title: French Guiana

text: From the main airport, there are two daily direct flights to Paris (Paris Orly airport, with an average flight time of about 8 hours and 25 minutes from French Guiana to the capital and 9 hours and 10 minutes vice-versa), offered by Air France and Air Caraïbes, as well as other flights to Fort-de-France, Pointe-à-Pitre, Port-au-Prince, Miami and Belém. The regional carrier Air Guyane Express also offers daily flights to Maripasoula and Saül, as well as more sporadic flights (mainly related to postal deliveries) to Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock and Camopi.


title: French Guiana

text: There is a public bus service that currently only covers the municipality of Cayenne and is run by the SMTC (Syndicat Mixte de Transport en Commun, now changed to Régie Communautaire des Transports – RCT) and consists of seven lines.


title: French Guiana

text: For connections between the coastal towns (except Montsinéry-Tonnegrande), the "collective cab" (Taxis Co) method is quite widespread, which are minibuses with a capacity of about ten people that leave as soon as there is a certain number of users on board. In 2010, the general council reached an agreement with some of the operators of this service to make it at least partially public under the name of TIG (Transporte Interurbano de la Guiana), with fixed departure times and predefined stops.


title: French Guiana

text: On the main rivers (Marowijne and Oyapock), there are pirogue services (called pirogues cabs), which go both to inland centers and across the border (such as Albina in Suriname or Oiapoque in Brazil).


title: French Guiana

text: The local architecture is characterized by its Creole, Amerindian and Bushinenge influences. The main towns contain predominantly Creole-style architecture, with some Western-style buildings and forts. In the communes with the black maroon populations one can see houses of bushinengue styles. And the Amerindian communes are recognized for their pre-colonial type carbets. Most of these buildings were designed with local materials, such as wood from the Amazonian forests and bricks made on site. These local architectures blend with contemporary style buildings.


title: French Guiana

text: The Carnival is one of the major events in French Guiana. Considered the longest in the world, it takes place on afternoon of Sunday, between Epiphany at the beginning of January and Ash Wednesday in February or (month). Groups disguised according to the theme of the year parade around decorated floats to the rhythm of percussion and brass. The preparation of the groups starts months before the carnival. The groups parade in front of thousands of spectators who gather on the sidewalks and bleachers arranged for the occasion.


title: French Guiana

text: Brazilian groups identical to those in the Rio carnival are also appreciated for their rhythms and their alluring costumes. The Chinese community of Cayenne also participates in the parades, bringing its characteristic touch, dragons.


title: French Guiana

text: At the start of the evening, the Touloulous, typical characters of the Guianan carnival, go to the dancings to participate in the famous paré-masked balls.


title: French Guiana

text: Guianan cuisine is rich in the different cultures that mix in French Guiana. Creole restaurants rub shoulders with Chinese restaurants in large cities such as Cayenne, Kourou and Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. The local culinary art originally brought together Guianan Creole, Bushinengue and Native American cuisines.


title: French Guiana

text: This southern Caribbean territory has many typical dishes, such as Awara broth, Creole galette, Dizé milé, Countess, Cramanioc pudding, Kalawanng, Couac gratin and salad, Fricasse of iguana or its famous Pimentade (fish or chicken court-bouillon).


title: French Guiana

text: For weddings, locals traditionally eat Colombo, which is a type of curry that has become a staple of the French Guianese cuisine.


title: French Guiana

text: French Guiana literature includes all works written by local authors or persons related to French Guiana. It is expressed both in French and in Guianan Creole.


title: French Guiana

text: Local literature is a literature closely related to that of the French West Indies: especially the Caribbean islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe. For some, it is an Antillean-Guyanese literature in relation to the themes addressed, which are mainly related to slavery and other social problems. Thus, this literature takes several forms. First, orality, because it is a characteristic element of Guianan literature, as in many countries of Black America. In this connection, we can consider tales, Legends, fables and, in another form, Novels.


title: French Guiana

text: Nineteenth century French Guiana is marked by a weak presence of writers. At that time, writers only published a few scattered poems in local newspapers. Today, however, it is difficult to trace the writings of some French Guianan poets: Ho-A-Sim-Elosem, Munian, R. Octaville, etc. Two Guianan poets are the exception. According to Ndagano (1996), Ismaÿl Urbain and Fabien Flavien would be considered the first French Guianan poets. However, Alfred Parépou is a writer who marked his era with his work Atipa (1885).


title: French Guiana

text: The period from 1900 to 1950 constitutes an important stage in local literature insofar as it gave birth to numerous writers who had a considerable impact, such as those of Negritude (Négritude). The Guianan of the 1950s and 1960s is notable for writing about the black cause. Serge Patient and Elie Stephenson did address this issue in their writings.


title: French Guiana

text: Since 1970 different generations of writers have become aware of the black cause or slavery. Whether through their writings or their political activities, they take into account this painful period that had serious consequences on the local society and on the black world in general. For this generation, Christiane Taubira remains the figurehead. Other writers are interested in other types of themes, such as regional nature, etc.


title: French Guiana

text: Sport in French Guiana dates back to long before the colonial period. Popularized since the 19th century, the first sports competition organized to commemorate 14 July was held in 1890. At that time, there were already physical activities favorable to the inhabitants of this Amazonian territory, but also sports coming from Europe, which favored the colonizers. There were foot races, donkey races, canoe races, bicycle races, tricycle races, nautical regattas in the ports, and traditional popular games.


title: French Guiana

text: The most popular sport in French Guiana today is football, followed by basketball, cycling, swimming and handball, although there are some canoeing, judo, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, aikido, karate, fencing, horseback riding, rowing and volleyball clubs in the department.


title: French Guiana

text: As a French Overseas department, Guiana is not a member of the Pan American Sports Organization; rather, athletes compete within the French National Olympic and Sports Committee and are governed by the Ligue d'Athlétisme de la Guyane, a sub-unit of the Fédération française d'athlétisme.


title: French Guiana

text: The territory has its own local team, the French Guiana football team. A regional football league, the French Guiana Football League, was established in October 1962. It is currently not affiliated to FIFA, but has been affiliated to the FFF since 27 April 1963 and has been an associate member of CONCACAF (North, Central American and Caribbean League) since 1978.


title: French Guiana

text: In April 2013, the LFG became a full member of CONCACAF. The French Guiana Football Team, also known as Yana Dòkò, is a selection of the best local players under the auspices of the Guiana Football League. It is not recognized by FIFA, but participates in CONCACAF competitions. It played its first match against Dutch Guiana (now Suriname) in 1936, losing 1 to 3. It had its biggest victory on 26 September 2012 against St. Pierre and Miquelon (11 to 1) and its biggest defeat was also against Dutch Guiana, losing 9 to 0 on 2 March 1947.


title: French Guiana

text: The team has participated in events such as the CONCACAF Nations Cup / Gold Cup, Caribbean Nations Cup (between 1978 and 2017), CONCACAF Nations League, Overseas Cup (Coupe de l'Outre-Mer, 2008–2012) and the Tournament of 4 (Tournoi des 4).


title: French Guiana

text: The Tour of Guiana (locally: Tour de Guyane), formerly known as "Le Tour du Littoral" (the Littoral Tour) or more rarely as "La Grande Boucle Guayanaise", is a cycling stage race that takes place mainly in French Guiana each year, although it occasionally crosses neighbouring countries.


title: French Guiana

text: It takes place in nine stages, with a route linking the main towns of the department: Cayenne, Kourou, and Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. It was created in 1950 and is organised by the Comité Régional de Cyclisme de la Guyane (French Guiana Cycling Committee).


title: French Guiana

text: The tour has been international since 1978. Over the years it has gained in importance and popularity and its duration has increased. The participation has grown from a mostly French Guianan group in the first editions to editions with more than 10 different nationalities. The 2020 edition of the Tour could not take place due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is also the case for the Tour in 2021.


title: French Guiana

text: The novel "Papillon", by the French convict Henri Charrière, is set in French Guiana. It was first published in France in 1969, describing his escape from a penal colony there. Becoming an instant bestseller, it was translated into English from the original French by June P. Wilson and Walter B. Michaels for a 1970 edition, and by author Patrick O'Brian. Soon afterward the book was adapted for a Hollywood film of the same name. Charrière stated that all events in the book are truthful and accurate, allowing for minor lapses in memory. Since its publication there has been controversy over its accuracy.


title: The Notebook

text: The Notebook is a 2004 American romantic drama film directed by Nick Cassavetes, with a screenplay by Jeremy Leven and Jan Sardi, based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Nicholas Sparks. The film stars Ryan Gosling and Rachel McAdams as a young couple who fall in love in the 1940s. Their story is read from a notebook in the present day by an elderly man (played by James Garner), telling the tale to a fellow nursing home resident (played by Gena Rowlands, the director Cassavetes' mother).


title: The Notebook

text: "The Notebook" received generally mixed reviews, but performed well at the box office and received a number of award nominations, winning eight Teen Choice Awards, a Satellite Award, and an MTV Movie Award. The film became a sleeper hit and has gained a cult following. On November 11, 2012, ABC Family premiered an extended version with deleted scenes added back into the original storyline.


title: The Notebook

text: At a modern-day nursing home, an elderly man named Duke reads a romantic story from his notebook to a female patient, which tells the following:


title: The Notebook

text: In 1940, at a carnival in Seabrook Island, South Carolina, poor lumber mill worker Noah Calhoun sees 17-year-old heiress Allison "Allie" Hamilton, who is spending the summer in town with her parents. He pursues her and they begin a summer romance. One night, Allie goes to Noah's house and meets his father, Frank Calhoun, who immediately likes her. A few days later, Noah is invited to a luncheon at Allie's house by her parents, John and Anne Hamilton, but they are unimpressed with Noah and he doesn't fit in with the other wealthy attendees. That evening, Noah takes Allie to the abandoned Windsor Plantation that he intends to buy and restore for them. While there, Allie asks Noah to make love to her for the first time, but then grows nervous and starts rambling. They are interrupted by Noah's friend Fin with the news that Allie's parents have the police out looking for her. When Allie and Noah return to her parents' mansion, Allie's parents, particularly her mother Anne, make it clear they do not approve of the relationship and forbid her from seeing him. Overhearing Allie's mother's insults, Noah leaves and Allie chases after him. An argument ensues, and Allie breaks up with Noah, but she immediately regrets it. The next morning, Anne announces that the family is returning home to Charleston that day. Allie tries to find Noah at work but fails, so she asks Fin to tell him she loves him. Noah rushes to Allie's home, but finds the gates locked.


