title: Jakarta

text: Newspapers other than in Indonesian, mainly for a national and global audience, are also published daily. Examples are English-language newspapers "The Jakarta Post" and online-only "The Jakarta Globe". Chinese language newspapers also circulate, such as "Indonesia Shang Bao" (印尼商报), "Harian Indonesia" (印尼星洲日报), and "Guo Ji Ri Bao" (国际日报). The only Japanese language newspaper is "The Daily Jakarta Shimbun" (じゃかるた新聞).


title: Jakarta

text: Around 75 radio stations broadcast in Jakarta, 52 on the FM band, and 23 on the AM band. Radio entities are based in Jakarta, for example, national radio networks MNC Trijaya FM, Prambors FM, Trax FM, I-Radio, Hard Rock FM, Delta FM, Global FM and the public radio RRI; as well as local stations Gen FM, Radio Elshinta and Z99,9.


title: Jakarta

text: Jakarta is the headquarters for Indonesia's public television TVRI as well as private national television networks, such as Metro TV, tvOne, Kompas TV, RCTI and NET. Jakarta has local television channels such as TVRI Jakarta, JakTV, Elshinta TV and KTV. Many TV stations are analogue PAL, but some are now converting to digital signals using DVB-T2 following a government plan to digital television migration.


title: Jakarta

text: Jakarta is administratively equal to a province with special status. The executive branch is headed by an elected governor and a vice governor, while the Jakarta Regional People's Representative Council (, DPRD DKI Jakarta) is the legislative branch with 106 directly elected members. The Jakarta City Hall at the south of Merdeka Square houses the office of the governor and the vice governor, and serves the main administrative office.


title: Jakarta

text: Executive governance consists of five administrative cities (), each headed by a mayor (w"alikota)" and one administrative regency () headed by a regent ("bupati"). Unlike other cities and regencies in Indonesia where the mayor or regent are directly elected, Jakarta's mayors and regents are chosen by the governor. Each city and regency is divided into administrative districts.


title: Jakarta

text: Aside from representatives to the provincial parliament, Jakarta sends 21 delegates to the national lower house parliament. The representatives are elected from Jakarta's three national electoral districts, which also includes overseas voters. It also sends 4 delegates, just like other provinces, to the national upper house parliament.


title: Jakarta

text: The Jakarta Smart City (JSC) program was launched on 14 December 2014 with a goal for smart governance, smart people, smart mobility, smart economy, smart living and a smart environment in the city using the web and various smartphone-based apps.


title: Jakarta

text: The Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Regional Police () is the police force that is responsible to maintain law, security, and order for the Jakarta metropolitan area. It is led by a two-star police general (Inspector General of Police) with the title of "Greater Jakarta Regional Police Chief" (, abbreviated ). Its office is located at Jl. Jenderal Sudirman Kav. 55, Senayan, Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta and their hotline-emergency number is 110.


title: Jakarta

text: The Jayakarta Military Regional Command (, abbreviated ) is the territorial army of the Indonesian Army, which serves as a defence component for Jakarta and its surrounding areas (Greater Jakarta). It is led by an army Major General with the title of "Jakarta Military Regional Commander" (, abbreviated ). The Jakarta Military Command is located at East Jakarta and oversees several military battalions ready for defending the capital city and its vital installations. It also assists the Jakarta Metropolitan Police during certain tasks, such as supporting security during state visits, VVIP security, and riot control.


title: Jakarta

text: The Jakarta provincial government relies on transfers from the central government for the bulk of its income. Local (non-central government) sources of revenue are incomes from various taxes such as vehicle ownership and vehicle transfer fees, among others. The ability of the regional government to respond to Jakarta's many problems is constrained by limited finances.


title: Jakarta

text: The provincial government consistently runs a surplus of between 15 and 20% of planned spending, primarily because of delays in procurement and other inefficiencies. Regular under-spending is a matter of public comment. In 2013, the budget was around Rp 50 trillion ($US5.2 billion), equivalent to around $US380 per citizen. Spending priorities were on education, transport, flood control, environment and social spending (such as health and housing). Jakarta's regional budget (APBD) was Rp 77.1 trillion ($US5.92 billion), Rp 83.2 trillion ($US6.2 billion), and Rp 89 trillion ($US6.35 billion) for the year of 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively.


title: Jakarta

text: Jakarta consists of five "Kota Administratif" (Administrative cities/municipalities), each headed by a mayor, and one "Kabupaten Administratif" (Administrative regency). Each city and regency is divided into districts/Kecamatan. The administrative cities/municipalities of Jakarta are:


title: Jakarta

text: The only administrative regency () of Jakarta is the Thousand Islands (), formerly a district within North Jakarta. It is a collection of 105 small islands located on the Java Sea. It is of high conservation value because of its unique ecosystems. Marine tourism, such as diving, water bicycling, and windsurfing, are the primary tourist activities in this territory. The main mode of transportation between the islands is speed boats or small ferries.


title: Jakarta

text: Jakarta is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean and there to the Upper Adriatic region.


title: Jakarta

text: To transform the city into a more livable one, a ten-year "urban regeneration" project was undertaken, for Rp 571 trillion ($40.5 billion). The project aimed to develop infrastructure, including the creation of a better integrated public transit system and the improvement of the city's clean water and wastewater systems, housing and flood control systems.


title: Jakarta

text: Jakarta has many of the country's best-equipped private and public healthcare facilities. In 2012, Governor of Jakarta Joko Widodo introduced a universal health care program, the 'Healthy Jakarta Card' ("Kartu Jakarta Sehat", KJS). In January 2014, the Indonesian government launched a universal health care system called the "Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional" (JKN), which is run by BPJS Kesehatan. KJS is being integrated into JKN, and KJS cards are still valid as of 2018. As of 2021, 85.55% of the people of Jakarta is covered by JKN.


title: Jakarta

text: Government-run hospitals are of a good standard but are often overcrowded. Government-run specialised hospitals include Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital, as well as community hospitals and puskesmas. Other options for healthcare services include private hospitals and clinics. The private healthcare sector has seen significant changes, as the government began allowing foreign investment in the private sector in 2010. While some private facilities are run by nonprofit or religious organisations, most are for-profit. Hospital chains such as Siloam, Pondok Indah Hospital Group, Mayapada, Mitra Keluarga, Medika, Medistra, Ciputra, and Hermina operate in the city.


title: Jakarta

text: Two private companies, PALYJA and Aetra, provide piped water in the western and eastern half of Jakarta respectively under 25-year concession contracts signed in 1998. A public asset holding company called PAM Jaya owns the infrastructure. Eighty per cent of the water distributed in Jakarta comes through the West Tarum Canal system from Jatiluhur reservoir on the Citarum River, southeast of the city. The water supply was privatised by President Suharto in 1998 to the French company Suez Environnement and the British company Thames Water International. Both companies subsequently sold their concessions to Indonesian companies. Customer growth in the first seven years of the concessions had been lower than before, possibly because of substantial inflation-adjusted tariff increases during this period. In 2005, tariffs were frozen, leading the private water companies to cut down on investments.


title: Jakarta

text: According to PALYJA, the service coverage ratio increased substantially from 34% (1998) to 65% (2010) in its western half of the concession. According to data by the Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body, access in the eastern half of the city served by PTJ increased from about 57% in 1998 to about 67% in 2004 but stagnated afterwards. However, other sources cite much lower access figures for piped water supply to houses, excluding access provided through public hydrants: one study estimated access as low as 25% in 2005, while another estimated it to be as low as 18.5% in 2011. Those without access to piped water get water mostly from wells that are often salty and unsanitary. As of 2017, according to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jakarta had a crisis over clean water.


title: Jakarta

text: Jakarta hosts foreign embassies. Jakarta also serves as the seat of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Secretariat and is ASEAN's diplomatic capital.


title: Jakarta

text: Jakarta is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21, C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group and ASEAN Smart Cities Network.


