title: Oracle Corporation

text: Oracle Corporation operates in multiple markets and has acquired several companies which formerly functioned autonomously. In some cases these provided the starting points for global business units (GBUs) targeting particular vertical markets. Oracle Corporation GBUs include:


title: Oracle Corporation

text: On October 20, 2006, the Golden State Warriors and the Oracle Corporation announced a 10-year agreement in which the Oakland Arena would become known as the Oracle Arena. The agreement ended after the 2018-2019 NBA season when the Warriors relocated to the Chase Center in San Francisco.


title: Oracle Corporation

text: Larry Ellison's sailing team competes as Oracle Team USA. The team has won the America's Cup twice, in 2010 (as BMW Oracle Racing) and in 2013, despite being penalized for cheating.


title: Oracle Corporation

text: Sean Tucker's "Challenger II" stunt biplane is sponsored by Oracle and performs frequently at air shows around the US.


title: Oracle Corporation

text: In January 2019, the San Francisco Giants entered into a 20-year agreement to rename their stadium Oracle Park.


title: Oracle Corporation

text: From the 2022 Formula One season, Oracle signed a 5-year deal worth $500m to become title sponsors of Red Bull Racing. In 1994 and 1995, Oracle sponsored Benetton. It was revealed in July 2022 that NASCAR's Joe Gibbs Racing team tried to sign a sponsorship with Oracle after Mars Inc. would announce they would leave JGR after the 2022 season, but the deal reportedly fell through.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: Originally aimed as an arc of the television series, MAPPA changed the format of it during discussion. Besides the story focusing on Yuta and his friends, the staff decided to expand the narrative from the original manga by adding new scenes focused on their mentor Satoru Gojo and his old friend and enemy Suguru Geto. King Gnu performed the two theme songs. Due to the format of a team, MAPPA aimed to make more appealing fight sequences. "Jujutsu Kaisen 0" was released in Japan in December 2021 by Toho, and in United States in March 2022 and in other regions throughout the year.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: Upon its release, the film received positive reviews based on the accessible narrative and Yuta's story. The fight sequences created by MAPPA were praised as well as the film's soundtrack. The film was the highest-earning film at the Japanese box office from 2021.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: The movie begins with school student Yuta Okkotsu being bullied, only for the bullies to be brutally injured by Rika, an overprotective cursed spirit that clings to him. The Jujutsu Society wishes to have the boy executed, as the curse he is host to is a dangerous special-grade spirit. The most powerful sorcerer and teacher Satoru Gojo convinces them to let Yuta join Tokyo Jujutsu Technical High instead. Yuta explains to Gojo that Rika was his childhood friend whom he had promised to marry when they grew up. He had willingly turned himself in, wanting to die, so Rika would not hurt anyone else. Gojo convinces him to choose life and join Jujutsu High to learn how to break the curse. Yuta meets fellow students Maki Zenin, Toge Inumaki, and Panda, all with distinct abilities of their own.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: During his first mission with Maki, Yuta is able to purposely summon Rika to save them from a cursed spirit. Afterward, he confides in Gojo that he thinks he may have been the one to curse Rika rather than Rika cursing him because of his love for her. It is revealed that Rika died in a street accident in front of little Yuta, after which she became a curse. Three months pass in his training and Yuta grows close with Maki, Inumaki and Panda. One day, on a mission with Inumaki, the boys are unexpectedly attacked by a high-level curse. Gojo realizes that the man behind the attack was Suguru Geto, a previous student of the school, banished after killing over a hundred innocent people.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: Geto declares war on the sorcerers: he will release a thousand curses on the city to kill non-sorcerer humans as he believes them to be useless. Geto's real reason for the war, however, is to distract Gojo so he can kill Yuta and absorb Rika. Gojo realizes Geto's true goal and transports Inumaki and Panda back to the school to protect Yuta, who is with Maki, not taking part in the battle as newbies. Geto quickly beats Maki, Inumaki and Panda. Pushed to his last resort and wanting to protect his friends, Yuta promises himself as a sacrifice to Rika if she helps him defeat Geto with her full power. Rika fatally wounds Geto as the war is won by the sorcerers. Gojo comes across a dying Geto and it is revealed that the two had been best friends before Geto's ideology drove them apart. Gojo thanks Geto for intentionally sparing the students then says last words to Geto that are unrevealed to the audience before ending his life.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: Gojo explains to a surprised Yuta that his theory was correct: he was the one who cursed her, unable to accept her death and forcing her to remain by his side. After he promised his soul to her though, he broke the pact, setting her free. Both Yuta and Gojo are actually a descendant of one of the strongest sorcerers in history, explaining their powerful abilities. Rika bids Yuta a warm goodbye and he continues on as a sorcerer-in-training with his friends, still wearing her engagement ring.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: In a post-credits scene, Geto's former ally Miguel eats lunch with Yuta in Miguel's native country Kenya. Gojo comes to join them.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: Sunghoo Park originally wanted to cover the Yuta Okkotsu story in the first few episodes of the "Jujutsu Kaisen" anime, but ultimately decided to begin the show where the manga starts off, with Yuji's introduction to the world of sorcerers and Curses. In the original format, Park would dedicate the series' first three episodes to develop Yuji Itadori and then replace him with Okkotsu but the idea was scrapped. Park later felt that telling the "Jujutsu Kaisen" prequel would fit more in movie format than into a television series. Seko commented that for the movie to fit two hours of length he would need to add new material such as Okkotsu's past and relationship between Gojo and Geto. Seko still said that the action scenes of Akutami's manga is the most important part of the series which he wanted to focus on in the movie. Park agreed and added elements of Chinese movies to the feature which he wanted fans to look forward. He also praised Seko's script for the movie which is meant to show Okkotsu's transformation into a hero.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: The film is produced by MAPPA and directed by Sunghoo Park, with scripts by Hiroshi Seko and character designs by Tadashi Hiramatsu. The film was announced after the "Jujutsu Kaisen" anime television series finale in March 2021. While the television series was noted for having entertaining fight scenes, the team wanted to make the fights themselves cooler. While not too different from the television series, Park aimed to make the film have its own style, such as the background colors when the sky is shown. Park noted there were multiple challenges in making the animated movie when compared with his experience with live-actions due to the amount of animation needed to be made. Following the film's release, Park's favorite fight sequence is when Yuta calls Rika to Geto especially when seen in 4DX format.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: Park commented that the movie would include new content not featured in the original "Jujutsu Kaisen 0" manga. This was mainly because the movie was based on a single manga volume and the team aimed to make a long film rather than a thirty minute work. MAPPA CEO Manabu Otsuka said that the team was impressed by the original "Jujutsu Kaisen 0" and believed the fans would like to see it adapted. Seko said he had to alter the parts from the original series to make Yuta's character arc more notable. The post-credits scene of the movie is an original scene not present in the manga. TOHO had doubts about creating such content until they contacted Akutani who gave them such an idea.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: Park wanted to make each character's facial expression carefully to give them a proper look when fighting. He considers the new protagonist, Yuta Okkotsu, as a straightforward teenager whom he aimed to show his loneliness caused by being chased by Rika's Curse. Megumi Ogata surprised Park in the making of the movie for giving Yuta a sensitive characterization when crying. Due to "Jujutsu Kaisen 0" being a film, Park aimed to give it proper surroundings most notably Jujutsu High, where Yuta starts exorcising demons with his teammates. Several animators were not accustomed to drawing pictures in a cinemascope frame, but still drew wider scenery and backgrounds more beautifully, feeling felt satisfied that he was able to deliver to the audience the world of franchise. In retrospective, all the action scenes in the second half were exciting for the director, as were the scenes featuring Gojo, Okkotsu, Geto, and Rika.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: The inclusion of Gojo was to be taken naturally, especially focusing on his relationship with Geto, which is also explored in the television series. However, Park claimed the staff did not want to give such characters too much screen time due to how the narrative primarily focuses on Yuta and Rika. Another addition to the movie not present in the original work was the four consecutive Black Flashes that Nanami mentioned in an interview in the TV series. Seko was requested by the director to feature a new fight scene between Gojo and Miguel in the climax. Seko said that the team expanded Yuta and Geto's final fight by adding a scene where the latter throws up blood.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: The music was composed by Hiroaki Tsutsumi, Yoshimasa Terui and Alisa Okehazama. The official soundtrack was released on December 22, 2021.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: King Gnu performed the film's theme song , as well as the ending song . "Ichizu" places focus on the relationship between Yuta and Rika. Vocalist and guitarist Daiki Tsuneta wrote "Ichizu". There was pressure to make the ideal masterpiece that the audience have been waiting for, but Tsuneta thinks that it was a straight song with a tingling and punch that is perfect for the world view of "Jujutsu Kaisen". "Sakayume" was supposed to be recorded simultaneously on the CD single released on December 29 as a coupling song of the movie's theme song "Ichizu", but until then the whole picture including lyrics and melody were wrapped in a veil.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: A novel adaptation by Baraddo Kitaguni, based on Hiroshi Seko's script, was published on the film's premiere date. A "Jujutsu Kaisen #0.5 Tokyo Prefectural Jujutsu High School" booklet was given to film's audience members and had a print run of 5 million copies. The booklet included an exclusive nine-page manga by Akutami, about the daily life of Okkotsu and the other first-year students, the thumbnail layouts for the first chapter of the "Jujutsu Kaisen 0" manga, the film's designs, a question-and-answer session with Akutami, and comments by the anime's staff and cast.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: The film, distributed by Toho, premiered theatrically in Japan on December 24, 2021. The film had IMAX screenings in Japan and premiered in 418 theaters. The film was screened in 4D and Dolby Cinema formats in Japan starting on February 5, 2022. The film ended its run in Japanese theaters on May 29, 2022.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: Crunchyroll, in association with Funimation, acquired the rights to the film, and theatrically premiered in North America on March 18, 2022, in over 1,500 theaters. The film had an early screening in the United Kingdom and Ireland on March 10, 2022, while the general opening in the UK was on March 18 of the same year. The film is distributed by Sony in the United Kingdom.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: The English localization included returning actors for Yuta's teammates and the most notable newcomers, Kayleigh McKee as Yuta and Anairis Quiñones as Rika. McKee found Yuta's story is similar to that a coming-of-age story due to his need to control the Rika while making friends. Anairis Quiñones took notes of Hanakawa's talent when recording her take of Rika in the English dub. Allegra Clark saw Maki as a more vulnerable and angered character than in the television series but found she changed across the narrative. The group worked to make the audio faithful to the original Japanese cast based on the casting director's ideas. Matthew David Rudd, voice of Panda, said the inclusion of his character was a "baller" moment. On the other hand, Xander Mobus had little to no idea what was going through Inumaki's mind since he only says random words. However, in general Clark, Rudd and Mobus state that their characters got to develop with Yuta. Lex Lang felt that Geto was more appealing in the film than in the anime as the movie handles Geto's idealism. Meanwhile, Kaiji Tang found Gojo as to be similar to the anime incarnation though his relationship with Geto adds more depth.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: Medialink licensed the film in Southeast Asia, China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and India; the company itself handled the distribution in Chinese-speaking areas, while Purple Plan handled the distribution for most parts of Southeast Asia. The film premiered in South Korea in February 2022, while for Malaysia, the film premiered on March 10, 2022, exclusively at TGV Cinemas. In India, the film was released on June 30, 2022, in 200 screens with 50,000 advance ticket sales across India.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: The Blu-ray and DVD of the series was released in Japan on September 21, 2022, featuring two versions. The DVD sold 30,000 copies on its release week while the deluxe edition had 28,000 copies both topping charts surpassing the records of sales of the 2021 film "" as the highest-selling anime DVD of 2022 in its first week of release. The deluxe blu-ray sold 65,000 units while the regular sold 27,000 units on their releases weeks also making records in charts overtaking the records of the anime "Girls und Panzer".