title: The Notebook

text: Noah writes a letter to Allie every day for a year, but Allie's mother intercepts them. After sending 365 letters with no response, Noah stops writing. He enlists with Fin to fight in World War II, where Fin is killed in battle. Allie volunteers as a nurse's aide in a hospital for wounded soldiers, where she meets Captain Lon Hammond Jr., a young lawyer who comes from old Southern money. After a few years, the two become engaged, to the delight of Allie's parents.


title: The Notebook

text: Noah returns from the war to find that his father sold their home so Noah could afford to buy the Windsor Plantation. He convinces himself that if he restores the house, Allie will find her way back to him. While Allie is being fitted for her wedding dress, she spots a photo in a newspaper showing Noah with the house he completed and faints.


title: The Notebook

text: Allie is overwhelmed with memories and unresolved feelings for Noah, and asks permission from Lon to take a solo trip before the wedding. She returns to Seabrook to find Noah living in their dream house. The two rekindle and consummate their relationship. Several days later, Allie's mother appears on Noah's doorstep to warn Allie that Lon has followed her to Seabrook. She also reveals that, like her daughter, she once loved a lower-class young man and still thinks about him and how their lives might have been different. She gives Allie the letters Noah wrote. She tells her she hopes Allie makes the right choice. After an emotional argument with Noah, Allie makes the difficult choice to drive back to her hotel and confess her infidelity to Lon. Lon says he still loves her and wants her back, but she decides to return to Noah.


title: The Notebook

text: In the present, the elderly woman listening to the story is revealed to be Allie, now suffering from dementia, and Noah, who now goes by Duke so as not to startle her in her disoriented state, is her husband. During the early stages of her illness, Allie had written a journal detailing their romance and life together so he could read it to her to help her remember, which he does almost every day. One day as he is reading the notebook, she briefly recognizes him. She asks how long they have before she forgets again, and Duke tells her no more than five minutes. They dance to their song, "I'll Be Seeing You". Allie quickly relapses and panics, and medical personnel must sedate her. Duke has a heart attack and is treated within the nursing home, while Allie is resting in the dementia ward. Upon recovering, and despite not being allowed in, Duke visits Allie's room in the night, and she remembers him again. They kiss, hold hands, and fall asleep. In the morning, the nurse discovers that both died in their sleep, still holding hands.


title: The Notebook

text: The film rights to Nicholas Sparks's novel were acquired by New Line Cinema in 1996, represented by producer Mark Johnson. Jeremy Leven was hired to write the script, which caught the attention of director Steven Spielberg in 1998, who wished to film it with Tom Cruise as Noah Calhoun. Spielberg's commitment to other projects led to Jim Sheridan becoming attached to direct the following year. Filming was to start in 1999 but pushed back over rewrites. Sheridan eventually backed out by October 2000 to work on "In America". Martin Campbell entered negotiations to direct in March 2001, before he was replaced by Nick Cassavetes a year later. Early in development George Clooney was going play Noah, and Paul Newman the older Noah, but after Clooney watched some Paul Newman movies he went up to Paul and said he didn't look like him.


title: The Notebook

text: Cassavetes wanted someone unknown and "not handsome" to portray Noah; he therefore cast Ryan Gosling in the role. Gosling was initially surprised by this: "I read [the script] and I thought, 'He's crazy. I couldn't be more wrong for this movie.'" "It gave me an opportunity to play a character over a period of time – from 1940 to 1946 – that was quite profound and formative." To prepare for the part, Gosling temporarily moved to Charleston, South Carolina prior to filming. During two months, he rowed the Ashley River and made furniture. A nationwide search was conducted to find the right actress to play Allie. Actresses who auditioned for the role included Jessica Biel, Britney Spears, Ashley Judd, and Reese Witherspoon, and Rachel McAdams was ultimately cast. On casting her, Cassavetes said: "When Rachel McAdams came in and read, it was apparent that she was the one. She and Ryan had great chemistry between them." She commented: "I thought it would be a dream to be able to do it. I read the script and went into the audition just two days later. It was a good way to do it, because I was very full of the story." Gosling commented that, "I think that it's pretty fair to say that we probably wouldn't have made the film if we hadn't found Rachel... Really, Allie drives the movie. It's her movie and we're in it. It all kind of depended on an actress." In comparison to the book, the role was extended. McAdams spent time in Charleston before filming to familiarize herself with the surroundings, and took ballet and etiquette classes. She had a dialect coach to learn the Southern accent.


title: The Notebook

text: "The Notebook" was filmed mostly on location in South Carolina, in late 2002 and early 2003, as well as the wintery battlefield just outside Montreal. Production offices for the film were set up at the old Charleston Naval Base in North Charleston.


title: The Notebook

text: Much of the film's plot takes place in and around Seabrook Island, an actual town which is one of the South Carolina "sea islands". It is located southwest of Charleston, South Carolina. However, none of the filming took place in the Seabrook area. The house that Noah is seen fixing up is a private residence at Wadmalaw Island, South Carolina, which is another "sea island" locality situated closer to Charleston. The house was not actually in a dilapidated state at any time, but it was made to look that way by special effects in the first half of the film. Contrary to the suggestion in the film's dialogue, neither the house nor the Seabrook area was home to South Carolina Revolutionary hero Francis Marion, whose plantation was actually located some distance northwest of Charleston. The Boone Hall Plantation served as Allie's summer house.


title: The Notebook

text: Many of the scenes set in Seabrook were filmed in the town of Mt. Pleasant, (a suburb of Charleston). Others were filmed in Charleston and in Edisto Island. The lake scenes were filmed at Cypress Gardens (in Moncks Corner, South Carolina) with trained birds that were brought in from elsewhere.


title: The Notebook

text: The nursing home scenes were filmed at Rice Hope Plantation, located in Georgetown County, South Carolina. The college depicted briefly in the film is identified in the film as Sarah Lawrence College, but the campus that is seen is actually the College of Charleston.


title: The Notebook

text: The film was released June 25, 2004 in the United States and Canada and grossed $13.5 million from 2,303 theaters in its opening weekend, ranking number 4 at the box office. The film grossed a total of $115.6 million worldwide, $81 million in Canada and the United States and $34.6 million in other countries. It is the 15th highest-grossing romantic drama film of all-time.


title: The Notebook

text: According to review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 53% of 179 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 5.7/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "It's hard not to admire its unabashed sentimentality, but "The Notebook" is too clumsily manipulative to rise above its melodramatic clichés." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Notebook

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" praised the film, awarding it three-and-a-half stars out of four, calling the photography "striking in its rich, saturated effects" and stating that the "actors are blessed by good material." Peter Lowry of "Film Threat" gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of five; praising the performances of both Gosling and McAdams, he wrote: "Gosling and especially McAdams give all-star performances, doing just enough to hand the reins over to the pros, who take what's left of the film and finish the audience off with some touching scenes that don't leave a dry eye in the house." About the film itself he added: "Overall, "The Notebook" is a surprisingly good film that manages to succeed where many other "chick flick" like romances fail."


title: The Notebook

text: Stephen Holden of "The New York Times" gave the film a positive review, stating that "the scenes between the young lovers confronting adult authority have the same seething tension and lurking hysteria that the young Warren Beatty and Natalie Wood brought more than 40 years ago to their roles in "Splendor in the Grass"." Ann Hornaday of "The Washington Post" also gave the film a positive review, she also praised the performances of Gosling and McAdams, stating: "Never mind that McAdams and Gosling don't for a minute call to mind 1940s America; they're both suitably attractive and appealing. Gosling, who delivered a searing and largely unseen screen debut performance in the 2001 drama "The Believer", is particularly convincing as a young man who charms his way past a girl's strongest defenses." About the film, she added: "Audiences craving big, gooey over-the-top romance have their must-see summer movie in "The Notebook"." William Arnold of the "Seattle Post-Intelligencer" praised the performance of McAdams but criticized the performance of Gosling, stating that he "just doesn't have the kind of star power or chemistry with McAdams to anchor this kind of minor-league "Gone with the Wind"." He also added about the film that it "doesn't completely work on its own terms, mainly because its romantic casting just doesn't spark: It doesn't make us fall in love with its lovers." Wesley Morris of "The Boston Globe" gave the film two-and-a-half stars, praising the performances of its cast members, writing about McAdams that "she's soulfully committed to the suds in the story and fiercely attentive to the other actors". He added about Gosling: "Gosling is adept at playing sociopaths and intense brooders, and there's reason to think, early on, that Noah might be similarly off, as when he threatens to drop from a Ferris wheel unless Allie agrees to go on a date with him." About the film, he wrote: "Considering the sunny, relatively pleasurable romantic business that precedes it, the elderly stuff seems dark, morbid, and forced upon us."


title: The Notebook

text: Jessica Winter of "The Village Voice" gave the film a mixed review, stating: "Amid the sticky-sweet swamp of Jeremy Leven's script, Rowlands and Garner emerge spotless and beatific, lending a magnanimous credibility to their scenes together. These two old pros slice cleanly through the thicket of sap-weeping dialogue and contrivance, locating the terror and desolation wrought by the cruel betrayals of a failing mind." Robert Koehler of "Variety" also gave the film a mixed review, he however, praised the performances, writing that "already one of the most intriguing young thesps, Gosling extends his range to pure romance without sacrificing a bit of his naturally subversive qualities, and even seems comfortable looking beautiful in a manly American way. The head-turner is McAdams, doing such a different perf from her top bitch in "Mean Girls" that it's hard to tell it's the same actor. She skillfully carries much of the film's emotional weight with a free and easy manner."


title: The Notebook

text: In June 2010, "Entertainment Weekly" included Allie and Noah in its list of the "100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years." The periodical listed "The Notebook" in their 25 Sexiest Movies Ever. "Us Weekly" included the film in its list of the 30 Most Romantic Movies of All Time. Boston.com ranked the film the third Top Romantic Movie. "The Notebook" appeared on "Moviefone" list of the 25 Best Romance Movies of All Time. "Marie Claire" also put the film on its list of the 12 Most Romantic Movie Scenes of All Time. In 2011, "The Notebook" was named the best chick-flick during "ABC News" and "People" television special "". The scene where Noah climbs the Ferris Wheel because he wants a date with Allie made the list of "Total Film" 50 Most Romantic Movie Moments of All Time. The kiss in the rain was ranked No. 4 in "Total Film" 50 Best Movie Kisses list.


