with Sarah Jessica Parker and Shannen Doherty, and appeared as the daughter of a woman on the verge of divorce in Francis Ford Coppola's "Peggy Sue Got Married" (1986), alongside Kathleen Turner. In 1987, Hunt starred with Matthew Broderick in "Project X", as a graduate student assigned to care for chimpanzees used in a secret Air Force project. In 1988, she appeared in "Stealing Home", as Hope Wyatt, the sister of Billy Wyatt, played by Mark Harmon and a cast featuring Jodie Foster and Harold Ramis. "Next of Kin" (1989) featured her as the pregnant wife of a respectable lawman, opposite Patrick Swayze and Liam Neeson.


title: Helen Hunt

text: In 1990, Hunt appeared with Tracey Ullman and Morgan Freeman in a Wild West version of "The Taming of the Shrew", at the Delacorte Theater in Central Park. In 1991, Hunt starred in "Trancers II", the direct-to-video sequel to "Trancers" (1984), and played the lead female role in the sitcom "My Life and Times", which only aired for 6 episodes. In 1992, she would appear in the drama "The Waterdance" as a married woman having an affair with a writer; in the harem comedy "Only You", as a travel agent and the love interest of a doll's house designer; in the mockumentary "Bob Roberts", as Rose Pondell, a field reporter at WLNO; and in "Mr. Saturday Night", as a young agent named Annie Well. In 1992, Hunt returned for her fourth and final outing as Lena in "Trancers III", the second sequel of the "Trancers" series including , which was among her five film releases that year.


title: Helen Hunt

text: Hunt came to prominence in North America with the sitcom "Mad About You" (1992–99), in which she starred opposite Paul Reiser, as a public relations specialist and one half of a couple in NYC. She went on to win Emmy Awards for her performances in 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999. For the show's final season, Reiser and Hunt received $1 million ($ million today) per episode. She directed several episodes of "Mad About You", including the series finale.


title: Helen Hunt

text: In 1995, Hunt played the wife of an ex-con living in Queens, alongside Nicolas Cage, in "Kiss of Death", a very loosely based remake of the 1947 film noir classic of the same name. In the disaster action film "Twister" (1996), Hunt starred with Bill Paxton as storm chasers researching tornadoes. Both actors were temporarily blinded by bright electronic lamps halfway through filming, and needed hepatitis shots after shooting in a particularly unsanitary ditch. "Twister" was the second-highest-grossing film of 1996, behind "Independence Day". The film sold an estimated 54,688,100 tickets in the US. It made US$494.5 million around the globe.


title: Helen Hunt

text: Hunt went on to win the Academy Award for Best Actress in the romantic comedy "As Good as It Gets" (1997), in which she took on the role of a waitress and single mother who finds herself falling in love with a misanthropic, obsessive-compulsive romance novelist, played by Jack Nicholson. Hunt and Nicholson got along well during the filming, and they connected immediately: "It wasn't even what we said", Hunt added. "It was just some frequency we both could tune into that was very, very compatible." Author and screenwriter Andrew Horton described their on-screen relationship as being like "fire and ice, oil and water— seemingly complete opposites". Nonetheless, Hunt was Nicholson's perfect counterpart, and delivered "a simply stunning performance", wrote critic Louise Keller. The film was a tremendous box office success, grossing US$314 million worldwide. In 1998, she played the love interest of Moe Szyslak on "The Simpsons" episode "Dumbbell Indemnity", and played Viola in Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night", at Lincoln Center in New York.


title: Helen Hunt

text: Two of Hunt's four film releases in 2000 —the comedy "Dr. T & the Women" and the drama "Pay It Forward"— were both released in October. While the first featured her as one of the women that encompass the everyday life of a wealthy gynecologist, opposite Richard Gere, the second starred her as the love interest of a physically and emotionally scarred grade school teacher, played by Kevin Spacey. Critic Roger Ebert highlighted her performance in "Pay It Forward", despite finding the film itself to be "too emotionally manipulative". Her other two 2000 films —the romantic comedy "What Women Want", and the drama "Cast Away"— were released in December, to outstanding box office receipts. In "What Women Want", Hunt starred with Mel Gibson as the co-worker and love interest of a Chicago executive, and in "Cast Away", she portrayed the long-term girlfriend of a FedEx employee marooned on an uninhabited island, alongside Tom Hanks.