title: Jakarta

text: Jakarta signed sister city agreements with other cities, including Casablanca. To promote friendship between the two cities, the main avenue famous for its shopping and business centres was named after Jakarta's Moroccan sister city. No street in Casablanca is named after Jakarta. However, the Moroccan capital city of Rabat has an avenue named after Sukarno, Indonesia's first president, to commemorate his visit in 1960 and as a token of friendship.


title: Jakarta

text: Jakarta has established a partnership with Rotterdam, especially on integrated urban water management, including capacity-building and knowledge exchange. This cooperation is mainly because both cities are dealing with similar problems; they lie in low-lying flat plains and are prone to flooding. Additionally, they have both implemented drainage systems involving canals, dams, and pumps vital for both cities for below-sea-level areas.


title: Antony Blinken

text: Antony John Blinken (born April 16, 1962) is an American government official and diplomat serving as the 71st United States secretary of state since January 26, 2021. He previously served as deputy national security advisor from 2013 to 2015 and deputy secretary of state from 2015 to 2017 under President Barack Obama.


title: Antony Blinken

text: During the Clinton administration, Blinken served in the State Department and in senior positions on the National Security Council from 1994 to 2001. He was a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies from 2001 to 2002. He advocated for the 2003 invasion of Iraq while serving as the Democratic staff director of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee from 2002 to 2008. He was a foreign policy advisor for Joe Biden's 2008 presidential campaign, before advising the Obama–Biden presidential transition.


title: Antony Blinken

text: From 2009 to 2013, Blinken served as deputy assistant to the president and national security advisor to the vice president. During his tenure in the Obama administration, he helped craft U.S. policy on Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the nuclear program of Iran. After leaving government service, Blinken moved into the private sector, co-founding WestExec Advisors, a consulting firm.


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken was born on April 16, 1962, in Yonkers, New York, to Jewish parents, Judith (Frehm) and Donald M. Blinken, who later served as U.S. Ambassador to Hungary. His maternal grandparents were Hungarian Jews. Blinken's uncle, Alan Blinken, served as the U.S. ambassador to Belgium. His paternal grandfather, Maurice Henry Blinken, was an early backer of Israel who studied its economic viability, and his great-grandfather was Meir Blinken, a Yiddish writer.


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken attended the Dalton School in New York City until 1971. He then moved to Paris with his mother Judith and Samuel Pisar, whom she married following her divorce from Blinken. In his confirmation hearing, Blinken told the story of his stepfather, who was the only Holocaust survivor of the 900 children of his school in Poland. Pisar found refuge in a U.S. tank after making a break into the forest during a Nazi death march. In Paris, Blinken attended École Jeannine Manuel.


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken attended Harvard University from 1980 to 1984, where he majored in social studies. He co-edited Harvard's daily student newspaper, "The Harvard Crimson," and wrote a number of articles on current affairs. After graduating from Harvard, Blinken worked as an intern for "The New Republic" for about a year. He earned a J.D. from Columbia Law School in 1988 and practiced law in New York City and Paris. Blinken worked with his father to raise funds for Michael Dukakis, the Democratic nominee in the 1988 United States presidential election.


title: Antony Blinken

text: In his monograph "Ally versus Ally: America, Europe, and the Siberian Pipeline Crisis" (1987), Blinken argued that exerting diplomatic pressure on the Soviet Union during the Siberian pipeline crisis was less significant for American interests than maintaining strong relations between the United States and Europe. "Ally versus Ally" was based on Blinken's undergraduate thesis.


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken has held senior foreign policy positions in two administrations over two decades. He was a member of the National Security Council (NSC) staff from 1994 to 2001. From 1994 to 1998, Blinken was Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Strategic Planning and NSC Senior Director for Speechwriting. From 1999 to 2001, he was Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for European and Canadian Affairs.


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken supported the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. In 2002, he was appointed staff director for the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, a position he served in until 2008. Blinken assisted then-Senator Joe Biden, Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, in formulating Biden's support for the U.S. invasion of Iraq, with Blinken characterizing the vote to invade Iraq as "a vote for tough diplomacy".


title: Antony Blinken

text: In the years following the U.S. invasion and occupation of Iraq, Blinken assisted Biden in formulating a proposal in the Senate to establish in Iraq three independent regions divided along ethnic or sectarian lines: a "Shiastan" in the south, a "Sunnistan" in the north, as well as Iraqi Kurdistan. The proposal was overwhelmingly rejected at home, as well as in Iraq, where the prime minister opposed the partition plan.


title: Antony Blinken

text: He was also a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. In 2008, Blinken worked for Joe Biden's presidential campaign, and was a member of the Obama–Biden presidential transition team.


title: Antony Blinken

text: From 2009 to 2013, Blinken was Deputy Assistant to the President and National Security Advisor to the Vice President. In this position he helped craft U.S. policy on Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the nuclear program of Iran. Blinken was sworn in as Deputy National Security Advisor, succeeding Denis McDonough, on January 20, 2013.


title: Antony Blinken

text: On November 7, 2014, President Obama announced that he would nominate Blinken for the deputy secretary post, replacing the retiring William Joseph Burns. On December 16, 2014, Blinken was confirmed as Deputy Secretary of State by the Senate by a vote of 55 to 38.


title: Antony Blinken

text: Of Obama's 2011 decision to kill Osama bin Laden, Blinken said "I've never seen a more courageous decision made by a leader." A 2013 profile described him as "one of the government's key players in drafting Syria policy", for which he served as a public face. Blinken was influential in formulating the Obama administration's response to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in the aftermath of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution.


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken supported the 2011 military intervention in Libya and the supply of weapons to Syrian rebels. He condemned the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt and expressed support for the democratically elected Turkish government and its institutions, but also criticized the 2016–present purges in Turkey. In April 2015, Blinken voiced support for the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen. He said that "as part of that effort, we have expedited weapons deliveries, we have increased our intelligence sharing, and we have established a joint coordination planning cell in the Saudi operation centre."


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken worked with Biden on requests for American money to replenish Israel's arsenal of Iron Dome interceptor missiles during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. In May 2015, Blinken criticized the persecution of Muslims in Myanmar and warned Myanmar's leaders about the dangers of anti-Muslim legislation, saying that Rohingya Muslims "should have a path to citizenship. The uncertainty that comes from not having any status is one of the things that may drive people to leave."


title: Antony Blinken

text: In June 2015, Blinken claimed that more than ten thousand ISIL fighters had been killed by American-led airstrikes against the Islamic State since a U.S.-led coalition launched a campaign against it nine months ago.


title: Antony Blinken

text: In 2017, Blinken co-founded WestExec Advisors, a political strategy advising firm, with Michèle Flournoy, Sergio Aguirre, and Nitin Chadda. WestExec's clients have included Google's Jigsaw, Israeli artificial-intelligence company Windward, surveillance drone manufacturer Shield AI, which signed a $7.2million contract with the Air Force, and ""Fortune" 100 types". According to "Foreign Policy", the firm's clientele includes "the defense industry, private equity firms, and hedge funds". Blinken received almost $1.2million in compensation from WestExec.


title: Antony Blinken

text: In an interview with "The Intercept", Flournoy described WestExec's role as facilitating relationships between Silicon Valley firms and the Department of Defense and law enforcement; Flournoy and others compared WestExec to Kissinger Associates.


