title: Jonathan Groff

text: From August 21, 2010, to January 15, 2011, Groff made his West End debut in the London revival of "Deathtrap", a play written by Ira Levin and directed by Matthew Warchus at the Noël Coward Theatre. Groff played Clifford Anderson, a young brilliant playwright, starring alongside Simon Russell Bale as Sidney Bruhl, his professor. The play received positive critical reception; "The Spectator" called Groff's performance "magnetic" and "deeply charismatic" but found the "relationship between student and professor [to be] unconvincing".


title: Jonathan Groff

text: Groff also starred in the off-Broadway world premiere of the play "The Submission" by Jeff Talbott with MCC Theater. The production was directed by Walter Bobbie and performed at the Lucille Lortel Theatre from September 8 to October 22, 2011. He portrayed Danny Larsen, a white playwright who submits his play under the pen name of an African-American woman, alongside Rutina Wesley, who played an actress he hires to pose as the writer. The production was met with mostly positive reviews, with "The New York Times" praising the script for its "self-awareness" but also finding it "too theatrical" and lacking "real emotions". Groff's acting was widely praised, however, with critics calling his performance "exceptional", "deft", and "disarming".


title: Jonathan Groff

text: From August to October 2012, Groff appeared as Ian Todd, a ruthless political aide, in the second and final season of the Starz political drama series "Boss". The series was not renewed for a third season due to low ratings. Groff then played Ken, an artist's assistant, opposite Alfred Molina in the Center Theatre Group production of John Logan's play "Red". The production ran from August 1 through September 9, 2012, and was directed by Matthew Warchus. From March 14 to 17, 2013, Groff and Molina reprised their roles for six more performances of the play, this time through L.A. Theatre Works and directed by Rosalind Ayres. Charles McNulty of the "Los Angeles Times" praised Groff's performance for its "admirable clarity" and wrote that "he is every bit as effective in revealing the delicate nuances of [his character]."


title: Jonathan Groff

text: In 2013, Groff starred in "C.O.G.", a comedy-drama film adaptation based on David Sedaris's book of essays, "Naked". In the film, Groff plays David, loosely based on Sedaris himself, a young repressed gay man who moves to Oregon in search of a new purpose. The film, directed and written by Kyle Patrick Alvarez, premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2013, and was released in theaters on September 20, 2013, to mixed but mostly positive reviews, with critics citing a "meandering" plot. As Dan Callahan from "RogerEbert.com" wrote of Groff's performance, "Groff has an innate sweetness and likability about him no matter what he does, and ... brings a yearning to his role that steadily makes this semi-amusing tale of a fish out of water into a serious and often surprising drama". On June 11, 2013, Groff portrayed Frederic, a pirate apprentice, in a one-night-only Shakespeare in the Park gala production of the comic opera "The Pirates of Penzance." The production was directed by Ted Sperling at the Delacorte Theater, with other members of the cast including Kevin Kline, Martin Short, and Glenn Close.


title: Jonathan Groff

text: In 2013, Groff voiced Kristoff, a rugged mountain man and love interest to Anna, and his reindeer Sven in Disney's animated feature "Frozen", alongside Idina Menzel, Kristen Bell, and Josh Gad. The film premiered on November 19, 2013, and later won an Academy Award, Golden Globe, and BAFTA for Best Animated Feature. Following the film's massive commercial success and its ranking as the highest-grossing animated film of all time, the fifteenth highest-grossing film of all time, and the highest-grossing film of 2013, Groff reprised his role in the short film sequel "Frozen Fever", which premiered on March 13, 2015.


title: Jonathan Groff

text: From 2014 to 2015, Groff starred as Patrick Murray, a gay video game developer, in the HBO comedy-drama series "Looking", created by Michael Lannan. The first HBO series to center around the lives of gay men, the show depicted a group of gay friends navigating relationships in San Francisco and was praised for its representation of LGBTQ+ characters and experiences. Due to low ratings, the series was canceled after two seasons on March 23, 2015, with the network green-lighting a television film to conclude the story. The film premiered on HBO on July 23, 2016. Groff's performance was well received by critics, with one critic from "The New York Times" calling Groff's performance "excellent ... Mr. Groff always made his tics, inconsistencies and operatically scaled mistakes believable."


title: Jonathan Groff

text: Groff portrayed Craig Donner in "The Normal Heart" directed by Ryan Murphy, the film adaptation of Larry Kramer's autobiographical play of the same name, which depicts the New York City AIDS crisis in the 1980s. "The Normal Heart" was released on May 25, 2014, and won the Critics' Choice Award for Best Movie and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie.


title: Jonathan Groff

text: Groff returned to the London stage on May 19, 2015, to star as J. Pierrepont Finch in a one-night-only concert of the musical "How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying", at the Royal Festival Hall alongside Cynthia Erivo. One critic from "BritishTheatre.com" wrote that while the concert lacked "consistent careful handling", Groff was "truly terrific" and "exudes a warmth and comic intelligence which makes him impossible not to watch."


title: Jonathan Groff

text: Groff also starred in an Encores! production of the musical "A New Brain" as Gordon Schwinn, a composer who suffers from arteriovenous malformation, based on the real-life composer William Finn. The production, which took place from June 24 to 27, 2015, was presented as part of the New York City Center's Encores! Off-Center staged concert series and was directed by James Lapine, with Groff performing alongside Aaron Lazar, Dan Fogler, and Ana Gasteyer. Groff was praised for his performance, as one critic from the "New York Post" says, "Though the musical is uneven, Groff effortlessly keeps the production together with his supple voice and low-key charm."


title: Jonathan Groff

text: On March 3, 2015, Groff joined the cast of the hit musical "Hamilton" by Lin-Manuel Miranda and directed by Thomas Kail, replacing Brian d'Arcy James in the role of King George III. Groff held the role for the remainder of the show's off-Broadway production at the Public Theater through May 3, 2015, and he reprised the role in the Broadway production at the Richard Rodgers Theatre from July 13, 2015, to April 9, 2016. Ben Brantley of "The New York Times" called Groff's performance "delicious" and wrote that "His is the voice of vintage Britpop, rendered in a leisurely, ironic, condescending vein to a distant population he regards as savages." "Hamilton" achieved high critical and commercial success, winning eleven Tony Awards, including Best Musical, and eight Drama Desk Awards. Groff, along with the rest of the cast, won a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album for appearing as a featured performer on the original Broadway cast recording. He was also nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical for his performance as the king.


title: Jonathan Groff

text: In October 2017, Groff starred in the Netflix crime thriller series "Mindhunter", created by Joe Penhall and executive produced by David Fincher and Charlize Theron. In the series, Groff portrays Federal Bureau of Investigation agent Holden Ford, a serial killer profiler in the Behavioral Science Unit interviewing and investigating real-life serial killers and murder cases. His character is loosely based on the real-life John E. Douglas, one of the first criminal profilers in FBI history. Groff and co-stars Holt McCallany and Anna Torv also starred in the second season of the series, which premiered on August 16, 2019. The series and Groff's performance were critically acclaimed. "RogerEbert.com" called it "Netflix's best drama", and "Collider" wrote that Groff's performance was "exceptionally affecting as Holden" and that "Groff has always had a talent for making his characters empathetic." For his performance, Groff won a Satellite Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series. Season three has since been put on hold indefinitely as Fincher, who directed and produced much of the series, elected to focus on other projects, although he may one day revisit the project.


title: Jonathan Groff

text: In July 2017, Groff starred as Jase in the first podcast musical, "36 Questions", written by Chris Littler and Ellen Winter based on "The New York Times" article "The 36 Questions That Lead to Love" and a 1997 psychological study on interpersonal closeness. The three-act podcast, released by Two-Up Productions, follows the story of an estranged husband and wife trying to salvage their marriage with the titular set of 36 questions.


title: Jonathan Groff

text: On July 23, 2017, Groff performed in a one-night only symphonic concert production of "Sondheim on Sondheim" at the Hollywood Bowl. From January 20 to 22, 2018, Groff starred as the titular character in the off-Broadway production of "The Bobby Darin Story", a three-day concert and biographical retelling of the life of 1950s singing icon Bobby Darin, presented as part of the Lyrics & Lyricists series at 92nd Street Y and directed by Alex Timbers. The production was met with great critical reception, with Michael Ridel writing in the "New York Post" that Groff "moves with the ease and slyness of Darin".


title: Jonathan Groff

text: From September 17, 2019, to January 19, 2020, Groff starred in the off-Broadway revival of "Little Shop of Horrors" at the Westside Theatre as Seymour Krelborn, a florist who raises a plant with a thirst for human flesh, alongside Christian Borle and Tammy Blanchard. The revival, directed by Michael Mayer, received rave reviews; "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote that Groff was "never-better ... hilarious, endearing and in tremendous voice" and that he "disappears into a role he was born to play". Groff was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album as part of the cast recording of "Little Shop of Horrors". Groff also won an Outer Critics Circle Award, and he received a Lucille Lortel Award nomination and Drama League Award nomination for his performance.


title: Jonathan Groff

text: In November 2019, Groff reprised his role as Kristoff in the sequel film "Frozen II", singing a solo song for the movie titled "Lost in the Woods". In January 2020, "Frozen II" surpassed the first installment, becoming the highest-grossing animated film of all time. Groff also reprised the character in the 2017 short "Olaf's Frozen Adventure" and the video game "Kingdom Hearts III" in 2019.


title: Jonathan Groff

text: Groff's Broadway performance of King George III in "Hamilton" was featured in the film production on Disney+ released on July 3, 2020. In 2021, the film of the musical received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture of a Musical or Comedy. Groff received a nomination for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Actor in a Supporting Role in a Limited Series or Movie for his performance in the Disney+ live stage recording for his performance in the film. His performance went viral due to his tendency to spray spit while singing. In December 2020, it was announced Groff would be joining the cast of "Invincible" as Rick Sheridan, an Amazon Prime Video adult animated superhero series based on the comics of the same name created by Robert Kirkman, with the first episodes expected to be released on March 26, 2021.


