title: Fourier transform

text: It has a variety of useful forms that are derived from the basic one by application of the Fourier transform's scaling and time-shifting properties. The formula has applications in engineering, physics, and number theory. The frequency-domain dual of the standard Poisson summation formula is also called the discrete-time Fourier transform.


title: Fourier transform

text: Poisson summation is generally associated with the physics of periodic media, such as heat conduction on a circle. The fundamental solution of the heat equation on a circle is called a theta function. It is used in number theory to prove the transformation properties of theta functions, which turn out to be a type of modular form, and it is connected more generally to the theory of automorphic forms where it appears on one side of the Selberg trace formula.


title: Fourier transform

text: Suppose is an absolutely continuous differentiable function, and both and its derivative are integrable. Then the Fourier transform of the derivative is given by


title: Fourier transform

text: By applying the Fourier transform and using these formulas, some ordinary differential equations can be transformed into algebraic equations, which are much easier to solve. These formulas also give rise to the rule of thumb " is smooth if and only if quickly falls to 0 for ." By using the analogous rules for the inverse Fourier transform, one can also say " quickly falls to 0 for if and only if is smooth."


title: Fourier transform

text: The Fourier transform translates between convolution and multiplication of functions. If and are integrable functions with Fourier transforms and respectively, then the Fourier transform of the convolution is given by the product of the Fourier transforms and (under other conventions for the definition of the Fourier transform a constant factor may appear).


title: Fourier transform

text: In linear time invariant (LTI) system theory, it is common to interpret as the impulse response of an LTI system with input and output , since substituting the unit impulse for yields . In this case, represents the frequency response of the system.


title: Fourier transform

text: Conversely, if can be decomposed as the product of two square integrable functions and , then the Fourier transform of is given by the convolution of the respective Fourier transforms and .


title: Fourier transform

text: The Fourier transform is a linear transform which has eigenfunctions obeying formula_88 with formula_89


title: Fourier transform

text: A set of eigenfunctions is found by noting that the differentiation rules imply that any solution formula_90 to the differential equation


title: Fourier transform

text: with formula_92 constant and formula_93 being an even function remains invariant in form when applying the Fourier transform formula_49 to both sides of the equation. In other words, formula_90 and its Fourier transform formula_96 obey the same equation. Assuming uniqueness of the solutions, every solution formula_90 must therefore be an eigenfunction of the Fourier transform.


title: Fourier transform

text: The simplest example is provided by formula_98 which is equivalent to the Schrödinger equation for the quantum harmonic oscillator. The corresponding solutions provide an important choice of an orthonormal basis for and are given by the "physicist's" Hermite functions. Equivalently one may use


title: Fourier transform

text: In other words, the Hermite functions form a complete orthonormal system of eigenfunctions for the Fourier transform on . However, this choice of eigenfunctions is not unique. Because of formula_102 there are only four different eigenvalues of the Fourier transform (the fourth roots of unity ±1 and ±) and any linear combination of eigenfunctions with the same eigenvalue gives another eigenfunction. As a consequence of this, it is possible to decompose as a direct sum of four spaces , , , and where the Fourier transform acts on simply by multiplication by .


title: Fourier transform

text: Since the complete set of Hermite functions provides a resolution of the identity, the Fourier transform can be represented by such a sum of terms weighted by the above eigenvalues, and these sums can be explicitly summed. This approach to define the Fourier transform was first done by Norbert Wiener. Among other properties, Hermite functions decrease exponentially fast in both frequency and time domains, and they are thus used to define a generalization of the Fourier transform, namely the fractional Fourier transform used in time–frequency analysis. In physics, this transform was introduced by Edward Condon. This change of basis functions becomes possible because the Fourier transform is a unitary transform when using the right conventions. Consequently, under the proper conditions it may be expected to result from a self-adjoint generator formula_103 via


title: Fourier transform

text: It can be interpreted as the generator of fractional Fourier transforms for arbitrary values of , and of the conventional continuous Fourier transform formula_49 for the particular value formula_108 with the Mehler kernel implementing the corresponding active transform. The eigenfunctions of formula_109 are the Hermite functions formula_110 which are therefore also eigenfunctions of formula_111


title: Fourier transform

text: Upon extending the Fourier transform to distributions the Dirac comb is also an eigenfunction of the Fourier transform.


title: Fourier transform

text: The Heisenberg group is a certain group of unitary operators on the Hilbert space of square integrable complex valued functions on the real line, generated by the translations and multiplication by , . These operators do not commute, as their (group) commutator is


title: Fourier transform

text: which is multiplication by the constant (independent of ) (the circle group of unit modulus complex numbers). As an abstract group, the Heisenberg group is the three-dimensional Lie group of triples , with the group law


title: Fourier transform

text: Denote the Heisenberg group by . The above procedure describes not only the group structure, but also a standard unitary representation of on a Hilbert space, which we denote by . Define the linear automorphism of by


title: Fourier transform

text: According to the Stone–von Neumann theorem, the unitary representations and are unitarily equivalent, so there is a unique intertwiner such that


title: Fourier transform

text: Many of the standard properties of the Fourier transform are immediate consequences of this more general framework. For example, the square of the Fourier transform, , is an intertwiner associated with , and so we have is the reflection of the original function .


title: Fourier transform

text: can be studied for complex values of its argument . Depending on the properties of , this might not converge off the real axis at all, or it might converge to a complex analytic function for all values of , or something in between.


title: Fourier transform

text: The Paley–Wiener theorem says that is smooth (i.e., -times differentiable for all positive integers ) and compactly supported if and only if is a holomorphic function for which there exists a constant such that for any integer ,


title: Fourier transform

text: for some constant . (In this case, is supported on .) This can be expressed by saying that is an entire function which is rapidly decreasing in (for fixed ) and of exponential growth in (uniformly in ).


title: Fourier transform

text: (If is not smooth, but only , the statement still holds provided .) The space of such functions of a complex variable is called the Paley—Wiener space. This theorem has been generalised to semisimple Lie groups.


title: Fourier transform

text: If is supported on the half-line , then is said to be "causal" because the impulse response function of a physically realisable filter must have this property, as no effect can precede its cause. Paley and Wiener showed that then extends to a holomorphic function on the complex lower half-plane which tends to zero as goes to infinity. The converse is false and it is not known how to characterise the Fourier transform of a causal function.


title: Fourier transform

text: The Fourier transform is related to the Laplace transform , which is also used for the solution of differential equations and the analysis of filters.


title: Fourier transform

text: It may happen that a function for which the Fourier integral does not converge on the real axis at all, nevertheless has a complex Fourier transform defined in some region of the complex plane.


title: Fourier transform

text: If is also causal, and analytical, then: formula_122 Thus, extending the Fourier transform to the complex domain means it includes the Laplace transform as a special case in the case of causal functions—but with the change of variable .


title: Fourier transform

text: From another, perhaps more classical viewpoint, the Laplace transform by its form involves an additional exponential regulating term which lets it converge outside of the imaginary line where the Fourier transform is defined. As such it can converge for at most exponentially divergent series and integrals, whereas the original Fourier decomposition cannot, enabling analysis of systems with divergent or critical elements. Two particular examples from linear signal processing are the construction of allpass filter networks from critical comb and mitigating filters via exact pole-zero cancellation on the unit circle. Such designs are common in audio processing, where highly nonlinear phase response is sought for, as in reverb.


title: Fourier transform

text: Furthermore, when extended pulselike impulse responses are sought for signal processing work, the easiest way to produce them is to have one circuit which produces a divergent time response, and then to cancel its divergence through a delayed opposite and compensatory response. There, only the delay circuit in-between admits a classical Fourier description, which is critical. Both the circuits to the side are unstable, and do not admit a convergent Fourier decomposition. However, they do admit a Laplace domain description, with identical half-planes of convergence in the complex plane (or in the discrete case, the Z-plane), wherein their effects cancel.


title: Fourier transform

text: In modern mathematics the Laplace transform is conventionally subsumed under the aegis Fourier methods. Both of them are subsumed by the far more general, and more abstract, idea of harmonic analysis.


title: Fourier transform

text: by Cauchy's integral theorem. Therefore, the Fourier inversion formula can use integration along different lines, parallel to the real axis.


title: Fourier transform

text: The hypotheses can be weakened, as in the results of Carleman and Hunt, to being , provided that is of bounded variation in a closed neighborhood of (cf. Dirichlet-Dini theorem), the value of at is taken to be the arithmetic mean of the left and right limits, and provided that the integrals are taken in the sense of Cauchy principal values.


title: Fourier transform

text: The Fourier transform can be defined in any arbitrary number of dimensions . As with the one-dimensional case, there are many conventions. For an integrable function , this article takes the definition:


title: Fourier transform

text: where and are -dimensional vectors, and is the dot product of the vectors. Alternatively, can be viewed as belonging to the dual vector space formula_127, in which case the dot product becomes the contraction of and , usually written as .


title: Fourier transform

text: All of the basic properties listed above hold for the -dimensional Fourier transform, as do Plancherel's and Parseval's theorem. When the function is integrable, the Fourier transform is still uniformly continuous and the Riemann–Lebesgue lemma holds.


title: Fourier transform

text: Generally speaking, the more concentrated is, the more spread out its Fourier transform must be. In particular, the scaling property of the Fourier transform may be seen as saying: if we squeeze a function in , its Fourier transform stretches out in . It is not possible to arbitrarily concentrate both a function and its Fourier transform.


title: Fourier transform

text: The trade-off between the compaction of a function and its Fourier transform can be formalized in the form of an uncertainty principle by viewing a function and its Fourier transform as conjugate variables with respect to the symplectic form on the time–frequency domain: from the point of view of the linear canonical transformation, the Fourier transform is rotation by 90° in the time–frequency domain, and preserves the symplectic form.


title: Fourier transform

text: Suppose is an integrable and square-integrable function. Without loss of generality, assume that is normalized:


title: Fourier transform

text: The uncertainty principle states that, if is absolutely continuous and the functions and are square integrable, then


title: Fourier transform

text: where is arbitrary and so that is -normalized. In other words, where is a (normalized) Gaussian function with variance , centered at zero, and its Fourier transform is a Gaussian function with variance .


title: Fourier transform

text: In quantum mechanics, the momentum and position wave functions are Fourier transform pairs, to within a factor of Planck's constant. With this constant properly taken into account, the inequality above becomes the statement of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.


title: Fourier transform

text: where the logarithms may be in any base that is consistent. The equality is attained for a Gaussian, as in the previous case.