title: Helen Hunt

text: Hunt starred in Woody Allen's "The Curse of the Jade Scorpion" (2001), as an efficiency expert hypnotized by a crooked hypnotist into stealing jewels. Despite the film's limited success, Roger Ebert asserted: "Hunt in particular has fun with a wisecracking dame role that owes something, perhaps, to Rosalind Russell in "His Girl Friday"." In 2003, Hunt returned to Broadway in Yasmina Reza's "Life x 3", and in 2004, she starred in the drama "A Good Woman", as a femme fatale in 1930s NYC. "AV Club", in its review for the latter, remarked: "Helen Hunt looks embarrassingly out of place trying to play an infamous seductress". She played a socialite, as part of an ensemble cast, in Emilio Estevez's drama "Bobby" (2006), about the hours leading up to the Robert F. Kennedy assassination. As a member of the cast, she was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Cast in a Motion Picture but won the Hollywood Film Festival Award for Best Ensemble Cast.


title: Helen Hunt

text: Hunt made her feature film directorial debut in "Then She Found Me" (2007), in which she also starred as a 39-year-old Brooklyn elementary school teacher, who after years is contacted by the flamboyant host of a local talk show, played by Bette Midler, who introduces herself as her biological mother. After first reading Elinor Lipman's novel, she tried to interest numerous studios in the material, and her unsuccessful efforts led her to begin writing the screenplay and raising funds to produce it herself. Upon its release, Ruthe Stein of the "San Francisco Chronicle" observed, "You would think that frontloading "Then She Found Me" with so much plot would make it play like a soap opera. But Hunt saves the movie from this fate in two ways. First she turns in a touchingly real performance, the best of her big-screen career. Forget that "As Good as It Gets" won her an Oscar. She's eons better and more realistic in this one [...] By directing "Then She Found Me", Helen becomes its savior as well [...] Hunt knows when to rein in the Divine Miss M instead of allowing her to go into full Kabuki mode. [She] also coaxes pitch-perfect performances from Broderick and Firth."


title: Helen Hunt

text: Hunt starred in the dramedy "Every Day" (2010), as one half of a married couple pulled apart by increasing responsibilities. According to "Los Angeles Times", the film "comes as a reminder of [Hunt's] talent for understatement, and a wish to see more of her". In the biographical drama "Soul Surfer" (2011), she played the mother of the Hawaiian-born champion surfer Bethany Hamilton, on whose life the film was based. Her first wide release since 2001's "The Curse of the Jade Scorpion", "Soul Surfer" made US$47.1 million internationally.


title: Helen Hunt

text: Hunt starred as sex surrogate Cheryl Cohen-Greene in "The Sessions" (2012), alongside John Hawkes and William H. Macy. The role required Hunt to perform multiple scenes of full-frontal nudity, on which she further said: "Being naked was challenging, but even more than that was the vulnerability. I felt vulnerable because I was naked. I felt vulnerable because we were having such a vulnerable moment in this character's life. This was a real journey that someone had gone on, and I wanted to do right by that." Her performance was acclaimed by critics and earned her several award nominations, including an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress. Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote: "Hunt's performance may be physically bold but is equally marked by its maturity and composure."


title: Helen Hunt

text: Hunt played research geneticist Mary-Claire King in the independent drama "Decoding Annie Parker" (2013), which was released to a mixed critical response. She wrote and directed the drama "Ride" (2014), in which she also starred as a mother who travels cross-country to California to be with her son after he decides to drop out of school and become a surfer. Rotten Tomatoes' critical consensus read: ""Ride" reaffirms Helen Hunt's immense acting talent —but suggests that she still needs time to develop as a director."


title: Helen Hunt

text: In "The Miracle Season" (2018), based on the true story of the Iowa City West High School volleyball team, Hunt played Kathy Bresnahan, a volleyball coach. In 2019, Hunt appeared in the BBC series "World on Fire" as journalist Nancy Campbell, a character inspired by real-life war correspondent Clare Hollingworth, and reprised the role of Jamie Buchman in the "Mad About You" revival, which premiered in the form of a limited series, by Spectrum Originals.


title: Helen Hunt

text: In 2020, Hunt appeared in the crime drama film "The Night Clerk" alongside Tye Sheridan. In December 2020, it was reported that Hunt would appear in a leading role in the Starz series "Blindspotting", created by Daveed Diggs and Rafael Casal and based on their 2018 film of the same name. In September 2022 she will star in the European premiere of "Eureka Day" at The Old Vic theatre in London.


title: Helen Hunt

text: In 1994, Hunt started dating actor Hank Azaria. They married in 1999, and divorced 17 months later. In 2001, Hunt began a relationship with producer Matthew Carnahan. In 2004, they had a daughter. The couple split in August 2017.


