title: Pickleball

text: Since its inception, the number of people playing pickleball has grown each year, and after 2010 pickleball started being mentioned as one of the fastest-growing sports in the United States. Starting in 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic is thought to have boosted the sport's growth as people sought alternatives to indoor activities. In 2021 and 2022 the "Sports and Fitness Industry Association" (SFIA) officially reported that pickleball had become the fastest growing sport in the United States two years in a row. Over those years the number of players increased almost 40% to 4.8 million players. Some estimates predict there could be as many as 40 million players by the decade's end.


title: Pickleball

text: NBA player LeBron James, retired NFL quarterback Drew Brees, and entrepreneur Gary Vaynerchuk have all made investments in professional pickleball teams, spreading exposure of the sport..


title: Pickleball

text: In addition, installing new outdoor courts is relatively inexpensive compared to other racket sports. A single tennis court requires over three times as much space and construction material as a pickleball court. Unused tennis courts can easily be converted to multiple pickleball courts or be marked for dual use. These cost factors are desirable to local Parks and Recreation departments.


title: Pickleball

text: The regulation size of the court is by for both doubles and singles, the same size as a doubles badminton court. A line seven feet from the net is the "non-volley line". Twenty-two feet from the net, the "baseline" marks the outer boundary of the playing area. The area bounded by the non-volley line, the sidelines, and the net, including the lines, is known as the non-volley zone or "kitchen". The area between the non-volley line and the baseline is the "service court". A center line divides the service court into left and right sides. Regulated tournaments and games are usually played on a specialized polyurethane sport surface; however, courts are often set up on concrete, Astroturf, and indoor basketball courts.


title: Pickleball

text: The net is high on the ends and high at the center. The net posts should be from the inside of one post to the inside of the other post.


title: Pickleball

text: A Wiffle ball was the original ball used when the game was invented. USA Pickleball (USAP) and the International Federation of Pickleball (IFP) have since adopted specific ball standards unique to pickleball. Balls must be made of a durable molded material with a smooth surface and must have between 26 and 40 evenly spaced circular holes. They must weigh between and measure between in diameter. Tournaments sanctioned by the USAP and IFP must choose from a list of preapproved balls found on the USAP and IFP websites.


title: Pickleball

text: Balls with smaller holes are generally used for outdoor play to minimize the effects of wind, but any sanctioned ball can be used for either indoor or outdoor play.


title: Pickleball

text: For sanctioned games, USAP and IFP paddle size standards say the combined length and width of the paddle shall not exceed ; the length cannot exceed . There are no requirements regarding thickness or weight. The paddle must be made of a noncompressible material, and the surface of the paddle must be smooth with no texturing. Paddles used in sanctioned tournaments must be on the list of preapproved paddles found on the USAP and IFP websites.


title: Pickleball

text: Any equitable method for determining which team or player will serve first and which side of the net each team or player will be on is acceptable.


title: Pickleball

text: The score is announced before each serve by the official overseeing the match. If a match is not officiated, the server announces the score.


title: Pickleball

text: Doubles: The score has three parts; the serving team’s score, the receiving team’s score, and the "server number", a "1" or "2" that indicates whether the server is the serving team′s first or second server. The first server of the game is always considered the serving team's second server and may call the server number "start" or "2". The starting score in doubles is announced as "zero zero two".


title: Pickleball

text: Singles: The score only has two parts; the serving player's score and the receiving player′s score. The starting score in singles is always announced as "zero zero".


title: Pickleball

text: The first "starting server" of the game initiates the first serve of the game from their team's "right service court", also called the "even service court". Serves are always served to the diagonal "crosscourt" of their opponent. The diagonal crosscourt of one team's right service court is also the other team's right service court. The converse is true for the left, or odd, service court.


title: Pickleball

text: A serve must land in the diagonal service court on the opponent's side of the net (see "service in" diagram). The serve receiver must allow the ball to bounce once before returning the ball to the server′s side of the net. Once the receiver has returned the ball over the net, the serving side must also allow the ball to bounce once before returning the ball to the non-serving side. This is known as the "two-bounce rule".


title: Pickleball

text: After the first two returns, either side may "volley" the ball—that is, return it before it bounces. The ball can never bounce more than once before it is returned. No player may volley the ball while standing in the "non-volley zone" or touching any of the lines around the non-volley zone.


title: Pickleball

text: A server continues to serve, alternating between the right and left service courts until their team commits a fault.


title: Pickleball

text: Doubles: At the beginning of a doubles game, the side serving first is only allowed one fault before their side is "out", called a "side–out", and the serve passes to their opponent. After the first side–out of the game, each team is allowed two faults before a side-out is called, allowing each of the players on a doubles team to serve before the serve passes to the other team. A team's "second server" must continue alternating between the right and left service courts from wherever their partner left off. For example, if their partner's last serve was from the right service court, the second server must start serving on the left service court. After a side–out, the first serve is always initiated from the "right serving area".


title: Pickleball

text: Singles: A side-out is called each time the serving side commits a fault. If the serving player's score is zero or even, they must serve from the right, or "even", service court; otherwise, they must serve from the left, or "odd", service court. Depending on the current score, the first serve after a side-out can be from either the right or left service court.


title: Pickleball

text: The first side scoring 11 points, leading by at least two points, wins the game. Tournament games may be played to 11, 15 or 21 points with players rotating sides at 6, 8 or 11 total points respectively.


title: Pickleball

text: Pickleball utilizes side-out scoring, meaning only the serving side may score a point. The serving team earns one point each time the non-serving team commits a fault. Neither team earns a point when the serving team commits a fault. Since the score is always called as the serving side's score followed by the receiving side's score, the two scores are reversed whenever a side-out occurs. For example, if a doubles team faults when the score is "five three two" (two indicating the second server), the other team becomes the new serving team, and the score is stated as "three five one".


title: Pickleball

text: When serving, the server must be behind the baseline on one side of the center line and serve the ball to the opponent's diagonal service court. Two types of serves are permitted, a "volley serve" or a "drop serve".


title: Pickleball

text: Besides the server, there are no rules dictating where each player must stand when the serve is initiated, but serve receivers usually start behind the baseline until they know where the serve will bounce. The receiver's partner usually starts near the kitchen line. The server's partner usually stays behind the baseline with the server until they know where the first service return will bounce. Some doubles partners use a strategy called "stacking" to ensure each partner can quickly move to the most advantageous side of the court, based on each partner's skill set, after each serve and/or service return.


title: Pickleball

text: Each player must remember their game starting position when serving and returning a serve. The wrong player serving, serving from the wrong side of the court, or returning a serve, are all faults.


title: Pickleball

text: Doubles: A team's score should always be an even number when their "starting server" is serving from the "right service court", and an odd number when serving from the "left service court". The reverse is true for a team's non-starting server.


title: Pickleball

text: Singles: In singles, a server's score will always be even (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10...) when serving from the right service court and odd (1, 3, 5, 7, 9...) when serving from the left service court.


title: Pickleball

text: No player may volley a ball while standing in the non-volley zone or touching any of the lines around the non-volley zone. A player may enter the non-volley zone to play a ball that has bounced and may stay there to play other balls that bounce, but the player must re-establish both feet outside the non-volley zone before playing a volley. The non-volley zone is the highlighted area and numbered lines shown in the "Service out" diagram.


title: Pickleball

text: After the serve, a rally continues until one side commits a "fault" resulting in a "dead ball". In non-refereed matches, players are responsible for making line calls on their side of the net. If there is any doubt about whether the ball is "out" or "in", the call should be made in favor of the opponent.


title: Pickleball

text: The popularity of pickleball has spurred the growth of investors and sponsors. As a result, two pro pickleball tours were independently formed in 2019, and a professional pickleball league was formed in 2021.


title: Pickleball

text: Association of Pickleball Professionals: The APP was formed by Ken Herrmann, who aligned his tour with USA Pickleball (USAP), the governing body of pickleball in the United States. All games are sanctioned by USAP and must abide by USAP rules. The 2022 APP Tour includes 32 tournaments in five countries and has attracted an average of 800 players in each tournament. Total prize money is expected to be $2 million.


title: Pickleball

text: Professional Pickleball Association: The PPA was formed by Connor Pardoe and based in Draper, Utah. Desiring independence to shape the tour to his liking, Pardoe did not align with USAP. Initially, the PPA required all players to sign a one–year exclusivity contract, preventing PPA players from participating in any non-PPA tours. In late 2021 Thomas Dundon purchased the PPA and extended the exclusivity contracts to 3 years. Pardoe remained CEO of the PPA Tour. The 2022 PPA Tour is expected to include 20 tournaments with total prize money of $2.5 million.


title: Pickleball

text: Major League Pickleball: The MLP organization was formed in 2021 by Steve Kuhn in Dripping Springs, Texas. In its first year, the League consisted of 8 teams and included both APP and PPA players. The second year expanded to 12 teams, but the PPA no longer allowed their players to participate in the League. Each team consists of two men and two women. Team members are chosen by a dual snake draft designed to make teams as competitive as possible. Three separate competitions are scheduled for 2022, and the winning team at each competition will win $25,000 for each team member. The winning team is also awarded the "Pritchard Cup". The league will expand to 16 teams in 2023, with NFL quarterback Tom Brady and NBA players LeBron James, Kevin Durant, Draymond Green, and Kevin Love buying expansion teams.


title: Pickleball

text: Pickleball is not currently an Olympic sporting event and it is not yet represented in the Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF). There are two pickleball federations with multiple national members, the International Federation of Pickleball (IFP) and the World Pickleball Federation (WPF). Both the IFP and WPF are pursuing efforts to have pickleball featured as an Olympic sport, possibly as a demonstration sport. The IFP is specifically working towards the Paris 2024 or Los Angeles 2028 summer games. An article by "Sports Illustrated" concluded the game would not likely be seen at the Olympics before 2032.


title: Pickleball

text: Pickleball was accepted as a demonstration sport at the July 2022 Maccabiah Games, considered the third largest sporting event in the world. This marked the first time pickleball appeared at an event sanctioned by the International Olympic Committee.


title: Pickleball

text: The IFP was established in 2010 by the USA Pickleball Association to serve as the World Governing Body of pickleball. The IFP had 63 national members . The IFP had 70 member nations at the end of March 2022, but a conflict in the organization resulted in 7 of 8 "full" member nations, and 2 "associate" member nations, withdrawing, including USA Pickleball.


