title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: "Frozen" was released for digital download on February 25, 2014, on Google Play, the iTunes Store, and Amazon Video. It was subsequently released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on March 18, 2014. Bonus features for the Blu-ray release include "The Making of Frozen", a three-minute musical production about how the film was made, "D'frosted", an inside look at how Disney tried to adapt the original fairy tale into an animated feature, four deleted scenes with introduction by the directors, the original theatrical short "Get a Horse!", the film's teaser trailer, and "Let It Go" (End Credit Version) music videos by Demi Lovato, Martina Stoessel, and Marsha Milan Londoh; while the DVD release includes the "Get a Horse!" theatrical short, "Let It Go" musical videos and the film's teaser trailer.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: On its first day of release on Blu-ray and DVD, "Frozen" sold 3.2 million units, becoming one of the biggest home video sellers in the last decade, as well as Amazon's best-selling children's disc of all time. The digital download release of the film also set a record as the fastest-selling digital release of all time. "Frozen" finished its first week at No. 1 in unit sales in the United States, selling more than three times as many units as other 19 titles in the charts combined, according to the Nielsen's sales chart. The film sold 3,969,270 Blu-ray units (the equivalent of $79,266,322) during its first week, which accounted for 50 percent of its opening home media sales. It topped the U.S. home video sales charts for six non-consecutive weeks out of seven weeks of release, . In the United Kingdom, "Frozen" debuted at No. 1 in Blu-ray and DVD sales on the Official Video Chart. According to Official Charts Company, more than 500,000 copies of the film were sold in its two-day opening (March 31 – April 1, 2014). During its three first weeks of release in the United Kingdom, "Frozen" sold more than 1.45 million units, becoming the biggest-selling video title of 2014 so far in the country. "Frozen" has sold 2,025,000 Blu-ray Disc/DVD combo sets in Japan in 4 weeks, becoming the fastest-selling home video to sell 2 million copies, beating the previous record of 11 weeks by "Spirited Away". "Frozen" also holds the records for highest number of home video units sold on the first official day of sales and in the first official week of sales in Japan. As of the end of 2014, the film earned $308,026,545 in total US home media sales. It is one of the best-selling home media releases, having moved over 18 million units . , "Frozen" is the biggest-selling Blu-ray in the United States of all-time with over 7.5 million units sold, narrowly beating "Avatar".


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: Following an announcement on August 12, 2014, a sing-along reissue of "Frozen" was released via DVD and digital download on November 18, 2014.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: In late December 2013, The Walt Disney Company filed a trademark infringement lawsuit in California federal court against Phase 4 Films, seeking an injunction against the continued distribution of the Canadian film "The Legend of Sarila", which had been retitled "Frozen Land" in the United States and had a logo similar to the Disney film. By late January 2014, the two companies had settled the case; the settlement stated that the distribution and promotion of "The Legend of Sarila" and related merchandise must use its original title and Phase 4 must not use trademarks, logos or other designs confusingly similar to Disney's animated release. Phase 4 was also required to pay Disney $100,000 before January 27, 2014, and make "all practicable efforts" to remove copies of "Frozen Land" from stores and online distributors before March 3, 2014.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: "Frozen" earned $400.7 million in North America, and an estimated $880 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $1,280,802,282. Calculating in all expenses, "Deadline Hollywood" estimated that the film made a profit of over $400 million. It became the fifth-highest-grossing film, the highest-grossing animated film, the highest-grossing 2013 film, the third highest-grossing Walt Disney Pictures release, and the 8th-highest-grossing film distributed by Disney. The film earned $110.6 million worldwide in its opening weekend. On March 2, 2014, its 101st day of release, it surpassed the $1 billion mark, becoming the eighteenth film in cinematic history, the seventh Disney-distributed film, the fifth non-sequel film, the second Disney-distributed film in 2013 (after "Iron Man 3"), and the first animated film since "Toy Story 3" to do so.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: "Bloomberg Business" reported in March 2014 that outside analysts had projected the film's total cost at somewhere around $323 million to $350 million for production, marketing, and distribution, and had also projected that the film would generate $1.3 billion in revenue from box office ticket sales, digital downloads, discs, and television rights.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: "Frozen" became Fandango's top advance ticket seller among original animated films, ahead of previous record-holder "Brave", and became the top-selling animated film in the company's history in late January 2014. The sing-along version of the film later topped the best-selling list of the movie ticketing service again for three days. "Frozen" opened on Friday, November 22, 2013, exclusively at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood for a five-day limited release and earned $342,839 before its wide opening on Wednesday, November 27, 2013. During the three-day weekend it earned $243,390, scoring the seventh-largest per-theater average. On the opening day of its wide release, the film earned $15.2 million, including $1.2 million from Tuesday late-night shows, and set a record for the highest pre-Thanksgiving Wednesday opening, ahead of "Tangled" ($11.9 million). It was also the second-largest pre-Thanksgiving Wednesday among all films, behind "" ($20.8 million). The film finished in second place over the traditional three-day weekend (Friday-to-Sunday) with $67.4 million, setting an opening weekend record among Walt Disney Animation Studios films. It also scored the second-largest opening weekend among films that did not debut at #1. Female audiences accounted for 57% of "Frozen"s total audiences on the first weekend, while family audiences held a proportion of 81%. Among films that opened during Thanksgiving, it set new records; three-day ($67.4 million from Friday to Sunday) and five-day ($93.6 million from Wednesday to Sunday). It also achieved the second-largest three-day and five-day Thanksgiving gross among all films, behind "Catching Fire".


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: During its second weekend of wide release, "Frozen" declined 53% to $31.6 million, but jumped to first place, setting a record for the largest post-Thanksgiving weekend, ahead of "Toy Story 2" ($27.8 million). "Frozen" became the first film since "Avatar" to reach first place in its sixth weekend of wide release. It remained in the top 10 at the box office for sixteen consecutive weekends (the longest run by any film since 2002) and achieved large weekend grosses from its fifth to its twelfth weekend (of wide release), compared to other films in their respective weekends. On April 25, 2014, "Frozen" became the nineteenth film to gross $400 million in North America and the fifteenth to do so without a major re-release.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: In North America, "Frozen" is the twenty-sixth-highest-grossing film, the third-highest-grossing 2013 film, the fifth-highest-grossing animated film, the highest-grossing 2013 animated film, the twelfth-highest-grossing 3-D film, and the second-highest-grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film. Excluding re-releases, it has the highest-grossing initial run among non-sequel animated films (a record previously held by "Finding Nemo") and among Walt Disney Animation Studios films (a record previously held by "The Lion King"). Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 49 million tickets in North America.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: "Frozen" is the fifth-highest-grossing film, the highest-grossing animated film, and the highest-grossing 2013 film. It is the highest-grossing animated film in South Korea, Denmark, and Venezuela. It is also the highest-grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film in more than 45 territories, including the Latin America region (specifically in Mexico and Brazil), the UK, Ireland, and Malta, Russia and the CIS, Ukraine, Norway, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia and China.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: The film made its debut outside North America on the same weekend as its wide North American release and earned $16.7 million from sixteen markets. It topped the box office outside North America for two weekends in 2014; January 10–12 ($27.8 million) and February 7–9 ($24 million). Overall, its largest opening weekends occurred in China (five-day opening of $14.3 million), Russia and the CIS ($11.9 million, including previews from previous weekend), where the film set an opening weekend record among Disney animated films (ahead of "Tangled"), and Japan (three-day opening of $9.73 million). It set an opening weekend record among animated films in Sweden. In total earnings, the film's top market after North America is Japan ($247.6 million), followed by South Korea ($76.6 million) and the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta ($65.7 million). In South Korea, "Frozen" is the second-largest foreign film both in terms of attendance and gross, the largest Disney release and the first animated film to earn more than ten million admissions. In Japan, it is the third-highest-grossing film of all time, the second-highest-grossing imported film (behind "Titanic") and the highest-grossing Disney film. It topped the country's box office for sixteen consecutive weekends until being surpassed by another Disney release, "Maleficent".


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: Ray Subers, writing for Box Office Mojo, compared the film to Disney's 2010 animated feature "Tangled" by saying that the film's story was not as "immediately interesting" and that "marketing has yet to sell this to boys the way "Tangled" did". Noting that the 2013 holiday season (Thanksgiving and Christmas) lacked compelling content for families, Subers predicted that the film would "play well all the way through Christmas" and end up grossing $185 million in North America (similar to "Wreck-It Ralph"). "Boxoffice" noted the success of previous Disney's animated films released during the holiday season ("Tangled" and "Wreck-It Ralph"), but argued that the cast might not attract audiences due to the lack of major stars. They issued a $170,000,000 North America box office forecast for the film. Chris Agar from "ScreenRant" expressed a similar opinion; he cited a string of recent box office successes of the studio, and thought that "Frozen" would fill a void of kid-friendly films in the marketplace, but did not expect it to surpass "Catching Fire" in terms of box office gross.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: Clayton Dillard of "Slant Magazine" commented that while the trailers made the film seem "pallid," positive critical reviews could attract interest from both "core demographics" and adult audiences, and therefore he believed "Frozen" stood a good chance of surpassing "Tangled"s Thanksgiving three-day opening record. Brad Brevet of "Ropeofsilicon.com" described the film's marketing as a "severely hit and miss" campaign, which could affect its box office performance. After "Frozen" finished its first weekend with a record $93.6 million during Thanksgiving, most box-office watchers predicted that it would end up grossing between $250 and $300 million in North America. At the time, "Box Office Mojo" reissued a $250 million box office gross prediction for North America. "Box Office Mojo" noted that it would be "the exclusive choice for family audiences" and attributed its successful opening to strong word-of-mouth and the studio's marketing, which highlighted the connection between "Frozen" and Disney's previous successful releases like "Tangled" and "Wreck-It Ralph", as well as the elements of humor.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: When "Frozen" became a box office success, Bilge Ebiri of "Vulture" analyzed the film's elements and suggested eight factors that might have led to its success. He thought "Frozen" managed to capture the spirit of the Disney Renaissance films and early Disney features such as "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" and "Cinderella". He also wrote that the film has Olaf, a "wisecracking, irreverent" sidekick with mild humor which is "a requirement of modern animated kids' movies," and its "witty, catchy" songs were "pretty good." Furthermore, Ebiri noted that "Frozen" was a "revisionist" film that didn't "have a typical villain"; Elsa, the person who should be the villain didn't turn out to be a villain, but "a girl who's having trouble." She was the one who "[created] most of the challenges [for] the film's more typical heroes – Princess Anna." The story of two sisters who were separated as they grew up held real-life overtones for many audience members who had siblings, and the struggle of Elsa to overcome the shame and fear of her powers was also relatable. Finally, he identified several factors which he believed attracted female audiences: two strong female characters; a twist on the usual romantic subplot, when the traditional "Prince Charming" – Hans – turned out to be a gold-digging villain; and the "act of true love" which saved Anna was her own sacrifice in saving Elsa.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: Scott Davis of "Forbes" credited the film's commercial success to its marketing aimed at both sexes, and to the success of its soundtrack.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: The commercial success of "Frozen" in Japan was considered to be a phenomenon which received widespread media coverage. Released in that market as "Anna and the Snow Queen", the film increased its gross each week in its three first weeks of release, and only started to drop in the fourth; while other films usually peak in the opening week and decline in the latter ones. "Frozen" has received over 7 million admissions in Japan as of April 16, and nearly 18.7 million admissions as of June 23. Many cinemagoers were reported to have watched both the original and the Japanese-dubbed version. "Japan Today" also reported that the local dubbed version was "particularly popular" in the country. Gavin J. Blair of "The Hollywood Reporter" commented on the film's earnings in Japan: "Even after its $9.6 million (￥986.4 million) three-day opening, a record bow for a Disney animation in Japan, few would have predicted the kind of numbers "Frozen" has now racked up." Disney's head of distribution Dave Hollis said in an interview that "It's become very clear that the themes and emotions of "Frozen" transcend geography, but what's going on in Japan is extraordinary."