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: About 15,000 people watched the film at the earliest public screenings in 58 screens at midnight on the opening day. It was originally planned to screen at midnight on only 28 screens in 14 theaters at Kyoto, Miyagi, Tokyo, Osaka, Aichi, Fukuoka, and Hokkaido; however, tickets sold out on the first day of sales and theaters eventually expanded the number of screens. Distributor Toho projected that they were hoping that the film would sell over 1 million tickets on its opening day. The film debuted at #1 and earned ¥2.694 billion ($23.5 million) in its first three days. The film is the highest-earning film at the Japanese box office from 2021, surpassing "". Overall, the film has earned a total of 13.75 billion yen (about US$108.1 million) in its run in Japanese theaters; it was the 8th all-time highest-earning anime film in Japan and the 14th highest-earning film in Japanese box office history, until September 2022, when it was surpassed by "".


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: The film released in the United States and Canada on March 18, 2022, and was projected to gross $8–13 million from 2,336 theaters in its opening weekend. It opened with $5.8 million from 2,297 theatres on Friday, including $2.9 million from Thursday-night preview screenings. The film went on to debut to an estimated $17.7 million opening weekend, finishing second behind "The Batman". Men made up 61% of the audience during its opening, with those in the age range of 18–34 comprising 75% of ticket sales. The ethnic breakdown of the audience showed that 32% were Hispanic and Latino Americans, 25% Caucasian, 20% Asian or other, and 17% African American. Its per-screen average of $6,443 was the fourth highest in the first quarter of 2022, below "The Batman", "Uncharted" and "Scream".


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: In the United Kingdom, it had a three-day opening weekend of £514,000 (the fourth highest that weekend) and a five-day opening (including previews) of £822,000, the second highest that week below "The Batman". In France, it sold 347,583 ticket sales in its opening weekend, the third highest that week below "The Batman" and "Notre-Dame brûle".


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: In India, it released in 200 screens with 50,000 advance ticket sales across India, the film surpassed Indian movie releases like "" and "Rashtra Kavach Om" with its first day opening of and had an opening weekend of .


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: In November 2022, it was reported that the film had sold 20.51 million tickets to earn over 26.5 billion yen (about US$191.1 million) worldwide, with a worldwide box office total of US$195,870,885, making "Jujutsu Kaisen 0" the sixth highest-earning anime film of all time worldwide (unadjusted for inflation), surpassed by "", three Hayao Miyazaki films ("Spirited Away", "Howl's Moving Castle" and "Ponyo") and "Your Name".


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: The film was one of the most awaited anime adaptations behind the second season of "". On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval of 98%, based on 44 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The site's consensus is ""Jujutsu Kaisen 0: The Movie" offers a thrilling, beautifully animated gift for fans of the anime -- and a story that holds up as a standalone effort."


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: The film attracted positive response by critics. Yuta's relationship with the Curse of Rika was praised for giving the former as more unpredictable characterization and the horror tones provided by the latter. We Got This Covered compared Yuta's Curse with the themes of traumas, while Polygon instead saw as the idea of a person not being able to accept the death of his friend. Anime UK News enjoyed the handling of Yuta's arc and how Satoru Gojo is given a more in depth exploration in the film than in the original series. Siliconera praised it for being accessible to every new viewer as, instead of focusing on the returning Yuji Itadori's group, it deals with newcomer Yuta and the minor characters from the television series are also explored. "Anime News Network" felt that it did not mark surprising changes in the story when compared with the television series.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: Polygon liked the character of Suguru Geto, labeling him an entertaining villain who fights the lead Yuta who becomes incredibly energetic in the process. Geto was often compared by several critics with Marvel Comics villain Magneto due to their similar desires for supernatural individuals to rule. Similarly, "Los Angeles Times" compared it to the superhero film "" which, like "Jujutsu Kaisen 0", is both accessible and shows the heroes of the previous works created by the same author in their younger days while also praising the balance between comedy and horror. Daryl Harding for Yatta-Tachi gave a positive review of the movie, citing the supporting characters as "a treat" to watch compared to their appearance in the television series and Yuta as a "beyond refreshing" protagonist. Otaku USA lamented the prequel story was only used for a movie rather than a mini-series as he saw the cast as likable enough to carry more screentime with special focus on Geto whose entire background and role make him an appealing villain. "IGN India" praised the film for being a starting point for people unfamiliar with the series.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: Polygon praised MAPPA's most appealing ones scenes, mainly Yuta and Suguru Geto, to the point they are superior to most of their past works such as "The God of High School". "Anime News Network" enjoyed the handling of fight scenes. IGN cited the designs of each curse as they give a striking impression while being also the subject of interesting sequences of movements. "Los Angeles Times" agreed, citing some Curses also to have bizarre looks and that the violence might be too strong to affect the sensitive audience while returning audiences would not be disappointed by these sequences. Otaku USA also praised the fight scenes, citing fan favorite Satoru Gojo's ones. Yatta-Tachi also applauded the animation, calling it "utterly superb" and "best key animated action cuts in anime". "The Guardian" enjoyed both the animation as well as how it mixes with the soundtrack in order to produce scenes composed of "adrenaline-pumping showdown between good and evil, as a web of painstakingly detailed monsters of all kinds spring into gory action".


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: Megumi Ogata's portrayal of the character in Japanese was acclaimed by "Anime News Network" and IGN for making the character stand out as more unique in the movie than in original manga when he changes tones from calm, which was compared to her early deliveries as Shinji Ikari from "Neon Genesis Evangelion", to more aggressive tones when there are elements of horror or action. Other actors praised include Mikako Komatsu for her performance as Maki and Yuuichi Nakamura for Gojo. Fandom Post compared Kayleigh McKee's voice work with that of Spike Spencer, who voiced Shinji in the English dub of the series, and wondered whether it was intentional. Hit equally praised McKee, Ogata, Hanazawa for making Yuta more appealing alongside Rika. Pop Culture Maniac was more negative about McKee's work for making him sound childish rather than traumatized.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: Besides the soundtrack, the two main theme songs of the movie were the subject positive responses by Anime UK News.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: The film was also nominated for the 45th Japan Academy Film Prize under the "Animation of the Year" category.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: In the climax of the movie, Yuta manages to overpower Geto who escapes after suffering severe wounds. As he tries to leave, Gojo appears and kills him. This scene confused the viewers of the movie due to Geto still appearing in the television series set a year after the movie. The nature of Suguru Geto's survival is not explained either in the first season of the anime and, instead, writers claimed that fans have to read the main series as the manga explains properly the nature of Suguru Geto once Gojo meets him again. Comic Book Resources noted the that while the film several changes, the inclusion of the first anime series characters but only as cameos. Meanwhile, Gojo's relationship with Geto was edited too in the final scene when compared to the manga which makes the former less emotive and tragic than in the original manga.


title: Jujutsu Kaisen 0 (film)

text: The post-credits scene was also the subject of confusion as Yuta is seen having a meal with Geto's underling Miguel in Kenya until both are interrupted. IGN says this scene is teased in the main series when Gojo explains his reasons for leaving Japan for a short time, with Yuta explaining the true reason for journey to Kenya in the manga once he reappears in the main series. Miguel's inclusion in the final scene is also explained in the manga, leaving anime only viewers to wait until the adaptation to reach this part of the manga.


title: The Guardian

text: The Guardian is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in 1821 as "The Manchester Guardian"; it changed its name in 1959. Along with its sister papers "The Observer" and "The Guardian Weekly", "The Guardian" is part of the Guardian Media Group, owned by the Scott Trust. The trust was created in 1936 to "secure the financial and editorial independence of "The Guardian" in perpetuity and to safeguard the journalistic freedom and liberal values of "The Guardian" free from commercial or political interference". The trust was converted into a limited company in 2008, with a constitution written so as to maintain for "The Guardian" the same protections as were built into the structure of the Scott Trust by its creators. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than distributed to owners or shareholders. It is considered a newspaper of record in the UK.