title: Pickleball

text: The WPF was established in 2018 and had 37 member nations . Part of the WPF's stated mission is to "govern the infrastructure of pickleball". The WPF declared October 10th of each year "World Pickleball Day" and set the goal of introducing 10,000 new players to the game of pickleball every October 10th.


title: Pickleball

text: As the game is relatively new, rule modifications are being made frequently. In 2021 a rule change was made for a "net serve" so that a serve that touches the top of the net and lands in the proper service court is no longer replayed. The previous rule on a "let serve" was borrowed from tennis, where a "let" call is always replayed.


title: Pickleball

text: Para pickleball, sometimes called "adaptive pickleball" or "wheelchair pickleball", was officially recognized as a competitive branch of pickleball by USA Pickleball in 2016. Rules for those in wheelchairs are similar to the standard rules with minor modifications. A player's wheelchair is considered part of the player's body, and all rules that apply to the body also apply to the player's wheelchair. A pickleball player in a wheelchair is allowed two bounces instead of one. When a player in a wheelchair is serving the ball, they must be in a stationary position. They are then allowed one push before striking the ball for service. When the player strikes the ball, the wheels of the wheelchair must not touch any baseline, sideline, center line, or extended center or sideline. When a game involves both wheelchair and standing players, each player must abide by their respective rules. Standing players will adhere to the standing pickleball rules, and the wheelchair players will adhere to the wheelchair pickleball rules.


title: Pickleball

text: APP Tour games are sanctioned by USA Pickleball and follow all rules established by USA Pickleball. The PPA Tour is not sanctioned and has chosen not to adopt some recent rule changes for professional and senior professional matches. Non-professional PPA Tour matches will continue to follow all rules in the USAP rulebook. The specific rules that the PPA deviates from for professional matches are: the drop serve, the paddle swipe or chainsaw serve, and let serves.


title: Pickleball

text: The PPA has not instituted the drop serve and does not permit them in professional PPA matches. New USAP rules only allow a player to touch the ball with the hand releasing the ball, thereby making the chainsaw serve illegal in APP games. The PPA continues to permit the chainsaw serve in professional PPA matches. Let serves that hit the net but land in the correct service area are considered valid serves by USAP rules, but such serves must be replayed in PPA professional matches. If a second let serve occurs when the serve is replayed, it is a fault for PPA servers.


title: Pickleball

text: When the hard pickleball paddle strikes the hard ball, it produces a sharp popping sound. The constant sound during play has generated conflict between pickleball court owners and nearby property owners. The noise, combined with the rapid rise in pickleball's popularity, has produced an intense backlash against the sport in communities across the United States.


title: Pickleball

text: In September 2020, one park in the Portland metropolitan area had to institute a ban on pickleball, despite having just installed new pickleball courts five months earlier. Residents nearest to the pickleball courts said they could not hold conversations inside their homes due to the noise from the pickleball courts. Despite the ban, people still used the pickleball courts the following year. In June 2021, at a West Linn City Council meeting, one resident said the noise resulted in family gatherings being "... wrought with discord and physically debilitating stress." Some described the noise as "trauma-inducing".


title: Aaron Burr

text: Aaron Burr Jr. (February 6, 1756 – September 14, 1836) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the third vice president of the United States from 1801 to 1805. Burr's legacy is defined by his famous personal conflict with Alexander Hamilton that culminated in Burr killing Hamilton in a duel in 1804, while Burr was vice president.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr was born to a prominent family in New Jersey. After studying theology at Princeton, he began his career as a lawyer before joining the Continental Army as an officer in the American Revolutionary War in 1775. After leaving military service in 1779, Burr practiced law in New York City, where he became a leading politician and helped form the new Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican Party. As a New York Assemblyman in 1785, Burr supported a bill to end slavery, despite having owned slaves himself.


title: Aaron Burr

text: At age 26, Burr married Theodosia Bartow Prevost, who died in 1794 after twelve years of marriage. They had one daughter, Theodosia.


title: Aaron Burr

text: In 1791, Burr was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he served until 1797. Burr would later run as the Democratic-Republican presidential candidate in the 1800 election. An electoral college tie between Burr and Thomas Jefferson resulted in the House of Representatives voting in Jefferson's favor, with Burr becoming Jefferson's vice president due to receiving the second-highest share of the votes. Although Burr maintained that he supported Jefferson, the president was highly suspicious of Burr, who was relegated to the sidelines of the administration during his vice presidency and was not selected as Jefferson's running mate in 1804 after the ratification of the 12th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.


title: Aaron Burr

text: During his last year as vice president, Burr engaged in the duel in which he fatally shot Hamilton, his political rival, near where Hamilton's son Philip Hamilton died three years prior. Although dueling was illegal, Burr was never tried, and all charges against him were eventually dropped. Nevertheless, Hamilton's death ended Burr's political career.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr traveled west to the American frontier, seeking new economic and political opportunities. His secretive activities led to his 1807 arrest in Alabama on charges of treason. He was brought to trial more than once for what became known as the Burr conspiracy, an alleged plot to create an independent country led by Burr, but was acquitted each time. With large debts and few influential friends, Burr left the United States to live as an expatriate in Europe. He returned in 1812 and resumed practicing law in New York City. Burr's brief second marriage resulted in divorce and further scandal. Handicapped by a stroke and financially ruined, Burr died at a boarding house in 1836.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Aaron Burr Jr. was born in 1756 in Newark, New Jersey, as the second child of the Reverend Aaron Burr Sr., a Presbyterian minister and second president of the College of New Jersey, which became Princeton University. His mother Esther Edwards Burr was the daughter of noted theologian Jonathan Edwards and his wife Sarah. Burr had an older sister Sarah ("Sally"), who was named for her maternal grandmother. She married Tapping Reeve, founder of the Litchfield Law School in Litchfield, Connecticut.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr's father died in 1757 while serving as president of the college at Princeton. Burr's grandfather, Jonathan Edwards, succeeded Burr's father as president and came to live with Burr and his mother in December 1757. Edwards died in March 1758 and Burr's mother, and grandmother also died within the year, leaving Burr and his sister orphans when he was two years old. Young Aaron and Sally were then placed with the William Shippen family in Philadelphia. In 1759, the children's guardianship was assumed by their 21-year-old maternal uncle Timothy Edwards. The next year, Edwards married Rhoda Ogden and moved the family to Elizabeth, New Jersey where Burr attended the Elizabethtown Academy. Burr had a very strained relationship with his uncle, who was often physically abusive. As a child, he made several attempts to run away from home.


title: Aaron Burr

text: At age 13, Burr was admitted to Princeton as a sophomore, where he joined the American Whig Society and the Cliosophic Society, the college's literary and debating societies. In 1772, he received his Bachelor of Arts degree at age 16, but continued studying theology at Princeton for an additional year. He then undertook rigorous theological training with Joseph Bellamy, a Presbyterian, but changed his career path after two years. At age 19, he moved to Connecticut to study law with his brother-in-law Tapping Reeve. In 1775, news reached Litchfield of the clashes with British troops at Lexington and Concord, and Burr put his studies on hold to enlist in the Continental Army.


title: Aaron Burr

text: During the American Revolutionary War, Burr took part in Colonel Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec, an arduous trek of more than through the frontier of Maine. Arnold was impressed by Burr's "great spirit and resolution" during the long march. He sent him up the Saint Lawrence River to contact General Richard Montgomery, who had taken Montreal, and escort him to Quebec. Montgomery then promoted Burr to captain and made him an aide-de-camp. Burr distinguished himself during the Battle of Quebec on December 31, 1775, where he attempted to recover Montgomery's corpse after he had been killed.


title: Aaron Burr

text: In the spring of 1776, Burr's stepbrother Matthias Ogden helped him to secure a position with George Washington's staff in Manhattan, but he quit on June 26 to be on the battlefield. General Israel Putnam took Burr under his wing, and Burr saved an entire brigade from capture after the British landing in Manhattan by his vigilance in the retreat from lower Manhattan to Harlem. Washington failed to commend his actions in the next day's General Orders, which was the fastest way to obtain a promotion. Burr was already a nationally known hero, but he never received a commendation. According to Ogden, he was infuriated by the incident, which may have led to the eventual estrangement between him and Washington. Nevertheless, Burr defended Washington's decision to evacuate New York as "a necessary consequence". It was not until the 1790s that the two men found themselves on opposite sides in politics.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr was briefly posted in Kingsbridge during 1776, at which time he was charged with protecting 14-year-old Margaret Moncrieffe, the daughter of Staten Island-based British Major Thomas Moncrieffe. Miss Moncrieffe was in Manhattan "behind enemy lines" and Major Moncrieffe asked Washington to ensure her safe return there. Burr fell in love with Margaret, and Margaret's attempts to remain with Burr were unsuccessful.


title: Aaron Burr

text: In late 1776, Burr attempted to secure Washington's approval to retake fortifications held by the British on Staten Island, citing his deep familiarity with the area. Washington deferred taking such actions until possibly later in the conflict (which ultimately were not attempted). The British learned of Burr's plans and afterwards took extra precautions.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr was promoted to lieutenant colonel in July 1777 and assumed virtual leadership of Malcolm's Additional Continental Regiment. There were approximately 300 men under Colonel William Malcolm's nominal command, but Malcolm was frequently called upon to perform other duties, leaving Burr in charge. The regiment successfully fought off many nighttime raids into central New Jersey by Manhattan-based British troops who arrived by water. Later that year, Burr commanded a small contingent during the harsh winter encampment at Valley Forge, guarding "the Gulph," an isolated pass that controlled one approach to the camp. He imposed discipline and defeated an attempted mutiny by some of the troops.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr's regiment was devastated by British artillery on June 28, 1778, at the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey, and Burr suffered heatstroke. In January 1779, he was assigned to Westchester County, New York in command of Malcolm's Regiment, a region between the British post at Kingsbridge, Bronx and that of the Americans about to the north. This district was part of the more significant command of General Alexander McDougall, and there was much turbulence and plundering by lawless bands of civilians and by raiding parties of ill-disciplined soldiers from both armies.


