title: Captain America: The First Avenger

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of , with an average score of , based on reviews. The website's consensus reads, "With plenty of pulpy action, a pleasantly retro vibe, and a handful of fine performances, "Captain America" is solidly old-fashioned blockbuster entertainment." Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score, rated the film 66 out of 100 based on 43 reviews from critics indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Captain America: The First Avenger

text: Roger Moore of the "Orlando Sentinel" gave "Captain America: The First Avenger" a positive review, saying, "Johnston has delivered a light, clever and deftly balanced adventure picture with real lump in the throat nostalgia, with Nazis – who make the best villains, and with loving references to "Star Wars" and "Raiders of the Lost Ark". Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" remarked, "I enjoyed the movie. I appreciated the 1940s period settings and costumes, which were a break with the usual generic cityscapes. I admired the way that director Joe Johnston propelled the narrative. I got a sense of a broad story, rather than the impression of a series of sensational set pieces. If Marvel is wise, it will take this and "Iron Man" as its templates". A. O. Scott of "The New York Times" declared it "pretty good fun".


title: Captain America: The First Avenger

text: Karina Longworth of "The Village Voice" gave the film a negative review, calling it "[A] hokey, hacky, two-hour-plus exercise in franchise transition/price gouging, complete with utterly unnecessary post-converted 3-D". Peter Debruge of "Variety" said, ""Captain America: The First Avenger" plays like a by-the-numbers prequel for Marvel Studios' forthcoming "The Avengers" movie". Kirk Honeycutt of "The Hollywood Reporter" had mixed feelings about the film, writing, "As the last Marvel prequel that includes two Iron Man and Incredible Hulk movies before next summer's "The Avengers", this one feels perhaps a little too simplistic and routine".


title: Captain America: The First Avenger

text: A sequel, "Captain America: The Winter Soldier", directed by Anthony and Joseph Russo, was released on April 4, 2014. Evans, Stan, Atwell, Toby Jones, and Jackson reprise their roles as Captain America, Bucky Barnes, Peggy Carter, Arnim Zola, and Nick Fury, respectively. They are joined by Scarlett Johansson, Anthony Mackie, Cobie Smulders, Frank Grillo, Emily VanCamp, and Robert Redford as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow, Sam Wilson / Falcon, Maria Hill, Brock Rumlow, Sharon Carter, and Alexander Pierce, respectively.


title: Captain America: The First Avenger

text: "Captain America: Civil War" was released on May 6, 2016, and again is directed by the Russo brothers. Evans, Johansson, Stan, Mackie, Grillo and VanCamp reprise their roles from "The Winter Soldier", and they are joined by Robert Downey, Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man, Paul Bettany as Vision, Jeremy Renner as Clint Barton / Hawkeye, Don Cheadle as James "Rhodey" Rhodes / War Machine, Elizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch, Paul Rudd as Scott Lang / Ant-Man and William Hurt as Thaddeus "Thunderbolt" Ross all reprising roles from previous MCU films. Chadwick Boseman, Tom Holland and Daniel Brühl also star as T'Challa / Black Panther, Peter Parker / Spider-Man and Helmut Zemo, respectively.


title: Captain America: The First Avenger

text: In September 2013, Marvel released the One-Shot short film, "Agent Carter", on "Iron Man 3"s home media release, featuring Atwell reprising her role as Peggy Carter. Set a year after "The First Avenger", the film sees Carter on an SSR mission post-World War II.


title: Twice

text: Twice (; Japanese: トゥワイス, Hepburn: "To~uwaisu"; commonly stylized as TWICE) is a South Korean girl group formed by JYP Entertainment. The group is composed of nine members: Nayeon, Jeongyeon, Momo, Sana, Jihyo, Mina, Dahyun, Chaeyoung, and Tzuyu. Twice was formed under the television program "Sixteen" (2015) and debuted on October 20, 2015, with the extended play (EP) "The Story Begins".


title: Twice

text: Twice rose to domestic fame in 2016 with their single "Cheer Up", which charted at number one on the Gaon Digital Chart, became the best-performing single of the year, and won "Song of the Year" at the Melon Music Awards and Mnet Asian Music Awards. Their next single, "TT", from their third EP "", topped the Gaon charts for four consecutive weeks. The EP was the highest selling Korean girl group album of 2016. Within 19 months after debut, Twice had already sold over 1.2 million units of their four EPs and special album. As of December 2020, the group has sold over 10 million albums cumulatively in South Korea and Japan, becoming the highest-selling K-Pop girl group of all time.


title: Twice

text: The group debuted in Japan on June 28, 2017, under Warner Music Japan, with the release of a compilation album titled "#Twice". The album charted at number 2 on the Oricon Albums Chart with the highest first-week album sales by a K-pop artist in Japan in two years. It was followed by the release of Twice's first original Japanese maxi single titled "One More Time" in October. Twice became the first Korean girl group to earn a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for both an album and CD single in the same year. Twice ranked third in the Top Artist category of "Billboard Japan"'s 2017 Year-end Rankings, and in 2019, they became the first Korean girl group to embark on a Japanese dome tour.


title: Twice

text: Twice is the first female Korean act to simultaneously top both "Billboard"s World Albums and World Digital Song Sales charts with the release of their first studio album "Twicetagram" and its lead single "Likey" in 2017. With the release of their single "Feel Special" in 2019, Twice became the third female Korean act to chart into the Canadian Hot 100. After signing with Republic Records for American promotions as part of a partnership with JYP Entertainment, the group has charted into the US "Billboard" 200 with "More & More" and "Eyes Wide Open" in 2020, "Taste of Love" and "" in 2021, and "Between 1&2" in 2022. Their first official English-language single, "The Feels", became their first song to enter the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart, peaking at the 83rd and 80th positions of the charts, respectively. They have been dubbed the next "Nation's Girl Group", and their point choreography—including for "Cheer Up" (2016), "TT" (2016), "Signal" (2017), and "What Is Love?" (2018)—became dance crazes and viral memes imitated by many celebrities.


title: Twice

text: On December 19, 2013, JYP Entertainment (JYPE) announced that they would debut a new girl group in the first half of 2014, the first female group to come out of the company since the debut of Miss A in 2010. On February 27, 2014, JYPE trainees Lena and Cecilia were confirmed as members of the group tentatively called as 6MIX, while other rumored members included JYPE trainees Nayeon, Jeongyeon, Jihyo (then known as Jisoo) and Minyoung. The group's debut plan was eventually canceled when Lena and Cecilia left the company.


title: Twice

text: On February 11, 2015, J. Y. Park, the founder of JYPE, announced that the lineup of the upcoming seven-member girl group would be decided through "Sixteen", a competition survival show that would air on Mnet later that year. The show began on May 5 and ended on July 7 with Nayeon, Jeongyeon, Sana, Jihyo, Mina, Dahyun, and Chaeyoung being selected as the seven Twice members. Park then announced that he would increase the size of the group from seven members to nine by adding Tzuyu, who was known as the "audience's pick" since she was the most popular contestant by the show's end, and Momo, who was added by Park himself since he felt the group needed someone with Momo's performance abilities. The decision was controversial at the time, with many people complaining about eliminated contestants being able to join the group. The group's name, Twice, was chosen by Park, explaining that "the group will touch people's hearts twice: once through the ears, and once again through the eyes." Fans of Twice are known as "Once", commonly stylized as ONCE, illustrated by the members' statement "If you love us even once, we will repay your love with twice of our love" on social media in 2015.


title: Twice

text: Twice made their official debut on October 20, 2015, with the release of their debut EP "The Story Begins," simultaneously with its lead single "Like Ooh-Ahh" alongside a live showcase to promote it. The group initially received a lukewarm reception; while their EP debuted at number 4 on the Gaon Album Chart for the week ending October 24 before peaking at number 3 two weeks later, its lead single "Like Ooh-Ahh" met moderate success debuting at number 22 on the Gaon Digital Chart. A week after its release, the single dropped to number 57 on South Korea's largest music site Melon, but through word of mouth from netizens regarding the group's subsequent promotions and performances, "Like Ooh-Ahh" reached within the top 10 of various Korean music charts including Melon, Genie, and Naver Music by November 15. Such a reverse run on music charts by a rookie girl group was deemed unusual by Korean media. Eventually, "Like Ooh-Ahh" would reach its peak position of number 10 on the Gaon Digital Chart, three months after the song's original release. The music video for the group's single hit 50 million views on YouTube within five months of their debut and became one of the most-viewed debut music videos for any K-pop group. The group's early success earned them a "Best New Female Artist" award at the 2015 Mnet Asian Music Awards held on December 2. On December 27, Twice performed a remix version of their single "Like Ooh-Ahh" at "SBS Gayo Daejeon", which was the group's first-ever attendance on a year-end music program.


title: Twice

text: On its chart issue dated January 23, 2016, "Billboard" reported that Twice had entered its World Albums Chart, with their debut EP "The Story Begins" debuting and peaking at number 15, which marked the group's first entry on the chart.


title: Twice

text: On April 25, 2016, Twice released their second EP, "Page Two", which notably included the lead single "Cheer Up", a rearranged version of Park Ji-yoon's 1998 hit "Precious Love", and "I'm Gonna Be a Star", which served as the theme song for "Sixteen". The album became a commercial success for the group, debuting at number two on the Gaon Album Chart and number six on the "Billboard" World Albums chart, with 80,686 units sold during the month of April. With the total first-week sales volume for "Page Two" reaching approximately 41,800 copies, Twice achieved the highest first-week sales volume by a Korean girl group for the year. By August, "Page Two" had sold over 150,000 copies, making Twice the first girl group having a sales record of more than 100,000 units that year. Meanwhile, the album's lead single "Cheer Up" became the group's first chart-topper in South Korea, debuting at number 1 on eight real-time music charts immediately after its release, before going on to debut atop both the Gaon Digital Chart and the "Billboard" K-pop Hot 100 chart. Notably, the song became a viral meme in South Korea due to the "shy shy shy" line sung by Sana. Eventually, the song became the best-performing single in South Korea for the entirety of 2016. "Cheer Up" also received international success, debuting and peaking at number three on the "Billboard" World Digital Song Sales chart. Additionally, Twice became the only Korean act to place an entry on the U.S. YouTube Music Chart for the year when "Cheer Up" charted at number 25 in May.