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: According to Akira Lippit of the USC School of Cinematic Arts, there were several factors that constituted this phenomenon: besides the fact that animated films "are held in great regard in Japan, and the Disney brand name with all of its heritage is extremely valuable", "the biggest reason is the primary audience ... 13- to 17-year-old teenage girls." He further explained that audiences of this age range have a vital role in shaping Japanese pop culture and ""Frozen" has so many elements that appeal to them, with its story of a young girl with power and mystique, who finds her own sort of good in herself." He compared the film's current situation with a similar phenomenon which occurred with "Titanic" in 1997, "when millions of Japanese teen girls turned out to watch Leonard[o] DiCaprio go under – several times," and thought the same would happen with "Frozen". Another reason that contributed to the film's success in the market was that Disney took great care in choosing the voice actors for the Japanese-dubbed version, since Japan's pop music scene had an important role particularly with teenage audiences. Orika Hiromura, Disney Japan's marketing project leader for "Frozen", said in an interview with "The Wall Street Journal": "We really put effort into finding actors who could not only play the role but also belt out the tunes as well. We found the perfect match in Takako Matsu and Sayaka Kanda, and they really added a whole new dimension to the storytelling."


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: When asked about the success of "Frozen", director Chris Buck stated: "We never expected anything like this. We just hoped to make a movie that did as well as "Tangled"! I hoped the audience would embrace it and respond to it, but there's no way we could have predicted this." He cited a number of reasons for the film's popularity: "There are characters that people relate to; the songs are so strong and memorable. We also have some flawed characters, which is what Jen[nifer Lee] and I like to do – we essentially create two imperfect princesses." As "Frozen" approached the first anniversary of its release, Menzel mentioned the film's continuing popularity in an October 2014 interview: "It's just a remarkable thing. Usually you do a project and it has its moment. This just feels like it keeps going."


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: "Frozen" opened to positive reviews, with several critics comparing it favorably to the films of the Disney Renaissance, particularly "The Little Mermaid", "Beauty and the Beast", "Aladdin", and "The Lion King". Some journalists felt that the film's success marked a second Disney Renaissance. The film was praised for its visuals, themes, musical numbers, screenplay, and vocal performances, especially those of Bell, Menzel, and Gad. The "Let It Go" musical sequence was also particularly praised by critics. "Frozen" has an approval rating of based on professional reviews on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of . Its critical consensus reads: "Beautifully animated, smartly written, and stocked with singalong songs, "Frozen" adds another worthy entry to the Disney canon." Metacritic, which determines a rating out of 100 from the reviews of mainstream critics, calculated a score of 74 based on 43 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare "A+" grade on an A+ to F scale. Surveys conducted by "Fandango" among 1,000 ticket buyers revealed that 75% of purchasers had seen the film at least once, and 52% had seen it twice. It was also pointed out that 55% of audiences identified "Let It Go" as their favorite song, while "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?" and "For the First Time in Forever" held proportions of 21% and 9%, respectively. "Frozen" was named the seventh-best film of 2013 by Richard Corliss of "Time" and Kyle Smith of the "New York Post".


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: Alonso Duralde of "TheWrap" wrote that the film is "the best animated musical to come out of Disney since the tragic death of lyricist Howard Ashman, whose work on "The Little Mermaid" and "Beauty and the Beast" helped build the studio's modern animated division into what it is today." He also said that "while it lags the tiniest bit on its way to the conclusion, the script... really delivers; it offers characters to care about, along with some nifty twists and surprises along the way." Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" observed "Frozen" as a true musical and wrote, "You can practically see the Broadway musical "Frozen" is destined to become while watching Disney's 3D animated princess tale." McCarthy described the film as "energetic, humorous and not too cloying, as well as the first Hollywood film in many years to warn of global cooling rather than warming, this tuneful toon upgrades what has been a lackluster year for big studio animated fare and, beginning with its Thanksgiving opening, should live up to box office expectations as one of the studio's hoped-for holiday-spanning blockbusters." Scott Mendelson of "Forbes" wrote, ""Frozen" is both a declaration of Disney's renewed cultural relevance and a reaffirmation of Disney coming to terms with its own legacy and its own identity. It's also a just plain terrific bit of family entertainment."


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: The "Los Angeles Times" extolled the film's ensemble voice talent and elaborate musical sequences, and declared "Frozen" was "a welcome return to greatness for Walt Disney Animation Studios." "Entertainment Weekly"s Owen Gleiberman gave the film a "B+" grade and labeled it as a "squarely enchanting fairy tale that shows you how the definition of what's fresh in animation can shift." Richard Corliss of "Time" stated that: "It's great to see Disney returning to its roots and blooming anew: creating superior musical entertainment that draws on the Walt [Disney] tradition of animation splendor and the verve of Broadway present." Richard Roeper wrote that the film was an "absolute delight from start to finish." Both Michael Phillips of "Chicago Tribune" and Stephen Holden of "The New York Times" praised the film's characters and musical sequences, which also drew comparisons to the theatrics found in "Wicked". Emma Dibdin of Digital Spy awarded the film five out of five stars and called the film "a new Disney classic" and "an exhilarating, joyous, human story that's as frequently laugh-out-loud funny as it is startling and daring and poignant. Hot on the heels of the 90th anniversary, it's impossible to imagine a more perfect celebration of everything Disney is at its best." "Frozen" was also praised in Norwegian Sámi media as showcasing Sámi culture to a broad audience in a good way. Composer Frode Fjellheim was lauded by Norwegian Sámi President Aili Keskitalo for his contributions to the film, during the President's 2014 New Year's speech.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: Scott Foundas of "Variety" was less impressed with the film, describing it as "formulaic", though he praised its voice acting and technical artistry: "The tactile, snow-capped Arendelle landscape, including Elsa's ice-castle retreat is "Frozen"s other true marvel, enhanced by 3D and the decision to shoot in widescreen – a nod to the CinemaScope richness of "Sleeping Beauty" and "Lady and the Tramp"... That's almost but not quite enough to make up for the somewhat slack plotting and the generic nature of the main characters. Neither princess here is a patch on "Tangled"s babe-in-the-woods Rapunzel, while both Hans and Kristoff are cut from pretty standard-issue hero cloth until a reasonably surprising third-act twist somewhat ups the ante. Only Olaf is unimpeachable: Get this snowman a spinoff feature to call his own." "The Seattle Times" gave the film two out of four stars, stating "While it is an often gorgeous film with computer-generated fjords and ice sculptures and castle interiors, the important thing that glues all this stuff together – story – is sadly lacking." Joe Williams of the "St. Louis Post-Dispatch" also criticized the story as the film's weakest point. Writing on Roger Ebert's website, Christy Lemire gave a mixed review in which she awarded two-and-a-half stars out of four. Lemire praised the visuals and the performance of "Let It Go," as well as the positive messages "Frozen" sends. However, she referred to the film as "cynical" and criticized it as an "attempt to shake things up without shaking them up too much." She also noted the similarity between Elsa and another well-known fictional female who unleashes paranormal powers when agitated, Carrie White.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: Allegations of sexism occurred following a statement by Lino DiSalvo, the film's head of animation, who said to Fan Voice's Jenna Busch: "Historically speaking, animating female characters are really, really difficult, because they have to go through these range of emotions, but you have to keep them pretty." However, a Disney spokesperson later told "Time" that DiSalvo's quote was widely misinterpreted, stating that he was "describing some technical aspects of CG animation and not making a general comment on animating females versus males or other characters." Director Lee also said that DiSalvo's words were recklessly taken out of context, and that he was talking in very technical terms about CG animation. "It is hard no matter what the gender is. I felt horrible for him," she said. In an August 2014 interview, DiSalvo re-emphasized what he had been trying to explain all along when his statements were taken out of context – the difficulty with turning "any" kind of animated character from a series of sketches on a 2D emotion model sheet into a properly rigged 3D character model: "Translating that emotional range onto a CG character is one of the most difficult parts of the process. Male. Female. Snowman. Animal." He added, "The really sad thing is people took that ... catchy headline and they just repopulated it everywhere. People didn't get back to me for comments and the sad thing is that's the way the internet works. They don't want the truth."