title: The Notebook

text: "The Notebook" was released on VHS and DVD on February 8, 2005, and Blu-ray on May 4, 2010. By February 2010, the film had sold over 11 million copies on DVD.


title: The Notebook

text: In February 2019, subscribers to the UK version of Netflix reported that the version of the film on the streaming service had an alternate ending, which substituted a more light-hearted conclusion than the emotional end of the original release. Netflix responded that this alternate version of the film had been supplied to them in error, and soon replaced it with the original version.


title: The Notebook

text: On August 11, 2015, it was reported that a television series was in development by The CW. The series was to follow Noah and Allie's courtship following the events of the film, and in a post-WWII world. As of 2022, it has yet to air.


title: The Notebook

text: On January 3, 2019, Ingrid Michaelson announced she would be lyricist for a musical adaption of "The Notebook" with a book by Bekah Brunstetter. Sparks will also be involved as a producer alongside Kevin McCollum and Kurt Deutsch.


title: The Notebook

text: The production was initially slated for fall 2020, but was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Michelson and Brunsletter used the additional time to hold online previews and tweak their work.


title: The Notebook

text: The musical opened October 6, 2022 at the Chicago Shakespeare Theatre and received generally positive reviews. Stephen Oxman of the "Chicago Sun-Times" said, "I simply was not expecting to fall in love with 'The Notebook,'... But I have." Adding, "It’s a significant leap in artistic quality over its sources, which it respects, while also providing a clear, resonant, and unique voice of its own." Jonathan Abarbanel of "Theater Mania" noted what while the musical used the novel for its basis rather than the film, he noted that Michelson and Brunstetter shifted the time period twenty years to begin in the late 1960s causing Noah to leave for the Vietnam War rather than World War II. the production is expected to close October 30 and transfer to Broadway at a future date.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: Naomi Elaine Campbell (born 22 May 1970) is an English model, actress, singer, and businesswoman. She began her career at the age of 15, and established herself amongst the most recognisable and in-demand models of the past four decades. Campbell was one of six models of her generation declared :supermodels by the fashion industry and the international press.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In addition to her modelling career, Campbell has embarked on other ventures, including an R&B studio album and several acting appearances in film and television, such as the modelling-competition reality show "The Face" and its international offshoots. Campbell is also involved in charity work for various causes.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: Naomi Elaine Campbell was born in Lambeth, South London to Jamaican-born dancer Valerie Morris on 22 May 1970. In accordance with her mother's wishes, Campbell has never met her father, who abandoned her mother when she was four months pregnant and went unnamed on her birth certificate. She took the surname "Campbell" from her mother's second marriage. Her half-brother Pierre was born in 1985. Campbell is of Afro-Jamaican and Chinese-Jamaican descent. Her Chinese heritage comes through her paternal grandmother, whose surname was Ming.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: Campbell spent her early years in Rome, Italy, where her mother worked as a modern dancer. On their return to London, she lived with relatives while her mother travelled across Europe with the dance troupe Fantastica. From age three, Campbell attended the Barbara Speake Stage School and at 10 she was accepted into the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, where she studied ballet. She also attended Dunraven School.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In 1978 at age 8, Campbell made her first public appearance in the music video for Bob Marley's "Is This Love". She tap-danced in 1983 in the music video for Culture Club's "I'll Tumble 4 Ya" and "Mistake number 3", in 1984. She had studied dance from age 3 to 16, and originally intended to be a dancer. In 1986, while still a student of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, Campbell was scouted by Beth Boldt, head of the Synchro Model Agency, while window-shopping in Covent Garden. Her career quickly took off—in April, just before her 16th birthday she appeared on the cover of British "Elle".


title: Naomi Campbell

text: Over the next few years, Campbell's career progressed steadily: she walked the catwalk for such designers as Gianni Versace, Azzedine Alaïa, and Isaac Mizrahi and posed for such photographers as Peter Lindbergh, Herb Ritts, and Bruce Weber. By the late 1980s, Campbell, with Christy Turlington and Linda Evangelista, had formed a trio known as the "Trinity", who became the most recognisable and in-demand models of their generation.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: When faced with racial discrimination, Campbell received support from her white friends; she later quoted Turlington and Evangelista as telling Dolce & Gabbana, "If you don't use Naomi, you don't get us." In December 1987, she appeared on the cover of British "Vogue", as that publication's first black cover girl since 1966. In August 1988, she became the first black model to appear on the cover of French "Vogue", after designer Yves St. Laurent, threatened to withdraw his advertising from the magazine if it didn't place Naomi on its cover. The following year, she appeared on the cover of American "Vogue", which marked the first time a black model graced the front of the September magazine, traditionally the year's biggest and most important issue.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In January 1990, Campbell, who was declared "the reigning megamodel of them all" by "Interview", appeared with Turlington, Evangelista, Cindy Crawford and Tatjana Patitz on a cover of British "Vogue", shot by Peter Lindbergh. The group was subsequently cast to star in the music video for George Michael's "Freedom! '90". By then, Campbell, Turlington, Evangelista, Crawford and Claudia Schiffer formed an elite group of models declared "supermodels" by the fashion industry. With the addition of newcomer Kate Moss, they were collectively known as the "Big Six".


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In March 1991, in a defining moment of the so-called supermodel era, Campbell walked the catwalk for Versace with Turlington, Evangelista and Crawford, arm-in-arm and lip-synching the words to "Freedom! '90". Later that year, she starred as Michael Jackson's love interest in the music video for "In the Closet". In April 1992, she posed with several other top models for the hundredth-anniversary cover of American "Vogue", shot by Patrick Demarchelier. That same year, she appeared in Madonna's controversial book "Sex", in a set of nude photos with Madonna and rapper Big Daddy Kane.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In 1993, Campbell twice appeared on the cover of American "Vogue"; in April, alongside Christy Turlington, Claudia Schiffer, Stephanie Seymour and Helena Christensen, and again, solo, in June. She also famously fell on the Vivienne Westwood 1993 Fall catwalk in foot-high platform shoes, which were later displayed at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Despite her success, however, Elite Model Management, which had represented Campbell since 1987, fired her in September, on the grounds that "no amount of money or prestige could further justify the abuse" to staff and clients.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In the mid-1990s, Campbell branched out into other areas of the entertainment industry. Her novel "Swan", about a supermodel dealing with blackmail, was released in 1994 to poor reviews. It was ghostwritten by Caroline Upcher, with Campbell stating that she "just did not have the time to sit down and write a book." That same year, she released her album "Baby Woman", which was named after designer Rifat Ozbek's nickname for Campbell. Produced by Youth and Tim Simenon, the album was only commercially successful in Japan; it failed to reach the top 75 on the UK charts, while its only single, "Love and Tears", reached No. 40. "Baby Woman" was mocked by critics, inspiring the Naomi Awards for terrible pop music. During the mid-1990s, Campbell also had small roles in "Miami Rhapsody" and Spike Lee's "Girl 6", as well as a recurring role on the second season of "New York Undercover".


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In 1995, along with fellow models Schiffer, Turlington and Elle Macpherson, Campbell invested in a chain of restaurants called the Fashion Cafe, whose directors were arrested three years later for fraud, bankruptcy and money laundering.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In 1998, "Time" declared the end of the supermodel era. Campbell continued modelling, both on the runway and, more frequently, on print. In 1999, she signed her first cosmetics contract with Cosmopolitan Cosmetics, a division of Wella, through which she launched several signature fragrances. In November of that year, she posed with 12 other top models for the "Modern Muses" cover of the Millennium Issue of American "Vogue", shot by Annie Leibovitz. The following month, she appeared in a white string bikini and furs on the cover of "Playboy". In May 2001, she hosted, alongside supermodel Elle Macpherson the 50th Miss Universe pageant. In October 2001, she appeared with rapper Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs on the cover of British "Vogue", with the headline "Naomi and Puff: The Ultimate Power Duo".


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In 2007, she walked the catwalk for Dior's 60th-anniversary fashion show at Versailles. In July 2008, she appeared with fellow black models Liya Kebede, Sessilee Lopez and Jourdan Dunn on the gatefold cover of a landmark all-black issue of Italian "Vogue", shot by Steven Meisel. In September of that year, Campbell reunited with Christy Turlington, Linda Evangelista, Cindy Crawford, Claudia Schiffer and Stephanie Seymour for "A League of Their Own", a "Vanity Fair" feature on the supermodel legacy.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In 2011, Campbell appeared with Liya Kebede and Iman on the cover of the 40th-anniversary issue of "Essence". She also starred as Duran Duran frontman Simon Le Bon in the band's music video for "Girl Panic!", with Cindy Crawford, Helena Christensen, Eva Herzigova and Yasmin Le Bon portraying the other band members; they appeared in the November edition of British "Harper's Bazaar" in an editorial titled "The Supers vs. Duran Duran". Campbell performed with Kate Moss and other supermodels in the closing ceremony of the 2012 Olympic Games, where they modelled haute couture to represent British fashion. Campbell wore a design by Alexander McQueen—a staggered hem gown with a train speckled with flecks of gold.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In March 2013, Campbell graced the inaugural cover of "Numéro" Russia. Campbell also became involved in reality television through the modelling competition "The Face" and its international offshoots. In the U.S., she served as a coach and judge, along with Karolina Kurkova and Coco Rocha, on Oxygen's "The Face", hosted by photographer Nigel Barker. She also hosted the British version of the show, which aired on Sky Living later that same year, and "The Face Australia", which ran on Fox8 in 2014.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In 2014, Campbell covered the May issue of "Vogue" Australia, the September issue of "Vogue" Japan, and the November issue of "Vogue" Turkey; the latter two were special editions celebrating Campbell and fellow supermodels. Campbell also covered the Vietnamese, Singaporean and the 35th anniversary Latin American edition of "Harper's Bazaar".