title: Helen Hunt

text: Hunt was one of the demonstrators at the 2017 Women's March held on January 21 in Los Angeles, California.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: The "Gerald R. Ford" class is a class of nuclear powered aircraft carriers currently being constructed for the United States Navy. The class, with a planned total of ten ships, will replace the Navy's current carriers on a one-for-one basis, starting with the lead ship, , replacing , and then eventually taking the place of the existing carriers. The new vessels have a hull similar to the "Nimitz"-class, but introduce technologies since developed with the CVN(X)/CVN-21 program, such as the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS), as well as other design features intended to improve efficiency and reduce operating costs, including sailing with smaller crews. This class of aircraft carriers is named after former US President Gerald R. Ford. The first ship of the class, CVN-78, was procured in 2008 and commissioned into service on 22 July 2017. The second ship of the class, , is expected to be commissioned into service in 2024.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: The biggest visible difference from earlier supercarriers is the more aft location of the island (superstructure). The "Gerald R. Ford"-class carriers will have a reduced whole-life cost due in part to reduced crew size. These ships are intended to sustain 160 sorties per day for 30-plus days, with a surge capability of 270 sorties per day. Director of Operational Testing Michael Gilmore has criticized the assumptions used in these forecasts as unrealistic and has indicated sortie rates similar to the 120/240 per day of the "Nimitz" class would be acceptable.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: The current in US naval service have been part of United States power projection strategy since "Nimitz" was commissioned in 1975. Displacing about 100,000 tons when fully loaded, a "Nimitz"-class carrier can steam in excess of , cruise without resupply for 90 days, and launch aircraft to strike targets hundreds of miles away. The endurance of the "Nimitz" class is exemplified by , which spent 159 days underway during Operation Enduring Freedom without visiting a port or being refueled.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: The" Nimitz" design has accommodated many new technologies over the decades, but it has limited ability to support the most recent technical advances. As a 2005 Rand report said, "The biggest problems facing the "Nimitz" class are the limited electrical power generation capability and the upgrade-driven increase in ship weight and erosion of the center-of-gravity margin needed to maintain ship stability."


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: With these constraints in mind, the US Navy developed what was initially known as the CVN-21 program, which evolved into CVN-78, "Gerald R. Ford". Improvements were made through developing technologies and more efficient design. Major design changes include a larger flight deck, improvements in weapons and material handling, a new propulsion plant design that requires fewer people to operate and maintain, and a new, smaller island that has been pushed aft. Technological advances in electromagnetics have led to the development of an Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) and an Advanced Arresting Gear (AAG). An integrated warfare system, the Ship Self-Defense System (SSDS), has been developed to allow the ship to more easily take on new missions. The new Dual Band Radar (DBR) combines S-band and X-band radar.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: These advances will allow the new "Gerald R. Ford"-class carriers to launch 25% more sorties, generate triple the electrical power with improved efficiency, and offer crew quality-of-life improvements.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: Catapult No. 4 on the "Nimitz" class cannot launch fully loaded aircraft because of low wing clearance along the edge of the flight deck.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: The movement of weapons from storage and assembly to the aircraft on the flight deck has also been streamlined and accelerated. Ordnance will be lifted to the centralized rearming location via higher-capacity weapons elevators that use linear motors. These elevators are located so that ordnance need not cross any areas of aircraft movement, thereby reducing traffic problems in the hangars and on the flight deck. In 2008, Rear Admiral Dennis M. Dwyer said these changes will make it hypothetically possible to rearm the airplanes in "minutes instead of hours".


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: The new Bechtel A1B reactor for the "Gerald R. Ford" class is smaller and simpler, requires less crew, and yet is far more powerful than the "Nimitz"-class A4W reactor. Two reactors will be installed on each "Gerald R. Ford"-class carrier, providing a power generation capacity at least 25% greater than the 550 MW (thermal) of the two A4W reactors in a "Nimitz"-class carrier. The portion of thermal power allotted to electrical generation will be tripled.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: The propulsion and power plant of the "Nimitz"-class carriers were designed in the 1960s, when onboard technologies required less electrical power. "New technologies added to the "Nimitz"-class ships have generated increased demands for electricity; the current base load leaves little margin to meet expanding demands for power."


