title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler applied to 28 colleges, but was admitted to only two of them, one of which was Emerson College in Boston, which he joined in 1963. He majored in theater and minored in child psychology, as he considered becoming a child psychologist if he did not succeed as an actor. He was also a member of the Alpha Pi Theta fraternity, and appeared in Emerson's production of "Peer Gynt" as the title character. Winkler later recalled that, "I nearly flunked out my first year [of Emerson], I almost flunked out my second year, but I was able to go for four years." He graduated in 1967, and in 1978, Emerson awarded him an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (DHL).


title: Henry Winkler

text: During his senior year at Emerson, Winkler decided to audition for the Yale School of Drama. Although his then-undiagnosed dyslexia led to him forgetting the Shakespearean monologue he was supposed to perform, forcing him to improvise, Winkler was still admitted to the M.F.A. program in 1967.


title: Henry Winkler

text: He appeared in "They Told Me That You Came This Way", "Any Day Now, Any Day Now", and "The Bacchae" (as a member of the chorus). During the summers, he and his Yale classmates stayed in New Haven, and opened a summer stock theater called the "New Haven Free Theater". They performed various plays including "Woyzeck," where he portrayed the title role, and "Just Add Water" for improv night. He also performed in the political piece, "The American Pig" at the Joseph Papp Public Theater for the New York Shakespeare Festival in New York City, with classmates James Keach, James Naughton, and Jill Eikenberry. In addition, he also appeared in a number of Yale Repertory Theatre productions while still a student, including, "The Government Inspector", "The Rhesus Umbrella", "Don Juan", "Endgame", and "The Physicists". He also appeared in "Sweeney Agonistes" and "Hughie."


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler would later credit his time at Yale as critical to his future success, stating that he "used every morsel of what was given to me in drama, speech, dance, movement...when I did "Happy Days", I used everything—the commedia dell'arte, the movement, the acting. We had teachers from the “poor theater” movement in Poland, which is about doing theater from nothing and speaking through your entire body as opposed to just your voice. I used that and all my movement training in the episode when Mork put a spell on the Fonz."


title: Henry Winkler

text: Out of his original cohort of 25 actors at Yale, Winkler was one of 11 who graduated when he received his MFA in 1970. Over two decades later in May 1996 he served as the "Senior Class Day Speaker" for Yale University's graduating seniors.


title: Henry Winkler

text: After receiving his MFA in 1970, Winkler was one of three students from his graduating class of 11 who were invited to become a part of the Yale Repertory Theatre company. He joined on June 30, 1970, was paid $173 a week, and appeared throughout the 1970–71 season. He performed in "Story Theater Reportory", "Gimpel the Fool" and "Saint Julian the Hospitaler" and "Olympian Games". He also appeared in "The Revenger's Tragedy", "Where Has Tommy Flowers Gone?", "Macbeth", and "Woyzeck and Play." He also appeared in a double feature of two works by Bertolt Brecht, "The Seven Deadly Sins (ballet chanté)", and "The Little Mahagonny" during May–June 1971 and during January 20–29, 1972.


title: Henry Winkler

text: In the fall of 1971, Winkler was invited to be a part of the play "Moonchildren" which would open at the Arena Stage in Washington, D.C. Three weeks into rehearsals, the director Alan Schneider fired him as Winkler had been hired to fill the space until the actor that Schneider really wanted was available. At the time, Winkler was certain that because he had been fired, he would never be hired as an actor again.


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler moved back to New York, and began to audition for plays, movies, and commercials. However, he never had to work as a waiter because he was able to earn a living through performing in commercials. He was thus able to also perform with the Manhattan Theater Club for free.


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler's first appearance on Broadway was as "John" in "42 Seconds from Broadway," a play that opened and closed on March 11, 1973. He swore to himself that one day he would "make that right." By 1973, he had roles in two independent films,"The Lords of Flatbush" and "Crazy Joe". He also performed with the improv group, "Off the Wall New York". He continued to feel anxiety, however, with the process of cold reading during auditions, and depended upon compensation strategies: "I improvised. I never read anything the way that it was written in my entire life. I would read it. I could instantly memorize a lot of it and then what I didn't know, I made up and threw caution to the wind and did it with conviction and sometimes I made them laugh and sometimes I got hired."


title: Henry Winkler

text: By 1973, his agent told him that it was time to leave New York and explore possibilities in California. Although Winkler was initially resistant, thinking he was not a good fit for Hollywood, his agent was persistent. Winkler ultimately decided that he had earned enough money through his work in commercials to try Hollywood for one month. He and his "Lords of Flatbush" co-star, Perry King, thus traveled to Los Angeles on September 18, 1973. After meeting with his agency's west coast branch, and spending five days going to auditions, Winkler was hired for a small part on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show," appearing in Season 4, Episode 10, "The Dinner Party."


title: Henry Winkler

text: During his second week in Los Angeles, Winkler auditioned for the part of Arthur Herbert Fonzarelli, better known as "Fonzie" or "The Fonz", on a new show called "Happy Days." Although he was an unknown, and not the first choice for the role (as actors such as Micky Dolenz of The Monkees were also being considered), he was asked to return after his first audition for a second one in costume. He recalls that they plucked his "unibrow, combed my hair into a DA and put me in a white T-shirt and jeans." In addition, he also remembers that he decided to change his voice which "just unlocked me, and I realized I am NOT a leading man. I am a character actor." In costume, and with this new voice, Winkler said his six lines, threw his script in the air, and left the room. He was offered the role on his birthday, and accepted it based on his condition that the producers would show who the character was when he took his jacket off. Winkler appeared on the first episode of "Happy Days" in January 1974, and was continuously with the series until it ended in July 1984.


title: Henry Winkler

text: "The Fonz" was initially written as a minor role (based on a "tough guy" Garry Marshall knew in The Bronx), and developed as the foil to the central protagonist of the series, Richie Cunningham (Ron Howard). Winkler added his own interpretation of the character during the first episode, based on "a deal" he had made with himself that he would never comb his hair, chew gum, or keep a box of cigarettes rolled in his sleeve (as this is what actors typically did with this type of character). Although he tried to explain this philosophy to the producers, he was told he had to follow the script and comb his hair. He thus stood at the mirror, motioned in a way that suggested "Hey I don't have to because it's perfect," and in doing so, created the seminal moment which defined the character. In addition, ABC executives did not want to see Fonzie wearing leather, thinking it would imply that the character was a criminal. Thus, during the first season, Winkler wore two different windbreaker jackets, one of which was green. Marshall argued with the executives about the jacket, and eventually they made a compromise: Fonzie could wear the leather jacket, but only in scenes with his motorcycle. Marshall thus made certain that his motorcycle was written into every scene. In reality, Winkler did not know how to ride a motorcycle. As he almost crashed it the first time he tried, he subsequently never rode the motorcycle during the series.


title: Henry Winkler

text: By the middle of the second season in December 1974, "The Fonz" began his transition as a breakout character when he was featured as the central protagonist in the episode, "Guess Who's Coming to Christmas." By the third season, he became the lead of the series, as the storylines shifted away from the original protagonist, Richie Cunningham, to "The Fonz." Winkler recalled in a 2018 interview that he directly addressed the issue with Ron Howard who portrayed Richie, asking him "how has what's happened affected you? You are the star of the show, and the Fonz has taken off." According to Winkler, Howard told him that although he "was signed on as the star, you did nothing except be as good as you could be. It's good for the show, we're friends." In 2021, Howard reiterated these points by stating that Winkler had been "sort of a big brother" to him, and was "very supportive of the idea of me being a filmmaker."


title: Henry Winkler

text: In a 2018 interview with Winkler, journalist Michael Schneider suggests that it was at this point that "the Fonz, became the biggest icon on television" at that time. Winkler responded by stating that he "went from somebody who had no sense of self" to a situation that was "scary. People wanted, you know, parts of my clothing, it was overwhelming." He has also admitted that while he shares some characteristics with "The Fonz" such as loyalty to friends and an undercurrent of anger that he drew from his struggles with school as a child, they were fundamentally different from one another. According to Winkler, "The Fonz" was "my alter ego. He was everybody I wasn't...He was in charge. He was confident. He was everybody that I ever wanted to have some part of in my body."


title: Henry Winkler

text: During his time on "Happy Days," Winkler realized that he was dyslexic, after his stepson Jed was diagnosed with this learning disability. Previously, Winkler only knew that aspects of reading and memorizing were difficult, but did not understand why. He thus developed coping mechanisms that allowed him to mask the difficulties he had with cold-reading scripts. If he was allowed to see the script prior to the reading, he would memorize it "as quickly as I could because I couldn't read the page and act at the same time to make an impression on the casting person or on the director and the producers...and I improvised the rest. And when they said, 'Well you're not doing what's written on the page,' I said, 'I'm giving you the essence of the character.'"


title: Henry Winkler

text: This technique, however, could not protect him from the Monday morning table reads for "Happy Days." He later recalled that prior to learning about dyslexia, he frequently embarrassed himself in front of his fellow cast members as he would "stumble at least once or twice a paragraph. And then I was diagnosed, and I made fun of it—I covered it in humor. But I was humiliated...[as] when I didn't know what was going on for the first year or two, they laughed. I'm sure it was frustrating because I kept breaking up the rhythm of the joke or the scene. One line depends on another line—it depends on that flow coming in like a tributary from a river, and my tributaries kept getting like there was a beaver in the middle of them making a dam."


title: Henry Winkler

text: During his decade on "Happy Days", Winkler also appeared in a variety of roles in film and on television. In film, he appeared in "Heroes" (1977) with Harrison Ford and Sally Field, and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama. He later appeared in Carl Reiner's "The One and Only" (1978), and in Ron Howard's 1982 directorial debut, "Night Shift" with Shelley Long before she appeared in "Cheers," and a then-unknown Michael Keaton. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his work in "Night Shift".


title: Henry Winkler

text: In television, he served as executive producer and host for the 50-minute television version of the documentary, "Who Are the DeBolts? And Where Did They Get Nineteen Kids?," (1978), which was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Informational Series or Special. He was also an executive producer for the "ABC Afterschool Special: Run, Don't Walk" (1981), based on the novel of the same name by Harriet May Savitz, and featuring his "Happy Days" co-star, Scott Baio. He further directed Baio in the 13th episode of the "Happy Days" spin-off, "Joanie Loves Chachi", also starring Erin Moran.