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In 2014, Campbell was named TV Personality of the year by "Glamour Magazine". The award was presented at the annual Glamour Women of The Year Awards in London.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: The following year, she closed the Fall/Winter Zac Posen show at New York Fashion Week, and featured in Spring/Summer 2015 campaigns for Burberry and lingerie retailer Agent Provocateur.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: Campbell has walked the runways for Marc Jacobs, Yves Saint Laurent, Chloé, Diane Von Furstenberg, Prada, Chanel, Givenchy, Dolce & Gabbana, Burberry, Zac Posen, Blumarine, Karl Lagerfeld, Gianfranco Ferré, Versace, Helmut Lang, Christian Dior, John Galliano, Ralph Lauren, Jean Paul Gaultier, Tommy Hilfiger, Oscar de la Renta, Michael Kors, Anna Sui, Louis Vuitton, Hermés, Marchesa, Roberto Cavalli and Valentino.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: She has appeared in advertising campaigns for Fendi, Burberry, Dolce & Gabbana, Escada, Louis Vuitton, Prada, Ralph Lauren, Chloé, Versace, Givenchy, Blumarine, Yves Saint Laurent, Isaac Mizrahi, Tommy Hilfiger, Valentino, La Perla, Dennis Basso, Philipp Plein, Mango, Thierry Mugler, Balmain, Nars, Roberto Cavalli, David Yurman, Alessandro Dell'Acqua, DSquared2, Express, H&M, Bloomingdale's, Dillard's, Macy's, Barneys New York, Neiman Marcus, Gap, Avon, Revlon and Victoria's Secret.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In 2015, Campbell signed on as a recurring character in the Fox drama "Empire" as Camilla Marks, a fashion designer and love interest to Hakeem Lyon, portrayed by Bryshere Y. Gray. In October 2015, Campbell was featured in a two-episode arc in "", as a "Vogue" fashion editor named Claudia Bankson.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In 2016, Campbell appeared in the music video for Anohni's single "Drone Bomb Me". In September 2017, Campbell appeared in Versace's Spring/Summer 2018 show celebrating the late Gianni Versace, alongside Schiffer, Crawford, Christensen and Carla Bruni and also featured in the campaign for the collection. In February 2018, Campbell and Moss returned to the runway and closed Kim Jones' final menswear show for Louis Vuitton. In April, she featured on the cover of British "GQ" alongside rapper Skepta.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In June 2018, Campbell received the Fashion Icon award by the Council of Fashion Designers of America.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In the spring of 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Campbell began her own web series on YouTube, "No Filter with Naomi", in which she conducts conversations with various guests. Her inaugural guest was Cindy Crawford, while subsequent guests ranged from Marc Jacobs, Adut Akech, and Christy Turlington to Ashley Graham and Nicole Richie. The 50th episode of "No Filter with Naomi" premiered on March 16, 2021, featuring guest Jean Paul Gaultier.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In October 2020, Campbell and Apple TV+ announced a documentary about Campbell and fellow supermodels Cindy Crawford, Linda Evangelista and Christy Turlington, directed by Barbara Kopple. The documentary, named "The Supermodels", comes from Brian Grazer's and Ron Howard's Imagine Documentaries.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: On January 12, 2021, Campbell was appointed as a tourism ambassador by the Kenyan Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In February 2021, Campbell appeared on the cover of i-D magazine's Spring issue, describing it as one of the few times she's had the opportunity to work with a photographer of colour.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In March 2021, Campbell was named as the face of the relaunch advertising campaign for streetwear brand Hood by Air.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In July 2022, Campbell was awarded an honorary doctorate by UCA (University for the Creative Arts) for her impact on global fashion.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: Despite her status as the most famous black model of her time, Campbell never earned the same volume of advertising assignments as her white colleagues, and she was not signed by a cosmetics company until as late as 1999. In 1991, she said, "I may be considered one of the top models in the world, but in no way do I make the same money as any of them." Throughout her career, Campbell has been outspoken against the racial bias that exists in the fashion industry. In 1997, she stated, "There is prejudice. It is a problem and I can't go along any more with brushing it under the carpet. This business is about selling, and blonde and blue-eyed girls are what sells."


title: Naomi Campbell

text: A decade later, she again spoke out against discrimination, stating, "The American president may be black, but as a black woman, I am still an exception in this business. I always have to work harder to be treated equally." In 2013, Campbell joined fellow black models Iman and Bethann Hardison in an advocacy group called "Diversity Coalition". In an open letter to the governing bodies of global fashion weeks, they named high-profile designers who used just one or no models of color in their fall 2013 shows, calling it a "racist act".


title: Naomi Campbell

text: Campbell is involved with several charitable causes. She supports the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, for which she organised a benefit Versace fashion show in 1998. Held at Nelson Mandela's South African presidential residence, the show was the subject of a documentary titled "FashionKingdom", or alternatively, "Naomi Conquers Africa". Campbell, whose mother has battled breast cancer, also supports Breakthrough Breast Cancer. In 2004, she was featured on FHM's charity single "Do Ya Think I'm Sexy?", as well as in the accompanying music video, of which all profits were donated to Breakthrough. She appeared in a print and media campaign for the charity's fundraising initiative Fashion Targets Breast Cancer, and she opened a Breakthrough breast cancer research unit in 2009.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In 2005, Campbell founded the charity We Love Brazil, which aims to raise awareness and funds to fight poverty in Brazil through the sale of fabrics made by local women. That same year, Campbell founded the charity Fashion for Relief, which has organised fund-raising fashion shows to benefit victims of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the Mumbai terrorist attacks in 2008, the Haiti earthquake in 2010, the Japan earthquake in 2011, and the Syrian refugee crisis in 2017. By 2011, Fashion for Relief had reportedly raised £4.5 million. In 2018 Campbell held another Relief charity gala and the theme was Race To Equality.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In 2012, the charity teamed up with YOOX China and leading global and Chinese fashion designers, including Phillip Lim and Masha Ma, to design Chinese-themed T-shirts to help fund its efforts and the various international charities it works with. Since 2007, Campbell has been the honorary president of Athla Onlus, an Italian organisation that works to further the social integration of young people with learning disabilities. In 2009, Campbell became a goodwill ambassador for the White Ribbon Alliance for Safe Motherhood. She has since joined the charity's patron, Sarah Brown, the wife of former British prime minister Gordon Brown, on several missions to promote maternal health.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: Campbell has received recognition for her charitable work. In 2007, she was named an ambassador of Rio de Janeiro by mayor Cesar Maia in recognition of her efforts to fight poverty in Brazil. In 2009, she was awarded Honorary Patronage of Trinity College's University Philosophical Society for her charitable and professional work. In 2010, Sarah Brown presented her with an "Outstanding Contribution" award from British "Elle" for her work as an ambassador for the White Ribbon Alliance, as well as her work in the fashion industry.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In February 2021, Campbell was a signatory on an open letter decrying Ghana's stance on gay rights. She was joined by other signers, like actor Idris Elba and Vogue Magazine editor-in-chief Edward Enniful.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In July 2021, Campbell condemned racist attacks on black players for the England national football team, including Bukayo Saka, Marcus Rashford and Jadon Sancho, after the team's defeat to Italy in the UEFA Euro 2020 soccer final, disclosing via an Instagram post that it was disgusting to read of the abuses and encouraging players not to let the ignorant voices in. In the same month, Campbell wrote an open letter to former South African president Jacob Zuma, condemning riots and unrest that had broken out in the country following Zuma's incarceration.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: Campbell has been convicted of assault on four occasions, after she was accused eleven times of committing acts of violence against employees, associates and other individuals between 1998 and 2009. During the first such case, heard in February 2000, Campbell pleaded guilty in Toronto to assaulting her personal assistant with a mobile phone in September 1998. Campbell paid her former employee an undisclosed sum and agreed to attend anger management classes; her record was cleared in exchange for her expressing remorse. By 2006, eight other employees and associates had come forward with claims of abuse. During this time, Campbell was photographed wearing a Chip and Pepper T-shirt that read "Naomi Hit Me...and I Loved It".


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In January 2007, Campbell pleaded guilty in New York to assaulting her former housekeeper, who had accused Campbell of throwing a BlackBerry personal organiser at her in March 2006. Campbell was sentenced to pay her former employee's medical expenses, attend an anger management program, and perform five days of community service with New York's sanitation department. She attended her community service wearing designer outfits, including fedoras, furs and—upon completion of her sentence—a silver-sequined $300,000 Dolce & Gabbana gown. Campbell detailed her community service experience in a "W" feature titled "The Naomi Diaries", and subsequently spoofed herself in a Dunkin' Donuts commercial, directed by Zach Braff, which showed her breaking her heel while gardening and throwing it through a window.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In June 2008, Campbell pleaded guilty to assaulting two police officers at London Heathrow Airport two months earlier; she had kicked and spat at the officers following an argument about her lost luggage. She was sentenced to 200 hours of community service and fined £2,300, and was banned for life from British Airways.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In July 2015, Campbell was sentenced to six months' probation by a Sicilian court for her August 2009 assault on a paparazzo photographer; she had hit him with her handbag for taking pictures of her and her then-partner.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In August 2010, Campbell made a highly publicised appearance at a war crimes trial against former Liberian president Charles Taylor at the Special Court for Sierra Leone in Leidschendam. She was called to give evidence on a "blood diamond" she allegedly received from Taylor during a Nelson Mandela Children's Fund function in 1997. Campbell initially refused to testify, and—after being subpoenaed—told the court that being there was "a big inconvenience" for her. She testified that she was given "dirty-looking" stones late at night by two unidentified men, and claimed she did not know the diamonds had originated from Taylor until being told so the next morning by a fellow attendee, actress Mia Farrow. However, her account was contradicted by testimonies from Farrow, her former agent Carole White and former Children's Fund director Jeremy Ratcliffe.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: Campbell has never met her biological father. She regards French-based Tunisian fashion designer Azzedine Alaïa, whom she met at 16, as her "papa". She also holds high respect toward record producers Quincy Jones and Chris Blackwell as adopted father figures. Former South African president Nelson Mandela referred to Campbell as his "honorary granddaughter". She first met Mandela in November 1994, after his party, the African National Congress, invited her to travel to South Africa to meet with their leader. She had previously donated the proceeds from a photo shoot in Tanzania to the ANC. Over the years, Campbell has lent support to many of Mandela's political campaigns and humanitarian causes.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In 1993, she became engaged to U2 bassist Adam Clayton. They met in February of that year, after Clayton, when asked in an interview if there was anything in the world he desired but did not have, responded: "A date with Naomi Campbell". Campbell and Clayton separated the following year. In 1995, she dated Leonardo DiCaprio. From 1998 through 2003, she was in a relationship with Formula One racing head Flavio Briatore; she became engaged to him before breaking off the relationship. Campbell now considers Briatore her "mentor". From 2008 until 2013, she was in a relationship with Russian businessman Vladislav Doronin. She also had relationships with Robert De Niro, Hassan Jameel, Sean "Diddy" Combs, and Usher. In 2019, she dated Skepta.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: Campbell appears in the alleged contact book and in flight logs of late American financier and convicted sex trafficker Jeffrey Epstein, as well as in photographs with Epstein and his associate Ghislaine Maxwell. In August 2019, Campbell addressed the relationship on her YouTube channel, admitting she knew Epstein after being introduced to him by ex-boyfriend Flavio Briatore, stating: "What he's done is indefensible, when I heard what he had done, it sickened me to my stomach, just like everybody else, because I've had my fair share of sexual predators and thank God I had good people around who protected me from this. I stand with the victims. They're scarred for life. For life." Campbell's claims are disputed by Epstein victim Virginia Roberts Giuffre, claiming Campbell was aware and a close friend of Maxwell.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In May 2021, she announced the birth of her daughter. In February 2022, Campbell confirmed to "Vogue" that her daughter was not adopted, posing with her child for a photoshoot.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In 1999, Campbell entered rehab after a five-year cocaine drug addiction and alcohol addiction. Of her choice to first use the drug in 1994, Campbell said in 2005, "I was having fun. I was living this life of travelling the world and having people just give you anything. [But] the little glow in your face goes...It's a very nasty drug."