title: Fourier transform

text: Fourier's original formulation of the transform did not use complex numbers, but rather sines and cosines. Statisticians and others still use this form. An absolutely integrable function for which Fourier inversion holds can be expanded in terms of genuine frequencies (avoiding negative frequencies, which are sometimes considered hard to interpret physically) by


title: Fourier transform

text: This is called an expansion as a trigonometric integral, or a Fourier integral expansion. The coefficient functions and can be found by using variants of the Fourier cosine transform and the Fourier sine transform (the normalisations are, again, not standardised):


title: Fourier transform

text: Older literature refers to the two transform functions, the Fourier cosine transform, , and the Fourier sine transform, .


title: Fourier transform

text: Let the set of homogeneous harmonic polynomials of degree on be denoted by . The set consists of the solid spherical harmonics of degree . The solid spherical harmonics play a similar role in higher dimensions to the Hermite polynomials in dimension one. Specifically, if for some in , then . Let the set be the closure in of linear combinations of functions of the form where is in . The space is then a direct sum of the spaces and the Fourier transform maps each space to itself and is possible to characterize the action of the Fourier transform on each space .


title: Fourier transform

text: Here denotes the Bessel function of the first kind with order . When this gives a useful formula for the Fourier transform of a radial function. This is essentially the Hankel transform. Moreover, there is a simple recursion relating the cases and allowing to compute, e.g., the three-dimensional Fourier transform of a radial function from the one-dimensional one.


title: Fourier transform

text: In higher dimensions it becomes interesting to study "restriction problems" for the Fourier transform. The Fourier transform of an integrable function is continuous and the restriction of this function to any set is defined. But for a square-integrable function the Fourier transform could be a general "class" of square integrable functions. As such, the restriction of the Fourier transform of an function cannot be defined on sets of measure 0. It is still an active area of study to understand restriction problems in for . Surprisingly, it is possible in some cases to define the restriction of a Fourier transform to a set , provided has non-zero curvature. The case when is the unit sphere in is of particular interest. In this case the Tomas–Stein restriction theorem states that the restriction of the Fourier transform to the unit sphere in is a bounded operator on provided .


title: Fourier transform

text: One notable difference between the Fourier transform in 1 dimension versus higher dimensions concerns the partial sum operator. Consider an increasing collection of measurable sets indexed by : such as balls of radius centered at the origin, or cubes of side . For a given integrable function , consider the function defined by:


title: Fourier transform

text: Suppose in addition that . For and , if one takes , then converges to in as tends to infinity, by the boundedness of the Hilbert transform. Naively one may hope the same holds true for . In the case that is taken to be a cube with side length , then convergence still holds. Another natural candidate is the Euclidean ball . In order for this partial sum operator to converge, it is necessary that the multiplier for the unit ball be bounded in . For it is a celebrated theorem of Charles Fefferman that the multiplier for the unit ball is never bounded unless . In fact, when , this shows that not only may fail to converge to in , but for some functions , is not even an element of .


title: Fourier transform

text: which shows that its operator norm is bounded by 1. Indeed, it equals 1, which can be seen, for example, from the transform of the rect function. The image of is a subset of the space of continuous functions that tend to zero at infinity (the Riemann–Lebesgue lemma), although it is not the entire space. Indeed, there is no simple characterization of the image.


title: Fourier transform

text: Since compactly supported smooth functions are integrable and dense in , the Plancherel theorem allows us to extend the definition of the Fourier transform to general functions in by continuity arguments. The Fourier transform in is no longer given by an ordinary Lebesgue integral, although it can be computed by an improper integral, here meaning that for an function ,