title: Aaron Burr

text: In March 1779, due to continuing bad health, Burr resigned from the Continental Army. He renewed his study of law. Technically, he was no longer in the service, but he remained active in the war; he was assigned by General Washington to perform occasional intelligence missions for Continental generals, such as Arthur St. Clair. On July 5, 1779, he rallied a group of Yale students at New Haven, Connecticut, along with Captain James Hillhouse and the Second Connecticut Governor's Guards, in a skirmish with the British at the West River. The British advance was repulsed, forcing them to enter New Haven from Hamden, Connecticut.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr met Theodosia Bartow Prevost in August 1778 while she was married to Jacques Marcus Prevost, a Swiss-born British officer in the Royal American Regiment. In Prevost's absence, Burr began regularly visiting Theodosia at The Hermitage, her home in New Jersey. Although she was ten years older than Burr, the constant visits provoked gossip, and by 1780 the two were openly lovers. In December 1781, he learned that Prevost had died in Jamaica of yellow fever.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Theodosia and Aaron Burr were married in 1782, and they moved to a house on Wall Street in Lower Manhattan. After several years of severe illness, Theodosia died in 1794 from stomach or uterine cancer. Their only child to survive to adulthood was Theodosia Burr Alston, born in 1783.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Despite his wartime activities, Burr finished his studies and was admitted to the bar at Albany, New York in 1782, the year of his marriage. He began practicing law in New York City the following year after the British evacuated the city.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr served in the New York State Assembly in 1784–85. In 1784, as an assemblyman, Burr unsuccessfully sought to abolish slavery immediately following the American Revolutionary War.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Also, he continued his military service as a lieutenant colonel and commander of a regiment in the militia brigade commanded by William Malcolm. He became seriously involved in politics in 1789, when George Clinton appointed him as New York State Attorney General. He was also Commissioner of Revolutionary War Claims in 1791. In 1791, he was elected by the legislature as a Senator from New York, defeating incumbent General Philip Schuyler. He served in the Senate until 1797.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr ran for president in the 1796 election and received 30 electoral votes, coming in fourth behind John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Pinckney. He was shocked by this defeat, but many Democratic-Republican electors voted for Jefferson and no one else, or for Jefferson and a candidate other than Burr. (Jefferson and Burr were again candidates for president and vice president during the election of 1800. Jefferson ran with Burr in exchange for Burr working to obtain New York's electoral votes for Jefferson.)


title: Aaron Burr

text: President John Adams appointed Washington as commanding general of U.S. forces in 1798, but he rejected Burr's application for a brigadier general's commission during the Quasi-War with France. Washington wrote, "By all that I have known and heard, Colonel Burr is a brave and able officer, but the question is whether he has not equal talents at intrigue." Burr was elected to the New York State Assembly in 1798 and served there through 1799. During this time, he cooperated with the Holland Land Company in gaining passage of a law to permit aliens to hold and convey lands. National parties became clearly defined during Adams' Presidency, and Burr loosely associated himself with the Democratic-Republicans. However, he had moderate Federalist allies such as Senator Jonathan Dayton of New Jersey.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr quickly became a key player in New York politics, largely due to the power of the Tammany Society (which became Tammany Hall). Burr converted it from a social club into a political machine to help Jefferson reach the presidency, particularly in crowded New York City.


title: Aaron Burr

text: In September 1799, Burr fought a duel with John Barker Church, whose wife Angelica was the sister of Alexander Hamilton's wife Elizabeth. Church had accused Burr of taking a bribe from the Holland Company in exchange for his political influence. Burr and Church fired at each other and missed, and afterward, Church acknowledged that he was wrong to have accused Burr without proof. Burr accepted this as an apology, and the two men shook hands and ended the dispute.


title: Aaron Burr

text: In 1799, Burr founded the Bank of the Manhattan Company, and the enmity between him and Hamilton may have arisen from how he did so. Before the establishment of Burr's bank, the Federalists held a monopoly on banking interests in New York via the federal government's Bank of the United States and Hamilton's Bank of New York. These banks financed operations of significant business interests owned by aristocratic members of the city. Hamilton had prevented the formation of rival banks in the city. Small businessmen relied on tontines to buy property and establish a voting voice (at this time, voting was based upon property rights). Burr solicited support from Hamilton and other Federalists under the guise that he was establishing a badly needed water company for Manhattan. He secretly changed the application for a state charter at the last minute to include the ability to invest surplus funds in any cause that did not violate state law, and dropped any pretense of founding a water company once he had gained approval (although he did dig a well and built a large working water storage tank on the site of his bank, which was still standing and apparently still working in 1898). Hamilton and other supporters believed that he had acted dishonorably in deceiving them. Meanwhile, construction was delayed on a safe water system for Manhattan, and writer Ron Chernow suggests that the delay may have contributed to deaths during a subsequent malaria epidemic.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr's Manhattan Company was more than a bank; it was a tool to promote Democratic-Republican power and influence, and its loans were directed to partisans. By extending credit to small businessmen, who then obtained enough property to gain the franchise, the bank was able to increase the party's electorate. Federalist bankers in New York responded by trying to organize a credit boycott of Democratic-Republican businessmen.


title: Aaron Burr

text: In the 1800 city elections, Burr combined the political influence of the Manhattan Company with party campaign innovations to deliver New York's support for Jefferson. In 1800, New York's state legislature was to choose the presidential electors, as they had in 1796 (for John Adams). Before the April 1800 legislative elections, the State Assembly was controlled by the Federalists. The City of New York elected assembly members on an at-large basis. Burr and Hamilton were the key campaigners for their respective parties. Burr's Democratic-Republican slate of assemblymen for New York City was elected, giving the party control of the legislature, which in turn gave New York's electoral votes to Jefferson and Burr. This drove another wedge between Hamilton and Burr.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr enlisted the help of Tammany Hall to win the voting for selection of Electoral College delegates. He gained a place on the Democratic-Republican presidential ticket in the 1800 election with Jefferson. Though Jefferson and Burr won New York, he and Burr tied for the presidency overall, with 73 electoral votes each. Members of the Democratic-Republican Party understood they intended that Jefferson should be president and Burr vice president, but the tied vote required that the final choice be made by the House of Representatives, with each of the 16 states having one vote, and nine votes needed for election.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Publicly, Burr remained quiet and refused to surrender the presidency to Jefferson, the great enemy of the Federalists. Rumors circulated that Burr and a faction of Federalists were encouraging Republican representatives to vote for him, blocking Jefferson's election in the House. However, solid evidence of such a conspiracy was lacking, and historians generally gave Burr the benefit of the doubt. In 2011, however, historian Thomas Baker discovered a previously unknown letter from William P. Van Ness to Edward Livingston, two leading Democratic-Republicans in New York. Van Ness was very close to Burr – serving as his second in the next duel with Hamilton. As a leading Democratic-Republican, Van Ness secretly supported the Federalist plan to elect Burr as president and tried to get Livingston to join. Livingston agreed at first, then reversed himself. Baker argues that Burr probably supported the Van Ness plan: "There is a compelling pattern of circumstantial evidence, much of it newly discovered, that strongly suggests Aaron Burr did exactly that as part of a stealth campaign to compass the presidency for himself." The attempt did not work, due partly to Livingston's reversal, but more to Hamilton's vigorous opposition to Burr. Jefferson was ultimately elected president, and Burr vice president.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Jefferson never trusted Burr, so he was effectively shut out of party matters. As Vice President, Burr earned praise from some enemies for his even-handed fairness and his judicial manner as President of the Senate; he fostered some practices for that office that have become time-honored traditions. Burr's judicial manner in presiding over the impeachment trial of Justice Samuel Chase has been credited as helping to preserve the principle of judicial independence that was established by "Marbury v. Madison" in 1803. One newspaper wrote that Burr had conducted the proceedings with the "impartiality of an angel, but with the rigor of a devil".


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr was not nominated to a second term as Jefferson's running mate in Jefferson's successful 1804 re-election campaign and New York governor George Clinton replaced Burr as Jefferson's vice president on March 4, 1805. Burr's farewell speech on March 2, 1805 moved some of his harshest critics in the Senate to tears. But the 20-minute speech was never recorded in full, and has been preserved only in short quotes and descriptions of the address, which defended the United States of America's system of government.


title: Aaron Burr

text: When it became clear that Jefferson would drop Burr from his ticket in the 1804 election, the Vice President ran for Governor of New York instead. Burr lost the election to little known Morgan Lewis, in what was the most significant margin of loss in New York's history up to that time. Burr blamed his loss on a personal smear campaign believed to have been orchestrated by his party rivals, including New York governor George Clinton. Alexander Hamilton also opposed Burr, due to his belief that Burr had entertained a Federalist secession movement in New York. In April, the "Albany Register" published a letter from Dr. Charles D. Cooper to Philip Schuyler, which relayed Hamilton's judgment that Burr was "a dangerous man and one who ought not to be trusted with the reins of government," and claiming to know of "a still more despicable opinion which General Hamilton has expressed of Mr. Burr". In June, Burr sent this letter to Hamilton, seeking an affirmation or disavowal of Cooper's characterization of Hamilton's remarks.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Hamilton replied that Burr should give specifics of Hamilton's remarks, not Cooper's. He said he could not answer regarding Cooper's interpretation. A few more letters followed, in which the exchange escalated to Burr's demanding that Hamilton recant or deny any statement disparaging Burr's honor over the past 15 years. Hamilton, having already been disgraced by the Maria Reynolds adultery scandal and mindful of his reputation and honor, did not. According to historian Thomas Fleming, Burr would have immediately published such an apology, and Hamilton's remaining power in the New York Federalist party would have been diminished. Burr responded by challenging Hamilton to a duel, personal combat under the formalized rules for dueling, the "code duello".


title: Aaron Burr

text: Dueling had been outlawed in New York; the sentence for conviction of dueling was death. It was illegal in New Jersey as well, but the consequences were less severe. On July 11, 1804, the enemies met outside Weehawken, New Jersey, at the same spot where Hamilton's oldest son had died in a duel just three years prior. Both men fired, and Hamilton was mortally wounded by a shot just above the hip.