title: Jonathan Groff

text: In December 2019, it was announced Groff would join the cast for "The Matrix Resurrections", the fourth installment of "The Matrix" franchise, alongside Keanu Reeves, Carrie-Anne Moss, and Yahya Abdul-Mateen II, portraying former Agent Smith (replacing Hugo Weaving). It was released in theaters and on HBO Max on December 22, 2021.


title: Jonathan Groff

text: In 2021, it was announced Groff would be executive producing a concert documentary following the fifteen-year reunion of the original Broadway cast of "Spring Awakening".


title: Jonathan Groff

text: In March 2021, Netflix announced Groff would star in the live-action/animation hybrid series "Lost Ollie" directed by Peter Ramsey based on William Joyce and Brandon Oldenburg's book "Ollie's Odyssey". The series premiered on Netflix on August 24, 2022. Groff voices the title role of Ollie, a lost toy searching for the boy who lost him.


title: Jonathan Groff

text: In November 2020, "Deadline" announced Groff would star as Brian in "Molly and the Moon", a musical film alongside "Frozen" co-star Kristen Bell. In March 2022, "Deadline" announced Groff had been cast in M. Night Shyamalan's horror film "Knock at the Cabin". He will also star as Franklin Shepard in an off-Broadway revival of the musical "Merrily We Roll Along" at New York Theatre Workshop.


title: Jonathan Groff

text: Groff was diagnosed with melanoma in his early 20s and underwent surgery for removal. He has no social media profiles, and explaining why, he said: "I hate how much I look at my phone already with text messaging, and so I just didn't want to add another element to that". He learned Transcendental Meditation in order to deal with the stress of his work. In 2019, Groff purchased a home next to his father's horse farm in Christiana, Pennsylvania, where he resides part time.


title: Jonathan Groff

text: Groff publicly came out as gay when asked by a "Broadway.com" reporter during the National Equality March in October 2009. He later shared his experience with coming out, discussing the pain of being closeted and the knowledge that disclosing his sexuality could have negative ramifications on his career. He has also expressed how much he values being a role model for young people as an out actor, and has advocated for the importance of sharing coming out stories.


title: Jonathan Groff

text: Groff was initially hesitant to accept the lead role in the gay television series "Looking", citing insecurities around being typecast in gay roles, but he ultimately found the experience rewarding: "living in that world and talking about gay issues was truly life-altering for me and made me so much more comfortable in my own skin". On June 29, 2014, Groff was a Grand Marshal at the New York City Gay Pride parade.


title: Jonathan Groff

text: In April 2015, Groff was honored by the Point Foundation with the Point Horizon Award honoring a "trailblazer who has taken a leadership role as an advocate" of LGBTQIA communities. In December 2015, he was honored by Equality Pennsylvania with the Bayard Rustin Award, which "recognizes a Pennsylvanian who is continuing the work to ensure that the LGBT community will be visible, accepted, and celebrated in our society". In 2017, Groff was named Out100's Entertainer of the Year, celebrating impactful LGBTQ+ public figures.


title: Jonathan Groff

text: In 2009, Groff was romantically linked to actor Gavin Creel. From 2010 to 2013, Groff was in a relationship with actor Zachary Quinto. Groff dated New Zealand choreographer Corey Baker from 2018 to 2020.


title: Jonathan Groff

text: While Groff was beginning his professional career in theater, he volunteered for the nonprofit Broadway Cares, and he has continued to perform in and support fundraisers for the organization throughout his career. Groff is a longtime supporter of the Elton John AIDS Foundation, serving as an Event Chair for the charity's 14th Annual New York Benefit Gala in 2015. Other charities he has supported include the Point Foundation, Habitat for Humanity, Actors Fund of America, Theatre Development Fund, Hispanic Federation Emergency Assistance Fund, and Color of Change, through which he participates in benefit performances and fundraisers, often recording personal voicemails as his "Frozen" characters Kristoff and Sven for auction winners. In August 2020, Groff joined the "Hamilton" cast in organizing the virtual fundraiser event Ham4Change for organizations working to end systemic racism, raising over $1 million for the Equal Justice Initiative, African American Policy Forum, Black Emotional and Mental Health Collective, Black AIDS Institute, Color of Change, Dance4Hope, Know Your Rights Camp, Law Enforcement Accountability Project, Until Freedom, and When We All Vote.


title: Jonathan Groff

text: Groff has performed in numerous charity benefits for theater institutions, including the 52nd Street Project, Tectonic Theater Project, Hole in the Wall Gang Camp, Playwrights Horizons, and more. He has expressed a passion in encouraging youth theater; Groff has taught master classes in acting and musical theatre for young actors with the New York Film Academy, Broadway Workshop, Temple University, Young Actors' Theatre Camp, and the National YoungArts Foundation, among others.


title: Jonathan Groff

text: On October 3, 2020, Groff participated in a virtual event for the Pennsylvania Democratic Party. On October 16, 2020, Groff, along with the rest of the original "Hamilton" cast, participated in a virtual fundraiser event for the Biden Victory Fund, in support of Joe Biden for the 2020 presidential election. On December 13, 2020, Groff and fellow "Hamilton" cast-member Sasha Hutchings hosted a virtual holiday concert fundraiser to support the campaigns of Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock in the Georgia Senate Runoff elections.


title: Shazam! Fury of the Gods

text: Shazam! Fury of the Gods is an upcoming American superhero film based on the DC Comics character Shazam. Produced by New Line Cinema, DC Studios, and The Safran Company, and set for distribution by Warner Bros. Pictures, it is intended to be the sequel to "Shazam!" (2019) and the twelfth installment in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). It is directed by David F. Sandberg and written by Henry Gayden and Chris Morgan, and stars Zachary Levi, Asher Angel, Jack Dylan Grazer, Rachel Zegler, Adam Brody, Ross Butler, Meagan Good, Lucy Liu, Djimon Hounsou, and Helen Mirren. In the film, a family of teenage heroes led by Billy Batson / Shazam fight the Daughters of Atlas.


title: Shazam! Fury of the Gods

text: A sequel to "Shazam!" began development shortly after that film's release in April 2019, with Gayden returning as writer. Sandberg and Levi (Shazam) were also set to return by that December. The title and rest of the returning cast were confirmed in August 2020, including Asher as Billy Batson. Zegler, Mirren, and Liu were cast as the daughters of Atlas in early 2021. Filming began that May in Atlanta, Georgia, and concluded in August.


title: Shazam! Fury of the Gods

text: When Billy Batson and his foster siblings, who transform into superheroes by saying "Shazam!", are forced to get back into action and fight the Daughters of Atlas, they must stop them from using a weapon that could destroy the world in which they must travel in order to make peace with the Gods because of Billy taking their powers for granted.


title: Shazam! Fury of the Gods

text: Billy's foster family also includes Marta Milans and Cooper Andrews as Rosa and Victor Vásquez, the foster parents of Billy and his siblings. Rizwan Manji, who portrayed Jamil in the DCEU television series "Peacemaker", appears as an unnamed character. Director David F. Sandberg's wife Lotta Losten, who previously portrayed Dr. Lynn Crosby in the first film, will appear as a new character due to Crosby dying in the previous film. Gal Gadot will reprise her DCEU role as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman in the film.


title: Shazam! Fury of the Gods

text: With the successful opening of "Shazam!" in April 2019, Henry Gayden was revealed to be returning to write the script for a sequel. Director David F. Sandberg and producer Peter Safran were also expected to return. Later that month, Michelle Borth, who portrayed the adult superhero form of Mary Bromfield in the first film, said she signed a five-picture deal for the role and was expected to return for at least one sequel. Zachary Levi confirmed in June that he was returning to star as Shazam in the sequel, and revealed that writing had begun ahead of a planned filming start in mid-2020. Sandberg and much of the first film's crew were confirmed to return in December 2019, when New Line Cinema and Warner Bros. Pictures scheduled the sequel for release on April 1, 2022. This was delayed in April 2020 to November 4, 2022, and delayed again to March 17, 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Shazam! Fury of the Gods

text: In June 2020, Marta Milans confirmed that she would reprise her role as foster mother Rosa Vásquez from the first film, and revealed that filming had been delayed by the pandemic. The film's title was revealed to be "Shazam! Fury of the Gods" during the virtual DC FanDome event in August 2020, with returning cast members confirmed including Asher Angel as teenager Billy Batson and Levi as his adult superhero counterpart, Jack Dylan Grazer as Frederick "Freddy" Freeman and Adam Brody as his adult counterpart, Faithe Herman as Darla Dudley and Meagan Good as her adult counterpart, Grace Fulton as Mary Bromfield, Ian Chen as Eugene Choi and Ross Butler as his adult counterpart, and Jovan Armand as Pedro Peña with D. J. Cotrona as his adult counterpart. The next month, Levi said filming would begin in early 2021.


title: Shazam! Fury of the Gods

text: The film's release was delayed again in October, to June 2, 2023. The following month, Mark Strong said he was waiting to hear if he would be returning as Dr. Thaddeus Sivana in the sequel. In January 2021, Good said filming would begin that May, and Rachel Zegler was cast in an undisclosed "key role" the next month. Geoff Johns was producing the film through his company Mad Ghost Productions, alongside Safran with his company the Safran Company. Chris Morgan contributed to the film's script. In March, Helen Mirren was cast as Hespera, a daughter of Atlas, with Zegler reported to be playing Hespera's sister, Anthea. Lucy Liu was cast as Kalypso, another daughter of Atlas, the next month. Strong said in May that he would not appear in the sequel, and Cooper Andrews was confirmed to reprise his role as foster father Víctor Vásquez from the first film. Early during the film's development, Sandberg wanted to bring back Mister Mind, a villainous character teased in the mid-credits scene of the first film whom Sandberg voiced, for the sequel in a bigger role, but his inclusion was ultimately dropped due to it requiring too much of the film's runtime, aside that he had to drop several other elements to not "overstuff" the film.