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: The "Gerald R. Ford"-class ships convert steam into power by piping it to four main turbine generators (MTG) to generate electricity for major ship systems, and the new electromagnetic catapults. The "Gerald R. Ford"-class ships use steam turbines for propulsion.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: A larger power output is a major component of the integrated warfare system. Engineers took extra steps to ensure that integrating unforeseen technological advances onto a "Gerald R. Ford"-class aircraft carrier would be possible. The Navy expects the "Gerald R. Ford" class will be part of the fleet for 90 years, until the year 2105, which means that the class must successfully accept new technology over the decades. Only half of the electric power generation capacity is used by currently planned systems, with half remaining available for future technologies.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: The Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) launches aircraft by means of a catapult employing a linear induction motor rather than the steam piston used on the "Nimitz" class. The EMALS accelerates aircraft more smoothly, putting less stress on their airframes. The EMALS also weighs less, is expected to cost less and require less maintenance, and can launch both heavier and lighter aircraft than a steam piston-driven system. It also reduces the carrier's requirement for fresh water, thus reducing the demand for energy-intensive desalination.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: Electromagnets are also being used in the new Advanced Arresting Gear (AAG) system. The current system relies on hydraulics to slow and stop a landing aircraft. While the hydraulic system is effective, as demonstrated by more than fifty years of implementation, the AAG system offers a number of improvements. The current system is unable to capture unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) without damaging them due to extreme stresses on the airframe. UAVs do not have the necessary mass to drive the large hydraulic piston used to trap heavier, manned airplanes. By using electromagnetics the energy absorption is controlled by a turbo-electric engine. This makes the trap smoother and reduces shock on airframes. Even though the system will look the same from the flight deck as its predecessor, it will be more flexible, safe, and reliable, and will require less maintenance and manning.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: Another addition to the "Gerald R. Ford" class is an integrated active electronically scanned array search and tracking radar system. The dual-band radar (DBR) was being developed for both the "Zumwalt"-class guided missile destroyers and the "Gerald R. Ford"-class aircraft carriers by Raytheon. The island can be kept smaller by replacing six to ten radar antennas with a single six-faced radar. The DBR works by combining the X band AN/SPY-3 multifunction radar with the S band Volume Search Radar (VSR) emitters, distributed into three phased arrays. The S-band radar was later deleted from the "Zumwalt" destroyers to save money.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: The three faces dedicated to the X-band radar handle low-altitude tracking and radar illumination, while the three S-band faces handle target search and tracking regardless of weather. "Operating simultaneously over two electromagnetic frequency ranges, the DBR marks the first time this functionality has been achieved using two frequencies coordinated by a single resource manager."


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: This new system has no moving parts, therefore minimizing maintenance and manning requirements for operation.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: The AN/SPY-3 consists of three active arrays and the Receiver/Exciter (REX) cabinets abovedecks and the Signal and Data Processor (SDP) subsystem below-decks. The VSR has a similar architecture, with the beamforming and narrowband down-conversion functionality occurring in two additional cabinets per array. A central controller (the resource manager) resides in the Data Processor (DP). The DBR is the first radar system that uses a central controller and two active-array radars operating at different frequencies. The DBR gets its power from the Common Array Power System (CAPS), which comprises Power Conversion Units (PCUs) and Power Distribution Units (PDUs). The DBR is cooled via a closed-loop cooling system called the Common Array Cooling System (CACS).