title: Aaron Burr

text: The observers disagreed on who fired first. They did agree that there was a three-to-four-second interval between the first and the second shot, raising difficult questions in evaluating the two camps' versions. Historian William Weir speculated that Hamilton might have been undone by his machinations: secretly setting his pistol's trigger to require only a half-pound of pressure as opposed to the usual 10 pounds. Weir contends, "There is no evidence that Burr even knew that his pistol had a set trigger." Louisiana State University history professors Nancy Isenberg and Andrew Burstein concur with this. They note that "Hamilton brought the pistols, which had a larger barrel than regular dueling pistols, and a secret hair-trigger, and were therefore much more deadly," and conclude that "Hamilton gave himself an unfair advantage in their duel, and got the worst of it anyway." However, other accounts state that Hamilton reportedly quietly responded "not this time" when his second, Nathaniel Pendleton, asked whether he would set the hair-trigger feature.


title: Aaron Burr

text: David O. Stewart, in his biography of Burr, "American Emperor", notes that the reports of Hamilton's intentionally missing Burr with his shot began to be published in newspaper reports in papers friendly to Hamilton only in the days after his death. But Ron Chernow, in his biography, "Alexander Hamilton", states Hamilton told numerous friends well before the duel of his intention to avoid firing at Burr. Additionally, Hamilton wrote several letters, including a "Statement on Impending Duel With Aaron Burr" and his last missives to his wife dated before the duel, which also attest to his intention. The second shot, witnesses reported, followed so soon after the first that witnesses could not agree on who fired first. Before the duel proper, Hamilton took a good deal of time getting used to the feel and weight of the pistol (which had been used in the duel at the same Weehawken site in which his 19-year-old son had been killed), as well as putting on his glasses to see his opponent more clearly. The seconds placed Hamilton so that Burr would have the rising sun behind him, and during the brief duel, one witness reported, Hamilton seemed to be hindered by this placement as the sun was in his eyes.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Each man took one shot. Burr's fatally injured Hamilton, while Hamilton's was purposely fired into the air. Burr's bullet entered Hamilton's abdomen above his right hip, piercing Hamilton's liver and spine. Hamilton was evacuated to the Manhattan home of a friend, William Bayard Jr., where he and his family received visitors including Episcopal bishop Benjamin Moore, who gave Hamilton the last rites. Burr was charged with multiple crimes, including murder, in New York and New Jersey, but was never tried in either jurisdiction.


title: Aaron Burr

text: He fled to South Carolina, where his daughter lived with her family, but soon returned to Philadelphia and then to Washington to complete his term as vice president. He avoided New York and New Jersey for a time, but all the charges against him were eventually dropped. In the case of New Jersey, the indictment was thrown out on the basis that, although Hamilton was shot in New Jersey, he died in New York.


title: Aaron Burr

text: After Burr left the vice presidency at the end of his term in 1805, he journeyed to the Western frontier, areas west of the Allegheny Mountains and down the Ohio River Valley eventually reaching the lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase. Burr had leased 40,000 acres (16,000 ha) of land — known as the Bastrop Tract — along the Ouachita River, in present-day Louisiana, from the Spanish government. Starting in Pittsburgh and then proceeding to Beaver, Pennsylvania, and Wheeling, Virginia, and onward he drummed up support for his planned settlement, whose purpose and status was unclear.


title: Aaron Burr

text: His most important contact was General James Wilkinson, Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Army at New Orleans, and Governor of the Louisiana Territory. Others included Harman Blennerhassett, who offered the use of his private island for training and outfitting Burr's expedition. Wilkinson would later prove to be a bad choice.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr saw war with Spain as a distinct possibility. In case of a war declaration, Andrew Jackson stood ready to help Burr, who would be in a position to join in immediately. Burr's expedition of about eighty men carried modest arms for hunting, and no war "materiel" was ever revealed, even when Blennerhassett Island was seized by Ohio militia. The aim of his "conspiracy," he always avowed, was that if he settled there with a large group of armed "farmers" and war broke out, he would have a force with which to fight and claim land for himself, thus recouping his fortunes. However, the war did not come as Burr expected: the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty secured Florida for the United States without a fight, and war in Texas did not occur until 1836, the year Burr died.


title: Aaron Burr

text: After a near-incident with Spanish forces at Natchitoches, Wilkinson decided he could best serve his conflicting interests by betraying Burr's plans to President Jefferson and his Spanish paymasters. Jefferson issued an order for Burr's arrest, declaring him a traitor before any indictment. Burr read this in a newspaper in the Territory of Orleans on January 10, 1807. Jefferson's warrant put Federal agents on his trail. Burr twice turned himself in to Federal authorities, and both times judges found his actions legal and released him.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Jefferson's warrant, however, followed Burr, who fled toward Spanish Florida. He was intercepted at Wakefield, in Mississippi Territory (now in the state of Alabama), on February 19, 1807. He was confined to Fort Stoddert after being arrested on charges of treason.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr's secret correspondence with Anthony Merry and the Marquis of Casa Yrujo, the British and Spanish ministers at Washington, was eventually revealed. He had tried to secure money and to conceal what may have been his true design, to help Mexico overthrow Spanish power in the Southwest. If Burr intended to found a dynasty in what would have become former Mexican territory this was a misdemeanor, based on the Neutrality Act of 1794, which Congress passed to block filibuster expeditions against U.S. neighbors, such as those of George Rogers Clark and William Blount. Jefferson, however, sought the highest charges against Burr.


title: Aaron Burr

text: In 1807, Burr was brought to trial on a charge of treason before the United States Circuit court at Richmond, Virginia. His defense lawyers included Edmund Randolph, John Wickham, Luther Martin, and Benjamin Gaines Botts. Burr had been arraigned four times for treason before a grand jury indicted him. The only physical evidence presented to the Grand Jury was Wilkinson's so-called letter from Burr, which proposed the idea of stealing land in the Louisiana Purchase. During the Jury's examination, the court discovered that the letter was written in Wilkinson's handwriting. He said he had made a copy because he had lost the original. The Grand Jury threw the letter out as evidence, and the news made a laughingstock of the General for the rest of the proceedings.


title: Aaron Burr

text: The trial, presided over by Chief Justice John Marshall, began on August 3. requires that treason either be admitted in open court, or proven by an overt act witnessed by two people. Since no two witnesses came forward, Burr was acquitted on September 1, despite the full force of the Jefferson administration's political influence thrown against him. Burr was immediately tried on a misdemeanor charge and was again acquitted.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Given that Jefferson was using his influence as president to obtain a conviction, the trial was a major test of the Constitution and the concept of separation of powers. Jefferson challenged the authority of the Supreme Court, specifically Chief Justice Marshall, an Adams appointee who clashed with Jefferson over John Adams' last-minute judicial appointments. Jefferson believed that Burr's treason was obvious. Burr sent a letter to Jefferson in which he stated that he could do Jefferson much harm. The case, as tried, was decided on whether Aaron Burr was present at certain events at certain times and in certain capacities. Thomas Jefferson used all of his influence to get Marshall to convict, but Marshall was not swayed.


title: Aaron Burr

text: David O. Stewart, on the other hand, insists that while Burr was not explicitly guilty of treason, according to Marshall's definition, evidence exists that links him to treasonous crimes. For example, Bollman admitted to Jefferson during an interrogation that Burr planned to raise an army and invade Mexico. He said that Burr believed that he should be Mexico's monarch, as a republican government was not right for the Mexican people. Many historians believe the extent of Burr's involvement may never be known.


title: Aaron Burr

text: By the conclusion of his trial for treason, despite an acquittal, all of Burr's hopes for a political comeback had been dashed, and he fled America and his creditors for Europe. Dr. David Hosack, Hamilton's physician and a friend to both Hamilton and Burr, lent Burr money for passage on a ship.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr lived in self-imposed exile from 1808 to 1812, passing most of this period in England, where he occupied a house on Craven Street in London. He became a good friend, even confidant, of the English Utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham, and on occasion lived at Bentham's home. He also spent time in Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, and France. Ever hopeful, he solicited funding for renewing his plans for a conquest of Mexico but was rebuffed. He was ordered out of England and Emperor Napoleon of France refused to receive him. However, one of his ministers held an interview concerning Burr's goals for Spanish Florida or the British possessions in the Caribbean.


title: Aaron Burr

text: After returning from Europe, Burr used the surname "Edwards," his mother's maiden name, for a while to avoid creditors. With help from old friends Samuel Swartwout and Matthew L. Davis, Burr returned to New York and his law practice. Later he helped the heirs of the Eden family in a financial lawsuit. By the early 1820s, the remaining members of the Eden household, Eden's widow and two daughters, had become a surrogate family to Burr.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Despite financial setbacks, after returning, Burr lived out the remainder of his life in New York in relative peace until 1833.


title: Aaron Burr

text: On July 1, 1833, at age 77, Burr married Eliza Jumel, a wealthy widow who was 19 years younger. They lived together briefly at her residence which she had acquired with her first husband, the Morris-Jumel Mansion in the Washington Heights neighborhood in Manhattan. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, it is now preserved and open to the public.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Soon after the marriage, Jumel realized her fortune was dwindling due to Burr's land speculation losses, so she separated from him after four months of marriage. She chose Alexander Hamilton Jr. as her divorce lawyer in 1834, the same year Burr suffered an immobilizing stroke. He died on Staten Island in the village of Port Richmond, in a boardinghouse that later became known as the St. James Hotel on September 14, 1836, the same day the divorce was officially completed. He was buried near his father in Princeton, New Jersey.