title: Shazam! Fury of the Gods

text: Principal photography began on May 26, 2021, in Atlanta, Georgia, with Gyula Pados serving as cinematographer. Production on the film was delayed from an initial mid-2020 start due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In June, Sandberg revealed that Currey was also portraying the adult superhero form of Mary in the film, replacing Borth, with Currey's hair and makeup adjusted for the superhero version. A month later, set photos revealed that Djimon Hounsou would be reprising his role as the wizard Shazam. Filming concluded on August 31, 2021.


title: Shazam! Fury of the Gods

text: In March 2022, Warner Bros. adjusted its release schedule due to the impacts of COVID-19 on the workload of visual effects vendors. "The Flash" and "Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom" were moved from 2022 to 2023 to allow time for their visual effects work to be completed, while "Shazam! Fury of the Gods" was moved up to "Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom" previous release date of December 16, 2022, because it would be ready for release earlier. In April, the film's release date was pushed back five days to December 21 to avoid competition with "". Rizwan Manji was revealed to be appearing as an unnamed character in July 2022. Manji was suggested for the role by Safran, who also produced the DCEU television series "Peacemaker" in which Manji portrayed Jamil. Sandberg approved the casting, despite the series being set in the same universe as the film, because he thought Manji only had a small role in "Peacemaker". He was surprised to learn that Manji has a significant role and appears in the opening title sequence of the series. "Peacemaker" creator James Gunn suggested that Manji's character in "Fury of the Gods" could be Jamil's brother. In August, after WarnerMedia merged with Discovery, Inc. to form Warner Bros. Discovery, the studio delayed the film to March 17, 2023 (again taking "Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom" previous release date), to help spread out the marketing and distribution costs for its feature films. This also moved "Fury of the Gods" away from "Avatar: The Way of Water". By late October 2022, Sandberg confirmed that the final cut was complete and ready for release. In November 2022, the runtime was confirmed to be 130 minutes.


title: Shazam! Fury of the Gods

text: In June 2022, Sandberg revealed that Benjamin Wallfisch was unable to return as composer from the first film due to scheduling conflicts, with Christophe Beck replacing him for the sequel and already beginning work by then.


title: Shazam! Fury of the Gods

text: Sandberg promoted the sequel during a virtual panel at the August 2020 DC FanDome event, announcing the film's title and returning cast. In June 2021, after a week of filming, Sandberg released a short clip featuring Levi in his new costume for the film; this came after several set photos of the costume were leaked during that week. To get ahead of further costume leaks, Sandberg released an image of Levi, Brody, Good, Currey, Butler, and Cotrona in their new superhero costumes for the film at the end of the month. Behind-the-scenes footage and concept art from the film was revealed during the 2021 DC FanDome event in October, with "io9" Rob Bricken and "Collider" Gregory Lawrence both expressing excitement at the new cast members, characters, locations, and mythology revealed in the footage. Levi, Angel, Grazer, and Mirren promoted the film at Warner Bros.' CinemaCon panel in April 2022, revealing new footage from the film. The film was also promoted at San Diego Comic-Con in July, where the first trailer was released.


title: Shazam! Fury of the Gods

text: "Shazam! Fury of the Gods" is scheduled to be released by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States on March 17, 2023. It is the first DC Extended Universe film to use the DC Studios name. It was originally set for release on April 1, 2022, before it was delayed to November 4, 2022, and then to June 2, 2023, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was then moved up to December 16, 2022, since it was ready for release sooner than other DC films delayed by the pandemic. That date was previously given to "Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom". The release date was pushed back five days to December 21 in April 2022 to avoid competition with 20th Century Studios’ "Avatar: The Way of Water", before being moved to "Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom" release date again (the March 2023 date) in August 2022 when Warner Bros. Discovery was trying to spread out marketing and distribution costs. This also meant IMAX screens that would have been used by "Avatar: The Way of Water" would be available for the film.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: 13 Reasons Why is an American teen drama television series developed for Netflix by Brian Yorkey and based on the 2007 novel "Thirteen Reasons Why" by author Jay Asher. The series revolves around high school student Clay Jensen (Dylan Minnette) and the aftermath of the suicide of fellow high school student Hannah Baker (Katherine Langford). Before her death, she leaves behind a box of cassette tapes in which she details the reasons why she chose to end her life as well as the people she believes are responsible for her death.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Through its various storylines, the show explores and depicts a wide range of social issues affecting modern youth. The series was produced by July Moon Productions, Kicked to the Curb Productions, That Kid Ed Productions, Anonymous Content and Paramount Television, with Yorkey and Diana Son serving as showrunners for the first season, and Yorkey for the rest of the series. Dylan Minnette and Katherine Langford star as Clay Jensen and Hannah Baker, respectively, alongside an ensemble cast. A film from Universal Pictures based on "Thirteen Reasons Why" began development in February 2011, with Selena Gomez set to star as Hannah, before being shelved in favor of a television series and Netflix ordering an adaptation as a limited series in October 2015, with Gomez instead serving as an executive producer.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: The first season was released on Netflix on March 31, 2017. It received positive reviews from critics and audiences, who praised its themes, emotional weight, subject matter, character development and acting, particularly the performances of Minnette and Langford. For her performance, Langford received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Television Series Drama. However, its graphic depiction of issues such as suicide, sexual assault, bullying, and rape (along with other mature content) prompted concerns from mental health professionals. In response, Netflix added a warning card in March 2018 that plays at the start of each episode warning viewers about the themes of each season. In July 2019, Netflix edited out the suicide scene in the first season's final episode.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: In May 2017, Netflix renewed "13 Reasons Why" for a second season due to the success of the initial 13 episodes; the second season was released on May 18, 2018, and was met with generally negative critical reviews. Coinciding with the release of the second season, Netflix released a video with the cast that cautioned viewers on some of the topics covered in the show and provided a support website with crisis numbers for people affected by depression, anxiety and other mental health issues. A third season was ordered in June 2018 and was released on August 23, 2019. In August 2019, the series was renewed for a fourth and final season, which premiered on June 5, 2020.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Set in the fictional county of Evergreen, California, the first season follows Liberty High student Clay Jensen, who receives a set of cassette tapes at his front porch. These tapes were recorded by Hannah Baker, a former Liberty High student who had killed herself two weeks earlier and recorded thirteen reasons why she did so on the tapes. Each tape includes a reason for various people in Hannah's lifeJustin Foley, Jessica Davis, Alex Standall, Tyler Down, Courtney Crimsen, Marcus Cole, Zach Dempsey, Ryan Shaver, Sheri Holland, Clay himself, Hannah herself, Bryce Walker, and Kevin Porter and how those people are connected to her death.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: In the second season, Hannah's parents sue the school district, during which Hannah's tapes are released online. The fallout from the events of the first season and the toll it has taken on the lives of Liberty High's students is further shown.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: The third season takes place eight months after the events of the second season. Ani Arcola, a new student at Liberty High, narrates the season as Clay and his friends struggle to keep Tyler's attempted school shooting a secret and to help him in his recovery. Tensions rise among the tapes' subjects after Bryce is killed, with Clay as a suspect. In the wake of his death, Bryce's past actions and the person he has become in the aftermath of the release of Hannah's tapes are examined.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: In the fourth and final season, Clay's mental health deteriorates as a result of the deaths of Bryce and Monty, while the other students of Liberty High are planning for their impending graduation and futures.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Universal Studios purchased film rights to the novel on February 8, 2011, with Selena Gomez cast to play Hannah Baker. On October 29, 2015, it was announced that Netflix would be making a television adaptation of the book with Gomez instead serving as an executive producer. Tom McCarthy was hired to direct the first two episodes. The series was produced by Anonymous Content and Paramount Television with Gomez, McCarthy, Joy Gorman, Michael Sugar, Steve Golin, Mandy Teefey, and Kristel Laiblin serving as executive producers.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: On May 7, 2017, it was announced that Netflix had renewed the series for a second season, which was released on May 18, 2018.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: On June 6, 2018, Netflix renewed the series for a third season, which was released on August 23, 2019. It was dedicated to executive producer Steve Golin (founder and CEO of Anonymous Content), who died of Ewing's sarcoma on April 21, 2019, four months before the third season's release.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: On August 1, 2019, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a fourth and final season, which was released on June 5, 2020.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: In June 2016, Dylan Minnette, Katherine Langford, Christian Navarro, Alisha Boe, Brandon Flynn, Justin Prentice, Miles Heizer, Ross Butler, Devin Druid and Brian d'Arcy James were cast as the main leads. In September, Amy Hargreaves, Kate Walsh and Derek Luke were cast. Langford exited the show after the second season.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: In August 2017, Jake Weber, Meredith Monroe, R. J. Brown, Anne Winters, Bryce Cass, Chelsea Alden, Allison Miller, Brandon Butler, Samantha Logan, Kelli O'Hara, and Ben Lawson were cast for season two.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: In September 2018, Timothy Granaderos and Brenda Strong were promoted to series regulars for season 3 after recurring in the previous seasons. On September 5, 2019, Gary Sinise was cast as a series regular for the fourth season. On February 11, 2020, Jan Luis Castellanos joined the cast as a series regular for the fourth season.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Filming for the series took place in the Northern Californian towns of Vallejo, Benicia, San Rafael, Crockett and Sebastopol during the summer of 2016. The 13-episode first season and the special were released on Netflix on March 31, 2017. Therapy dogs were present on set for the actors because of the intense and emotional content of the series.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Filming for the second season began on June 12, 2017, but was briefly halted in October in response to the then-ongoing Northern California wildfires happening around the areas where the series was being filmed. Production on the second season wrapped in December 2017. The second season was released on May 18, 2018.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Filming for the third season began on August 12, 2018, but was halted due to another wildfire until December 17. Filming was scheduled to be completed on February 6, 2019.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: The first season was released on Netflix on March 31, 2017. It received positive reviews, who praised its subject matter and acting, particularly the performances of Minnette and Langford. For her performance, Langford received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Television Series Drama. However, its graphic depiction of issues such as suicide and rape (along with other mature content) prompted concerns from mental health professionals. In response, Netflix added a warning card and from March 2018 on, a video plays at the start of each season warning viewers about its themes. In July 2019, Netflix edited out the suicide scene in the first season's final episode.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Netflix renewed "13 Reasons Why" for a second season in May 2017 due to the success of the initial 13 episodes; filming of the second season began the next month and concluded that December. The second season was released on May 18, 2018. Coinciding with the release of the second season, Netflix released a video with the cast that cautioned viewers on some of the topics covered in the show and provided a support website with crisis numbers for people affected by depression, anxiety and other mental health issues. A third season was ordered in June 2018 and was released on August 23, 2019. In August 2019, the series had been renewed for a fourth and final season, which premiered on June 5, 2020. Critical and audience reaction to the series has been divided, with the program generating controversy between audiences and industry reviewers alongside acquiring a loyal following.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: The first season has received positive reviews, with praise for the acting (particularly that of Minnette, Langford, and Walsh), directing, story, visuals, themes, improvements upon its source material, and mature approach to dark and adult subject matter. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 78% approval rating with an average rating of 7.14/10, based on 63 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, ""13 Reasons Why" complements its bestselling source material with a gripping look at adolescent grief whose narrative maturity belies its YA milieu." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 76 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating generally favorable reviews.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Jesse Schedeen of IGN praised "13 Reasons Why", giving it a 9.2 out of 10, "Amazing", stating that the series is "a very powerful and hard-hitting series" and "ranks among the best high school dramas of the 21st century". Matthew Gilbert of "The Boston Globe" gave a glowing review for the series, saying, "The drama is sensitive, consistently engaging, and, most importantly, unblinking." Maureen Ryan of "Variety" asserts that the series "is undoubtedly sincere, but it's also, in many important ways, creatively successful" and called it "simply essential viewing". Leah Greenblatt of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the entire season a score of B+, calling the series "a frank, authentically affecting portrait of what it feels like to be young, lost and too fragile for the world". Daniel Feinberg of "The Hollywood Reporter" also praised the series, calling it "an honorably mature piece of young-adult adaptation", and citing its performances, direction, relevance and maturity as some of the series' strongest points.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: The acting, particularly Katherine Langford as Hannah and Dylan Minnette as Clay, was frequently praised in reviews. Schedeen of IGN praised the cast, particularly Minnette and Langford, stating: "Langford shines in the lead role... [and] embodies that optimism and that profound sadness [of Hannah's] as well. Minnette's Clay is, by design, a much more stoic and reserved character... and does a fine job in what's often a difficult role." Gilbert of "The Boston Globe" praised the chemistry of Langford and Minnette, saying that "watching these two young actors together is pure pleasure", while Schedeen of IGN also agreed, saying that they are "often at their best together, channeling just the right sort of warm but awkward chemistry you'd expect from two teens who can't quite admit to their feelings for one another". Feinberg of "The Hollywood Reporter" also praises both actors: "Langford's heartbreaking openness makes you root for a fate you know isn't possible. The actress' performance is full of dynamic range, setting it against Minnette's often more complicated task in differentiating between moods that mostly go from uncomfortable to gloomy to red-eyed, hygiene-starved despair."