title: Edinson Cavani

text: Edinson Roberto Cavani Gómez (; born 14 February 1987) is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a striker for La Liga club Valencia and the Uruguay national team. Nicknamed "El Matador" ('The Bullfighter'), being known for his intelligent movement off the ball, clinical finishing, and heading ability.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: Cavani began his career playing for Danubio in Montevideo, where he played for two years, before moving to Italian side Palermo in 2007. In 2010, Cavani signed for Napoli, who signed him on an initial loan deal before buying him for a total fee of €17 million. He helped them win the Coppa Italia in 2012 and established himself as the most dominant striker in Serie A. In mid-2013, Cavani joined Paris Saint-Germain in France for a reported €64 million, at the time the most expensive signing in French football history. With PSG, Cavani won six Ligue 1 titles, five Coupes de la Ligue and four Coupes de France. He also ranks as the club's all-time top goalscorer. In 2020, Cavani signed with Manchester United. He scored 17 goals in his first season, including a goal in the UEFA Europa League Final. In 2022, Cavani signed for Valencia.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: Cavani scored on his Uruguay debut against Colombia in 2008, and has since then earned 135 caps and scored 58 international goals, only behind strike partner Luis Suárez among Uruguayan internationals. He has participated in ten major international tournaments: four FIFA World Cups (2010, 2014, 2018 and 2022), five Copas América (2011, 2015, 2016, 2019 and 2021), and one FIFA Confederations Cup (2013). Cavani scored at the 2010 World Cup to help Uruguay to fourth place in the tournament, and in 2011 was part of the Uruguay squad that won a record fifteenth Copa América title. He finished as the CONMEBOL 2018 World Cup qualification top scorer with ten goals.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: During his time in Serie A, Cavani was named in the Serie A Team of the Year three times and was Serie A top scorer in the 2012–13 season. During his time in Ligue 1, he was named in the UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year three times, was awarded Ligue 1 Player of the Year for the 2016–17 season, and was the league's top scorer in the 2016–17 and 2017–18 seasons. He was awarded the Golden Foot in 2018 for his achievements in football.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: After his breakthrough at the 2007 South American Youth Championship, several big teams were reportedly interested in signing Cavani, including Juventus and Milan. On 29 January 2007, however, Palermo chairman Maurizio Zamparini announced the signing of the promising Uruguayan. The bid was officially confirmed on 31 January for €4.475 million. Cavani made his debut on 11 March 2007 in a home league match against Fiorentina, coming on in the 55th minute with his team 1–0 down and scoring an impressive equaliser only 15 minutes later, a goal reminiscent of Marco van Basten's strike in the 1988 UEFA European Football Championship final. In his second season with the "Rosanero", Cavani found himself fighting for a first team place with Fabrizio Miccoli and Amauri.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: After Amauri's departure to Juventus in June 2008, Cavani cemented his place in the starting line-up, forming a striking partnership with Fabrizio Miccoli and scoring a total 14 goals in the 2008–09 season, earning the nickname ""El Matador"" due to his composure in front of goal. He retained his place for the 2009–10 season under new boss Walter Zenga, and also under successor Delio Rossi, being instrumental in the team's successful run in Serie A which took Palermo to European qualification and potential qualification to the UEFA Champions League with two games remaining. In April 2010, he signed a new contract with Palermo valid to June 2014.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: In July 2010, Cavani signed for Napoli. The transfer, however, was a loan of €5 million plus an option/obligation to buy outright for €12 million, which made the total fee €17 million. After debuting for Napoli as a substitute in the previous game, Cavani scored twice in his first start, as Napoli beat Elfsborg in the UEFA Europa League 2–0 and qualified for the main tournament. He then started his Serie A tenure with Napoli scoring a controversial goal against Fiorentina after just seven minutes, with replays showing the ball landing on the line. Cavani also scored on his home debut against Bari before adding a late winner against Sampdoria, meaning he had scored in his first four competitive matches with Napoli.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: On 26 September, Cavani came on as a late replacement with 30 minutes left in a game against Cesena which Napoli was losing 1–0. After assisting the equalising goal, he went on to score two more, with the scoreline finishing at 4–1. That meant Cavani shared the lead as top scorer in the league alongside Internazionale's Samuel Eto'o. Cavani's partnership with fellow forwards Ezequiel Lavezzi and Marek Hamšík led the Italian sporting media to dub them "The Three Tenors" after the famous singing group of the same name. On 15 December, Cavani netted a 92nd-minute goal against Steaua București to help his team to a 1–0 win and progress beyond the group stage of the Europa League. In the first match, which was held on Romanian soil, he had scored an equalising goal in the 97th minute. On 9 January 2011, Cavani scored a hat-trick during a 3–0 win over Juventus, the third goal coming by way of a diving header. On 30 January, Cavani scored another hat-trick, this time in a 4–0 win over Sampdoria. Cavani continued his fine form scoring a brace against Roma, with Napoli winning 2–0.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: On 20 March, Cavani scored another brace against Cagliari in a 2–1 win. This win kept them within three points of leaders Milan with eight games left. On 3 April, Cavani scored yet another hat-trick in a 4–3 comeback win over Lazio, having been 2–0 and 3–2 down during the game. He also became the highest league goalscorer in a single season in Napoli's history, netting 25 goals in Serie A. On 8 May, in a 2–1 away loss against Lecce, he received a red card for two bookable offences. He sarcastically applauded the referee after the decision and was handed a two-match ban for the action. As Napoli only had two more games of the season, it meant that his season was over and that he would not be able to regain his top position in the Serie A scoring charts, as Antonio Di Natale had surpassed him with 26 goals. Cavani signed a new five-year contract on 19 May, keeping him at Napoli until 2016.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: On 14 September, Cavani scored the opener in Napoli's first game of their Champions League campaign, a 1–1 away draw at Manchester City. Four days later, on 18 September, he scored a hat-trick against Milan in Napoli's 3–1 home win. On 22 November, Cavani scored both goals in the match winning brace 2–1 at home against Manchester City in the Champions League, leaving Napoli in pole position to follow Bayern Munich into the knockout stage. On 26 November, Cavani scored a 94th-minute equaliser against Atalanta after Napoli went a goal down in the 64th minute through on-loan Napoli striker Germán Denis. On 21 December, Cavani netted a brace in Napoli's 6–1 thrashing of Genoa, helping the "Azzurri" finish 2011 strong and end the first half of the season in sixth place.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: On 17 February 2012, Cavani scored two goals against Fiorentina, helping Napoli go in fifth place ahead of Internazionale. On 21 February, Cavani scored the second goal against Chelsea in the Champions League round of 16 first leg in Naples. He also provided the assists for both of Ezequiel Lavezzi's goals that game. Napoli subsequently went on to win this game 3–1. Following Napoli's exit from the Champions League at the hands of Chelsea, Cavani scored two goals against Udinese in the last ten minutes to earn a much-needed draw to keep Napoli in the hunt for the last Champions League qualifying spot. A few days later, he converted a fantastic counter-attack against Siena to book Napoli a place in the Coppa Italia final. On 21 April, he celebrated his 200th career league appearance by scoring in a 2–0 win against Novara. Cavani finished the league season with 23 goals, tied for third on the goal scoring charts with Udinese striker Antonio Di Natale. On 20 May, Cavani scored a penalty against Juventus in the 2012 Coppa Italia final at the Stadio Olimpico, Rome, which Napoli won 2–0. Cavani finished the tournament as the top goalscorer, with five goals.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: Cavani's first goal of the Serie A season came on 26 August, netting the final goal of Napoli's 3–0 defeat of former club Palermo. A month later, on 26 September, Cavani scored a mesmerising hat-trick against Lazio to maintain Napoli's undefeated start to the Serie A season in a 3–0 win.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: On 8 November, Cavani scored all four goals, including a half-volley from outside the box and a tremendous free kick, as Napoli came back from 2–1 down to defeat Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk 4–2 in the group stage of the Europa League. Cavani scored a late penalty in the 94th minute to secure a 2–1 victory over Swedish side AIK on 22 November, sending Napoli through to the next round of the Europa League. Cavani was the last player ever to score on the Råsunda Stadium which was the stadium that hosted the 1958 FIFA World Cup final. On 6 January 2013, Cavani netted a perfect hat-trick as Napoli thumped Roma 4–1, gaining ground in the race for the league title as champions Juventus fell to a shock win. Cavani finished the season as leading Serie A goalscorer, with 29 goals, six ahead of Udinese striker Antonio Di Natale in second.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: Towards the end of the season, reports emerged that Cavani would leave Napoli, with Chelsea, Manchester City, Paris Saint-Germain and Real Madrid all believed to be interested. On 27 May 2013, however, he told that he was not thinking of moving, saying, "Real Madrid, Chelsea and [Manchester] City are interested in me? I just think about Napoli." Nonetheless, he continued, "If an important offer were to come in, I will talk with president [Aurelio] De Laurentiis." He then paid tribute to his time in Italy, saying, "I'm fine in Italy, I have grown as a man there and as a player with the Serie A experience." Cavani was asked about the interest Chelsea and Manchester City took in him, saying, "I don't know if they made an offer for me, I just know that to be coached by someone like [Man City manager] Manuel Pellegrini or [Chelsea manager] José Mourinho would always be a pleasure." On 23 June, Napoli club president Aurelio De Laurentiis revealed that Cavani's reported £53 million "buyout clause expires" on 10 August 2013.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: On 16 July 2013, Cavani joined French champions Paris Saint-Germain on a five-year contract, for a fee believed to be around €64 million, making it the sixth largest transfer in history, at the time. The reported sum made Cavani the record signing in French football, breaking Radamel Falcao's €60 million move to Monaco earlier in the summer, and saw him link up with former Napoli teammate Ezequiel Lavezzi in Paris.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: Cavani debuted for PSG on 9 August, coming on as 72nd-minute substitute for Lavezzi in a league match against Montpellier. He started the following game on 18 August and scored his first goal for the club, a late equaliser against Ajaccio.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: Cavani scored his first Champions League goal for the club in their European season opener against Olympiacos on 17 September. He ended the group stage with four goals from five matches as PSG qualified with a 100% win record.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: On 22 January 2014, Cavani scored his 20th goal of the season in PSG's 2–1 Coupe de France defeat at home to Montpellier. On 2 March, after missing a month of the season with a thigh injury, Cavani scored on his return to the team in a 2–0 win over "Le Classique" rivals Marseille at the Parc des Princes.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: On 19 April, he scored both goals for PSG as they beat Lyon 2–1 in the 2014 Coupe de la Ligue Final. He finished his first season with 25 goals in 43 games across all competitions, including 16 in 30 league games.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: Cavani scored a penalty to secure a 3–1 win at Lens on 17 October 2014, and celebrated by shooting an imaginary gun. Referee Nicolas Rainville booked him for this, and sent him off for dissent after Cavani complained about it. PSG club president Nasser Al-Khelaifi said to Canal+, "Why did he get the yellow card before? He always celebrates the same way." On 5 November 2014, it took Cavani 56 seconds to score the only goal of the game against Cypriot club APOEL, a result which put PSG into the Champions League knock-out stage with two games to spare.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: In January 2015, Cavani and Ezequiel Lavezzi were fined and suspended for two matches by PSG manager Laurent Blanc for missing a mid-season training camp in Morocco and the first training session after the winter break. On 11 April, he scored two goals as a second-half substitute for Lavezzi as PSG defeated Bastia 4–0 to win the 2015 Coupe de la Ligue Final. On 8 May, he scored a hat-trick in a 6–0 defeat of Guingamp, which gave PSG a six-point lead in Ligue 1 with two matches remaining. With the title retained, PSG sealed a domestic treble on 30 May when Cavani headed the only goal of the game – his 31st in all competitions that season – to defeat Auxerre in the Coupe de France final.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: Cavani and PSG kicked off the season against Lyon for the 2015 Trophée des Champions on 1 August, with him scoring the second goal of a 2–0 victory. On 21 May 2016, Cavani scored the decisive third goal of PSG's 4–2 2016 Coupe de France Final win over Marseille to record a second consecutive Ligue 1–Coupe de France–Coupe de la Ligue domestic treble for the club.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: On 13 September 2016, in the opening 2016–17 Champions League Group A match against Arsenal at the Parc des Princes, Cavani scored after just 44 seconds had elapsed in the first half by heading in Serge Aurier's cross from the right for PSG's fastest-ever Champions League goal. The match ended in a 1–1 draw. On 16 September, Cavani scored four times (his first ever four-goal haul with PSG) in the first half as PSG trounced Caen 6–0 away in a Ligue 1 match to end PSG's streak of three competitive matches without victory, two of them in Ligue 1. On 30 November, he scored a penalty in a 2–0 home win against Angers to take his Ligue 1 tally to 14 goals in 14 matches, which also saw him become only the fourth player in PSG history to score 100 competitive goals for the club.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: Cavani scored one goal in each leg of PSG's 6–5 aggregate loss to FC Barcelona in their UEFA Champions League round of 16 tie, taking him to eight goals from eight matches in the season's competition. On 1 April 2017, he scored two-second-half goals in PSG's 4–1 win over Monaco in the 2017 Coupe de la Ligue Final. On 15 May 2017, he was named Ligue 1 Player of the Year for scoring 35 goals.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: Prior to the 2017–18 season, Cavani was joined at the club by Brazilian forward Neymar, who moved to PSG in a transaction worth €222 million making him the world's most expensive player, and 18-year-old French prodigy Kylian Mbappé, a loan signing with the club having an option to sign him for €180 million. Cavani, Neymar and Mbappé immediately formed a formidable attacking trio, with Cavani scoring in each of PSG's opening three games of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League group stage, twice in the team's 5–0 win at Celtic, once in the 3–0 win at home to Bayern Munich, and once in the 4–0 win at Anderlecht.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: On 22 October, Cavani scored a curling free kick off the crossbar to earn PSG a 2–2 draw in Le Classique away to Marseille. The following month, he scored twice in the return leg against Celtic in a 7–1 win. The result saw PSG break the record for the most goals scored by a club in the group stages of the Champions League, with 24. On 4 November, Cavani's goals in a 5–0 win at Angers made him only the third player to score 100 times in two of Europe's five best leagues, after Ibrahimović and Gonzalo Higuaín.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: Cavani became PSG's all-time top scorer on 27 January 2018 with a goal in a 4–0 home win over Montpellier. He surpassed Zlatan Ibrahimović's record with his 157th goal in his 229th match. On 8 May 2018, he scored as PSG won 2–0 against Les Herbiers VF to clinch the 2017–18 Coupe de France.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: On 25 August 2018, Cavani played his first game of the season after missing PSG's first three games following his injury at the 2018 World Cup. The front three of Cavani, Neymar and Mbappé all scored in a 3–1 league win over Angers at home, with Cavani scoring the opener from Neymar's assist. On 11 November 2018, Cavani scored a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Monaco. On 18 December, Cavani scored in PSG's 2–1 win over Orléans in the Coupe de La Ligue; this was his 15th goal all-time in the competition, tying Pauleta's record for most goals in the tournament.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: In April 2020, PSG were assigned the 2019–20 Ligue 1 title after the season was ended prematurely due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic; at the time of the League's suspension, PSG were in first place, with a twelve–point lead over second-placed Marseille. On 13 June, PSG's sporting director Leonardo revealed that Cavani would be leaving the club at the end of the Champions League campaign in August, alongside his teammate Thiago Silva.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: On 5 October 2020, Cavani joined Premier League club Manchester United on a one-year deal with an option to extend for a further year. He was given the prestigious number 7 shirt. On 24 October 2020, he made his Premier League debut from the bench in a 0–0 draw against Chelsea. On 7 November, Cavani scored his first goal in the Premier League in a 3–1 away win against Everton. On 29 November, Cavani scored twice, including the winning goal in added time, in a 3–2 comeback win against Southampton after coming on as a half time substitute.On 2 February 2021, he scored the fourth goal in United's Premier League record-equalling 9–0 win against Southampton. On 29 April, he scored twice and assisted two more goals in a 6–2 home win over Roma in the first leg of the Europa League semi-finals; he scored another two in a 3–2 defeat in the return leg, which allowed United to advance to the final 8–5 on aggregate. Across April, Cavani scored five goals and collected three man of the match award from four starts which lead to him winning his first Manchester United player of the month award.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: On 10 May 2021, Cavani officially extended his stay for another season. On 18 May, in an eventual 1–1 home draw against Fulham, Cavani scored the first goal at Old Trafford with fans in attendance since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, a 40-yard lob. He was later awarded Premier League Goal of the Month for his effort. On 26 May, he scored the equalising goal in a 1–1 draw against Villarreal in the Europa League Final; however, Manchester United lost eventually on penalties, despite Cavani netting his spot kick in the shoot-out.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: Even though Cavani played his first match of the 2021–22 season against Wolverhampton Wanderers in the number 7 shirt, upon the arrival of Cristiano Ronaldo, he agreed to switch to the number 21 shirt, the same number he wears for the Uruguay national team. He scored his first goal of the season, in a 3–0 away win on 30 October against Tottenham Hotspur, assisted by Cristiano Ronaldo.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: On 22 May 2022, interim-manager Ralf Rangnick announced that Cavani would be leaving the club when his contract expired at the end of season.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: In January 2007, Cavani was selected to join the Uruguay national under-20 team to play in the 2007 South American Youth Championship in Paraguay. He finished the tournament as top scorer with seven goals in nine games, helping Uruguay to finish in third place, thereby earning them a place in the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: On 6 February 2008, Cavani made his first senior appearance for the Uruguayan senior team, scoring in a 2–2 draw with Colombia. He scored from his own area on the counterattack from a corner.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: On 22 June 2010, in the final match of the group stage of the 2010 World Cup, Cavani set-up a goal for Luis Suárez in a 1–0 win over Mexico. Uruguay won Group A and advanced to the knockout stage. On 10 July 2010, he scored against Germany in the third place match to make the score 1–1; Germany went on to win 3–2.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: On 8 October 2010, he scored his first international hat-trick in a friendly match against Indonesia, a 7–1 win in Jakarta in which Luis Suárez also scored a hat-trick.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: Cavani was included in the Uruguayan squad at the 2011 Copa América in Argentina. He started the first two group games, but a knee injury in the second game against Chile ruled him out until the final. In the final, he replaced Álvaro Pereira after 63 minutes, and was involved in his team's final goal as Uruguay beat Paraguay 3–0 won a record 15th title.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: At the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, Cavani equalised in the semi-final against the hosts and eventual champions Brazil, who eventually won 2–1. In the match for third place, he equalised twice against Italy, his second goal coming from a free kick, taking the game to penalties. Although Cavani scored his spot kick, Uruguay lost; he was named man of the match for his performance.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: On 13 November 2013, Cavani scored the last goal in Uruguay's 5–0 away win over Jordan in a play-off for the 2014 World Cup. In their first group game of the finals, against Costa Rica in Fortaleza, Cavani opened the scoring with a penalty after Diego Lugano had been pulled down. Uruguay, however, eventually lost 3–1. Uruguay were eliminated by Colombia, following a 2–0 defeat in the round of 16 on 28 June 2014.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: With Suárez suspended for the entire tournament, Cavani was an undisputed starter for Uruguay at the 2015 Copa América in Chile. In the quarter-finals against the hosts at the Estadio Nacional, Cavani was sent off for two bookings: the first for a foul on Arturo Vidal, the second for flicking at Gonzalo Jara's face after Jara had poked him in the buttocks. The incident received almost immediate and prominent international coverage from newspapers and the internet, mostly in defence of Cavani. Massive coverage included articles, columns, blogs, memes and cartoons. Press in Australia drew comparisons to what the press referred to as "Hopoate", comparing it to a similar infamous onfield anus-poking incident from rugby. Other massive international coverage of the incident came from China, the United Kingdom, France, and the United States. Internet coverage included Goal.com, Business Insider, ESPNFC, Bleacher Report "The World Game", "The Huffington Post", and Dirty Tackle. Teammate Jorge Fucile was later also dismissed, and holders Uruguay were eliminated with a 1–0 defeat. Cavani also took part in the Copa América Centenario the following year, but he once again went scoreless in the competition, as Uruguay were eliminated in the first round.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: In 2018, Uruguay participated in the China Cup. Cavani led Uruguay to the trophy by scoring the only goal in the final match against Wales.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: Cavani finished as the top scorer in the CONMEBOL 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification, with 10 goals. In March 2018, Cavani was part of the Uruguay squad that won the China Cup. He scored in the 2–0 semi-final win over the Czech Republic, and in the final he scored the only goal against Wales, his 100th cap.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: In his nation's final group game of the 2018 FIFA World Cup on 25 June, Cavani scored Uruguay's final goal in a 3–0 win over hosts Russia. Cavani then went on to score both of Uruguay's goals against Portugal in a 2–1 victory in the Round of 16 on 30 June, though he was withdrawn in the second-half with an apparent hamstring injury. Because of his injury, he was ruled out of Uruguay's 2–0 defeat to France in the quarter-finals on 6 July.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: In March 2019, manager Óscar Tabárez included Cavani in the final 23-man Uruguay squad for the 2019 Copa América in Brazil. On 16 June, Cavani scored "an acrobatic bicycle-kick" in a 4–0 win over Ecuador in the team's opening group match of the tournament; this was his first goal ever in the Copa América. In the quarter-finals against Peru on 29 June, he had a goal disallowed by VAR for offside in regulation time; following a 0–0 draw, the match went to a penalty shoot-out. Although Cavani was able to convert his spot-kick, Peru won the shoot-out 5–4, which saw Uruguay eliminated from the competition.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: A quick, strong, opportunistic and prolific forward with good technique, and a tall, slender frame, Cavani is considered to be one of the greatest strikers of his generation, and of all time, and has been described as a "modern striker." Possessing an excellent first touch, intelligent movement off the ball, and clinical finishing, he is a well-rounded striker, who is known for his ability to score impressive goals, both with his head and with his feet, and for his tireless work-rate and energy across the pitch, as well as his willingness to track back and help his team defensively; moreover, he is an athletic player, who is also strong in the air, and who has a penchant for scoring from acrobatic goals. He is also an accurate set-piece taker, and is generally a competent penalty taker, even though his record from the spot has been inconsistent at times throughout his career.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: In addition to his goalscoring, he is also known for his ability to create space for his teammates. However, despite being a prolific player, and having a reputation as one of the best strikers of his generation, he has been accused at times in the media of missing an excessive number of chances, and has also been criticised on occasion for his performances in important matches. Although he primarily plays either as a centre forward or as a main striker, he is capable of playing in several offensive positions, and has also been deployed as a supporting striker or as a winger. Writing for "The Guardian" in 2018, Jorge Valdano remarked upon "the generous endeavour of Cavani, a striker who covers the entire pitch". Due to his composure in front of goal, Cavani was given the nickname ""El Matador"" ('The Bullfighter', in Spanish) during his time in Italy. Despite his ability, he has struggled with injuries throughout his career.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: Like his idol, Argentine striker Gabriel Batisuta, Cavani often celebrates scoring a goal by pretending to fire an imaginary machine gun.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: Cavani was born in Salto, Uruguay on 14 February 1987 to Luis Cavani and Berta Gómez. His elder brothers, striker Walter Guglielmone and Christian Cavani, are also professional footballers. Cavani holds an Italian passport as a result of playing in Italy and his Italian heritage; Cavani's paternal grandparents were originally from Maranello, which later became the hometown of car maker Ferrari. In 1929, they migrated to Argentina and later to Montevideo. Cavani is trilingual; he is fluent in Spanish, Italian and French.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: Cavani was married to Maria Soledad Cabris Yarrús, with whom he has two sons, Bautista (born 22 March 2011) and Lucas (born 8 March 2013). In 2013, Cavani announced that he and his wife were to get a divorce, following a split between the two the year before. Then he had a daughter, India (born 17 May 2019), with his girlfriend Jocelyn Burgardt.