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: The Enterprise Air Surveillance Radar (EASR) is a new design surveillance radar that is to be installed in the second "Gerald R. Ford"-class aircraft carrier, , in lieu of the Dual Band radar. The s starting with LHA-8 and the planned LX(R) will also have this radar. The EASR suite's initial per-unit cost will be about $180 million less than the DBR, for which the estimate is about $500 million.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: Future defense systems, such as free-electron laser directed-energy weapons, electric armor, and tracking systems will require more power. "Only half of the electrical power-generation capability on CVN-78 is needed to run currently planned systems, including EMALS. CVN-78 will thus have the power reserves that the "Nimitz" class lacks to run lasers and electric armor." The addition of new technologies, power systems, design layout, and better control systems results in an increased sortie rate of 25% over the "Nimitz" class and a 25% reduction in manpower required to operate.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: Waste management technology will be deployed on "Gerald R. Ford". Co-developed with the Carderock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center, PyroGenesis Canada Inc., was in 2008 awarded the contract to outfit the ship with a Plasma Arc Waste Destruction System (PAWDS). This compact system will treat all combustible solid waste generated on board the ship. After having completed factory acceptance testing in Montreal, the system was scheduled to be shipped to the Huntington Ingalls shipyard in late 2011 for installation on the carrier.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: The Navy is developing a free-electron laser (FEL) to defend against cruise missiles and small-boat swarms.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: Newport News Shipbuilding used a full-scale three-dimensional product model developed in Dassault Systèmes CATIA V5 to design and plan the construction of the "Gerald R. Ford" class of aircraft carriers.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: The CVN 78 class was designed to have better weapons movement paths, largely eliminating horizontal movements within the ship. Current plans call for advanced weapons elevators to move from storage areas to dedicated weapons handling areas. Sailors would use motorized carts to move the weapons from storage to the elevators at different levels of the weapons magazines. Linear motors are being considered for the advanced weapons elevators. The elevators will also be relocated such that they will not impede aircraft operations on the flight deck. The redesign of the weapons movement paths and the location of the weapons elevators on the flight deck will reduce manpower and contribute to a much higher sortie generation rate.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: The "Gerald R. Ford" class is designed to accommodate the new Joint Strike Fighter carrier variant aircraft (F-35C), but aircraft development and testing delays have affected integration activities on CVN-78. These integration activities include testing the F-35C with CVN-78's EMALS and advanced arresting gear system and testing the ship's storage capabilities for the F-35C's lithium-ion batteries, tires, and wheels. As a result of F-35C developmental delays, the US Navy will not field the aircraft until at least 2018—one year after CVN-78 delivery. As a result, the Navy has deferred critical F-35C integration activities, which introduces a risk of system incompatibilities and costly retrofits to the ship after it is delivered to the Navy.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: Systems that reduce crew workload have allowed the ship's company on "Gerald R. Ford"-class carriers to total only 2,600 sailors, about 700 fewer than a "Nimitz"-class carrier. The massive, 180-man berthing areas on the "Nimitz" class are replaced by 40-rack berthing areas on "Gerald R. Ford"-class carriers. The smaller berthings are quieter and the layout requires less foot traffic through other spaces. Typically the racks are stacked three high, with locker space per person. The berthings do not feature modern "sit-up" racks with more headroom; bottom and middle racks only accommodate a sailor lying down. Each berthing has an associated head, including showers, vacuum-powered septic-system toilets (no urinals since the berthings are built gender-neutral) and sinks to reduce travel and traffic to access those facilities. Wifi-enabled lounges are located across the passageway in separate spaces from the berthing's racks.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: Since deployment, the first two carriers of the class have run into problems with the plumbing of the waste system. The pipes were too narrow to handle the load of users, resulting in the vacuum failing and repeatedly clogged toilets. To alleviate the problem, specialized acidic cleaning solutions have been used to flush out the sewage system. These cleaning treatments cost about $400,000 each time, resulting in a substantial unplanned increase in the lifetime expense of operating these ships according to the GAO. These cleanings will have to be performed for the lifetime of the ship.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: "Gerald R. Ford", first in the class, has an on-board hospital that includes a full laboratory, pharmacy, operating room, 3-bed intensive care unit, 2-bed emergency room, and 41-bed hospital ward, staffed by 11 medical officers and 30 hospital corpsmen.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: Construction of the first vessel in the class, CVN-78 "Gerald R. Ford", officially began on 11 August 2005, when Northrop Grumman held a ceremonial steel cut for a 15-ton plate that would form part of a side shell unit of the carrier, but construction began in earnest in early 2007. The carrier was assembled at Newport News Shipbuilding, a division of Huntington Ingalls Industries (formerly Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding) in Newport News, Virginia. This is the only shipyard in the United States that can build nuclear-powered aircraft carriers.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: In 2005, "Gerald R. Ford" was estimated to cost at least $13 billion: $5 billion for research and development plus $8 billion to build. A 2009 report raised the estimate to $14 billion, including $9 billion for construction. In 2013, the life-cycle cost per operating day of a carrier strike group (including aircraft) was estimated at $6.5 million by the Center for New American Security.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: Originally, a total of three carriers were authorized for construction, but if the "Nimitz"-class carriers and were to be replaced one-for-one, 11 carriers would be required over the life of the program. The last "Nimitz"-class aircraft carrier is to be decommissioned in 2058.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: In a speech on 6 April 2009, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced that each "Gerald R. Ford"-class carrier would be built over five years, yielding a "more fiscally sustainable path" and a 10-carrier fleet after 2040. That changed in December 2016, when Navy Secretary Ray Mabus signed a Force Structure Assessment calling for a 355-ship fleet with 12 aircraft carriers. If enacted, this policy would require each "Gerald R. Ford"-class carrier to be built in three to four years.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: As construction of CVN-78 progressed, the shipbuilder discovered first-of-class type design changes, which it will use to update the model before the construction of the remaining vessels of its class. Several of these design changes related to EMALS configuration changes, which required electrical, wiring, and other changes within the ship. The Navy anticipates additional design changes stemming from remaining advanced arresting gear development and testing. According to the Navy, many of these 19,000 changes were programmed into the construction schedule early on—a result of the government's decision, at contract award, to introduce improvements to the ship's warfare systems during construction, which are heavily dependent on evolving commercial technologies.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: There was a movement by the Carrier Veterans' Association to have CVN-78 named after "America" rather than after President Ford. Eventually, the amphibious assault ship LHA-6 was named .