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Ryan of "Variety" also gave praise to not only the two leads, but also the supporting cast of actors, particularly Kate Walsh's performance as Hannah's mother, which Ryan describes as "career-best work". Positive mentions from various critics, such as Ryan, Feinberg and Schedeen, were also given to the supporting cast of actors (most particularly Alisha Boe, Miles Heizer and Christian Navarro's respective performances as Jessica, Alex and Tony). Liz Shannon Miller of "Indiewire", who enjoyed the series and gave it a positive score of B+, gave praise to the racial, gender and complex diversity of its supporting cast of teens.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Another aspect frequently mentioned within reviews was the series's mature and emotional approach to its dark and adult subject matter. This was favorably reviewed by critics, such as Miller of "Indiewire", particularly her statement that "the adult edges to this story ring with honesty and truth." Miller, and Feinberg of "The Hollywood Reporter", also stated that the series can be difficult to watch at times, while Schedeen of IGN states that it is "an often depressing and even uncomfortable show to watch... a pretty emotionally draining experience, particularly towards the end as the pieces really start to fall into place."


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Critics also praised several other aspects of the series. Feinberg highlighted the series' directors, saying: "A Sundance-friendly gallery of directors including Tom McCarthy, Gregg Araki and Carl Franklin keeps the performances grounded and the extremes from feeling exploitative", while Gilbert of "The Boston Globe" praised the storytelling: "The storytelling techniques are powerful... [as it] builds on the world established in the previous hour, as we continually encounter new facets of Hannah's life and new characters. The background on the show keeps getting deeper, richer."


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Conversely, the series has also received criticism over its portrayal of teen angst. Mike Hale of "The New York Times" wrote a critical review, writing, "the show doesn't make [Hannah's] downward progress convincing. It too often feels artificial, like a very long public service announcement." He also criticized the plot device that has Clay listening to the tapes one by one instead of all in one sitting like the other teens did, which Hale felt was unbelievable: "It makes no sense as anything but a plot device, and you'll find yourself, like Clay's antagonists, yelling at him to listen to the rest of tapes already."


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Writing for "The Guardian", Rebecca Nicholson praised some aspects of the series, including the performances from Minnette and Walsh, but was troubled by much of the plot, writing, "a storyline that suggests the love of a sweet boy might have sorted all this out added to an uneasy feeling that stayed with me". Nicholson was skeptical that the series would appeal to older viewers, unlike other series set in high school such as "Freaks and Geeks" and "My So-Called Life": "It lacks the crossover wit of its forebears... It's too tied up in conveying the message that terrible behaviour can have horrible consequences to deal in any subtleties or shades of feeling. It's largely one-note – and that note is horrifying. 'It has to get better,' implores one student towards the end, but given its fairly open ending, an apparent season two setup, it does not seem as if there's much chance of that happening."


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: "The Washington Post" television critic Hank Stuever wrote a negative review, finding "13 Reasons Why" "contrived" and implausible: "There are 13 episodes lasting 13 super-sullen hours – a passive-aggressive, implausibly meandering, poorly written and awkwardly acted effort that is mainly about miscommunication, delivering no more wisdom or insight about depression, bullying and suicide than one of those old "ABC Afterschool Specials" people now mock for being so corny." He also wrote that he found Hannah's suicide tapes "a protracted example of the teenager who fantasizes how everyone will react when she's gone. The story... strikes me as remarkably, even dangerously, naive in its understanding of suicide, up to and including a gruesome, penultimate scene of Hannah opening her wrists in a bathtub."


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: David Wiegand of the "San Francisco Chronicle" gave the series a tepid review, saying that it was plagued by character inconsistencies, particularly in Hannah's character. He praised Langford's "stunning performance" but noted, "There are times when we simply don't believe the characters, when what they do or say isn't consistent with who we've been led to believe they are... At times, [Hannah] is self-possessed and indifferent at best to the behavior of the popular kids. At other times, though, relatively minor misperceived slights seem to send her into an emotional tailspin. No doubt, teenagers embody a constant whirl of conflicting emotions, but the script pushes the bounds of credibility here and there." He noted that overall, the series worked: "The structure is gimmicky and the characters inconsistent, but there are still at least "13 Reasons Why" the series is worthy."


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: The second season received generally negative reviews from critics, with many praising the performances (particularly that of Boe, Luke, and Walsh) but criticism aimed at the poor execution of its topics; many declared it unnecessary. Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 27% with an average rating of 5.31/10, based on 51 reviews. The site's critical consensus states, "By deviating from its source material, "13 Reasons Why" can better explore its tenderly crafted characters; unfortunately, in the process, it loses track of what made the show so gripping in the first place." On Metacritic, the season has an average score of 49 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Catherine Pearson from Digital Spy wrote a negative review, calling the season "even more problematic" than the first. She ends the review saying that, "Unrelenting depression seems to shroud the season, briefly lifted only to collapse back down as the show's thirteenth episode, once again, delivers a deeply disturbing scene of suffering." Jordan Davidson from "The Mighty" wrote that he "felt sick" after watching the final episode of the season.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: A scene in which the character Tyler Down (Devin Druid) is attacked and sexually assaulted with a mop handle by bully Montgomery De La Cruz (Timothy Granaderos) during the finale also caused controversy from fans and critics of the series, with some describing it as "unnecessary" and "traumatizing". Series showrunner Brian Yorkey defended the scene, saying that it was included in an attempt to "tell truthful stories about things that young people go through in as unflinching a way as we can".


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Season 3 received overwhelmingly negative reviews, with criticism aimed at the lack of necessity and talk about suicide, poor execution of its topics, including the rape of Tyler in the final episode of the previous season, the new character of Ani, the sympathetic redemption of Bryce, genre changing from drama to mystery, and the conclusion. However, some praised the technical aspects and the performances (particularly those of Prentice, Druid, and Granaderos).


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 12%, with an average rating of 1.43/10, based on 17 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: ""13 Reasons Why" attempts to break away from its first two seasons only to become a melodramatic mess of a murder mystery." On Metacritic, the season has an average score of 23 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating "generally unfavourable reviews".