title: Henry Winkler

text: In addition, Winkler starred in "An American Christmas Carol" (1979), and served as a co-host for the "Music for UNICEF Concert" (1979). He also appeared as "Fonzie" on "Sesame Street" to promote the letter "A" (ayyyy), later recalling that it was "the only time I ever appeared as the Fonz on something else. I had a strict rule about that, but they asked me and it was my pleasure. They came to the "Happy Days" set."


title: Henry Winkler

text: After "Happy Days" ended in 1984, Winkler was typecast, and could not get acting roles until 1991. He later stated that his "agent would put me out there and people would say, ‘You know, he's great, he's a wonderful guy, really good actor. Funny, So funny. But he was the Fonz.'" He has also said that it was a difficult time for him, as he wanted to be a "working actor," had "no idea what to do," and "found it to be psychically painful. I was rudderless." However, he states that he lives his life by "tenacity and gratitude," seeing himself as "that toy with sand at the bottom you punch it and it goes right back to center. That is it: You have to get up, dust yourself off and you have to just keep yourself moving forward." Thus, he started the production company, "Fair Dinkum Productions," and various off-shoots. He chose the name in a nod to Australia, where "fair dinkum" is a common Australian term suggesting a person or thing is "direct," "honest," "fair," or "authentic". He set the company up with Paramount Pictures in the late 1970s. In 1987, he inked a new feature film and development pact with the studio.


title: Henry Winkler

text: In 1984, Winkler directed, and was executive producer for, the "CBS Schoolbreak Special: "All the Kids Do It"" starring Scott Baio, which won the 1985 Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Children's Special (executive producer) and was nominated for the 1985 Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Directing in Children's Programming. In addition to a few episodes of television sitcoms that he directed in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Winkler directed his first theatrical release in 1988, "Memories of Me" with Billy Crystal. In 1993, he directed his second theatrical release, "Cop and a Half", a film produced by Ron Howard's company, Imagine Entertainment, and starring Burt Reynolds.


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler was an executive producer for Rob Reiner's second film as a director, "The Sure Thing" (1985). He was also the executive producer for the original "MacGyver" television series, which won the Genesis Award for Best TV Drama in 1991, and for "Dead Man's Gun," which won the Bronze Wrangler in 1998. In 1988, he was the executive producer for the "ABC Afterschool Special: A Family Again" starring Jill Eikenberry and Michael Tucker. In addition, he was the executive producer for a number of series including "Sightings" and "So Weird." In 2002, he partnered with Michael Levitt to revamp and update The "Hollywood Squares" for the fifth season of the 1998 reboot. It was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show in 2003.


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler returned to acting in the early 1990s. He starred in the 1991 television film, "Absolute Strangers", and in the short-lived 1994 television series "Monty" with David Schwimmer (before his debut on "Friends"). He also starred in the 1994 television film "One Christmas", with Katharine Hepburn in her last role, and Swoosie Kurtz.


title: Henry Winkler

text: In 1996, he appeared in his friend Wes Craven's 1996 film "Scream" as foul-mouthed high school principal Arthur Himbry. His role was uncredited, however, as the producers were concerned that he would only be seen as The Fonz"," and thus distract from the film. After it was screened, though, and audiences responded well to his role in it, he was asked to do publicity for "Scream".


title: Henry Winkler

text: In 2000, Winkler was nominated for a Primetime Emmy, Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series, for his portrayal of Dr. Henry Olson in three episodes of "The Practice". He also portrayed Stanley Yelnats III in "Holes" (2003).


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler began to collaborate with Adam Sandler in the 1990s, after Sandler included Fonzie in the "Saturday Night Live" skit, "The Chanukah Song" (1994). Winkler called Sandler to thank him, which led first to a friendship, and later to the role of Coach Klein in the 1998 film "The Waterboy," and as Sandler's father in "Click" (2006). He also made cameo appearances in "Little Nicky" (2000), "You Don't Mess with the Zohan" (2008), and "Sandy Wexler" (2017).


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler worked on a few projects with his longtime friend, actor John Ritter, whom he first met in 1978 at ABC's 25th anniversary party, when Winkler was still on "Happy Days," and Ritter was Jack Tripper on the television series "Three's Company". He directed Ritter in the 1986 television movie "A Smoky Mountain Christmas" starring Dolly Parton, and in 1993, they co-starred in the made-for-television movie, "The Only Way Out".


title: Henry Winkler

text: Later in 1999, Neil Simon gave Winkler the chance to be involved with his first theatrical production since 1973, when he asked him to do a read-through of "The Dinner Party." Given the problems he had with cold-readings, Winkler initially panicked. However, he asked for the script in advance in order to memorize it, and managed to get through the reading. Simon eventually contacted Winkler again, and asked him to be in the theatrical version he was staging, to which Winkler agreed. He was also excited to be working with Ritter again. While their initial debut was not well-received, they were asked to perform the play in Washington D.C, which they did with a few casting changes, and to good reviews. The play then moved to Broadway, and again received positive reviews (which, Winkler states, made his initial experience in the 1973 show "42 Seconds from Broadway" "right").


title: Henry Winkler

text: In 2003, he was slated for a guest appearance on Ritter's show, "8 Simple Rules (for Dating my Teenage Daughter)." However, during the filming of the episode, Ritter became ill and had to be taken to the hospital, dying a few days later. The episode was never completed, and Winkler's role was dropped.


title: Henry Winkler

text: In 2003, Mitch Hurwitz wanted Winkler to portray the incompetent lawyer Barry Zuckerkorn on one episode of "Arrested Development". However, as Winkler notes, he "went for one episode and...stayed for five years." He also returned for the later seasons in 2013 and 2018. For his portrayal of Barry Zuckerkorn, Winkler won a Gold Derby Award: Comedy Guest Actor in 2004. In 2014, Winkler was nominated as part of the cast for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series.


title: Henry Winkler

text: "Arrested Development" is known for its "inside jokes." In three episodes of the 2013 reboot, Winkler's son Max portrayed "young Barry Zuckerkorn" in flashbacks. In addition, there were a number of references to "Happy Days". In Season One, Episode 17, Winkler's character Barry "looks into the mirror and does the 'no comb necessary' Fonzie pose." Later in Season Three, Episode Three, Scott Baio joined the cast as the potentially new lawyer Bob Loblaw, stating, "look, this is not the first time I've been brought in to replace Barry Zuckerkorn. I think I can do for you everything he did. Plus, I skew younger. With juries and so forth." Vulture argues that this statement is "a nod to "Happy Days", where [Baio] was brought on as Chachi, to be a new teen idol as Henry Winkler got older." In addition, Barry's "hopping" over the shark on the pier in Episode 13 of the second season is a reference to Jon Hein's phrase "jumping the shark." Hein coined the phrase in 1985, in response to a 1977 "Happy Days" episode in which Fonzie jumps over a shark while on water-skis, a stunt that drew upon Winkler's experiences as a teen-age water skiing instructor.


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler's career as an author began with the "Hank Zipzer" series of children's books, about the adventures of a dyslexic child, which he co-wrote with his writing partner, Lin Oliver. Associated Press journalist Brooke Lefferts notes that the "message of the [Zipzer] books is that no matter how hard school is, it has nothing to do with intelligence."


title: Henry Winkler

text: During the early 2000s, when Winkler experienced "a lull in [his] acting career," his manager Alan Berger suggested that he write children's books about the difficulties he experienced as a child before he knew that he was dyslexic. Winkler was resistant to the idea, which he initially thought "was insane," saying that he "couldn't do it." He finally agreed however, after Berger suggested that Winkler co-write the books with an experienced author. Berger then introduced Winkler to Lin Oliver, and the two met for lunch. After Winkler described his childhood experiences Oliver recalls thinking that, "here is this very articulate accomplished man, who suffered all through childhood because he wasn't good in school. It's a very moving story. So we created a character together who is smart, funny, resourceful, popular, who's got all the gifts – except that he is bad in school."


title: Henry Winkler

text: The result of this meeting was a partnership that produced the 17 volume "Hank Zipzer" series of children's books. As the character is based on himself, Winkler chose "Hank," which is a nickname for Henry, and "Zipzer", the name of a neighbor in the apartment building that he grew up in, and that Hank Zipzer lives in. They created these novels through a form of collaboration that was based on their mutual background in television, that involved "discussing ideas and working them out in a room together." In addition Winkler notes, this system specifically draws upon Winkler's strengths as an actor, as he would work through ideas out loud, and Oliver's strengths as a writer. When she would read back what she had typed, they would, "argue over every word, and then [she would] say 'I have to get up, you drive me to drink.' And she gets a Snapple from the kitchen.”


title: Henry Winkler

text: After they finished the first series, Winkler and Oliver created the prequel series, "Here's Hank", that explores Hank's life as a second grader, before he was diagnosed as dyslexic. The "Here's Hank" series also uses a special font called "dyslexie," marking the first time that this font was used in book published in the United States.


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler and Oliver next created the television adaptation (also called "Hank Zipzer") which ran for three seasons, from 2014 to 2016. According to Winkler however, they "could not sell the show in America. We couldn't sell the books. They said, 'Oh Hank Zipzer is so funny...but we won't do the television show. So we sold it to the BBC." The series appeared on the children's BBC Channel (CBBC (TV channel)). At a later date, after the series was successful on the BBC, it was broadcast on the Universal Kids Channel in the United States. Nick James was cast as Hank, while Winkler played the role of the music teacher Mr. Rock, who was based on one of Winkler's teachers at McBurney. Winkler has said that the real Mr. Rock was the only teacher in his high school who believed in him saying: "Winkler if you ever do get out of here you are going to be great." In addition, they produced the 2016 stand-alone television film, "Hank Zipzer's Christmas Catastrophe." Nick James won the British Academy Children's Awards for Performer for his portrayal of Hank Zipzer in 2016.


title: Henry Winkler

text: HBO Max began streaming all three seasons of "Hank Zipzer" in May 2022, and "Hank Zipzer's Christmas Catastrophe" in December 2022.


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler returned to the stage in 2006 as Captain Hook in "Peter Pan" at the New Wimbledon Theatre, London. He reprised the role in Woking for Christmas 2007. For the 2008/2009 season, he played Captain Hook at the Milton Keynes Theatre, and once again for the 2009/2010 panto season at the Liverpool Empire. A few years later in 2012, Winkler made his third Broadway appearance as "Chuck Wood" in "The Performers" (November 14–18).