title: Naomi Campbell

text: In 2002, Campbell won a breach of confidentiality lawsuit against the "Daily Mirror", after the newspaper published a report of her drug addiction, including a photograph of her leaving a Narcotics Anonymous meeting. The High Court ordered £3,500 in damages from the "Daily Mirror". Later that year, the ruling was overturned by the Court of Appeal, which ordered Campbell to pay the newspaper's £350,000 legal costs, but in 2004 the House of Lords reinstated the High Court ruling and damages. In her YouTube series in July 2019, Campbell mentioned that she has quit smoking.


title: Naomi Campbell

text: Since 1999, Campbell has released 25 fragrances for women via her eponymous perfume house, under the Procter & Gamble brand.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: As of December 2022, the manga had over 70 million copies in circulation, making it one of the best-selling manga series of all time. In 2020, "Tokyo Revengers" won the 44th Kodansha Manga Award for the "shōnen" category.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: Takemichi Hanagaki, a 26-year-old freeter, learns one day that his middle school ex-girlfriend, Hinata Tachibana, as well as her younger brother Naoto, have been killed by the Tokyo Manji Gang. When Takemichi is pushed in front of a train, he teleports exactly 12 years into the past to 2005. While reliving his middle school years, Takemichi meets with Naoto and divulges the exact date he and Hinata will die. When they shake hands, Takemichi is suddenly transported back to the present, creating a time paradox where Naoto survives and is now a detective. Naoto deduces that every time they hold hands, Takemichi is transported 12 years into the past. Using his knowledge from the future, Takemichi vows to save Hinata.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: In the past, Takemichi's friends are forced into underground matches led by Kiyomasa, a member of the Tokyo Manji Gang. Takemichi's determination to protect them gains the respect of the gang's leader, Mikey. Takemichi discovers that his new friendship with Mikey prevented one of his friends, Akkun, from going to jail in the present; however, after Akkun commits suicide out of fear, Takemichi realizes the Tokyo Manji Gang presents a stronger threat to his friends than he initially thought.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: After traveling back to the past, Takemichi finds that the Tokyo Manji Gang is declaring war on Moebius, a rival gang, to avenge Pah-chin's friend. Takemichi learns that Mikey's second-in-command, Draken, will eventually be killed and lead to Mikey becoming violent. Draken survives the rumble, but Pah-chin turns himself to the police after stabbing Moebius' leader, Osanai. This causes infighting within the Tokyo Manji Gang, as they disagree on how to help Pah-chin.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: Takemichi resolves Mikey and Draken's dispute; however, on August 3, 2005, the Tokyo Manji Gang are attacked by a group of Moebius members, who are led by Valhalla member Shūji Hanma. Takemichi learns that Peh-yan colluded with them out of anger for Mikey and Draken letting Pah-chin be arrested, while Kiyomasa had stabbed Draken for humiliating him and causing him to be exiled from the Tokyo Manji Gang. The Tokyo Manji Gang wins the fight and Draken recovers from his injuries.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: Takemichi returns to the present, only to find out that Hinata and his friends still die in the current timeline. With only the clue that Tetta Kisaki transformed the Tokyo Manji Gang into a violent organization, Takemichi returns to the past to find that Kisaki has recently joined the gang, using Pah-chin's absence to become his division's new captain. Moreover, first division captain Keisuke Baji is leaving to join Valhalla, after being recruited by Kazutora Hanemiya, a former co-founder of the Tokyo Manji Gang. Mikey promises Takemichi that he will remove Kisaki from the gang if he is able to bring Baji back. With that, Takemichi is officially made a member of the Tokyo Manji Gang under Takashi Mitsuya's division.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: Takemichi discovers that Mikey holds a grudge against Kazutora for killing his older brother, Shinichiro, two years ago. In addition, Takemichi learns through Chifuyu Matsuno that Baji pretended to defect from the gang to investigate Kisaki. Furthermore, he learns that Kisaki had created Valhalla for Mikey to be its leader, and the Tokyo Manji Gang will eventually be absorbed into Valhalla after a rumble on October 31, 2005 known as "Bloody Halloween"; their loss had been caused by Mikey killing Kazutora out of rage over killing Baji.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: During Bloody Halloween, Baji attempts to stop Kisaki, but Kisaki and Hanma convince Kazutora to stab him as planned. Though the Tokyo Manji Gang wins, Takemichi is unable to prevent Baji's death. Moreover, Valhalla is absorbed into the group, and Kisaki uses their defeat to raise his status within the Tokyo Manji Gang. However, Takemichi is able to prevent Mikey from killing Kazutora, and Kazutora decides to turn himself into the police. Takemichi is then made the captain of the first division as Baji's successor.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: After returning to the present, Takemichi once again discovers that the Tokyo Manji Gang has grown into a large-scale crime organization after absorbing the Black Dragons, and his friends still die. When he travels back to the past, he learns that Hakkai Shiba is forced to leave the Tokyo Manji Gang and join the Black Dragons under the orders of his abusive older brother and the Black Dragons' current leader, Taiju, an event that affects the Tokyo Manji Gang's merge with the Black Dragons. Mitsuya makes a deal with Taiju that he will allow Hakkai to join on the condition that Yuzuha, the Shiba brothers' sister, no longer works for the Black Dragons, nor will Taiju be allowed to assault her. Before bidding them farewell, Hakkai tells Takemichi and Chifuyu in secret that Taiju has no intention of keeping his promise and that he plans to kill him soon to free himself and Yuzuha.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: Takemichi asks the Tokyo Manji Gang for help, but they decline to intervene, as breaking the agreement would reflect poorly on Mitsuya. However, he and Chifuyu reluctantly succeed in only getting the help of Kisaki and Hanma. Together, they learn from Koko and Inupi, two members of the Black Dragons, that Hakkai plans on murdering Taiju on December 24, 2005. On December 24, Takemichi confronts them, but he discovers that Kisaki and Hanma had betrayed and abandoned him. However, Chifuyu escapes and enlists Mitsuya for help in defeating Taiju.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: After inadvertently preventing Taiju's death, Takemichi realizes that in the original timeline, Yuzuha had killed him after being coerced by Kisaki, which then led to Hakkai taking the blame for her and being forced to follow his orders. Takemichi convinces Hakkai to stand up to Taiju in order to save Yuzuha, and with Mikey and Draken's timely arrival, the Black Dragons are defeated. After their disbandment, Koko and Inupi carry the titles of co-leaders of the Black Dragons' 11th generation and join the Tokyo Manji Gang as Takemichi's subordinates. Having learned about Kisaki's betrayal, Mikey removes him from their group. Mikey's decision also causes Hanma and the former members of Moebius and Valhalla to leave, downsizing the Tokyo Manji Gang by 350 members.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: By the time Takemichi returns to the present, Tenjiku absorbed the Tokyo Manji Gang after an event known as the "Kanto incident" and left Mikey demoralized to the point of killing all his friends. While Takemichi and Naoto investigate Tenjiku, both of them learn that Kisaki is a member and that Shinichiro is the founder of the Black Dragons. When they are ambushed by Tenjiku members, they become fatally wounded, and Takemichi travels to the past before they both die. Hinata overhears Takemichi mourning Naoto's death, as well as the fact that he had been time-traveling.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: Takemichi learns that Tenjiku's leader, Izana Kurokawa, is a close relative of the Sanos, and he holds a grudge against Mikey out of jealousy, especially when Shinichiro intended for Mikey to become the leader of the Black Dragons. In the midst of this, Mucho and his vice captain, Sanzu, have joined Tenjiku, and Koko is forced to join them. Impressed by Takemichi's resolve, Inupi passes his title as the leader of the Black Dragons to Takemichi and reveals to the Tokyo Manji Gang that Izana is planning an attack on the Black Dragons' 11th anniversary, February 22, 2006. On the day of their fight, Takemichi loses the support from the other captains, as Kisaki and Hanma have severely injured Mitsuya and fourth division captain Smiley. In addition, Kisaki kills Mikey's half-sister, Emma, leaving Mikey and Draken distraught. Nevertheless, Takemichi rallies the rest of the Tokyo Manji Gang to fight Tenjiku, with only 50 members fighting against Tenjiku's 400 members.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: Near the end of the fight, Mikey and Draken arrive after learning from Hinata that Takemichi had been time-traveling to save them. As the Tenjiku are forced to admit defeat, Kisaki shoots Kakucho, Tenjiku's second-in-command, and Izana, fatally wounding the latter, and flees. When Takemichi confronts him, Kisaki confesses that his reason for taking over the Tokyo Manji Gang was to boost his social status and woo Hinata. He also views Takemichi as an enemy for stealing her attention and has Hinata killed in every present timeline for rejecting him. In the midst of this, Kisaki is hit by a truck and dies. After the Kanto incident, Hanma goes on the run, while Mikey decides to dissolve the Tokyo Manji Gang, allowing all of its members to move on.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: Takemichi returns to the present to find out that his friends are alive and successful, but Mikey, who has not been in contact with any of his friends for the past 12 years, has established a new gang called Bonten. Takemichi is no longer able to travel to the past through Naoto, but when he saves Mikey from jumping from a building, he suddenly travels 10 years into the past to 2008. Takemichi is now in high school and learns that since the Tokyo Manji Gang has been disbanded, there is currently a power struggle between Rokuhara Tandai, Brahman, and Mikey's new gang, the Kanto Manji Gang. In hopes of reaching Mikey, Takemichi joins Brahman, led by Senju Kawaragi, and suddenly develops the ability to see into the future. On July 7, 2008, Rokuhara Tandai launches an attack on Takemichi and Senju. Takemichi prevents Senju's death, but Draken is killed while protecting them. As a result, a brawl, known as the Battle of the Three Deities, erupts between all three gangs and ends with Mikey killing South, Rokuhara Tandai's leader. The Kanto Manji Gang wins and absorbs Rokuhara Tandai; meanwhile, Senju disbands Brahman in order to stop Mikey from killing Takemichi.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: One month later, Takemichi recreates the Tokyo Manji Gang and challenges the Kanto Manji Gang to a fight on September 9. During the fight, Sanzu attempts to drive a train into the battlefield to kill the Tokyo Manji Gang. Though Takemichi is able to prevent this, Kakucho dies in the process. Taiju returns and stops Sanzu, but Mikey defeats everyone on the battlefield. When Takemichi confronts Mikey, Mikey reveals that he died in the original timeline and Shinichiro had traveled back in time to save him by stealing the ability from a homeless man who he murdered. However, as a result, a curse manifested in the form of violent behavior that lead to Shinichiro's death and Takemichi inheriting his ability. In the present, Takemichi allows Mikey to succumb to his violent nature to fight him. Mikey mortally wounds Takemichi, but upon holding his hand, both of them return to 1998 with their memories in tact. Both Mikey and Takemichi work together to avert the previous timelines' tragedies and unite all gangs across Japan for eleven years, thus successfully creates a peaceful timeline.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: Was one of the Founding members of the Tokyo Manji Gang. However he was sent to juvie after he end up killing Mikey's older brother Shinichiro when he and Baji attempt to steel Moterbike as a Present for Mikey's Birthday.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: Is the Leader of 10th Generations of the Black Dragons. He is the older brother of Yuzuha and Hakkai. When their mother died Taiju took upon himself to care for his siblings however the stress cause him physically and emotionally abuse them.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: Written and illustrated by Ken Wakui, "Tokyo Revengers" was serialized in Kodansha's "shōnen" manga magazine "Weekly Shōnen Magazine" from March 1, 2017, to November 16, 2022. Kodansha has collected its chapters into individual "tankōbon" volumes. The first volume was published on May 17, 2017. As of November 17, 2022, thirty volumes have been released.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: In North America, Kodansha USA started the digital release of the manga in 2018. Seven Seas Entertainment started releasing the manga in a print omnibus edition in 2022.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: The manga is also licensed in Taiwan by Tong Li Publishing, in South Korea by Haksan Publishing, in France by Glénat Editions, in Germany by Carlsen Manga, in Italy by J-Pop, in Spain by Norma Editorial, in Mexico by Panini Comics, in Brazil by Editora JBC, in Argentina by Editorial Ivrea, in Thailand by Vibulkij Publishing, in Indonesia by Elex Media Komputindo, in Vietnam by IPM, in Poland by Waneko, in Turkey by Gerekli Şeyler in Russia by XL Media, in Ukraine by Nasha Idea, and in the Czech Republic by Crew.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: On October 28, 2021, a parody spin-off manga written and illustrated by Shinpei Funatsu titled "Tōdai Revengers" was announced. It began serialization in Kodansha's "Magazine Pocket" website on November 3, 2021. It has been collected in four "tankōbon" volumes as of November 17, 2022.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: On June 20, 2022, a spin-off manga centered around Keisuke Baji and Chifuyu Matsuno written and illustrated by Yukinori Kawaguchi, titled "Tokyo Revengers: Baji Keisuke Kara no Tegami" was announced. It began serialization in "Magazine Pocket" on July 27, 2022. It has been collected in a single "tankōbon" volume as of November 17, 2022.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: These chapters have yet to be published in a "tankōbon" volume. They were serialized on "Weekly Shōnen Magazine".