title: Edinson Cavani

text: He is a devout Evangelical Christian. As a child, Cavani idolised Argentine striker Gabriel Batistuta. Cavani also enjoys ballet dancing. His resemblance with the cartoon character Tarzan is a popular reference among football fans.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo (born January 8, 1946), commonly referred to by his aliases El Jefe de Jefes ("The Boss of Bosses") and El Padrino ("The Godfather"), is a convicted Mexican drug lord Kingpin. He was one of the founders of the Guadalajara Cartel in the 1970s.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: Throughout the 1980s, the cartel controlled much of the drug trafficking in Mexico and the corridors along the Mexico–United States border.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: Félix Gallardo was arrested in 1989 for putting in place the murder of Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agent Enrique "Kiki" Camarena. He was serving his 40-year sentence at the Altiplano maximum-security prison but was transferred to a medium-security facility in 2014 due to his declining health.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: Born on a ranch in Bellavista, on the outskirts of Culiacán, Sinaloa, Félix Gallardo graduated from high school and studied business in college. He took a job as a Mexican Federal Judicial Police agent. He worked as a family bodyguard for the governor of Sinaloa state Leopoldo Sánchez Celis, whose political connections helped Félix Gallardo to build his drug trafficking organization. He was also the godfather of Sánchez


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: Félix Gallardo started working for drug traffickers brokering corruption of state officials, and together with Rafael Caro Quintero and Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo, who previously worked in the Avilés criminal organization, took control of the trafficking routes after Avilés was killed in a police shootout.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: In the early 1980s, drug interdiction efforts increased throughout Florida, which was then the major shipping destination for illegal drug traffickers. As a result, the Colombian cartels began to utilize Mexico as their primary trans-shipment point.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: Juan Matta-Ballesteros was the Guadalajara Cartel's primary connection to the Colombian cartels, as he had originally introduced


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: Félix Gallardo's predecessor, Alberto Sicilia Falcón, to Santiago Ocampo of the Cali Cartel, one of the largest Colombian drug cartels. Rather than taking cash payments for their services, the smugglers in the Guadalajara Cartel took a 50% cut of the cocaine they transported from Colombia. This proved to be extremely profitable for them, with some estimating that the trafficking network, then operated by Félix


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: Until the end of the 1980s, the Guadalajara Cartel headed by Félix Gallardo (comprising what is now known today as the Sinaloa, Tijuana, Juarez and Pacifico Sur cartels) had nearly monopolized the illegal drug trade in Mexico.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: In 1980 DEA special agent Enrique "Kiki" Camarena was assigned to the Administration's resident agency in Guadalajara. Working through informants, Camarena discovered cartel marijuana plantations in Zacatecas state. The plantations were raided and destroyed. In 1984, Mexican soldiers, backed by helicopters, destroyed an even larger 1,000 hectare (≈2,500 acre) marijuana plantation known as "Rancho Búfalo" in Chihuahua, known to be protected by Mexican DFS intelligence agents, as part of "Operation Godfather". Thousands of farmers worked the fields at Rancho Buffalo, and the annual production was later valued at 8 billion. All of this took place with the knowledge of local police, politicians, and the military.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: Camarena was beginning to expose the connections among drug traffickers, Mexican law enforcement, and high-ranking government officials within the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), which Félix Gallardo considered to be a major threat to the Guadalajara cartel's operations throughout Mexico.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: In response, Félix Gallardo reportedly ordered the kidnapping of Camarena. On February 7, 1985, Jalisco police officers on the cartel's payroll kidnapped Camarena as he left the U.S. consulate in Guadalajara. His helicopter pilot, Alfredo Zavala Avelar, was kidnapped shortly afterward. They were brought to a residence located at 881 Lope de Vega in the colonia of Jardines del Bosque, in the western section of the city of Guadalajara, owned by Rafael Caro Quintero, where they were tortured and interrogated over a period of 30 hours. On February 9, Camarena was tortured and murdered. Autopsy results indicated that he died