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: A few conservative Christian commentators decried the film as promoting homosexuality, saying the themes of Elsa's being different from others, her ostracism from society, and her independence and rejection of male suitors, are metaphors for lesbianism. Elsa's song "Let it Go" has been compared to the phenomenon of coming out of the closet. Other viewers argued that Elsa represents a role model for LGBT youth. These claims were met with mixed reactions from both audiences and the LGBT community.Akash Nikolas writes in "The Atlantic" that Disney films including "Frozen" have long "subtly appeal[ed] to queer children" through protagonists who are often social outcasts set apart by unusual desires and who reject traditional expectations of marriage. In "Film International", Robert Geal writes that while the film offers a superficially progressive vision of homosexuality, it also perpetuates conservative notions about sexuality and gender: whereas Elsa's female homosexuality is rendered visually pleasurable to a male gaze, male transgressions of heterosexuality are coded in various negative ways.When asked about perceived homosexual undertones in the film, Lee was noncommittal, stating, "I don't like to say anything [...] let the fans talk. I think it's up to them", but that the film should have a "2013 point of view", in contrast to films from earlier eras.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: On November 24, 2017, musical artist Jaime Ciero sued Demi Lovato, Idina Menzel, Walt Disney Animation Studios and others involved with the song "Let it Go," accusing them of ripping off his 2008 single "Volar." In May 2018, it was ruled in court that the original songwriters, Bobby Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez, would be released from the lawsuit due to the three-year statute of limitations for copyright claims. Because each replay or new performance of the song restarts the statute of limitations clock, Ciero was told he could amend his original complaint to address only those infringements within the three-year timeframe. Ciero dropped the suit in May 2019.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: At the 86th Academy Awards, "Frozen" received awards for Best Animated Picture and Best Original Song. The film's other nominations include ten Annie Awards (winning five), a British Academy Film Award (which it won), two Critics' Choice Movie Awards (winning two), and two Golden Globe Awards (winning one).


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: During the spring and summer of 2014, several journalists observed that "Frozen" was unusually catchy in comparison to the vast majority of films, in that many children in both the U.S. and the U.K. were watching "Frozen" so many times that they now knew all the songs by heart and kept singing them again and again at every opportunity, to the distress of their hapless parents, teachers, and classmates. Those who have disclosed that they are the parent of a "Frozen"-obsessed child include former UK prime minister David Cameron, as well as actors Amy Adams, Ben Affleck, Kevin Costner, and Vince Vaughn. When Terry Gross brought up this phenomenon with songwriters Lopez and Anderson-Lopez in an April 2014 interview on NPR, they explained there was simply no way they could have known how popular their work on "Frozen" would become. They were "just trying to tell a story that resonated" and "that didn't suck."


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: In May, columnist Joel Stein of "Time" magazine wrote about his young son Laszlo's frustration with the inescapable "cultural assault" of "Frozen" at preschool and all social and extracurricular activities, and how he had arranged for a Skype call with lead actress Bell after Laszlo began asking why the film was made. When Laszlo asked whether Bell knew when she made "Frozen" that it would take over kids' lives, she replied: "I did not know that people would not let it go. No pun intended." In a December 2014 interview with "The Hollywood Reporter", Lee acknowledged that she had transitioned from thanking people when they expressed their appreciation for "Frozen" to having to apologize when they said "we're still listening to those songs" (with their children). Lee also said that she used the film and its strong female characters to inspire her own daughter, who had experienced bullying at school, and admitted that she herself as a child was bullied as well; thus, they had managed to be true to themselves like Anna and Elsa.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: In a 2014 mid-year report of the 100 most-used baby names conducted by BabyCenter, 'Elsa' was ranked 88; it was the first time the name had appeared on the site's chart. Sarah Barrett, managing director of the site, explained that while the film's popular heroine is called Anna, "Elsa offers a more unique name and is also a strong female role model." Many parents revealed that their choices of name were "heavily influenced" by the siblings. Vice president of Disney UK Anna Hill later commented that "We're delighted that Elsa is a popular name for babies and it's lovely to hear that for many families, it is actually their siblings who have chosen it," and that "Elsa's fight to overcome her fears and the powerful strength of the family bond" were relatable to many families. On 2014 year-end lists issued by Google, "Frozen" was the most searched movie of 2014. On the Google Play Store, "Frozen" and its soundtrack album were also named 'Movie of the Year' and 'Album of the Year', respectively, i.e. the best-selling title in their respective areas. "Frozen" was also the second-most illegally downloaded film title of 2014 via BitTorrent file sharing protocol, with around 30 million downloads.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: After Disney announced in March 2015 that a feature-length sequel was in development, Agence France-Presse and the "Toronto Star" both published stories gently mocking the horror of parents everywhere at the news that another "Frozen" "sensory and financial assault" was in the pipeline.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: The Writers Guild Foundation listed "Frozen" as having one of the best scripts of 2010s film and television, praising the film as one that subverts "rigidly established story and character tropes".


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: In January 2014, Iger announced that "Frozen" would be adapted into a Broadway stage musical. In the space of a single business quarter, Iger went from speaking of "Frozen"s "franchise potential" (in February 2014) to saying that it was "probably" one of Disney's "top five franchises" (in May 2014). The film's massive popularity resulted in an unusually severe merchandise shortage in the United States and several other industrialized countries in April 2014, which caused resale prices for higher-quality limited-edition "Frozen" dolls and costumes to skyrocket past $1,000 on eBay. By the time the merchandise shortage was finally resolved in early November 2014 (nearly a year after the film's release), Disney had sold over three million "Frozen" costumes in North America alone. Wait times for the meet-and-greets at Disney Parks soon regularly exceeded four hours and forced management in February 2014 to indefinitely extend what was originally intended as a temporary film promotion. Disney Parks later put on a temporary event ("Frozen Summer Fun") at Disney's Hollywood Studios, then announced on September 12, 2014, that the Maelstrom ride at Epcot's Norway pavilion would be closed and replaced with a "Frozen"-based attraction, which opened in early 2016. On May 27, 2016, a live "Frozen" musical stage show officially opened at the Hyperion Theater in Disney California Adventure, replacing the venue's previous show, "". By August 2014, the publisher Random House had sold over 8 million "Frozen"-related books. Tour operators, including Adventures by Disney, added more Norway tours in response to rising demand during 2014.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: Meanwhile, the producers of "Once Upon a Time" (made by Disney-owned ABC Studios) independently conceived of and obtained authorization from both ABC and Disney for a "Frozen"-inspired crossover story arc in the show's fourth season, which was first revealed at the end of the show's third season in May 2014, and premiered in September 2014. On September 2, 2014, ABC broadcast "The Story of Frozen: Making a Disney Animated Classic", a one-hour "making of" television special. At the end of the special, Lasseter announced that the production team would be reuniting to make "Frozen Fever", a short film which debuted in theaters with Disney's "Cinderella" on March 13, 2015. On September 4, 2014, Feld Entertainment's Disney on Ice presented the world premiere of a touring ice skating show based on the film at Amway Center in Orlando, Florida.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: In the world builder game "Disney Magic Kingdoms", during a limited time 2016 Event focused on "Frozen" were included Anna, Elsa, Olaf, Kristoff, Sven and Hans as playable characters, along with some attractions based on locations of the film.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: During the airing of "The Making of Frozen: Return to Arendelle" on ABC, it was announced that a holiday special titled "Olaf's Frozen Adventure" was in-production, slated for release in winter 2017. It was later revealed by John Lasseter in June 2017 that the 21-minute special would instead receive a limited time theatrical release. It premiered in theaters with Pixar's "Coco" on November 22, 2017, and made its television debut on ABC on December 14, 2017.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: In addition, Arendelle was featured as a world in the 2019 video game "Kingdom Hearts III", which adapts the plot of the film. The film's voice cast reprise their roles for the game.


title: Frozen (2013 film)

text: A sequel, "Frozen II", was released in November 2019. In the film's plot, Anna, Elsa, Kristoff, Sven, and Olaf travel to an enchanted forest to unravel the origin of Elsa's magical power. The film was a financial success, surpassing the box office of "Frozen", but proved more divisive with critics.


title: Fleabag

text: Fleabag is a British comedy-drama television series created and written by Phoebe Waller-Bridge, based on her one-woman show first performed in 2013 at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. It was originally produced by Two Brothers Pictures for digital channel BBC Three in a co-production agreement with Amazon Studios. Waller-Bridge stars as the title character, a free-spirited but angry and confused young woman in London. Sian Clifford stars as Fleabag's sister Claire, while Andrew Scott joined the cast in the second series as 'Hot Priest'. The protagonist frequently breaks the fourth wall to provide exposition, internal monologues, and a running commentary to the audience.


title: Fleabag

text: The show premiered on 21 July 2016 and concluded its second and final series on 8 April 2019. It received widespread acclaim from critics, particularly for its writing, acting, and the uniqueness and personality of the title character. Waller-Bridge won the British Academy Television Award for Best Female Comedy Performance for the first series. The second series received 11 Primetime Emmy Award nominations and won six, with Waller-Bridge earning Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Lead Actress, and Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series; additional acting nominations were received by Clifford, Olivia Colman, and guest stars Fiona Shaw and Kristin Scott Thomas. The series received the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series and Best Actress for Waller-Bridge, and a nomination for Scott.


title: Fleabag

text: The show is adapted from Waller-Bridge's 2013 Edinburgh Festival Fringe one-woman play of the same name which won a Fringe First Award. The initial idea of the character of Fleabag came from a challenge by a friend, where Waller-Bridge was given the task of creating a sketch for a 10-minute section in a stand-up storytelling night.


title: Fleabag

text: BBC Three was the original broadcast channel for the show with a repeat run broadcast on BBC Two between 21 August and 25 September 2016. The second series was broadcast on BBC One at the same time as being released on BBC Three, by this time only available online.


title: Fleabag

text: It was picked up by the on-demand Amazon Prime Video (formerly Amazon Video) service and premiered in the United States on 16 September 2016. "Fleabag" is also available on IFC in the US. In the Netherlands, it was picked up by Net5.


title: Fleabag

text: The show has been remade for French television by Jeanne Herry. Titled "" (French for 'fly', the insect), it started airing on 3 June 2019 on pay channel Canal+. "Mouche" is a close remake, though set in Paris with Camille Cottin in the starring role.


title: Fleabag

text: Both series of "Fleabag" received widespread acclaim from television critics. At review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, both series received approval ratings of 100%. The first series received an average rating of 8.5/10, based on 42 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading: "Clever and viciously funny, "Fleabag" is a touching, wildly inventive comedy about a complicated young woman navigating the aftermath of trauma." The second series received an average rating of 9.3/10, based on 97 reviews, with the critical consensus stating: ""Fleabag" jumps back into the fray with a bracing second season that upholds its predecessor's frenzied wit and delicate heart, replete with Phoebe Waller-Bridge's indefatigable charisma". At Metacritic, the first series received a weighted average score of 88 out of 100, based on 19 critics, while the second series received a score of 96, based on 21 critics, both signifying "universal acclaim".