title: Twice

text: Twice won their first music program award with "Cheer Up" on May 5, on "M Countdown", exactly one year after the initial airing of "Sixteen". This was soon followed by wins on "Music Bank" and "Inkigayo". The group then made their debut performance in the United States with an appearance at the KCON music festival held in Los Angeles on July 31.


title: Twice

text: In celebration of Twice's first anniversary since debut on October 20, the group unveiled their new song "One in a Million" from their upcoming third EP, "", through a live broadcast on V Live. "Twicecoaster: Lane 1" and the music video of pop dance song "TT" were released online on October 24. In Korea, the album recorded more than 165,000 physical copies sold on the Gaon Chart within a week, exceeding the five-month sales of the group's previous release "Page Two" in only seven days. Eventually, "Twicecoaster: Lane 1" became the bestselling K-pop girl group album for 2016, selling 350,852 copies at year-end. Its lead single "TT" became one of the best-performing songs in 2016, claiming the top spot of the Gaon Digital Chart for four consecutive weeks and becoming the best-performing single in South Korea for the month of November. Internationally, the group's third EP debuted at number 3 on Billboard's World Album chart, marking their first Top 5 entry, with the album's lead single "TT" debuting at number 2 on Billboard's World Digital Song Sales chart. "TT" then became the first music video by a K-pop female act to surpass 200 million views on May 25, 2017.


title: Twice

text: On November 11, the music video for their debut single "Like Ooh-Ahh" hit 100 million views on YouTube, making Twice the fourth K-pop girl group to reach 100 million views, as well as the first K-pop group to reach this milestone with a debut music video. On November 19, Twice's "Cheer Up" won Song of the Year at the 8th Melon Music Awards. It was then followed by another Song of the Year award at the 18th Mnet Asian Music Awards on December 2.


title: Twice

text: On January 10, JYPE announced Twice's first solo concert tour within just a year and four months after debuting in October 2015. The three-day sold-out concert titled "" was held on February 17–19 at the SK Olympic Handball Gymnasium. A tour across Thailand and Singapore was also held after the first stop in Seoul. After the Korean leg of the concert tour, Twice released a special album on February 20 titled "", along with its lead single, "Knock Knock". The album was a reissue of "Twicecoaster: Lane 1". The album debuted atop the Gaon Album Chart and charted at number four on the "Billboard" World Albums chart, selling 266,645 copies by the end of February. Its lead single "Knock Knock" debuted atop the Gaon Digital Chart, and peaked at numbers 5 and 15 on the World Digital Song Sales and Japan Hot 100, respectively.


title: Twice

text: Twice launched their Japanese website and social media channels in early February. On February 24, they officially announced their Japanese debut with a compilation album titled "#Twice" which was set to be released on June 28. On May 15, Twice released their fourth EP titled "Signal" with the lead track of the same name, produced by Park Jin-young. This marked the group's first collaboration with Park. The EP contains six tracks, including "Eye Eye Eyes" co-written by members Jihyo and Chaeyoung, and "Only You" written by former Wonder Girls member Ha:tfelt. "Signal" debuted atop the Gaon Album Chart on the first week of its release, while also entering the "Billboard" World Albums chart at number three. The album also entered the "Billboard" Heatseekers Albums Chart, debuting at number 11. By the end of May, it was reported to be the second best-selling album in South Korea for the month, recording sales of 248,550 copies. Meanwhile, the album's eponymous lead single debuted atop the Gaon Digital Chart and the "Billboard" K-pop Hot 100, and at number three on the "Billboard" World Digital Song Sales chart. With the commercial success of "Signal", it was reported that Twice had reached cumulative sales of over 1 million copies of their five albums, achieving the feat in just one year and seven months after debuting.


title: Twice

text: On June 14, Twice digitally released "Signal (Japanese ver.)", along with the short version of its music video as a preview and countdown to their Japanese debut album release. One week later, they released the full music video of the Japanese version of "TT". They officially debuted in Japan with the release of "#Twice" on June 28. It consists of ten songs, including both Korean and Japanese-language versions of their first five singles. On July 2, Twice held their two-part debut showcase titled "Touchdown in Japan" at Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium, attended by a total of 15,000 people. "#Twice" debuted at number 2 on Oricon Albums Chart with 136,157 copies sold within seven days since its release. The commercial success of Twice's debut Japanese album was reported to have the highest first-week album sales by a Korean artist in Japan in two years. Less than two months after the album's release, it recorded sales of over 260,000 copies. On October 6, the group released the music video for their first Japanese single, "One More Time", ahead of its official release on October 18. Selling over 130,000 copies by the second day of its release, the single achieved the biggest first-day sales and became the fastest-selling release of any South Korean girl group in Japan. Both "#Twice" and "One More Time" earned platinum certifications from the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ). The RIAJ certifications earned by the group for "#Twice" and "One More Time" made them the first Korean girl group to earn a platinum certification in Japan for both a single and an album in the same year. "TT (Japanese ver.)", the digital single from "#Twice", also earned an RIAJ gold certification for selling 100,000 downloads. "#Twice" and "TT (Japanese ver.)" then won Album of the Year and Song of the Year by Download for the Asian Region at the 32nd Japan Gold Disc Awards.


title: Twice

text: Twice released their first full-length Korean album, "Twicetagram", on October 30 with its lead single titled "Likey". The music video for the song was filmed in Canada in early September. "Likey" was composed by Black Eyed Pilseung and Jeon Gun, becoming the group's fourth collaboration with Black Eyed Pilseung. Several composers and songwriters participated in the making of this album, including the Korean members of Twice as lyricists and former Wonder Girls member Hyerim, who co-composed the eighth track titled "Look at Me". The album and its lead single debuted atop both "Billboard"'s World Albums and World Digital Song Sales respectively—the group's first number one on both charts, making Twice the first female K-pop act to simultaneously top both "Billboard" charts. They also rose on the Heatseekers Albums chart as the album debuted at number 10, one position higher than "Signal"'s peak at number 11.


title: Twice

text: The Christmas-inspired reissue of "Twicetagram", titled "Merry & Happy", along with its lead single "Heart Shaker" was released on December 11, 2017. The album and its lead single "Heart Shaker" debuted at No. 1 on four charts of Gaon—Album Chart and Digital Chart, Download Chart and Social Chart respectively, while the holiday track "Merry & Happy" entered and peaked at No. 24 on the Gaon Digital Chart.


title: Twice

text: Twice's successful debut in Japan led them to rank third in the Top Artist category of "Billboard Japan"'s 2017 Year-End Rankings. Twice then performed at "68th Kōhaku Uta Gassen", the top-rated annual year-end musical show in Japan produced by NHK, which marked the first time a Korean artist appeared on the show since 2011.


title: Twice

text: Twice's second Japanese single titled "Candy Pop" was released on February 7, 2018. The single sold 303,746 copies in its first week and topped the Japan Hot 100 chart, while also becoming their second single to earn a platinum certification from the RIAJ. The group also embarked on their first concert tour in Japan titled Twice Showcase Live Tour 2018 "Candy Pop", starting on January 19, 2018, in the Aichi Prefecture. On April 9, 2018, they released their fifth EP, "What Is Love?", with the single of the same name produced by Park Jin-young. The EP sold 335,235 copies in the first month and made Twice become the first female artist and the fifth act to earn a platinum certification by the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA), for selling over 250,000 copies. Twice's third Japanese single, "Wake Me Up", was released on May 16, 2018, and was certified Double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ). The single became the first physical single by a foreign female artist to be certified double platinum by the RIAJ. Their second headline tour titled "" began in Seoul on May 18–20, 2018. By its conclusion, the group's concert tour had attracted over 90,000 fans in six cities across Asia.


title: Twice

text: Twice performed a cover of The Jackson 5's "I Want You Back" as the theme song to the Japanese film adaptation of "Sensei Kunshu". The song was released as a digital single on June 15, 2018, along with the music video. A second version of the music video featuring the cast of the film was released on June 26, 2018. On July 9, 2018, an expanded reissue of "What Is Love?" named "Summer Nights", along with its lead single "Dance the Night Away", was released. The single surpassed 100 million streams and sold 2,500,000 downloads on Gaon Music Chart, earning the group its very first platinum single certification for both streaming and download, and made Twice the second act to earn a platinum certification for streaming, download and album by the KMCA since certifications were introduced in April 2018.


title: Twice

text: On September 12, 2018, Twice released their first Japanese studio album, "BDZ". Its lead single of the same name was pre-released as a digital single on August 17, 2018. "BDZ" debuted at number 1 on the daily ranking of Oricon Albums Chart with 89,721 units sold, setting a record for the highest first day sales of albums released by a Korean girl group in Japan. It also topped the weekly ranking with 181,069 units sold, making Twice the fifth foreign female artist in Oricon history to top both the weekly singles and albums chart. The release of the album was followed with their concert tour named Twice 1st Arena Tour 2018 "BDZ", beginning in Chiba on September 29, 2018. The studio album was certified platinum by the RIAJ, making it the group's fifth consecutive platinum certification in Japan. Twice released their sixth EP, "Yes or Yes", on November 5, 2018, with the lead single of the same name. The music video of "Yes or Yes" achieved 31.4 million views on YouTube within the first 24 hours, becoming the seventh-biggest 24-hour YouTube debut of all time.


title: Twice

text: On December 12, 2018, Twice released a special album titled "The Year of "Yes"", along with its lead single "The Best Thing I Ever Did", as a reissue of "Yes or Yes". The group also released a repackage of "BDZ" with "Stay by My Side", the theme song of the Japanese television drama "Shinya no Dame Koi Zukan", on December 26, 2018. "Stay by My Side" was released as a digital single on October 22, 2018, along with a behind-the-scenes video showing Twice recording the song.


title: Twice

text: On March 6, 2019, the group released their second Japanese compilation album "#Twice2". The album debuted at number 1 on the daily ranking of Oricon Albums Chart with 95,825 units sold, breaking the group's own record of the highest first day album sales for K-pop girl groups in Japan. It then became the first album by a foreign female artist to sell more than 200,000 albums in the first week since Kara's "Super Girl" in 2011.


title: Twice

text: Twice then became the first female K-pop act to hold a Japanese dome tour. The tour Twice Dome Tour 2019 "#Dreamday" garnered a total audience of 220,000 during five shows in Osaka, Tokyo and Nagoya, and was held from March to April 2019. All tickets sold out within one minute. By the conclusion of the tour which spanned five concert dates, the group had attracted over 220,000 people in attendance.