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Season 4 received generally negative reviews from critics, who criticized the poor execution of its topics, the writing, time jumps and story, while the ending was met with a divided reception. However, some called it an improvement over its previous season, and praised the performances of the castparticularly those of Minnette, Navarro, Flynn, and Heizerthe brief return of Hannah Baker, and technical aspects.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 25%, with an average rating of 5.33/10, based on 12 reviews. The site's critical consensus states: ""13 Reasons Why" closes with a chaotic final chapter that betrays what little dignity remained in the tragic lives of its central teens." Episode six, in which the school runs a "drill" where the students are made to believe there is an active shooter was heavily criticized, with many fans and critics describing the episode as "too realistic", "triggering" and "traumatising" although some reviewers noted that the show had tackled a topic that is relevant to many American school students. The storyline of Justin Foley being diagnosed with and killed by complications of AIDS generated controversy, with many calling it unfair. Minnette defended the scene, saying that he and Flynn had pushed showrunner Brian Yorkey to kill Justin, as they "both felt that it would have the biggest emotional impact on the series as [Justin] had the most emotional impact out of all of the characters".


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: The marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the first season was the second-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered, garnering 48% of the viewers that the second season of "Daredevil" received, which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot. The series also showed an 18% increase in week-over-week viewership from week one to week two. Jumpshot, which "analyzes click-stream data from an online panel of more than 100million consumers", looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company's U.S. members, factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season. According to Nielsen, the premiere episode of the second season drew 6.08 million viewers in the U.S. in the first three days of its release. It also revealed that a significant part of its audience were young – aged 34 or younger (75%) – and female (65%) – with males representing 35% of viewers. The second season became the eighth most watched English-language television series on Netflix, with 496.1million hours viewed.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: The release of the show caused public concern about the risk of suicide contagion among teenagers – particularly in those who have suicidal thoughts. The portrayal of sensitive content such as teen suicide, self-harm, rape and bullying raised criticism, especially for its graphic content, primarily the scene in which Hannah kills herself. Some researchers and medical professionals argue that the series violated guidelines for depicting suicide in the media and might trigger "imitative" behaviors among high school students and vulnerable people.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Prior to the series' release, scholars had studied the influence of the media on suicide for decades. Evidence to support the existence of a relationship between fictional media exposure and suicide behaviors remained weak and a strict causality had never been established. The effect that fiction can have on suicidal thoughts and behaviors is probably smaller than that of other psychological and social risk factors for suicide. It has been argued that censoring fiction may do more harm than good.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: After the series' release, a study published in the "Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry" found that suicide among teenagers rose by 28.9% in the month after Netflix launched the show.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Several health professionals, educators and advocates linked the show to self-harm and suicide threats among young people. This community also expressed major concerns about the series like romanticizing suicide, not providing adequate resources at the conclusion of each episode, targeting a young vulnerable audience, and painting mental health professionals as unhelpful and not worth seeing. Mental health experts are also educating the general public on what to do in the situations Hannah Baker goes through, disseminating accurate information surrounding teen suicide, depression, and youth that experience traumatic events through research surrounding the show and mental health resources for help-seeking youth.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: The release of "13 Reasons Why" corresponded with between 900,000 and 1.5million more suicide-related Google searches in the United States, including a 26% increase in searches for "how to commit suicide," an 18% increase for "commit suicide," and a 9% increase for "how to kill yourself." After an initial spike in calls to the Crisis Text Line after the first episode, there was an overall reduction in crisis call volume for the remainder of the series. Although the link between searching for suicide information and suicide risk is unclear, increases in self-harm admissions to one children's hospital were observed.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: The superintendent of Palm Beach County, Florida schools reportedly told parents that their schools had seen an increase in suicidal and self-harming behavior from students, and that some of those students "have articulated associations of their at-risk behavior to the "13 Reasons Why" Netflix series".


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: The Australian youth mental health service for 12–25 year-olds, Headspace, issued a warning in late April 2017 over the graphic content featured in the series, due to the increased number of calls to the service following the series' release in the country. Netflix however, demonstrably complied with the Australian viewer ratings system, by branding the series as "MA15+" when streamed via its own interface. They accompanied its presentation with additional warnings and viewer advice, and ensured that counselling referrals were included and not easily skipped at the conclusion of each episode. Each warning voice over is read by a different cast member at the end of the episode, with Katherine Langford reading in her native Australian accent in her voice-overs.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: In response to the graphic nature of the series and New Zealand's high youth suicide rate, which was the highest among the 34 OECD countries during 2009 to 2012, the Office of Film & Literature Classification in the country created a new rating, "RP18", allowing individuals aged 18 and over to watch the series alone and those below having to watch it with supervision from a parent or guardian.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: In April 2017, the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) in the United States released a statement regarding the series, saying: "Research shows that exposure to another person's suicide, or to graphic or sensationalized accounts of death, can be one of the many risk factors that youth struggling with mental health conditions cite as a reason they contemplate or attempt suicide." NASP sent a letter to school mental health professionals across the country about the series, reportedly a first for NASP in response to a television series. The following month, the United States Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (SCCAP) released a statement also noting how strongly the series may serve as a trigger for self-injury among vulnerable youth. They lamented the depiction of mental health professionals as ineffective for youth who have experienced trauma and may have been considering suicide. The statement implored Netflix to add a tag following each episode with mental health resources, and a reminder that depression and suicidal thoughts can be effectively treated by a qualified mental health professional, such as a clinical child psychologist, using evidence-based practice.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Similarly, clinical psychologists such as Daniel J. Reidenberg and Erika Martinez, as well as mental health advocate MollyKate Cline of "Teen Vogue" magazine, have expressed concerns regarding the risk of suicide contagion. However, Eric Beeson, a counselor at The Family Institute at Northwestern University noted that "it's unlikely that one show alone could trigger someone to attempt suicide." Mental health professionals have also criticized the series' depiction of suicide itself, much of which violates widely promulgated recommendations for reporting on actual suicides or not depicting them in fiction, in order to not encourage copycat suicides. The season finale, which depicts Hannah's suicide in graphic detail, has been particularly criticized in this regard. Nic Sheff, a writer for the series, has defended it as intended to dispel the myth that suicides "quietly drift off", and recalled how he himself was deterred from a suicide attempt by recalling a survivor's account of how painful and horrifying it was.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: The NASP statement also criticized the series' suggestion that bullying alone led Hannah to take her life, noting that while it may be a contributing factor, suicide far more often results from the bullied person having a "treatable mental illness and overwhelming or intolerable stressors", along with a lack of adequate coping mechanisms. Alex Moen, a school counselor in Minneapolis, took issue with the series' entire plotline as "essentially a fantasy of what someone who is considering suicide might have—that once you commit suicide, you can still communicate with your loved ones, and people will suddenly realize everything that you were going through and the depth of your pain... That the cute, sensitive boy will fall in love with you and seek justice for you, and you'll be able to orchestrate it, and in so doing kind of still be able to live." Other counselors criticized the depiction of Hannah's attempt to reach out to Mr. Porter as dangerously misleading, since not only does he miss obvious signs of her suicidal ideations, but says he cannot report her sexual assault to the police without her identifying the assailant. School counselors are often portrayed as ineffective or clueless in popular culture, Moen says, but Porter's behavior in the series goes beyond that, to being unethical and possibly illegal. "It's ridiculous! Counselors are not police. We don't have to launch an investigation. We bring whatever information we do have to the police", she told "Slate".


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: In May 2017, the Canadian Mental Health Association (CMHA) along with the Centre for Suicide Prevention (CSP) released a statement with similar concerns to the ones raised by NASP. CMHA believed that the series may glamorize suicide, and that some content may lead to distress in viewers, particularly in younger viewers. Furthermore, the portrayal of Hannah's suicide does not follow the media guidelines as set out by the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention (CASP) and the American Association of Suicidology. CMHA and CASP did praise the series for raising awareness about "this preventable health concern," adding that, "Raising awareness needs to be done in a safe and responsible manner. A large and growing body of Canadian and international research has found clear links between increases in suicide rates and harmful media portrayals of suicide." Ways in which the portrayals of suicide may cause harm, according to CMHA and CASP, include the following: "They may simplify suicide, such as, by suggesting that bullying alone is the cause; they may make suicide seem romantic, such as, by putting it in the context of a Hollywood plot line; they may portray suicide as a logical or viable option; they may display graphic representations of suicide which may be harmful to viewers, especially young ones; and/or they may advance the false notion that suicides are a way to teach others a lesson." A 2019 study showed the overall suicide rate among 10- to 17-year-olds increased significantly in the month immediately following the release of the series.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Netflix responded to the criticism surrounding the series by adding strong advisory warnings prior to the ninth, twelfth, and thirteenth episodes in the first season, the first two due to rape and the last due to the suicide scene. In July 2019, before the release of season three, Netflix edited the suicide scene of the season one finale. Originally, the episode included a bloody depiction of Hannah slitting her wrists in a bathtub. However, it has been argued support to vulnerable viewers should be inspired by an ethical commitment toward the audience, rather than the moral panic for suicide contagion.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: With the release of the first season of the series, Netflix also released "13 Reasons Why: Beyond the Reasons", an aftershow documentary television film. The 29-minute documentary featured the cast and crew of the series and mental health professionals discussing their experiences working on the series and dealing with different issues including bullying, depression and sexual assault. Two more "Beyond the Reasons" specials were released with the second and third seasons respectively.