title: Fleabag

text: Emily Nussbaum of "The New Yorker" described the first series as "a precision black-humor mechanism, a warped and affecting fable about one single woman's existence." Maureen Ryan at "Variety" called it "scathingly funny", concluding that "long after it’s pulled you in with its irreverence and jokes about sex, and beguiled you with its cutting wit and messily human characters, it reveals that it’s actually a tragedy". Hank Stuever of "The Washington Post" characterised it as a "funny, highly profane but surprisingly poignant dramedy". Mike Hale in "The New York Times" praised the show for its "restless, almost feral energy and its slap-in-the-face attitude." Mary McNamara of the "Los Angeles Times" commended its unpredictability, acting, and "clear eye for truth that often becomes, like all good comedy, quite devastating".


title: Fleabag

text: Serena Davies of "The Daily Telegraph" lauded the second series as "a near-perfect work of art". Mary Elizabeth Williams of "Salon" praised its "brilliant swan song", finding the series's conclusion satisfying and "well-earned". For "Rolling Stone", Alan Sepinwall wrote that the "tragicomic masterpiece reaches new heights in its second outing". James Poniewozik of "The New York Times" wrote that "the new season feels immediately confident, if inevitably less groundbreaking. Yet it continues to push its form". Hannah Jane Parkinson of "The Guardian" described the conclusion as "the most electrifying, devastating TV in years", writing of the second series that "it seems as though many who either did not watch the first series, or who didn’t think it lived up to the hype, have been converted".


title: Fleabag

text: According to Metacritic's aggregate of decade-end lists, "Fleabag" was the second-highest ranked show of the 2010s. In 2019, it was ranked 8th on "The Guardian"'s list of the 100 best TV shows of the 21st century.


title: Fleabag

text: Former United States President Barack Obama named the second season of "Fleabag" among his favorite films and television series of 2019. In his annual list, which he released on Twitter on 29 December 2019, he added a small addendum with the title, "and a quick list of TV shows that I considered as powerful as movies: "Fleabag: Season 2", "Unbelievable", and "Watchmen".


title: Ann-Margret

text: Ann-Margret Olsson (born April 28, 1941) is a Swedish–American actress, singer, and dancer. As an actress and singer, she is credited as Ann-Margret.


title: Ann-Margret

text: She is known for her roles in "Pocketful of Miracles" (1961), "State Fair" (1962), "Bye Bye Birdie" (1963), "Viva Las Vegas" (1964), "The Cincinnati Kid" (1965), "Carnal Knowledge" (1971), "The Train Robbers" (1973), "Tommy" (1975), "Magic" (1978), "The Villain" (1979), "The Return of the Soldier" (1982), "52 Pick-Up" (1986), "Newsies" (1992), "Grumpy Old Men" (1993), "Grumpier Old Men" (1995), "Any Given Sunday" (1999), "Taxi" (2004), "The Break-Up" (2006) and "Going in Style" (2017). She has won five Golden Globe Awards and been nominated for two Academy Awards, two Grammy Awards, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and six Emmy Awards. In 2010, she won an Emmy for her guest appearance on "".


title: Ann-Margret

text: Her singing and acting careers span six decades, starting in 1961. Initially, she was billed as a female version of Elvis Presley. She has a sultry, vibrant contralto voice. She had a Top 20 hit song in 1961 and a charting album in 1964, and she scored a disco hit in 1979. She recorded a critically acclaimed gospel album in 2001 and an album of Christmas songs in 2004.


title: Ann-Margret

text: Ann-Margret Olsson was born in Valsjöbyn, Jämtland County, Sweden, the daughter of Anna Regina (née Aronsson) and Carl Gustav Olsson, a native of Örnsköldsvik. She described Valsjöbyn as a small town of "lumberjacks and farmers high up near the Arctic Circle". Her father had emigrated to the USA but returned to Sweden in 1937 and married Anna Aronsson. After Ann-Margret's birth, Gustav wanted to emigrate again with the family. His wife hesitated and Gustav emigrated alone but was joined by his wife and daughter in 1946.


title: Ann-Margret

text: Ann-Margret took her first dance lessons at the Marjorie Young School of Dance, showing natural ability from the start, easily mimicking all the steps. Her parents were supportive, and her mother made all of her costumes by hand. To support the family, Ann-Margret's mother became a funeral parlor receptionist after her husband suffered a severe injury on his job. While a teenager, Ann-Margret appeared on the Morris B. Sachs "Amateur Hour", Don McNeill's "Breakfast Club", and Ted Mack's "Amateur Hour".


title: Ann-Margret

text: She attended New Trier High School in Winnetka, Illinois, and continued to star in theater. In 1959, she enrolled at Northwestern University in nearby Evanston, Illinois, and she was a member of the sorority Kappa Alpha Theta. She did not graduate.


title: Ann-Margret

text: She was part of a group known as the Suttletones, which went to the Dunes in Las Vegas, which also headlined Tony Bennett and Al Hirt at that time. George Burns heard of her performance, and she auditioned for his annual holiday show, in which she and Burns performed a softshoe routine. "Variety" proclaimed that "George Burns has a gold mine in Ann-Margret ... she has a definite style of her own, which can easily guide her to star status".


title: Ann-Margret

text: Ann-Margret began recording for RCA Victor in 1961. Her first RCA Victor recording was "Lost Love". Her debut album, "And Here She Is: Ann-Margret", was recorded in Hollywood, arranged and conducted by Marty Paich. Later albums were produced in Nashville with Chet Atkins on guitar, the Jordanaires (Elvis Presley's backup singers), and the Anita Kerr Singers, with liner notes by mentor George Burns. She had a sexy, throaty contralto singing voice, and RCA Victor attempted to capitalize on the 'female Elvis' comparison by having her record a version of "Heartbreak Hotel" and other songs stylistically similar to Presley's. She scored the minor success "I Just Don't Understand" (from her second LP), which entered the Billboard Top 40 in the third week of August 1961 and stayed six weeks, peaking at number 17. The song was later performed by The Beatles and was recorded during a live performance at the BBC (recorded on July 16, 1963, and broadcast on August 20, 1963). Her only charting album was "Beauty and the Beard" (1964), on which she was accompanied by trumpeter Al Hirt. Ann-Margret appeared on "The Jack Benny Program" in 1961 (season 11, episode 24). She also sang at the Academy Awards presentation in 1962, singing the Oscar-nominated song "Theme from Bachelor in Paradise." Her contract with RCA Victor ended in 1966.


title: Ann-Margret

text: In the late 1970s and early 1980s, she had hits on the dance charts, the most successful being 1979's "Love Rush," which peaked at number eight on the disco/dance charts.


title: Ann-Margret

text: In 2001, working with Art Greenhaw, she recorded the album "God Is Love: The Gospel Sessions". The album went on to earn a Grammy nomination (forty years since her first) and also a Dove Award nomination for best album of the year in a gospel category. Her album "Ann-Margret's Christmas Carol Collection", also produced and arranged by Greenhaw, was recorded in 2004.


title: Ann-Margret

text: In 1961, she filmed a screen test at 20th Century Fox and was signed to a seven-year contract. Ann-Margret made her film debut in a loan-out to United Artists in "Pocketful of Miracles" with Bette Davis. It was a remake of the 1933 movie "Lady for a Day". Both versions were directed by Frank Capra.


title: Ann-Margret

text: Then came a 1962 remake of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical "State Fair", in which she played the "bad girl" role of Emily opposite Bobby Darin and Pat Boone. She had previously tested for the part of Margie, the "good girl", but she seemed to be too seductive for that role according to the studio bosses, who then decided to make the switch. The two roles represented two sides of her real-life personality – shy and reserved offstage, but wildly exuberant and sensuous onstage. In her autobiography, the actress wrote that she changed "from Little Miss Lollipop to Sexpot-Banshee" once the music began.


title: Ann-Margret

text: Her next starring role, as the all-American teenager Kim from Sweet Apple, Ohio, in "Bye Bye Birdie" (1963), made her a major star. The premiere at Radio City Music Hall, 16 years after her first visit to the famed theater, was the highest first-week grossing film to date at the Music Hall. "Life" put her on the cover for the second time and announced that the "torrid dancing almost replaces the central heating in the theater." She was then asked to sing "Baby Won't You Please Come Home" at President John F. Kennedy's private birthday party at the Waldorf-Astoria, one year after Marilyn Monroe's famous "Happy Birthday".


title: Ann-Margret

text: Ann-Margret met Elvis Presley on the MGM soundstage when the two filmed "Viva Las Vegas" (1964). She recorded three duets with Presley for the film: "The Lady Loves Me", "You're The Boss", and "Today, Tomorrow, and Forever"; only "The Lady Loves Me" made it into the final film and none of them were commercially released until years after Presley's death, due to concerns by Colonel Tom Parker that Ann-Margret's presence threatened to overshadow Elvis. Ann-Margret introduced Presley to David Winters, whom she recommended as a choreographer for their film. "Viva Las Vegas" was Winters' first feature film choreography job and was his first of four movies with Presley, and his first of five films, including "Kitten with a Whip" (1964), "Bus Riley's Back in Town" (1965), "Made in Paris" (1966), and "The Swinger" (1966), and two TV specials with Ann-Margret. Winters was nominated for the 1970 Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Choreography for his CBS Television Special: "Ann-Margret: From Hollywood with Love" (1969).


title: Ann-Margret

text: In 1963, Ann-Margret guest-starred in a popular episode of the animated TV series "The Flintstones", voicing Ann-Margrock, an animated version of herself. She sang the ballad "The Littlest Lamb" as a lullaby and the (literally) rocking song, "Ain't Gonna Be a Fool". Decades later, she recorded the theme song, a modified version of the "Viva Las Vegas" theme, to the live-action film "The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas".


title: Ann-Margret

text: While she was working on the film "Once a Thief" (1965), she met her future husband Roger Smith, who after his successful run on the private-eye television series "77 Sunset Strip", was performing a live club show at the Hungry i on a bill with Bill Cosby and Don Adams. That meeting began their courtship, which was met with resistance from her parents.


title: Ann-Margret

text: Ann-Margret starred in "The Cincinnati Kid" in 1965 opposite Steve McQueen. She also co-starred along with her friend Dean Martin in the spy spoof "Murderers' Row" (1966). Finally, she starred as the lead character in "The Swinger" in 1966 with Tony Franciosa.


title: Ann-Margret

text: Her red hair color (she is a "natural brunette") was the idea of Sydney Guilaroff, a hairdresser who changed the hair color of other famous actresses such as Lucille Ball.