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: On 1 December 2012, Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced that CVN-80 would be named USS "Enterprise". The information was delivered during a prerecorded speech as part of the deactivation ceremony for the previous . The future will be the ninth U.S. Navy ship to bear this name.


title: Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier

text: On 20 January 2020, during a ceremony in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Acting Secretary of the Navy Thomas B. Modly named a future "Gerald R. Ford"-class aircraft carrier in honor of World War II hero Doris Miller. This will be the first aircraft carrier named for an African American, and the first aircraft carrier to be named for a sailor in the enlisted ranks. It is the second ship named in honor of Miller, who was the first African American to be awarded the Navy Cross.


title: Lupus

text: Lupus, technically known as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body. Symptoms vary among people and may be mild to severe. Common symptoms include painful and swollen joints, fever, chest pain, hair loss, mouth ulcers, swollen lymph nodes, feeling tired, and a red rash which is most commonly on the face. Often there are periods of illness, called flares, and periods of remission during which there are few symptoms.


title: Lupus

text: The cause of SLE is not clear. It is thought to involve a mixture of genetics combined with environmental factors. Among identical twins, if one is affected there is a 24% chance the other one will also develop the disease. Female sex hormones, sunlight, smoking, vitamin D deficiency, and certain infections are also believed to increase a person's risk. The mechanism involves an immune response by autoantibodies against a person's own tissues. These are most commonly anti-nuclear antibodies and they result in inflammation. Diagnosis can be difficult and is based on a combination of symptoms and laboratory tests. There are a number of other kinds of lupus erythematosus including discoid lupus erythematosus, neonatal lupus, and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus.


title: Lupus

text: There is no cure for SLE, but there are experimental and symptomatic treatments. Treatments may include NSAIDs, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, hydroxychloroquine, and methotrexate. Although corticosteroids are rapidly effective, long-term use results in side effects. Alternative medicine has not been shown to affect the disease. Life expectancy is lower among people with SLE, but with modern treatment, 80-90% of patients can have a normal life span. SLE significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease with this being the most common cause of death. While women with lupus have higher risk pregnancies, most are successful.


title: Lupus

text: Rate of SLE varies between countries from 20 to 70 per 100,000. Women of childbearing age are affected about nine times more often than men. While it most commonly begins between the ages of 15 and 45, a wide range of ages can be affected. Those of African, Caribbean, and Chinese descent are at higher risk than those of European descent. Rates of disease in the developing world are unclear. Lupus is Latin for "wolf": the disease was so-named in the 13th century as the rash was thought to appear like a wolf's bite.


title: Lupus

text: SLE is one of several diseases known as "the great imitator" because it often mimics or is mistaken for other illnesses. SLE is a classical item in differential diagnosis, because SLE symptoms vary widely and come and go unpredictably. Diagnosis can thus be elusive, with some people having unexplained symptoms of SLE for years.


title: Lupus

text: Common initial and chronic complaints include fever, malaise, joint pains, muscle pains, and fatigue. Because these symptoms are so often seen in association with other diseases, these signs and symptoms are not part of the diagnostic criteria for SLE. When occurring in conjunction with other signs and symptoms, however, they are considered suggestive.


title: Lupus

text: While SLE can occur in both males and females, it is found far more often in women, and the symptoms associated with each sex are different. Females tend to have a greater number of relapses, a low white blood cell count, more arthritis, Raynaud's phenomenon, and psychiatric symptoms. Males tend to have more seizures, kidney disease, serositis (inflammation of tissues lining the lungs and heart), skin problems, and peripheral neuropathy.


title: Lupus

text: As many as 70% of people with lupus have some skin symptoms. The three main categories of lesions are chronic cutaneous (discoid) lupus, subacute cutaneous lupus, and acute cutaneous lupus. People with discoid lupus may exhibit thick, red scaly patches on the skin. Similarly, subacute cutaneous lupus manifests as red, scaly patches of skin but with distinct edges. Acute cutaneous lupus manifests as a rash. Some have the classic malar rash (commonly known as the "butterfly rash") associated with the disease. This rash occurs in 30 to 60% of people with SLE.


title: Lupus

text: The most commonly sought medical attention is for joint pain, with the small joints of the hand and wrist usually affected, although all joints are at risk. More than 90 percent of those affected will experience joint or muscle pain at some time during the course of their illness. Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, lupus arthritis is less disabling and usually does not cause severe destruction of the joints. Fewer than ten percent of people with lupus arthritis will develop deformities of the hands and feet. People with SLE are at particular risk of developing osteoarticular tuberculosis.


title: Lupus

text: A possible association between rheumatoid arthritis and SLE has been suggested, and SLE may be associated with an increased risk of bone fractures in relatively young women.


title: Lupus

text: Anemia is common in children with SLE and develops in about 50% of cases. Low platelet count and white blood cell count may be due to the disease or a side effect of pharmacological treatment. People with SLE may have an association with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (a thrombotic disorder), wherein autoantibodies to phospholipids are present in their serum. Abnormalities associated with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome include a paradoxical prolonged partial thromboplastin time (which usually occurs in hemorrhagic disorders) and a positive test for antiphospholipid antibodies; the combination of such findings have earned the term "lupus anticoagulant-positive". Another autoantibody finding in SLE is the anti-cardiolipin antibody, which can cause a false positive test for syphilis.