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: In June 2020, it was announced that "Tokyo Revengers" would receive an anime television series adaptation. The series is produced by Liden Films and directed by Koichi Hatsumi. The series features scripts by Yasuyuki Mutō, character designs by Keiko Ōta, sound direction by Satoki Iida and music composed by Hiroaki Tsutsumi. It aired on MBS and other networks from April 11 to September 19, 2021. Official Hige Dandism performed the opening theme song, "Cry Baby", while Eill performed the series' ending theme song . The second ending song is "Tokyo Wonder", performed by Nakimushi. Crunchyroll licensed the series outside of Asia. Muse Communication has licensed the series in Southeast Asia and South Asia and streams it on their Muse Asia YouTube channel and Bilibili. They also licensed the anime to Animax Asia for TV broadcasts.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: A series of anime shorts produced by Studio Puyukai featuring chibi versions of the characters, titled , was released on YouTube from April 12 to September 20, 2021.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: On December 18, 2021, "Tokyo Revengers" was renewed for a second season, which will adapt the "Christmas Showdown" arc. It is set to premiere on January 8, 2023. Tuyu will perform the ending theme song . Disney Platform Distribution licensed the season.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: A live-action film adaptation was announced in February 2020. The film is directed by Tsutomu Hanabusa with a screenplay by Izumi Takahashi and music by Yutaka Yamada. The cast includes Takumi Kitamura, Yūki Yamada, Yosuke Sugino, Nobuyuki Suzuki, Hayato Isomura, Shotaro Mamiya, Ryo Yoshizawa and Mio Imada. The theme song for the film is by Super Beaver. In April 2020, it was announced that the film's crew has halted filming due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The film was originally set to open in Japan on October 9, 2020, but in June 2020, the film has been delayed due to the continuing effects of COVID-19. In March 2021, it was announced that the film has been rescheduled to premiere on July 9, 2021. A sequel was announced in July 2022, and is set to be released in 2023.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: A stage play adaptation produced by Office Endless ran from August 6–22, 2021, with shows taking place in Tokyo, Osaka, and Kanagawa. The play is directed by Naohiro Ise. The theme song of the stage play is "Hero" by Sir Vanity, a pop rock band headlined by voice actors Yūichirō Umehara and Yoshiki Nakajima.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: A second stage play, titled "Tokyo Revengers: Bloody Halloween", ran from March 18–21 in Osaka and March 25–April 5, 2022 in Tokyo. The theme song is "Will" by Sir Vanity.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: In 2021, "Tokyo Revengers" won in the anime category of the Yahoo! Japan Search Awards, based on the number of searches for a particular term compared to the year before. The series topped the list of "Trend Rankings Selected by Teens in 2021" by Mynavi Corporation's Mynavi Teens Lab, which conducts teen marketing and research. The anime series was highlighted by Nikkei Entertainment as one of the 2021's biggest hits, ranked in as the top-watched streaming program for both male and female audiences. The series won the "Anime Award" for its popularity on the 2021 Twitter Japan's Trend Awards. The anime adaptation of "Tokyo revengers" became the 7th most discussed TV show of 2021 worldwide on Twitter.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: "Tokyo Revengers" won the 44th Kodansha Manga Award in the "shōnen" category in 2020. The series ranked 9th on the 2021 "Book of the Year" list by "Da Vinci" magazine; it ranked 18th on the 2022 list. It ranked 12th on Takarajimasha's "Kono Manga ga Sugoi!" 2022 list of best manga for male readers.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: As of February 2020, the manga had over 3 million copies in circulation. As of May 2021, the manga had 17 million copies in circulation. As of June 2021, the manga had over 20 million copies in circulation. By the start of July 2021, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. As of August 2021, the manga had over 35 million copies in circulation. As of September 2021, the manga had over 40 million copies in circulation. As of January 2022, the manga had over 50 million copies in circulation. As of July 2022, the manga had over 65 million copies in circulation including 7 million copies outside of Japan. As of December 2022, the manga had over 70 million copies in circulation.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: "Tokyo Revengers" was the third best-selling manga series in the first half of 2021 with over 5 million copies sold. It was the third best-selling manga in 2021, with over 24.9 million copies sold. It was the second best-selling manga series in 2022, with over 11 million copies sold; volumes 25–29 were among the 25 best-selling manga volumes of the year.