title: Ann-Margret

text: She was offered the title role in "Cat Ballou" (1965), but her manager turned it down without telling her. In March 1966, Ann-Margret and entertainers Chuck Day and Mickey Jones teamed up for a USO tour to entertain U.S. servicemen in remote parts of Viet Nam and other parts of South-East Asia. Ann-Margret, Day, and Jones reunited in November 2005 for an encore of this tour for veterans and troops at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada.


title: Ann-Margret

text: During a lull in her film career in July 1967, Ann-Margret gave her first live performance in Las Vegas, with her husband Roger Smith (whom she had married in 1967) taking over as her manager after that engagement. Elvis Presley and his entourage came to see her during the show's five-week run and celebrate backstage. According to Ann-Margret's autobiography, Presley sent her a guitar-shaped floral arrangement for each of her Vegas openings. After the first Vegas run ended, she followed with a CBS television special "The Ann-Margret Show", produced and directed by David Winters on December 1, 1968, with guest-stars Bob Hope, Jack Benny, Danny Thomas, and Carol Burnett. Then, she returned to Saigon as part of Hope's Christmas show. A second CBS television special followed, "Ann-Margret: From Hollywood With Love", directed and choreographed by David Winters and produced and distributed by Winters' company Winters-Rosen, with guest-stars Dean Martin and Lucille Ball. David Winters and the show were nominated for a Primetime Emmy in Outstanding Choreography.


title: Ann-Margret

text: In 1970, she returned to films with "R. P. M.", where she starred alongside Anthony Quinn, and "C.C. and Company" with Joe Namath as a biker and she portraying a fashion journalist.


title: Ann-Margret

text: In 1971, she starred in "Carnal Knowledge" by director Mike Nichols, playing the girlfriend of a neglectful, arguably abusive character played by Jack Nicholson. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Ann-Margret

text: On the set of "The Train Robbers" in Durango, Mexico, in June 1972, she told Nancy Anderson of Copley News Service that she had been on the "grapefruit diet" and had lost almost 20 pounds (134 to 115) eating unsweetened citrus.


title: Ann-Margret

text: On Sunday, September 10, 1972, while performing at Lake Tahoe, she fell from an elevated platform to the stage and suffered injuries including a broken left arm, cheekbone, and jawbone. She required meticulous facial reconstructive surgery that required wiring her mouth shut and putting her on a liquid diet. Unable to work for ten weeks, she returned to the stage almost back to normal.


title: Ann-Margret

text: For her contributions to the film industry, Ann-Margret received a motion pictures star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1973. Her star is located at 6501 Hollywood Boulevard.


title: Ann-Margret

text: Throughout the 1970s, Ann-Margret balanced her live musical performances with a string of dramatic film roles that played against her glamorous image. In 1973, she starred with John Wayne in "The Train Robbers". Then came the musical "Tommy" in 1975, for which she was again nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress. In addition, she has been nominated for 10 Golden Globe Awards, winning five, including her Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy for "Tommy."


title: Ann-Margret

text: On August 17, 1977, Ann-Margret and Roger Smith traveled to Memphis to attend Elvis Presley's funeral. Three months later, she hosted "Memories of Elvis" featuring abridged versions of the "Elvis" 1968 TV and "Aloha from Hawaii" specials.


title: Ann-Margret

text: Other notable films she co-starred in during the late 1970s include "Joseph Andrews" (1977), "The Last Remake of Beau Geste" (1977), the horror/suspense thriller "Magic" (1978) with Anthony Hopkins, and she had a cameo role in "The Cheap Detective" (1978).


title: Ann-Margret

text: Ann-Margret was an early choice of Allan Carr's to play the role of Sandy Dumbrowski in the 1978 film "Grease". At 37 years old, she was ultimately determined to be too old to convincingly play the role of a high school student. Olivia Newton-John got the role instead, and the character was renamed "Sandy Olsson" (after Ann-Margret's birth surname) in her honour.


title: Ann-Margret

text: Ann-Margret starred opposite Bruce Dern in "Middle Age Crazy" (1980). In 1982, she co-starred with Walter Matthau and Dinah Manoff in the film version of Neil Simon's play "I Ought to Be in Pictures". That same year also saw the release of "Lookin' to Get Out", filmed two years prior in 1980, in which she co-starred with Jon Voight and played the mother of a five-year-old Angelina Jolie in Jolie's screen debut. To round out 1982, she appeared alongside Alan Bates, Glenda Jackson, and Julie Christie in the film adaptation of "The Return of the Soldier". She also starred in the TV movies "Who Will Love My Children?" (1983) and a remake of "A Streetcar Named Desire" (1984), winning Golden Globe Awards for both performances.


title: Ann-Margret

text: After Barbara Stanwyck won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie in 1983 for her role in "The Thorn Birds", she mentioned Ann-Margret's performance in "Who Will Love My Children?", stating at the podium "I would like to pay a personal tribute at this time to a lady who is a wonderful entertainer... I think she gave one of the finest, most beautiful performances I have ever seen...Ann-Margret, you were superb."


title: Ann-Margret

text: In "Twice in a Lifetime" she portrayed the woman for whom Gene Hackman's character left his wife. The next year she appeared as the wife of Roy Scheider's character in the crime thriller "52 Pick-Up". In 1987 she co-starred with Elizabeth Ashley (and also with Claudette Colbert, in the last on-screen role of the film legend's career) in the NBC two-part series "The Two Mrs. Grenvilles". It earned Ann-Margret another Emmy Award nomination, this time for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Mini Series or a Special.


title: Ann-Margret

text: In 1989, an illustration of Oprah Winfrey appeared on the cover of "TV Guide", and although the head was Oprah's, the body was from a 1979 publicity shot of Ann-Margret. The illustration was rendered so tightly in color pencil by freelance artist Chris Notarile that most people thought it was a composite photograph.


title: Ann-Margret

text: In 1991, she starred in the TV film "Our Sons" opposite Julie Andrews as mothers of sons who are lovers, one of whom is dying of AIDS. In 1992, she co-starred with Robert Duvall and Christian Bale in the Disney musical "Newsies". In 1993, Ann-Margret starred in the hit comedy "Grumpy Old Men" reuniting with Matthau and Jack Lemmon. Her character returned for "Grumpier Old Men" (1995), the equally successful sequel which this time co-starred Sophia Loren.


title: Ann-Margret

text: Ann-Margret published an autobiography in 1994 titled "Ann-Margret: My Story", in which she publicly acknowledged her battle with and ongoing recovery from alcoholism. She played Belle Watling in "Scarlett" (1994), a television miniseries loosely based on the 1991 book of the same name written by Alexandra Ripley as a sequel to Margaret Mitchell's 1936 novel "Gone with the Wind". In 1995, she was chosen by "Empire" as one of the 100 Sexiest Stars in film history; she ranked 10th.


title: Ann-Margret

text: She also filmed "Any Given Sunday" (1999) for director Oliver Stone, portraying the mother of football team owner Cameron Diaz. She filmed a cameo appearance for "The Limey" with Tommy Peacock, but her performance was cut from the movie.


title: Ann-Margret

text: Ann-Margret also starred in several television films, including "" (1993), "Following Her Heart" (1994), and "Life of the Party" (1999), the latter of which she received nominations for an Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award.


title: Ann-Margret

text: She made guest appearances on the television shows "Touched by an Angel" in 2000 and three episodes of "Third Watch" in 2003. In 2001, she made her first appearance in a stage musical, playing the character of brothel owner Mona Stangley in a new touring production of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". The production co-starred Gary Sandy and Ed Dixon. She played Jimmy Fallon's mother in the 2004 comedy "Taxi", co-starring Queen Latifah. In 2001, Ann-Margret worked with Art Greenhaw on the album "God Is Love: The Gospel Sessions". The project resulted in her second Grammy Award nomination and first Dove Award nomination for Best Album of the Year in a Gospel category. They teamed up again in 2004 for the album "Ann-Margret's Christmas Carol Collection". She performed material from the album at two auditorium church services at Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California, and broadcast worldwide on the program "Hour of Power".


title: Ann-Margret

text: In 2006, Ann-Margret had supporting roles in the box-office hits "The Break-Up" with Jennifer Aniston and Vince Vaughn, and "" with Tim Allen. She also starred in several independent films, such as "Memory" (2006) with Billy Zane and Dennis Hopper. In 2009, she appeared in the comedy "Old Dogs" with John Travolta and Robin Williams.


title: Ann-Margret

text: Ann-Margret guest-starred in an episode of "", "", which first aired on March 31, 2010, on NBC. She received her sixth Emmy nomination for her performance. She also appeared in the Lifetime series, "Army Wives", in the episode "Guns and Roses" (season four, episode five), which originally aired May 9, 2010. On August 29, 2010, she won an Emmy Award for Guest Performance by an Actress for her "SVU" performance. It was the first Emmy win of her career, and she received a standing ovation from the Emmy venue audience as she approached the stage to receive her award.


title: Ann-Margret

text: In Fall 2011 she co-starred with Andy Williams for a series of concerts at his Moon River Theater in Branson, Missouri. These proved to be Williams' last performances before his death in 2012.


title: Ann-Margret

text: In 2014, she began appearing in a recurring role in the Showtime original series "Ray Donovan". On October 1, 2018, it was announced that she had joined the second season of the Syfy series "Happy!" in a recurring role.


title: Ann-Margret

text: In 2018, she guest-starred in "The Kominsky Method", portraying Diane, a widow and possible love interest for the recently widowed Norman, played by Alan Arkin.


title: Ann-Margret

text: Ann-Margret is the stepmother of the three children of her husband Roger Smith, an actor who later became her manager. She and Smith were married for 50 years from May 8, 1967, until his death on June 4, 2017. Before this, she dated Eddie Fisher and was romantically linked to Elvis Presley when they co-starred in the film "Viva Las Vegas" in 1964.


title: Ann-Margret

text: A keen motorcyclist, Ann-Margret rode a 500 cc Triumph T100C Tiger in "The Swinger" (1966) and used the same model, fitted with a nonstandard electric starter, in her stage show and her TV specials. She was featured in Triumph Motorcycles' official advertisements in the 1960s. She suffered three broken ribs and a fractured shoulder when she was thrown off a motorcycle in rural Minnesota in 2000.


title: Ann-Margret

text: In a 2012 interview, she stated, "All my life I've had this feeling, deep, deep, deep inside of me... my faith and my feelings... I mean you go outside and you see flowers. You see the trees. You see all your loved ones, you see... and then you think of Who created it all." She described her relationship with God, and with Jesus Christ as "something which is really important to me. If I thought that I would never see my mother and father again, I couldn't make it. I could not go a step further."