title: The Guardian

text: The editor-in-chief Katharine Viner succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. Since 2018, the paper's main newsprint sections have been published in tabloid format. , its print edition had a daily circulation of 105,134. The newspaper has an online edition, TheGuardian.com, as well as two international websites, "Guardian Australia" (founded in 2013) and "Guardian US" (founded in 2011). The paper's readership is generally on the mainstream left of British political opinion, and the term ""Guardian" reader" is used to imply a stereotype of liberal, left-wing or "politically correct" views. Frequent typographical errors during the age of manual typesetting led "Private Eye" magazine to dub the paper the "" in the 1960s, a nickname still used occasionally by the editors for self-mockery.


title: The Guardian

text: In an Ipsos MORI research poll in September 2018 designed to interrogate the public's trust of specific titles online, "The Guardian" scored highest for digital-content news, with 84% of readers agreeing that they "trust what [they] see in it". A December 2018 report of a poll by the Publishers Audience Measurement Company stated that the paper's print edition was found to be the most trusted in the UK in the period from October 2017 to September 2018. It was also reported to be the most-read of the UK's "quality newsbrands", including digital editions; other "quality" brands included "The Times", "The Daily Telegraph", "The Independent", and the "i". While "The Guardian"s print circulation is in decline, the report indicated that news from "The Guardian", including that reported online, reaches more than 23 million UK adults each month.


title: The Guardian

text: Chief among the notable "scoops" obtained by the paper was the 2011 News International phone-hacking scandal—and in particular the hacking of the murdered English teenager Milly Dowler's phone. The investigation led to the closure of the "News of the World", the UK's best-selling Sunday newspaper and one of the highest-circulation newspapers in history. In June 2013, "The Guardian" broke news of the secret collection by the Obama administration of Verizon telephone records, and subsequently revealed the existence of the surveillance program PRISM after knowledge of it was leaked to the paper by the whistleblower and former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden. In 2016, "The Guardian" led an investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing then–Prime Minister David Cameron's links to offshore bank accounts. It has been named "newspaper of the year" four times at the annual British Press Awards: most recently in 2014, for its reporting on government surveillance.


title: The Guardian

text: "The Manchester Guardian" was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle, a group of non-conformist businessmen. They launched the paper, on 5 May 1821 (by chance the very day of Napoleon's death) after the police closure of the more radical "Manchester Observer", a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. Taylor had been hostile to the radical reformers, writing: "They have appealed not to the reason but the passions and the suffering of their abused and credulous fellow-countrymen, from whose ill-requited industry they extort for themselves the means of a plentiful and comfortable existence. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they live better than those that do." When the government closed down the "Manchester Observer", the mill-owners' champions had the upper hand.


title: The Guardian

text: The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, and all of the Little Circle wrote articles for the new paper. The prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would "zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty ... warmly advocate the cause of Reform ... endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and ... support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, all serviceable measures". In 1825, the paper merged with the "British Volunteer" and was known as "The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer" until 1828.


title: The Guardian

text: The working-class "Manchester and Salford Advertiser" called "The Manchester Guardian" "the foul prostitute and dirty parasite of the worst portion of the mill-owners". "The Manchester Guardian" was generally hostile to labour's claims. Of the 1832 Ten Hours Bill, the paper doubted whether in view of the foreign competition "the passing of a law positively enacting a gradual destruction of the cotton manufacture in this kingdom would be a much less rational procedure." "The Manchester Guardian" dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators, stating that "if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. They live on strife ... ."


title: The Guardian

text: The newspaper opposed slavery and supported free trade. An 1823 leading article on the continuing "cruelty and injustice" to slaves in the West Indies long after the abolition of the slave trade with the Slave Trade Act 1807 wanted fairness to the interests and claims both of the planters and of their oppressed slaves. It welcomed the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 and accepted the "increased compensation" to the planters as the "guilt of slavery attaches far more to the nation" rather than individuals. Success of the Act would encourage emancipation in other slave-owning nations to avoid "imminent risk of a violent and bloody termination." However, the newspaper argued against restricting trade with countries which had not yet abolished slavery.


title: The Guardian

text: Complex tensions developed in the United States. When the abolitionist George Thompson toured, the newspaper said that "[s]lavery is a monstrous evil, but civil war is not a less one; and we would not seek the abolition even of the former through the imminent hazard of the latter". It suggested that the United States should compensate slave-owners for freeing slaves and called on President Franklin Pierce to resolve the 1856 "civil war", the Sacking of Lawrence due to pro-slavery laws imposed by Congress.


title: The Guardian

text: In 1860, "The Observer" quoted a report that the newly elected president Abraham Lincoln was opposed to abolition of slavery. On 13 May 1861, shortly after the start of the American Civil War, the "Manchester Guardian" portrayed the Northern states as primarily imposing a burdensome trade monopoly on the Confederate States, arguing that if the South was freed to have direct trade with Europe, "the day would not be distant when slavery itself would cease". Therefore, the newspaper asked "Why should the South be prevented from freeing itself from slavery?" This hopeful view was also held by the Liberal leader William Ewart Gladstone.


title: The Guardian

text: There was division in Britain over the Civil War, even within political parties. The "Manchester Guardian" had also been conflicted. It had supported other independence movements and felt it should also support the rights of the Confederacy to self-determination. It criticised Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation for not freeing all American slaves. On 10 October 1862, it wrote: "It is impossible to cast any reflections upon a man so evidently sincere and well-intentioned as Mr Lincoln but it is also impossible not to feel that it was an evil day both for America and the world, when he was chosen President of the United States". By then, the Union blockade was causing suffering in British towns. Some including Liverpool supported the Confederacy as did "current opinion in all classes" in London. On 31 December 1862, cotton workers held a meeting at the Free Trade Hall in Manchester which resolved "its detestation of negro slavery in America, and of the attempt of the rebellious Southern slave-holders to organise on the great American continent a nation having slavery as its basis". There was a comment that "an effort had been made in a leading article of the "Manchester Guardian" to deter the working men from assembling together for such a purpose". The newspaper reported all this and published their letter to President Lincoln while complaining that "the chief occupation, if not the chief object of the meeting, seems to have been to abuse the "Manchester Guardian"". Lincoln replied to the letter thanking the workers for their "sublime Christian heroism" and American ships delivered relief supplies to Britain.


title: The Guardian

text: The newspaper reported the shock to the community of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865, concluding that "[t]he parting of his family with the dying President is too sad for description", but in what from today's perspective looks an ill-judged editorial wrote that "[o]f his rule we can never speak except as a series of acts abhorrent to every true notion of constitutional right and human liberty", adding "it is doubtless to be regretted that he had not the opportunity of vindicating his good intentions".


title: The Guardian

text: According to Martin Kettle, writing for "The Guardian" in February 2011, ""The Guardian" had always hated slavery. But it doubted the Union hated slavery to the same degree. It argued that the Union had always tacitly condoned slavery by shielding the southern slave states from the condemnation they deserved. It was critical of Lincoln's emancipation proclamation for stopping short of a full repudiation of slavery throughout the US. And it chastised the president for being so willing to negotiate with the south, with slavery one of the issues still on the table".


title: The Guardian

text: C. P. Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised. He was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylor's son in 1907. Under Scott, the paper's moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886, and opposing the Second Boer War against popular opinion. Scott supported the movement for women's suffrage, but was critical of any tactics by the Suffragettes that involved direct action: "The really ludicrous position is that Mr Lloyd George is fighting to enfranchise seven million women and the militants are smashing unoffending people's windows and breaking up benevolent societies' meetings in a desperate effort to prevent him." Scott thought the Suffragettes' "courage and devotion" was "worthy of a better cause and saner leadership". It has been argued that Scott's criticism reflected a widespread disdain, at the time, for those women who "transgressed the gender expectations of Edwardian society".


title: The Guardian

text: Scott commissioned J. M. Synge and his friend Jack Yeats to produce articles and drawings documenting the social conditions of the west of Ireland; these pieces were published in 1911 in the collection "Travels in Wicklow, West Kerry and Connemara".


title: The Guardian

text: Scott's friendship with Chaim Weizmann played a role in the Balfour Declaration. In 1948 "The Manchester Guardian" was a supporter of the new State of Israel.


title: The Guardian

text: Ownership of the paper passed in June 1936 to the Scott Trust (named after the last owner, John Russell Scott, who was the first chairman of the Trust). This move ensured the paper's independence.


title: The Guardian

text: From 1930 to 1967, a special archival copy of all the daily newspapers was preserved in 700 zinc cases. These were found in 1988 whilst the newspaper's archives were deposited at the University of Manchester's John Rylands University Library, on the Oxford Road campus. The first case was opened and found to contain the newspapers issued in August 1930 in pristine condition. The zinc cases had been made each month by the newspaper's plumber and stored for posterity. The other 699 cases were not opened and were all returned to storage at "The Guardian"s garage, owing to shortage of space at the library.


title: The Guardian

text: Traditionally affiliated with the centrist to centre-left Liberal Party, and with a northern, non-conformist circulation base, the paper earned a national reputation and the respect of the left during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). George Orwell wrote in "Homage to Catalonia" (1938): "Of our larger papers, the "Manchester Guardian" is the only one that leaves me with an increased respect for its honesty". With the pro-Liberal "News Chronicle", the Labour-supporting "Daily Herald", the Communist Party's "Daily Worker" and several Sunday and weekly papers, it supported the Republican government against General Francisco Franco's insurgent nationalists.


title: The Guardian

text: The paper's then editor, A. P. Wadsworth, so loathed Labour's left-wing champion Aneurin Bevan, who had made a reference to getting rid of "Tory Vermin" in a speech "and the hate-gospellers of his entourage" that it encouraged readers to vote Conservative in the 1951 general election and remove Clement Attlee's post-war Labour government. The newspaper opposed the creation of the National Health Service as it feared the state provision of healthcare would "eliminate selective elimination" and lead to an increase of congenitally deformed and feckless people.


title: The Guardian

text: "The Manchester Guardian" strongly opposed military intervention during the 1956 Suez Crisis: "The Anglo-French ultimatum to Egypt is an act of folly, without justification in any terms but brief expediency. It pours petrol on a growing fire. There is no knowing what kind of explosion will follow."