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: when his skull was perforated with a drill. He was injected with adrenaline and other drugs to be kept awake during his torture and interrogation. His body, wrapped in plastic, was found with that of pilot Alfredo Zavala Avelar, in a shallow hole on a ranch in Michoacan state.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: The murder prompted one of the largest DEA homicide investigations ever undertaken, Operation Leyenda. A special unit was dispatched to coordinate the investigation in Mexico, where corrupt officials were being implicated.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: Investigators identified Félix Gallardo and his two close associates, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo and Rafael Caro Quintero, as the primary suspects in the kidnapping. Under pressure from the US, Fonseca and Quintero were apprehended, but Félix Gallardo still enjoyed political protection.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: Félix Gallardo kept a low profile and, in 1987, moved with his family to Guadalajara. He was arrested in Mexico on April 8, 1989, and was charged by the authorities in Mexico and the United States with the kidnapping and murder of DEA agent Enrique Camarena, as well as racketeering, drug smuggling, and multiple violent crimes.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: According to US officials, Félix Gallardo also spent time at the Sinaloa governor's house as a guest, which governor Antonio Toledo Corro has denied. When asked about his association with Félix Gallardo, governor Toledo said he was "unaware of any outstanding arrest warrants" against Félix Gallardo.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: The arrest of Félix Gallardo was the catalyst for exposing the widespread corruption at political and law enforcement levels in Mexico. Within days of Félix Gallardo's arrest, and under pressure from the media, several police commanders were arrested with as many as 90 officers deserting.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: Félix Gallardo's arrest also led to the dismantling of the Guadalajara Cartel, as key members of the federation chose to withdraw and form their own cartels, relying on violence to claim various territories and trafficking routes. The continuous disputes and conflict among the leaders would breed political, social, and military chaos, and eventually lead to the Mexican Drug War.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: Félix Gallardo was initially sentenced to 40 years of prison. After serving 28 years, a 2017 retrial sentenced him to an additional 37 years. While incarcerated, Félix Gallardo remained one of Mexico's major traffickers, maintaining his organization via mobile phone.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: After his arrest, Félix Gallardo decided to divide up the trade he controlled as it would be more efficient and less likely to be brought down by law enforcement. Félix Gallardo instructed his lawyer to convene the nation's top drug narcos in 1989 at a house in the resort of Acapulco where he designated the "plazas" or territories. The Tijuana route would go to his nephews, the Arellano Felix brothers. The Ciudad Juárez route would go to the Carrillo Fuentes family. Miguel Caro Quintero would run the Sonora corridor. Joaquín Guzmán Loera and Héctor Luis Palma Salazar were left the Pacific coast operations, with Ismael Zambada García joining them soon after and thus becoming the Sinaloa Cartel, which was not a party to the 1989 pact.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: When Félix Gallardo was transferred to a high-security prison in 1993, he lost any remaining control over the other drug lords.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: As he aged, Félix Gallardo complained that he lived in poor conditions while in jail. He says that he suffers from vertigo, deafness, loss of an eye, and blood circulation problems. He lives in a 240 × 440 cm (8x14ft) cell, which he is not allowed to leave, even to use the recreational area. In March 2013, Félix Gallardo started a legal process to continue his prison sentence at home when he reached his 70th birthday (8 January 2016). On 29 April 2014, a Mexican federal court denied Félix Gallardo's petition to be transferred from the maximum-security prison to a medium-security one. On 18 December 2014, federal authorities approved his request to transfer to a medium-security prison in Guadalajara (State of Jalisco), due to his declining health.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: On 20 February 2019, a court in Mexico City denied his request to complete the remainder of his sentence at his home. The court stated that Félix Gallardo's defense did not provide them with sufficient evidence to prove that his health issues were putting his life at risk.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: On September 12, 2022 it was reported that Félix Gallardo was granted house arrest and will be moved on September 13, 2022. Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador released a statement about his transfer. "I do not want anyone to suffer. I do not want anyone to be in jail."


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: In 2008, the investigative journalist was able to contact Félix Gallardo through the latter's 13-year-old son. Félix Gallardo secretly wrote about his life and passed the hand-written notes to Osorno. The memoirs include narrative about his arrest and presentation before police, and explains a bit of his family tree, jumping from one topic to another. Selections of the 35 pages were published in the Mexican magazine "Gatopardo," with background by the journalist.


title: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

text: Upon his arrest at least nine of Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo's nieces and nephews took over different roles within the organization to form the Arellano Félix Organization, also known as the Tijuana Cartel. Another niece, Sandra Ávila Beltrán, is a former member of the Sinaloa Cartel.


title: Grace Jones

text: Grace Beverly Jones (born 19 May 1948) is a model, singer and actress. Born in Jamaica, she and her family moved to Syracuse, New York, when she was a teenager. Jones began her modelling career in New York state, then in Paris, working for fashion houses such as Yves St. Laurent and Kenzo, and appearing on the covers of "Elle" and "Vogue". She notably worked with photographers such as Jean-Paul Goude, Helmut Newton, Guy Bourdin, and Hans Feurer, and became known for her distinctive androgynous appearance and bold features.


title: Grace Jones

text: Beginning in 1977, Jones embarked on a music career, securing a record deal with Island Records and initially becoming a high-profile figure of New York City's Studio 54-centered disco scene. In the early 1980s, she moved toward a new wave style that drew on reggae, funk, post-punk, and pop music, frequently collaborating with both the graphic designer Jean-Paul Goude and the musical duo Sly & Robbie. She scored Top 40 entries on the UK Singles Chart with "Private Life", "Pull Up to the Bumper", "I've Seen That Face Before", and "Slave to the Rhythm". In 1982, she released the music video collection "A One Man Show", directed by Goude, which earned her a nomination for Best Video Album at the 26th Annual Grammy Awards. Her most popular albums include "Warm Leatherette" (1980), "Nightclubbing" (1981), and "Slave to the Rhythm" (1985).


title: Grace Jones

text: As an actress, Jones appeared in several indie films prior to landing her first mainstream appearance as Zula in the fantasy-action film "Conan the Destroyer" (1984) alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sarah Douglas, and subsequently appeared in the James Bond movie "A View to a Kill" (1985) as May Day, and starred as a vampire in "Vamp" (1986); all of which earned her nominations for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. In 1992, Jones acted in the Eddie Murphy film "Boomerang", and contributed to the soundtrack. She also appeared alongside Tim Curry in the 2001 film "Wolf Girl".


title: Grace Jones

text: Jones was ranked 82nd on VH1's "100 Greatest Women of Rock and Roll" (1999). In 2008, she was honored with a Q Idol Award. Jones influenced the cross-dressing movement of the 1980s and has been cited as an inspiration for multiple artists, including Annie Lennox, Lady Gaga, Rihanna, Solange, Lorde, Róisín Murphy, Brazilian Girls, Nile Rodgers, Santigold, and Basement Jaxx. In 2016, "Billboard" ranked her as the 40th greatest dance club artist of all time.


title: Grace Jones

text: Grace Jones was born in 1948 (though most sources say 1952) in Spanish Town, Jamaica, the daughter of Marjorie (née Williams) (1927–2017) and Robert W. Jones (1925–2008), who was a local politician and Apostolic clergyman. The couple already had two children, and would go on to have four more. Robert and Marjorie moved to the East Coast of the United States, where Robert worked as an agricultural labourer until a spiritual experience during a suicide attempt inspired him to become a Pentecostal minister. While they were in the US, they left their children with Marjorie's mother and her new husband, Peart. Jones knew him as "Mas P" ('Master P') and later noted that she "absolutely hated him"; as a strict disciplinarian he regularly beat the children in his care, representing what Jones described as "serious abuse". She was raised into the family's Pentecostal faith, having to take part in prayer meetings and Bible readings every night. She initially attended the Pentecostal All Saints School, before being sent to a nearby public school.


title: Grace Jones

text: As a child, shy Jones had only one schoolfriend and was teased by classmates for her "skinny frame", but she excelled at sports and found solace in the nature of Jamaica.


title: Grace Jones

text: Marjorie and Robert eventually brought their children – including the 13 year-old Grace – to live with them in the US, where they had settled in Lyncourt, Salina, New York, near Syracuse. It was in the city that her father had established his own ministry, the Apostolic Church of Jesus Christ, in 1956. Jones continued her schooling and after she graduated, enrolled at Onondaga Community College majoring in Spanish. Jones began to rebel against her parents and their religion; she began wearing makeup, drinking alcohol, and visiting gay clubs with her brother. At college, she also took a theatre class, with her drama teacher convincing her to join him on a summer stock tour in Philadelphia. Arriving in the city, she decided to stay there, immersing herself in the Counterculture of the 1960s by living in hippie communes, earning money as a go-go dancer, and using LSD and other drugs. She later praised the use of LSD as "a very important part of my emotional growth... The mental exercise was good for me".


title: Grace Jones

text: She moved back to New York at 18 and signed on as a model with Wilhelmina Models. She moved to Paris in 1970. The Parisian fashion scene was receptive to Jones's unusual, androgynous, bold, dark-skinned appearance. Yves St. Laurent, Claude Montana, and Kenzo Takada hired her for runway modelling, and she appeared on the covers of "Elle", "Vogue", and "Stern" working with Helmut Newton, Guy Bourdin, and Hans Feurer. Jones also modelled for Azzedine Alaia, and was frequently photographed promoting his line. While modelling in Paris, she shared an apartment with Jerry Hall and Jessica Lange. Hall and Jones frequented Le Sept, one of Paris's most popular gay clubs of the 1970s and 1980s, and socialised with Giorgio Armani and Karl Lagerfeld. In 1973, Jones appeared on the cover of a reissue of Billy Paul's 1970 album "Ebony Woman".


title: Grace Jones

text: Jones was signed by Island Records, who put her in the studio with disco record producer, Tom Moulton. Moulton worked at Sigma Sound Studios in Philadelphia, and "Portfolio", was released in 1977. The album featured three songs from Broadway musicals, "Send in the Clowns" by Stephen Sondheim from "A Little Night Music", "What I Did for Love" from "A Chorus Line" and "Tomorrow" from "Annie". The second side of the album opens up with a seven-minute reinterpretation of Édith Piaf's followed by three new recordings, two of which were co-written by Jones, "Sorry", and "That's the Trouble". The album finished with "I Need a Man", Jones's first club hit. The artwork to the album was designed by Richard Bernstein, an artist for "Interview".