title: Ann-Margret

text: On May 14, 2022, she was awarded an honorary doctoral degree in Humane Letters by the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.


title: Ann-Margret

text: The 2005 CBS miniseries "Elvis" includes the story of her affair with Elvis Presley during the filming of "Viva Las Vegas". She was portrayed by actress Rose McGowan. She also provided the voice of a fictionalised version of herself in the 1963 "Flintstones" episode "Ann-Margrock Presents".


title: Ann-Margret

text: For two years Ann-Margret was voted by movie exhibitors as being among the most popular actors in the United States:


title: Emu War

text: The Emu War, also known as the Great Emu War, was a nuisance wildlife management military operation undertaken in Australia over the later part of 1932 to address public concern over the number of emus said to be running amok and destroying crops in the Campion district within the Wheatbelt of Western Australia. The unsuccessful attempts to curb the population of emus, a large flightless bird indigenous to Australia, employed Royal Australian Artillery soldiers armed with Lewis guns—leading the media to adopt the name "Emu War" when referring to the incident. While a number of the birds were killed, the emu population persisted and continued to cause crop destruction.


title: Emu War

text: Following World War I, large numbers of discharged veterans who served in the war were given land by the Australian government to take up farming within Western Australia, often in agriculturally marginal areas. With the onset of the Great Depression in 1929, these farmers were encouraged to increase their wheat crops, with the government promising—and failing to deliver—assistance in the form of subsidies. In spite of the recommendations and the promised subsidies, wheat prices continued to fall, and by October 1932 matters were becoming intense, with the farmers preparing to harvest the season's crop while simultaneously threatening to refuse to deliver the wheat.


title: Emu War

text: The difficulties facing farmers were increased by the arrival of as many as 20,000 emus. Emus regularly migrate after their breeding season, heading to the coast from the inland regions. With the cleared land and additional water supplies being made available for livestock by the Western Australian farmers, the emus found that the cultivated lands were good habitat, and they began to foray into farm territory—in particular the marginal farming land around Chandler and Walgoolan. The emus consumed and spoiled the crops and left large gaps in fences where rabbits could enter and cause further problems.


title: Emu War

text: Farmers relayed their concerns about the birds ravaging their crops, and a deputation of ex-soldiers were sent to meet with the Minister of Defence, Sir George Pearce. Having served in World War I, the soldier-settlers were well aware of the effectiveness of machine guns, and they requested their deployment. The minister readily agreed, although with conditions attached: the guns were to be used by military personnel, troop transport was to be financed by the Western Australian government, and the farmers would provide food, accommodation, and payment for the ammunition. Pearce also supported the deployment on the grounds that the birds would make good target practice, while it has also been argued that some in the government may have viewed the operation as a way of being seen to be helping the Western Australian farmers, to stave off the secession movement that was brewing. Towards that end, a cinematographer from Fox Movietone was enlisted.


title: Emu War

text: Military involvement was due to begin in October 1932. The "war" was conducted under the command of Major Gwynydd Purves Wynne-Aubrey Meredith of the Seventh Heavy Battery of the Royal Australian Artillery, with Meredith commanding soldiers Sergeant S. McMurray and Gunner J. O'Halloran, armed with two Lewis guns and 10,000 rounds of ammunition. The operation was delayed, however, by a period of rainfall that caused the emus to scatter over a wider area. The rain ceased by 2 November 1932, whereupon the troops were deployed with orders to assist the farmers and, according to a newspaper account, to collect 100 emu skins so that their feathers could be used to make hats for light horsemen.


title: Emu War

text: On 2 November, the men travelled to Campion, where some 50 emus were sighted. As the birds were out of range of the guns, the local settlers attempted to herd the emus into an ambush, but the birds split into small groups and ran so that they were difficult to target. Nevertheless, while the first fusillade from the machine guns was ineffective due to the range, a second round of gunfire was able to kill "a number" of birds. Later the same day a small flock was encountered, and "perhaps a dozen" birds were killed.


title: Emu War

text: The next significant event was on 4 November. Meredith had established an ambush near a local dam, and more than 1,000 emus were spotted heading towards their position. This time the gunners waited until the birds were in close proximity before opening fire. The gun jammed after only twelve birds were killed and the remainder scattered before any more could be shot. No more birds were sighted that day.


title: Emu War

text: In the days that followed, Meredith chose to move further south, where the birds were "reported to be fairly tame", but there was only limited success in spite of his efforts. By the fourth day of the campaign, army observers noted that "each pack seems to have its own leader now—a big black-plumed bird which stands fully six feet high and keeps watch while his mates carry out their work of destruction and warns them of our approach". At one stage Meredith even went so far as to mount one of the guns on a truck, a move that proved to be ineffective, as the truck was unable to gain on the birds, and the ride was so rough that the gunner was unable to fire any shots. By 8 November, six days after the first engagement, 2,500 rounds of ammunition had been fired. The number of birds killed is uncertain: one account estimates that it was 50 birds, but other accounts range from 200 to 500, the latter figure being provided by the settlers. Meredith's official report noted that his men had suffered no casualties.


title: Emu War

text: On 8 November, members in the Australian House of Representatives discussed the operation. Following the negative coverage of the events in the local media, that included claims that "only a few" emus had died, Pearce withdrew the military personnel and the guns on 8 November.


title: Emu War

text: After the withdrawal, Major Meredith compared the emus to Zulus and commented on the striking manoeuvrability of the emus, even while badly wounded.


title: Emu War

text: After the withdrawal of the military, the emu attacks on crops continued. Farmers again asked for support, citing the hot weather and drought that brought emus invading farms in the thousands. James Mitchell, the Premier of Western Australia lent his strong support to renewal of the military assistance. At the same time, a report from the Base Commander was issued that indicated 300 emus had been killed in the initial operation.


title: Emu War

text: Acting on the requests and the Base Commander's report, by 12 November the Minister of Defence approved a resumption of military efforts. He defended the decision in the Senate, explaining why the soldiers were necessary to combat the serious agricultural threat of the large emu population. Although the military had agreed to lend the guns to the Western Australian government on the expectation that they would provide the necessary people, Meredith was once again placed in the field due to an apparent lack of experienced machine gunners in the state.


title: Emu War

text: Taking to the field on 13 November 1932, the military found a degree of success over the first two days, with approximately 40 emus killed. The third day, 15 November, proved to be far less successful, but by 2 December the soldiers were killing approximately 100 emus per week. Meredith was recalled on 10 December, and in his report he claimed 986 kills with 9,860 rounds, at a rate of exactly 10 rounds per confirmed kill. In addition, Meredith claimed 2,500 wounded birds had died as a result of the injuries that they had sustained. In assessing the success of the cull, an article in the "Coolgardie Miner" on 23 August 1935 reported that although the use of machine guns had been "criticised in many quarters, the method proved effective and saved what remained of the wheat".


title: Emu War

text: Despite the problems encountered with the cull, the farmers of the region once again requested military assistance in 1934, 1943, and 1948, only to be turned down by the government. Instead, the bounty system that had been instigated in 1923 was continued, and this proved to be effective: 57,034 bounties were claimed over a six-month period in 1934.


title: Emu War

text: By December 1932, word of the Emu War had spread, reaching the United Kingdom. Some conservationists there protested the cull as "extermination of the rare emu". Dominic Serventy and Hubert Whittell, the eminent Australian ornithologists, described the "war" as "an attempt at the mass destruction of the birds".


title: Emu War

text: Throughout 1930 and onward, exclusion barrier fencing became a popular means of keeping emus out of agricultural areas (in addition to other vermin, such as dingoes and rabbits).


title: Emu War

text: In November 1950, Hugh Leslie raised the issues of emus in federal parliament and urged Army Minister Josiah Francis to release a quantity of .303 ammunition from the army for the use of farmers. The minister approved the release of 500,000 rounds of ammunition.


title: Emu War

text: In 2019, a musical adaptation of the story was workshopped in Melbourne by playwright Simeon Yialeloglou and composer James Court. A movie retelling of the events, written by John Cleese, Monty Franklin, and Rob Schneider, is slated for release in 2022.


title: Ben Kingsley

text: Sir Ben Kingsley (born Krishna Pandit Bhanji; 31 December 1943) is an English actor. He has received various accolades throughout his career spanning five decades, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, a Grammy Award, and two Golden Globe Awards. Kingsley was appointed Knight Bachelor in 2002 for services to the British film industry. In 2010, he was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2013, he received the Britannia Award for Worldwide Contribution to Filmed Entertainment.


title: Ben Kingsley

text: Born to an English mother and an Indian Gujarati father with roots in Jamnagar, Kingsley began his career in theatre, joining the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1967 and spending the next 15 years appearing mainly on stage. His starring roles included productions of "As You Like It" (his West End debut for the company at the Aldwych Theatre in 1967), "Much Ado About Nothing", "Richard III", "The Tempest", "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (including Peter Brook's 1970 RSC production of the play), "Hamlet" and "The Merry Wives of Windsor".


title: Ben Kingsley

text: In film, Kingsley is known for his starring role as Mahatma Gandhi in Richard Attenborough's "Gandhi" (1982), for which he subsequently won the Academy Award for Best Actor and BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. He also appeared as Itzhak Stern in Steven Spielberg's "Schindler's List" (1993), receiving a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. Subsequent roles have included "Twelfth Night" (1996), "Sexy Beast" (2000), "House of Sand and Fog" (2003), "Thunderbirds" (2004), "Lucky Number Slevin" (2006), "Shutter Island" (2010), "" (2010), "Hugo" (2011), "The Dictator" (2012), and "Ender's Game" (2013). Kingsley played the character of Trevor Slattery in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, appearing in "Iron Man 3" (2013), "Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings" (2021), and the upcoming Disney+ series "Wonder Man". Kingsley also voiced the antagonistic Archibald Snatcher in "The Boxtrolls" (2014), and Bagheera in the live-action adaptation of Disney's "The Jungle Book" (2016).