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler has continued his work as a character actor in television and film. In television, he was nominated in 2004 for a Daytime Emmy, Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program, and in 2005, he won the Daytime Emmy, Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program, for his voice-work as Norville in "Clifford's Puppy Days". Additional television roles include Dr. Stewart Barnes in "Out of Practice" (2005–2006), Eddie R. Lawson in "Royal Pains" (2010–2016), Sy Mittleman in "Childrens Hospital "(2010–2016), Dr. Saperstein in "Parks and Recreation" (2013–2015), and himself in Bojack Horseman (2015).


title: Henry Winkler

text: His film roles include Uncle Ralph in the Christmas film "The Most Wonderful Time of the Year" (2008), Marty Streb in "Here Comes the Boom" (2012), Ed Koch in "" (a 2016 film that also starred Ron Howard), and Grandpa Bill in "All I Want for Christmas Is You" (2017).


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler was both an executive producer for, and star of, the 2016–2018 American reality-travel show, "Better Late Than Never." He starred along with William Shatner, Terry Bradshaw, George Foreman, and Jeff Dye, in this adaptation of the South Korean reality series, "Grandpas Over Flowers".


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler was the focus of the Season 2 episode " as the group explored the city from which his parents escaped in 1939. The journey culminated at the site of a brass memorial plaque, known as a stolperstein, embedded in the pavement in front of the workplace and home of his uncle, Helmut Winkler. Helmut was originally scheduled to join Winkler's parents in 1939 on their business trip to the United States, but decided to stay behind and leave at a later date. The stolperstein reveals his fate, stating in German: "Here lived Helmut Theodor Winkler/Born 1909/Escaped 1940 Holland/Interned Westerbork/Deported 1942 Auschwitz/Murdered December 31, 1942."


title: Henry Winkler

text: The discovery came as a complete surprise to Winkler, as Jeff Dye had secretly enlisted the help of Winkler's children, who planned the surprise. A letter from them was waiting near the Stolperstein, and told Winkler that all of his experiences in Berlin reflected his parents' life there: "Even though the Winkler history in Berlin is heartbreaking, we thought it was important for you to connect with the past through this hopefully fun adventure, and connect you did..."


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler's 2011 memoir, "I've Never Met an Idiot on the River," explores his interest in fly fishing. The next year, he and his writing partner Lin Oliver created the "Ghost Buddy" book series (2012–2013) about the friendship between the protagonist Billy, and a "ghost buddy."


title: Henry Winkler

text: A few years later they wrote the science fiction trilogy, "Alien Superstar" (2019–2021). The adventures of "Alien Superstar"'s protagonist, are loosely based on Winker's own experiences after arriving in Los Angeles as he, "left New York on September 18th, 1973. I had just made "The Lords of Flatbush". I had a thousand dollars in my pocket. I could stay in Hollywood for one month...in the very first week, I got a part on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show". It was four lines. They let me ad-lib it to eight. In the second week, I auditioned for 'The Fonz.'"


title: Henry Winkler

text: When Bill Hader developed the 2018–present HBO comedy "Barry" with Alec Berg, he asked HBO if they could "get" Winkler for the part of acting teacher Gene Cousineau. According to Hader, he was "out of [his] mind" when HBO told him that Winkler was coming to audition for the role. In addition, Winkler's son Max, who is a director, helped him to prepare for this audition. Winkler has also noted parallels between "Barry" and his time on "Happy Days". He "was 27 when I did the Fonz, and now, I'm 72. I just flipped the numbers." In his role as Cousineau, he wears Garry Marshall's tie as "a tribute to my mentor." Finally, after finishing a scene on Stage 19 of the Paramount lot for "Barry", he realized that it was "the very sound stage where for nine years we shot "Happy Days"."


title: Henry Winkler

text: Portraying Gene Cousineau has allowed Winkler to draw upon decades of experience with acting teachers, as "no matter where you go to acting class, there is somebody like Gene Cousineau in there...everybody that I have talked to that has watched the show, or even over the years, talking about their drama teachers, they relate to the man or woman who just tries to annihilate you.” In addition, he added his own insight into the character. Winkler states that when "they wrote it, my character was much darker, much colder—really cynical. Then, they kept writing Gene to me. They said, 'Oh my god, you're bringing such warmth to the character. We did not see that existed.' " Finally, Winkler has continued his lifelong habit of improvising when he forgot his lines, something he has "done my whole career—except I drove Bill mad. He would say to me, 'Could you just do it once the way it's written, so I could hear what we’ve got?' I would say, 'Yes, Bill. I'm going to.' Then, my mind would go to the left. If it worked, they kept it; if it wasn't, both Alec and Bill would guide you to where they imagined it to be."


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler received his first Primetime Emmy in 2018 for his portrayal of Gene Cousineau. He also won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 2018. In addition, he received two Primetime Emmy nominations, two Golden Globe nominations, and three Screen Actors Guild Awards nominations for the role. In discussing his success with the role, Winkler told "Variety":


title: Henry Winkler

text: In television, roles include Fritz in the 2021–present computer-animated streaming television series "Monsters at Work". In film, roles include Uncle Joe in Wes Anderson's 2021 release "The French Dispatch," and a cameo appearance as Al Pratt (Uncle Al) in the 2022 release "Black Adam."


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler states that during his lifetime, he has worked with "five directing geniuses": Garry Marshall ("Happy Days"), Adam Sandler, Mitch Hurwitz ("Arrested Development"), Bill Hader and Alec Berg ("Barry").


title: Henry Winkler

text: After portraying Fonzie on "Happy Days", Winkler evolved into a character actor, with roles that include the high school principal Arthur Himbry in "Scream", Coach Klein in "The Waterboy", Barry Zuckerkorn in "Arrested Development," Sy Mittleman in "Childrens Hospital", Dr. Saperstein in "Parks and Recreation," Mr. Rock in the "Hank Zipzer" BBC series, Eddie R. Lawson in "Royal Pains", Fritz in "Monsters at Work", Uncle Joe in "The French Dispatch", Al Pratt in "Black Adam," and Gene Cousineau in "Barry." He is also the recipient of a Primetime Emmy, two Golden Globe Awards, a Critics Choice Award, and two Daytime Emmys.


title: Henry Winkler

text: During a 2018 interview for SAG-AFTRA, journalist Michael Schneider said that "the rumors are true," that Winkler is "one of the nicest, most genuine men in all of Hollywood."


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler met Stacey (formerly Weitzman; née Furstman) in a Los Angeles clothing store in 1976, and they married in 1978, in the synagogue where he had his bar mitzvah. They have two children, Max and Zoe, and Jed Weitzman, Stacey's son from her previous marriage with Howard Weitzman, is Winkler's stepson. In addition, almost 80 years after his parents had left Germany in 2018, Winkler returned to Berlin for the television show "Better Late Than Never" and shared their story on the Season 2 episode ". Finally, Winkler continues to remain close with members of the "Happy Days" cast, telling the "Hollywood Reporter" in November 2021, that "I loved the people. They are still my friends. Tomorrow, I am taking Marion Ross to lunch for her 93rd birthday. Ron [Howard] is like my brother, my younger brother; and [fellow castmembers] Anson [Williams] and Donny [Most], we talk all the time."


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler contributed via Zoom to social justice issues during the COVID-19 pandemic. On May 7, 2020, the Office of the Governor of California posted a video of Winkler on Facebook and Twitter reminding Californians to practice physical distancing and to follow stay-at-home orders.


title: Henry Winkler

text: During this time, Winkler also offered aid "to SAG-AFTRA artists and their families" in May 2021 through a virtual table read of Season 3, Episode 2 ("The Motorcycle," 1975) of "Happy Days". Winkler reprised the role of "Fonzie," while SAG members Glenn Close, John Carroll Lynch, Eli Goree, Aldis Hodge, Jamie Chung, Luke Newton, and Nicola Coughlan read the roles of Marion Cunningham, Howard Cunningham, Richie Cunningham, Ralph Malph, Joanie Cunningham, Potsie, and a waitress at Al's diner.


title: Henry Winkler

text: "TV Guide" ranked "The Fonz" as No. 4 on its "50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time" list in 1999, and a 2001 poll conducted by Channel 4 in the UK, ranked him as 13th on their list of the 100 Greatest TV Characters.


title: Henry Winkler

text: When asked which books influenced him in childhood, American journalist Anderson Cooper, who is likewise dyslexic, responded that, "I also loved the Fonz and read a book when I was around 8 called "The Fonz: The Henry Winkler Story". I actually keep it in my office at CNN. Henry Winkler was very important to me when I was a child. Meeting him as an adult — and discovering what a kind and gracious person he is — was amazing." This sentiment reflects National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution curator Eric Jentsch's statement on the description of Fonzie's leather jacket that Winkler donated to the Smithsonian in 1980: "Fonzie was a representation of cool at a time when you were learning about what cool was."


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler won two Golden Globe Awards, and earned three Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for the role. In 1981, he received a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (for Television), largely due to his portrayal of Fonzie. A few decades later, American artist Gerald P. Sawyer, unveiled the "Bronze Fonz" on the Milwaukee Riverwalk in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin on August 18, 2008.


title: Henry Winkler

text: Winkler would eventually be recognized for contributing to a greater understanding of dyslexia through the "Hank Zipzer" series. He was given the Key to the City of Winnipeg for "contributions to education and literacy" in 2010, was appointed an Honorary Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) "for services to children with special educational needs and dyslexia in the UK" by Queen Elizabeth in 2011, was named one of the "United Kingdom's Top 10 Literacy Heroes" in 2013, and was awarded the Bill Rosendahl Public Service Award for Contributions to the Public Good for his children's books in 2019.


title: Logan (film)

text: Logan is a 2017 American superhero film starring Hugh Jackman as the titular character. It is the tenth film in the "X-Men" film series and the third and final installment in the "Wolverine" trilogy following "" (2009) and "The Wolverine" (2013). The film, which takes inspiration from the "Old Man Logan" comics story line by Mark Millar and Steve McNiven, follows an aged Wolverine and an extremely ill Charles Xavier who defends a young mutant named Laura from the villainous Reavers led by Donald Pierce and Zander Rice. The film is produced by 20th Century Fox, Marvel Entertainment, TSG Entertainment and The Donners' Company, and distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is directed by James Mangold, who co-wrote the screenplay with Michael Green and Scott Frank, from a story by Mangold. In addition to Jackman, the film also stars Patrick Stewart, Richard E. Grant, Boyd Holbrook, Stephen Merchant, and introducing Dafne Keen in her film debut as Laura.


title: Logan (film)

text: Principal photography began in Louisiana on May 2, 2016, and wrapped on August 13, 2016, in New Mexico. The locations used for "Logan" were mainly in Louisiana, New Mexico, and Mississippi.