title: Grace Jones

text: In 1978, Jones and Moulton made "Fame", an immediate follow-up to "Portfolio", also recorded at Sigma Sound Studios. The album featured another reinterpretation of a French classic, "Autumn Leaves" by Jacques Prévert. The Canadian edition of the vinyl album included another French language track, , which replaced "All on a Summers Night"; in most locations this song served as the B-side of the single "Do or Die". In the North American club scene, "Fame" was a hit album and the "Do or Die"/"Pride"/"Fame" side reached top 10 on both the US Hot Dance Club Play and Canadian Dance/Urban charts. The album was released on compact disc in the early 1990s, but soon went out of print. In 2011, it was released and remastered by Gold Legion, a record company that specialises in reissuing classic disco albums on CD.


title: Grace Jones

text: Jones's live shows were highly sexualized and flamboyant, leading her to be called "Queen of the Gay Discos."


title: Grace Jones

text: In the same year she was cast in the highly controversial Italian TV program "Stryx", aired by Rai 2, where she portrayed the character of Rumstryx.


title: Grace Jones

text: "Muse" was the last of Jones's disco albums. The album features a re-recorded version "I'll Find My Way to You", which Jones released three years prior to "Muse". Originally appearing in the 1976 Italian film, "Colt 38 Special Squad" in which Jones had a role as a club singer, Jones also recorded a song called "Again and Again" that was featured in the film. Both songs were produced by composer Stelvio Cipriani. Icelandic keyboardist Thor Baldursson arranged most of the album and also sang duet with Jones on the track "Suffer". Like the last two albums, the cover art is by Richard Bernstein. Like "Fame", "Muse" was later released by Gold Legion.


title: Grace Jones

text: With anti-disco sentiment spreading, and with the aid of the Compass Point All Stars, Jones transitioned into new wave music with the 1980 release of "Warm Leatherette". The album included covers of songs by The Normal ("Warm Leatherette"), The Pretenders ("Private Life"), Roxy Music ("Love Is the Drug"), Smokey Robinson ("The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game"), Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers ("Breakdown") and Jacques Higelin ("Pars"). Sly Dunbar revealed that the title track was also the first to be recorded with Jones. Tom Petty wrote the lyrics to "Breakdown", and he also wrote the third verse of Jones's reinterpretation. The album included one song co-written by Jones, "A Rolling Stone". Originally, "Pull Up to the Bumper" was to be included on the album, but its R&B sound did not fit with the rest of the material. By 1981, she had begun collaborating with photographer and graphic designer Jean-Paul Goude, with whom she also had a relationship. An extended version of "Private Life" was released as a single, with a cover of the Joy Division song "She's Lost Control", a non-album track, as the B-side.


title: Grace Jones

text: The 1981 release of "Nightclubbing" included Jones's covers of songs by Flash and the Pan ("Walking in the Rain"), Bill Withers ("Use Me"), Iggy Pop/David Bowie ("Nightclubbing") and Ástor Piazzolla ("I've Seen That Face Before"). Three songs were co-written by Jones: "Feel Up", "Art Groupie" and "Pull Up to the Bumper". Sting wrote "Demolition Man"; he later recorded it with The Police on the album "Ghost in the Machine". "I've Done It Again" was written by Marianne Faithfull. The strong rhythm featured on "Nightclubbing" was produced by Compass Point All Stars, including Sly and Robbie, Wally Badarou, Mikey Chung, Uziah "Sticky" Thompson and Barry Reynolds. The album entered in the Top 5 in four countries, and became Jones's highest-ranking record on the US Billboard mainstream albums and R&B charts.


title: Grace Jones

text: "Nightclubbing" claimed the number 1 slot on "NME"s Album of the Year list. "Slant Magazine" listed the album at No. 40 on its list of Best Albums of the 1980s. "Nightclubbing" is now widely considered Jones's best studio album. The album's cover art is a painting of Jones by Jean-Paul Goude. Jones is presented as a man wearing an Armani suit jacket, with a cigarette in her mouth and a flattop haircut. While promoting the album, Jones slapped chat-show host Russell Harty live on air after he had turned to interview other guests, making Jones feel she was being ignored.


title: Grace Jones

text: Having already recorded two reggae-oriented albums under the production of Compass Point All Stars, Jones went to Nassau, Bahamas in 1982 and recorded "Living My Life"; the album resulted in Jones's final contribution to the Compass Point trilogy, with only one cover, Melvin Van Peebles's "The Apple Stretching". The rest were original songs; "Nipple to the Bottle" was co-written with Sly Dunbar, and, apart from "My Jamaican Guy", the other tracks were collaborations with Barry Reynolds. Despite receiving a limited single release, the title track was left off the album. Further session outtakes included "Man Around the House" (Jones, Reynolds) and a cover of "Ring of Fire", written by June Carter Cash and Merle Kilgore and popularized by Johnny Cash, both of which were included on the 1998 compilation "". The album's cover art resulted from another Jones/Goude collaboration; the artwork has been described as being as famous as the music on the record. It features Jones's disembodied head cut out from a photograph and pasted onto a white background. Jones's head is sharpened, giving her head and face an angular shape. A piece of plaster is pasted over her left eyebrow, and her forehead is covered with drops of sweat.


title: Grace Jones

text: Jones's three albums under the production of the Compass Point All Stars resulted in Jones's "One Man Show", a performance art/pop theatre presentation devised by Goude and Jones in which she also performed tracks from the albums "Portfolio" (), "Warm Leatherette", ("Private Life", "Warm Leatherette"), "Nightclubbing" ("Walking in the Rain", "Feel Up", "Demolition Man", "Pull Up to the Bumper" and "I've Seen That Face Before (Libertango)") and from "Living My Life", "My Jamaican Guy" and the album's title track. Jones dressed in elaborate costumes and masks (in the opening sequence as a gorilla) and alongside a series of Grace Jones lookalikes. A video version, filmed live in London and New York City and completed with some studio footage, was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Long-Form Music Video the following year.


title: Grace Jones

text: After the release of "Living My Life", Jones took on the role of Zula the Amazonian in "Conan the Destroyer" (1984) and was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. In 1985, Jones starred as May Day, henchwoman to main antagonist Max Zorin in the 14th James Bond film "A View to a Kill"; Jones was also nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. That same year, she was featured on the Arcadia song "Election Day". Jones was among the many stars to promote the Honda Scooter; other artists included Lou Reed, Adam Ant, and Miles Davis. Jones also, with her boyfriend Dolph Lundgren posed nude for "Playboy".


title: Grace Jones

text: After Jones's success as a mainstream actress, she returned to the studio to work on "Slave to the Rhythm", the last of her recordings for Island. Bruce Woolley, Simon Darlow, Stephen Lipson and Trevor Horn wrote the material, and it was produced by Horn and Lipson. It was a concept album that featured several interpretations of the title track. The project was originally intended for Frankie Goes to Hollywood as a follow-up to "Relax", but was given to Jones. All eight tracks on the album featured excerpts from a conversation with Jones, speaking about many aspects of her life. The interview was conducted by journalist Paul Morley. The album features voice-overs from actor Ian McShane reciting passages from Jean-Paul Goude's biography "Jungle Fever". "Slave to the Rhythm" was successful in German-speaking countries and in the Netherlands, where it secured Top 10 placings. It reached number 12 on the UK Albums Chart in November 1985 and became the second-highest-ranking album released by Jones. Jones earned an MTV Video Music Award nomination for the title track's music video.


title: Grace Jones

text: After her success with "Slave to the Rhythm", Island released "Island Life", Jones's first best-of compilation, which featured songs from most of her releases with Island ("Portfolio", "Fame", "Warm Leatherette", "Nightclubbing", "Living My Life" and "Slave to the Rhythm"). American writer and journalist Glenn O'Brien wrote the essay for the inlay booklet. The compilation charted in the UK, New Zealand and the United States. The artwork on the cover of the compilation was of another Jones/Goude collaboration; it featured Jones's celestial body in a montage of separate images, following Goude's ideas on creating credible illusions with his cut-and-paint technique. The body position is anatomically impossible.


title: Grace Jones

text: The artwork, a piece called "Nigger Arabesque" was originally published in the "New York" magazine in 1978, and was used as a backdrop for the music video of Jones's hit single . The artwork has been described as "one of pop culture's most famous photographs". The image was also parodied in Nicki Minaj's 2011 music video for "Stupid Hoe", in which Minaj mimicked the pose.


title: Grace Jones

text: After "Slave to the Rhythm" and "Island Life", Jones started to record again under a new contract with Manhattan Records, which resulted in "Inside Story", Jones teamed up with music producer Nile Rodgers of Chic, whom Jones had previously tried to work with during the disco era. The album was recorded at Skyline Studios in New York and post-produced at Atlantic Studios and Sterling Sound. "Inside Story" was the first album Jones produced, which resulted in heated disputes with Rodgers. Musically, the album was more accessible than her previous albums with the Compass Point All Stars, and explored different styles of pop music, with undertones of jazz, gospel, and Caribbean sounds. All songs on the album were written by Jones and Bruce Woolley. Richard Bernstein teamed up with Jones again to provide the album's artwork. "Inside Story" made the top 40 in several European countries. The album was Jones's last entry to date on US "Billboard" 200 albums chart. The same year, Jones starred as Katrina, an Egyptian queen vampire in the vampire film "Vamp". For her work in the film, Jones was awarded a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Grace Jones

text: In 1987, Jones appeared in two films, "Straight to Hell", and Mary Lambert's "Siesta", for which Jones was nominated for Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress. "Bulletproof Heart" was released in 1989, produced by Chris Stanley, who co-wrote, and co-produced the majority of the songs, and was featured as a guest vocalist on "Don't Cry Freedom". Robert Clivillés and David Cole of C+C Music Factory produced some tracks on the album.


title: Grace Jones

text: In 1990, Jones appeared as herself in the documentary, "Superstar: The Life and Times of Andy Warhol". 1992 saw Jones starring as Helen Strangé, in the Eddie Murphy film "Boomerang", for which she also contributed the song "7 Day Weekend" to its soundtrack. Jones released two more soundtrack songs in 1992; "Evilmainya", recorded for the film "Freddie as F.R.O.7", and "Let Joy and Innocence Prevail" for the film "Toys". In 1994, she was due to release an electro album titled "Black Marilyn" with artwork featuring the singer as Marilyn Monroe. "Sex Drive" was released as the first single in September 1993, but due to unknown reasons the record was eventually shelved. The track "Volunteer", recorded during the same sessions, leaked in 2009. In 1995, Jones reunited with Tom Moulton for a disco-house take on Candi Staton's 1978 song "Victim", however, the song's release was cancelled by Island Records.