title: The Guardian

text: On 24 August 1959, "The Manchester Guardian" changed its name to "The Guardian". This change reflected the growing prominence of national and international affairs in the newspaper. In September 1961, "The Guardian", which had previously only been published in Manchester, began to be printed in London.


title: The Guardian

text: Nesta Roberts was appointed as the newspaper's first news editor there, becoming the first woman to hold such a position on a British national newspaper.


title: The Guardian

text: When 13 civil rights demonstrators in Northern Ireland were killed by the Parachute Regiment on 30 January 1972 (known as Bloody Sunday), "The Guardian" wrote that "Neither side can escape condemnation." Of the protesters, they wrote, "The organizers of the demonstration, Miss Bernadette Devlin among them, deliberately challenged the ban on marches. They knew that stone throwing and sniping could not be prevented, and that the IRA might use the crowd as a shield." Of the British soldiers present, they wrote, "there seems little doubt that random shots were fired into the crowd, that aim was taken at individuals who were neither bombers nor weapons carriers and that excessive force was used".


title: The Guardian

text: Many Irish people believed that the Widgery Tribunal's ruling on the killings was a whitewash, a view that was later supported with the publication of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry in 2010, but in 1972 "The Guardian" wrote that "Widgery's report is not one-sided" (20 April 1972). At the time the paper also supported internment without trial in Northern Ireland: "Internment without trial is hateful, repressive and undemocratic. In the existing Irish situation, most regrettably, it is also inevitable... .To remove the ringleaders, in the hope that the atmosphere might calm down, is a step to which there is no obvious alternative." Before then, in 1969, "The Guardian" had called for British troops to be sent to the region, stating that their deployment could "present a more disinterested face of law and order," but only on condition that "Britain takes charge."


title: The Guardian

text: In 1983, the paper was at the centre of a controversy surrounding documents regarding the stationing of cruise missiles in Britain that were leaked to "The Guardian" by civil servant Sarah Tisdall. The paper eventually complied with a court order to hand over the documents to the authorities, which resulted in a six-month prison sentence for Tisdall, though she served only four. "I still blame myself," said Peter Preston, who was the editor of "The Guardian" at the time, but he went on to argue that the paper had no choice because it "believed in the rule of law". In a 2019 article discussing Julian Assange and the protection of sources by journalists, John Pilger criticised the editor of "The Guardian" for betraying Tisdall by choosing not to go to prison "on a fundamental principle of protecting a source".


title: The Guardian

text: In 1994, KGB defector Oleg Gordievsky identified "Guardian" literary editor Richard Gott as "an agent of influence". While Gott denied that he received cash, he admitted he had had lunch at the Soviet Embassy and had taken benefits from the KGB on overseas visits. Gott resigned from his post.


title: The Guardian

text: Gordievsky commented on the newspaper: "The KGB loved "The Guardian". It was deemed highly susceptible to penetration."


title: The Guardian

text: In 1995, both the Granada Television programme "World in Action" and "The Guardian" were sued for libel by the then cabinet minister Jonathan Aitken, for their allegation that Harrods owner Mohamed Al Fayed had paid for Aitken and his wife to stay at the Hôtel Ritz in Paris, which would have amounted to accepting a bribe on Aitken's part. Aitken publicly stated that he would fight with "the simple sword of truth and the trusty shield of British fair play". The court case proceeded, and in 1997 "The Guardian" produced evidence that Aitken's claim of his wife paying for the hotel stay was untrue. In 1999, Aitken was jailed for perjury and perverting the course of justice.


title: The Guardian

text: In May 1998, a series of "Guardian" investigations exposed the wholesale fabrication of a much-garlanded ITV documentary "The Connection", produced by Carlton Television.


title: The Guardian

text: The documentary purported to film an undiscovered route by which heroin was smuggled into the United Kingdom from Colombia. An internal inquiry at Carlton found that "The Guardian"s allegations were in large part correct and the then industry regulator, the ITC, punished Carlton with a record £2 million fine for multiple breaches of the UK's broadcasting codes. The scandal led to an impassioned debate about the accuracy of documentary production.


title: The Guardian

text: Later in June 1998, "The Guardian" revealed further fabrications in another Carlton documentary from the same director.


title: The Guardian

text: The paper supported NATO's military intervention in the Kosovo War in 1998–1999. "The Guardian" stated that "the only honourable course for Europe and America is to use military force". Mary Kaldor's piece was headlined "Bombs away! But to save civilians, we must get in some soldiers too."


title: The Guardian

text: In the early 2000s, "The Guardian" challenged the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Treason Felony Act 1848. In October 2004, "The Guardian" published a humorous column by Charlie Brooker in its entertainment guide, the final sentence of which was viewed by some as a call for violence against U.S. President George W. Bush; after a controversy, Brooker and the paper issued an apology, saying the "closing comments were intended as an ironic joke, not as a call to action." Following the 7 July 2005 London bombings, "The Guardian" published an article on its comment pages by Dilpazier Aslam, a 27-year-old British Muslim and journalism trainee from Yorkshire. Aslam was a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir, an Islamist group, and had published a number of articles on their website. According to the newspaper, it did not know that Aslam was a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir when he applied to become a trainee, though several staff members were informed of this once he started at the paper. The Home Office said that the group's "ultimate aim is the establishment of an Islamic state (Caliphate), according to Hizb ut-Tahrir via non-violent means". "The Guardian" asked Aslam to resign his membership of the group and, when he did not do so, terminated his employment.


title: The Guardian

text: In early 2009, "The Guardian" started a tax investigation into a number of major UK companies, including publishing a database of the tax paid by the FTSE 100 companies. Internal documents relating to Barclays Bank's tax avoidance were removed from "The Guardian" website after Barclays obtained a gagging order. The newspaper played a pivotal role in exposing the depth of the "News of the World" phone hacking affair. "The Economist" "Intelligent Life" magazine opined that...


title: The Guardian

text: In recent decades, "The Guardian" has been accused of biased criticism of Israeli government policy and of bias against the Palestinians. In December 2003, columnist Julie Burchill cited "striking bias against the state of Israel" as one of the reasons she left the paper for "The Times".


title: The Guardian

text: Responding to these accusations, a "Guardian" editorial in 2002 condemned antisemitism and defended the paper's right to criticise the policies and actions of the Israeli government, arguing that those who view such criticism as inherently anti-Jewish are mistaken. Harriet Sherwood, then "The Guardian" foreign editor, later its Jerusalem correspondent, has also denied that "The Guardian" has an anti-Israel bias, saying that the paper aims to cover all viewpoints in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.


title: The Guardian

text: On 6 November 2011, Chris Elliott, "The Guardian"s readers' editor, wrote that ""Guardian" reporters, writers and editors must be more vigilant about the language they use when writing about Jews or Israel," citing recent cases where "The Guardian" received complaints regarding language chosen to describe Jews or Israel. Elliott noted that, over nine months, he upheld complaints regarding language in certain articles that were seen as anti-Semitic, revising the language and footnoting this change.


title: The Guardian

text: "The Guardian"s style guide section referred to Tel Aviv as the capital of Israel in 2012. "The Guardian" later clarified: "In 1980, the Israeli Knesset enacted a law designating the city of Jerusalem, including East Jerusalem, as the country's capital. In response, the UN security council issued resolution 478, censuring the "change in character and status of the Holy City of Jerusalem" and calling on all member states with diplomatic missions in the city to withdraw. The UN has reaffirmed this position on several occasions, and almost every country now has its embassy in Tel Aviv. While it was therefore right to issue a correction to make clear Israel's designation of Jerusalem as its capital is not recognised by the international community, we accept that it is wrong to state that Tel Aviv – the country's financial and diplomatic centre – is the capital. The style guide has been amended accordingly."


title: The Guardian

text: On 11 August 2014 the print edition of "The Guardian" published a pro-Israeli advocacy advert during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict featuring Elie Wiesel, headed by the words "Jews rejected child sacrifice 3,500 years ago. Now it's Hamas' turn." "The Times" had decided against running the ad, although it had already appeared in major American newspapers. One week later, Chris Elliott expressed the opinion that the newspaper should have rejected the language used in the advert and should have negotiated with the advertiser on this matter.


title: The Guardian

text: In August 2004, for the US presidential election, the daily "G2" supplement launched an experimental letter-writing campaign in Clark County, Ohio, an average-sized county in a swing state. Editor Ian Katz bought a voter list from the county for $25 and asked readers to write to people listed as undecided in the election, giving them an impression of the international view and the importance of voting against President George W. Bush. Katz admitted later that he did not believe Democrats who warned that the campaign would benefit Bush and not opponent John Kerry. The newspaper scrapped "Operation Clark County" on 21 October 2004 after first publishing a column of responses—nearly all of them outraged—to the campaign under the headline "Dear Limey assholes". Some commentators suggested that the public's dislike of the campaign contributed to Bush's victory in Clark County.


title: The Guardian

text: In 2007, the paper launched "Guardian America", an attempt to capitalise on its large online readership in the United States, which at the time stood at more than 5.9 million. The company hired former "American Prospect" editor, "New York" magazine columnist and "New York Review of Books" writer Michael Tomasky to head the project and hire a staff of American reporters and web editors. The site featured news from "The Guardian" that was relevant to an American audience: coverage of US news and the Middle East, for example.


title: The Guardian

text: Tomasky stepped down from his position as editor of "Guardian America" in February 2009, ceding editing and planning duties to other US and London staff. He retained his position as a columnist and blogger, taking the title editor-at-large.


title: The Guardian

text: In October 2009, the company abandoned the "Guardian America" homepage, instead directing users to a US news index page on the main "Guardian" website. The following month, the company laid off six American employees, including a reporter, a multimedia producer and four web editors. The move came as "Guardian News and Media" opted to reconsider its US strategy amid a huge effort to cut costs across the company. In subsequent years, however, "The Guardian" has hired various commentators on US affairs including Ana Marie Cox, Michael Wolff, Naomi Wolf, Glenn Greenwald and George W. Bush's former speechwriter Josh Treviño. Treviño's first blog post was an apology for a controversial tweet posted in June 2011 over the second Gaza flotilla, the controversy which had been revived by the appointment.