title: 13 Reasons Why

text: Compilation soundtracks have been released for the first three seasons, as well as score albums featuring the show's original score by Eskmo.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction media franchise consisting of films, books, television series, comics, and other media about a world in which humans and intelligent apes clash for control. The franchise is based on French author Pierre Boulle's 1963 novel "La Planète des singes", translated into English as "Planet of the Apes" or "Monkey Planet". Its 1968 film adaptation, "Planet of the Apes", was a critical and commercial hit, initiating a series of sequels, tie-ins, and derivative works. Arthur P. Jacobs produced the first five "Apes" films through APJAC Productions for distributor 20th Century Fox; following his death in 1973, Fox controlled the franchise.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Four sequels followed the original film from 1970 to 1973: "Beneath the Planet of the Apes", "Escape from the Planet of the Apes", "Conquest of the Planet of the Apes", and "Battle for the Planet of the Apes". They did not approach the critical acclaim of the original, but were commercially successful, spawning a live-action television series in 1974 and an animated series in 1975. Plans for a film remake stalled in "development hell" for over 10 years before Tim Burton's "Planet of the Apes" was released in 2001. A reboot film series commenced in 2011 with "Rise of the Planet of the Apes", which was followed by "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" in 2014 and "War for the Planet of the Apes" in 2017. In 2019, Disney acquired the entertainment assets of 21st Century Fox including 20th Century Fox. That year, Disney announced further sequels to the 2011 reboot series are in production, with "Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes" officially announced for a 2024 release date. The films have grossed a total of over billion worldwide, against a combined budget of $567.5 million. Franchise tie-ins include books, comics, video games and toys.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: "Planet of the Apes" has received particular attention among film critics for its treatment of racial issues. Cinema and cultural analysts have also explored its Cold War and animal rights themes. The series has influenced subsequent films, media, and art, as well as popular culture and political discourse.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: The series began with French author Pierre Boulle's 1963 novel "La Planète des singes". Boulle wrote the novel in six months after the "humanlike expressions" of gorillas at the zoo inspired him to contemplate the relationship between man and ape. "La Planète des singes" was heavily influenced by 18th- and 19th-century fantastical travel narratives, especially Jonathan Swift's satirical "Gulliver's Travels". It is one of several of Boulle's works to use science fiction tropes and plot devices to comment on the failings of human nature and mankind's overreliance on technology, though Boulle rejected the science fiction label, instead terming his genre "social fantasy".


title: Planet of the Apes

text: The novel is a satire that follows French journalist Ulysse Mérou, who participates in a voyage to a distant planet where speechless, animalistic humans are hunted and enslaved by an advanced society of apes. The ape species are sorted into classes: the gorillas are police officers, the chimpanzees are scientists, and the orangutans are politicians. Eventually, Mérou discovers that humans once dominated the planet until their complacency allowed the more industrious apes to overthrow them. The story's central message is that human intelligence is not a fixed quality and could atrophy if taken for granted. Boulle considered the novel one of his minor works, though it proved to be a bestseller. British author Xan Fielding translated it into English; it was published in the United Kingdom as "Monkey Planet" and in the United States as "Planet of the Apes".


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Boulle's literary agent, Allain Bernheim, brought the novel to the attention of American film producer Arthur P. Jacobs, who had come to Paris looking for properties to adapt with his new company, APJAC Productions. To explain his interests, Jacobs would tell agents, "I wish "King Kong" hadn't been made so I could make it." Bernheim initially approached him about a Françoise Sagan novel, which Jacobs turned down. Remembering Jacobs' earlier comment about "King Kong", Bernheim mentioned "La Planète des singes", not expecting he would be interested. However, the story intrigued Jacobs, who bought the film rights immediately.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: After optioning the novel's film rights, Jacobs spent over three years trying to convince filmmakers to take on the project. He engaged a succession of artists to create test sketches and hired veteran television writer Rod Serling, creator of "The Twilight Zone", to pen the screenplay. Serling's script changed elements of Boulle's novel, introducing Cold War themes; notably, he devised a new twist ending that revealed the planet to be a future Earth where humans had destroyed themselves through nuclear warfare. Production costs were estimated at over $10 million, a risk no studio in either Hollywood or Europe would assume. Jacobs and associate producer Mort Abrahams persevered and eventually persuaded Charlton Heston to star; Heston in turn recommended director Franklin J. Schaffner. The team recorded a brief screen test featuring Heston, which ultimately convinced 20th Century Fox the film could succeed.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Fox insisted on changes to reduce the budget to a more manageable $5.81 million. The producers hired veteran writer Michael Wilson, who had previously adapted Boulle's novel "The Bridge over the River Kwai", to rewrite Serling's script. To save on special effects costs, Wilson's script described an ape society more primitive than that which appeared in the novel. The new version changed much of the plot and dialogue but retained the Cold War themes and Serling's ending. John Chambers created the makeup effects.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Heston played 20th-century American astronaut George Taylor, who travels to a strange planet where intelligent apes dominate mute, primitive humans. Kim Hunter and Roddy McDowall played the sympathetic chimpanzees Zira and Cornelius, and Linda Harrison portrayed Taylor's love interest, Nova. Maurice Evans played the villain, orangutan Minister of Science Dr. Zaius. The finale, in which Taylor comes upon a ruined Statue of Liberty and realizes he has been on Earth all along, became the series' defining scene and one of the most iconic images in 1960s film. "Planet of the Apes" was released on February 8, 1968, and was a smash success with both critics and audiences. It was one of the year's 10 biggest money-makers in North America, taking in an estimated $22 million (nearly four times its budget) and earned rave reviews. John Chambers received an honorary Oscar at the 41st Academy Awards for his make-up effects, the first ever given to a make-up artist. Jerry Goldsmith's score and Morton Haack's costume design also earned Oscar nominations. Fox approached Jacobs and Abrahams about filming a sequel. Though they had not made the film with sequels in mind, its success led them to consider the prospect.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Planning for the sequel, eventually titled "Beneath the Planet of the Apes", began two months after the original film's release. Jacobs and Abrahams considered several treatments by Serling and Boulle, eventually rejecting them. In late 1968, the producers hired Paul Dehn to write the script; he would become the primary writer for the franchise. Charlton Heston was uninterested in a sequel but agreed to shoot a few scenes if his character was killed off and his salary was donated to charity. In one of many major rewrites, Dehn altered the script to center on a new character, Brent, played by James Franciscus. With Schaffner unavailable, owing to his work on "Patton", the producers hired Ted Post as director on January 8, 1969. Post struggled with the material, especially after the studio cut the budget to $3.4 million.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: The story follows Franciscus' character, an astronaut who, while searching for Taylor, inadvertently follows him into the future. After encountering the apes from the first film, Brent finds Taylor imprisoned by a colony of subterranean human mutants who worship an ancient nuclear bomb. Kim Hunter, Maurice Evans and Linda Harrison returned as Zira, Zaius and Nova. David Watson replaced Roddy McDowall as Cornelius, as McDowall was unavailable due to a scheduling conflict. James Gregory played gorilla General Ursus and Paul Richards played mutant leader Méndez. The film opened on May 26, 1970. Unlike its predecessor, "Beneath" was poorly reviewed; critics typically regard it as the worst of the "Apes" sequels other than the last one, "Battle for the Planet of the Apes". Nonetheless, it was a major box office hit, nearing the original's numbers. Despite a conclusion depicting the planet's nuclear destruction, Fox requested another sequel, creating a series.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Following the financial success of "Beneath", Arthur P. Jacobs recruited Paul Dehn to write a new script with a brief telegram: "Apes exist, sequel required." Dehn immediately started work on what became "Escape from the Planet of the Apes". The producers hired a new director, Don Taylor. Fox gave the production a greatly diminished budget of $2.5 million, which required a tight production schedule.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: To work around the budget, as well as "Beneath"s seemingly definitive ending, the film took the series in a new direction by transporting Zira (Kim Hunter) and Cornelius (Roddy McDowall, returning to the role after being absent from "Beneath") back in time to the contemporary United States, reducing the need for expensive sets and ape makeup effects. In the film, Zira and Cornelius are initially accepted by American society, but the humans' fears that their child will bring about the domination of the human race by evolved apes leads to conflict. Jacobs' wife, Natalie Trundy, who appeared as a mutant in "Beneath" and would play the ape Lisa in the next two sequels, was cast as Dr. Stephanie Branton. Bradford Dillman played Dr. Lewis Dixon, Ricardo Montalbán played Armando and Eric Braeden portrayed the villain, the president's science advisor Otto Hasslein.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Compared to its predecessors, "Escape" dwelt more heavily on themes of racial conflict, which became a primary focus through the rest of the series. The film opened on May 21, 1971, less than a year after "Beneath". It was well-received by critics. From this point critics began seeing the films less as independent units and more as installments in a greater work; "Cinefantastique" editor Frederick S. Clarke wrote that the burgeoning series had "the promise of being the first epic of filmed science fiction." It also performed well at the box office, though not as strongly as its predecessors. Fox ordered a third sequel.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Based on the strong positive response to "Escape", Fox ordered "Conquest of the Planet of the Apes", though it provided a comparatively low budget of $1.7 million. Paul Dehn returned as the scriptwriter, and producer Jacobs hired J. Lee Thompson to direct. Thompson had worked with Jacobs on two earlier films as well as during the initial stages of "Planet", but scheduling conflicts had made him unavailable during its long development process. For "Conquest", Thompson and Dehn focused heavily on the racial conflict theme, an ancillary concern in the early films that became a central focus in "Escape". In particular, Dehn associated the apes with African-Americans and modeled the plot after the 1966 Watts riots and other episodes from the Civil Rights Movement. Roddy McDowall signed on to play Caesar, the son of his previous character Cornelius. Ricardo Montalban returned as Armando, while Don Murray played Governor Breck, Severn Darden played Kolp and Hari Rhodes played MacDonald.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Following "Escape", "Conquest" is set in a near future where humans have turned apes into slaves; Caesar rises from bondage to lead an ape rebellion. The film opened on June 30, 1972. Reviews were mixed, but the ending left the series open to another sequel and "Conquest" was successful enough at the box office that Fox commissioned another film.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Fox approved "Battle for the Planet of the Apes" with a $1.2 million budget, the lowest of the series. The filmmakers went into the project knowing that it would be the end of the series. J. Lee Thompson returned as director. Series writer Paul Dehn submitted a treatment, but illness forced him to leave the film before completing the script. The producers subsequently hired John William Corrington and Joyce Hooper Corrington to write the screenplay. "Battle" continued "Conquest"s focus on racial conflict and domination but, likely based in part on the studio's wishes, the Corringtons discarded Dehn's pessimistic treatment in favor of a story with a more hopeful, though ambiguous, resolution.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: "Battle" follows Caesar as he leads the apes and their human subjects after a devastating war that destroyed much of the planet. He contends with both an attack by radiation-scarred human mutants and a coup attempt as he attempts to build a better society for both apes and humans. McDowall returned as Caesar and Severn Darden returned as Kolp. Paul Williams played the orangutan Virgil, Austin Stoker played MacDonald (the brother of Hari Rhodes' character) and Claude Akins played the gorilla general Aldo. John Huston played the orangutan Lawgiver in a frame narrative. The film opened on May 2, 1973. It made a profit over production costs, but received poor reviews from critics, who regard it as the weakest of the five films.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Critics have offered various interpretations of the film's message and its significance for the series. Particular attention has been paid to the ambiguous imagery in the ending: set over 700 years after the main events, the last scene depicts a statue of Caesar shedding a single tear as the Lawgiver recounts Caesar's story to an integrated audience of ape and human children. By one interpretation, the statue cries tears of joy because the species have broken the cycle of oppression, giving the series an optimistic finale. By another, the statue weeps because racial strife still exists, implying the dystopian future of "Planet" and "Beneath" is unavoidable.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: As well as their profitable returns at the box office, the films earned very high ratings on television after their theatrical runs. To capitalize on this success, Arthur P. Jacobs conceived of an hour-long live-action television series to follow the films. He first had the idea in 1971 during the production of "Conquest", which he then anticipated would be the final film, but he shelved the project once Fox ordered a fifth installment. Jacobs died on June 27, 1973, bringing an end to the APJAC Productions era of the "Planet of the Apes" franchise. Former Fox executive Stan Hough took over as producer for the television project, titled "Planet of the Apes". CBS picked up the series for its 1974 autumn lineup.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Ron Harper and James Naughton played Alan Virdon and Peter Burke, two 20th-century American astronauts who pass through a time warp to a future where apes subjugate humans (unlike the original film, the humans can speak). Roddy McDowall returned to the franchise as Galen, a chimpanzee who joins the astronauts. Booth Coleman played orangutan Councillor Zaius and Mark Lenard played gorilla General Urko. The episodes portray Virdon, Burke, and Galen as they search for a way home, aid downtrodden humans and apes and avoid the authorities. The show premiered on September 13, 1974, filling CBS's 8–9 pm time slot on Fridays. It earned low ratings during its run, a fact the production team attributed to repetitive storytelling and too little screen time for the apes who made the franchise famous. Given the considerable production costs, CBS canceled the show after 14 episodes, the last airing on December 20, 1974.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: In 1981, Fox reedited 10 of the episodes into five television films. Each film combined two episodes and (in some markets) added new introductory and concluding segments starring McDowall as an aged Galen. The films were given what scholar Eric Greene calls "the most outlandish titles of the "Apes" corpus": "Back to the Planet of the Apes"; "Forgotten City of the Planet of the Apes"; "Treachery and Greed on the Planet of the Apes"; "Life, Liberty and Pursuit on the Planet of the Apes"; and "Farewell to the Planet of the Apes".