title: Twice

text: On April 22, 2019, they released their seventh EP "Fancy You". The music video for "Fancy", which garnered over 42.1 million views in a single day, also reached the seventh position in the list of YouTube's biggest debuts during the first 24 hours. Recording 314,323 copies sold on April 25, the release of "Fancy You" saw Twice exceeding a total of over 3.75 million album copies sold from their twelve Korean releases. Following the release of the album, the group embarked on their first world tour titled "Twicelights" which was first held at a sold-out KSPO Dome in Seoul on May 25–26. "Twicelights" marked the group's first solo concert tours held in the United States, with the North American leg of their tour recording over 41,000 people in attendance.


title: Twice

text: On June 12, 2019, Twice released two Japanese digital singles, "Happy Happy" and "Breakthrough". On the release day of the digital singles, "Happy Happy" was also released physically, followed by "Breakthrough" a week later. Both singles received platinum certificates from the RIAJ. On July 17, 2019, JYP Entertainment announced that the group will hold an additional Japanese tour leg after reaching tens of thousands of fans on the Southeast Asia and North America legs of their Twicelights Tour. They staged twelve concerts in seven Japanese cities from October 2019 to February 2020.


title: Twice

text: Twice released their eighth EP, "Feel Special", on September 23, 2019, along with the music video for the lead single of the same name produced by Park Jin-young. The single scored the group's second number one entry on the "Billboard" World Digital Song Sales chart. "Feel Special" also increased Twice's popularity across North America, as the single debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 82. The group's first entry made Twice the third K-pop girl group and ninth K-pop act to appear on this chart. Recording sales of over 151,000 copies on September 30, 2019, Twice broke their own first-week album sales record with "Feel Special".


title: Twice

text: Twice released their second Japanese studio album "&Twice" on November 20, 2019, which included the group's earlier released digital singles "Happy Happy" and "Breakthrough". The album's lead single "Fake & True" was pre-released as a digital single on October 18, 2019. "&Twice" debuted at number 1 on the daily ranking of Oricon Albums Chart with 80,563 copies sold, before going on to top the weekly Oricon Albums Chart with 124,197 copies sold.


title: Twice

text: In 2019, Twice sold over one million albums on Gaon, achieving this feat for the third consecutive year. In Japan, Twice surpassed 5 billion yen worth of record sales in 2019. The group was the bestselling foreign artist and ranked fourth overall in the Artist Sales category of the 52nd Oricon Annual Ranking. On "Billboard Japan", Twice ranked fifth in the Top Artist category of the 2019 year-end rankings, becoming the group's third consecutive year of ranking within the top five. The group also became the fifth most-streamed act on Spotify in the country.


title: Twice

text: In October 2019, JYP Entertainment announced that the group has added two stops to their world tour "Twicelights" at the Tokyo Dome. The additional concerts were initially scheduled to be held on March 3–4, 2020, with tickets being sold out within three minutes. However, due to concerns regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, the Tokyo concerts were postponed and scheduled on April 15–16, but was eventually canceled altogether. An encore of the tour called the "Twicelights World Tour Finale" was also initially set to be held in Seoul on March 7 and 8, 2020 at the KSPO Dome but was eventually canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On February 24, it was announced that the group had signed with Republic Records for promotion in the United States as part of JYP Entertainment's partnership with the label.


title: Twice

text: On April 20, it was reported that the group was preparing to release a new Korean album in June. The group's ninth Korean EP," More & More", was released on June 1 with a lead single of the same name. A month after its release, the EP recorded over 563,000 sales on Gaon, making it not only Twice's bestselling album to date but also setting a record for having the highest sales volume for a girl group in Gaon Chart history. The EP debuted at number 200 on the "Billboard" 200, making Twice the fifth South Korean girl group to enter the chart, after Girls' Generation-TTS, Girls' Generation, 2NE1 and Blackpink. Twice also entered the "Billboard" Artist 100 for the first time, debuting at number 96. In the same month, the documentary series "" first premiered on April 29 through YouTube Originals, which features nine episodes that follow the group's members throughout their journey as trainees to their first world tour "Twicelights".


title: Twice

text: On August 9, Twice held their first online concert titled "Twice: World in a Day" in response to their "Twicelights World Tour Finale" which had been canceled earlier in the year. The group worked with the Beyond Live platform launched by SM Entertainment and Naver for the concert, becoming the first artist outside of SM Entertainment to host an online concert using the platform.


title: Twice

text: On September 16, Twice released their third Japanese compilation album "#Twice3", which became their seventh number 1 album in the Oricon Albums Chart, making Twice the second foreign female artist to achieve the feat following South Korean singer BoA. First reported later in September about preparations for a new studio album, the group released their second Korean studio album, "Eyes Wide Open", on October 26 with the lead single titled "I Can't Stop Me". Two months later after the release of "Eyes Wide Open", the album debuted at number 72 on the US "Billboard" 200, marking the group's highest entry on the chart surpassing "More & More", as well as making Twice only the third K-pop girl group to break within the top 100 of the chart, after 2NE1 and Blackpink.


title: Twice

text: Twice then collaborated with the virtual girl group K/DA, with members Nayeon, Sana, Jihyo, and Chaeyoung being featured on the song "I'll Show You" as part of K/DA's first EP "All Out" released on November 6. The group's four members performed the song alongside American singer-songwriters Bekuh Boom and Annika Wells. Following this, Twice released their seventh Japanese single titled "Better" on November 11 for digital download and streaming, featuring "Scorpion" as a B-side, and was then released physically on November 18. The single debuted at number 3 on the "Billboard" Japan Hot 100 recording 93,548 unit sales on November 16–22. The group then made their US television debut with their appearance on the "#PlayAtHome" series of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on November 30, performing their song "I Can't Stop Me".


title: Twice

text: On December 1, it was reported that Twice had reached cumulative sales of over 5.81 million albums on Gaon. Taking into consideration the group's sales in Japan, Twice had exceeded 10 million album copies sold in both countries. During their appearance at the 2020 Mnet Asian Music Awards on December 6, Twice gave a surprise performance of their unreleased track titled "Cry For Me" which was described by the group as a present for their fans, and after high demand, the song was officially released as a digital single on December 18. The song debuted atop the "Billboard" World Digital Song Sales Chart on the chart dated January 2, 2021, and also became the group's third entry on the "Billboard" Global Excluding US Chart debuting at #122.


title: Twice

text: On January 28, Twice made an appearance on the "Time" 100 Talks series held by "Time" magazine via livestream broadcast, with the group delivering a special performance of their track "Depend On You" from their "Eyes Wide Open" album.


title: Twice

text: On March 6, the group held their second online concert titled "Twice in Wonderland", which was first announced on January 14. The concert was held in partnership with NTT Docomo and was broadcast using various technologies including AR (augmented reality) and MR (mixed reality). At the end of their online concert, Twice announced the release of their upcoming Japanese single "Kura Kura" to be slated on May 12. "Kura Kura" was pre-released on online streaming platforms on April 20. Its music video was also released on the same date.


title: Twice

text: On April 19, JYP Entertainment announced the group's upcoming mini-album that is planned to be released in June 2021. On April 28, Twice appeared on "The Kelly Clarkson Show" with a performance of their single "Cry For Me". The group's tenth Korean EP, "Taste of Love", was released on June 11. "Alcohol-Free", the EP's lead single, was pre-released on June 9, along with its music video. After the release of the music video, the number of YouTube views exceeded 20 million in just 24 hours. In the week ending June 17, "Taste of Love" debuted at number 6 on the "Billboard" 200, becoming Twice's first top 10 album in the United States with 46,000 album-equivalent units earned. Of that sum, the EP recorded 43,000 physical sales, making it the best selling album in the US for the week. With this, Twice became the first female Korean act to chart an EP within the top ten of the "Billboard" 200, and just the second female Korean act to have a top 10 album in the chart.


title: Twice

text: The group's third Japanese studio album, "Perfect World", was released on July 28. It features 10 tracks, including the title track "Perfect World" and three earlier singles, "Fanfare", "Better", and "Kura Kura".


title: Twice

text: The group released their first official English-language single, "The Feels", on October 1. At the end of the single's music video, their third Korean studio album (sixth overall) and fourth world tour were teased. On October 11, "The Feels" debuted at number 83 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, marking the group's first appearance on the chart. The song also made its way to the UK Singles Chart, where it peaked at number 80. The group's third Korean studio album, "", was released on November 12 with its title track, "Scientist". The album peaked at number 3 on the "Billboard" 200, breaking "Taste of Love"s record.


title: Twice

text: On November 15, the group announced five initial North American tour dates of their fourth world tour, "III". They embarked on the tour with a two-day concert in Seoul on December 25–26. On December 3, Twice pre-released their ninth Japanese single, "Doughnut", with an accompanying music video. It was physically released on December 15 in Japan. With the successful completion of their seven-date U.S. leg of the “III” World Tour which concluded on February 27, 2022, Twice became the first female K-pop act to hold two separate arena tours in the world’s biggest music market, bringing out an audience of approximately 100,000 people. Originally, only one date for Los Angeles and New York were announced, but second shows were quickly added to both cities added due to high demand after the sellout. Following the success of their US tour, Twice announced an encore concert at the Banc of California Stadium in Los Angeles, making them the first female K-pop group to headline a stadium concert in the United States. Initially announcing only one date for May 14, the group decided to hold an additional performance on May 15 following high demand. In addition, the group is scheduled to hold their Tokyo Dome concert in Japan for two days on April 23 and 24, but as the tickets were sold out at the same time as the opening sale, they added a performance on the 25th. With three sold out dates at the Tokyo Dome, Twice became the first Kpop girl group and the second girl group overall (following AKB48) to hold a three-day concert at the said venue.


title: Twice

text: On July 12, all members of Twice renewed their contracts with JYP Entertainment. The same day, it was announced that Twice would release their eleventh Korean EP, "Between 1&2", on August 26.