title: Lupus

text: SLE may cause pericarditis—inflammation of the outer lining surrounding the heart, myocarditis—inflammation of the heart muscle, or endocarditis—inflammation of the inner lining of the heart. The endocarditis of SLE is non-infectious, and is also called Libman–Sacks endocarditis. It involves either the mitral valve or the tricuspid valve. Atherosclerosis also occurs more often and advances more rapidly than in the general population.


title: Lupus

text: Steroids are sometimes prescribed as an anti-inflammatory treatment for lupus; however, they can increase one's risk for heart disease, high cholesterol, and atherosclerosis.


title: Lupus

text: SLE can cause pleuritic pain as well as inflammation of the pleurae known as pleurisy, which can rarely give rise to shrinking lung syndrome involving a reduced lung volume. Other associated lung conditions include pneumonitis, chronic diffuse interstitial lung disease, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary emboli, and pulmonary hemorrhage.


title: Lupus

text: Painless passage of blood or protein in the urine may often be the only presenting sign of kidney involvement. Acute or chronic renal impairment may develop with lupus nephritis, leading to acute or end-stage kidney failure. Because of early recognition and management of SLE with immunosuppressive drugs or corticosteroids, end-stage renal failure occurs in less than 5% of cases; except in the black population, where the risk is many times higher.


title: Lupus

text: The histological hallmark of SLE is membranous glomerulonephritis with "wire loop" abnormalities. This finding is due to immune complex deposition along the glomerular basement membrane, leading to a typical granular appearance in immunofluorescence testing.


title: Lupus

text: Neuropsychiatric syndromes can result when SLE affects the central or peripheral nervous system. The American College of Rheumatology defines 19 neuropsychiatric syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus. The diagnosis of neuropsychiatric syndromes concurrent with SLE (now termed as NPSLE), is one of the most difficult challenges in medicine, because it can involve so many different patterns of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for signs of infectious disease or stroke.


title: Lupus

text: A common neurological disorder people with SLE have is headache, although the existence of a specific lupus headache and the optimal approach to headache in SLE cases remains controversial.


title: Lupus

text: Other common neuropsychiatric manifestations of SLE include cognitive dysfunction, mood disorder, cerebrovascular disease, seizures, polyneuropathy, anxiety disorder, psychosis, depression, and in some extreme cases, personality disorders. Steroid psychosis can also occur as a result of treating the disease. It can rarely present with intracranial hypertension syndrome, characterized by an elevated intracranial pressure, papilledema, and headache with occasional abducens nerve paresis, absence of a space-occupying lesion or ventricular enlargement, and normal cerebrospinal fluid chemical and hematological constituents.


title: Lupus

text: More rare manifestations are acute confusional state, Guillain–Barré syndrome, aseptic meningitis, autonomic disorder, demyelinating syndrome, mononeuropathy (which might manifest as mononeuritis multiplex), movement disorder (more specifically, chorea), myasthenia gravis, myelopathy, cranial neuropathy and plexopathy.


title: Lupus

text: Neurological disorders contribute to a significant percentage of morbidity and mortality in people with lupus. As a result, the neural side of lupus is being studied in hopes of reducing morbidity and mortality rates. One aspect of this disease is severe damage to the epithelial cells of the blood–brain barrier. In certain regions, depression affects up to 60% of women with SLE.


title: Lupus

text: Eye involvement is seen in up to one-third of people. The most common diseases are dry eye syndrome and secondary Sjögren's syndrome, but episcleritis, scleritis, retinopathy (more often affecting both eyes than one), ischemic optic neuropathy, retinal detachment, and secondary angle-closure glaucoma may occur. In addition, the medications used to treat SLE can cause eye disease: long-term glucocorticoid use can cause cataracts and secondary open-angle glaucoma, and long-term hydroxychloroquine treatment can cause vortex keratopathy and maculopathy.


title: Lupus

text: While most pregnancies have positive outcomes, there is a greater risk of adverse events occurring during pregnancy. SLE causes an increased rate of fetal death "in utero" and spontaneous abortion (miscarriage). The overall live-birth rate in people with SLE has been estimated to be 72%. Pregnancy outcome appears to be worse in people with SLE whose disease flares up during pregnancy.


title: Lupus

text: Neonatal lupus is the occurrence of SLE symptoms in an infant born from a mother with SLE, most commonly presenting with a rash resembling discoid lupus erythematosus, and sometimes with systemic abnormalities such as heart block or enlargement of the liver and spleen. Neonatal lupus is usually benign and self-limited.