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken, as well as other Biden transition team members Michele Flournoy, former Pentagon advisor, and Lloyd Austin, Secretary of Defense, are partners of private equity firm Pine Island Capital Partners, a strategic partner of WestExec. Pine Island's chairman is John Thain, the final chairman of Merrill Lynch before its sale to Bank of America. Blinken went on leave from Pine Island in August 2020 to join the Biden campaign as a senior foreign policy advisor. He said he would divest himself of his equity stake in Pine Island if confirmed for a position in the Biden administration.


title: Antony Blinken

text: During the final stretch of Biden's presidential campaign, Pine Island raised $218million for a special-purpose acquisition company (SPAC), a public offering to invest in "defense, government service and aerospace industries" and COVID-19 relief, which the firm's prospectus (initially filed with the U.S. SEC in September and finalized on November 13, 2020) predicted would be profitable as the government looked to private contractors to address the pandemic. Thain said he chose the other partners because of their "access, network and expertise".


title: Antony Blinken

text: In a December 2020 New York Times article raising questions about potential conflicts of interest between WestExec principals, Pine Island advisors, including Blinken, and service in the Biden administration, critics called for full disclosure of all WestExec/Pine Island financial relationships, divestiture of ownership stakes in companies bidding on government contracts or enjoying existing contracts, and assurances that Blinken and others recuse themselves from decisions that might advantage their previous clients.


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and was previously a global affairs analyst for CNN.


title: Antony Blinken

text: On November 22, 2020, Bloomberg News reported that Biden had selected Blinken as his nominee for secretary of state. These reports were later corroborated by "The New York Times" and other outlets. On November 24, upon being announced as Biden's choice for secretary of state, Blinken said, "We can't solve all the world's problems alone [and] we need to be working with other countries." He had earlier remarked in a September 2020 interview with the Associated Press that "democracy is in retreat around the world, and unfortunately it's also in retreat at home because of the president taking a two-by-four to its institutions, its values and its people every day."


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken's confirmation hearing before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee began on January 19, 2021. His nomination was confirmed by the committee on January 25 with a vote of 15–3. On January 26, Blinken was confirmed in the full Senate by a vote of 78–22. Blinken took the oath of office of the secretary of state later that day. In doing so, he became the third former deputy secretary of state to serve as the Secretary of State, after Lawrence Eagleburger and Warren Christopher in 1992 and 1993, respectively.


title: Antony Blinken

text: On January 31, 2021, Blinken condemned the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état and expressed grave concerns on the detention of government officials and civil society leaders, calling for their immediate release. He stated that, "the United States will continue to take firm action against those who perpetrate violence against the people of Burma as they demand the restoration of their democratically elected government."


title: Antony Blinken

text: In February 2021, having spoken to president Ashraf Ghani, Blinken voiced support for Afghan peace negotiations with Taliban Islamist rebels and reiterated the United States' commitment to a peace deal that includes a "just and durable political settlement and permanent and comprehensive ceasefire."


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken made an unannounced visit to Kabul on April 15 and met with U.S. military and diplomatic personnel following the Biden administration's announcement of the 2021 withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan. He said the decision to withdraw from Afghanistan was made to focus resources on China and the COVID-19 pandemic. He faced calls to resign as secretary of state following the US withdrawal from Afghanistan.


title: Antony Blinken

text: In August 2021, Blinken rejected comparisons between the deteriorating situation in Afghanistan due to the Taliban offensive, which started in May 2021 after U.S. and coalition military forces began withdrawing from Afghanistan, and the chaotic American departure from Saigon in 1975, saying that "We went to Afghanistan 20 years ago with one mission, and that mission was to deal with the folks who attacked us on 9/11 and we have succeeded in that mission."


title: Antony Blinken

text: In February 2021, Blinken condemned ethnic cleansing in the Tigray region of northern Ethiopia and called for the immediate withdrawal of Eritrean forces and other fighters.


title: Antony Blinken

text: In the midst of the Biden administration's continuing review of the normalization agreement between Morocco and Israel enacted during the previous administration, Blinken maintained that the recognition of Morocco's sovereignty over the disputed territory of Western Sahara, which was annexed by Morocco in 1975, will not be reversed imminently. During internal discussions, he supported improving relations between the two countries and expressed urgency in appointing a United Nations envoy to Western Sahara.


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken spoke with the interim president of Venezuela, Juan Guaidó, whom the Biden administration will continue to recognize as the country's head of state and not Nicolás Maduro.


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken made his first international trip with Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin to Tokyo and Seoul on March 15, during which he warned China against coercion and aggression. He also condemned the Chinese government for committing genocide against ethnic Uyghurs.


title: Antony Blinken

text: In July 2021, the Biden administration accused China of a global cyberespionage campaign, which Blinken said posed "a major threat to our economic and national security".


title: Antony Blinken

text: In late April 2021, Blinken denounced the sentencing of Hong Kong pro-democracy activists Jimmy Lai, Albert Ho, and Lee Cheuk-yan among others, for their roles in the 2019 Hong Kong protests, calling it a "politically-motivated" decision.


title: Antony Blinken

text: In May 2022, Blinken stated that "China is the one country that has the intention as well as the economic, technological, military and diplomatic means to advance a different vision of international order."


title: Antony Blinken

text: In May 2021, Blinken traveled to London and Reykjavík for the G7 Foreign and Development Ministers' meeting and the Arctic Council Ministerial meeting respectively. In a meeting with president Volodymyr Zelensky and foreign minister Dmytro Kuleba in Kyiv, Blinken reaffirmed support for Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity against "Russian aggression". During the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Blinken expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself but warned that evicting Palestinian families from their homes in East Jerusalem is among the actions that could further escalate outbreaks of violence and retaliation. He, along with the United Nations Security Council, called for full adherence to the truce and stressed the immediate need for humanitarian aid for Palestinian civilians while reiterating the need for a two-state solution. Following the ceasefire and coinciding Blinken's visit to Jerusalem on May 25, the transfer of food and medical supplies furnished by the United Nations and Physicians for Human Rights, aid workers, and journalists were permitted into the Gaza Strip.


title: Antony Blinken

text: The decision to waive sanctions against Nord Stream AG and its chief executive Matthias Warnig, subsequent to the completion of the Nord Stream 2 natural gas pipeline, drew congressional criticisms. Blinken defended the action as pragmatic and practical to U.S. interests and remarked that proceeding otherwise would be counterproductive with European relations. In June 2021, Blinken traveled with Biden to attend the 47th G7 summit in Cornwall, the 31st NATO summit in Brussels, and the summit meeting with president Vladimir Putin in Geneva. Blinken and Biden both acknowledged that relations between the U.S. and Russia were at their lowest point, and a more predictable relationship remained a key priority. However, he signaled that further punitive actions would be enforced if the Russian government chose to continue with hostile activities such as interference in the 2020 presidential elections, the SolarWinds cyberattack, or the apparent poisoning and imprisonment of Alexei Navalny. Of the administration's decision to forgo a joint press conference after the summit, Blinken explained that it was "the most effective way" and "not a rare practice".


title: Antony Blinken

text: Later that month, Blinken traveled to Brussels for a NATO Ministerial with European Union counterparts to underscore the Biden administration's determination to strengthen transatlantic alliances.


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken has been a co-chair of the Trade and Technology Council since its creation in 2021 to encourage trade relation with the European Union.


title: Antony Blinken

text: In January 2022, Blinken authorized the supply of weapons to Ukraine to support the Eastern European country in amid border tensions with Russia. On February 11, Blinken publicly warned about the likelihood of a Russian invasion of Ukraine prior to the end the 2022 Winter Olympics. On February 13, Blinken said the risk of invasion was "high enough and the threat is imminent enough" that the evacuation of most staff from the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv was "the prudent thing to do". In September 2022, Blinken pledged that the United States would help the Ukrainian military retake Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine. He criticized Vladimir Putin's threats to use nuclear weapons, saying that "Russia has gotten itself into the mess that it’s in is because there is no one in the [autocratic] system to effectively tell Putin he’s doing the wrong thing."


title: Antony Blinken

text: Speaking about the 2022 Russian mobilization, he said that mobilized Russian civilians were being treated as "cannon fodder that Putin is trying to throw into the war." On 21 October 2022, Blinken said the United States saw no willingness on the side of Russia to end its war in Ukraine by diplomatic means, despite American attempts.