title: Twice

text: Twice is most notable for their consistent employment of "cute" concepts which was further supported by the group's bubblegum pop sound, which was seen as a departure from the usual retro style of music that was seen in their predecessor labelmates and fellow girl groups Wonder Girls and Miss A. The group had come to develop a signature "color pop" sonic style described as a combination of rock, R&B, and hip hop coupled with notable hooks in their music. Their "cheerful" musical base is employed alongside a colorful style in terms of the members' fashion, and while they have gained notability for emphasizing their youthful image, Twice has since adopted a more mature style which was first seen with the release of "Fancy" and "Breakthrough" which saw the group perform more sensual choreography for the former while employing a brassier electro-pop sound in the latter. They have since experimented with EDM, synth-pop, and retro soul among others in their eighth EP "Feel Special"; tropical house, Latin pop, and new jack swing in their succeeding EP release "More & More"; and retro-synth, dance-pop, Japanese city-pop, and contemporary R&B for their second Korean studio album "Eyes Wide Open".


title: Twice

text: The group is also known for incorporating modern online culture into their musical releases and their corresponding music videos. For instance, their 2016 single "TT" is named after the crying emoticon which was imitated in the group's point choreography, while their 2017 track "Likey" lyrically alludes to Instagram culture and the struggles of maintaining a beautiful social media image. In the music video for their 2018 single "What Is Love?", the group referenced several movies including "The Princess Diaries", "Ghost", "La Boum", "Pulp Fiction", "Romeo and Juliet" (1996), "Love Letter", "La La Land", and "".


title: Twice

text: Twice have been well received in South Korea, ranking second in the top ten artists of the Gallup Korea survey for three consecutive years, making them the highest-ranking Korean group in 2016 and 2017, and the highest-ranking girl group in 2018. Since 2016, members regularly have placed in the top 20 of Gallup Korea's annual poll of the nation's favorite idols. In 2017, Twice was included in "Forbes" Korea Power Celebrity at third overall and first among recording artists. They entered within the top ten of the list again ranking third in 2018, and ninth in 2020. Twice has also been recognized for their brand recognition and marketing power, having topped the "Girl Group Brand Power Ranking" published by the Korean Corporate Reputation Research Institute several times. The group's success and domestic popularity was key in the rise of JYP Entertainment's stock, which increased in value by a factor of seven in less than three years; since the group's debut in 2015, prices rose from ₩4,500 to ₩31,400 in 2018. The group is also credited as among the key reasons for a significant increase in JYP Entertainment's market cap, from 1.33 trillion KRW in 2021 to 2.24 trillion KRW in 2022. During the 2017 South Korean presidential election, then-candidate Moon Jae-in from the Democratic party and candidate Yoo Seong-min from the Bareun party both used Twice's song "Cheer Up" with modified lyrics as their campaign jingles.


title: Twice

text: Following their consecutive commercial successes in 2016 and 2017, Twice has since been dubbed by Korean media as the "Nation's Girl Group", being cited as a follow-up to previously successful girl groups Girls' Generation and Kara. Music critic Kang Tae-gyu has described Twice as being "one step ahead of the current period" among other girl groups from the same period of their debut. The group's commercial performance following their career breakthrough in 2016 was considered by the media to be 'remarkable' in an industry dominated by all-male music groups. Twice's distinctive point choreography—including for "Cheer Up" (2016), "TT" (2016) and "Signal" (2017)— became dance crazes and viral memes imitated by many celebrities in South Korea. In a survey conducted by media outlet "Sports Chosun" done in 2020 wherein representatives from several Korean entertainment agencies were surveyed on their choice for the top girl group, Twice was ranked at number 1 with 83 points, with agency officials citing the group's strong digital and physical sales alongside their pan-Asia success. A similar survey was conducted by media outlet "Sports Seoul" in the same year, with Twice also ranking at number 1 as the best female idol group among Korean entertainment industry officials with 111 points, citing the group's role in leading the re-emergence of girl groups in the Korean wave.


title: Twice

text: In Japan, the group's positive reputation and relatability amongst fans were attributed by local media to the presence of Japanese members Momo, Sana, and Mina and gained Twice fame in the country even before their debut. NHK News credited the group's commercial success with helping mend relations between Japan and South Korea. An example of Twice's popularity in Japan was seen after the release of their song "TT", in which the track's signature pose was imitated by several Japanese celebrities and idols including AKB48 and Nogizaka46. When Twice officially debuted in Japan through the release of their compilation album "#Twice", the Tokyo Tower Observatory commemorated the event by displaying "TT" on the landmark—it was the first time that the Tokyo Tower had collaborated with an artist for a display, and was regarded as an unusual development by local media. Japanese newspaper "Yomiuri Shimbun" called Twice the "new protagonist in the dominance of Japan's Korean wave content market", while Korean press remarked that the group is "reigniting the heat of K-pop in Japan". Twice is one of two Korean acts that have been credited with leading a third "Hallyu" wave in Japan.


title: Twice

text: Internationally, Twice's notable bubblegum pop sound and distinctive choreography has led to the group receiving recognition by "Time" magazine as among the stand-out groups in K-pop. With much of K-pop's success in the United States being attributed to most Korean acts employing either hip-hop or EDM as their sonic base, "Billboard" has noted the success of Twice in making their bubblegum sound attract Western appeal, following the group's release of their song "Dance The Night Away". The "South China Morning Post" has named Twice as among three major female K-pop groups who are considered as "game-changers in a boy band-led industry", which was seen when Twice's eighth EP "Feel Special" became the bestselling girl group album in South Korea in 2019 and their feat of being the first Korean female group to hold a Japanese dome tour. The group's domestic and international success has led to "Forbes" magazine to include them in their "30 Under 30" list in 2020. Twice was also included in "Forbes" Asia's inaugural "100 Digital Stars" list, which highlights personalities from the Asia-Pacific region with an established influence in social and digital media. The group was included in "Bloomberg"'s Pop Star Power Rankings for the month of July 2020, ranking at number 12.


title: Twice

text: Twice received its first award at the 2015 Mnet Asian Music Awards as Best New Female Artist, followed by another New Artist Award at the 2016 Golden Disc Awards.


title: Twice

text: In 2016, Twice won its first music program award with "Cheer Up" on the May 5 episode of "M Countdown". The group also won several main and grand prize awards including Song of the Year with "Cheer Up" in two major music awards shows, Melon Music Awards and Mnet Asian Music Awards. Their second EP, "", was the fifth-highest-selling K-pop album of 2016 and the highest among girl groups. In 2017, "Signal" from their fourth extended play of the same name achieved Twice's second Song of the Year award at the 2017 Mnet Asian Music Awards, making them the first artist to consecutively win the grand prize. With a total of 36 music program trophies in 2017, Twice recorded the most wins received in a single year. Twice ranked second on Oricon's Breakout Artists of 2017 and became the first overseas female act to achieve a rookie triple crown on the 50th Oricon Annual Ranking. Twice also placed first in rookie artist total sales in 2017, with sales reaching 1.54 billion yen, as well as first-place among albums and singles for "#Twice" and "One More Time" respectively.


title: Twice

text: By May of the following year, they became the first artist to win seven consecutive Triple Crowns on "Inkigayo". Twice received their third consecutive Song of the Year award at the 2018 Mnet Asian Music Awards with "What Is Love?" from their fifth extended play of the same name, making them the first group to win the award for three consecutive years. Twice topped the list of Korea's most popular music video on YouTube for two consecutive years with "Cheer Up" (2016) and "Knock Knock" (2017). In 2020, Twice became the K-pop girl group with the most music show wins totaling 106 wins as well as the fastest group to reach that number.


title: Twice

text: Twice were included in "Variety"'s Youth Impact Report 2016—an annual list of young entertainers who have made an impact in the industry over the past year—at number 54 as the only K-pop group on the list. In 2017, Twice received the Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism Commendation at the Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards. They were then recognized as the only Asian act on "Billboard"'s 21 Under 21 2017: Music's Next Generation, an annual ranking that highlights some of the world's most powerful young voices across various music genres.


title: Twice

text: In 2021, Twice's tenth extended play, "Taste of Love", peaked at number-one on the "Billboard" Top Album Sales chart, making it the first EP from a girl group to do so. It was also the first EP from a girl group to enter the top 10 of the "Billboard" 200.


title: Twice

text: Even before the official debut of Twice, the nine members had signed contracts as exclusive models for school uniform brand Skoolooks, alongside J. Y. Park. By December 2015, Twice had signed ten CF contracts, totaling earnings of KRW1.8 billion. By February 2017, they had one of the fastest growths in the advertising industry as the group's rate charged for endorsement hit 200 million won for 6 months and 300 million won for a year.


title: Twice

text: Twice is one of the celebrity endorsers of Lotte Duty Free. They also collaborated with shoe company Spris and created their own shoe brand called "Twice by Spris". In early 2017, Twice was selected by beverage maker Donga Otsuka to promote the company's flagship sports drink Pocari Sweat on its 30th anniversary. They became the first idol group to model for the brand. Pocari Sweat recorded 100 billion won sales for the first half of the year, a 10% increase over 2016's sales.


title: Twice

text: As of 2017, Twice has represented about 30 different brands including cosmetics, clothing, online and mobile games, food and beverages, credit cards, and more. Twice's first TV commercial in Japan for Ymobile was aired nationwide starting February 2, 2018, incorporating a pop arrangement of "Y.M.C.A." and Twice's signature "TT pose". In 2019, Twice was selected as South Korean ambassador of Estée Lauder. The group also became "Global Benchsetters" for Philippine clothing brand Bench. In March 2021, Kyungnam Pharmaceuticals announced that it had selected Twice as the representatives for its flagship vitamin brand Lemona. Later that year, Nintendo Korea featured Twice playing the Nintendo Switch game "Mitopia" in a video. In August 2021, the group was chosen to perform for Shopee Philippines's 9.9 Super Shopping Day TV special that was held on September 9. On October 16, 2021, Scarlett Whitening, an Indonesian beauty brand known for its skin whitening products, introduced Twice as their brand ambassadors. The endorsement was, however, criticized by fans, calling JYP Entertainment to withdraw the deal as it would be "unethical" for Twice to endorse a brand with skin whitening products, "knowing that they have fans with darker skin complexions".


title: Twice

text: In July 2019, Mina took a break from activities due to her sudden extreme anxiety and insecurity problems in performing on stage. She resumed her activities in February 2020.


title: Twice

text: In October 2020, Jeongyeon took a break from all activities due to her anxiety disorder. She resumed her activities on January 31, 2021, at the 30th Seoul Music Awards. In August–November 2021, Jeongyeon went on hiatus again due to panic and anxiety disorder.