title: Tokyo Revengers

text: In 2021, Western localized versions of the anime censored the Buddhist "manji" swastika (卍) symbol used by the Tokyo Manji Gang, in order to avoid potential controversy that may arise from confusion with the similar-looking Nazi swastika (卐) symbol. The removal, carried out by the Japanese licensors and affecting all versions of the anime officially distributed outside Japan, has itself proven controversial, as some fans have criticized the resulting version both on technical and freedom-of-speech grounds. However, the official Southeast Asian and South Asian releases of the series by Muse Communication started releasing the uncensored versions later on, leaving Crunchyroll the only official streaming site outside of Japan to have the anime censored.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: The Prestige is a 2006 science fantasy mystery psychological thriller film directed by Christopher Nolan from a screenplay by Nolan and his brother Jonathan, based on the 1995 novel of the same name by Christopher Priest. It follows Robert Angier and Alfred Borden, rival stage magicians in London at the end of the 19th century. Obsessed with the idea of a perfect teleportation trick, they engage in a bitter rivalry with tragic results.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: The film stars Hugh Jackman as Robert Angier and Christian Bale as Alfred Borden. It also stars Scarlett Johansson, Michael Caine, Piper Perabo, Andy Serkis, Rebecca Hall, and David Bowie as Nikola Tesla. The film reunites Nolan with actors Bale and Caine from "Batman Begins" and returning cinematographer Wally Pfister, production designer Nathan Crowley, and editor Lee Smith.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: "The Prestige" was released on October 20, 2006, to positive reviews and grossed $109 million worldwide against a production budget of $40 million. It received Academy Award nominations for Best Art Direction and Best Cinematography.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: In 1890s London, Robert Angier and Alfred Borden work as plants for a magician under the mentorship of stage engineer John Cutter. During a water tank trick, Angier's wife, Julia, is unable to unbind her hands, fails to escape and drowns. Angier, devastated, blames Borden for using the incorrect knot, causing her death. When Angier asks Borden which knot he used, Borden claims not to know. The two become bitter enemies and rivals. Angier and Borden launch their own magic careers, with Angier working with Cutter, and Borden with the mysterious Fallon.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: The two sabotage each other's performances, costing Borden two fingers in a failed bullet catch while Angier's disappearing-birdcage act kills a pigeon and injures a volunteer. Borden debuts the Transported Man, in which he appears to travel instantly between two wardrobes on opposite ends of the stage. Angier eclipses Borden's success with his own imitation, but is dissatisfied with being forced to use a body double named Root after failing to discern Borden's method. Borden finds and approaches Root, and suggests that he is being underpaid. Root then sabotages a series of performances, seeking a higher fee, leading Angier and Cutter to retire the trick altogether, considering Root to be too volatile to be relied upon.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: Obsessed with Borden's method, Angier sends his assistant Olivia as a triple-agent to steal the trick behind the Transported Man, however Olivia falls in love with Borden. With her help, Borden sabotages Angier's act, crippling his leg in the process.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: Confronted by Angier, Olivia gives him a copy of Borden's encoded diary. Angier acquires the keyword "TESLA" by threatening to kill Fallon. The diary takes Angier to America to meet scientist Nikola Tesla, who Angier believes built a teleportation machine for Borden. Tesla warns Angier about the dangers of obsession, but agrees to create the machine for him. Angier finishes reading the diary, where Borden reveals that he has no connection to Tesla, and that he faked his diary in order to send Angier on a wild goose chase. Tesla builds a machine for Angier, but instead of teleporting objects, Tesla's machine duplicates anything placed inside it a short distance away.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: Driven from Colorado Springs by his feud with Edison, Tesla has the machine delivered to Angier but advises him to destroy it, saying it will bring him only misery. Borden's wife, Sarah, is driven to suicide by his contradictory personality, alternately loving and cold. Borden tells Olivia that he never loved Sarah, and that he loves her more. Tired of Borden and Angier's feud, Olivia leaves the relationship. After witnessing Tesla's machine teleport Angier in "the Real Transported Man", Borden admits Angier's victory in their feud, before sneaking backstage and witnessing Angier fall through a trapdoor and drown in a tank. He is discovered by Cutter and turned over to the police.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: Unable to prove his innocence, Borden is found guilty of murder and sentenced to death. Tesla's machine is sold off to the wealthy Lord Caldlow, a purported magic enthusiast. Cutter visits Caldlow to advise him to destroy the machine and is shocked to discover that Caldlow is Angier, and is alive and well. Visited by "Caldlow" in prison, Borden offers the secret to his "Transported Man" in exchange for his daughter's safety, but Angier rebuffs him, saying that his own trick is better. Cutter is disgusted that Angier allowed Borden to be sentenced to death, but agrees to help dispose of Tesla's machine. Borden is hanged for Angier's murder.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: Angier goes back to the theatre. A stranger enters and fatally shoots Angier, revealing himself and the now late Borden to have been identical twins, who shared the identities of Borden and Fallon to facilitate their Transported Man.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: Angier confesses his method, using Tesla's machine to replicate himself before drowning the original in a tank underneath the stage. Borden mocks him for creating such an expensive, complicated solution for such a simple trick. The machine and deceased Angiers are destroyed in a fire, while the surviving Borden is reunited with his daughter by Cutter.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: Julian Jarrold's and Sam Mendes's producer approached Christopher Priest for an adaptation of his novel "The Prestige". Priest was impressed with Nolan's films "Following" and "Memento", and subsequently, producer Valerie Dean brought the book to Nolan's attention. In October 2000, Nolan traveled to the United Kingdom to publicize "Memento", as Newmarket Films was having difficulty finding a United States distributor. While in London, Nolan read Priest's book and shared the story with his brother while walking around in Highgate (a location later featured in the scene where Angier ransoms Borden's stage engineer in Highgate Cemetery). The development process for "The Prestige" began as a reversal of their earlier collaboration: Jonathan Nolan had pitched his initial story for "Memento" to his brother during a road trip.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: A year later, the option on the book became available and was purchased by Aaron Ryder of Newmarket Films. In late 2001, Nolan became busy with the post-production of "Insomnia", and asked his brother Jonathan to help work on the script. The writing process was a long collaboration between the Nolan brothers, occurring intermittently over a period of five years. In the script, the Nolans emphasized the magic of the story through the dramatic narrative, playing down the visual depiction of stage magic. The three-act screenplay was deliberately structured around the three elements of the film's illusion: the pledge, the turn, and the prestige. "It took a long time to figure out how to achieve cinematic versions of the very literary devices that drive the intrigue of the story," Christopher Nolan told "Variety": "The shifting points of view, the idea of journals within journals and stories within stories. Finding the cinematic equivalents of those literary devices was very complex." Although the film is thematically faithful to the novel, two major changes were made to the plot structure during the adaptation process: the novel's spiritualism subplot was removed, and the modern-day frame story was replaced with Borden's wait for the gallows. Priest approved of the adaptation, describing it as "an extraordinary and brilliant script, a fascinating adaptation of my novel."


title: The Prestige (film)

text: In early 2003, Nolan planned to direct the film before the production of "Batman Begins" accelerated. Following the release of "Batman Begins", Nolan started up the project again, negotiating with Jackman and Bale in October 2005. While the screenplay was still being written, production designer Nathan Crowley began the set design process in Nolan's garage, employing a "visual script" consisting of scale models, images, drawings, and notes. Jonathan and Christopher Nolan finished the final shooting draft on January 13, 2006, and began production three days later on January 16. Filming ended on April 9.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: Crowley and his crew searched Los Angeles for almost seventy locations that resembled fin de siècle London. Jonathan Nolan visited Colorado Springs to research Nikola Tesla and based the electric bulb scene on actual experiments conducted by Tesla. Nathan Crowley helped design the scene for Tesla's invention; It was shot in the parking lot of the Mount Wilson Observatory. Influenced by a "Victorian modernist aesthetic," Crowley chose four locations in the Broadway theater district in downtown Los Angeles for the film's stage magic performances: the Los Angeles Theatre, the Palace Theatre, the Los Angeles Belasco, and the Tower Theatre. Crowley also turned a portion of the Universal back lot into Victorian London. Osgood Castle in Colorado was also used as a location.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: Nolan built only one set for the film, an "under-the-stage section that houses the machinery that makes the larger illusions work," preferring to simply dress various Los Angeles locations and sound stages to stand in for Colorado and Victorian England. In contrast to most period pieces, Nolan kept up the quick pace of production by shooting with handheld cameras, and refrained from using artificial lighting in some scenes, relying instead on natural light on location. Costume designer Joan Bergin chose attractive, modern Victorian fashions for Scarlett Johansson; cinematographer Wally Pfister captured the mood with soft earth tones as white and black colors provided background contrasts, bringing actors' faces to the foreground.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: The rivalry between Angier and Borden dominates the film. Obsession, secrecy, and sacrifice fuel the battle, as both magicians contribute their fair share to a deadly duel of one-upmanship, with disastrous results. Angier's obsession with beating Borden costs him Cutter's friendship, while providing him with a collection of his own dead clones; Borden's obsession with maintaining the secrecy of his twin leads Sarah to question their relationship, eventually resulting in her suicide when she suspects the truth. Angier and one of the twins both lose Olivia's love because of their inhumanity. Finally, Borden is hanged and the last copy of Angier shot. Their struggle is also expressed through class warfare: Borden as "The Professor", a working-class magician who gets his hands dirty, versus Angier as "The Great Danton", a classy, elitist showman whose accent makes him appear American. Film critic Matt Brunson claimed that a complex theme of duality is exemplified by Angier and Borden, that the film chooses not to depict either magician as good or evil.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: Angier's theft of Borden's teleportation illusion in the film echoes many real-world examples of stolen tricks among magicians. Outside the film, similar rivalries include magicians John Nevil Maskelyne and Harry Kellar's dispute over a levitation illusion. Gary Westfahl of "Locus Online" also notes a "new proclivity for mayhem" in the film over the novel, citing the murder/suicide disposition of Angier's duplicates and intensified violent acts of revenge and counter-revenge. This "relates to a more general alteration in the events and tone of the film" rather than significantly changing the underlying themes.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: Nor is this theme of cutthroat competition limited to sleight of hand: the script incorporates the popular notion that Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison were directly engaged in the war of the currents, a rivalry over electrical standards, which appears in the film in parallel to Angier and Borden's competition for magical supremacy. In the novel, Tesla and Edison serve as foils for Angier and Borden, respectively.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: Den Shewman of "Creative Screenwriting" says the film asks how far one would go to devote oneself to an art. The character of Chung Ling Soo, according to Shewman, is a metaphor for this theme. Film critic Alex Manugian refers to this theme as the "meaning of commitment."


title: The Prestige (film)

text: Nicolas Rapold of "Film Comment" addresses the points raised by Shewman and Manugian in terms of the film's "refracted take on Romanticism":


title: The Prestige (film)

text: For Manugian the central theme is "obsession," but he also notes the supporting themes of the "nature of deceit" and "science as magic." Manugian criticizes the Nolans for trying to "ram too many themes into the story."


title: The Prestige (film)

text: The meta theme is the screenwriters Nolans as the magicians, creating a trick to fool movie audiences, with the audience doing their part as willing participants in suspending some disbelief to get there.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: Touchstone Pictures opted to move the release date forward a week, from the original October 27, to October 20, 2006. The film earned $14.8 million on opening weekend in the United States, debuting at #1. It grossed $109 million, including $53 million from the United States. The film received nominations for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction (Nathan Crowley and Julie Ochipinti) and the Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Wally Pfister), as well as a nomination for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form in 2007.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 76% based on 202 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Full of twists and turns, "The Prestige" is a dazzling period piece that never stops challenging the audience." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: Claudia Puig of "USA Today" described the film as "one of the most innovative, twisting, turning art films of the past decade." Drew McWeeny gave the film a glowing review, saying it demands repeat viewing, with Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" agreeing. Richard Roeper and guest critic A.O. Scott gave the film a "two thumbs up" rating. Todd Gilchrist of IGN applauded the performances of Jackman and Bale whilst praising Nolan for making "this complex story as easily understandable and effective as he made the outwardly straightforward comic book adaptation ("Batman Begins") dense and sophisticated... any truly great performance is almost as much showmanship as it is actual talent, and Nolan possesses both in spades." "CNN.com" and "Village Voice" film critic Tom Charity listed it among his best films of 2006. Philip French of "The Observer" recommended the film, comparing the rivalry between the two main characters to that of Mozart and Salieri in the highly acclaimed "Amadeus".