title: Lupus

text: Medications for treatment of SLE can carry severe risks for female and male reproduction. Cyclophosphamide (also known as Cytoxan), can lead to infertility by causing premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), the loss of normal function of one's ovaries prior to age forty. Methotrexate can cause termination or deformity in fetuses and is a common abortifacient, and for men taking a high dose and planning to father, a discontinuation period of 6 months is recommended before insemination.


title: Lupus

text: Fatigue in SLE is probably multifactorial and has been related to not only disease activity or complications such as anemia or hypothyroidism, but also to pain, depression, poor sleep quality, poor physical fitness and lack of social support.


title: Lupus

text: SLE is presumably caused by a genetic susceptibility coupled with an environmental trigger which results in defects in the immune system. One of the factors associated with SLE is vitamin D deficiency.


title: Lupus

text: SLE does run in families, but no single causal gene has been identified. Instead, multiple genes appear to influence a person's chance of developing lupus when triggered by environmental factors. HLA class I, class II, and class III genes are associated with SLE, but only classes I and II contribute independently to increased risk of SLE. Other genes which contain risk variants for SLE are "IRF5", "PTPN22", "STAT4", "CDKN1A", "ITGAM", "BLK", "TNFSF4" and "BANK1".


title: Lupus

text: Some of the susceptibility genes may be population specific. Genetic studies of the rates of disease in families supports the genetic basis of this disease with a heritability of >66%. Identical (monozygotic) twins were found to share susceptibility to the disease at >35% rate compared to fraternal (dizygotic) twins and other full siblings who only showed a 2–5% concordance in shared inheritance.


title: Lupus

text: Since SLE is associated with many genetic regions, it is likely an oligogenic trait, meaning that there are several genes that control susceptibility to the disease.


title: Lupus

text: SLE is regarded as a prototype disease due to the significant overlap in its symptoms with other autoimmune diseases.


title: Lupus

text: Drug-induced lupus erythematosus is a (generally) reversible condition that usually occurs in people being treated for a long-term illness. Drug-induced lupus mimics SLE. However, symptoms of drug-induced lupus generally disappear once the medication that triggered the episode is stopped. More than 38 medications can cause this condition, the most common of which are procainamide, isoniazid, hydralazine, quinidine, and phenytoin.


title: Lupus

text: Discoid (cutaneous) lupus is limited to skin symptoms and is diagnosed by biopsy of rash on the face, neck, scalp or arms. Approximately 5% of people with DLE progress to SLE.


title: Lupus

text: SLE is triggered by environmental factors that are unknown. In SLE, the body's immune system produces antibodies against self-protein, particularly against proteins in the cell nucleus. These antibody attacks are the immediate cause of SLE.


title: Lupus

text: SLE is a chronic inflammatory disease believed to be a type III hypersensitivity response with potential type II involvement. Reticulate and stellate acral pigmentation should be considered a possible manifestation of SLE and high titers of anti-cardiolipin antibodies, or a consequence of therapy.


title: Lupus

text: People with SLE have intense polyclonal B-cell activation, with a population shift towards immature B cells. Memory B cells with increased CD27+/IgD—are less susceptible to immunosuppression. CD27-/IgD- memory B cells are associated with increased disease activity and renal lupus. T cells, which regulate B-cell responses and infiltrate target tissues, have defects in signaling, adhesion, co-stimulation, gene transcription, and alternative splicing. The cytokines B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), also known as B-cell activating factor (BAFF), interleukin 6, interleukin 17, interleukin 18, type I interferons, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) are involved in the inflammatory process and are potential therapeutic targets.


title: Lupus

text: Tingible body macrophages (TBMs) – large phagocytic cells in the germinal centers of secondary lymph nodes – express CD68 protein. These cells normally engulf B cells that have undergone apoptosis after somatic hypermutation. In some people with SLE, significantly fewer TBMs can be found, and these cells rarely contain material from apoptotic B cells. Also, uningested apoptotic nuclei can be found outside of TBMs. This material may present a threat to the tolerization of B cells and T cells. Dendritic cells in the germinal center may endocytose such antigenic material and present it to T cells, activating them. Also, apoptotic chromatin and nuclei may attach to the surfaces of follicular dendritic cells and make this material available for activating other B cells that may have randomly acquired self-protein specificity through somatic hypermutation. Necrosis, a pro-inflammatory form of cell death, is increased in T lymphocytes, due to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and depletion of ATP.


title: Lupus

text: Impaired clearance of dying cells is a potential pathway for the development of this systemic autoimmune disease. This includes deficient phagocytic activity, impaired lysosomal degradation, and scant serum components in addition to increased apoptosis.