title: Carol Burnett

text: Carol Creighton Burnett (born April 26, 1933) is an American actress, comedian, singer, and writer. Her groundbreaking comedy variety show "The Carol Burnett Show", which originally aired on CBS was one of the first of its kind to be hosted by a woman. She has performed on stage, television and film in varying genres including dramatic and comedic roles. She has received numerous accolades including six Primetime Emmy Awards, a Tony Award, a Grammy Award, and seven Golden Globe Awards. Burnett was awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2005, the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor in 2013 and the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award in 2015.


title: Carol Burnett

text: Born and raised in San Antonio, Texas, her family moved to California where she lived in the Hollywood area. She attended Hollywood High School and eventually studied theater and musical comedy at UCLA. Later she performed in nightclubs in New York City and had a breakout success on Broadway in 1959 in "Once Upon a Mattress", for which she received a Tony Award nomination. She soon made her television debut, regularly appearing on "The Garry Moore Show" for the next three years, and won her first Emmy Award in 1962. Burnett had her television special debut in 1963 when she starred as Calamity Jane in the Dallas State Fair Musicals production of "Calamity Jane" on CBS. Burnett moved to Los Angeles and began an 11-year run as star of "The Carol Burnett Show" on CBS television from 1967 to 1978. With its vaudeville roots, "The Carol Burnett Show" was a variety show that combined comedy sketches with song and dance. The comedy sketches included film parodies and character pieces. Burnett created many memorable characters during the show's run, and both she and the show won numerous Emmy and Golden Globe Awards.


title: Carol Burnett

text: During and after her variety show, Burnett appeared in many television and film projects. Her film roles include "Pete 'n' Tillie" (1972), "The Front Page" (1974), "The Four Seasons" (1981), "Annie" (1982), "Noises Off" (1992) and "Horton Hears a Who!" (2008). She has a diverse television background, having appeared in other sketch shows; in dramatic roles in "6 Rms Riv Vu" (1974) and "Friendly Fire" (1979); in various well-regarded guest roles, such as in "Mad About You", for which she won an Emmy Award; and in specials with Julie Andrews, Dolly Parton, Beverly Sills, and others. She returned to the Broadway stage in 1995 in "Moon Over Buffalo", for which she was again nominated for a Tony Award. In 2022, she appeared in "Better Call Saul".


title: Carol Burnett

text: Burnett has written and narrated several memoirs, earning Grammy nominations for almost all of them, including a win for "In Such Good Company: Eleven Years of Laughter, Mayhem, and Fun in the Sandbox". In 2019, the Golden Globes named an award after her for career achievement in television, the Carol Burnett Award, and Burnett received her first award.


title: Carol Burnett

text: Carol Creighton Burnett was born on April 26, 1933, in San Antonio, Texas, the daughter of Ina Louise (née Creighton), a publicity writer for movie studios, and Joseph Thomas Burnett, a movie theater manager. Her maternal grandparents were William Henry Creighton (1873–1918) and Mabel Eudora "Mae" Jones (1885–1967). Both of her parents were alcoholics, and at a young age she was left with her grandmother. Her parents divorced in the late 1930s. Subsequently, her parents moved to Hollywood, and Burnett moved with her grandmother to a one-room apartment near her mother. They lived in an impoverished area of Hollywood, California, in a boarding house with Burnett's younger half-sister Chrissie.


title: Carol Burnett

text: When Burnett was in second grade, she briefly invented an imaginary twin sister named Karen, with Shirley Temple-like dimples. She later recalled that, motivated to further the pretense, she "fooled the other boarders in the rooming house where we lived by frantically switching clothes and dashing in and out of the house by the fire escape and the front door. Then I became exhausted and Karen mysteriously vanished." When Burnett was nine, she taught herself how to do the "Tarzan yell", which she realized years later was a good vocal exercise for volume, and it became a fan favorite. Burnett's first experiences with singing were with her family. Her grandmother was a trained musician who could play the piano (although they did not have one at the time), and her mother played the ukulele, so they sometimes sang popular songs in harmony together around the kitchen table. Her grandmother frequently took Burnett and her sister to the movies. They would take a few rolls of toilet paper home from the theater. The movies she saw in her youth influenced the sketch content in "The Carol Burnett Show".


title: Carol Burnett

text: She worked as an usherette at the Warner Brothers Theater (now the Hollywood Pacific Theatre). When the cinema screened Alfred Hitchcock's "Strangers on a Train" (1951), having already seen and enjoyed the film, she advised two patrons arriving during the last five minutes of a showing to wait until the beginning of the next showing to avoid spoiling the ending for them, but the couple insisted on being seated. The manager observed Burnett not letting the couple in and fired her, stripping the epaulettes from her uniform on the spot. Years later in the 1970s after achieving TV stardom, when the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce offered her a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, they asked her where she wanted it. She replied "Right in front of where the old Warner Brothers Theater was, at Hollywood and Wilcox", which is where it was placed, at 6439 Hollywood Blvd.


title: Carol Burnett

text: After graduating from Hollywood High School in 1951, she received an anonymous envelope containing $50 for one year's tuition at UCLA, where she initially planned on studying journalism. During her first year of college, she switched her focus to theater arts and English, with the goal of becoming a playwright. She found she had to take an acting course to enter the playwright program. On the subject, she later reflected: "I wasn't really ready to do the acting thing, but I had no choice." During her first performance, she got a sudden impulse to speak her lines in a new way. "Don't ask me why, but when we were in front of the audience, I suddenly decided I was going to stretch out all my words and my first line came out 'I'm baaaaaaaack!'" The audience response moved her deeply:


title: Carol Burnett

text: During this time, she performed in several university productions, garnering recognition for her comedic and musical abilities. Her mother disapproved of her acting ambitions:


title: Carol Burnett

text: The young Burnett, always insecure about her looks, responded many years later to her mother's advice of "You can always write, no matter what you look like" by noting "God, that hurt!" in her memoir "One More Time" (1986).


title: Carol Burnett

text: During her junior year at UCLA in 1954, a professor invited Burnett and some other students to perform at a party in place of their class final that had been canceled (which required a performance in front of an audience). Afterwards, a man and his wife approached her while Burnett was stuffing cookies in her purse to take home to her grandmother. Instead of reprimanding her, the man complimented her performance and asked about her future plans. When he learned that she wanted to travel to New York in order to try her luck in musical comedy but could not afford the trip, he offered her and her boyfriend (Don Saroyan) each, on the spot, a $1,000 interest-free loan. His conditions were simply that the loans were to be repaid within five years, his name was never to be revealed, and if she achieved success, she would help other aspiring talents to pursue their artistic dreams. Burnett took him up on his offer, and she and Saroyan left college and moved to New York to pursue acting careers. That same year, her father died of causes related to his alcoholism.


title: Carol Burnett

text: After spending her first year in New York working as a hat-check girl and failing to land acting jobs, Burnett, along with other girls living at the Rehearsal Club (a boarding house for women seriously pursuing acting careers), put on "The Rehearsal Club Revue" on March 3, 1955. They mailed invitations to agents, who showed up along with stars like Celeste Holm and Marlene Dietrich. Such attendance opened doors for several of the girls. She was cast in a minor role on "The Paul Winchell and Jerry Mahoney Show" in 1955. She played the girlfriend of a ventriloquist's dummy on the popular children's program. This role led to her starring role opposite Buddy Hackett in the short-lived sitcom "Stanley" from 1956 to 1957.


title: Carol Burnett

text: After "Stanley", Burnett found herself unemployed for a short time. A few months later she bounced back, becoming highly popular as a performer on the New York circuit of cabarets and night clubs, most notably for a hit parody number called "I Made a Fool of Myself Over John Foster Dulles" (Dulles was Secretary of State at the time). In 1957, she performed this number on both "The Tonight Show", hosted by Jack Paar, and "The Ed Sullivan Show". Dulles was asked about her on "Meet the Press" and joked, “I never discuss matters of the heart in public.”


title: Carol Burnett

text: Around this time she also worked as a regular on one of television's earliest game shows, "Pantomime Quiz". In 1957, just as she was achieving her first small successes, her mother died.<del></del> In October 1960, Burnett debuted at New York City's Blue Angel Supper Club, where she was discovered by scouts for "The Jack Paar Show" and "The Ed Sullivan Show".


title: Carol Burnett

text: Burnett's first true taste of success came with her appearance on Broadway in the 1959 musical "Once Upon a Mattress", for which she was nominated for a Tony Award. The same year, she became a regular player on "The Garry Moore Show", a job that lasted until 1962. She won an Emmy Award that year for her "Outstanding Performance in a Variety or Musical Program or Series" on the show. She portrayed a number of characters, most memorably the put-upon cleaning woman. The character later became her signature alter-ego. With her success on the "Moore Show", Burnett finally rose to headliner status and appeared in the special "Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall" (1962), co-starring with her friend Julie Andrews. The show was produced by Bob Banner, directed by Joe Hamilton and written by Mike Nichols and Ken Welch. "Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall" won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Program Achievement in the Field of Music, and Burnett won an Emmy for her performance. She also guest-starred on a number of shows during this time, including "The Twilight Zone" episode "Cavender Is Coming".


title: Carol Burnett

text: In 1964, Burnett starred in the Broadway musical "Fade Out – Fade In" but was forced to withdraw after sustaining a neck injury in a taxi accident. She returned to the show later but withdrew again to participate in a variety show, "The Entertainers", opposite Caterina Valente and Bob Newhart. The producers of "Fade Out – Fade In" sued the actress for breach of contract after her absences from the popular show caused its failure, but the suit was later dropped. "The Entertainers" ran for only one season.


title: Carol Burnett

text: Around the same time, Burnett became good friends with Jim Nabors, who was enjoying great success with his series "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C." As a result of their close friendship, she played a recurring role on Nabors' show as a tough corporal and later as a gunnery sergeant (starting with the episode "Corporal Carol"). Later, Nabors would be the first guest on her variety show each season, as she considered him to be her good-luck charm.


title: Carol Burnett

text: In 1959, Lucille Ball became a friend and mentor to Burnett. After having guested on Burnett's highly successful CBS-TV special "Carol + 2" and having the younger performer reciprocate by appearing on "The Lucy Show", it was rumored that Ball offered Burnett a chance to star on her own sitcom. In truth, Burnett was offered (but declined) "Here's Agnes" by CBS executives. The two women remained close friends until Ball's death in 1989. Ball sent flowers every year on Burnett's birthday. When Burnett awoke on the day of her 56th birthday in 1989, she discovered via the morning news that Ball had died. Later that afternoon, flowers arrived at Burnett's house with a note reading, "Happy Birthday, Kid. Love, Lucy."