title: Logan (film)

text: "Logan" premiered at the 67th Berlin International Film Festival on February 17, 2017, and was theatrically released in the United States on March 3, 2017, in IMAX and standard formats. The film received critical acclaim, with strong praise for its emotional depth, Mangold’s direction, action sequences, screenplay, uncompromising tone, thematic profundity, and the performances of Jackman, Keen and Stewart. It became the best-reviewed film in the "X-Men" franchise, with many critics calling it one of the greatest superhero films ever made, and it was selected by the National Board of Review as one of the top ten films of 2017. It was nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 90th Academy Awards, becoming the first live-action superhero film to be nominated for screenwriting. It grossed $619.2 million worldwide and became the third-highest-grossing R-rated film at the time of its release.


title: Logan (film)

text: In 2029, no mutants have been born in 25 years, and an aging Logan suffers as his healing ability is failing. Working as a limousine driver in El Paso, Texas, he and mutant tracker Caliban take care of 90-year-old Charles Xavier, founder of the X-Men, in an abandoned smelting plant in northern Mexico. Xavier suffers from dementia that causes him to have destructive telepathic seizures, one of which injured 600 people and killed several X-Men the year prior.


title: Logan (film)

text: Logan reluctantly agrees to escort Gabriela López, a former nurse for biotechnology corporation Alkali-Transigen, and a young girl named Laura to Eden, a supposed refuge near the American-Canadian border. After finding Gabriela dead, Logan is confronted by her killer Donald Pierce, who is Transigen's cyborg chief of security. Pierce is looking for Laura, who has stowed away in Logan's limo and has powers similar to his. She, Logan, and Xavier escape Pierce and his Reavers, but Caliban is captured. Pierce tortures Caliban into tracking Laura. Xavier and Logan watch a video on Gabriela's phone, revealing that Transigen created Laura and other children from mutant DNA to become weapons. The children proved challenging to control and were to be executed, but Gabriela and other nurses helped some escape. Xavier reveals to Logan that Laura was created from Logan's DNA and calls her Logan's daughter.


title: Logan (film)

text: In Oklahoma City, Logan discovers that Eden appears in Laura's "X-Men" comic and tells her it is fictional. The Reavers arrive, but Xavier has a seizure that incapacitates everyone except Logan and Laura, who kill the attackers and inject Xavier with his medication. As they flee, Dr. Zander Rice, the head of Transigen, arrives to help Pierce.


title: Logan (film)

text: Logan, Laura, and Xavier help farmer Will Munson and his family after a traffic incident, accepting an offer of dinner at their home, where Logan drives off enforcers from a corporate farm. Rice unleashes X-24, a mindless clone of Logan in his prime created as Transigen's ultimate weapon. X-24 murders Will's family and Xavier before capturing Laura. Caliban sets off grenades, killing himself and several Reavers but only injuring Pierce. Logan is outmatched by X-24, but Will pins X-24 with his truck before dying from his injuries. Logan and Laura escape with Xavier's body.


title: Logan (film)

text: After burying Xavier, Logan passes out. Laura takes him to a doctor and persuades him to prove that the site in North Dakota is not Eden. There, they find Rictor and other Transigen children preparing to cross into Canada. Laura finds an adamantium bullet that Logan has kept since he escaped from the Weapon X facility, which he once considered using to commit suicide. Logan decides not to accompany them, to Laura's dismay.


title: Logan (film)

text: When the Reavers ambush the children, Logan takes an overdose of a serum given to him by Rictor that temporarily enhances his healing abilities and boosts his strength. With Laura's help, he slaughters most of the Reavers before the serum wears off. As Pierce holds Rictor at gunpoint, Rice tells Logan, who killed Rice's father years ago at the Weapon X facility, that no new mutants have been born due to genetically engineered crops created by Transigen and distributed through the world's food supply. Logan, having found a gun, shoots Rice dead and injures Pierce. X-24 fights Logan as the children combine their powers to kill Pierce and the remaining Reavers. Rictor uses his powers to flip a truck onto X-24, but he frees himself and impales Logan on a large tree branch. Laura loads Logan's revolver with the adamantium bullet and shoots X-24 in the head, killing him.


title: Logan (film)

text: Near death, Logan tells Laura not to become the weapon that she was made to be, and after she tearfully acknowledges him as her father, Logan dies peacefully in Laura's arms. She and the children bury Logan, and before they depart, Laura tilts the cross on his grave marker to create an X, honoring him as the last of the X-Men.


title: Logan (film)

text: Eriq La Salle, Elise Neal, and Elizabeth Rodriguez appear as Will Munson, Kathryn Munson, and Gabriela, respectively. Doris Morgado, David Kallaway, Han Soto, Jason Genao, Krzysztof Soszynski, and Alison Fernandez appear as Maria, Rhodes, Valet, Rictor, Mohawk, and Delilah, respectively. In the commentary to "X-Men: Apocalypse", director Bryan Singer had stated that his film's post-credits scene would directly connect with the on-screen debut of "X-Men" antagonist Mister Sinister in "Logan". In January 2017, Mangold stated that the character would not appear in this film. However, the DNA from several mutants, including Logan, in that film was used to create the clones that are seen in this film.


title: Logan (film)

text: In November 2013, 20th Century Fox initiated discussions over another solo film starring Wolverine, with James Mangold in negotiations to write the treatment for the film and Lauren Shuler Donner returning to produce under The Donners' Company. At the time, Hugh Jackman neither confirmed nor denied his reprisal of Logan in a new film. Jackman clarified that his lapsing contract with Fox, which reportedly would need to be renegotiated after "" (2014), did not mean he was leaving the franchise, as he had been working movie-by-movie since "X2" (2003). He also stated, "I do want to do it with Jim and with [producer] Lauren Shuler-Donner because we had such a great experience. I'm really proud of "The Wolverine" (2013)." Later in the month, Mangold announced that the pre-production aspect of the film had not yet begun, nor the writing process, though he furthered this by stating, "... I would say I'm not there yet. But I have taken finger to key. Let's say that. There's been typing. And ideas. And talking amongst all the principles."


title: Logan (film)

text: Shortly after the release of "The Wolverine", Mangold spoke of a potential sequel with the aim of not converting it into a "Will the world survive?" film, while also stressing his need "... not to make the same picture again." In December 2013, Jackman spoke of nearing the end of his tenure as the character, while stating that the film was in the very early stages of development. Jackman also revealed that Mangold and he had begun speaking of potential ideas, adding, "... Jim Mangold and I were literally on the phone last night talking about ideas but there is no script and no writer yet so it's a way off." Mangold would later reveal that Jackman was very involved in developing the story, saying, "Hugh and I have been friends for almost twenty years now, and he was there every step of the way. For Hugh and I, the first goal was to construct something more intimate. Hugh often brought up "The Wrestler" and "Unforgiven" as examples. I used those references as well as others. I pitched to both Hugh and the studio that I had an idea for an extremely bloody, existential "Little Miss Sunshine"."


title: Logan (film)

text: By March 2014, a decision was made to begin shooting after Bryan Singer's "" (2016), with the tentative plan to shoot the films back-to-back, with producer Hutch Parker stating, "... the goal will be "X-Men: Apocalypse" for 2016, which means at the latest [filming begins] in summer 2015, and then the same thing with "Wolverine", either before or after, but based on the script." Also in March, 20th Century Fox set a release date of March 3, 2017, Mangold boarded the project as director, Jackman signed on to reprise his role, and David James Kelly was hired to pen the screenplay. In April 2014, Jackman spoke about his ambitious feelings for the character of Logan while mentioning that they can go further than what they achieved in "The Wolverine". Jackman also expressed his feelings of finality with portraying the character of Logan, while in terms of story line, he explained that nothing had been decided as of yet. Jackman concluded by highlighting that the success of the script development would determine whether Jackman would return at all: "I haven't signed on. I'm genuinely at that point where unless it's better than the last one I'm not going to do it. I think it has to be better. I can still see where we can improve on the last one. I love the intimacy of that story, I liked the small stuff, I liked that it was a little unexpected."


title: Logan (film)

text: In February 2015, Patrick Stewart spoke of discussions about the third Wolverine film, centering around a team-up between Jackman's Wolverine and himself as Charles Xavier, with Stewart stating to Marc Mohan that "... we have been talking about a Wolverine movie, which would team Hugh Jackman and myself together ... That would be a very different sort of "X-Men" from the four movies that I've already done." By April 2015, Michael Green had taken over screenwriting duties, with Mangold still actively overseeing the script development process. In September 2015, Jackman spoke of the writers being halfway through the script, and that the story would delve into the relationship between Wolverine and Professor X, to which he added, "I think it's a really important relationship but I want to see signs of that quasi-father/son sort of relationship that has not been seen before, and sides of particularly Professor X that have not been seen before." Jackman spoke of Mangold's plan to start filming the next year, though he expressed uncertainty as to filming locations. Also in September, Mark Millar, creative consultant for Fox, confirmed that Mangold's film would be a loose adaptation of the "Old Man Logan" story he had written in 2008, something that was hinted at earlier by Jackman. In October 2016, the title of the film was announced as "Logan".


title: Logan (film)

text: In January 2016, Jackman confirmed that Mangold had a full screenplay, albeit not complete. The following month, Liev Schreiber expressed interest in returning to portray Victor Creed / Sabretooth, with Jackman himself mentioning Mangold's vision to Schreiber. After the film's release, it was revealed by Jackman that originally the script had the character play a role in the film, but that Sabretooth was excluded from the final screenplay. By April 2016, Mangold had chosen Boyd Holbrook to portray the main antagonist of the movie, the chief of security for a global corporation that is pursuing Wolverine. Also by April, Richard E. Grant was cast as a villainous mad scientist, and Stephen Merchant had also been cast. In May, Eriq Lasalle and Elise Neal were cast supporting roles, and Elizabeth Rodriguez entered negotiations for a small but key role. Also in May, producer Simon Kinberg revealed that filming had already begun, and confirmed that the movie would be R-rated; regarding the setting and tonality, he stated, "It takes place in the future, and as you and others have reported, it is an R-rated movie. It's violent, it's kind of like a western in its tone. It's just a very cool, different film."