title: The Guardian

text: "Guardian US" launched in September 2011, led by editor-in-chief Janine Gibson, which replaced the previous "Guardian America" service. After a period during which Katharine Viner served as the US editor-in-chief before taking charge of "Guardian News and Media" as a whole, Viner's former deputy, Lee Glendinning, was appointed to succeed her as head of the American operation at the beginning of June 2015.


title: The Guardian

text: In October 2009, "The Guardian" reported that it was forbidden to report on a parliamentary matter – a question recorded in a Commons order paper, to be answered by a minister later that week. The newspaper noted that it was being "forbidden from telling its readers why the paper is prevented—for the first time in memory—from reporting parliament. Legal obstacles, which cannot be identified, involve proceedings, which cannot be mentioned, on behalf of a client who must remain secret. The only fact "The Guardian" can report is that the case involves the London solicitors Carter-Ruck." The paper further claimed that this case appears "to call into question privileges guaranteeing free speech established under the 1689 Bill of Rights".


title: The Guardian

text: The only parliamentary question mentioning Carter-Ruck in the relevant period was by Paul Farrelly MP, in reference to legal action by Barclays and Trafigura. The part of the question referencing Carter-Ruck relates to the latter company's September 2009 gagging order on the publication of a 2006 internal report into the 2006 Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste dump scandal, which involved a class action case that the company only settled in September 2009 after "The Guardian" published some of the commodity trader's internal emails. The reporting injunction was lifted the next day, as Carter-Ruck withdrew it before "The Guardian" could challenge it in the High Court. Alan Rusbridger attributed the rapid back-down by Carter-Ruck to postings on Twitter, as did a BBC News Online article.


title: The Guardian

text: In June 2013, the newspaper broke news of the secret collection of Verizon telephone records held by Barack Obama's administration and subsequently revealed the existence of the PRISM surveillance program after it was leaked to the paper by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden. "The Guardian" said a DSMA-Notice had been sent to editors and journalists on 7 June after the first "Guardian" story about the Snowden documents. It said the DSMA-Notice was being used as an "attempt to censor coverage of surveillance tactics employed by intelligence agencies in the UK and US".


title: The Guardian

text: The newspaper was subsequently contacted by the British government's Cabinet Secretary, Sir Jeremy Heywood, under instruction from Prime Minister David Cameron and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, who ordered that the hard drives containing the information be destroyed. "The Guardian" offices were then visited in July by agents from the UK's GCHQ, who supervised the destruction of the hard drives containing information acquired from Snowden. "The Guardian" said it had destroyed the hard drives to avoid threatened legal action by the UK government that could have stopped it from reporting on US and British government surveillance contained in the documents. In June 2014, "The Register" reported that the information the government sought to suppress by destroying the hard drives related to the location of a "beyond top secret" internet monitoring base in Seeb, Oman, and the close involvement of BT and Cable & Wireless in intercepting internet communications. Julian Assange criticised the newspaper for not publishing the entirety of the content when it had the chance. Rusbridger had initially covered the Snowden documents without the government's supervision, but subsequently sought it, and established an ongoing relationship with the Defence Ministry. "The Guardian" coverage of Snowden later continued because the information had already been copied outside the United Kingdom, earning the newspaper a Pulitzer Prize. Rusbridger and subsequent chief editors would sit on the government's DSMA-notice board.


title: The Guardian

text: In a November 2018 "Guardian" article, Luke Harding and Dan Collyns cited anonymous sources which stated that Donald Trump's former campaign manager Paul Manafort held secret meetings with WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange inside the Ecuadorian embassy in London in 2013, 2015, and 2016. The name of a third author, Fernando Villavicencio, was removed from the online version of the story soon after publication. The title of the story was originally 'Manafort held secret talks with Assange in Ecuadorian embassy'. A few hours after publication, 'sources say' was added to the title, and the meeting became an 'apparent meeting'. One reporter characterized the story, "If it's right, it might be the biggest get this year. If it's wrong, it might be the biggest gaffe." Manafort and Assange both denied ever having met with the latter threatening legal action against "The Guardian". Ecuador's London consul Fidel Narváez, who had worked at Ecuador's embassy in London from 2010 to July 2018, denied that Manafort's visits had happened. Serge Halimi said Harding had a personal grievance against Assange and noted that Manafort's name does not appear in the Ecuadorian embassy's visitors’ book and there were no pictures of Manafort entering or leaving "one of the most surveilled and filmed buildings on the planet".


title: The Guardian

text: "The Guardian" was accused of being "racist and misogynistic" after it published a cartoon depicting Home Secretary, Priti Patel as a cow with a ring in its nose in an alleged reference to her Hindu faith, since cows are considered sacred in Hinduism.


title: The Guardian

text: Journalist Glenn Greenwald, a former contributor to "The Guardian", has accused "The Guardian" of falsifying the words of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange in a report about the interview he gave to Italian newspaper "La Repubblica." In "The Intercept", Greenwald wrote: "This article is about how those ["Guardian"] false claims—fabrications, really—were spread all over the internet by journalists, causing hundreds of thousands of people (if not millions) to consume false news." "The Guardian" later amended its article about Assange.


title: The Guardian

text: After publishing a story on 13 January 2017 claiming that WhatsApp had a "backdoor [that] allows snooping on messages", more than 70 professional cryptographers signed on to an open letter calling for "The Guardian" to retract the article. On 13 June 2017, readers' editor Paul Chadwick released an article detailing the flawed reporting in the original January article, which was amended to remove references to a backdoor.


title: The Guardian

text: "The Guardian" is part of the Guardian Media Group (GMG) of newspapers, radio stations and print media. GMG components include "The Observer", "The Guardian Weekly" and "TheGuardian.com". All were owned by The Scott Trust, a charitable foundation existing between 1936 and 2008, which aimed to ensure the paper's editorial independence in perpetuity, maintaining its financial health to ensure it did not become vulnerable to takeovers by commercial media groups. At the beginning of October 2008, the Scott Trusts assets were transferred to a new limited company, The Scott Trust Limited, with the intention being that the original trust would be wound up. Dame Liz Forgan, chair of the Scott Trust, reassured staff that the purposes of the new company remained the same as under the previous arrangements.


title: The Guardian

text: "The Guardian" is the only British national daily to conduct (since 2003) an annual social, ethical and environmental audit in which it examines, under the scrutiny of an independent external auditor, its own behaviour as a company. It is also the only British national daily newspaper to employ an internal ombudsman (called the "readers' editor") to handle complaints and corrections.


title: The Guardian

text: "The Guardian" and its parent groups participate in Project Syndicate and intervened in 1995 to save the "Mail & Guardian" in South Africa; GMG sold the majority of its shares of the "Mail & Guardian" in 2002.


title: The Guardian

text: "The Guardian" was consistently loss-making until 2019. The National Newspaper division of GMG, which also includes "The Observer", reported operating losses of £49.9 million in 2006, up from £18.6 million in 2005. The paper was therefore heavily dependent on cross-subsidisation from profitable companies within the group.


title: The Guardian

text: The continual losses made by the National Newspaper division of the "Guardian Media Group" caused it to dispose of its Regional Media division by selling titles to competitor "Trinity Mirror" in March 2010. This included the flagship "Manchester Evening News", and severed the historic link between that paper and "The Guardian". The sale was in order to safeguard the future of "The Guardian" newspaper as is the intended purpose of the "Scott Trust".


title: The Guardian

text: In June 2011 "Guardian News and Media" revealed increased annual losses of £33 million and announced that it was looking to focus on its online edition for news coverage, leaving the print edition to contain more comments and features. It was also speculated that "The Guardian" might become the first British national daily paper to be fully online.


title: The Guardian

text: For the three years up to June 2012, the paper lost £100,000 a day, which prompted "Intelligent Life" to question whether "The Guardian" could survive.


title: The Guardian

text: Between 2007 and 2014 "The Guardian Media Group" sold all their side businesses, of regional papers and online portals for classifieds and consolidated, into "The Guardian" as sole product. The sales let them acquire a capital stock of £838.3 million as of July 2014, supposed to guarantee the independence of the "Guardian" in perpetuity. In the first year, the paper made more losses than predicted, and in January 2016 the publishers announced, that "The Guardian" will cut 20 per cent of staff and costs within the next three years. The newspaper is rare in calling for direct contributions "to deliver the independent journalism the world needs."


title: The Guardian

text: The Guardian Media Group's 2018 annual report (year ending 1 April 2018) indicated some significant changes occurring. Its digital (online) editions accounted for over 50% of group revenues by that time; the loss from news and media operations was £18.6 million, 52% lower than during the prior year (2017: £38.9 million). The Group had cut costs by £19.1 million, partly by switching its print edition to the tabloid format. The Guardian Media Group's owner, the Scott Trust Endowment Fund, reported that its value at the time was £1.01 billion (2017: £1.03 billion). In the following financial report (for the year 2018–2019), the group reported a profit (EBITDA) of £0.8 million before exceptional items, thus breaking even in 2019.


title: The Guardian

text: To be sustainable, the annual subsidy must fall within the £25m of interest returned on the investments from the Scott Trust Endowment Fund.


title: The Guardian

text: In 2014, "The Guardian" launched a membership scheme. The scheme aims to reduce the financial losses incurred by "The Guardian" without introducing a paywall, thus maintaining open access to the website. Website readers can pay a monthly subscription, with three tiers available. As of 2018 this approach was considered successful, having brought more than 1 million subscriptions or donations, with the paper hoping to break even by April 2019.


title: The Guardian

text: In 2016, the company established a U.S.-based philanthropic arm to raise money from individuals and organizations including think tanks and corporate foundations. The grants are focused by the donors on particular issues. By the following year, the organization had raised $1 million from the likes of Pierre Omidyar's Humanity United, the Skoll Foundation, and the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation to finance reporting on topics including modern-day slavery and climate change. "The Guardian" has stated that it has secured $6 million "in multi-year funding commitments" thus far.