title: Carol Burnett

text: In 1967, CBS offered to put Burnett in a weekly comedy series called "Here's Agnes". However, she had a stipulation in her ten-year contract with CBS that said she had five years from the date "The Garry Moore Show" ended to "push the button" on hosting thirty one-hour episodes of a music/comedy variety show. As a result, the hour-long "Carol Burnett Show" was born and debuted in September 1967, eventually garnering 23 Emmy Awards and winning or being nominated for multiple Emmy and Golden Globe Awards every season it was on the air. Its ensemble cast included Tim Conway (who was a guest player until the ninth season), Harvey Korman, Lyle Waggoner and the teenaged Vicki Lawrence, whom Burnett discovered and mentored. The network initially did not want her to do a variety show because it believed only men could be successful at variety, but her contract required that it give her one season of whatever kind of show she wanted to make. She chose to carry on the tradition of past variety show successes.


title: Carol Burnett

text: A true variety show, "The Carol Burnett Show" struck a chord with viewers. Among other subjects, it parodied films ("Went with the Wind!" for "Gone with the Wind"), television ("As the Stomach Turns" for the soap opera "As the World Turns") and commercials. There were also frequent musical numbers. Burnett and her team struck gold with the original sketch "The Family", which eventually was spun off into the television show "Mama's Family", starring Vicki Lawrence.


title: Carol Burnett

text: She opened most shows with an impromptu question-and-answer session with the audience, lasting a few minutes, during which she often demonstrated her ability to humorously ad lib. On numerous occasions, she obliged when asked to perform her trademark Tarzan yell.


title: Carol Burnett

text: She ended each show by tugging on her left ear, which was a message to her grandmother. This was done to let her know that she was doing well and that she loved her. During the show's run, her grandmother died. On an "Intimate Portrait" episode about Burnett, she tearfully recalled her grandmother's last moments: "She said to my husband Joe from her hospital bed 'Joe, you see that spider up there?' There was no spider, but Joe said he did anyhow. She said 'Every few minutes a big spider jumps on that little spider and they go at it like rabbits!!' And then she died. There's laughter in everything!" She continued the tradition of tugging her ear. The show ceased production in 1978. Four post-script episodes were produced and aired on ABC during the summer of 1979 under the title "Carol Burnett & Company". The productions used essentially the same format and, with the exception of Harvey Korman and Lyle Waggoner, the same supporting cast. Beginning in 1977, the comedy sketches of her series were edited into half-hour episodes for syndication entitled "Carol Burnett and Friends", which for many years proved to be extremely popular in syndication. In the digital age, the series began airing on MeTV in January 2015.


title: Carol Burnett

text: The show's enduring popularity surprised many when a 2001 retrospective containing outtakes and discussions with the cast, and a tribute to Bob Mackie, drew in 30 million viewers, topping the Emmy Awards as well as all but the final game of that year's World Series. Her Grammy-winning memoir "In Such Good Company" is about the show, and Burnett tells about how it was developed, with anecdotes about improvisations, the cast, crew, and guests.


title: Carol Burnett

text: Burnett starred in a few films while her variety show was running, including "Pete 'n' Tillie" (1972). She was nominated for an Emmy in 1974 for her role in the drama "6 Rms Riv Vu". After her show ended, she assumed a number of roles that departed from comedy. She appeared in several dramatic roles, most notably in the television movie "Friendly Fire". She appeared as Beatrice O'Reilly in the film "Life of The Party: The Story of Beatrice", a story about a woman fighting her alcoholism. Her other film work includes Alan Alda's "The Four Seasons" (1981), John Huston's "Annie" (1982), and Peter Bogdanovich's "Noises Off" (1992).


title: Carol Burnett

text: Burnett's first voice role was in "The Trumpet of the Swan" in 2001. In 2008, she had her second role as an animated character in the film "Horton Hears a Who!" In 2012, she had another voice role as the character Hara in the US Disney-dubbed version of "The Secret World of Arrietty". In 2019, she voiced a talking chair, named Chairol Burnett, in "Toy Story 4".


title: Carol Burnett

text: Burnett was the first celebrity to appear on the children's series "Sesame Street", appearing on that series' first episode on November 10, 1969. She also made occasional returns to the stage in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1974, she appeared at the Muny Theatre in St. Louis, Missouri in "I Do! I Do!" with Rock Hudson, and eleven years later, she took the supporting role of Carlotta Campion in the 1985 concert performance of Stephen Sondheim's "Follies". She made frequent appearances as a panelist on the game show "Password", an association she maintained until the early 1980s (in fact, Mark Goodson awarded her his Silver Password All-Stars Award for best celebrity player; she's also credited with coming up with the title "Password Plus", when it was originally planned to be titled "Password '79").


title: Carol Burnett

text: In the 1980s and 1990s, she made several attempts at starting a new variety program. She also appeared briefly on "The Carol Burnett Show's" "The Family" sketches' spinoff, "Mama's Family", as her stormy character, Eunice Higgins. She played the matriarch in the cult comedy miniseries "Fresno", which parodied the primetime soap opera "Falcon Crest". She returned to TV in the mid-1990s as a supporting character on the sitcom "Mad About You", playing Theresa Stemple, the mother of main character Jamie Buchman (Helen Hunt), for which she won another Emmy Award. In 1995, after an absence of 30 years, she was back on Broadway in "Moon Over Buffalo", for which she was nominated for a Tony Award. Four years later, she appeared in the Broadway revue "Putting It Together". In 2014, Burnett joined two-time Tony Award Winner, Brian Dennehy, on Broadway in A. R. Gurney's "Love Letters".


title: Carol Burnett

text: Burnett had long been a fan of the soap opera "All My Children" and realized a dream when Agnes Nixon created the role of Verla Grubbs for her in 1983. Burnett played the long-lost daughter of Langley Wallingford (Louis Edmonds), causing trouble for her stepmother Phoebe Tyler-Wallingford (Ruth Warrick). She made occasional appearances on the soap opera in each decade thereafter. She hosted a 25th-anniversary special about the show in 1995 and made a brief cameo appearance as Verla Grubbs on the January 5, 2005, episode which celebrated the show's 35th anniversary. She reprised her role as Grubbs in September 2011 as part of the series' finale.


title: Carol Burnett

text: She also starred in television films such as "Seasons of the Heart" (1994). Burnett similarly returned to film in 2005 to star in a different role as Queen Aggravain in the movie version of "Once Upon a Mattress". She guest-starred in season two episodes of "Desperate Housewives" as Bree's stepmother, Elanor Mason.


title: Carol Burnett

text: In 2009, she made a guest appearance on the "", for which she was nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series. In November 2010, she guest-starred on an episode of "Glee" as the mother of cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester. She has made a recurring role, traditionally on Thanksgiving-themed episodes, on "Hawaii Five-0" as Steve McGarrett's Aunt Debbie since 2013 until Aunt Deb died from cancer in the January 15, 2016, episode.


title: Carol Burnett

text: Aside from the occasional guest-starring role on television, Burnett has mostly stayed away from the spotlight, yet she still earns honorary awards for her groundbreaking work in comedy. For instance in 2013, she received the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor at the Kennedy Center. Those who were there to honor Burnett included her longtime friends and collaborators Julie Andrews, Vicki Lawrence and Tim Conway, as well as Tina Fey, Amy Poehler, Maya Rudolph, Rashida Jones and Martin Short.


title: Carol Burnett

text: In 2017, CBS aired "The Carol Burnett Show: 50th Anniversary Special". The event featured Burnett, original cast members Vicki Lawrence and Lyle Waggoner, costume designer Bob Mackie and special guests Jim Carrey, Kristin Chenoweth, Stephen Colbert, Harry Connick Jr., Bill Hader, Jay Leno, Jane Lynch, Bernadette Peters, Maya Rudolph and Martin Short. Burnett spoke about the adversity she endured, saying "They said it was a man's game—Sid Caesar, Dean Martin, Milton Berle—because it hadn't been done. But that doesn't mean it couldn't be done."


title: Carol Burnett

text: In 2019, the Golden Globes created an award in Burnett's name, the Carol Burnett Award, for career achievement in television. Burnett was also announced as the first recipient of the award. The Hollywood Foreign Press said in a statement, "For more than 50 years, comedy trailblazer Carol Burnett has been breaking barriers while making us laugh". Steve Carell presented the award to Burnett.


title: Carol Burnett

text: In June 2022, Burnett guest starred in the second half of the sixth and final season of American drama series "Better Call Saul", a spin-off, prequel, and sequel to "Breaking Bad". Burnett was announced to be portraying a character named "Marion" on June 27, 2022 by AMC.


title: Carol Burnett

text: On May 4, 1963, Burnett married television producer Joe Hamilton, a divorced father of eight and brother of actress Kipp Hamilton who had produced her 1962 Carnegie Hall concert. He later produced "The Carol Burnett Show", among other projects. The couple had three daughters:


title: Carol Burnett

text: Their marriage ended in divorce in 1984. The challenge of coping with Carrie's drug problems was mentioned as part of the reason for the separation, but the couple took the opportunity to inform other parents about handling such problems and raised money for the clinic in which Carrie was treated. In 1988, Burnett and Carrie took a trip to Moscow to help introduce the first Alcoholics Anonymous branch in the Soviet Union. Joe Hamilton died of cancer in 1991. Also in the 1980s, Burnett participated in a publicity campaign for MedicAlert, of which she is symbolically the


title: Carol Burnett

text: On November 24, 2001, Burnett married Brian Miller. Miller is the principal drummer for the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra and is 23 years her junior.


title: Carol Burnett

text: Burnett has enjoyed close friendships with Lucille Ball, Beverly Sills, Jim Nabors (who became the godfather to her daughter Jody), Julie Andrews and Betty White. She is the acting mentor to Vicki Lawrence. They share a close friendship, as noted by Lawrence in a testimonial speech during her appearance at Burnett's 2013 Mark Twain Award in Washington, D.C. (recorded and broadcast on PBS Television).