title: Logan (film)

text: The film included some vintage X-Men comic books, used both to advance the plot and as a metafictional reference. The director clarified that Marvel Comics allowed this on the condition that they could use actual characters and designs, but not use any real comic book issues. As a result, the comic book covers and pages seen in the film were made specifically for it, by writer Joe Quesada and artist Dan Panosian. Mangold commented that "The reality was that, like in "Unforgiven", when [Clint] Eastwood runs into Richard Harris, who’s writing these fictional accounts of the great Western heroes, or Pat Garrett in "Billy the Kid", where you’ve got these aging heroes who kind of are twilight versions of their own legends — I think that idea, of being a kind of celebrity, or like a sports star long past your heyday, was really interesting for me to investigate with this kind of world." Panosian made 10 fake comic book covers, and interior arts were unused. He pointed that the arts had to resemble the style used in the Bronze Age of Comic Books, and pointed out that they also served to contrast their campy style with the darker tone of the live-action film itself. He said that "The colors and art itself juxtaposed against the raw and savage world in the film capture just how much innocence has been lost over time".


title: Logan (film)

text: On March 5, 2015, James Mangold anticipated that filming would begin "early next year." Prior to filming, the film was given the false title of "Juarez" to lower the visibility of production, but the local media eventually uncovered the ruse. On March 1, 2016, "The Times-Picayune" had confirmed that Mangold's film was preparing to shoot in New Orleans, Louisiana, with a starting schedule of May. Producers Kinberg, Shuler Donner and Parker chose to film in Louisiana because of its popularity in filmmaking locations, as well as its filming incentive, which includes a 40% tax credit for movie productions, though it requires a minimum expenditure of US$300,000. Principal photography was confirmed to have begun in New Orleans, with an original shooting schedule occurring from April 25 to August 13, 2016, albeit shooting was altered to start on May 2, 2016.


title: Logan (film)

text: On May 23, 2016, filming took place at the NASA Michoud Plant in New Orleans East, with Jackman being spotted, not far from Slidell, shooting a fight scene outdoors on the property. On May 26, 2016, the intersection of LA 16 at US 51 was closed for a time due to filming, with local store fronts donning faux signage to transform Amite City, and east of Amite near Bell Road. It was revealed that scenes were filmed prior in Husser on May 25, 2016, with a scheduled daytime shoot to occur at the Greenlawn Cemetery in Hammond on May 27, 2016. Filming took place from June 9, 2016, until June 10, 2016, in New Orleans and Metairie, respectively.


title: Logan (film)

text: On June 1, 2016, it was confirmed that 20th Century Fox had applied to film exterior scenes for "Juarez" on Louisiana Highway 15 between Ferriday and Clayton from June 12, 2016, up until June 16, 2016, at the Ferriday Plaza Shopping Center, while a portion of U.S. Route 425 between Ferriday and Clayton would be closed for a five-day period in connection with Fox's production. On June 1, 2016, "The Concordia Sentinel" revealed that Sicily Island High School and a house in Sicily Island would be used in the production, while a crash scene would be shot on U.S. Route 425 just outside of Ferriday. Producers Kinberg, Shuler Donner and Parker chose to film in Ferriday, Louisiana, because of Concordia Parish's beautiful countryside and green cornfields. On June 16, 2016, "Juarez" was originally scheduled to move on toward Sicily Island, however, additional periods of shooting were added. Natchez, Mississippi had been chosen by producers of "Juarez" as the next filming location, for an upcoming scene which required the casting truck drivers, that would be filmed between June 14 up until June 28, 2016.


title: Logan (film)

text: On July 12, 2016, the "Albuquerque Journal" confirmed that "Juarez" would move on to its third major filming location—New Mexico, which ran through August in Albuquerque, Rio Rancho, Abiquiú, Tierra Amarilla and Chama. The New Mexico Film Office revealed that the production employed about 130 New Mexican crew members and two New Mexican cast members, as well as 600 extras throughout the production, the film office stated. On July 17, 2016, it was reported that the production of "Juarez" was in the process of casting to work on a scene filmed on July 22, 2016, in Albuquerque, New Mexico. On July 25, 2016, it was reported that filming had begun in the Northern Meadows neighborhood of Rio Rancho, while a few miles further down King Boulevard there was an elaborate set built with a toppled water tower, that would be used for exterior shots until June 27, 2016. On August 11, 2016, it was reported that the production of "Juarez" were in the process of seeking worn out cars to work on an upcoming scene filmed on August 12, 2016, in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Principal photography was confirmed to have ended in New Mexico on August 13, 2016, with an altered shooting schedule occurring from May 2 to August 13, 2016. Post-production began subsequent to filming closure on August 23, 2016.


title: Logan (film)

text: Film editor Michael McCusker was finishing work on Mangold's "Logan", during the period of October 7, 2016, wherein he spoke of going through the dailies and breaking them down, and figuring out the structure of one scene which he described as a "complicated, multi-component scene". McCusker spoke of the task being rather time-consuming, on the front end, albeit stating, "I am looking at the back end experience with [Mangold] as the more important experience. I don't want to be searching for stuff for him, I want to be working towards getting the cut right." McCusker concluded by stating that another editor on "Logan" has use for post-production. Chas Jarrett was the overall visual effects supervisor and visual effects company Image Engine worked on most of the visual effects on "Logan".


title: Logan (film)

text: In July 2016, Cliff Martinez was announced as the composer of "Logan" musical score. In December 2016, Mangold announced that Marco Beltrami, who had previously collaborated with Mangold on "" (2007) and "The Wolverine" (2013), would take over from Martinez and score "Logan" instead.


title: Logan (film)

text: The film takes visual, tonal and thematic inspiration from classic western and noir cinema, with director James Mangold having stated that "Logan"s influences included "visual reference points" of cinema, citing "Shane" (1953), "The Cowboys" (1972), "Paper Moon" (1973), "The Gauntlet" (1977), "Unforgiven" (1992), "Little Miss Sunshine" (2006), and "The Wrestler" (2008). Mangold was also inspired by "The Dark Knight" trilogy, saying "It seemed to me that the only films of this ilk that did interest me, that I did admire, or to use Chris Nolan's movies as an example, the ones that have really moved me beyond just the spectacle. There was a very clear decision to apply a film genre to the material, if that makes any sense."" The film also takes tropes and themes of the cyberpunk, with focus put on automation affecting the world of a near future.


title: Logan (film)

text: Mangold spoke of visual framing, while noting that he does not necessarily think about the "comic-book" related sort, instead highlighting the variety of stylistic influences that went into "Logan". These influences include film noir framings and classic Hollywood filmmaking styles, as well as the Germanic expressionist filmmaking style of the early twentieth century, which Mangold stated has a commonality with comic-book art. Mangold highlighted "Strong foregrounds, playing things in depth: you have to make an image say more within that one image."


title: Logan (film)

text: Using the image of Logan at a funeral as an example of his stylistic logic, Mangold concluded by mentioning the aspects within modern filmmaking, primarily everything in close-up format. For "Logan", his aim was to set frames that are descriptive, and evocative of comic-book panels and classical filmmaking.


title: Logan (film)

text: "Logan" premiered at the 67th Berlin International Film Festival on February 17, 2017, in Berlin, Germany, where it was selected to be screened out of competition alongside "The Bar", "Final Portrait", "The Midwife", "T2 Trainspotting", and "Viceroy's House", before screening in the United States, where it was given a wide release on March 3, 2017. In October 2015, Fox confirmed that "Logan" would be released in the IMAX format. In the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, the film was preceded by a short film, "Deadpool: No Good Deed". In it, Deadpool notices a man getting robbed, and springs into action—but first has to change into his costume in a phone booth. As he is finishing up, the man is shot; the short film ends with Deadpool commenting on the strangeness of the phone booth's presence, and eating the man's ice cream. The teaser met with positive reviews. Ryan Reynolds posted an extended version of the teaser via his YouTube channel the day after the film's release.


title: Logan (film)

text: Prior to the confirmation that the then-untitled "Logan" would be his final appearance in the "X-Men" film franchise, Jackman initially denied such rumors. Jackman stated that he was inspired by Michael Keaton's performance in "Birdman", and wished to portray the character of Wolverine until his death. In July 2015, Jackman posted an image of Logan giving the middle finger with a claw to his Twitter. The image, coupled with the hashtag "#OneLastTime", signified that the film would be his last appearance as Logan and officially announced his decision to stop playing the character he had been portraying for the past 17 years. Eventually it earned Jackman Guinness World Record of the 'longest career as a live-action Marvel superhero'.


title: Logan (film)

text: During an appearance on "The Dr. Oz Show" in May 2015, Jackman clarified the confusion over the conflicting sentiments, by stating bluntly that the film would be his final portrayal as the character; he said, "This will be my last one, it is my last time. It just felt like it was the right time to do it, and let's be honest, 17 years. I never thought in a million years it would last, so I'm so grateful to the fans for the opportunity of playing it. I kind of have in my head what we're going to do in this last one. It just feels like this is the perfect way to go out." Jackman has also explained that Jerry Seinfeld has convinced him to quit the role stating, "He said to me, when you're creating something it's very important not to run yourself dry. It's not about finishing on top, necessarily, but making sure you're, creatively, still got something left, which propels you into the whatever's next."


title: Logan (film)

text: In December 2016, Ryan Reynolds revealed that he had been trying to convince Jackman to re-sign for a Wolverine and Deadpool crossover film. Urging fans to campaign online, he stated, "I want Deadpool and Wolverine in a movie together. What we're gonna have to do is convince Hugh. If anything, I'm going to need to do what I can to get my internet friends back on board to help rally another cause down the line. Hugh Jackman is one of the best human beings. Part of the reason I want to do a Deadpool/Wolverine movie is not just because I think the two would light the screen on fire but I genuinely love the guy." In January 2017, Reynolds and Jackman spoke about the proposed project; Jackman stated, "I'm hesitating, because I could totally see how that's the perfect fit. But the timing may be wrong." Jackman later stated that he would not reprise the role for a team-up film, specifying, "No, and Ryan is currently sleeping outside my house. [Laughs] Look, if that movie had appeared 10 years ago, probably a different story, but I knew two-and-a-half years ago that this was the last one. The first call I made was to [director James Mangold]. I said, 'Jim, I got one more shot at this,' and as soon as Jim came up with the idea and we worked on it, I was never more excited. But, it feels like the right time. Deadpool, go for it man, do your thing. You don't need me."


title: Logan (film)

text: Jackman expressed interest in continuing to play Wolverine had the character been brought into the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Jackman elaborated, "If that was on the table when I made my decision, it certainly would have made me pause. That's for sure. Because I always love the idea of him within that dynamic, with the Hulk obviously, with Iron Man but there's a lot of smarter people with MBAs who can't figure that out. You never know. At the moment, honestly, if I really did have them there, I probably wouldn't have said this is the last. It just feels like this is the right time [to leave the character]."