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Greene finds the show's position in the "Apes" timeline significant: set in 3085, it occurs about 900 years before Taylor's crash in the original film and 400 years after the Lawgiver's sermon in "Battle". By depicting a future where apes dominate humans, it implies the Lawgiver's message of equality between man and ape has failed, giving weight to the more pessimistic interpretation of "Battle"s ending. Greene argues that the show emphasized the theme of racial conflict less than the films had, though the episodes "The Trap" and "The Liberator" made it a central focus.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: In 1975, after the failure of the live-action television series, NBC and 20th Century Fox agreed to adapt "Planet of the Apes" for an animated series. The network contracted DePatie-Freleng Enterprises to produce a half-hour Saturday-morning cartoon titled "Return to the Planet of the Apes". Doug Wildey, co-creator of "Jonny Quest", took on most creative control as associate producer, storyboard director and supervising director. Wildey had only watched the original film and "Beneath" and thus based his interpretation on them. As such, the show relied less on the themes and plot developments from "Escape", "Conquest", and "Battle" and instead returned to the Vietnam War and Cold War themes prominent in the first two films.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: The plot concerns three American astronauts, Bill Hudson (Tom Williams), Jeff Allen (Austin Stoker, who played MacDonald in "Battle") and Judy Franklin (Claudette Nevins), who inadvertently journey to Earth's far future. They find the world populated by three groups: mute humans who inhabit desert caves, subterranean human "Underdwellers" fashioned after the mutants of "Beneath" and civilized apes who subjugate the humans. Through the show, the astronauts become increasingly involved in the planet's affairs and in defending the humans against an ape invasion. The cast featured characters based on those from the previous films and TV series, including Nova (Nevins again), General Urko (Henry Cordin), Zira (Philippa Harris), Cornelius (Edwin Mills) and Dr. Zaius (Richard Blackburn). NBC broadcast 13 episodes between September 6 and November 29, 1975. The show did not achieve particularly strong ratings. The network considered producing a second three-episode season to complete the storyline, but this never materialized.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Fox initiated plans to relaunch the "Planet of the Apes" series in the 1980s, but the project fell into a drawn-out and fruitless development phase—"development hell"—for over 10 years, one of the most protracted development periods in film history. It began in 1988, when Fox announced that Adam Rifkin, then a 21-year-old independent film director, would develop a new "Apes" movie. At a Fox executive's invitation, Rifkin pitched a concept for "Return to the Planet of the Apes", an alternative sequel to "Planet" that ignored the other four films. In Rifkin's initial concept, Taylor's descendant Duke launches a Spartacus-like uprising against Roman-inspired ape oppressors led by General Izan. Days before the project was scheduled to enter pre-production, Fox brought in new studio executives, who sent it back to development. They commissioned Rifkin to write several redrafts, but found them unsatisfactory and ultimately scrapped the project.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: After several years in limbo, Fox returned to the "Apes" concept, this time with Oliver Stone as a producer. Stone brought in Terry Hayes as screenwriter and they developed a script titled "Return of the Apes". In their script, humanity is threatened by an ailment encoded in their DNA, so two scientists go back in time thousands of years to stop it at its origin. They discover the disease was engineered by advanced apes to ensure humanity's eventual destruction. Arnold Schwarzenegger committed to star as scientist Will Robinson and Phillip Noyce agreed to direct. The draft impressed Fox president Peter Chernin, but other executives were ambivalent about the action script, believing that it should be lighter. At one point, executive Dylan Sellers insisted the script include a comic scene involving apes playing baseball as his "stamp" on the film and fired Hayes when he left it out. This move caused Noyce to quit as well and subsequently, almost everyone involved in the project left for one reason or another.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: After the collapse of the Stone-Hayes project, Fox brought on Chris Columbus to develop a new "Apes" concept. Columbus hired Sam Hamm to write a screenplay taking elements from Boulle's novel and various unused treatments. In Hamm's script, an ape astronaut from a distant planet unleashes a devastating virus on Earth. Scientists go to the astronaut's planet, where apes hunt humans; they locate a cure but return to find Earth overrun by simians. Schwarzenegger remained attached, but Fox found the script underwhelming. Columbus left the project in 1995 after his mother's death and James Cameron stepped in to produce. Cameron intended to go in a "very different direction" with the script, but following the critical and financial success of his film "Titanic", he dropped out of the project. Fox approached a series of directors to take over, without success.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: In 1999, Fox hired William Broyles, Jr. to write a new script. Fox insisted on a July 2001 release date but otherwise offered Broyles considerable creative license. This prospect attracted director Tim Burton, who hoped to do a "re-imagining" of "Planet of the Apes". Burton found the production arduous, largely due to Fox's strict release schedule. The studio budgeted the film at $100 million, meaning Broyles' ambitious script had to be altered to reduce costs; Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal worked on rewrites even as the film entered production. The tight schedule meant that all stages of production were rushed.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: The film stars Mark Wahlberg as astronaut Leo Davidson, who accidentally travels through a wormhole to a distant planet where talking apes enslave humans. He leads a human revolt and upends ape civilization by discovering that the apes evolved from the normal Earth primates who had accompanied his mission and had arrived on the planet years before. Helena Bonham Carter played chimpanzee Ari, while Tim Roth played the human-hating chimpanzee General Thade. The film received mixed reviews; most critics believed it failed to compare to the original. Much of the negative commentary focused on the confusing plot and twist ending, though many reviewers praised the special effects. The film succeeded at the box office, taking in $362 million worldwide. Fox had initially hoped for a sequel, but the difficult production left Burton unenthusiastic about participating, and the film failed to generate enough interest for the studio to pursue a follow-up.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: In 2005, screenwriters Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver developed a concept for a new "Planet of the Apes" film, eventually titled "Rise of the Planet of the Apes". Inspired by news articles on apes raised as humans and advances in genetics, Jaffa conceived an idea for a film about a genetically enhanced chimpanzee raised in a human household. He and Silver pitched the concept to Fox as a way to reboot the "Apes" franchise by reinventing the story of the chimpanzee Caesar, the lead character of "Conquest" and "Battle". Fox was impressed and bought the pitch, but development struggled for five years as the production cycled through scripts, writers, directors and producers. In 2010, producers Chernin and Dylan Clark of Chernin Entertainment stepped in to move the film forward, retaining Jaffa and Silver as writers.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: In the final script, Caesar receives enhanced cognition from a viral drug created by Will Rodman, who raises him. After being imprisoned in a primate sanctuary, Caesar uses his ingenuity to launch an uprising. The screenplay contains complex connections to other entries in the series, causing some confusion as to its exact relation to them. Oliver Lindler writes that while the film's premise might identify it as a remake of "Conquest", official dispatches and professional reviewers typically avoided the term, instead calling the film a prequel or "origin story" to the original "Planet of the Apes" film and/or a reboot of the series; fans and bloggers were more apt to refer to it as a "remake". The completed script attracted director Rupert Wyatt. To portray ape characters realistically, the production avoided practical effects in favor of motion-capture acting, partnering with New Zealand visual effects company Weta Digital. Wyatt cast James Franco as Will Rodman, while veteran performance-capture actor Andy Serkis signed on to star as Caesar.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: "Rise" debuted on August 5, 2011. Critics reviewed it positively, especially praising the visual effects and Serkis' performance. It was a major box office hit, taking in $482 million globally, more than five times its $93 million budget. Weta's special effects earned the film two Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 84th Academy Awards, among other accolades. The strength of Serkis' performance also inspired Fox to promote him for Oscar consideration; he was not nominated by Academy voters. Following the movie's success, Fox immediately planned for a sequel.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark started planning the film eventually titled "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" just after "Rise"s release in 2011. Fox allocated a budget of $170 million. Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver returned to pen the script and produce and the studio quickly signed Andy Serkis to reprise his role as Caesar. Director Rupert Wyatt withdrew from the project due to production and scheduling issues and was replaced by Matt Reeves.