title: Carol Burnett

text: In a 2003 interview with Terry Gross on "Fresh Air", Burnett said that both she and her daughter Jody had corrective dental surgery. Burnett had an overbite resulting in a weak chin, and her daughter had an underbite. After consulting the oral surgeon about Jody's bite, he said he could repair hers as well, giving her more of a chin, so both of them got operations. Prior to this, Burnett had worked on the 1982 film "Annie" and was called back to reshoot part of a scene after having recovered from the surgery. The scene involved her character entering and exiting a closet to retrieve a necklace. She told the director John Huston that she was concerned about her chin looking different from entering the closet to exiting it, and he simply told her to "look determined". The scene is still in the film.


title: Carol Burnett

text: In keeping with her promise to the anonymous benefactor who assisted her in 1954, she has contributed to scholarship programs at UCLA and the University of Hawaii to help people in financial need.


title: Carol Burnett

text: In August 2020, Burnett and her husband petitioned to receive guardianship of Burnett's teenage grandson. Burnett is already "educational rights holder", meaning that she is the one who makes decisions about her grandson's schooling.


title: Carol Burnett

text: Burnett has received 23 Primetime Emmy Award nominations with 6 wins for her work in "The Garry Moore Show", "Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall", "The Carol Burnett Show" and "Mad About You". She also received 18 Golden Globe Award nominations, winning 7 Awards, for her work on "The Carol Burnett Show". She also received 3 Tony Awards and 3 Grammy Awards nominations, winning one of each.


title: Carol Burnett

text: Burnett also received various honors including 2 Peabody Awards, a Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award and a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2003, she was honored with the Kennedy Center Honor. In 2005, she received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded to her by President George W. Bush. In 2013, she received the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor. In 2019 she became the first recipient of the Carol Burnett Lifetime Achievement Award for Television, which was named in her honor.


title: Carol Burnett

text: Burnett and her oldest daughter, Carrie Hamilton, co-wrote "Hollywood Arms" (2002), a play based on Burnett's bestselling memoir, "One More Time" (1986). The show was developed at the 1998 Sundance Theatre Lab and The Goodman Theatre before arriving on Broadway, directed by Harold Prince. Sara Niemietz and Donna Lynne Champlin shared the role of Helen (the character based on Burnett), while Michele Pawk played Louise, Helen's mother, and Linda Lavin played Helen's grandmother. For her performance, Pawk received the 2003 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play. The show received a staging at New York's Merkin Concert Hall in 2015.


title: Carol Burnett

text: Burnett has written and recorded three memoirs, each voice recording receiving a nomination for Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.


title: Carol Burnett

text: In 1976, a false report in the nation's leading supermarket tabloid, "The National Enquirer", incorrectly implied that Burnett had been drunk and boisterous in public at a restaurant with U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in attendance. The fact that both of her parents suffered from alcoholism made this a particularly sensitive issue to her. Through years of persistent litigation, she won a judgment against the "Enquirer" in 1981. Though the initial jury award of $1.6 million was reduced to $200,000 after a series of appeals, and the final settlement was out of court, the event was widely viewed as a historic victory for libel victims of tabloid journalism.


title: Carol Burnett

text: The former longtime chief editor Iain Calder, in his book "The Untold Story", asserted that after the Burnett lawsuit, while under his leadership, the "Enquirer" worked hard to check the reliability of its facts and its sources.