title: Aaron Burr

text: In addition to his daughter Theodosia, Burr was the father of at least three other children and he adopted two sons. Burr also acted as a parent to his two stepsons by his wife's first marriage and he became a mentor or guardian to several protégés who lived in his home.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Theodosia Burr was born in 1783 and was named after her mother. She was the only child of Burr's marriage to Theodosia Bartow Prevost who survived to adulthood. A second daughter, Sally, lived to the age of three.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr was a devoted and attentive father to Theodosia. Believing that a young woman should have an education equal to that of a young man, Burr prescribed a rigorous course of studies for her which included the classics, French, horsemanship and music. Their surviving correspondence indicates that he affectionately treated his daughter as a close friend and confidante as long as she lived.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Theodosia became widely known for her education and accomplishments. In 1801, she married Joseph Alston of South Carolina. They had a son together, Aaron Burr Alston, who died of fever at age ten. During the winter of 1812–1813, Theodosia was lost at sea with the schooner "Patriot" off the Carolinas, either murdered by pirates or shipwrecked in a storm.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Upon Burr's marriage, he became stepfather to the two teenage sons of his wife's first marriage. Augustine James Frederick Prevost (called Frederick) and John Bartow Prevost had both joined their father in the Royal American Regiment in December 1780, at the ages of 16 and 14. When they returned in 1783 to become citizens of the United States, Burr acted as a father to them: he assumed responsibility for their education, gave both of them clerkships in his law office, and frequently was accompanied by one of them as an assistant when he traveled on business. John was later appointed by Thomas Jefferson to a post in the Territory of Orleans as the first judge of the Louisiana Supreme Court.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr served as a guardian to Nathalie de Lage de Volude (1782–1841) from 1794 to 1801, during Theodosia's childhood. The young daughter of a French marquis, Nathalie had been taken to New York for safety during the French Revolution by her governess Caroline de Senat. Burr opened his home to them, allowing Madame Senat to tutor private students there along with his daughter, and Nathalie became a companion and close friend to Theodosia. While traveling to France for an extended visit in 1801, Nathalie met Thomas Sumter Jr., a diplomat and the son of General Thomas Sumter. They married in Paris in March 1802, before returning to his home in South Carolina. From 1810 to 1821, they lived in Rio de Janeiro, where Sumter served as the American ambassador to Portugal during the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil. One of their children, Thomas De Lage Sumter, was a Congressman from South Carolina.


title: Aaron Burr

text: In the 1790s, Burr also took the painter John Vanderlyn into his home as a protégé, and provided him with financial support and patronage for 20 years. He arranged Vanderlyn's training by Gilbert Stuart in Philadelphia and sent him in 1796 to the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris where he remained for six years.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr adopted two sons, Aaron Columbus Burr and Charles Burdett, during the 1810s and 1820s after the death of his daughter Theodosia. Aaron (born Aaron Burr Columbe) was born in Paris in 1808 and arrived in America around 1815, and Charles was born in 1814.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Both of the boys were reputed to be Burr's biological sons. A Burr biographer described Aaron Columbus Burr as "the product of a Paris adventure," conceived presumably during Burr's exile from the United States between 1808 and 1814.


title: Aaron Burr

text: In 1835, the year before his death, Burr acknowledged two young daughters whom he had fathered late in his life, by different mothers. Burr made specific provisions for his surviving daughters in a will dated January 11, 1835, in which he left "all the rest and residue" of his estate, after other specific bequests, to six-year-old Frances Ann (born ), and two-year-old Elizabeth (born ).


title: Aaron Burr

text: In 1787 or earlier, Burr began a relationship with Mary Emmons, also known as Eugenie, who may have been East Indian. She worked as a servant in his household during his first marriage. Emmons may have come from Calcutta to Haiti or Saint-Domingue before coming to America. Burr fathered two children with Emmons, both of whom married into Philadelphia's "Free Negro" community in which their families became prominent:


title: Aaron Burr

text: One contemporary of John Pierre Burr identified him as a natural son of Burr in a published account, but Burr never acknowledged his relationship or children with Emmons during his life, in contrast to his adoption or acknowledgment of other children born later in his life.


title: Aaron Burr

text: In 2018, Louisa and John were acknowledged by the Aaron Burr Association as the children of Burr after Sherri Burr, a descendant of John Pierre, provided both documentary evidence and results of a DNA test to confirm a familial link between descendants of Burr and descendants of John Pierre. The Association installed a headstone at John Pierre's grave to mark his ancestry. Stuart Fisk Johnson, the president of the association, commented, "A few people didn't want to go into it because Aaron's first wife, Theodosia, was still alive, and dying of cancer [when Aaron fathered John Pierre] ... But the embarrassment is not as important as it is to acknowledge and embrace actual living, robust, accomplished children."


title: Aaron Burr

text: Aaron Burr was a man of complex character who made many friends, but also many powerful enemies. He was indicted for murder after the death of Hamilton, but never prosecuted; he was reported by acquaintances to be curiously unmoved by Hamilton's death, expressing no regret for his role in the result. He was arrested and prosecuted for treason by President Jefferson, but acquitted. Contemporaries often remained suspicious of Burr's motives to the end of his life, continuing to view him as untrustworthy at least since his role in the founding of the Bank of Manhattan.


title: Aaron Burr

text: In his later years in New York, Burr provided money and education for several children, some of whom were reputed to be his natural children. To his friends and family, and often to strangers, he could be kind and generous. The wife of the struggling poet Sumner Lincoln Fairfield recorded in her autobiography that in the late 1820s, their friend Burr pawned his watch to provide for the care of the Fairfields' two children. Jane Fairfield wrote that, while traveling, she and her husband had left the children in New York with their grandmother, who proved unable to provide adequate food or heat for them. The grandmother took the children to Burr's home and asked his help: "[Burr] wept, and replied, 'Though I am poor and have not a dollar, the children of such a mother shall not suffer while I have a watch.' He hastened on this godlike errand, and quickly returned, having pawned the article for twenty dollars, which he gave to make comfortable my precious babes."


title: Aaron Burr

text: By Fairfield's account, Burr had lost his religious faith before that time; upon seeing a painting of Christ's suffering, Burr candidly told her, "It is a fable, my child; there never was such a being."


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr believed women to be intellectually equal to men and hung a portrait of Mary Wollstonecraft over his mantel. The Burrs' daughter, Theodosia, was taught dance, music, several languages, and learned to shoot from horseback. Until her death at sea in 1813, she remained devoted to her father. Not only did Burr advocate education for women, upon his election to the New York State Legislature, he submitted a bill, which failed to pass, that would have allowed women to vote. Hamilton attacked Burr for supporting the idea women were the intellectual equals of men.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Conversely, Burr was considered a notorious womanizer. In addition to cultivating relationships with women in his social circles, Burr's journals indicate that he was a frequent patron of prostitutes during his travels in Europe; he recorded brief notes of dozens of such encounters, and the amounts he paid. He described "sexual release as the only remedy for his restlessness and irritability".


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr also fought against anti-immigrant sentiment, led by Hamilton's Federalist party, which suggested that anyone without English heritage was a second-class citizen, and even challenged the rights of non-Anglos to hold office. In response, Burr insisted that anyone who contributed to society deserved all the rights of any other citizen, no matter their background.


title: Aaron Burr

text: John Quincy Adams wrote in his diary when Burr died: "Burr's life, take it all together, was such as in any country of sound morals his friends would be desirous of burying in quiet oblivion." Adams' father, President John Adams, had frequently defended Burr during his life. At an earlier time, he wrote, Burr "had served in the army, and came out of it with the character of a knight without fear and an able officer".


title: Aaron Burr

text: Gordon S. Wood, a leading scholar of the revolutionary period, holds that it was Burr's character that put him at odds with the rest of the "founding fathers," especially Madison, Jefferson, and Hamilton. He believed that this led to his personal and political defeats and, ultimately, to his place outside the golden circle of revered revolutionary figures. Because of Burr's habit of placing self-interest above the good of the whole, those men thought that Burr represented a serious threat to the ideals for which they had fought the revolution. Their ideal, as particularly embodied in Washington and Jefferson, was that of "disinterested politics," a government led by educated gentlemen. They would fulfill their duties in a spirit of public virtue and without regard to personal interests or pursuits. This was the core of an Enlightenment gentleman, and Burr's political enemies thought that he lacked that essential core. Hamilton thought that Burr's self-serving nature made him unfit to hold office, especially the presidency.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Although Hamilton considered Jefferson a political enemy, he also believed him a man of public virtue. Hamilton conducted an unrelenting campaign in the House of Representatives to prevent Burr's election to the presidency and gain election of his erstwhile enemy, Jefferson. Hamilton characterized Burr as exceedingly immoral, an "unprincipled ... voluptuary" and deemed his political quest as one for "permanent power." He contended that Burr cared little about the Constitution and predicted that if he gained any more power, his leadership would continue to be for personal gain, while Jefferson was a true patriot and public servant, committed to preserving the Constitution.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Although Burr is often remembered primarily for his duel with Hamilton, his establishment of guides and rules for the first impeachment trial set a high bar for behavior and procedures in the Senate chamber, many of which are followed today.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Historian Nancy Isenberg, explaining why Burr has been demonized in modern times, writes that Burr's villainy is actually the result of a smear campaign invented by his political enemies centuries ago, and then disseminated in newspapers, pamphlets and personal letters during and after his lifetime. According to her, pop-cultural portraits of Burr have blindly repeated these distortions, transforming Burr into the quintessential bad guy of early American history. Stuart Fisk Johnson describes Burr as progressive thinker and doer, a brave military patriot and brilliant lawyer who helped establish some of the physical infrastructure and guiding legal principles which helped in the founding of America.


title: Aaron Burr

text: A lasting consequence of Burr's role in the election of 1800 was the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which changed how vice presidents were chosen. As was evident from the 1800 election, the situation could quickly arise where the vice president, as the defeated presidential candidate, could not work well with the president. The Twelfth Amendment required that electoral votes be cast separately for president and vice president.


title: Aaron Burr

text: Burr is also sometimes seen as one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, although this characterization is unusual.


title: Jenna Dewan

text: Jenna Lee Dewan (; born December 3, 1980) is an American actress and dancer. She started her career as a backup dancer for Janet Jackson, and later worked with artists including Christina Aguilera, Pink, and Missy Elliott. She is known for her role as Nora Clark in the 2006 film "Step Up". She has also starred on the short-lived NBC series "The Playboy Club" and had a recurring role on the FX series "". She portrayed Freya Beauchamp on the Lifetime series "Witches of East End", Lucy Lane in The CW series "Supergirl" and "Superman & Lois" and Joanna in "Soundtrack" on Netflix. Dewan has hosted the reality television shows "World of Dance" and "Flirty Dancing" and served as a judge on "Come Dance with Me". She currently stars as Bailey on ABC's "The Rookie". She also had a recurring role on the FOX medical drama "The Resident".


title: Jenna Dewan

text: Dewan was born December 3, 1980 in Hartford, Connecticut, the daughter of Nancy Smith (née Bursch) and Darryll Dewan, who was a running back on the 1972 Notre Dame football team. Her father is of Lebanese and Polish descent and her mother is of German and English ancestry.