title: The Guardian

text: The new project developed from funding relationships which the paper already had with the Ford, Rockefeller, and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Gates had given the organization $5 million for its Global Development webpage.


title: The Guardian

text: As of March 2020, the journal claims to be "the first major global news organisation to institute an outright ban on taking money from companies that extract fossil fuels."


title: The Guardian

text: Founded by textile traders and merchants, in its early years "The Guardian" had a reputation as "an organ of the middle class", or in the words of C. P. Scott's son Ted, "a paper that will remain bourgeois to the last". Associated at first with the Little Circle and hence with classical liberalism as expressed by the Whigs and later by the Liberal Party, its political orientation underwent a decisive change after World War II, leading to a gradual alignment with Labour and the political left in general.


title: The Guardian

text: The "Scott Trust" describes one of its "core purposes" to be "to secure the financial and editorial independence of the "Guardian" in perpetuity: as a quality national newspaper without party affiliation; remaining faithful to its liberal tradition". The paper's readership is generally on the mainstream left of British political opinion: a MORI poll taken between April and June 2000 showed that 80 per cent of "Guardian" readers were Labour Party voters; according to another MORI poll taken in 2005, 48 per cent of "Guardian" readers were Labour voters and 34 per cent Liberal Democrat voters. The term ""Guardian" reader" can be used to imply a stereotype of liberal, left-wing or "politically correct" views.


title: The Guardian

text: Although the paper is often considered to be "linked inextricably" to the Labour Party, three of "The Guardian" four leader writers joined the more centrist Social Democratic Party on its foundation in 1981. The paper was enthusiastic in its support for Tony Blair in his successful bid to lead the Labour Party, and to be elected Prime Minister. On 19 January 2003, two months before the 2003 invasion of Iraq, an "Observer" Editorial said: "Military intervention in the Middle East holds many dangers. But if we want a lasting peace it may be the only option. ... War with Iraq may yet not come, but, conscious of the potentially terrifying responsibility resting with the British Government, we find ourselves supporting the current commitment to a possible use of force." "The Guardian", however, opposed the war, along with the "Daily Mirror" and "The Independent".


title: The Guardian

text: Then "Guardian" features editor Ian Katz asserted in 2004 that "it is no secret we are a centre-left newspaper". In 2008, "Guardian" columnist Jackie Ashley said that editorial contributors were a mix of "right-of-centre libertarians, greens, Blairites, Brownites, Labourite but less enthusiastic Brownites, etc," and that the newspaper was "clearly left of centre and vaguely progressive". She also said that "you can be absolutely certain that come the next general election, "The Guardian" stance will not be dictated by the editor, still less any foreign proprietor (it helps that there isn't one) but will be the result of vigorous debate within the paper". The paper's comment and opinion pages, though often written by centre-left contributors such as Polly Toynbee, have allowed some space for right-of-centre voices such as Sir Max Hastings and Michael Gove. Since an editorial in 2000, "The Guardian" has favoured abolition of the British monarchy. "I write for the "Guardian"," said Max Hastings in 2005, "because it is read by the new establishment," reflecting the paper's then-growing influence.


title: The Guardian

text: In the run-up to the 2010 general election, following a meeting of the editorial staff, the paper declared its support for the Liberal Democrats, due in particular, to the party's stance on electoral reform. The paper suggested tactical voting to prevent a Conservative victory, given Britain's first-past-the-post electoral system. At the 2015 election, the paper switched its support to the Labour Party. The paper argued that Britain needed a new direction and Labour "speaks with more urgency than its rivals on social justice, standing up to predatory capitalism, on investment for growth, on reforming and strengthening the public realm, Britain's place in Europe and international development".


title: The Guardian

text: Assistant Editor Michael White, in discussing media self-censorship in March 2011, says: "I have always sensed liberal, middle class ill-ease in going after stories about immigration, legal or otherwise, about welfare fraud or the less attractive tribal habits of the working class, which is more easily ignored altogether. Toffs, including royal ones, Christians, especially popes, governments of Israel, and U.S. Republicans are more straightforward targets."


title: The Guardian

text: In a 2013 interview for NPR, "The Guardian's" Latin America correspondent Rory Carroll stated that many editors at "The Guardian" believed and continue to believe that they should support Hugo Chávez "because he was a standard-bearer for the left".


title: The Guardian

text: In the 2015 Labour Party leadership election, "The Guardian" supported Blairite candidate Yvette Cooper and was critical of left-winger Jeremy Corbyn, the successful candidate. These positions were criticised by the "Morning Star", which accused "The Guardian" of being conservative. Although the majority of "Guardian" columnists were against Corbyn winning, Owen Jones, Seumas Milne, and George Monbiot wrote supportive articles about him. Despite the critical position of the paper in general, "The Guardian" endorsed the Labour Party whilst Corbyn was its leader in the 2017 and 2019 general elections — although in both cases they endorsed a vote for opposition parties other than Labour, such as the Liberal Democrats and the Scottish National Party in seats where Labour did not stand a chance.


title: The Guardian

text: In the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum "The Guardian" endorsed remaining in the EU, and in the 2019 European election invited its readers to vote for pro-EU candidates, without endorsing specific parties.


title: The Guardian

text: "The Guardian" had a certified average daily circulation of 204,222 copies in December 2012 — a drop of 11.25 per cent in January 2012 — as compared to sales of 547,465 for "The Daily Telegraph", 396,041 for "The Times", and 78,082 for "The Independent". In March 2013, its average daily circulation had fallen to 193,586, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations. Circulation has continued to decline and stood at 161,091 in December 2016, a decline of 2.98 per cent year-on-year. In July 2021, the circulation was 105,134; later that year, the publishers stopped making circulation data public.


title: The Guardian

text: The first edition was published on 5 May 1821, at which time "The Guardian" was a weekly, published on Saturdays and costing 7d; the stamp duty on newspapers (4d per sheet) forced the price up so high that it was uneconomic to publish more frequently. When the stamp duty was cut in 1836, "The Guardian" added a Wednesday edition and with the abolition of the tax in 1855 it became a daily paper costing 2d.


title: The Guardian

text: In October 1952, the paper took the step of printing news on the front page, replacing the adverts that had hitherto filled that space. Then-editor A. P. Wadsworth wrote: "It is not a thing I like myself, but it seems to be accepted by all the newspaper pundits that it is preferable to be in fashion."


title: The Guardian

text: Following the closure of the Anglican Church Newspaper, "The Guardian", in 1951, the paper dropped "Manchester" from its title in 1959, becoming simply "The Guardian." In 1964 it moved to London, losing some of its regional agenda but continuing to be heavily subsidised by sales of the more downmarket but more profitable "Manchester Evening News". The financial position remained extremely poor into the 1970s; at one time it was in merger talks with "The Times". The paper consolidated its centre-left stance during the 1970s and 1980s.


title: The Guardian

text: On 12 February 1988, "The Guardian" had a significant redesign; as well as improving the quality of its printers' ink, it also changed its masthead to a juxtaposition of an italic Garamond ""The"", with a bold Helvetica "Guardian", that remained in use until the 2005 redesign.


title: The Guardian

text: In 1992, "The Guardian" relaunched its features section as "G2", a tabloid-format supplement. This innovation was widely copied by the other "quality" broadsheets and ultimately led to the rise of "compact" papers and "The Guardian" move to the Berliner format. In 1993 the paper declined to participate in the broadsheet price war started by Rupert Murdoch's "The Times". In June 1993, "The Guardian" bought "The Observer" from Lonrho, thus gaining a serious Sunday sister newspaper with similar political views.


title: The Guardian

text: Its international weekly edition is now titled "The Guardian Weekly", though it retained the title "Manchester Guardian Weekly" for some years after the home edition had moved to London. It includes sections from a number of other internationally significant newspapers of a somewhat left-of-centre inclination, including "Le Monde" and "The Washington Post". "The Guardian Weekly" was also linked to a website for expatriates, "Guardian Abroad", which was launched in 2007 but had been taken offline by 2012.


title: The Guardian

text: "The Guardian" is printed in full colour, and was the first newspaper in the UK to use the Berliner format for its main section, while producing sections and supplements in a range of page sizes including tabloid, approximately A4, and pocket-size (approximately A5).


title: The Guardian

text: In 2004, "The Guardian" announced plans to change to a Berliner or "midi" format, similar to that used by "Die Tageszeitung" in Germany, "Le Monde" in France and many other European papers. At 470×315 mm, this is slightly larger than a traditional tabloid. Planned for the autumn of 2005, this change followed moves by "The Independent" and "The Times" to start publishing in tabloid (or compact) format. On Thursday, 1 September 2005, "The Guardian" announced that it would launch the new format on Monday 12 September 2005. Sister Sunday newspaper "The Observer" also changed to this new format on 8 January 2006.


title: The Guardian

text: The format switch was accompanied by a comprehensive redesign of the paper's look. On Friday, 9 September 2005, the newspaper unveiled its newly designed front page, which débuted on Monday 12 September 2005. Designed by Mark Porter, the new look includes a new masthead for the newspaper, its first since 1988. A typeface family designed by Paul Barnes and Christian Schwartz was created for the new design. With just over 200 fonts, it was described as "one of the most ambitious custom type programs ever commissioned by a newspaper". Among the fonts is Guardian Egyptian, a slab serif that is used in various weights for both text and headlines, and is central to the redesign.


title: The Guardian

text: The switch cost "Guardian Newspapers" £80 million and involved setting up new printing presses in east London and Manchester. This switch was necessary because, before "The Guardian" move, no printing presses in Britain could produce newspapers in the Berliner format. There were additional complications, as one of the paper's presses was part-owned by "Telegraph Newspapers" and "Express Newspapers", contracted to use the plant until 2009. Another press was shared with the "Guardian Media Group's" north-western tabloid local papers, which did not wish to switch to the Berliner format.