title: Ben Kingsley

text: Kingsley was born Krishna Pandit Bhanji (Gujarati: કૃષ્ણા પંડિત ભાણજી) on 31 December 1943, in Snainton, North Riding of Yorkshire. His mother, Anna Lyna Mary ("née" Goodman), was an English actress and model; she was born out of wedlock, and "was loath to speak of her background". His father, Rahimtulla Harji Bhanji, was born in the East Africa Protectorate (which later became, in 1920, the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya) to a family from the Indian city of Jamnagar, of Khoja Gujarati descent. Kingsley's paternal grandfather, Harji Bhanji, was a successful spice trader who had moved from India to the Sultanate of Zanzibar, where Kingsley's father lived until moving to the United Kingdom at the age of 14. Kingsley's maternal grandfather was believed by the family to have been of Russian- or German-Jewish descent, while his maternal grandmother was English and worked in the garment district of London's East End. Kingsley stated in 1994, "I'm not Jewish, and though there might be some Russian-Jewish heritage way back on my mother's side, the thread is so fine there's no real evidence." In a 2016 interview, he indicated that his maternal grandmother was impregnated by a Russian Jewish immigrant who later abandoned her, which led her to become a "vile anti-Semite."


title: Ben Kingsley

text: Kingsley grew up in Pendlebury, Lancashire. Although Kingsley's father was a Gujarati Khoja who practiced Isma'ili Islam, Kingsley himself was not raised in his father's faith, and identifies as a Quaker. He was educated at the Manchester Grammar School, where one of his classmates was actor Robert Powell. Kingsley went on to study at De La Salle College in Salford, which later became home to The Ben Kingsley Theatre. While at college, he became involved in amateur dramatics in Manchester, making his professional stage debut on graduation, aged 23.


title: Ben Kingsley

text: After graduating, in 1966, Kingsley was approached by music producer and manager Dick James. James, who was the publisher of The Beatles, offered to mould Kingsley into a pop star. Kingsley declined James' offer, and instead chose to join the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) in 1967 after an audition before Trevor Nunn.


title: Ben Kingsley

text: Devoting himself almost exclusively to stage work for the next 15 years, he made his West End debut for the company at the Aldwych Theatre in 1967 in a production of "As You Like It". Further productions for the RSC included "Much Ado About Nothing", "Richard III", "The Tempest", "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (starring in Peter Brook's acclaimed 1970 RSC production as Demetrius), "Hamlet" and "The Merry Wives of Windsor".


title: Ben Kingsley

text: In the 1960s, Kingsley anglicised his name to Ben Kingsley, fearing that a foreign name would hamper his career. He told the "Radio Times", "As soon as I changed my name, I got the jobs. I had one audition as Krishna Bhanji and they said, 'Beautiful audition but we don't quite know how to place you in our forthcoming season.' I changed my name, crossed the road, and they said when can you start?" Kingsley went on to play Mosca in Peter Hall's 1977 production of Ben Jonson's "Volpone" for the Royal National Theatre. He also starred in the role of Willy Loman in a 1982 Sydney production of "Death of a Salesman" opposite Mel Gibson.


title: Ben Kingsley

text: Kingsley began his transition to film roles early on, starting with "Fear Is the Key" in 1972. Kingsley continued to play small roles in both film and television, including a role as Ron Jenkins on the soap opera "Coronation Street" from 1966 to 1967 and regular appearances as a defence counsel in the long-running British legal programme "Crown Court". In 1975, he starred as Dante Gabriel Rossetti in the historical drama "The Love School" and appeared in the TV miniseries "Dickens of London" the following year.


title: Ben Kingsley

text: A turning point in Kingsley's career came with the biographical film "Gandhi" (1982), directed by Richard Attenborough, in which Kingsley played the titular role of Gandhi. The film was a critical and financial success, and Kingsley won the Academy Award for Best Actor, the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama for his performance.


title: Ben Kingsley

text: Throughout the 80s, Kingsley appeared in a variety of films, including supporting roles in "Turtle Diary" (1985) and "Maurice" (1987). He played the main character of Basil Pascali in "Pascali's Island" (1988), and went on to portray Dr. John Watson alongside Michael Caine's Sherlock Holmes in "Without a Clue" that year. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of the organized crime figure Meyer Lansky in "Bugsy" (1991). Additional roles include the supporting character of Cosmo in the thriller film "Sneakers" (1992), Vice President Gary Nance in "Dave" (1993), and the chess teacher Bruce Pandolfini in "Searching for Bobby Fischer" (1993).


title: Ben Kingsley

text: In Steven Spielberg's historical drama film "Schindler's List" (1993), Kingsley portrayed the Holocaust survivor Itzhak Stern alongside Liam Neeson as Oskar Schindler. The film was a critical and commercial success, and Kingsley received a nomination for BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. Further roles include the BBC adaptation of "Silas Marner" (1985) as the titular character. Kingsley starred alongside Sigourney Weaver in "Death and the Maiden" (1994), having previously acted with her in "Dave".


title: Ben Kingsley

text: In 1997, he provided a voice in the video game "Ceremony of Innocence". In 1998, he was the head of the jury at the 48th Berlin International Film Festival and starred in the family film "Spooky House", saying he had chosen a role in a lighter film after acting in roles that left him feeling traumatized.


title: Ben Kingsley

text: Kingsley took on the role of Don Logan, a violent psychopath and recruiter for London's underworld, in Jonathan Glazer's "Sexy Beast" (2000), a psychological black comedy crime film. Kingsley's role as Logan earned him another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. A year later, he won a Crystal Globe award for having an outstanding artistic contribution to world cinema at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. He earned another Oscar nomination for Best Actor for his role as Colonel Massoud Amir Behrani in "House of Sand and Fog" (2003), and played a supporting role as Benjamin O'Ryan in "Suspect Zero" (2004). Although the film received negative reviews from critics, reservations were made for Kingsley's performance.


title: Ben Kingsley

text: In July 2006, Kingsley received an Emmy nomination for his performance in the made-for-TV film "Mrs. Harris", in which he played famed cardiologist Herman Tarnower, who was murdered by his jilted lover, Jean Harris. Later that year, he appeared in a cameo appearance in an episode of "The Sopranos". The episode, titled "Luxury Lounge", features Kingsley playing himself; in the episode, Chris and Little Carmine pitch the role of a mob boss in the film "Cleaver" to Kingsley, which he turns down. In 2007, Kingsley appeared as a Polish American mobster in the Mafia comedy "You Kill Me", and a hitman in "War, Inc."


title: Ben Kingsley

text: The years 2010 and 2011 contained several big roles for Kingsley. In 2010, he worked voicing a character named Sabine in the Lionhead Studios game "Fable III" and starred alongside Leonardo DiCaprio in "Shutter Island" (2010), directed by Martin Scorsese. That same year, Kingsley made his Bollywood debut in the thriller "Teen Patti" (2010). In 2011, he appeared in Scorsese's next film, "Hugo" (2011), playing the French illusionist Georges Méliès. Kingsley's portrayal of Méliès also earned him a Saturn Award for Best Actor. Kingsley also signed on to the sci-fi romance feature "Broken Dream". The feature, by Neil Jordan and John Boorman, was later scrapped.


title: Ben Kingsley

text: In 2013, Kingsley appeared as the villain Trevor Slattery in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film "Iron Man 3", and as the hero Mazer Rackham in "Ender's Game". A year later he played the Hebrew slave Nun in Ridley Scott's "" and Merenkahre, a simulacrum of an Egyptian pharaoh and father of Ahkmenrah, in Shawn Levy's "" That same year, Kingsley would also reprise his role as Slattery in the direct-to-video short film "All Hail the King".


title: Ben Kingsley

text: In 2015, Kingsley portrayed a Sikh driving instructor in the film "Learning to Drive". He voiced Bagheera in the live-action adaptation of Jon Favreau's "The Jungle Book" (2016), a remake of the original 1967 film. Kingsley also recorded Yogananda's "Autobiography of a Yogi" in book-on-tape format. In 2018, he narrated Amazon Prime's documentary "" which followed Manchester City's record breaking 2017–18 Premier League campaign. and served as the voice of General Woundwort in the BBC adaptation of "Watership Down". Kingsley reprised his role as Trevor Slattery in the film "Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings" (2021).


title: Ben Kingsley

text: Kingsley will appear in Wes Anderson's "The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar" (2023), a film adaptation of a short story by Roald Dahl, and will star opposite Ralph Fiennes, Dev Patel and Benedict Cumberbatch.


title: Ben Kingsley

text: Kingsley has been married four times and has four children: Thomas Bhanji and artist Jasmin Bhanji, with first wife, actress Angela Morant, and Edmund Kingsley and Ferdinand Kingsley, both of whom became actors, with second wife, theatrical director Alison Sutcliffe. He divorced Alexandra Christmann in 2005, having been "deeply, deeply shocked" after pictures of her kissing another man surfaced on the internet. On 3 September 2007, Kingsley married Brazilian actress Daniela Lavender at Eynsham Hall in North Leigh, Oxfordshire.


title: Ben Kingsley

text: Kingsley appeared in a production of "The Children's Monologues" in 2013 on stage in London alongside Benedict Cumberbatch, Tom Hiddleston, Gemma Arterton and Eddie Redmayne. It was performed on behalf of Dramatic Need, a charity that sends international arts professionals (such as musicians, artists and actors) to host workshops in underprivileged and rural communities in Africa.


title: Ben Kingsley

text: In 1984, Kingsley won a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word or Nonmusical Recording for "The Words of Gandhi", received an honorary degree from the University of Salford, and was awarded the Indian civilian honour Padma Shri.


title: Ben Kingsley

text: He was made a Knight Bachelor in the 2002 New Year Honours for services to the British film industry. The award was announced on 31 December 2001, which happened to be Kingsley's 58th birthday. After being knighted by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace, Kingsley stated:


title: Ben Kingsley

text: His demand to be called 'Sir' in film and TV show credits was documented by the BBC, to some criticism. Co-star Penélope Cruz was reportedly unsure what to call him during the filming of "Elegy" as someone had told her she needed to refer to him as "Sir Ben". One day it slipped out as such, and she called him that for the remainder of the shoot. Kingsley has denied accusations that he prefers to be referred to by his title, saying, "If I've ever insisted on being called 'Sir' by colleagues on a film set then I am profoundly sorry. I don't remember ever doing that and I tend not to forget."


title: Ben Kingsley

text: Kingsley's most acclaimed films, according to the review aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, include "Searching for Bobby Fischer" (1993), "Schindler's List" (1993), "Dave" (1993), "Hugo" (2011), "Transsiberian" (2008), "Gandhi" (1982), "A Birder's Guide to Everything" (2013), "Sexy Beast" (2000), "Bugsy" (1991), and "Fifty Dead Men Walking" (2008).