title: Grace Jones

text: In 1996, Jones released "Love Bites", an up-tempo electronic track to promote the Sci-Fi Channel's "Vampire Week", which consisted of a series of vampire-themed films aired on the channel in early November 1996. The track features Jones singing from the perspective of a vampire. The track was released as a non-label promo-only single. , it had not been made commercially available.


title: Grace Jones

text: In June 1998, Jones was scheduled to release an album entitled "Force of Nature", on which she worked with trip hop musician Tricky. The release of "Force of Nature" was cancelled due to a disagreement between the two, and only a white label 12" single featuring two dance mixes of "Hurricane" was issued at the time; a slowed-down version of this song became the title track of her comeback album released ten years later while another unreleased track from the album, "Clandestine Affair" (recycling the chorus from her unreleased 1993 track "Volunteer"), appeared on a bootleg 12" in 2004. Jones recorded the track "Storm" in 1998 for the movie "The Avengers", and in 1999, appeared in an episode of the "Beastmaster" television series as the Umpatra Warrior.


title: Grace Jones

text: The same year, Jones recorded "The Perfect Crime", an up-tempo song for Danish TV written by the composer duo Floppy M. aka Jacob Duus and Kåre Jacobsen. Jones was also ranked 82nd place on VH1's "100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll". In 2000, Jones collaborated with rapper Lil' Kim, appearing on the song "Revolution" from her album "The Notorious K.I.M.". In 2001, Jones starred in the made-for-television film, "Wolf Girl" (also known as "Blood Moon"), as an intersex circus performer named Christoph/Christine. In 2002, Jones joined Luciano Pavarotti on stage for his annual Pavarotti and Friends fundraiser concert to support the United Nations refugee agency's programs for Angolan refugees in Zambia. In November 2004, Jones sang "Slave to the Rhythm" at a tribute concert for record producer Trevor Horn at London's Wembley Arena.


title: Grace Jones

text: Despite several comeback attempts throughout the 1990s, Jones's next full-length record was released almost twenty years later, after Jones decided "never to do an album again," changing her mind after meeting music producer Ivor Guest through a mutual friend, milliner Philip Treacy. After the two became acquainted, Guest let Jones listen to a track he had been working on, which became "Devil in My Life", once Jones set the lyrics to the song. The lyrics to the song were written after a party in Venice.


title: Grace Jones

text: The two ended up with 23 tracks. The album, "Hurricane", included autobiographical songs, such as "This Is", "Williams' Blood" and "I'm Crying (Mother's Tears)", an ode to her mother Marjorie. "Love You to Life" was another track based on real events and "Corporate Cannibal" referred to corporate capitalism. "Well Well Well" was recorded in memory of Alex Sadkin, member of Compass Point All Stars who had died in a motor accident 1987. "Sunset Sunrise" was written by Jones's son, Paulo; the song ponders the relationship between mankind and mother nature. Four songs were removed from the album, "The Key to Funky", "Body Phenomenon", "Sister Sister" and "Misery". For the production of the album, Jones teamed up with Sly and Robbie, Wally Badarou, Barry Reynolds, Mikey Chung, and Uziah "Sticky" Thompson, of the Compass Point All Stars, with contributions from trip-hop artist Tricky, and Brian Eno.


title: Grace Jones

text: The album was released on Wall of Sound on 3 November 2008, in the United Kingdom. PIAS, the umbrella company of Wall of Sound, distributed "Hurricane" worldwide excluding North America. The album scored 72 out of 100 on review aggregator Metacritic. Prior to the album's release, Jones performed at Massive Attack's Meltdown festival in London on 19 June 2008, Jones performed four new songs from the album and premiered the music video which Jones and artist Nick Hooker collaborated on, which resulted in "Corporate Cannibal". Jones promoted the album even further by appearing on talk show "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross", performed at several awards galas, and embarked on "The Hurricane Tour". The same year, Jones was honoured with Q Idol Award.


title: Grace Jones

text: In 2009, Chris Cunningham produced a fashion shoot for "Dazed & Confused" using Jones as a model to create "Nubian versions" of Rubber Johnny. In an interview for BBC's "The Culture Show", it was suggested that the collaboration may expand into a video project. Jones also worked with the avant-garde poet Brigitte Fontaine on a duet named "Soufi" from Fontaine's album "Prohibition" released in 2009, and produced by Ivor Guest.


title: Grace Jones

text: In March 2010 Jones performed for guests at the 18th annual Elton John AIDS Foundation Academy Award Viewing Party. The Elton John AIDS Foundation is one of the world's leading nonprofit organisations supporting HIV prevention programs, and works to eliminate the stigma and discrimination associated with HIV/AIDS. The event raised US$3.7 million. The same year, a budget DVD version of "A One Man Show" was released, as "Grace Jones – Live in Concert". It included three bonus video clips ("Slave to the Rhythm", "Love Is the Drug" and "Crush".


title: Grace Jones

text: In 2011, Jones collaborated again with Brigitte Fontaine on two tracks from her release entitled and performed at the opening ceremony of the 61st FIFA Congress. Jones released a dub version of the album, "Hurricane – Dub", which came out on 5 September 2011. The dub versions were made by Ivor Guest, with contributions from Adam Green, Frank Byng, Robert Logan and Ben Cowan.


title: Grace Jones

text: In April 2012, Jones joined Deborah Harry, Bebel Gilberto, and Sharon Stone at the Inspiration Gala in São Paulo, Brazil, raising $1.3 million for amfAR (the Foundation for AIDS Research). Jones closed the evening with a performance of and "Pull Up to the Bumper". Two months later, Jones performed "Slave to the Rhythm" at the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II (whilst keeping a hula hoop spinning round her waist throughout), and the Lovebox Festival. On 27 October 2012, Jones performed her only North American show of 2012, a performance at New York City's Roseland Ballroom. The same year, Jones presented Sir Tom Jones with not only the "GQ" Men of the Year award, but her underwear. Tom Jones accepted the gift in good humour, and replied by saying, "I didn't think you wore any".


title: Grace Jones

text: Universal Music Group released a deluxe edition of her "Nightclubbing" album as a two-disc set and Blu-ray audio on 28 April 2014. The set contains most of the 12" mixes of singles from that album, plus two previously unreleased tracks from the "Nightclubbing" sessions, including a cover of the Gary Numan track "Me! I Disconnect from You".


title: Grace Jones

text: In October 2014, Jones was announced as having contributed a song, "Original Beast", to the soundtrack of "".


title: Grace Jones

text: In 2017, Jones collaborated with British virtual band Gorillaz, appearing on the song "Charger" from their fifth studio album "Humanz".


title: Grace Jones

text: In June 2022, Jones served as curator of the 27th edition of the Meltdown Festival, the UK's longest-running artist-curated music festival. Jones had been announced as the curator already for the 2020 festival, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic it was rescheduled to 2022. During her show that closed the festival, Jones announced that a brand new 'African hybrid' record was in production, and previewed "The Sun Shines in Wartime" (or "Sunshine In Wartime) and "Blacker Than Black" (or "Born Black") from the album.


title: Grace Jones

text: Jones provided guest vocals on Beyoncé's song "Move" from her seventh studio album "Renaissance", released in July 2022.


title: Grace Jones

text: On 14 November 2022, music festival Camp Bestival announced their 2023 lineup, which included Jones, alongside Primal Scream, Melanie C, Craig David, The Kooks, the Human League, and others.


title: Grace Jones

text: Jones' "appearance was equally divisive" as the sonic fluidity of her music - with her "striking visuals [leading] to her becoming a muse for the likes of Issey Miyake and Thierry Mugler. Her image has been described as "neo-cubist". Jones's distinctive androgynous appearance, square-cut, angular padded clothing, manner, and height of 179 cm (5′ ″) influenced the cross-dressing movement of the 1980s. To this day, she is known for her unique look at least as much as she is for her music and has been an inspiration for numerous artists, including Annie Lennox, Lorde, and Nile Rodgers. Jones was listed as one of the 50 best-dressed over 50 by "The Guardian" in March 2013.


title: Grace Jones

text: Kyle Munzenrieder of "W" magazine wrote that "everyone from Madonna to Björk to Beyoncé to Lady Gaga has taken more than a few pages from her playbook". Jones's work is often discussed for its visual aspect, which was largely the work of French illustrator, photographer, and graphic designer Jean-Paul Goude. According to Jake Hall of "i-D", "their collaborative work [went on] to define the visual landscape of the 70s and 80s," and Goude "helped create one of the most intriguing legends in musical history." Goude saw Jones as his muse, declaring she was "beautiful and grotesque at the same time," and dated her from 1977 to 1984. He "[designed her] album covers, [...] directed her music videos, choreographed live performances, and helped develop her image."


title: Grace Jones

text: Jones was featured prominently in Goude's work from that period, "which, over the course of the '80s, became increasingly synonymous with willful distortion" - using a technique he refers to as "French correction". The artist stated in 2012: "chopping up photos and rearranging them in a montage to elongate limbs or exaggerate the size of someone's head or some other aspect appealed to me on a lot of levels – I'm always searching for equilibrium, symmetry, and rhythm in an image." Goude's work "centers around artistic depictions of race, ethnicity, and global culture", with an "enchantment with the far-away and the exotic". As a result, much of his depictions of black women are considered controversial and exploitative, as Jones was presented as "a white man's rendition of the African feminine." Goude's images depicted her hypersexualized and androgynous, emphasizing her "blackness" and Jamaican heritage. Writer Abigail Gardner felt Jones' body "was presented and manipulated in ways that are clearly congruent with conceiving of that display as artefactual." Essentially, Hall writes, "Goude treated Jones as an artistic vehicle first and foremost - a hyperbole which, despite destroying their personal relationship, allowed Goude to translate his grandiose vision of Jones the phenomenon into a series of imagery which painted her as a surreal, impossible muse."


title: Grace Jones

text: It has been noted that Jones' ties with the 1970s and 1980s New York art scene are important in understanding her visual identity during this period, and she was close to Andy Warhol, who created a number of paintings and other works of the singer. She also knew artist Richard Bernstein, and artist and social activist Keith Haring, who painted her head-to-toe for a series of photographs taken by Robert Mapplethorpe and for her role in the 1986 film "Vamp".