title: Logan (film)

text: Amid rumors of Disney's prospective acquisition of 20th Century Fox's film division, it was revealed such a deal would indeed allow the X-Men related characters to appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.


title: Logan (film)

text: During press for "The Greatest Showman", Jackman addressed his earlier statements and whether he would come out of retirement and reprise the role should the deal go through. Jackman stated that while he noted the irony and felt some initial disappointment upon learning the news, he planned on standing by his decision to retire from the role. "It's interesting because for the whole 17 years I kept thinking that would be so great, like I would love to see, particularly, Iron Man and the Hulk and Wolverine together. And every time I saw an Avengers movie I could just see Wolverine in the middle of all of them like punching them all on the head. But it was like, "Oh well, that's not gonna happen," and it was interesting just when I first saw that headline—it was just the possibility of it and who knows what's gonna happen, obviously—I was like, "Hang on!" But I think, unfortunately, the ship has sailed for me, but for someone else I would like to see Wolverine in there."


title: Logan (film)

text: In spite of his adamancy, it was confirmed by Ryan Reynolds on September 27, 2022, that Jackman would reprise his role as Logan once more in the third "Deadpool" film. Slated for release on November 8, 2024, the film will see the characters integrated into the Marvel Cinematic Universe.


title: Logan (film)

text: Jackman elaborated on the changed stance to "Variety", revealing that he had changed his stance following the release of "Deadpool", but since Logan was already being promoted as his final time portraying the character, he felt he had to honor that sentiment - stating in his own words, "I straight-up lied," and that he had been the one to contact Reynolds about the reprisal. "I think, actually, he'd given up. I think it was a big shock to him. There was a massive pause, and then he said, 'I can't believe the timing of this.'"


title: Logan (film)

text: In a follow up to the announcement, Reynolds and Jackman clarified that as "Logan" took place in 2029, the new film would not contradict the character's death in the former.


title: Logan (film)

text: As for the other principals and their prospective futures; although Patrick Stewart had stated that "Logan" would be the final time he played the role of Professor X, he later said that he would be willing to return to the role in "Deadpool 2" or the "Legion" TV series. Though the producers of said show considered casting Stewart, they ultimately chose to utilize a younger version of the character portrayed by actor Harry Lloyd. Nonetheless, Stewart would go on to portray the character again in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film "Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness", where he played a variant of Charles Xavier who was the leader of the Illuminati before being killed by Wanda Maximoff.


title: Logan (film)

text: In April 2016, Fox decided not to showcase its upcoming movie releases, including "Logan", at Hall H at San Diego Comic-Con, as the studio felt it could not prevent the piracy of custom trailers and exclusive footage routinely screened for fans in attendance.


title: Logan (film)

text: On October 20, 2016, 20th Century Fox released a 90-second teaser trailer to promote "Logan", following a six-second sneak peek the prior day. Later that day, 20th Century Fox released an international red band version of the trailer, featuring slightly more graphic violence than the original. "Empire Magazine" chose the trailer as the best trailer of the year. "The Hollywood Reporter"s Aaron Couch praised the trailer, and stated, "If "Logan" delivers on the promise of this trailer, it will be a true rarity in modern superhero movie making." James Dyer of "Empire" heralded the trailer and its director, James Mangold, by stating: "We've had a veritable feast of great trailers ... from "" to "Rogue One", "Assassin's Creed" and "A Cure for Wellness". But none ..., no matter how impressive, have been quite so artfully constructed as this glorious first look at [Mangold]'s "Logan"." Forrest Wickman of "Slate" called the trailer "surprisingly mournful".


title: Logan (film)

text: "Logan" was made available on Blu-ray, DVD, and 4K on May 23, 2017, and was released on Digital HD on May 16, 2017. The film became available to stream on Disney+ on July 22, 2022 alongside "Deadpool" and "Deadpool 2".


title: Logan (film)

text: On April 29, 2017, James Mangold announced via Twitter that a black-and-white version of the film entitled "Logan Noir" would have a limited theatrical run in U.S. theaters, an event set to begin on May 16, 2017. Mangold stated that "Logan" was shot as a color film with the awareness that it would play well as a black and white film. The film was re-graded and timed shot by shot for the Noir edition. This version of the film is included on the Digital HD release and also included in the DVD and Blu-ray Combo Pack.


title: Logan (film)

text: "Logan" grossed $226.3 million in the United States and Canada and $392.7 million in other countries for a worldwide gross of $619.2 million, against a production budget of $97 million. Worldwide, the film had a global debut of $247.4 million from 82 markets, as well as the second-biggest R-rated IMAX debut, with $20.6 million from 1,068 screens. The film grossed $440.9 million in its first 13 days of release, surpassing the entire theatrical gross of "The Wolverine" ($414.8 million).


title: Logan (film)

text: Predictions for its opening in the US and Canada were revised upwards from $55 million to $80 million or even higher. Fox, however, predicted an opening in the mid-$60 million range. Some critics said the film's R rating—the second such for a "X-Men" film—might hinder the film's mass appeal. Two days before the film's release, ticket selling site Fandango reported that the film was outpacing all previous "X-Men" movies (except "Deadpool") at the same point in their sales cycle.


title: Logan (film)

text: "Logan" was released in 4,071 theaters, the widest release for an R-rated film (breaking "American Sniper"s 3,888). Five hundred and eighty theatres were premium large-format screens, including 381 IMAX theaters, setting the IMAX record for an R-rated film.


title: Logan (film)

text: "Logan" earned $9.5 million from Thursday night previews, which began at 7 p.m. This marked the second-biggest previews in the "X-Men" franchise, behind "Deadpool"s $12.7 million. On its opening day, the film scored the biggest R-rated March opening, with $33.1 million (breaking "300"'s record), as well as the third-biggest R-rated debut after "Deadpool" ($47.3 million) and "The Matrix Reloaded" ($37.5 million). Earning a total of $88.4 million during its opening weekend, the film scored the biggest "Wolverine" movie opening, the biggest R-rated March opening, the fourth-biggest March opening, the fifth-largest "X-Men" opening, and the fifth-biggest R-rated opening overall (ninth in terms of inflation adjusted). It is also the biggest R-rated opening weekend that did not take place on a holiday. Additionally, "Logan" achieved the fifth-highest opening weekend for any 20th Century Fox film, trailing "Deadpool" ($132.4 million), "" ($108.4 million), "" ($102.7 million) and "" ($90.8 million). About 8.2% of the total ticket sales were in Canada, with premium large formats comprising $12.3 million (15%) from 558 screens, and IMAX comprising $10 million (12%) of the film's total opening weekend.


title: Logan (film)

text: The opening-weekend audience was 63% males and 83% people between 18 and 44 years old. In an opening-weekend poll conducted by Fandango, 71% of responders said that more superhero films should be rated R, while 86% were interested in seeing a more violent, adult "X-Men" film that weekend. Furthermore, 96% said they were excited to see Hugh Jackman, 94% were intrigued to see Patrick Stewart reprise his role as Professor X, and 76% were interested in watching newcomer Dafne Keen.


title: Logan (film)

text: In its second weekend, the film dropped 56.9%, grossing $38.1 million and finishing second at the box office behind newcomer "" ($61 million). In its third weekend it made $17.8 million, finishing in third behind "Beauty and the Beast" ($174.8 million) and "Kong: Skull Island" ($27.8 million). In its fourth weekend it made $10.1 million, dropping 43.1% from the previous week and finishing 5th at the box office.


title: Logan (film)

text: "Logan" was projected to open as high as $105 million. However, US forecasters believed that it could post an even higher opening if it were to overperform in major markets—most notably China. It opened day-and-date in almost every major market except Japan, where "" was released. Fox ultimately decided to postpone the film's release there in order to avoid competition. Through Sunday, the film exceeded expectations and posted a five-day opening worth $152.5 million from 81 markets. This is Fox International's third-biggest launch of all time, behind "X-Men: Days of Future Past" ($172 million) and "Avatar" ($164 million). It debuted at No. 1 in 80 markets. It broke the record for the biggest R-rated IMAX release ever and the biggest 2D IMAX opening, with $10.6 million on 687 screens.


title: Logan (film)

text: Mainland China is the movie's best-grossing market outside America, contributing $106 million in box office. The film was the first to feature an age-restriction warning in its marketing material, as required by a Film Promotion Law that took effect on March 1, 2017. Nevertheless, the film is still trimmed by 14 minutes, totaling 123 minutes. It is very likely that the move was due to usual censorship by the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television, because of the violence depicted. Despite such restrictions, the film managed to debut with a better-than-expected $48.9 million, including previews, according to data from Ent Group (Fox reported $46.3 million). This marked the second-biggest "X-Men" opening in the country, trailing behind only "Apocalypse". Tracking showed that the film opened with 85,000 screenings on Friday, which increased to about 95,000 on Saturday and Sunday, from a 9.98 million attendance. Included within that total was $4.4 million from 388 IMAX screens.


title: Logan (film)

text: In Brazil, it recorded the biggest opening for Fox, and the seventh-biggest opening overall, with $8.2 million. The top openings were in China ($46.3 million), the U.K. ($11.4 million), Korea ($8.2 million), and Russia ($7.1 million). In India, the film debuted with an estimated 17 crore ($2.5 million) net, equating to a gross of $3.4 million, on 1,400 screens. According to Fox, that was the highest debut for any "X-Men" title in the territory, marginally ahead of "X-Men: Apocalypse". While the debut was not enough to break any significant records, it ranked as the second-biggest opening weekend for a Hollywood release in the January–March quarter, behind "".


title: Logan (film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "Logan" holds an approval rating of 94% based on 427 reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, "Hugh Jackman makes the most of his final outing as Wolverine with a gritty, nuanced performance in a violent but surprisingly thoughtful superhero action film that defies genre conventions." Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned a weighted average score of 77 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak-surveyed audiences gave the film a rare five out of five. Some reviewers noted "Logan" as one of the greatest superhero films.


title: Logan (film)

text: Scott Collura of IGN gave "Logan" a score of 9.7/10, and called it, "an emotional, heavy picture, but it's also an uplifting one that reminds us that it's okay to fight for something more, something better", and "perhaps the best X-Men movie yet." A. A. Dowd of "The A.V. Club" gave an 'A−' and said that "[the film] manages to deliver the visceral goods, all the hardcore Wolverine action its fans could desire, while still functioning as a surprisingly thoughtful, even poignant drama—a terrific movie, no 'comic-book' qualifier required". Chris Nashawaty of "Entertainment Weekly" gave it a 'B−', and called it "both the most violent film in the series and the most sentimental one. When it's not showering you in blood, it's trying to make you spill tears." Sheri Linden of "The Hollywood Reporter" reacted positively, saying: "Seamlessly melding Marvel mythology with Western mythology, [director] James Mangold has crafted an affectingly stripped-down standalone feature, one that draws its strength from Hugh Jackman's nuanced turn as a reluctant, all but dissipated hero."