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Set 10 years after "Rise", the film establishes that the "simian flu", a side effect of the drug that enhanced the apes' intelligence, has killed most humans. Caesar struggles to maintain peace as his ape community is drawn into violent clashes with nearby human survivors. Weta Digital again provided special effects work, which combined practical sets, digitally manipulated backgrounds and performance capture ape characters. The lead human characters were played by Jason Clarke, as Malcolm; Keri Russell, as Ellie; and Gary Oldman, as Dreyfus. Released on July 11, 2014, the film was very well received by critics, who found it a strong follow-up to "Rise" and lauded the combination of an engaging script with impressive special effects. It also performed very strongly at the box office, taking in $711 million in worldwide grosses. Its special effects received several honors, including three Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 87th Academy Awards.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Fox was confident enough in "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" that the studio started planning for the next installment months before the film debuted. After Fox and Chernin Entertainment screened Matt Reeves' cut of "Dawn", he was contracted to return as director; he also wrote the script with Mark Bomback. Peter Chernin, Dylan Clark, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver again served as producers. Given a $150 million budget, "War for the Planet of the Apes" was released on July 14, 2017.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: The film depicts the apes and humans in armed conflict and follows Caesar and his followers as they track down the mysterious Colonel, a human paramilitary leader, and search for a new home. Serkis returned as Caesar, Woody Harrelson played the villainous Colonel and Steve Zahn played Bad Ape. It earned widespread critical acclaim; reviewers praised the effects and narrative and found the film a fitting conclusion to Caesar's story. It earned $491 million at the worldwide box office.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: In October 2016, it was reported that a fourth film in the new series was being discussed. Shortly before the release of "War" in July 2017, Reeves said that he expressed interest in making more "Apes" films and that Steve Zahn, who played Bad Ape in the film, had set up a story for further sequels. Writer Mark Bomback hinted that further films would be possible. In April 2019, following the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney, Disney announced that future "Planet of the Apes" films are in development. In August 2019, Disney stated that any future installments would take place in the universe first established in "Rise of the Planet of the Apes". In February 2020, Wes Ball was announced as director of the next film, with Joe Hartwick Jr. and David Starke serving as producers. Ball explained that the story will take place after the events of "War for the Planet of the Apes", and continue to follow "Caesar's legacy". In May 2020, it was announced that Josh Friedman will serve as screenwriter alongside Ball, while Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver will return to the franchise as producers. In an interview with "The Hollywood Reporter", 20th Century Studios president Steve Asbell stated that production would start between the late summer or early fall of 2022. In August 2022, Owen Teague was announced to have been cast in a lead role, the ape Cornelius. In September 2022, Freya Allan and Peter Macon were announced to have been cast and the title was revealed to be "Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes". Production for the film began in October 2022 in Sydney, New South Wales at Disney Studios Australia.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: In June 2022, Ball entered early negotiations to develop two additional films which will complete a new trilogy, and serve as sequels to Rupert Wyatt and Matt Reeves trilogy of films.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Pierre Boulle's novel "La Planète des singes" was translated and reprinted several times after its original publication in 1963. All four of the original sequels spawned novelizations by established science fiction writers of the day, each of which went through multiple reprints of their own. Michael Avallone wrote the novelization for "Beneath the Planet of the Apes" in 1970. Jerry Pournelle, who later co-authored "Lucifer's Hammer" and "The Mote in God's Eye", wrote the "Escape from the Planet of the Apes" novelization. John Jakes, former Science Fiction Writers of America president, wrote the "Conquest of the Planet of the Apes" novelization. David Gerrold, scriptwriter for the "" episode "The Trouble with Tribbles", wrote the "Battle for the Planet of the Apes" novelization. Novelizations of the live-action and animated television series were also produced. William T. Quick wrote the 2001 "Planet of the Apes" novelization; he also wrote two prequel novels, and several other book tie-ins were published.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: "Planet of the Apes"–based comics have been published regularly since 1968. Among the most notable is Marvel Comics' "Planet of the Apes" magazine, published from 1974 to 1977. The black-and-white series featured adaptations of each of the films, new "Apes" stories by Doug Moench, series news, essays, interviews, and other material. It became one of Marvel's most successful titles, attracting 300 to 400 fan letters with every issue, so many that the studio had to suspend its practice of writing personal responses. Marvel also published the monthly title "Adventures on the Planet of the Apes" from 1975 to 1976, comprising color reprints of the "Planet" and "Beneath" adaptations.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: In 1990, during a resurgence of interest in the franchise, Malibu Comics launched a new monthly black-and-white "Planet of the Apes" comic through its Adventure Comics studio. The debut issue sold 40,000 copies, a record for black-and-white comics, leading to a successful run of 24 issues over two years. The series follows Caesar's grandson and heir Alexander as he struggles to govern ape civilization. The comic's success led Malibu to publish five four-issue spinoff miniseries: "Ape City", "Planet of the Apes: Urchak's Folly", the "Alien Nation" crossover "Ape Nation", "Planet of the Apes: Blood of the Apes" and "Planet of the Apes: The Forbidden Zone". Malibu also published two one-shot comics, "A Day on the Planet of the Apes" and "Planet of the Apes: Sins of the Fathers", a prequel story to the original film; a trade paperback collecting the first four issues of the main series, titled "Monkey Planet"; and reissues of stories from Marvel's earlier "Apes" series.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: Gold Key Comics, Dark Horse Comics, and Boom! Studios have also produced "Planet of the Apes" comic books. The Boom! releases include crossovers with other properties: 2014's "" and 2017's King Kong story "Kong on the Planet of the Apes." In 2018, Boom! released a graphic novel, "", adapted by Dana Gould and Chad Lewis from the original 1968 film's unused screenplay by Rod Serling.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: The series, and particularly the live-action "Apes" television show and the "Return to the Planet of the Apes" cartoon, generated numerous toy and merchandising tie-ins. During the 1970s, Fox licensed around 60 companies to produce about 300 different "Apes" products, including action figures and playsets, model building kits, coloring books, book-and-record sets, trading cards, toy weapons, costumes, apparel, branded tableware, and lunch boxes. This level of merchandising was unusual for the time and the success of "Apes" merchandise may have inspired the campaigns that later became commonplace for films and television series. The action figures, sold by Mego beginning in 1973, were the first such toys sold as film tie-ins; they proved popular and inspired the rise of action figure series based on popular culture franchises. Eric Greene writes that "Apes" toys were popular enough to lead some contemporary children to engage in apes-vs.-humans role-playing make believe games that simulated the series' conflicts in a manner similar to "Cowboys and Indians". With the release of the 21st-century films, Fox licensed several companies to manufacture new "Apes" toys, including detailed action figures of new and "classic" characters sold as collectibles.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: In 1983, 20th Century Fox Videogames developed a "Planet of the Apes" game for the Atari 2600, which was to be the first computer game based on the series. The game was still in the prototype phase when Fox shuttered its game division during the video game crash of 1983 and it never saw release. It was assumed lost until 2002, when collectors identified a prototype, found earlier in a case labeled "Alligator People", as the missing "Apes" game. Independent designers Retrodesign completed and released the game as "Revenge of the Apes" in 2003. In the game, the player controls Taylor as he fights apes across several levels inspired by the film to reach the Statue of Liberty.


title: Planet of the Apes

text: A video game based on the series did not appear until 2001. Fox Interactive began developing a "Planet of the Apes" game in 1998 for PC and PlayStation as a tie-in to the long-gestating remake project. Fox and developer Visiware proceeded with the game when the project went into limbo, creating their own story based on Boulle's novel and the original films. The game is an action-adventure in which players control astronaut Ulysses as he explores an ape-ruled future Earth. Fox Interactive's decision to co-publish with another company, Ubisoft, further delayed the game's release. Despite its long development, the game missed the debut of Tim Burton's "Planet of the Apes" film by two months; it finally appeared on September 20, 2001, to mostly negative reviews. Additionally, Ubisoft produced a substantially different "Planet of the Apes" game for Game Boy Advance and Game Boy Color, a side-scroller following the first two films.