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken and the Biden administration have been criticized for the handling of Americans who are wrongfully imprisoned abroad. Families of U.S. detainees in the Middle East were upset that they were left off of a call with Secretary Blinken. In July 2022, Blinken had a meeting with Sergey Lavrov to discuss a prisoner swap to secure the release of Paul Whelan (security director) and Brittney Griner. Blinken has met with the Bring Our Families Home campaign, a coalition of families with loved ones detained abroad.


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken, along with the work of Special Presidential Envoy of Hostage Affairs Roger D. Carstens, has negotiated the release of over a dozen Americans wrongfully detained or held hostage abroad including Trevor Reed, Danny Fenster, Baquer Namazi, the entire Citgo Six, Osman Khan, Matthew John Heath, Mark Frerichs, and Jorge Alberto Fernández.


title: Antony Blinken

text: As foreign policy advisor to then 2020 Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden, "The New York Times" described Blinken as "ha[ving] Biden's ear on policy issues". Blinken has asserted that "[Biden] would not tie military assistance to Israel to things like annexation or other decisions by the Israeli government with which we might disagree". Blinken praised the Trump administration-brokered normalization agreements between Israel and Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates. On October 28, 2020, Blinken reaffirmed that a Biden administration will undertake strategic review of the relationship between the United States and Saudi Arabia, ensuring that it advances U.S interests and values. In January 2021, Blinken has stated the Biden administration would keep the American embassy to Israel in Jerusalem and would seek a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken is in favor of continuing non-nuclear sanctions against Iran and described it as "a strong hedge against Iranian misbehavior in other areas". He criticized former president Trump's withdrawal of the U.S. from the international nuclear agreement with Iran and expressed support for a "longer and stronger" nuclear deal. Blinken did not rule out a military intervention to stop Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons.


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken has been critical of the Trump administration in aiding China to advance its own key strategic goals. He stated: "[Trump] weaken[ed] American alliances, leaving a vacuum in the world for China to fill, abandoning our values and giving China a green light to trample on human rights and democracy from Xinjiang to Hong Kong". However, he also credited the former president's administration for its aggressive approach and has characterized China as a "techno-autocracy" which seeks world dominance. He indicated a desire to welcome political refugees from Hong Kong and stated that the Biden administration's commitment to Taiwan's defense would "absolutely endure", and that China's use of military force against Taiwan "would be a grievous mistake on their part". Blinken has also viewed China is committing genocide and crimes against humanity against Uyghur Muslims and other ethnic minorities in its northwestern region of Xinjiang. Blinken has characterized former president Trump's Phase One trade deal with China as "a debacle". He said it was unrealistic to "fully decouple" from China and has expressed support for "stronger economic ties with Taiwan".


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken has indicated American interest in robust ties between itself, Greece, Israel, and Cyprus regarding the Eastern Mediterranean Security and Energy Partnership Act and acknowledged the threats posed by an expansionist Turkey, which is "not acting like an ally". He opposed Turkish president Recep Erdogan's call for "a two-state solution in Cyprus", saying the Biden administration is committed to the reunification of Cyprus. Blinken has also suggested that he would consider sanctioning the Erdogan administration. Blinken reaffirmed his support of keeping NATO's door open for Georgia, a country in the Caucasus, and raised the argument that NATO member countries have been more effectively shielded from "Russian aggression".


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken expressed his support of extending the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty with Russia to limit the number of deployed strategic nuclear warheads. Blinken said the Biden administration will "review" security assistance to Azerbaijan due to the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war between Azerbaijan and Armenia over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh and voiced his support for "the provision to Armenia of security assistance".


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken is opposed to the United Kingdom's separation from the European Union and has referred to it as a "total mess" with consequences adverse to U.S. interest. Blinken expressed concern over perceived human rights violations in Egypt under the presidency of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. He condemned the arrest of three employees for the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights organization, saying that "meeting with foreign diplomats is not a crime. Nor is peacefully advocating for human rights." Referring to the re-instated Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, declared by the Taliban following their 2021 capture of Kabul, Blinken has stated that the United States will not recognize any government that harbors terrorist groups or that does not uphold basic human rights.


title: Antony Blinken

text: Blinken is Jewish. In 2002, Blinken and Evan Ryan were married in an interfaith ceremony officiated by a rabbi and a priest at Holy Trinity Catholic Church in Washington, D.C. They have two children. Blinken is fluent in French. He plays guitar and has three songs available on Spotify by the alias ABlinken (pronounced "Abe Lincoln").


title: 83 (film)

text: 83 is a 2021 Indian Hindi language biopic sports drama film written and directed by Kabir Khan and produced by Deepika Padukone, Kabir Khan, Vishnu Vardhan Induri, Sajid Nadiadwala, Reliance Entertainment. Based on the India national cricket team led by Kapil Dev, which won the 1983 Cricket World Cup, the film's story and dialogues were co-written by Khan, along with Sanjay Puran Singh Chauhan, Vasan Bala and Sumit Arora. The film's sports action was directed by Rob Miller. This movie features an ensemble cast of Ranveer Singh, Deepika Padukone, Jiiva, Pankaj Tripathi, Tahir Raj Bhasin, Saqib Saleem, Jatin Sarna, Chirag Patil, Dinker Sharma, Nishant Dahiya, Harrdy Sandhu, Sahil Khattar, Ammy Virk, Adinath Kothare, Dhairya Karwa and R. Badree.


title: 83 (film)

text: Phantom Films which owned the rights for the film, with its co-producers Madhu Mantena and Vishnu Vardhan Induri formally met the Indian squad of 1983 during mid-July 2016, and its frontman Kapil Dev, where they signed a Memorandum of understanding (MoU) to make the official biopic. In September 2017, Reliance Entertainment joined the film's producers and officially announced the biopic with members of the winning team, where Singh and Khan brought on board. Following an extensive casting and pre-production process, the film began principal photography on 5 June 2019, where it was majorly shot in and around England for three months and a brief schedule took place in India, before filming being wrapped up on 7 October.


title: 83 (film)

text: Earlier locked for cinema release in April 2020, the film was pushed from its release date several times due to the casting and pre-production works that delayed filming, and also due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India, thus resulting the film to be delayed entirely till 2021. It premiered at the Red Sea International Film Festival on 15 December and released worldwide on 24 December 2021 (Christmas Eve) in conventional 2D and 3D formats, distributed by Reliance Entertainment and PVR Pictures in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam languages, apart from the original version. The film received critical acclaim from critics and audiences alike, praising the performances of the cast, screenplay, direction and technical aspects. Despite the positive reviews, the film was unsuccessful at the Indian box office, although it became the highest grossing Hindi film of 2021 in overseas.


title: 83 (film)

text: At the 67th Filmfare Awards, "83" received 14 nominations, including Best Director (Khan), Best Supporting Actor (Tripathi) and Best Male Playback Singer (Arijit Singh for "Lehra Do"), and won 2 awards – Best Actor (Ranveer Singh) and Best Lyricist (Munir for "Lehra Do").


title: 83 (film)

text: The film begins with a black-and-white opening sequence of the 1983 Cricket World Cup Final on 25 June 1983 between India and West Indies. During the second innings when India is fielding, Madan Lal bowls toward Viv Richards who is on strike. Richards lofts the ball in the air for a six but results in getting caught out by Kapil Dev.


title: 83 (film)

text: The film then shifts to 30 May 1983 at the BCCI office in Mumbai where the BCCI officials get an invitation to the Cricket World Cup. Sunil Gavaskar is dropped from captaincy and Kapil Dev is made the captain. The cricketers who are in the squad namely Dev, Mohinder Amarnath, Kirti Azad, Madan Lal, and Sunil Valson are already there in England playing County Cricket.