title: The Guardian

text: The new format was generally well received by "Guardian" readers, who were encouraged to provide feedback on the changes. The only controversy was over the dropping of the "Doonesbury" cartoon strip. The paper reported thousands of calls and emails complaining about its loss; within 24 hours the decision was reversed and the strip was reinstated the following week. "G2" supplement editor Ian Katz, who was responsible for dropping it, apologised in the editors' blog saying, "I'm sorry, once again, that I made you—and the hundreds of fellow fans who have called our helpline or mailed our comments' address—so cross." However, some readers were dissatisfied as the earlier deadline needed for the all-colour sports section meant coverage of late-finishing evening football matches became less satisfactory in the editions supplied to some parts of the country.


title: The Guardian

text: The investment was rewarded with a circulation rise. In December 2005, the average daily sale stood at 380,693, nearly 6 per cent higher than the figure for December 2004. (However, as of December 2012, circulation had dropped to 204,222.) In 2006, the US-based Society for News Design chose "The Guardian" and Polish daily "Rzeczpospolita" as the world's best-designed newspapers—from among 389 entries from 44 countries.


title: The Guardian

text: In June 2017, Guardian Media Group (GMG) announced that "The Guardian" and "The Observer" would relaunch in tabloid format from early 2018. "The Guardian" confirmed the launch date for the new format to be 15 January 2018. GMG also signed a contract with "Trinity Mirror" – the publisher of the "Daily Mirror", "Sunday Mirror", and "Sunday People" – to outsource printing of "The Guardian" and "The Observer".


title: The Guardian

text: The format change is intended to help cut costs as it allows the paper to be printed by a wider array of presses, and outsourcing the printing to presses owned by Trinity Mirror is expected to save millions of pounds annually. The move is part of a three-year plan that includes cutting 300 jobs in an attempt to reduce losses and break even by 2019. The paper and ink are the same as previously and the font size is fractionally larger.


title: The Guardian

text: An assessment of the response from readers in late April 2018 indicated that the new format had led to an increased number of subscriptions. The editors were working on changing aspects that had caused complaints from readers.


title: The Guardian

text: "The Guardian" and its Sunday sibling "The Observer" publish all their news online, with free access both to current news and an archive of three million stories. A third of the site's hits are for items over a month old. As of May 2013, it was the most popular UK newspaper website with 8.2 million unique visitors per month, just ahead of "Mail Online" with 7.6 million unique monthly visitors. In April 2011, MediaWeek reported that "The Guardian" was the fifth most popular newspaper site in the world. Journalists use an analytics tool called Ophan, built entirely in-house, to measure website data around stories and audience.


title: The Guardian

text: "The Guardian" launched an iOS mobile application for its content in 2009. An Android app followed in 2011. In 2018, the newspaper announced its apps and mobile website would be redesigned to coincide with its relaunch as a tabloid.


title: The Guardian

text: The Comment is Free section features columns by the paper's journalists and regular commentators, as well as articles from guest writers, including readers' comments and responses below. The section includes all the opinion pieces published in the paper itself, as well as many others that only appear online. Censorship is exercised by Moderators who can ban posts – with no right of appeal – by those who they feel have overstepped the mark. "The Guardian" has taken what they call a very "open" stance in delivering news, and have launched an open platform for their content. This allows external developers to easily use "Guardian" content in external applications, and even to feed third-party content back into the "Guardian" network. "The Guardian" also had a number of talkboards that were noted for their mix of political discussion and whimsy until they were closed on Friday, 25 February 2011 after they had settled a libel action brought after months of harassment of a conservative party activist. They were spoofed in "The Guardian" own regular humorous Chatroom column in "G2". The spoof column purported to be excerpts from a chatroom on permachat.co.uk, a real URL that pointed to "The Guardian" talkboards.


title: The Guardian

text: In August 2013, a webshow titled "Thinkfluencer" was launched by Guardian Multimedia in association with Arte.


title: The Guardian

text: In 2004 the paper also launched a dating website, Guardian Soulmates. On 1 July 2020, Guardian Soulmates was closed down with the explanation: "It hasn’t been an easy decision to make, but the online dating world is a very different place to when we first launched online in July 2004. There are so many dating apps now, so many ways to meet people, which are often free and very quick."


title: The Guardian

text: The paper entered podcasting in 2005 with a twelve-part weekly podcast series by Ricky Gervais. In January 2006, Gervais' show topped the iTunes podcast chart having been downloaded by two million listeners worldwide, and was scheduled to be listed in the 2007 "Guinness Book of Records" as the most downloaded podcast.


title: The Guardian

text: "The Guardian" now offers several regular podcasts made by its journalists. One of the most prominent is "Today in Focus", a daily news podcast hosted by Anushka Asthana and launched on 1 November 2018. It was an immediate success and became one of the UK's most-downloaded podcasts.


title: The Guardian

text: In 2003, "The Guardian" started the film production company GuardianFilms, headed by journalist Maggie O'Kane. Much of the company's output is documentary made for television– and it has included Salam Pax's "Baghdad Blogger" for BBC Two's daily flagship "Newsnight", some of which have been shown in compilations by "CNN International", "Sex on the Streets" and "Spiked", both made for the UK's Channel 4 television.


title: The Guardian

text: GuardianFilms has received several broadcasting awards. In addition to two Amnesty International Media Awards in 2004 and 2005, "The Baghdad Blogger: Salam Pax" won a Royal Television Society Award in 2005. "Baghdad: A Doctor's Story" won an Emmy Award for Best International Current Affairs film in 2007. In 2008, photojournalist Sean Smith's "Inside the Surge" won the Royal Television Society award for best international news film – the first time a newspaper has won such an award. The same year, "The Guardian" Katine website was awarded for its outstanding new media output at the One World Media awards. Again in 2008, GuardianFilms' undercover video report revealing vote rigging by Robert Mugabe's ZANU–PF party during the 2007 Zimbabwe election won best news programme of the year at the Broadcast Awards.


title: The Guardian

text: The paper's nickname "" (sometimes abbreviated as "Graun") originated with the satirical magazine "Private Eye". This anagram played on "The Guardian"s early reputation for frequent typographical errors, including misspelling its own name as "The ".


title: The Guardian

text: The first issue of the newspaper contained a number of errors, including a notification that there would soon be some goods sold at "" instead of "auction". Fewer typographical errors are seen in the paper since the end of hot-metal typesetting. One "Guardian" writer, Keith Devlin, suggested that the high number of observed misprints was due more to the quality of the readership than the misprints' greater frequency. The fact that the newspaper was printed in Manchester until 1961 and the early, more error-prone, prints were sent to London by train may have contributed to this image as well. When John Cole was appointed news editor by Alastair Hetherington in 1963, he sharpened the paper's comparatively "amateurish" setup.


title: The Guardian

text: Employees of "The Guardian" and sister paper "The Observer" have been depicted in the films "The Fifth Estate" (2013), "Snowden" (2016) and "Official Secrets" (2019), while Paddy Considine played a fictional "Guardian" journalist in the film "The Bourne Ultimatum" (2007).


title: The Guardian

text: "The Guardian" has been awarded the National Newspaper of the Year in 1998, 2005, 2010 and 2013 by the British Press Awards, and Front Page of the Year in 2002 ("A declaration of war", 12 September 2001). It was also co-winner of the World's Best-designed Newspaper as awarded by the Society for News Design (2005, 2007, 2013, 2014).


title: The Guardian

text: The "Guardian, Observer" and its journalists have also won numerous accolades at the British Sports Journalism Awards:


title: The Guardian

text: The "guardian.co.uk" website won the Best Newspaper category three years running in 2005, 2006 and 2007 Webby Awards, beating (in 2005) "The New York Times", "The Washington Post", "The Wall Street Journal" and "Variety". It has been the winner for six years in a row of the British Press Awards for Best Electronic Daily Newspaper. The site won an "Eppy" award from the US-based magazine "Editor & Publisher" in 2000 for the best-designed newspaper online service.


title: The Guardian

text: In 2007, the newspaper was ranked first in a study on transparency that analysed 25 mainstream English-language media vehicles, which was conducted by the International Center for Media and the Public Agenda of the University of Maryland. It scored 3.8 out of a possible 4.0.


title: The Guardian

text: "The Guardian" and "The Washington Post" shared the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for public service reporting for their coverage of the NSA's and GCHQ's worldwide electronic surveillance program and the document leaks by whistleblower Edward Snowden.


title: The Guardian

text: "The Guardian" is the sponsor of two major literary awards: The "Guardian First Book Award", established in 1999 as a successor to the "Guardian Fiction Award", which had run since 1965, and the "Guardian Children's Fiction Prize", founded in 1967. In recent years the newspaper has also sponsored the Hay Festival in Hay-on-Wye.


title: The Guardian

text: The annual Guardian Student Media Awards, founded in 1999, recognise excellence in journalism and design of British university and college student newspapers, magazines and websites.


title: The Guardian

text: In memory of Paul Foot, who died in 2004, "The Guardian" and "Private Eye" jointly set up the Paul Foot Award, with an annual £10,000 prize fund, for investigative or campaigning journalism.


title: The Guardian

text: The newspaper produces "The Guardian" 100 Best Footballers In The World. Since 2018 it has also co-produced the female equivalent, The 100 Best Female Footballers In The World.


title: The Guardian

text: In 2016, "The Guardian" began awarding an annual Footballer of the Year award, given to a footballer regardless of gender "who has done something truly remarkable, whether by overcoming adversity, helping others or setting a sporting example by acting with exceptional honesty."


title: The Guardian

text: "The Guardian" and its sister newspaper "The Observer" opened The Newsroom, an archive and visitor centre in London, in 2002. The centre preserved and promoted the histories and values of the newspapers through its archive, educational programmes and exhibitions. The Newsroom's activities were all transferred to Kings Place in 2008. Now known as The Guardian News & Media archive, the archive preserves and promotes the histories and values of "The Guardian" and "The Observer" newspapers by collecting and making accessible material that provides an accurate and comprehensive history of the papers. The archive holds official records of "The Guardian" and "The Observer", and also seeks to acquire material from individuals who have been associated with the papers. As well as corporate records, the archive holds correspondence, diaries, notebooks, original cartoons and photographs belonging to staff of the papers. This material may be consulted by members of the public by prior appointment. An extensive "Manchester Guardian" archive also exists at the University of Manchester's John Rylands University Library, and there is a collaboration programme between the two archives. Additionally, the British Library has a large archive of "The Manchester Guardian" available in its British Library Newspapers collection, in online, hard copy, microform, and CD-ROM formats.