title: Logan (film)

text: Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" gave it 4/5, stating "It is more like a survivalist thriller than a superhero film, and signals its wintry quality with the title itself" and compared Wolverine's hitting of his truck during the film to Basil Fawlty from "Fawlty Towers". James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave it 3.5/4 and said, "In terms of tone and content, "Logan" is "Deadpool"s polar opposite but both productions refuse to play by traditional superhero movie rules ... With his glimpse into what superhero movies can be, James Mangold has given us something sadly lacking in recent genre entries: hope." Kyle Smith of the "New York Post" also gave 3.5/4 and said "the film recognizes that superhero movies such as last year's forgettable "" have become meaningless spectacle ... I'd rank it beside "" among the best X-Men entries." Brian Tallerico of RogerEbert.com stated, ""Logan" has stakes that feel real, and fight choreography that's fluid and gorgeous instead of just computer-generated effects. Most importantly, "Logan" has characters with which you identify and about whom you care. It's not just 'great for a superhero movie', it's a great movie for any genre."


title: Logan (film)

text: Brian Truitt of "USA Today" said, "Easily the best Wolverine outing, "Logan" is [the] "Dark Knight" of the mutant-filled X-franchise, a gripping film that transcends the comic-book genre by saying something important." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" gave 3.5/4, and called it "a hard-ass, R-rated rager that explodes with action". Amy Nicholson of MTV called it "a phenomenal, throat-slashing, gut-stabbing superhero movie". Germain Lussier of io9 said, "Logan is beautiful, sophisticated, and still a kick-ass superhero film". Debbie Holloway of "Crosswalk" gave the film a rating of 4/5, praising how the "script also has several powerful themes, and is truly deft in its handling of them." Michael Roffman of Consequence of Sound called the film "A game-changing masterpiece". Matt Donato of "We Got This Covered" said, "It's not just one of the best superhero movies ever, it's a damn-fine cinematic representation of the human condition in all its agonizing forms." Joe Morgenstern of "The Wall Street Journal" said, "It's the best superhero film to come out of the comic-book world, and I'm not forgetting Christopher Nolan's 'The Dark Knight'." Jackman's acting as Wolverine has been praised, and his performance topped "The Hollywood Reporter"s Greatest Superhero Movie Performances of All Time list.


title: Logan (film)

text: Anthony Lane of "The New Yorker" was underwhelmed, commenting on the film's parallel with "Shane", "These quiet images (from Shane) brand themselves on the mind, and the gunshots come as an overwhelming release, whereas when Logan and Laura unleash their furious scythes nothing feels settled or satisfied." Mara Reinstein of "Us Weekly" gave the movie 2.5/4 and specified, in a lukewarm review, that "[t]he film loses its way during the 20-minutes-too-long journey. For all the breathless talk about how "Logan" transcends the superhero genre, there's nothing groundbreaking about a road trip movie in which adults try to elude the bad guys to protect a super-special child." Michael Phillips of the "Chicago Tribune" gave it 2/4 and said, ""Logan" is deadly serious, and while its gamer-style killing sprees are meant to be excitingly brutal, I found them numbing and, in the climax, borderline offensive." Stephanie Zacharek of "Time" magazine said, "The grim side of human nature is all over James Mangold's "Logan". But that doesn't necessarily make it a good movie."


title: Logan (film)

text: In October 2017, it was reported that director James Mangold had begun writing a sequel to "Logan", tentatively titled "Laura", focusing on Laura and the continuation of her story, with Logan being represented with archive footage of Jackman. After Disney's purchase of Fox was finalized in 2019, all "X-Men" films in development were stalled, leaving the future of "Laura" uncertain. In November 2019 Mangold said he did not think the project would be happening, and that he believed the studio would be trying to figure out where to go in future with the characters, particularly with Wolverine.


title: Naomi Scott

text: Naomi Scott (born 6 May 1993) is an English actress and singer. Born in Hounslow, she rose to prominence for her performances in the television film "Lemonade Mouth" (2011) and the science fiction series "Terra Nova" (2011). In 2015, Screen International selected her as one of their "Stars of Tomorrow". She achieved further recognition for starring as Princess Jasmine in Disney's musical live-action fantasy film "Aladdin" (2019), which earned her a Saturn Award nomination. She has also starred in the superhero film "Power Rangers" (2017) and the action comedy film "Charlie's Angels" (2019).


title: Naomi Scott

text: Scott was born on 6 May 1993 in Hounslow, London. She is of English and Indian descent. Her mother, Usha Scott (née Joshi), who was born in Uganda and emigrated to the United Kingdom at a young age, is of Indian Gujarati descent, while her father, Christopher Scott, is English. Scott also has an older brother, Joshua.


title: Naomi Scott

text: At eight years old, she and her family moved to Woodford, London, where both of her parents were pastors at the Bridge Church. She grew up listening to gospel and R&B music, specifically singers Kim Burrell, Mary Mary, and Kirk Franklin, and singing in church. She attended Davenant Foundation School in Loughton, Essex. She left the school halfway through taking her A-Levels to pursue her role in the series "Terra Nova".


title: Naomi Scott

text: Scott was discovered by British pop singer Kéllé Bryan from the girl group Eternal, who signed her as a client. She went to work with British songwriters and producers Xenomania. In 2014, the YouTube channel "Reload" published two videos featuring her, as part of their "Reload Sessions" series. Her first major acting role was a Disney Channel UK series "Life Bites".


title: Naomi Scott

text: In 2010, she was cast as Mohini "Mo" Banjaree in the 2011 Disney Channel original film "Lemonade Mouth", her first role in an American production. That same year she was cast as Maddy Shannon in the science fiction series "Terra Nova", which premiered in September 2011 on Fox. The series was not renewed for a second season. In 2013, Scott appeared in the music video for the song "Hurricane", by her "Lemonade Mouth" co-star Bridgit Mendler. In August 2014, she independently released her debut EP "Invisible Division". Scott was cast as Ryoko in Ridley Scott's "The Martian". She filmed her scenes but most of them were removed from the final cut, effectively making her an "extra" in the film.


title: Naomi Scott

text: Screen International selected Scott as one of their 2015 Stars of Tomorrow. In October, she was cast in a co-leading role as Kimberly Hart, the Pink Ranger, in "Power Rangers" (2017), a film adaptation of the TV series of the same name. The film was released on 24 March 2017, and earned Scott a Teen Choice Award nomination. The film was met with mixed reviews upon release and was a box office disappointment, grossing $142 million worldwide against a budget of $105 million.


title: Naomi Scott

text: In 2019, Scott starred as Princess Jasmine in "Aladdin", a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1992 animated film of the same name. Scott's casting over a "Middle Eastern or Arab actress" generated controversy. In his review for the "San Francisco Chronicle", critic Mick LaSalle found Scott to be the "real star" of the film and that she "thrives and gives everything to her new power anthem ['Speechless']". Richard Roeper of "Chicago Sun-Times" wrote that Scott "absolutely sparkles" in her performance of "Speechless". For her role, Scott won the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress – Sci-Fi/Fantasy and also received a nomination for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. "Aladdin" was also commercially successful, grossing $1 billion at the box office.


title: Naomi Scott

text: Also in 2019, Scott starred as one of the three leads, alongside Kristen Stewart and Ella Balinska, in the action comedy "Charlie's Angels", the third installment within the franchise of the same name, released in November. The film received mixed reviews from critics. In 2022, Scott played Olivia Lytton, a parliamentary aide, in the Netflix series "Anatomy of a Scandal". She will also appear in the 2023 science fiction film "Distant".


title: Naomi Scott

text: Scott is a Christian. She is a UK ambassador to the Christian charity organisation Compassion International, sponsoring children and families living in poverty. She suffers from the skin condition eczema. She holds a black belt in karate, having studied it since her youth, which she credits as helpful with her roles in "Power Rangers" and "Charlie's Angels".


title: Naomi Scott

text: In June 2014, Scott married English footballer Jordan Spence after four years of dating. The couple met at church when she was 16.


title: Boeing 737

text: Developed to supplement the Boeing 727 on short and thin routes, the twinjet retains the 707 fuselage width and six abreast seating with two underwing turbofans. Envisioned in 1964, the initial 737-100 made its first flight in April 1967 and entered service in February 1968 with Lufthansa.


title: Boeing 737

text: The lengthened 737-200 entered service in April 1968, and evolved through four generations, offering several variants for 85 to 215 passengers.


title: Boeing 737

text: The 737-100/200 original variants were powered by Pratt & Whitney JT8D low-bypass engines and offered seating for 85 to 130 passengers. Launched in 1980 and introduced in 1984, the 737 Classic -300/400/500 variants were upgraded with CFM56-3 turbofans and offered 110 to 168 seats. Introduced in 1997, the 737 Next Generation (NG) -600/700/800/900 variants have updated CFM56-7s, a larger wing and an upgraded glass cockpit, and seat 108 to 215 passengers. The latest generation, the 737 MAX, 737-7/8/9/10 MAX, powered by improved CFM LEAP-1B high bypass turbofans and accommodating 138 to 204 people, entered service in 2017.


title: Boeing 737

text: Initially, its main competitor was the McDonnell Douglas DC-9, followed by its MD-80/MD-90 derivatives. In 2013, the global 737 fleet had completed more than 184 million flights over 264 million block hours since its entry into service. It was the highest-selling commercial aircraft until being surpassed by the competing Airbus A320 family in October 2019, but maintains the record in total deliveries. The 737 MAX, designed to compete with the A320neo, was grounded worldwide between March 2019 and November 2020 following two fatal crashes.


title: Boeing 737

text: Boeing had been studying short-haul jet aircraft designs, and saw a need for a new aircraft to supplement the 727 on short and thin routes. Preliminary design work began on May 11, 1964, based on research that indicated a market for a fifty to sixty passenger airliner flying routes of .