title: 83 (film)

text: Along with the team manager PR Man Singh, the rest of the team which includes Gavaskar, Krishnamachari Srikkanth, Syed Kirmani, Sandeep Patil, Dilip Vengsarkar, Yashpal Sharma, Roger Binny, Ravi Shastri and Balwinder Singh Sandhu reach London where they witness the West Indies Cricket Team the two-time World Cup winners, being hounded by photographers at the airport. After they reach the hotel they join the rest of their teammates.


title: 83 (film)

text: The team fails horribly during the four warm-up matches which leads to doubts being raised about the performance of the Indian team in the Group Stage of the World Cup itself. During the press conference, Dev confidently tells the reporters that his team is here to win. During a training session of the West Indies team, the Indian team witnesses their four deadly fast bowlers namely Michael Holding, Andy Roberts, Malcolm Marshall, and Joel Garner who were known for delivering deadly bouncers to the batsmen. At the ceremony in Buckingham Palace, the Queen wishes the teams luck and the teams proceed for a group photograph. On the way back to their hotel on the bus, Dev gives an inspirational speech during the team meeting in broken English.


title: 83 (film)

text: The World Cup starts with India being placed in Group B alongside the strong teams Australia and West Indies. Zimbabwe who turns out to be making their World Cup debut is also placed in the same group. India unexpectedly win their first match against West Indies by 34 runs at Old Trafford, Manchester with Yashpal Sharma being the Player of the Match for his contribution of 89 runs (which was also the highest individual score put up by an Indian cricketer at that time). The teammates later celebrate at a bar that night. They also manage to win their next match against Zimbabwe by 5 wickets at Grace Road, Leicester thereby leading to the rise in the expectations of the Indian fans. Patil scores a half-century and Madan Lal is named as the Player of the Match.


title: 83 (film)

text: However, the team becomes over-confident and loses their next match against Australia by a huge margin of 162 runs. Dev is disappointed with the team's performance, especially with Roger's performance, and Gavaskar is unable to play due to his leg injury.


title: 83 (film)

text: With Gavaskar's absence, the following match with West Indies turns out to be a brutal one as in the first innings, Viv Richards thrashes out the Indian bowlers severely thereby making a score of 119 runs off 146 deliveries. The second innings seems to be more violent when Malcolm Marshall bowls deadly bouncers to the Indian batsmen and one of the bouncers hits Dilip Vengsarkar on his chin, injuring him. Mohinder Amarnath puts up a score of 80 runs by bravely facing the bouncers but India lose the match by 66 runs. The morale of the team is shattered. It is further shattered as Vengsarkar is ruled out from remaining World Cup matches due to his injury which resulted in seven stitches. The disheartened team in the bus is stuck on the route because of the West Indies crowd celebrating and blocking the way. However, they see a young Indian boy waving a homemade Indian flag which moves the team to tears and raises their spirits.


title: 83 (film)

text: The next match against Zimbabwe on 18 June at Trent Bridge, Nottingham is a do-or-die one as India will be eliminated from the tournament if they lose. The wives of the cricketers also turn up to show their support as it is thought to be their last match. Gavaskar is back in the team recovering from his injury. India opens up with a shaky start, making 9 runs at the cost of 4 wickets. Dev steps in a hurry onto the field without the helmet as he was taking a shower. While walking to the pitch he sees the disheartened Indian crowd. He then starts scoring runs but the wickets keep falling. During the lunch break, Dev takes out the Mongoose bat which enables him to hit more powerful shots and gives a better counterattack to the bowlers. He then starts hitting boundaries continuously. Dev then makes a world record of 175 runs (which was previously 171 runs made by Glenn Turner in the 1975 World Cup) and is received with a standing ovation from the crowd and the umpire. India makes a score of 266 runs which Zimbabwe fail to achieve which leads to India winning the match by 31 runs and also retaining their place in the tournament.


title: 83 (film)

text: A party is held by the High Commissioner in which all the team members show up except for Binny who does not turn up because he is disappointed by Dev constantly chiding him for his bowling performance during net practice. At the party, Srikkanth jokes around and humorously tells the crowd that Dev had gone mad because he told them that they would beat the West Indies which is the strongest team in the cricketing world, but then he says that he has faith in his captain and he would only go home with winning the World Cup.


title: 83 (film)

text: The final Group Stage Match with Australia at County Ground, Chelmsford on 20 June is an easy win for India as they win by a huge margin of 118 runs with Binny being the Player of the Match for his contribution of taking 4 wickets, praises Captain. India qualifies for the semi-final and this creates a wave of excitement across the country as India managed to qualify for the semi-final for the first time. The Prime Minister Indira Gandhi orders her ministry to ensure that every town and village in the country gets a television service so that the semi-final match can be broadcast.


title: 83 (film)

text: Before the semi-final, Sandhu is disappointed as his engagement with his fiancée Simran has been called off because of his living conditions and low salary. This affects his performance in the semi-final.


title: 83 (film)

text: During the semi-final with England, Amarnath and Kirti Azad choke off England's supply of runs by taking wickets. Azad takes the wicket of Ian Botham in which the ball surprisingly spins low towards the ground. England is restricted to a score of 213 all out. In the second inning Amarnath and Sharma build up runs for India, however, Amarnath is run out. During the partnership of Dev and Patil when 4 runs are needed to win, there is a premature invasion on the field by Indian fans. This causes the English captain Bob Willis to set his fielders on the left side so that they can escape if there is another invasion. Patil hits a four and India qualifies for the finals of the 1983 World Cup. Amarnath is named the Player of the Match


title: 83 (film)

text: This creates further excitement back in India as this win was seemed as unexpected one. On 25 June at Lords, India faces the West Indies again for the final with the latter winning the toss and choosing to bowl. In the beginning, Indian batsmen are restricted severely by the bowlers with Gavaskar getting dismissed for 1 run, but Srikkanth aggressively scores 38 runs making him the highest scorer for the Indian team. However, the team is all out for 183 making it the lowest score in the World Cup final. Dev inspires his team to restrict the West Indies batsmen from scoring runs. The team steps onto the field with a rousing reception in the common room. In the second inning, Sandhu takes the wicket of Gordon Greenidge which gives India a lead. However, Richards launches a barrage of boundaries especially when Madan Lal is bowling. Madan Lal asks Dev to let him bowl another over as Richards underestimates him and Dev gives him another over to bowl. He bowls to Richards and Richards lofts in the air for six (as shown in the opening sequence of the film) but is caught out by Dev. This proves to be the turning point of the match. With Richards dismissed, the wickets of West Indies fall rapidly with Amarnath taking 3 wickets. When West Indies are 9 wickets down, Amarnath bowls to the Holding who's the last batsman. Holding misses it and the ball is hit on the pads. Amarnath and the whole team appeal for the dismissal and Holding is given out leading to India winning the World Cup. The squad rushes towards the dressing room and the jubilant crowd rushes over on the ground and celebrations begin all over the country. A young boy (who turns out to be none other than young Sachin Tendulkar) back in Mumbai makes a promise that he would play for the Indian cricket team. The Prime Minister tells the media that this win shows that Indians can do anything which is impossible. Amarnath is named Player of the Match and Dev lifts the trophy along with the Indian team.


title: 83 (film)

text: The real Kapil Dev telling his experience after they won the World Cup while the credits are rolling. P.R. Man Singh tells that a journalist named David Frith wrote in the beginning that if India won the World Cup he would eat his words and after the win at 4. a.m. in the morning Man Singh wrote a letter to Frith, telling him to live up to his promise and a month later Frith went to Lords with wine and ate up the article he wrote. A montage of images of the Indian Cricket Team is followed after that.