title: Carol Burnett

text: In 2007, Burnett and Whacko, Inc. brought a suit against 20th Century Fox demanding at least $2 million in damages after an animated likeness of Burnett appeared in the 2006 episode "Peterotica" of the animated sitcom "Family Guy". In the episode, the characters discuss the cleanliness of a porn shop, with one character stating that it is so clean because Burnett works there as a janitor. Burnett is then shown as her well-known charwoman character, mopping the floor in the porn shop, while a modified version of "Carol's Theme", the theme song used in "The Carol Burnett Show", plays. The characters subsequently discuss Burnett's ear tug and make a crude comment about it. The lawsuit alleged copyright infringement, violation of publicity rights and misappropriation of Burnett's name and likeness. In addition to damages, Burnett and her company demanded that Fox remove all references to her, the theme and the character. The studio refused. The court ruled in favor of the defendant because the bit was a parody, which is protected by the First Amendment, particularly by Fair Use doctrine.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: The Dassault Rafale (, literally meaning "gust of wind", and "burst of fire" in a more military sense) is a French twin-engine, canard delta wing, multirole fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault Aviation. Equipped with a wide range of weapons, the Rafale is intended to perform air supremacy, interdiction, aerial reconnaissance, ground support, in-depth strike, anti-ship strike and nuclear deterrence missions. The Rafale is referred to as an "omnirole" aircraft by Dassault.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: In the late 1970s, the French Air Force and French Navy were seeking to replace and consolidate their existing fleets of aircraft. In order to reduce development costs and boost prospective sales, France entered into an arrangement with the UK, Germany, Italy and Spain to produce an agile multi-purpose "Future European Fighter Aircraft" (which would become the Eurofighter Typhoon). Subsequent disagreements over workshare and differing requirements led to France's pursuit of its own development programme. Dassault built a technology demonstrator which first flew in July 1986 as part of an eight-year flight-test programme, paving the way for the go-ahead of the project. The Rafale is distinct from other European fighters of its era in that it is almost entirely built by one country, involving most of France's major defence contractors, such as Dassault, Thales and Safran.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: Many of the aircraft's avionics and features, such as direct voice input, the RBE2 AA active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar and the "optronique secteur frontal" infra-red search and track (IRST) sensor, were domestically developed and produced for the Rafale programme. Originally scheduled to enter service in 1996, the Rafale suffered significant delays due to post-Cold War budget cuts and changes in priorities. The aircraft is available in three main variants: Rafale C single-seat land-based version, Rafale B twin-seat land-based version, and Rafale M single-seat carrier-based version.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: Introduced in 2001, the Rafale is being produced for both the French Air Force and for carrier-based operations in the French Navy. The Rafale has been marketed for export to several countries, and was selected for purchase by the Egyptian Air Force, the Indian Air Force, the Qatar Air Force, the Hellenic Air Force, the Croatian Air Force, the Indonesian Air Force and the United Arab Emirates Air Force. The Rafale has been used in combat over Afghanistan, Libya, Mali, Iraq and Syria.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: In the mid-1970s, both the French Air Force ("Armée de l'Air") and Navy ("Marine Nationale") had requirements for a new generation of fighters to replace those in or about to enter service. Because their requirements were similar, and to reduce cost, both departments issued a common request for proposal. In 1975, the French Ministry of Aviation initiated studies for a new aircraft to complement the upcoming and smaller Dassault Mirage 2000, with each aircraft optimised for differing roles.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: In 1979, the French company Dassault joined the MBB/BAe "European Collaborative Fighter" project which was renamed the "European Combat Aircraft" (ECA). The French company contributed the aerodynamic layout of a prospective twin-engine, single-seat fighter; however, the project collapsed in 1981 due to differing operational requirements of each partner country. In 1983, the "Future European Fighter Aircraft" (FEFA) programme was initiated, bringing together Italy, Spain, West Germany, France and the United Kingdom to jointly develop a new fighter, although the latter three had their own aircraft developments.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: A number of factors led to the eventual split between France and the other four countries. Around 1984 France reiterated its requirement for a carrier-capable version and demanded a leading role. It also insisted on a swing-role fighter that was lighter than the design favoured by the other four nations. West Germany, the UK and Italy opted out and established a new European Fighter Aircraft (EFA) programme. In Turin on 2 August 1985, West Germany, the UK and Italy agreed to go ahead with the EFA, and confirmed that France, along with Spain, had chosen not to proceed as a member of the project. Despite pressure from France, Spain rejoined the Eurofighter project in early September 1985. The four-nation project eventually resulted in the Eurofighter Typhoon's development.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: In France, the government proceeded with its own programme. The French Ministry of Defence required an aircraft capable of air-to-air and air-to-ground, all-day and adverse weather operations. Unlike other contemporary European fighter projects that required some level of international collaboration and cost-sharing, France was the sole developer of the Rafale's airframe, avionics, propulsion system and armament, and as such the aircraft was to replace a multitude of aircraft in the French Armed Forces. The Rafale would perform roles previously filled by an assortment of specialised platforms, including the Jaguar, Mirage F1C/CR/CT, Mirage 2000C/-5/N in the French Air Force, and the F-8P Crusader, Étendard IVP/M and Super Étendard in French Naval Aviation.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: During October–December 1978, prior to France's joining of the ECA, Dassault received contracts for the development of project ACT 92 ("Avion de Combat Tactique", meaning "Tactical Combat Airplane"). The following year, the National Office for Aviation Studies and Research began studying the possible configurations of the new fighter under the codename "Rapace" (meaning "Bird of Prey"). By March 1980, the number of configurations had been narrowed down to four, two of which had a combination of canards, delta wings and a single vertical tail-fin. In October 1982, the French Ministry of Defence announced that Dassault would build a technology demonstrator named "Avion de Combat expérimental" (Experimental Combat Airplane, ACX). France wanted to collaborate with West Germany and the UK on the project, but was prepared to build the ACX by itself. In 1984, the government decided to proceed with a combat variant of the ACX due to the conflicting technical criteria of the respective FEFA participant nations.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: The resultant Rafale A technology demonstrator was a large-delta winged fighter, with all-moving canards, embodying fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control system. Construction of the demonstrator commenced in March 1984, even before a contract was signed with the DGA, France's defence procurement agency. The technology demonstrator was rolled out in December 1985 in Saint-Cloud, and took its maiden flight on 4 July 1986 from Istres-Le Tubé Air Base in southern France. During the one-hour flight, the project's chief test pilot Guy Mitaux-Maurouard took the aircraft to an altitude of and a speed of Mach 1.3. The demonstrator stopped in upon landing.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: Throughout the flight test programme, the Rafale A performed numerous day and night take-offs and landings aboard the carriers and to investigate the pilot's field of view during carrier operations. It reached a speed of and a height of . The demonstrator was initially powered by General Electric F404-GE-400 afterburning turbofans from the F/A-18 Hornet, instead of the Snecma M88, to reduce the risk that often comes with a first flight, and since the M88 was not considered sufficiently mature for the initial trials programme. It was not until May 1990 when the M88 replaced the port F404 in the demonstrator to enable the aircraft to reach Mach 1.4 and demonstrate supercruise, or sustained supersonic flight without use of afterburners. After 865 flights with four pilots, Rafale A was retired in January 1994.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: At the time of the Rafale A's maiden flight, France entered unsuccessful talks with Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Norway about a possible collaboration on the Rafale as a multinational project; at the time, Belgium was reportedly interested in the Rafale B. In June 1987, Prime Minister Jacques Chirac declared that the country would proceed with the US$30 billion project. Subsequently, on 21 April 1988, the French government awarded Dassault a contract for four Rafale prototypes: one Rafale C, two Rafale Ms and one Rafale B. The first out of an expected 330 Rafales was scheduled to enter service in 1996. However, the fall of the Berlin Wall, which signalled the end of the Cold War, as well as the need to reduce the national deficit, compelled the French government to drastically reduce its defence budget; the 1994 budget for the Rafale programme was cut by US$340 million. This reduced the size of the Rafale orders, which Dassault and other companies involved claimed impeded production management and led to higher costs, and delayed the entry of the aircraft into service. The French Air Force was reorganised, the Mirage 5F was completely phased out and a total of 55 Mirage F1Cs were upgraded to a tactical fighter configuration, redesignated as Mirage F1CT. The budget cuts prolonged the Rafale's development considerably.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: During the Rafale A flight test programme, the French government in 1989 looked at the F/A-18 Hornet as a potential replacement for the rapidly aging F-8 Crusader, which had been serving since the 1950s. The French Navy entered purchase of second-hand F/A-18s with Australia, Canada and the US, after the decision was made not to upgrade the Crusaders. The US Navy agreed to supply two F/A-18s to the French Navy for "interoperability testing" aboard the French aircraft carrier "Foch". The French government did not proceed with a purchase of the twin-engine fighter.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: To meet the various roles expected of the new aircraft, the Air Force required two variants: the single-seat "Rafale C" ("chasseur", meaning "fighter" or literally "hunter") and the "Rafale B" ("biplace", or two-seater). The prototype of the C model (designated C01) completed its first flight on 19 May 1991, signalling the start of a test programme which primarily aimed to test the M88-2 engines, man-machine interface and weapons, and expand the flight envelope. Due to budget constraints, the second single-seat prototype was never built.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: The C01 differed significantly from the Rafale A. Although superficially identical to the technology demonstrator, it was smaller and more stealthy due to the gold-coated canopy, a re-design of the fuselage-fin joint, and the addition of radar-absorbent materials (RAM). This aircraft also saw extensive application of composite and other materials, which both reduced the radar cross-section (RCS) and weight. Moreover, Dassault opted to reject variable engine inlets and a dedicated air brake, which lessens maintenance loads and saves weight. The B01, the only prototype of the two-seat B variant, made its maiden flight on 30 April 1993. It was heavier than the single-seater, but carried less fuel. The aircraft was used for weapon-systems testing. Later it was tasked with validating weapon separation and, specifically, the carriage of heavy loads. The aircraft's typical loadout consisted of two external tanks, two Apache/Scalp cruise missiles, in addition to four air-to-air missiles.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: The Navy, meanwhile, sought a carrier-based aircraft to supersede its fleet of ageing Étendard IV Ms & Ps, F-8P Crusaders and Super Étendard Modernisés. While the Navy initially modernised the Crusaders, in the long-term, the requirement was met with the navalised Rafale M. The M01, the naval prototype, first flew on 12 December 1991, followed by the second on 8 November 1993. Since France had no land-based catapult test facility, catapult trials were initially carried out between during July–August 1992 and early the following year, at NAS Lakehurst in New Jersey. The aircraft then carried out trials aboard the carrier "Foch" in April 1993. Flown by Dassault's chief test pilot, Yves Kerhervé, M02 made its maiden flight in November that year, while the first prototype completed the third round of testing at Lakehurst in November and December 1993.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: Initially, the Rafale B was to be just a trainer, but the Gulf War showed that a second crew member was invaluable on strike and reconnaissance missions. Therefore, in 1991 the Air Force switched its preferences towards the two-seater, announcing that the variant would constitute 60 percent of the Rafale fleet. The service originally envisaged taking delivery of 250 Rafales, but this was initially revised downwards to 234 aircraft, made up of 95 "A" and 139 "B" models", and later to 212 aircraft. The Navy, meanwhile, had 60 Rafales on order, down from 86 due to budget cuts. Of the 60, 25 would be M single-seaters and 35 two-seat Ns, though the two-seater was later cancelled.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: Production of the first aircraft series formally started in December 1992, but was suspended in November 1995 due to political and economic uncertainty. Production only resumed in January 1997 after the Ministry of Defence and Dassault agreed on a 48-aircraft (28 firm and 20 options) production run with delivery between 2002 and 2007. A further order of 59 F3 Rafales was announced in December 2004. In November 2009 the French government ordered an additional 60 aircraft to take the total order for the French Air Force and Navy to 180.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: During the Rafale's design phase, Dassault took advantage of Dassault Systèmes' CATIA (Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application), a three-dimensional computer-aided design, manufacture and engineering software suite that would become standard across the industry. CATIA enabled digitisation and efficiency improvements throughout the Rafale programme, as it implemented recently developed processes such as digital mockup and product data management. It consisted of 15 GB databases of each of the Rafale's components, assisting with various aspects of the design, manufacture and through-life support.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: According to the French magazine "L'Usine nouvelle", apart from several non-sensitive components sourced from the United States, the Rafale is manufactured almost entirely in France. Different elements are produced in numerous factories across the country, and final assembly takes place near Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport. For example, the flight control surfaces are fabricated in Haute-Savoie, the wings and avionics in Gironde, the centre fuselage in Val-d'Oise, and the engines in Essonne. Roughly 50 percent of the Rafale is produced by Dassault and the other half divided between two major partners, Thales and Safran, who rely on a network of 500 subcontractors. Altogether, the programme employs 7,000 workers. , the fabrication process of each fighter took 24 months, with an annual production rate of eleven aircraft.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: Deliveries of the Rafale's naval version were a high priority to replace the Navy's considerably aged F-8 Crusaders, and so the first production model for the French Navy undertook its first flight on 7 July 1999. Their first naval deployment was in 2002 on board "Charles de Gaulle"; by March 2002, the aircraft carrier was stationed in the Gulf of Oman, where its complement of Rafales undertook training operations. In December 2004, the Air Force received its first three F2 standard Rafale Bs at the "Centre d'Expériences Aériennes Militaires" (CEAM, i.e. the Military Air Experiment Centre) at Mont-de-Marsan, where they were tasked to undertake operational evaluation and pilot conversion training.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: The total programme cost, as of FY2013, was around €45.9 billion, which translated to a unit programme cost of approximately €160.5 million. This figure takes in account improved hardware of the F3 standard, and which includes development costs over a period of 40 years, including inflation. The unit flyaway price was €101.1 million for the F3+ version.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: In 2008, French officials were reportedly considering equipping the Rafale to launch miniaturised satellites. In 2011, upgrades under consideration included a software radio and satellite link, a new laser-targeting pod, smaller bombs and enhancements to the aircraft's data-fusion capacity. In July 2012, fleetwide upgrades of the Rafale's battlefield communications and interoperability capabilities commenced.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: In January 2014, Defence Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian announced that €1 billion is allocated towards the development of the F3R standard. The standard will see the integration of the Meteor BVR missile, among other weapons and software updates. The standard was to be validated by 2018.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: From 26 to 29 April 2021, a first test campaign was carried out by aircraft configured with the new F4-1 standard.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: The Rafale is planned to be the French Air Force's primary combat aircraft until 2040 or later, until replacement by the Franco-German New Generation Fighter.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: In 2018, Dassault announced the successor to the Rafale as the New Generation Fighter. This fighter aircraft under development by Dassault Aviation and Airbus Defence and Space, is to replace France's Rafale, Germany's Eurofighter Typhoon, and Spain's F/A-18 Hornet in the 2030–2040 timeframe.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: The Rafale was developed as a modern jet fighter with a very high level of agility; Dassault chose to combine a delta wing with active close-coupled canard to maximize manoeuvrability. The aircraft is capable of withstanding from −3.6"g" to 9"g" (10.5"g" on Rafale solo display and a maximum of 11"g" can be reached in case of emergency). The Rafale is an aerodynamically unstable aircraft and uses digital fly-by-wire flight controls to artificially enforce and maintain stability. The aircraft's canards also act to reduce the minimum landing speed to ; while in flight, airspeeds as low as have been observed during training missions. According to simulations by Dassault, the Rafale has sufficient low speed performance to operate from STOBAR-configured aircraft carriers, and can take off using a ski-jump with no modifications.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: The Rafale M features a greatly reinforced undercarriage to cope with the additional stresses of naval landings, an arrestor hook, and "jump strut" nosewheel, which only extends during short takeoffs, including catapult launches. It also features a built-in ladder, carrier-based microwave landing system, and the new fin-tip Telemir system for syncing the inertial navigation system to external equipment. Altogether, the naval modifications of the Rafale M increase its weight by compared to other variants. The Rafale M retains about 95 percent commonality with Air Force variants including, although unusual for carrier-based aircraft, being unable to fold its multi-spar wings to reduce storage space. The size constraints were offset by the introduction of , France's first nuclear-powered carrier, which was considerably larger than previous carriers, "Foch" and "Clemenceau".


title: Dassault Rafale

text: Although not a full-aspect stealth aircraft, the cost of which was viewed as unacceptably excessive, the Rafale was designed for a reduced radar cross-section (RCS) and infrared signature . In order to reduce the RCS, changes from the initial technology demonstrator include a reduction in the size of the tail-fin, fuselage reshaping, repositioning of the engine air inlets underneath the aircraft's wing, and the extensive use of composite materials and serrated patterns for the construction of the trailing edges of the wings and canards. Seventy percent of the Rafale's surface area is composite. Many of the features designed to reduce the Rafale's visibility to threats remain classified.


title: Dassault Rafale

text: The Rafale's glass cockpit was designed around the principle of data fusion—a central computer selects and prioritises information to display to pilots for simpler command and control. The primary flight controls are arranged in a hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS)-compatible configuration, with a right-handed side-stick controller and a left-handed throttle. The seat is inclined rearwards at an angle of 29° to improve g-force tolerance during manoeuvring and to provide a less restricted external pilot view. An intelligent flight suit worn by the pilot is automatically controlled by the aircraft to counteract in response to calculated g-forces.