title: Jenna Dewan

text: As a child, Dewan moved frequently; she mentioned in an interview that she lived in seven cities before reaching the seventh grade. While attending high school at Notre Dame Preparatory School in Towson, Maryland, Dewan was a varsity cheerleader. She transferred to Grapevine High School in Grapevine, Texas. She was also a varsity cheerleader there and was voted prom queen during her senior year. She went to University of Southern California and was a member of the California Gamma chapter of Pi Beta Phi.


title: Jenna Dewan

text: Dewan first appeared in Janet Jackson's "Doesn't Really Matter" video in 2000 and later in "All for You" and the All for You Tour in 2001. She credits working with Jackson for aiding her career, allowing her to later work with many other artists and giving her the experience necessary to co-star in the dance film "Step Up". In 2016, Dewan modeled as the face of dancewear manufacturer Danskin in a campaign and photo shoot that captured and featured her athleticism as a dancer.


title: Jenna Dewan

text: In 2006, Dewan co-starred with Channing Tatum in "Step Up", as well as starring in "Take the Lead" that same year.


title: Jenna Dewan

text: In August 2008, Dewan starred in the Lifetime made-for-television film "" which follows five rule-breaking teens. She portrayed the role of disciplinarian Coach Emma Carr. In November 2009, she appeared in the straight-to-DVD comedy "American Virgin" alongside Rob Schneider.


title: Jenna Dewan

text: In March 2011, Dewan was cast in the NBC pilot of "The Playboy Club". In May 2011, NBC picked up the series for a full season. She portrayed the role of Bunny Janie, a provocative Playboy bunny who works at a Playboy Club in Chicago in 1961. The series premiered on September 19 to 5.2 million viewers with mixed reviews from critics. Due to low ratings, NBC cancelled the series after just three episodes in October 2011.


title: Jenna Dewan

text: In November 2011, Dewan starred in the film "The Jerk Theory". This was first released in Germany in 2009. It was later released in the United States in November 2011.


title: Jenna Dewan

text: Dewan appeared in the romantic-comedy film "10 Years", alongside her then-husband Channing Tatum, who also co-produced. The film was released on September 14, 2012. That same year, she appeared as Teresa Morrison in "", the second season of the horror television series.


title: Jenna Dewan

text: In 2013, Dewan began starring in the Lifetime series "Witches of East End" as Freya Beauchamp, one of the lead characters. In late 2015, she began a recurring role in the CBS/CW series "Supergirl" as Lucy Lane, and reprised the role in its spinoff "Superman & Lois." She also had a recurring role in FOX's The Resident. Dewan's upcoming projects include "The Wedding Year", "Berlin, I Love You" and "Soundtrack".


title: Jenna Dewan

text: She joined the cast of ABC's "The Rookie" as Bailey in its third season, and was promoted to series regular in its fourth season.


title: Jenna Dewan

text: In 2018, Dewan makes an appearance on the television series "Seatbelt Psychic" and receives a spooky reading from the famous medium Thomas John.


title: Jenna Dewan

text: Along with friends Reid Carolin, Adam Martingano, Brett Rodriguez and Channing Tatum, Dewan started a production company called 33andOut Productions. Their first production is a documentary called "Earth Made of Glass" that follows Rwandan President Paul Kagame and genocide survivor Jean-Pierre Sagahutu. It premiered at the 2010 Tribeca Film Festival. Dewan and Tatum collaborated in a YouTube Premium/Starz television series "Step Up", where they executive produced together.


title: Jenna Dewan

text: In 2006, Dewan started dating actor Channing Tatum after meeting on the set of their film "Step Up". They married on July 11, 2009, in Malibu, California. They have one daughter, born in 2013. On April 2, 2018, the couple announced that they were separating. Six months later, Dewan filed for divorce from Tatum. Their divorce was finalized in November 2019.


title: Jenna Dewan

text: In October 2018, it was confirmed that Dewan was in a relationship with actor Steve Kazee. In February 2020, she and Kazee announced their engagement. They have one son, born in 2020.


title: Jenna Dewan

text: Dewan is an animal rights activist and a vegan. PETA declared her to be one of three "Sexiest Vegans" of 2017.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Robert John Wagner Jr. (born February 10, 1930) is an American actor of stage, screen, and television. He is known for starring in the television shows "It Takes a Thief" (1968–1970), "Switch" (1975–1978), and "Hart to Hart" (1979–1984). He later had a recurring role as Teddy Leopold in the TV sitcom "Two and a Half Men" (2007–2008) and made twelve guest appearances (2010–2019) as Anthony DiNozzo Sr. in the police procedural "NCIS".


title: Robert Wagner

text: In films, Wagner is known for his role as Number 2 in the "Austin Powers" trilogy of films (1997, 1999, 2002), as well as for "A Kiss Before Dying" (1956), "The Pink Panther" (1963), "Harper" (1966), "The Towering Inferno" (1974), "The Concorde ... Airport '79" (1979) and many more.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner was born on February 10, 1930, in Detroit, Michigan. He is the son of Hazel Alvera ("née" Boe), a telephone operator, and Robert John Wagner, a travelling salesman who worked for the Ford Motor Company. Robert Wagner's paternal grandparents were from Germany.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner became interested in acting, and after an unsuccessful screen test directed by Fred Zinnemann for his film "Teresa" (1951), was represented by Albert R. Broccoli. He made his uncredited film debut in "The Happy Years" (1950); was signed by agent Henry Willson and put under contract with 20th Century Fox.


title: Robert Wagner

text: "I started off as an ingenue", recalled Wagner. "I was 19 years old. I was the boy next door. But you always felt you could work your way up, that you could have a better part in the next picture. [Head of Fox] Darryl Zanuck was always placing me in different positions."


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner's first film for Fox was "Halls of Montezuma" (1951) a World War II film. Wagner had a supporting role, with Richard Widmark as the star. The studio then had him perform a similar function in another war movie, "The Frogmen" (1951), again with Widmark; the cast also included another young male under contract to the studio, Jeffrey Hunter, with whom Wagner would often work. "Let's Make It Legal" (1951) was a comedy where Wagner again supported an older star, in this case Claudette Colbert.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner first gained significant attention with a small but showy part as a shell-shocked soldier in "With a Song in My Heart" (1952).


title: Robert Wagner

text: "You were part of 20th Century Fox", he said. "You felt proud of being part of the organization. When I wasn't working, I was on the road, going out and selling movies or dancing on the stage and meeting the public. They never let you rest."


title: Robert Wagner

text: Fox started to give Wagner better roles. He was the romantic male lead in "Stars and Stripes Forever" (1952), a biopic about John Philip Sousa starring Clifton Webb. He supported James Cagney and Dan Dailey in John Ford's version of "What Price Glory" (1952) and supported Webb again in "Titanic" (1953). He was in a minor Western, "The Silver Whip" (1953) with Rory Calhoun.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Fox gave Wagner his first starring role in "Beneath the 12-Mile Reef" (1953). Reviews were poor but the movie was only the third ever to be shot in CinemaScope and was a big hit.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Also popular was a Western, "Broken Lance" (1954), where Wagner supported Spencer Tracy for director Edward Dmytryk, appearing as Tracy's son. Fox gave Wagner the lead in an expensive spectacular, "Prince Valiant" (1954). While popular, critical reception was poor and Wagner later joked his wig in the movie made him look like Jane Wyman. He was teamed with Jeffrey Hunter in a Western, "White Feather" (1955).


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner was borrowed by Paramount for "The Mountain" (1956), directed by Dmytryk, where Wagner was cast as Spencer Tracy's brother, having played his son just two years earlier in the same director's "Broken Lance". He received more critical acclaim for the lead in "A Kiss Before Dying" (1956), from the novel by Ira Levin; it was made for Crown Productions, a company of Darryl F. Zanuck's brother in law (the leads were all under contract to Fox) and released through United Artists.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Back at Fox Wagner was in "Between Heaven and Hell" (1956), a war movie, and "The True Story of Jesse James" (1957), playing the leading role for director Nicholas Ray (Jeffrey Hunter was Frank). Both movies were box office disappointments and it seemed Wagner was unable to make the transition to top-level star. This appeared confirmed when he was the lead in "Stopover Tokyo" (1957). In 1959, Wagner disparaged the film:


title: Robert Wagner

text: When I started at Fox in 1950 they were making sixty-five pictures a year. Now they're lucky if they make thirty. There was a chance to get some training in B pictures. Then TV struck. Everything went big and they started sticking me into Cinemascope spectacles. One day, smiling Joe Juvenile with no talent was doing a role intended for John Wayne. That was in a dog called "Stopover Tokyo". I've really had to work to keep up.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner supported Robert Mitchum in a Korean War movie, "The Hunters" (1958), and appeared with a number of Fox contractees in a World War II drama, "In Love and War" (1958); the latter was a hit.


title: Robert Wagner

text: After a cameo in "Mardi Gras" (1958), Wagner supported Bing Crosby and Debbie Reynolds in "Say One for Me" (1959).


title: Robert Wagner

text: Trying to kick-start his career, Wagner appeared with his then-wife Natalie Wood (they married in 1957) in "All the Fine Young Cannibals" (1960), made for MGM. The film was a flop.


title: Robert Wagner

text: In January 1961, Wagner and Wood formed their own company, Rona Productions, named after the first two letters of both their first names. Rona signed a three-picture deal with Columbia pictures for Wagner's services, which was to start with "Sail a Crooked Ship" (1961) and "The Interns". He also had a deal to make one more film at Fox, which was to be "Solo", the story of a jazz drummer directed by Dick Powell, or "The Comancheros" with Gary Cooper.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner made "Sail a Crooked Ship" but his part in "The Interns" went to James MacArthur. "Solo" was never made, and "The Comancheros" was made instead with John Wayne and Stuart Whitman. Wagner did make "The War Lover" (1962) with Steve McQueen that was filmed in England.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner's first marriage to Wood had broken up, and he relocated to Europe. He had a small role in "The Longest Day" (1962), produced by Daryl Zanuck for Fox. He had a larger part in "The Condemned of Altona" (1962), a commercial and critical disappointment despite being directed by Vittorio de Sica and co-starring Sophia Loren.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Considerably more popular was "The Pink Panther" (1963), a massive hit, although Wagner's part was very much in support to those of David Niven, Capucine, Peter Sellers, and Claudia Cardinale. It was directed by Blake Edwards, who wanted Wagner for the lead in "The Great Race" (1965), but Jack L. Warner overruled him.