title: 83 (film)

text: A film based on the 1983 Cricket World Cup and India's win at the tournament was announced on mid-July 2016, with the rights for the production being purchased by Phantom Films — a joint production company owned by Madhu Mantena, featuring the collaborations of directors Anurag Kashyap, Vikas Bahl and Vikramaditya Motwane. Vishnu Vardhan Induri, the founder and managing director of Celebrity Cricket League, also expressed his interest in co-producing the film, citing his passion for cricket. It is touted to be the first venture of his newly formed production house, Vibri Media. The squad members of the 1983 team, along with former Indian cricketer Kapil Dev met the producers at a suburban hotel in Mumbai, discussing about the film. In the process, the two production companies had signed a Memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the 1983 team to make an official biopic, where according to the norms, the producers will get to use the actual names of the players as well as use real incidents from their lives. In an official statement regarding the biopic, Dev stated that "the journey of the 1983 team is a story of inspiration which proves that one can achieve anything if they aim for it and work for it no matter what the world thinks".


title: 83 (film)

text: Despite the official announcement, the makers were yet to finalise the cast and crew members and the director of the project. Rumours surfaced that Kabir Khan will direct the project and either Ranveer Singh, Arjun Kapoor or Sushant Singh Rajput will play the role of Kapil Dev. When Khan was asked about his role in the biopic, he stated that "he was fascinated on the story of India's journey at the 1983 Cricket World Cup" but remained silent on the claims of directing the film. Akshay Kumar was also rumoured to act in the film, which was later declined. On 25 September 2017, Phantom Films announced that Singh would play the role of Kapil Dev, and Kabir Khan too confirmed that he will direct the film.


title: 83 (film)

text: A launch event was hosted at JW Marriott Mumbai on 27 September 2017 by Reliance Entertainment and Vibri Media to announce the biopic officially under the title 83. Singh and the entire former team that won the Cricket World Cup in 1983 were present at the event. Speaking at the event, Khan said that the makers will begin pre-production and location scouting by late-November 2017, and has planned to shoot the film in real locations, in order to create authenticity and also "to give youngsters to celebrate the milestone in the history of Indian Cricket which happened when many were not even born".


title: 83 (film)

text: This film was considered to be one of the last productions of Phantom Films, the other being "Super 30" (2019) and "Ghoomketu" (2020). The company dissolved in October 2018 after its response to a sexual assault allegation on Bahl by a former women employee of the company, and its collaborators later moved to work on independent projects. Bahl was ousted from the project. In May 2019, Sajid Nadiadwala joined the film as one of the co-producers.


title: 83 (film)

text: The casting and pre-production works were delayed extensively as Kabir Khan wanted "a cast that authenticates the 1983 Indian squad". Initially, Vicky Kaushal was rumoured to play a prominent role in the film, but Kaushal denied Khan's offer due to his commitments in "" (2019). Similarly, Allu Arjun and Vijay Deverakonda too were considered to play the role of Krishnamachari Srikkanth, both declining the offer. Later, Tamil actor Jiiva was signed to reprise Srikkanth, marking his Hindi debut. His inclusion was officially confirmed on late-January 2019. On 23 January, Punjabi actor-singer Ammy Virk was signed to play the role of Balwinder Sandhu. The makers further cast Tahir Raj Bhasin and ex-cricketer and singer Harrdy Sandhu, to play the roles of Sunil Gavaskar and Madan Lal respectively. Chirag Patil, son of former cricketer and a member of 1983 Indian cricket squad, Sandeep Patil reprised his father's role for the film, thereby making his acting debut.


title: 83 (film)

text: The casting process continued till mid-February 2019, with Saqib Saleem playing the role of Mohinder Amarnath, and Dhairya Karwa was assigned to reprise Ravi Shastri. Pankaj Tripathi roped in to play PR Man Singh, former cricketer, who managed the Indian Cricket Team playing for 1983 World Cup. Vijay Varma was initially reported to play Roger Binny, but the role went to Nishant Dahiya. Amiya Dev, Kapil Dev's daughter joined as an assistant director to Kabir Khan. R. Badree, who acted in Khan's web-series The Forgotten Army, assigned to play the role of Sunil Valson. In mid-April 2019, Adinath Kothare was assigned to play Dilip Vengsarkar, and Jatin Sarna was signed in to play Yashpal Sharma. Mali Marshall was cast to play his father and West Indies fast bowler Malcolm Marshall. In May 2019, Pritam was announced as the music director, and in June, Deepika Padukone joined the cast as Kapil Dev's wife, Romi Bhatia, while also co-producing the film. While Katrina Kaif was initially rumoured to play the role, Khan stated that she was never in talks for the film.


title: 83 (film)

text: '83' likewise stars Deepika Padukone, Pankaj Tripathi, Tahir Raj Bhasin, Jiiva, Saqib Saleem, Jatin Sarna, Chirag Patil, Dinker Sharma, Nishant Dahiya, Harrdy Sandhu, Sahil Khattar, Ammy Virk, Adinath Kothare, Dhairya Karwa, and R Badree.


title: 83 (film)

text: Singh began preparing for the role during mid-August 2018, and learnt lessons from former professional cricketer Sachin Tendulkar. Khan also joined the team at the Lord's Cricket Stadium in St John's Wood, London where he began pre-production works on the film. He also trained under the guidance of Kapil Dev, to fit for his role in the film. When the final cast being announced, former cricketer-politician Kirti Azad gave to Khan on how they enact the former cricketers on-screen. He further gave inputs on his former teammates nature and mannerisms. In March 2019, the team underwent practice sessions at Mumbai for 3 hours, starting from 7:0010:00 AM, while Singh prepared for an extra hour. The training sessions consisted of physical, skill training and establishing different styles. A source from "The Indian Express" said that "Ranveer practiced for about 2 hours every alternate day with Balwinder Singh Sandhu. Post that, they discuss the mindset of the 1983 team during the tournament and dissect Kapil Dev's captaincy that Balwinder saw from close quarters." Then, in April 2019, the cast trained at cricket with former cricketers Balwinder Sandhu and Yashpal Sharma, at a camp at Dharamshala Cricket Stadium for 10 days. He was further trained with Kapil Dev at Delhi in May 2019, closer to the start of the film's shoot, and also attended practice sessions at Lord's in June 2019.


title: 83 (film)

text: Khan announced that the filming would start in London and will be extensively shot there for three months, starting from May 2019. The entire cast flew to London on 28 May to become part of the shooting schedule. Principal photography began on 5 June at Glasgow, Scotland where filming took place for one week. Padukone joined film team in Glasgow for her part of shooting. On 25 June 2019, celebrating the anniversary of India's win at the 1983 Cricket World Cup, Khan stated about the shooting of the climax scene, which was the finals, saying that, the shooting will begin after 2019 Cricket World Cup tournament (14 July 2019). Filming also took place at the Nevill Ground, Royal Tunbridge Wells. On 4 July, Pankaj Tripathi stated that he wrapped the shooting of the film.


title: 83 (film)

text: On 17 July, post the 2019 World Cup Final, the team began preparation for shooting for the climax scene with Chirag Patil, sharing behind-the-scenes video from the practice sessions. The team went to Lord's stadium in late-August to shoot the climax scene for five days, and after its completion, the team wrapped the three-month filming schedule in London on 1 September 2019. The team returned to India, to shoot few sequences for the film at Mumbai. On 10 September 2019, the team kickstarted the second and final schedule of the film. Padukone finished her portion of shooting in mid-September. The filming was completed on 7 October 2019.


title: 83 (film)

text: The film's soundtrack is composed by Pritam, who worked with Kabir Khan's previous films including "New York" (2009), "Bajrangi Bhaijaan", "Phantom" (2015) and "Tubelight" (2017). The film score is composed by Julius Packiam. Pritam began composing for the film's soundtrack during mid-2019, and complete within mid-2021. The original soundtrack featured 14 compositions, with six original tunes, five alternatives and three instrumentals. Lyrics for the songs are written by Kausar Munir, Jaideep Sahni, Prashant Ingole and Ashish Pandit, and vocals were provided by Arijit Singh, Benny Dayal, Tushar Joshi, Krishnakumar Kunnath, Amit Mishra, Papon and Raghav Chaitanya. The songs — "Lehra Do" and "Bigadne Do" — were released as lead singles from the album on 6 and 13 December 2021 respectively. The full soundtrack album was released on 23 December by Zee Music Company label, a day prior to the film's release.