title: Boeing 737

text: The initial concept featured podded engines on the aft fuselage, a T-tail as with the 727, and five-abreast seating. Engineer Joe Sutter relocated the engines to the wings which lightened the structure and simplified the accommodation of six-abreast seating in the fuselage. The engine nacelles were mounted directly to the underside of the wings, without pylons, allowing the landing gear to be shortened, thus lowering the fuselage to improve baggage and passenger access. Relocating the engines from the aft fuselage also allowed the horizontal stabilizer to be attached to the aft fuselage instead of as a T-tail. Many designs for the engine attachment strut were tested in the wind tunnel and the optimal shape for high speed was found to be one which was relatively thick, filling the narrow channels formed between the wing and the top of the nacelle, particularly on the outboard side.


title: Boeing 737

text: At the time, Boeing was far behind its competitors; the SE 210 Caravelle had been in service since 1955, and the BAC One-Eleven (BAC-111), Douglas DC-9, and Fokker F28 were already into flight certification. To expedite development, Boeing used 60% of the structure and systems of the existing 727, the most notable being the fuselage, which differs in length only. This 148-inch (3.76 m) wide fuselage cross-section permitted six-abreast seating compared to the rivals' five-abreast. The 727's fuselage was derived from the 707.


title: Boeing 737

text: The proposed wing airfoil sections were based on those of the 707 and 727, but somewhat thicker; altering these sections near the nacelles achieved a substantial drag reduction at high Mach numbers. The engine chosen was the Pratt & Whitney JT8D-1 low-bypass ratio turbofan engine, delivering of thrust.


title: Boeing 737

text: The concept design was presented in October 1964 at the Air Transport Association maintenance and engineering conference by chief project engineer Jack Steiner, where its elaborate high-lift devices raised concerns about maintenance costs and dispatch reliability.


title: Boeing 737

text: The original 737 continued to be developed into thirteen passenger, cargo, corporate and military variants. These were later divided into what has become known as the four generations of the Boeing 737 family:


title: Boeing 737

text: The launch decision for the $150 million development was made by the board on February 1, 1965. Lufthansa became the launch customer on February 19, 1965, with an order for 21 aircraft, worth $67 million after the airline had been assured by Boeing that the 737 project would not be canceled. Consultation with Lufthansa over the previous winter had resulted in the seating capacity being increased to 100.


title: Boeing 737

text: On April 5, 1965, Boeing announced an order by United Airlines for 40 737s. United wanted a slightly larger capacity than the 737-100, so the fuselage was stretched ahead of, and behind the wing. The longer version was designated the 737-200, with the original short-body aircraft becoming the 737-100. Detailed design work continued on both variants simultaneously.


title: Boeing 737

text: The first -100 was rolled out on January 17, 1967, and took its maiden flight on April 9, 1967, piloted by Brien Wygle and Lew Wallick. After several test flights the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued Type Certificate A16WE certifying the 737-100 for commercial flight on December 15, 1967. It was the first aircraft to have, as part of its initial certification, approval for Category II approaches, which refers to a precision instrument approach and landing with a decision height between . Lufthansa received its first aircraft on December 28, 1967, and on February 10, 1968, became the first non-American airline to launch a new Boeing aircraft. Lufthansa was the only significant customer to purchase the 737-100 and only 30 aircraft were produced.


title: Boeing 737

text: The -200 was rolled out on June 29, 1967, and had its maiden flight on August 8, 1967. It was then certified by the FAA on December 21, 1967. The inaugural flight for United Airlines took place on April 28, 1968, from Chicago to Grand Rapids, Michigan. The lengthened -200 was widely preferred over the -100 by airlines. The improved version, the 737-200 Advanced, was introduced into service by All Nippon Airways on May 20, 1971.


title: Boeing 737

text: The 737 original model with its variants, known later as the "Boeing 737 Original", initially competed with SE 210 Caravelle and BAC-111 due to their earlier entry into service and later primarily with the McDonnell Douglas DC-9, then its MD-80 derivatives as the three European short-haul single aisles slowly withdrew from the competition. Sales were low in the early 1970s and, after a peak of 114 deliveries in 1969, only 22 737s were shipped in 1972 with 19 in backlog. The US Air Force saved the program by ordering T-43s, which were modified Boeing 737-200s. African airline orders kept the production running until the 1978 US Airline Deregulation Act, which improved demand for six-abreast narrow-body aircraft. Demand further increased after being re-engined with the CFM56. The 737 went on to become the highest-selling commercial aircraft until surpassed by the competing Airbus A320 family in October 2019, but maintains the record in total deliveries.


title: Boeing 737

text: The fuselage is manufactured in Wichita, Kansas, by Boeing spin-off company Spirit AeroSystems, before being moved by rail to Renton.


title: Boeing 737

text: The "Boeing 737 Original" is the name given to the -100/200 and -200 Advanced series of the Boeing 737 family.


title: Boeing 737

text: The initial model was the 737-100, the smallest variant of the 737 aircraft family, which was launched in February 1965 and entered service with Lufthansa in February 1968. In 1968, its unit cost was US$3.7M (1968), $M today. A total of 30 737-100s were ordered: 22 by Lufthansa, 5 by Malaysia–Singapore Airlines (MSA) and 2 by Avianca with the final commercial aircraft delivered to MSA on October 31, 1969. The first aircraft used by Boeing as prototype under registration N73700 was later ordered by and delivered to NASA on July 26, 1973, which then operated it under registration N515NA and retired after 30 years on September 27, 2003. This was the last operated 737-100 and is the only remaining worldwide, which is on the static display in the Museum of Flight in Seattle.


title: Boeing 737

text: The original engine nacelles incorporated thrust reversers taken from the 727 outboard nacelles. They proved to be relatively ineffective and tended to lift the aircraft up off the runway when deployed. This reduced the downforce on the main wheels thereby reducing the effectiveness of the wheel brakes. In 1968, an improvement to the thrust reversal system was introduced. A 48-inch tailpipe extension was added and new target-style thrust reversers were incorporated. The thrust reverser doors were set 35 degrees away from the vertical to allow the exhaust to be deflected inboard and over the wings and outboard and under the wings. The improvement became standard on all aircraft after March 1969, and a retrofit was provided for active aircraft. Longer nacelle/wing fairings were introduced, and the airflow over the flaps and slats was improved. The production line also introduced an improvement to the flap system, allowing increased use during takeoff and landing. All these changes gave the aircraft a boost to payload and range, and improved short-field performance.


title: Boeing 737

text: The 737-200 was a 737-100 with an extended fuselage, launched by an order from United Airlines in 1965 and entered service with the launch customer in April 1968. Its unit cost was US$4.0M (1968) ($M today). The -200's unit cost was US$5.2M (1972) ($M today). The 737-200 Advanced is an improved version of the -200, introduced into service by All Nippon Airways on May 20, 1971. After aircraft #135, the 737-200 Advanced has improved aerodynamics, automatic wheel brakes, more powerful engines, more fuel capacity, and hence a 15% increase in payload and range over the original -200s and respectively -100s. The 737-200 Advanced became the production standard in June 1971. Boeing also provided the 737-200C (Combi), which allowed for conversion between passenger and cargo use and the 737-200QC (Quick Change), which facilitated a rapid conversion between roles. The 1,095th and last delivery of a -200 series aircraft was in August 1988 to Xiamen Airlines.


title: Boeing 737

text: Nineteen 737-200s, designated T-43, were used to train aircraft navigators for the U.S. Air Force. Some were modified into CT-43s, which are used to transport passengers, and one was modified as the NT-43A Radar Test Bed. The first was delivered on July 31, 1973, and the last on July 19, 1974. The Indonesian Air Force ordered three modified 737-200s, designated "Boeing 737-2x9 Surveiller". They were used as Maritime reconnaissance (MPA)/transport aircraft, fitted with SLAMMAR (Side-looking Multi-mission Airborne Radar). The aircraft were delivered between May 1982 and October 1983.


title: Boeing 737

text: Delta Express promoted the Cartoon Network animated television series "The Powerpuff Girls" by having a 737-200 painted with a special livery featuring the characters Blossom, Bubbles, and Buttercup on the exterior. The plane's inaugural flight was held at Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts, on July 17, 2000. In 2002, the aircraft was repainted with a different "Powerpuff Girls" theme to promote "The Powerpuff Girls Movie".


title: Boeing 737

text: After 40 years, in March 2008, the final 737-200 aircraft in the U.S. flying scheduled passenger service were phased out, with the last flights of Aloha Airlines. As of 2018, the variant still saw regular service through North American charter operators such as Sierra Pacific Airlines.


title: Boeing 737

text: With the improved short-field capabilities of the 737-200, Boeing offered the option of the gravel kit modification features preventing foreign object damage, which enables this aircraft to operate on remote, unimproved or unpaved runways, such as gravel runways, that other similarly sized jetliners cannot. Until retiring its -200 fleet in 2007, Alaska Airlines used this option for some of its combi aircraft rural operations to serve many unimproved runways in Alaska. Gravel-kitted 737-200 Combis are still used by Canadian North (which is due to retire their last one in early 2023), Air Inuit, Nolinor Aviation and Chrono Aviation in Northern Canada where gravel runways are common.


title: Boeing 737

text: In July 2019, there were 46 Boeing 737-200s in service, mostly with "second and third tier" airlines, and those of developing nations.


title: Boeing 737

text: The "Boeing 737 Classic" is the name given to the 737-300/400/500 series after the introduction of the -600/700/800/900 series of the Boeing 737 family. Produced from 1984 to 2000, a total of 1,988 Classic series were delivered.


title: Boeing 737

text: Close to the next major upgrade of single aisle aircraft at Airbus and Boeing, the price of jet fuel reached a peak in 2008, when airlines devoted 40% of the retail price of an air ticket to pay for fuel, versus 15% in 2000. Consequently, in that year carriers retired Boeing 737 Classic aircraft to reduce fuel consumption; replacements consisted of more efficient 737 Next Generation or A320 family aircraft. On June 4, 2008, United Airlines announced it would retire all 94 of its Classic 737 aircraft (64 737-300 and 30 737-500 aircraft), replacing them with A320 family jets taken from its Ted subsidiary, which has been shut down. This intensified the competition between the two giant aircraft manufacturers, which has since become a duopoly competition.


title: Boeing 737

text: Development began in 1979 for the 737's first major revision, which was originally introduced as the 'new generation' of the 737. Boeing wanted to increase capacity and range, incorporating improvements to upgrade the aircraft to modern specifications, while also retaining commonality with previous 737 variants. In 1980, preliminary aircraft specifications of the variant, dubbed 737-300, were released at the Farnborough Airshow. This first major upgrade series was later renamed to the 737 Classic series. It competed primarily with MD-80, its later derivative MD-90 and the newcomer Airbus A320 family.