title: Ben Kingsley

text: Kingsley won an Academy Award in the Best Actor category for "Gandhi", and has been nominated three more times: Best Supporting Actor for "Bugsy" and "Sexy Beast", and Best Actor for "House of Sand and Fog" (2003).


title: Ketamine

text: Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic used medically for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. It is also used as a recreational drug. It is one of the safest anesthetics, as, in contrast with opiates, ether, and propofol, it suppresses neither respiration nor heart rate. Ketamine is also simple to administer and highly tolerable compared to drugs with similar effects which are flammable, irritating, or even explosive. Ketamine is a novel compound, derived from PCP, created in pursuit of a safer anesthetic with similar characteristics. Ketamine is also used for acute pain management.


title: Ketamine

text: At anesthetic doses, ketamine induces a state of "dissociative anesthesia", a trance-like state providing pain relief, sedation, and amnesia. The distinguishing features of ketamine anesthesia are preserved breathing and airway reflexes, stimulated heart function with increased blood pressure, and moderate bronchodilation. At lower, sub-anesthetic doses, ketamine is a promising agent for pain and treatment-resistant depression. However, the antidepressant action of a single administration of ketamine wanes with time. The long-term effects of repeated use are largely unknown, and are an area of active investigation.


title: Ketamine

text: Liver and urinary toxicity have been reported among regular users of high doses of ketamine for recreational purposes. Ketamine is an NMDA receptor pore blocker and that accounts for most of its actions except the antidepressive effect, the mechanism of which is a matter of much research and debate.


title: Ketamine

text: Ketamine was first synthesized in 1962 and approved for use in the United States in 1970. It has been regularly used in veterinary medicine and was extensively used for surgical anaesthesia in the Vietnam War. When used as a recreational drug, it is found both in powder and liquid form, and is often referred to as "Special K" for its hallucinogenic and dissociative effects. Along with other psychotropic drugs, it is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication.


title: Ketamine

text: The use of ketamine in anesthesia reflects its characteristics. It is a drug of choice for short-term procedures when muscle relaxation is not required. The effect of ketamine on the respiratory and circulatory systems is different from that of other anesthetics. It suppresses breathing much less than most other available anesthetics. When used at anesthetic doses, ketamine usually stimulates rather than depresses the circulatory system. Protective airway reflexes are preserved and it is sometimes possible to administer ketamine anesthesia without protective measures to the airways. Psychotomimetic effects limit the acceptance of ketamine; however, lamotrigine and nimodipine decrease psychotomimetic effects and can be counteracted also by benzodiazepines administered or propofol.


title: Ketamine

text: Ketamine is frequently used in severely injured people and appears to be safe in this group. It has been widely used for emergency surgery in field conditions in war zones, for example, during the Vietnam War. A 2011 clinical practice guideline supports the use of ketamine as a sedative in emergency medicine, including during physically painful procedures. It is the drug of choice for people in traumatic shock who are at risk of hypotension. Low blood pressure is dangerous for people with severe head injury and ketamine is unlikely to lower blood pressure — conversely, often raising blood pressure, making it often the best suited for those with severe head injury.


title: Ketamine

text: Ketamine is an option in children, as the sole anesthetic for minor procedures or as an induction agent followed by neuromuscular blocker and tracheal intubation In particular, children with cyanotic heart disease and neuromuscular disorders are good candidates for ketamine anesthesia.


title: Ketamine

text: Due to the bronchodilating properties of ketamine, it can be used for anesthesia in people with asthma, chronic obstructive airway disease, and with severe reactive airway disease including active bronchospasm.


title: Ketamine

text: Ketamine infusions are used for acute pain treatment in emergency departments and in the perioperative period in individuals with refractory pain. The doses are lower than those used for anesthesia; they are usually referred to as sub-anesthetic doses. Adjunctive to morphine or on its own, ketamine reduces morphine use, pain level, nausea, and vomiting after surgery. Ketamine is likely to be most beneficial for surgical patients when severe post-operative pain is expected and for opioid-tolerant patients.


title: Ketamine

text: Ketamine is especially useful in the prehospital setting, due to its effectiveness and low risk of respiratory depression.


title: Ketamine

text: Ketamine has similar efficacy to opioids in a hospital emergency department setting for management of acute pain and for control of procedural pain. It may also prevent opioid-induced hyperalgesia and postanesthetic shivering.


title: Ketamine

text: For chronic pain, ketamine is used as an intravenous analgesic, particularly, if the pain is neuropathic. It has the added benefit of counteracting spinal sensitization or wind-up phenomena experienced with chronic pain. In multiple clinical trials, ketamine infusions delivered short-term pain relief in neuropathic pain diagnoses, pain after traumatic spine injury, fibromyalgia, and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). However, the 2018 consensus guidelines on chronic pain concluded that, overall, there is only weak evidence in favor of ketamine use in spinal injury pain, moderate evidence in favor of ketamine for CRPS, and weak or no evidence for ketamine in mixed neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and cancer pain. In particular, only for CRPS there is evidence of medium to longer term pain relief.


title: Ketamine

text: Ketamine is a robust and rapid-acting antidepressant, although its effect is transient. Intravenous ketamine infusion in treatment resistant depression may result in improved mood within 4 hours reaching the peak at 24 hours. A single dose of intravenous ketamine has been shown to result in a response rate greater than 60% as early as 4.5 hours after the dose (with a sustained effect after 24 hours) and greater than 40% after 7 days. Although there are only a few pilot studies studying the optimal dose, increasing evidence suggests that 0.5 mg/kg dose injected over 40 minutes gives an optimal outcome. The antidepressant effect of ketamine is diminished at 7 days, and most people relapse within 10 days, although for a significant minority the improvement may last 30 days and longer. One of the main challenges with ketamine treatment can be the length of time that the antidepressant effects lasts after finishing a course of treatment. A possible option may be maintenance therapy with ketamine which usually runs twice a week to once in two weeks. Ketamine may decrease suicidal thoughts for up to three days after the injection.


title: Ketamine

text: An enantiomer of ketamine "esketamine" commercially sold as "Spravato" was approved as an antidepressant by the European Medicines Agency in 2019. Esketamine was approved as a nasal spray for treatment-resistant depression in the United States and elsewhere in 2019 (see Esketamine and Depression). The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) recommends esketamine as a third-line treatment for depression.


title: Ketamine

text: A Cochrane review of randomized controlled trials in adults with unipolar major depressive disorder, found that when compared with placebo, people treated with either ketamine or esketamine experienced reduction or remission of symptoms lasting 1 to 7 days. There were 18.7% (4.1 to 40.4%) more people reporting some benefit and 9.6% (0.2 to 39.4%) more who achieved remission within 24-hours of ketamine treatment. Among people receiving esketamine, 2.1% (2.5 to 24.4%) more encountered some relief at 24-hours and 10.3% (4.5 to 18.2%) more had few or no symptoms. These effects did not persist beyond one week, although higher dropout rate in some studies mean that the duration of benefit remains unclear.


title: Ketamine

text: Ketamine may partially improve depressive symptoms among people with bipolar depression, at 24 hours after treatment, but not 3 or more days. Potentially, 10 more people with bipolar depression per 1000 may experience brief improvement, but not cessation of symptoms, one day following treatment. These estimates are based on limited available research.


title: Ketamine

text: In February 2022, the US Food and Drug Administration issued an alert to health care professionals concerning compounded nasal spray products containing ketamine intended to treat depression: "There is no FDA-approved ketamine nasal spray product. Compounded drugs are not FDA-approved, which means FDA has not evaluated their safety, effectiveness, or quality prior to marketing."<ref name="fda-2/22"></ref>


title: Ketamine

text: Most people who were able to remember their dreams during ketamine anesthesia report near-death experiences (NDE) when the widest possible definition of an NDE is used. Ketamine can reproduce features that commonly have been associated with NDEs. A 2019 large-scale study found that written reports of ketamine experiences had a high degree of similarity to written reports of NDE in comparison to other written reports of drug experiences.


title: Ketamine

text: Ketamine is sometimes used in the treatment of status epilepticus that has failed to adequately respond to standard treatments, although only limited evidence (case studies and no randomized controlled trials) exists in its favor.


title: Ketamine

text: At anesthetic doses, 10–20% of adults (1–2% of children) experience adverse psychiatric reactions that occur during emergence from anesthesia, ranging from dreams and dysphoria to hallucinations and emergence delirium. Psychotomimetic effects decrease adding lamotrigine and nimodipine and can be counteracted by pretreatment with a benzodiazepine or propofol. Ketamine anesthesia commonly causes tonic-clonic movements (greater than 10% of people) and rarely hypertonia. Vomiting can be expected in 5–15% of the patients; pretreatment with propofol mitigates it as well. Laryngospasm occurs only rarely with ketamine. Ketamine, generally, stimulates breathing; however, in the first 2–3 minutes of a high-dose rapid intravenous injection it may cause a transient respiratory depression.


title: Ketamine

text: At lower sub-anesthetic doses, psychiatric side effects are prominent. Most people feel strange, spacey, woozy, or a sense of floating, or have visual distortions or numbness. Also very frequent (20–50%) are difficulty speaking, confusion, euphoria, drowsiness, and difficulty concentrating. The symptoms of psychosis such as going into a hole, disappearing, feeling as if melting, experiencing colors, and hallucinations are described by 6–10% of people. Dizziness, blurred vision, dry mouth, hypertension, nausea, increased or decreased body temperature, or feeling flushed are the common (>10%) non-psychiatric side effects. All these adverse effects are most pronounced by the end of the injection, dramatically reduced 40 minutes afterward, and completely disappear within 4 hours after the injection.


title: Ketamine

text: Urinary toxicity occurs primarily in people who use large amounts of ketamine routinely, with 20–30% of frequent users having bladder complaints. It includes a range of disorders from cystitis to hydronephrosis to kidney failure. The typical symptoms of ketamine-induced cystitis are frequent urination, dysuria, and urinary urgency sometimes accompanied by pain during urination and blood in urine. The damage to the bladder wall has similarities to both interstitial and eosinophilic cystitis. The wall is thickened and the functional bladder capacity is as low as 10–150 mL.


title: Ketamine

text: Management of ketamine-induced cystitis involves ketamine cessation as the first step. This is followed by NSAIDs and anticholinergics and, if the response is insufficient, by tramadol. The second line treatments are epithelium-protective agents such as oral pentosan polysulfate or intravesical (intra-bladder) instillation of hyaluronic acid. Intravesical botulinum toxin is also useful.