title: 83 (film)

text: Prior to the shooting of the film, in October 2017, Singh, Khan and Phantom Films signed a contract with Bartle Bogle Hegarty (BBH), a British-based creative agency, for bring branded entertainment and strategic partnerships. On 6 July 2019, coinciding Singh's birthday, he released a still from the film, featuring him transforming as Kapil Dev. His look received praise from fans and celebrities alike. On 10 January 2020, the promotions for the film kickstarted with the first title logo being launched. The character posters from the film were launched starting from 11 January. On 25 January 2020, the cast and crew members along with the former 1983 Indian cricket team attended a special event held at Sathyam Cinemas, Chennai to launch the first look from the film, with Kamal Haasan as the chief guest. The official trailer of the film released on 30 November 2021, which coincided with the launch event in Mumbai. The trailer was attached with the prints of "Tadap".


title: 83 (film)

text: The makers collaborated with several brands to promote the film including, Mobil, Aqua Pura Mountain Water, Fevicol, Carrera Eyewear, Tide, KromaColor, Nestlé, Rupa Company, Finolex and Toothsi. A source from Reliance Entertainment, stated that "83 is one of the major films that has roped in multiple brands, in the post-pandemic era. We have roped in close to 35 brands for the perimeter branding, in-film associations, and out-of-film placement. These brand tie-ups are a good strategy for us to garner more media and also it helps the film to reach more audiences and territories." It has been reported that the cost of out-of-film and in-film branding is estimated to be to . Even before the theatrical release, in March 2021, Singh and Kabir Khan, in collaboration with Indian tennis sportsperson, Mahesh Bhupathi launched a merchandise brand based on the film named as "83 Believe". The brand is reportedly valued around , becoming the widest consumer product range launched by any film-based property in India.


title: 83 (film)

text: The film's team launched stills and trailer of the film at Burj Khalifa in Dubai, as a part of the promotions. On 23 December, the team further launched collectibles based on the film through non-fungible tokens (NFT) — which includes autographed physical cricket memorabilia, video scenes, animated digital avatars, and unseen posters and images from the film. The film's producers partnered with NFT Labs, and Social Swag, an influencer-led fan engagement platform for the launch of NFTs. Prithviraj Sukumaran, the distributor of the film's Malayalam version promoted the film, by enacting as an interviewer to Ranveer Singh, sharing his experiences about the film. Sudeep further announced that the glimpse of his film, "Vikrant Rona" will be attached to the prints of "83", where the film's Kannada version will be screened across 500 cinema theatres in Karnataka. Amul India released a doodle based on the film, as a part of the promotions.


title: 83 (film)

text: In November 2017, Reliance Entertainment announced that the film would be theatrically released on 5 April 2019. However, due to the extensive pre-production works which further delaying the film's shooting process, the makers postponed the release to 30 August, and to 10 April 2020. Following the closure of theatres in mid-March 2020, in order to control the COVID-19 pandemic in India, the film's release was withheld. On late-June 2020, trade analyst Taran Adarsh reported that "83" will release on the occasion of Christmas (25 December 2020). Shibashish Sarkar, executive producer and CEO of Reliance Entertainment, reinstated the plans of theatrical release despite rumours of a direct-streaming release, while Kabir Khan also said that "the film has been envisioned and made to be experienced on the big screen and we are ready to wait for things to get normal and then release it in cinemas".


title: 83 (film)

text: However, in November 2020, Reliance Entertainment announced that the release had been postponed to the first quarter of 2021 (January–March), due to the worst occupancy report of audience towards theatres due to continuity of the pandemic. Also, the lack of time to plan a promotional campaign and shutting down of international markets were attributed as the factors for the delay. In mid-February 2021, following the government's permission to have a 100% seating occupancy in theatres, the producers planned for theatrical release on 4 June 2021. But, in late-May 2021, the film was postponed indefinitely, due to the closure of theatres in Maharashtra in concern over the Delta variant of COVID-19. In September 2021, after the Maharashtra government permitted to resume theatrical-based operations by 22 October 2021, the film was planned for a release on 24 December 2021, which coincided with Christmas Eve. Its release semi-clashed with that of the Hollywood film "The Matrix Resurrections" (2021), which released across the world, two days earlier.


title: 83 (film)

text: It was announced that the film would exclusively premiere at the Red Sea International Film Festival in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (6–15 December 2021). The film was showcased at the closing day of the festival and was received a standing ovation from the audience. A special screening of the film was held at Delhi on 22 December. Along with the entire cast of 83, and the original 1983 Indian team squad, the premiere saw the attendance of numerous celebrities from the film fraternity including Ananya Pandey, Sara Ali Khan, Ayan Mukerji, Arjun Kapoor, Vaani Kapoor, Nora Fatehi, Ayushmann Khurrana, Malavika Mohanan, Pooja Hegde, Suniel Shetty, Richa Chadha, Rohit Shetty and Janhvi Kapoor amongst others. Sajid Nadiadwala, showcased another premiere show for the film in Delhi to political personalities, including Anurag Thakur, Union Minister for Information and Broadcasting and Sports and Youth Affairs, Piyush Goyal, Minister for Commerce and Industry, Textiles and Consumer Affairs and 10 MPs and MLAs. The film was later given tax free in Delhi.


title: 83 (film)

text: 83 was released in over an estimated 4,000–5,000 screens across the world, which is considered to be the "biggest release in India in the post-pandemic era", according to trade analysts Taran Adarsh and Girish Johar. It was released in 2D and 3D formats. The makers planned to release the film in IMAX formats in order to give "a larger-than-life experience for a sports film". However, the plan was dropped after the IMAX officials in North America declined their approval, in concern of the Hollywood big-budget releases such as "" and "The Matrix Resurrections"; the management did not encourage the release of too many IMAX films in the same period.


title: 83 (film)

text: The film released in over 3,741 screens across India, with the Hindi version being played 3,374 screens at 1,727 theatres. The dubbed versions of the film were released over 367 screens in India, with the Telugu version played on 137 screens, Tamil version on 184 screens, Malayalam version on 13 screens and the Kannada version on 33 screens. The film was screened in over 1,512 screens in 80 countries, which is considered to be the "widest opening in overseas centres". The film was screened at 44 theatres in Saudi Arabia, thereby being the biggest release in that country. It was the first Indian film to be released in Cambodia. It was also screened at the PictureTime Digiplex mobile theatre in Ladakh, which is located at the highest attitude of 11,562 feet (3,524 metres). On the day of the opening release, Gaiety Galaxy and Maratha Mandir theatre removed the screening of the film due to revenue-sharing issues, with the distributor.


title: 83 (film)

text: Prior to the film's theatrical premiere, a UAE-based finance company, Future Resource FZE, has sought issuance of process against the producers on grounds of alleged conspiracy and cheating. The company further approached the Andheri Metropolitan Magistrate Court in Mumbai to issue a complaint regarding the same. They claimed that the makers of "83" had allegedly committed offences under Sections 405, 406 (criminal breach of trust), 415, 418, 420 (cheating) and 120B (criminal conspiracy) of the Indian Penal Code. The spokesperson of one of the producers, Vishnu Induri had issued a statement regarding the same and said: "In the wake of the ongoing reports of a legal case filed against the makers of the upcoming film 83, on behalf of Vibri Media, we would like to deny the claims of the complainant and clarify the makers of 83 are in no way concerned with the case. The complaint of Future Resources FZE against the producers of the film 83 is false, baseless and motivated." A scene in which the Pakistan Army stopped border firing to let the Indian Army listen to the score of the final match, received criticism from fans, whom accused Khan for his propaganda towards Pakistan, though Singh claimed that the scene is "one of the special moments that Pakistanis would love" in his interview to the journalists in Dubai.