title: Grace Jones

text: In 2020, the first ever art exhibition centred around Jones was presented at Nottingham Contemporary in the United Kingdom, in an attempt to represent "a multi-faceted pop culture icon while trying to reformulate an alternative image of Grace Jones that does not fall into clichés."


title: Grace Jones

text: "Vice" described Jones's musical output as "weird, vibrant and progressive," stating that she "has woven disco, new wave, post-punk, art pop, industrial, reggae, and gospel into a tight sound that is distinctly hers, threaded together with lilting, powerful vocals." Her early music was rooted in disco. She opted for a new wave sound in the early 1980s. She recorded a series of albums (1980's "Warm Leatherette" through 1982's "Living My Life") backed by the Jamaica rhythm section duo Sly and Robbie. Her music during this era was described as a new wave hybrid of reggae, funk, pop, and rock. According to John Doran of BBC Music, "Warm Leatherette" and "Nightclubbing" were "post-punk pop" albums that, "delved into the worlds of disco, reggae and funk much more successfully than most of her 'alternative' contemporaries, while still retaining a blank-eyed alienation that was more reminiscent of David Bowie or Ian Curtis than most of her peers."


title: Grace Jones

text: Jones has a contralto vocal range. She sings in two modes: either in her monotone speak-sing voice as in songs such as "Private Life", "Walking in the Rain" and "The Apple Stretching", or in an almost-soprano mode in songs such as "La Vie en Rose", "Slave to the Rhythm", and "Victor Should Have Been a Jazz Musician". Jones's voice spans 4 octaves, 1 note and a semitone from the low note of C (in "Corporate Cannibal") to the high note of E (in "Slave to the Rhythm).


title: Grace Jones

text: Jones's father was strict and their relationship was strained. According to his particular denomination's beliefs, one should only use one's singing ability to glorify God. Bishop Robert W. Jones died on 7 May 2008. Her mother, Marjorie, always supported Jones's career (she sings on "Williams' Blood" and "My Jamaican Guy") but could not be publicly associated with her music. Marjorie's father, John Williams, was also a musician and played with Nat King Cole.


title: Grace Jones

text: Jones described her childhood as having been "crushed underneath the Bible", and since has refused to enter a Jamaican church due to her bad childhood experiences.


title: Grace Jones

text: Through her relationship with longtime collaborator Jean-Paul Goude, Jones has one son, Paulo. From Paulo, Jones has one granddaughter. Jones married Atila Altaunbay in 1996. She disputes rumors that she married Chris Stanley in her 2015 memoir "I'll Never Write My Memoirs", saying, "The truth is, I only ever married one of my boyfriends, Atila Altaunbay, a Muslim from Turkey." She spent four years with Swedish actor Dolph Lundgren, her former bodyguard; she got him a part as a KGB officer in "A View to a Kill". Jones started dating Danish actor and stuntman Sven-Ole Thorsen in 1990, and was in an open relationship as of 2007.


title: Grace Jones

text: Jones's brother is megachurch preacher Bishop Noel Jones, who starred on the 2013 reality show "Preachers of LA".


title: Grace Jones

text: Jones used the surname "Mendoza" in her 20s, so that her parents would not know that she was working as a go-go dancer.


title: Christine Baranski

text: Christine Jane Baranski (born May 2, 1952) is an American actress. She is a 15-time Primetime Emmy Award nominee, winning once in 1995 for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Maryann Thorpe in the sitcom "Cybill" (1995–1998). Baranski has received further critical acclaim for her performance as Diane Lockhart in the legal drama series "The Good Wife" (2009–2016) and its spin-off series "The Good Fight" (2017–2022).


title: Christine Baranski

text: Baranski has appeared in several television films, including "To Dance with the White Dog" (1993), "Eloise at the Plaza" and "Eloise at Christmastime" (both 2003), and "Who Is Simon Miller?" (2011). Her major Broadway credits include "Hide and Seek" (1980), "Hurlyburly" (1984), "The House of Blue Leaves" (1986), "Nick & Nora" (1991), and "Boeing Boeing" (2008). Baranski has also appeared in numerous films, such as "Reversal of Fortune" (1990), "The Birdcage" (1996), "Cruel Intentions" (1999), "How the Grinch Stole Christmas" (2000), "Chicago" (2002), "Mamma Mia" (2008), "Into the Woods" (2014), and "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again" (2018).


title: Christine Baranski

text: Baranski won two Tony Awards for Best Featured Actress in a Play for the original Broadway productions of "The Real Thing" in 1984 and "Rumors" in 1989. For her recurring role as Dr. Beverly Hofstadter in the sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" (2009–2019), she received four Emmy Award nominations.


title: Christine Baranski

text: Baranski was born in Buffalo, New York, the daughter of Virginia (née Mazurowska) and Lucien Baranski, who edited a Polish-language newspaper. She had an older brother, Michael J. Baranski (1949–1998), who was an advertising executive and who died at age 48. She is of Polish descent, and her grandparents were stage actors in Poland before emigrating to America. Baranski was raised in a heavily Polish and Roman Catholic neighborhood in the Buffalo suburb of Cheektowaga, where she attended high school at the Villa Maria Academy. She later studied at New York City's Juilliard School (Drama Division "Group 3": 1970–1974), where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1974.


title: Christine Baranski

text: Baranski made her Off-Broadway debut in "Coming Attractions" at Playwrights Horizons in 1980, and has appeared in several Off-Broadway productions at the Manhattan Theatre Club, starting with "Sally and Marsha" in 1982.


title: Christine Baranski

text: Baranski made her Broadway debut in "Hide & Seek" in 1980. For her next Broadway performance, in Tom Stoppard's "The Real Thing", she won the 1984 Tony Award Best Featured Actress in a Play. Other Broadway credits include "Hurlyburly", "The House of Blue Leaves", "Rumors" (for which she won her second Tony), "Regrets Only", "Nick & Nora", and the Encores! concert staging of "Follies".


title: Christine Baranski

text: At the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., Baranski starred as Mrs. Lovett in "Sweeney Todd" in 2002 (for which she won the 2003 Helen Hayes Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical) and as the title character in "Mame" in 2006.


title: Christine Baranski

text: In her first Broadway production since 1991, Baranski was featured as the maid Berthe in the 2008 revival of "Boeing Boeing". The show garnered two Tony Awards, one for Best Revival of a Play and the other for Best Actor (Mark Rylance). The original cast was Bradley Whitford (Bernard), Kathryn Hahn (Gloria), Christine Baranski (Berthe), Gina Gershon (Gabriella), and Mary McCormack (Gretchen). The show closed on January 4, 2009.


title: Christine Baranski

text: Baranski also appeared in a one-night-only concert benefit performance of Stephen Sondheim's "A Little Night Music" for Roundabout Theatre Company as Countess Charlotte Malcolm on January 12, 2009. The cast included Vanessa Redgrave, Natasha Richardson, Victor Garber and Marc Kudisch.


title: Christine Baranski

text: Baranski has won both the Tony Award and Drama Desk Awards twice. In 2018, she was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.


title: Christine Baranski

text: Baranski has appeared in various film roles. Some of her better-known roles are as Katherine Archer in "The Birdcage" (1996), Martha May Whovier in "How the Grinch Stole Christmas" (2000), Mary Sunshine in "Chicago" (2002) and Connie Chasseur in "The Ref" (1994).


title: Christine Baranski

text: Baranski received further recognition for her role as Tanya Chesham-Leigh in the hit musical film "Mamma Mia!" (2008), and its sequel "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again" (2018).


title: Christine Baranski

text: Baranski appeared in the films "9½ Weeks" (1986), "Legal Eagles" (1986), "Reversal of Fortune" (1990), "Addams Family Values" (1993), "Jeffrey" (1995), "The Odd Couple II" (1998) "Bulworth" (1998), "Cruel Intentions" (1999), "Bowfinger" (1999), "Chicago" (2002), "Trolls" (2016) and "A Bad Moms Christmas" (2017).


title: Christine Baranski

text: Baranski appeared in short-term roles on various daytime soap operas, including "All My Children" and "Another World".


title: Christine Baranski

text: Baranski was featured as Cybill Shepherd's sarcastic, hard-drinking friend Maryann Thorpe in the CBS sitcom "Cybill", which ran from 1995 until 1998, during which time she hosted "Saturday Night Live" and won an Emmy Award as Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series along with three other nominations. During this, Baranski portrayed a librarian named Sonja Umdahl in the "Dick and the Single Girl" episode of "3rd Rock from the Sun". A few years later, Baranski received an Emmy nomination for a guest starring role in the NBC series "Frasier" as a controversial tough love radio psychiatrist named Dr. Nora. The episode, which was named for the character, parodied Dr. Laura Schlessinger. The episode was pulled from syndication by Paramount. Baranski had an uncredited role in the series "Now and Again" as the voice of Roger's overbearing wife Ruth, who was never seen by viewers.


title: Christine Baranski

text: Baranski later appeared in the 2000–2001 sitcom "Welcome to New York" and, with John Laroquette, in the 2003–2004 NBC sitcom "Happy Family". She co-starred with Bernadette Peters in a pilot for an ABC sitcom, "Adopted", in 2005, which was not picked up. She also played Faith Clancy, the mother of Jim Clancy in "Ghost Whisperer".


title: Christine Baranski

text: In 2009, Baranski began guest-starring in "The Big Bang Theory" as Dr. Beverly Hofstadter, a dispassionate psychiatrist and neuroscientist and mother of one of the protagonists, Leonard Hofstadter. She first appeared in the second-season episode "The Maternal Capacitance", for which she received an Emmy nomination. Due to the popularity of her first appearance, Baranski returned in the third season for the Christmas episode "The Maternal Congruence", receiving another Emmy nomination. She appeared in a total of 16 episodes during the show's run, earning four Emmy nominations for her recurring role.


title: Christine Baranski

text: From 2009 to 2016, Baranski played the role of Diane Lockhart, a top litigator and senior partner of a Chicago law firm on the CBS series "The Good Wife". She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for six seasons of the series, in the years 2010 to 2015. Besides her work on "The Good Wife" and the aforementioned guest appearances on "The Big Bang Theory", her other recent appearances include "Ugly Betty" in 2009 as Victoria Hartley, the haughty mother of Betty's new boyfriend.


title: Christine Baranski

text: From 2017 to 2022, Baranski starred in the CBS spinoff of "The Good Wife", titled "The Good Fight". Her character, Diane Lockhart, joins another law firm after being forced to return to work. In the 79th Golden Globe Awards, she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama for her work in the fifth season of the show.