title: The Guardian

text: In November 2007, "The Guardian" and "The Observer" made their archives available over the internet via DigitalArchive. The current extent of the archives available are 1821 to 2000 for "The Guardian" and 1791 to 2000 for "The Observer": these archives will eventually run up to 2003.


title: The Guardian

text: The Newsroom's other components were also transferred to Kings Place in 2008. "The Guardian" Education Centre provides a range of educational programmes for students and adults. "The Guardian" exhibition space was also moved to Kings Place, and has a rolling programme of exhibitions that investigate and reflect upon aspects of news and newspapers and the role of journalism. This programme often draws on the archive collections held in the GNM Archive.


title: FromSoftware

text: FromSoftware, Inc. is a Japanese video game development and publishing company based in Tokyo. Founded by Naotoshi Zin in November 1986, the company developed business software before releasing their first video game, "King's Field", for the PlayStation in 1994. Its success shifted FromSoftware to focus fully on video games, with them producing two more "King's Field" games before creating the mecha battle series "Armored Core" (1997), which is seen one of their flagship franchises. By the 2000s, the company's lineup also included the "Echo Night", "Shadow Tower", "Lost Kingdoms", "Otogi", and "Another Century's Episode" series.


title: FromSoftware

text: FromSoftware would achieve breakout success in the 2010s, spurred by "Demon's Souls" (2009) and "Dark Souls" (2011), the latter being the first entry in a trilogy whose success led to the creation of a subgenre of action role-playing games known as Soulslike. Other critically acclaimed Soulslikes released by


title: FromSoftware

text: Hidetaka Miyazaki, game director and creator of the "Dark Souls" series, has served as FromSoftware's representative director and president since 2014, with Zin remaining as an advisor. Despite his executive role, Miyazaki continues to direct the majority of the company's games. The company is owned primarily by Kadokawa Corporation with minority stakes by Sixjoy Hong Kong, a subsidiary of Tencent, and Sony Interactive Entertainment. FromSoftware self-publishes in Japan and partners with larger companies to publish internationally, with the two major ones being Sony and Bandai Namco Entertainment.


title: FromSoftware

text: FromSoftware was founded by Naotoshi Zin on November 1, 1986, as a software developer of business applications. The company released its first game, "King's Field", for the PlayStation in 1994. Despite its commercial success in Japan, the game was not released in North America, although "King's Field II" was released in both regions the following year. After releasing "King's Field III", FromSoftware went on to release the horror game "Echo Night" and the role-playing game "Shadow Tower" in 1998. In 1997, FromSoftware released "Armored Core", the first release in the "Armored Core" series of mecha video games, which includes several sequels and spin-offs. The success of "Armored Core" solidified the company's development, and in July 1999, FromSoftware released the multiplayer action game "Frame Gride".


title: FromSoftware

text: In 2000, with the launch of the PlayStation 2, FromSoftware released the role-playing games "Eternal Ring" and "Evergrace". In 2003, FromSoftware published "", a stealth game that combines action and adventure elements. The company also released a pair of sequels to their PlayStation 1 offerings with "King's Field IV" and "Shadow Tower Abyss". FromSoftware also released the "Lost Kingdoms" titles for the GameCube, a competing sixth generation console. IGN would note however that during this generation FromSoftware's focus would shift from RPGs to mech games due in part to the success of the "Armored Core" series. In 2002, FromSoftware released the mech action game "" for the Xbox before entering the mobile game market, where FromSoftware released another "King's Field" title. In 2004, FromSoftware released another Xbox title, "Metal Wolf Chaos." In 2005, FromSoftware would start to produce a series of licensed games based on the various anime properties under the banner "Another Century's Episode". In the same year, the company hosted the video game industry's first internship that let students experience game development through a game creation kit, "Adventure Player", for the PlayStation Portable. In 2008, FromSoftware underwent a stock split before entering the Nintendo Wii market to release "". Game director Hidetaka Miyazaki became the president of FromSoftware in May 2014 and also serves as its representative director.


title: FromSoftware

text: In April 2014, Kadokawa Corporation announced its intention to purchase the company from former shareholder Transcosmos. The deal was finalized on May 21, 2014. In December 2015, FromSoftware was nominated for developer of the year at The Game Awards 2015, but lost to CD Projekt Red. In January 2016, FromSoftware established a studio in Fukuoka that focuses on creating computer-generated imagery (CGI) assets for their games.


title: FromSoftware

text: Other games they have developed include the "Enchanted Arms", "King's Field", "Chromehounds", "Otogi", and "Tenchu" series. In 2009, FromSoftware released "Demon's Souls" for the PlayStation 3, which brought them international exposure. Its spiritual successor, "Dark Souls", was released in 2011. In March 2014, "Dark Souls II" was released, while "Dark Souls III" was released in 2016. A title inspired by the "Dark Souls" series, "Bloodborne", was released in March 2015 to critical acclaim. They have also received a number of awards, primarily those for the role-playing genre, including multiple "RPG of the Year" and Game of the Year awards. Since release, "Demon's Souls", "Dark Souls", and "Bloodborne" have been cited by many publications to be among the greatest games of all time.


title: FromSoftware

text: In April 2016, FromSoftware revealed that they were working on a new intellectual property, as well as stating their intent to return to the "Armored Core" series. Two games, the PlayStation VR exclusive "Déraciné" and the multiplatform "", were announced at E3 2018. An action role-playing game featuring the collaboration of FromSoftware president Hidetaka Miyazaki and "A Song of Ice and Fire" series author George R. R. Martin, titled "Elden Ring", was released in 2022. In August 2022, it was announced that Sixjoy Hong Kong (a subsidiary of Tencent) and Sony Interactive Entertainment would acquire respectively 16.25% and 14.09% of FromSoftware, leaving 69.66% of the company to Kadokawa Corporation. A report published by GamesIndustry.biz in November 2022 alleged that FromSoftware paid their employees at a sub-standard industry rate.


title: Korn

text: Korn (stylized as KoЯn, or occasionally KoRn) is an American nu metal band from Bakersfield, California, formed in 1993. The band is notable for pioneering the nu metal genre and bringing it into the mainstream.


title: Korn

text: Originally formed in 1993 by three members of the band L.A.P.D., Korn's current lineup features founding members James "Munky" Shaffer (guitar); Reginald "Fieldy" Arvizu (bass); Brian "Head" Welch (guitar, backing vocals); and Jonathan Davis (lead vocals, bagpipes), with the addition of Ray Luzier (drums) in 2007, replacing the band's first drummer David Silveria.


title: Korn

text: Korn made a demo tape, "Neidermayer's Mind", in 1993, which was distributed free to record companies and on request to members of the public. Their debut album "Korn" was released in 1994, followed by "Life Is Peachy" in 1996. The band first experienced mainstream success with "Follow the Leader" (1998) and "Issues" (1999), both of which debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200. The band's mainstream success continued with "Untouchables" (2002); "Take a Look in the Mirror" (2003); and "See You on the Other Side" (2005).


title: Korn

text: A compilation album, "Greatest Hits Vol. 1", was released in 2004, spanning a decade of singles and concluding the band's recording contract with Immortal Records and Epic Records. They signed to Virgin Records, releasing "See You on the Other Side" in 2005, and an untitled album in 2007. The band's other recent albums, "" (2010) and "The Path of Totality" (2011), were released via Roadrunner Records, with "The Paradigm Shift" (2013) being released via Prospect Park and Caroline Records. "The Serenity of Suffering" saw their return to Roadrunner Records, through which "The Nothing" was released on September 13, 2019. Their latest album, "Requiem", was released via Loma Vista Recordings on February 4, 2022.


title: Korn

text: As of 2021, Korn had sold more than 40 million records worldwide. Twelve of the band's official releases have peaked in the top ten of the "Billboard" 200, eight of which have peaked in the top five. Seven official releases are certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA); two are certified double platinum; one is certified triple platinum; one is certified five times platinum; and two are certified Gold.


title: Korn

text: Korn has released seven video albums and 50 music videos. The band has released 48 singles, the most notable of which include "Blind"; "Got the Life"; "Freak on a Leash"; "Falling Away from Me"; "Here to Stay"; "Did My Time"; "Twisted Transistor"; "Coming Undone"; and "Get Up!" Korn has earned two Grammy Awards out of eight nominations and two MTV Video Music Awards out of 11 nominations.


title: Korn

text: Before Korn was formed, three of the original members of the band were associated with the band L.A.P.D. – James Shaffer, Reginald Arvizu, and David Silveria. Originally consisting of Richard Morrill, James Shaffer, and Reginald Arvizu, David Silveria joined when he was 16. When the band moved from Bakersfield, California to Los Angeles, Silveria dropped out of high school and Shaffer stayed in Bakersfield. When Shaffer reunited with the band, they found a manager and released an EP entitled "Love and Peace Dude" in 1989 through Triple X Records. L.A.P.D. released their first full-length studio album on May 3, 1991, which consisted of 11 tracks. The album was entitled "Who's Laughing Now". After releasing two albums, L.A.P.D. broke up. They were also briefly known as Creep, recording a demo with a singer named Corey until Shaffer, Arvizu, and Silveria enlisted Brian Welch and Jonathan Davis to form the band that went on to become Korn.


title: Korn

text: When thinking of a band name, someone suggested "corn", but the band rejected that name, so Shaffer had the idea to spell the name with a "K" instead of a "C", and a backwards "R", so the band's name would appear as "KoЯn". The idea of using a backwards "R" came from the logo of toy retailer Toys R Us, for which many of the band members had previously worked. The logo was designed by vocalist Jonathan Davis. Silveria explained, "the music makes the name, because Korn's a dumb name. But once we get established, it makes the name cool."