title: The Prestige (film)

text: On the other hand, Dennis Harvey of "Variety" criticized the film as gimmicky, though he felt the cast did well in underwritten roles. Kirk Honeycutt of "The Hollywood Reporter" felt that characters "...are little more than sketches. Remove their obsessions, and the two magicians have little personality." Nonetheless, the two reviewers praised David Bowie as Tesla, as well as the production values and cinematography. On a simpler note, Emanuel Levy has said: "Whether viewers perceive "The Prestige" as intricately complex or just unnecessarily complicated would depend to a large degree on their willingness to suspend disbelief for two hours." He gave the film a B grade.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four, describing the revelation at the end as a "fundamental flaw" and a "cheat." He wrote, "The pledge of Nolan's "The Prestige" is that the film, having been metaphorically sawed in two, will be restored; it fails when it cheats, as, for example, if the whole woman produced on the stage were not the same one so unfortunately cut in two." R.J. Carter of "The Trades" felt, "I love a good science fiction story; just tell me in advance." He gave the film a B−. Christopher Priest, who wrote the novel the film is based on, saw it three times as of January 5, 2007, and his reaction was "'Well, holy shit.' I was thinking, 'God, I like that,' and 'Oh, I wish I'd thought of that.'"


title: The Prestige (film)

text: The film has grown in stature since its release. In 2009, "The A.V. Club" named "The Prestige" as one of the best films of the 2000s. The film was included in American Cinematographer's "Best-Shot Film of 1998-2008" list, ranking at 36. More than 17,000 people around the world participated in the final vote. In 2020, "Empire" magazine ranked it among "The 100 Greatest Movies Of The 21st Century".


title: The Prestige (film)

text: The film score was written by English musician and composer David Julyan. Julyan had previously collaborated with director Christopher Nolan on "Following", "Memento" and "Insomnia". Following the film's narrative, the soundtrack had three sections: the Pledge, the Turn, and the Prestige.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: Some critics were disappointed with the score, acknowledging that while it worked within the context of the film, it was not enjoyable by itself. Jonathan Jarry of "SoundtrackNet" described the score as "merely functional," establishing the atmosphere of dread but never taking over. Although the reviewer was interested with the score's notion, Jarry found the execution was "extremely disappointing."


title: The Prestige (film)

text: Christopher Coleman of "Tracksounds" felt that though it was "...a perfectly fitting score," it was completely overwhelmed by the film, and totally unnoticed at times. Christian Clemmensen of "Filmtracks" recommended the soundtrack for those who enjoyed Julyan's work on the film, and noted that it was not for those who expected "any semblance of intellect or enchantment in the score to match the story of the film." Clemmensen called the score lifeless, "constructed on a bed of simplistic string chords and dull electronic soundscapes."


title: The Prestige (film)

text: The Region 1 disc is by Buena Vista Home Entertainment, and was released on February 20, 2007, and is available on DVD and Blu-ray formats. The Warner Bros. Region 2 DVD was released on March 12, 2007. It is also available in both BD and regionless HD DVD in Europe (before HD DVD was canceled). Special features are minimal, with the documentary "Director's Notebook: The Prestige – Five Making-of Featurettes", running roughly twenty minutes combined, an art gallery and the trailer. Nolan did not contribute to a commentary as he felt the film primarily relied on an audience's reaction and did not want to remove the mystery from the story.


title: The Prestige (film)

text: The film was released by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment on Ultra HD Blu-ray on December 18, 2017 in the United Kingdom. The film was also released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Ultra HD Blu-ray on December 19, 2017 in the United States.


title: Calista Flockhart

text: Calista Kay Flockhart (born November 11, 1964) is an American actress. She is perhaps best known for portraying the title character on the Fox television series "Ally McBeal" (1997–2002), for which she received a Golden Globe Award in 1998 and was thrice nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series. From 2006 to 2011, she starred as Kitty Walker on the ABC drama series "Brothers & Sisters", and between 2015 and 2021, Flockhart appeared as Cat Grant on the superhero drama "Supergirl". In film, she is known for roles in "The Birdcage" (1996), "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1999), and "Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her" (2000).


title: Calista Flockhart

text: Flockhart was born in Freeport, Illinois, the daughter of Kay Calista, an English teacher, and Ronald Flockhart (1932–2020), a Kraft Foods executive. Her parents retired to Morristown, Tennessee, where her father lived until his death and her mother continues to reside. She has one older brother, Gary. Her mother reversed her own first and middle names in naming her Calista Kay.


title: Calista Flockhart

text: Flockhart attended Mason Gross School of the Arts at Rutgers University–New Brunswick. People began recognizing Flockhart's acting ability when William Esper (Mason Gross theater director and Flockhart's acting teacher) made an exception to policy by allowing Flockhart to perform on the main stage. Though this venue usually is reserved for juniors and seniors, Harold Scott insisted that Flockhart perform there in his production of William Inge's "Picnic". Flockhart graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in theater in 1988 from Rutgers as one of the few students who successfully completed the acting course. Rutgers inducted her into the Hall of Distinguished Alumni on May 3, 2003.


title: Calista Flockhart

text: In spring 1989, Flockhart made her first television appearance in a minor role in an episode of "Guiding Light" as a babysitter. Also, she played a teenager battling an eating disorder on a one-hour afternoon special on TV. Flockhart made her professional debut on the New York stage, appearing in "Beside Herself" alongside Melissa Joan Hart, at the Circle Repertory Theatre. Two years later, Flockhart appeared in the television movie "Darrow". Though she later appeared in films "Naked in New York" (1993) and "Getting In" (1994), her first substantial speaking part in a film was in "Quiz Show", directed by Robert Redford.


title: Calista Flockhart

text: Flockhart debuted on Broadway in 1994, as Laura in "The Glass Menagerie". Flockhart received a Clarence Derwent Award for her performance. In 1995, Flockhart became acquainted with actors such as Dianne Wiest and Faye Dunaway when she appeared in the movie "Drunks". In 1996, Flockhart appeared as the daughter of Dianne Wiest and Gene Hackman's characters in "The Birdcage". Later that year, Flockhart starred in "Jane Doe" as a drug addict, though it was not released until 1999, over three years after filming ended. Throughout that year, she continued to work on Broadway, playing the role of Natasha in Anton Chekhov's "Three Sisters".


title: Calista Flockhart

text: In 1997, Flockhart was asked to audition for the starring role in David E. Kelley's Fox television series "Ally McBeal". Kelley, having heard of Flockhart, wanted her to audition for the contract part. Though she initially hesitated due to the necessary commitment to the show in a negotiable contract, she was swayed by the script and traveled to Los Angeles to audition for the part, which she won. She earned a Golden Globe Award for the role in 1998. Flockhart also appeared on the June 29, 1998, cover of "Time" magazine, placed as the newest iteration in the evolution of feminism, relating to the ongoing debate about the role depicted by her character. Flockhart starred on the show until it was canceled in 2002.


title: Calista Flockhart

text: Flockhart performed in a starring role as Kitty Walker, opposite Sally Field, Rachel Griffiths and Matthew Rhys, in the ABC critically acclaimed prime time series "Brothers & Sisters", which premiered in September 2006 in the time slot after "Desperate Housewives". The show was cancelled in May 2011 after running for five years. Flockhart's character was significant throughout the series' first four years, but her appearances were reduced for the 2010–2011 season, coinciding with the departure of TV husband Rob Lowe.


title: Calista Flockhart

text: Flockhart played the role of Helena in "A Midsummer Night's Dream", a 1999 film version of Shakespeare's play. In 2000, she appeared in "Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her" and "", later accompanying Eve Ensler to Kenya in order to protest violence against women, particularly female genital mutilation. Flockhart also starred in the off-Broadway production of Ensler's "The Vagina Monologues".


title: Calista Flockhart

text: In 2004, Flockhart appeared as Matthew Broderick's deranged girlfriend in "The Last Shot". In the same year, Flockhart traveled to Spain for the filming of "Fragile", which premiered in September 2005 at the Venice Film Festival. She was offered the role of Susan Mayer on "Desperate Housewives" but declined, and the role later went to Teri Hatcher.


title: Calista Flockhart

text: In 2014, Flockhart landed a role in "Full Circle" second season, as mob boss Ellen. It was expected to air in 2015. This had been Flockhart's first acting role in three years, after her hiatus when "Brothers & Sisters" ended.


title: Calista Flockhart

text: In 2015, Flockhart was cast in the television series "Supergirl" as Cat Grant, a "self-made media magnate and founder of CatCo" and boss to Kara (Supergirl's alter ego). The series premiered on October 26, 2015, on CBS. Due to the network's wish to reduce the show's budget, it was moved to sister network The CW after its first season, along with a move to filming in Vancouver. Flockhart remained with the show (albeit as a recurring character), despite her previous aversion to working outside Los Angeles.


title: Calista Flockhart

text: In 2022, she played the role of Martha opposite Zachary Quinto in Edward Albee's "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf" at the Geffen Playhouse in Los Angeles. The production was directed by Gordon Greenberg and also starred Aimee Carrero and Graham Philips.


title: Calista Flockhart

text: Flockhart has been in a relationship with actor Harrison Ford since their meeting at the Golden Globe Awards on January 20, 2002. They became engaged on Valentine's Day in 2009, and were married on June 15, 2010, in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The ceremony was presided over by Governor Bill Richardson and New Mexico Supreme Court Chief Justice Charles W. Daniels. Flockhart and Ford have one adopted son together, Liam Flockhart Ford (born 2001), whom Flockhart adopted at birth.


title: Mahabharata

text: The Mahābhārata ( ; , "", ) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India in Hinduism, the other being the "Rāmāyaṇa". It narrates the struggle between two groups of cousins in the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and the Pāṇḍava princes and their successors.