title: Robert Wagner

text: His return to America found him playing in the theatre for the first time with the lead role in Mister Roberts for one week at a holiday resort just outside Chicago. The disciplines of the theatre were not his forte and Wagner was glad to be back in Hollywood to find a good supporting role in the modern-day private investigator hit, "Harper" (1966), starring Paul Newman.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner signed with Universal Pictures in 1966, starring opposite future wife Jill St. John in the films "How I Spent My Summer Vacation", a made-for-TV movie released in the United Kingdom as "Deadly Roulette", and "Banning" (1967). He returned to Italy to make a caper film with Raquel Welch for MGM, "The Biggest Bundle of Them All" (1968), but it was not a success.


title: Robert Wagner

text: In 1967, Lew Wasserman of Universal convinced Wagner to make his television series debut in "It Takes a Thief" (1968–1970) on ABC-TV. ""I was opposed to doing "Thief"", Wagner said later. "But Lew Wasserman said: 'I want you to be in TV Guide every week. This is your medium, you've got to try it, you'll be great.' Roland Kibbee wrote the part for me, and I would have missed all that if I hadn't listened to Lew."


title: Robert Wagner

text: While the success of "The Pink Panther" and "Harper" began Wagner's comeback, the successful two-and-a-half seasons of his first TV series completed it. In this series, he acted with Fred Astaire, who played his father. Wagner was a longtime friend of Astaire, having gone to school with Astaire's eldest son, Peter. Wagner's performance would earn him an Emmy nomination for Best TV Actor.


title: Robert Wagner

text: During the making of the series he made a film for Universal, the comedy "Don't Just Stand There!" (1968) with Mary Tyler Moore. It was not a success. More popular was "Winning" (1969), a racing car drama where Wagner supported Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward. He also guest-starred in "The Name of the Game" (1970).


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner's friend and agent Albert Broccoli suggested that he audition to play James Bond, but he decided it was not right for him.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner appeared in the series pilot, "City Beneath the Sea" (1971), that was not picked up. The following year, he produced and cast himself opposite Bette Davis in the made-for-TV film "Madame Sin", which was theatrically released overseas as a feature film.


title: Robert Wagner

text: He was a regular in the BBC/Universal World War II prisoner-of-war drama "Colditz" (1972–1974) for much of its run. He reunited with McQueen, along with Paul Newman and Faye Dunaway, in the disaster film "The Towering Inferno" released in the same year. It was a massive hit, although Wagner's part was relatively small.


title: Robert Wagner

text: By the mid-1970s, Wagner's television career was at its peak with the CBS-TV television series "Switch" (1975–1978, opposite Eddie Albert, Sharon Gless, and Charlie Callas) after re-signing a contract with Universal in 1974. Albert had been a childhood hero of Wagner, after he watched the movie "Brother Rat" along with a few others. The friendship started in the early 1960s, where he also co-starred in a couple of Albert's movies. After the end of the series, the two remained friends until Albert's death on May 26, 2005. Wagner spoke at his funeral, and gave a testimonial about his longtime friendship with him.


title: Robert Wagner

text: In partial payment for starring together in the Aaron Spelling and Leonard Goldberg production of the TV movie "The Affair", Wagner and Natalie Wood were given a share in three TV series that the producers were developing for ABC. Only one reached the screen, the very successful TV series "Charlie's Angels", for which Wagner and Wood had a 50% share, though Wagner was to spend many years in court arguing with Spelling and Goldberg over what was defined as profit.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner and Wood acted with Laurence Olivier in "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" (1976), as part of Olivier's television series "Laurence Olivier Presents" for the UK's Granada Television.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner had a small role in some all-star Universal films, "Midway" (1976) and "The Concorde ... Airport '79" (1979).


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner's third successful series was "Hart to Hart", which co-starred Stefanie Powers and Lionel Stander and was broadcast on ABC-TV from 1979 to 1984. No one else was seriously considered for the role. George Hamilton had a high profile at the time and was suggested, but producer Aaron Spelling said that if he was cast "the audience will resent him as Hart for being that rich. But no one will begrudge RJ [Wagner] a nickel."


title: Robert Wagner

text: During the series run, Wagner reprised his old Pink Panther role in "Curse of the Pink Panther" (1983). He also had a supporting role in "I Am the Cheese" (1983).


title: Robert Wagner

text: In 1985, he reflected, "Bad-guy roles work if they're really good parts, but they don't come along very often. I think that what I've been doing has worked for me. Sure I'd like to do a Clint Eastwood, grizzled, down-and-out guy, but there aren't many scripts like that... What has been projected for me is an international quality that can take me anywhere and get me into all kind of involvements; to do otherwise would mean a character role."


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner appeared in a TV movie with Audrey Hepburn, "Love Among Thieves" (1987) and in a miniseries with Jaclyn Smith, "Windmills of the Gods" (1988). He and St. John worked with Pierce Brosnan in the miniseries remake of "Around the World in 80 Days" (1989). For Tom Mankiewicz he played a supporting part in "Delirious" (1991). More widely seen was "" (1993), where Wagner played a producer. Wagner played "Love Letters" on stage with Stefanie Powers. They also reprised their Hart characters in a series of TV movies.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner's film career received a boost after his role in the Austin Powers series of spy spoofs starring Mike Myers. Wagner played Dr. Evil's henchman Number 2 in all three films: "" (1997), "" (1999) and "Austin Powers in Goldmember" (2002). He also had small roles in "Wild Things" (1998), "Crazy in Alabama" (1999), "Play It to the Bone" (2000), "Becoming Dick" (2001) and "Sol Goode" (2001).


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner became the host of Fox Movie Channel's "Hour of Stars", featuring original television episodes of "The 20th Century-Fox Hour" (1955), a series which Wagner had appeared on in his early days with the studio. In 2005, Wagner became the television spokesman for the Senior Lending Network, a reverse mortgage lender and in 2010 he began serving as a spokesman for the Guardian First Funding Group, also a reverse mortgage lender. As of June 2011, Guardian First Funding was acquired by Urban Financial Group, who continue to use Mr. Wagner as their spokesperson.


title: Robert Wagner

text: In 2007, Wagner had a role in the BBC/AMC series "Hustle". In season four's premiere, Wagner played a crooked Texan being taken for half a million dollars. As Wagner is considered "a suave icon of American caper television, including "It Takes a Thief" and "Hart to Hart"", Robert Glenister ("Hustle"'s fixer, Ash Morgan) commented that "to have one of the icons of that period involved is a great bonus for all of us". Wagner also played the pivotal role of President James Garfield in the comedy/horror film "Netherbeast Incorporated" (2007). The role was written with Wagner in mind. He had a recurring role of a rich suitor to the main characters' mother on the sitcom "Two and a Half Men". His final appearances on the show were in May 2008.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner has guest-starred in 13 episodes of "NCIS" as Anthony DiNozzo Sr., the father of Anthony DiNozzo Jr., played by Michael Weatherly. Weatherly had previously appeared as Wagner in the TV movie "The Mystery of Natalie Wood".


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner was set to star as Charlie in the 2011 remake of "Charlie's Angels", but had to exit the project due to scheduling conflicts.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Despite his apparent distaste working with Raquel Welch on "The Biggest Bundle of Them All", they reunited 50 years later on the 2017 Canadian series "Date My Dad".


title: Robert Wagner

text: In his memoirs, Wagner claimed to have had affairs with Yvonne De Carlo, Joan Crawford, Elizabeth Taylor, Anita Ekberg, Shirley Anne Field, Lori Nelson, and Joan Collins. He also claimed a four-year romantic relationship with Barbara Stanwyck after they acted together in the movie "Titanic" (1953). According to Wagner, because of their age differences—he was 22, she was 45—they kept the affair secret to avoid damaging their careers. Wagner is known to also have had affairs with men.


title: Robert Wagner

text: In 1956, when he was 26 years old, Wagner became involved with 18-year-old actress Natalie Wood. They were married on December 28, 1957, in Scottsdale, Arizona. At some point during the first half of 1961, according to several published accounts, Wood caught him having an extramarital affair with another man in the couple's home. They announced their separation on June 20, 1961, and divorced on April 27, 1962.


title: Robert Wagner

text: While working on location in Europe, Wagner reconnected with an old friend, actress Marion Marshall. After a two-year courtship, Wagner, Marshall and her two sons from her marriage to Stanley Donen moved back to America. Wagner and Marshall married on July 21, 1963 at the Bronx Courthouse. They had a daughter, Katie (born 1964). They separated in June 1970 and divorced on October 14, 1971.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner was engaged to Tina Sinatra from June 1970 until January 1972. Immediately afterwards, Wagner rekindled his romance with Wood. They remarried on July 16 aboard the "Ramblin' Rose", anchored off Paradise Cove in Malibu. They had a daughter, Courtney (born 1974). Following Wood's death in late 1981, Wagner became the legal guardian of her daughter by producer Richard Gregson, Natasha, then 11. He also gradually cut ties with his former sister-in-law, Lana Wood. Lana has claimed publicly that the reason behind the couple's first divorce was that Natalie caught Wagner in the arms of another man.


title: Robert Wagner

text: On Valentine's Day 1982, Wagner began dating actress Jill St. John, whom he had known since the late 1950s. Wagner's memoir has an early photo of them together, taken in 1959 when they were contract players at Fox. After eight years together, they married on May 26, 1990. The marriage is the fourth for both Wagner and St. John and it has lasted longer than all of their six previous marriages combined. The couple co-starred in six films between 1967 and 2014 – most of them low-budget – and together in the first episode of "Hart to Hart" – and also appeared onstage in a 1996 production of "Love Letters".


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner became a first-time grandfather in 2006 when Katie Wagner, his daughter with Marshall, gave birth to her son Riley John Wagner-Lewis.


title: Robert Wagner

text: In August 2007, Wagner and St. John sold the Brentwood ranchette they'd lived in since 1983 for a reported $14 million. The couple now reside in Aspen, Colorado, where they built a vacation home in 1995. They retain a condo in Los Angeles.


title: Robert Wagner

text: On November 29, 1981, Wood died under mysterious circumstances near, within a mile from, or on the yacht "Splendour" while it was moored near the isthmus of Santa Catalina Island. Wood had been on board the "Splendour" along with Wagner, Christopher Walken, who was co-starring with her in the motion picture "Brainstorm" (1983) and Dennis Davern, the "Splendour"s captain. It has never been explained why Walken's wife Georgianne was not present on the trip. According to Wagner, Wood was not there when he went to bed, and, according to his spokesman, he thought Wood had taken off on a small inflatable boat by herself, as she had done before. Wood's body was found about a mile away from the yacht, while the inflatable boat was found beached nearby. The autopsy report revealed that Wood had 39 fresh bruises on her body, including an abrasion on her left cheek.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Later, in his memoir "Pieces of My Heart", Wagner acknowledged that he had an argument with Wood before she disappeared but had calmed down and gone to bed. The autopsy found that Wood's blood alcohol content was 0.14% and there were traces of two types of medication in her bloodstream: a motion-sickness pill and a painkiller, both of which increase the effects of alcohol. Two witnesses, who had been on another boat nearby, stated they had heard a woman scream for help during the night. Following his investigation, Los Angeles County coroner Thomas Noguchi ruled her death an accident by drowning and hypothermia.


title: Robert Wagner

text: Wagner, Walken, and Davern initially all told detectives that Wood had left in a dinghy to go ashore; the case was reopened in November 2011, however, after Davern publicly stated that he had lied to police during the initial investigation and that Wood and Wagner had had an argument that evening. He alleged that Wood had been flirting with Walken, that Wagner was jealous and enraged, and that following Wood's disappearance, Wagner had prevented Davern from turning on the search lights and notifying authorities. According to Davern, Wagner was responsible for Wood's death and he believed that Wagner had intentionally kept the investigation into Wood's death "low-profile".


title: Robert Wagner

text: In 2012, Los Angeles County Chief Coroner Lakshmanan Sathyavagiswaran amended Wood's death certificate and changed the cause of her death from accidental drowning to "drowning and other undetermined factors.” The amended document included a statement that the circumstances of how Wood ended up in the water are "not clearly established." On January 14, 2013, the Los Angeles County coroner's office issued a ten-page addendum to Wood's autopsy report. It stated that she may have sustained some of the bruises on her body before she went into the water and drowned.


title: Robert Wagner

text: On February 1, 2018, the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department named Wagner a "person of interest" in the investigation into Wood's death. Robert Wagner has denied any involvement in Wood’s death.


title: Robert Wagner

text: In 2022, Wagner was cleared as a suspect, with a LAPD lieutenant being quoted as saying that “All leads in the Natalie Wood case have been exhausted, and the case remains an open, unsolved case."


title: Heather Locklear

text: Heather Deen Locklear (born September 25, 1961) is an American actress famous for her role as Amanda Woodward on "Melrose Place" (1993–1999), for which she received four consecutive Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress – Television Series Drama. She is also known for her role as Sammy Jo Carrington on "Dynasty" from 1981 to 1989, her first major television role, which began a longtime collaboration with producer Aaron Spelling.


title: Heather Locklear

text: Other notable television roles include Officer Stacy Sheridan on "T. J. Hooker" (1982–1986) and Caitlin Moore on "Spin City" (1999–2002), for which she earned two more Golden Globe nominations, this time for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy. She had a recurring role on the TV Land sitcom "Hot in Cleveland" and a main role on the TNT drama-comedy television series "Franklin & Bash" in 2013. Her film roles include the science-fiction thriller "Firestarter" (1984), the action comedy "Money Talks" (1997), the live-action/animated comedy "" (2003) and the romantic comedy "The Perfect Man" (2005).


title: Heather Locklear

text: Heather Deen Locklear was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Diane (née Tinsley), a production executive and Bill Locklear, a UCLA administrator and former Colonel in the United States Marine Corps. She has Lumbee ancestry. Locklear attended UCLA, and pledged Chi Omega and Delta Delta Delta, but was never initiated into either sorority.


title: Heather Locklear

text: While at UCLA, she began modeling and working in commercials for the school store. She made her earliest screen appearances in the early 1980s with small roles in episodes of "CHiPs", "240-Robert" and "Eight Is Enough", before beginning a long-term collaboration with Aaron Spelling. Spelling cast her in the role of Sammy Jo Dean during season 2 of his TV series "Dynasty", and the following year, he cast her in the cop show "T.J. Hooker" with William Shatner. Until the mid-1980s, Locklear appeared as a series regular on "T.J. Hooker", while making semi-regular appearances on "Dynasty". After "T.J. Hooker" ended in 1986, she became a full-time cast member on "Dynasty" until its cancellation in 1989. In 1991, the cast of "Dynasty" (including Locklear) reconvened for the four-hour miniseries "".


title: Heather Locklear

text: Following "Dynasty", Locklear appeared as Drew Barrymore's mother in "Firestarter" (1984) and had a starring role in the 1989 movie "The Return of Swamp Thing" (for which she won the satirical Razzie Award for Worst Actress); she also starred in the short-lived sitcom "Going Places".


title: Heather Locklear

text: In 1993, she began playing another of her best-known roles, Amanda Woodward, on Aaron Spelling's drama series "Melrose Place", which was a spin-off of "Beverly Hills, 90210". Spelling originally signed Locklear for a limited four-episode run, the first of which aired on January 27, 1993. Locklear became a full-time cast member (though she continued to be billed as "Special Guest Star" in the opening credits) until its cancellation in 1999. Throughout her career, Locklear has appeared in eight television productions made by Aaron Spelling: "Dynasty", "T. J. Hooker", "Matt Houston", "Fantasy Island", "The Love Boat", "Hotel", "Melrose Place", and the made-for-TV movie "Rich Men, Single Women".


title: Heather Locklear

text: Locklear was the guest host on "Saturday Night Live" on May 14, 1994. Two of her best-known skits included her as an elderly Jewish woman on "Coffee Talk" with Mike Myers and her acting as Amanda Woodward in a "Wayne's World" skit with Myers, Chris Farley, Adam Sandler, Rob Schneider and Phil Hartman, wherein Wayne has a dream that he is a character on "Melrose Place". Locklear also made a cameo in "Wayne's World 2" in 1993. In 1996, she appeared as the main guest on "Muppets Tonight", performing in a spoof of "Melrose Place" titled "Muppet Heights". She was also the subject of a Lifetime "Intimate Portrait" special in 1997, and of an "E! True Hollywood Story" special in 2004.


title: Heather Locklear

text: Locklear was featured on the cover of "Rolling Stone" magazine on May 19, 1994, as "Melrose Place" reached the height of its popularity. She was named one of "People" Magazine's 50 Most Beautiful People twice, first in 1994, and again in 2001.


title: Heather Locklear

text: After "Melrose Place" ended in 1999, Locklear was cast in the sitcom "Spin City" (initially opposite Michael J. Fox and later opposite Charlie Sheen). Locklear earned two Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Actress in a Television Series – Comedy before the series ended in 2002. In 2002, Locklear had a brief recurring role on the sitcom "Scrubs". In 2003, she starred in a pilot for her own comedy series, "Once Around the Park", but this was unsuccessful. The same year, Locklear appeared in the theatrical film "Uptown Girls". In 2004, Locklear made a guest appearance on the sitcom "Two and a Half Men", which starred her former "Spin City" co-star Charlie Sheen. She then starred in the short-lived television drama series "LAX" set in the airport of the same name. She was also executive producer on the series, but it was cancelled after 11 episodes. In 2005, Locklear appeared in the theatrical film "The Perfect Man" with Hilary Duff. The same year, she had a brief recurring role on the series "Boston Legal", which starred her former "T. J. Hooker" co-star William Shatner. She was also featured in a Biography Channel special. In 2006, Locklear starred in another television pilot, "Women of a Certain Age", but this was unsuccessful. She appeared in the music video for country singer Toby Keith's single "Crash Here Tonight" that same year.


title: Heather Locklear

text: In 2007, Locklear made another pilot for ABC, "See Jayne Run", about a business woman who juggles a career with single motherhood, but this was also unsuccessful. She guest-starred on the series "Hannah Montana" and in the sitcom "Rules of Engagement", and was placed 25th on "TV Guide" and "Entertainment Weekly's" "100 Greatest TV Icons" list.


title: Heather Locklear

text: In 2009, Locklear joined the cast of The CW's updated version of "Melrose Place". Beginning on November 17, 2009, she reprised her role as Amanda Woodward and appeared in eight episodes. Ten years after the end of the original "Melrose Place", Amanda Woodward is now a partner in a public relations firm, and is both mentor and tormentor to a young underling, Ella, played by Katie Cassidy. However, despite Locklear's appearances (along with various other original series regulars), the new show was not a ratings success and was cancelled after one season. In 2011, Locklear starred in the television movie "He Loves Me" on the Lifetime Channel.


title: Heather Locklear

text: In 2012, Locklear began appearing in a recurring role on the TV Land comedy series "Hot in Cleveland". In 2013, she became a regular on the comedy-drama "Franklin & Bash". In 2014, Locklear featured in a public service announcement titled "We Are, Sarah Jones", in memory of camera assistant Sarah Jones who was killed in an accident on the set of "Midnight Rider" on February 20, 2014.


title: Heather Locklear

text: In 2016, Locklear appeared in the television movie "The Game of Love", which aired on UP on May 15, 2016. Later in 2016, it was revealed that Locklear would be guest-starring in a recurring role in Tyler Perry's drama "Too Close to Home" on TLC.


title: Heather Locklear

text: Locklear was married to Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee from May 10, 1986, to 1993. After their divorce, she married Bon Jovi guitarist Richie Sambora, on December 17, 1994, in Paris. She gave birth to their only child, daughter Ava Elizabeth Sambora, on October 4, 1997. Locklear filed for divorce from Sambora in February 2006. The following month Sambora filed for joint custody of their daughter and enforcement of a prenuptial agreement. Their divorce was finalized in April 2007. In the same month, Locklear began a relationship with fellow "Melrose Place" alumnus Jack Wagner. In August 2011, Locklear and Wagner announced they were engaged. The couple called off their engagement by that November.