title: 83 (film)

text: The film was distributed worldwide through PVR Pictures. On 23 January 2020, actors Kamal Haasan and Nagarjuna Akkineni announced that they will present the Tamil and Telugu versions of the film, under their Raaj Kamal Films International and Annapurna Studios banners, with the rights for the distribution were acquired by YNOT X and Global Cinemas, respectively. In November 2021, Prithviraj Sukumaran roped in to present the film's Malayalam-dubbed version under his Prithviraj Productions banner, which will be distributed by E4 Entertainment. Actor Sudeep presented the Kannada version of the film through his Kichcha Creations and its distributor Shalini Arts. The overseas theatrical rights are with Phars Film LLP.


title: 83 (film)

text: The streaming rights were purchased by Netflix and Disney+ Hotstar, and Star India network acquired the broadcasting rights for the film in all languages. The producers announced that the film will be streamed on the digital platforms only after eight weeks of its theatrical run. But, it was later called off as the production team decided to broadcast the film first over streaming release in order to connect with the "nostalgic factor of an entire generation an audience group which primarily is found on the medium of television". As a result, the film was premiered first on Star Gold on 20 March 2022, and later released through digital platforms, the following day.


title: 83 (film)

text: "83" received critical acclaim. Taran Adarsh from "Bollywood Hungama" gave 4 stars (out of 5), saying that "83 is a winner on pitch and on-screen too". He further wrote "Those who witnessed the victory would be glad to relive the experience, while those who didn't, will get a chance to witness how things unfolded during one of the greatest episodes of Indian sports history". Rachana Dubey of "The Times of India" too gave four out of five stars, stating that "You realise this film is not about winning on a world stage, it's about earning respect and director Kabir Khan does set a high benchmark for himself, once again". She also praised Ranveer Singh's performance for enacting Kapil Dev, and further concluded ""83" does play on the nationalism rhetoric, way more than was required. At the surface, '83' is about an underdog team's win. As you go deeper, with each actor effortlessly presenting himself as an iconic cricketer from the 1983 team, you tend to feel that this picture has been crafted with a skillfully written narrative, supported by nuanced and internalised performances, and each department lending its technical brilliance to it." Anuj Kumar of "The Hindu" reviewed that "The film not only captures the emotional heft of the success story of the underdogs, but also delivers a well-researched document in the popular idiom".


title: 83 (film)

text: Pooja Biraia Jaiswal of "The Week" gave four-and-a-half out of five stars saying "The film is a compelling watch and you don't want to miss a single frame as every minute is accounted for". She added, "The profound feeling of a nation's victory; an underdog's unimaginable success and the emotional high of achieving the world's greatest title is something that the film has managed to bring out", further praising Singh's performance and Khan's direction. Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" gave three-and-a-half out of five, stating "Kabir Khan's "'83" recreates the day of 1983 Cricket World Cup Final with fidelity, and, yes, let it be said, in full Bollywood style, suffused with song, dance, drama, colour. It pads the film with a few (fictional) elements meant strictly to play to the gallery, and it skates dangerously close to pandering to the overbearing nationalistic sentiments playing out in today's India." Monika Rawal Kukreja of "Hindustan Times" wrote that "Making a film based on such a historic milestone was quite a risky proposition for director Kabir Khan because you can't afford to go wrong with facts here. But the minute details and nuances in the story that he highlights in the film makes you believe in his research and dedication towards the project [...] At several places, "83" gets high on nationalism, which couldn't been easily avoided. But that's something one kind of overlooks for the pride and joy you experience on seeing the team lift that trophy. If you needed a reason to walk into a theatre, "83" is that film which calls for a big screen experience."


title: 83 (film)

text: Arnab Banerjee of "Outlook" gave four out of five, writing that "The film is a breezy entertainer fast-forwarded with deft editing and unemotional tracks." Anna M. M. Vetticad of "Firstpost" gave three-and-a-half out of five saying ""83" is a stirring reminder of a time when pride in a national team's achievement united India and national pride had not yet been weaponised by the mob [...] It works nevertheless because it is a celebration, it understands the difference between opponents and enemies, and because of its cast. Each one not only looks like an actual player on the sporting field, but they imbue their respective characters with a believability that is particularly noteworthy because acted scenes are interspersed in places with actual matches yet the difference between the real cricketers and the actors playing them is not jarring." Saibal Chatterjee in his review for "NDTV", gave four stars and stated that ""83" comes pretty close to achieving the impossible. No mean feat that. The film and its principal star go for broke and, as one feeds off the other, the result is an absolute cracker." Uday Bhatia of "Mint" stated "Kabir Khan's film underlines everything but gets cricket right, is overwrought but joyful".


title: 83 (film)

text: Sneha Behangani of "CNBC TV18" stated ""83" also plays masterfully with nostalgia and trivia. Khan ensures that he treats cricket lovers to little surprises (including but not limited to guest appurtenances and real footage) strewn carefully throughout the film." Stutee Ghosh of "The Quint" gave four out of five, stating ""83" is a competently made ode to the game of cricket and the team that made all Indians feel like champions. In its review for "The Guardian", Phil Hoad gave four out of five and said ""83" doesn't delve any further than that into what degree sporting victory ever translates to social and political progress. But it is an endearing sports film with just enough awareness of where it stands, now that Britain's imperial legacy is being questioned more than ever, on a larger field." Nandini Ramanath of "Scroll.in" said "Khan's fan tribute to a can-do and did-do spirit revivifies the black-and-white photographs, grainy footage and memories embedded in the memories of generations of Indians [...] Ranveer Singh's Kapil Dev is the man of this series for all practical purposes. Singh deftly underplays the heroics and coolly leads the ensemble cast out of the doghouse and into the big league." Sukanya Verma of "Rediff.com" gave 4 stars (out of 5) saying "Kabir Khan's "'83" is an ode to a game changing chapter of Indian cricket history, pitch-perfect partnerships between openers and tail enders, knowing your mate's strengths as well as your own, the everlasting tradition of superstitions and sledging and seizing that one moment that defines the rest of your life." A critic from BBC wrote "Kabir Khan relies on well-known anecdotes to build a narrative. The film is loaded with clichés and the signature touches of his earlier films. But such is the sweet flavour of that singular victory, so thrilling the drama, that it shouldn't fail to gratify the viewer."


title: 83 (film)

text: The members of the 1983 squad, Sunil Gavaskar, Ravi Shastri and Madan Lal praised the team after watching the premiere of the film. Gavaskar said that "It is simply brilliant and the way every actor has got the mannerisms, the walk, the look, the style of every player was unbelievably uncanny. Full marks to Kabir Khan and his team for their efforts." While Shastri said that "I was left teary-eyed while watching the movie, not because I was part of the team that won it. I really had tears in my eyes when the film got over, because it brought back so many memories" and appreciated Kabir Khan for the direction. Madan Lal stated "83 a must-watch, on the big screen". Several publications listed "83" as one of the best Bollywood films of 2021, which includes: "The Indian Express" (Shubhra Gupta and Minnasa Shekhar), "Film Companion" (Anupama Chopra), "Hindustan Times" (Devarsi Ghosh), "The Hindu" (Anuj Kumar), "India Today" (Anandita Mukherjee) and "Firstpost" (Subhash K. Jha).


title: 83 (film)

text: According to Box Office India, the film is the second-highest grossing Hindi opener of 2021, collecting about , the first being "Sooryavanshi", which collected . By the second day of the release, the film had earned , and had earned about in the third day of its release, thereby earning about in the opening weekend. Its collections, however saw a downward trend after first three days of its release, due to the heavy competition with "" and "", the rise of COVID-19 cases due to the Omicron variant, and the sudden restrictions imposed by the state governments, which included night curfew in Maharashtra and the closure of theatres in Delhi from 28 December 2021, as per the orders of Delhi government to control the pandemic. This had impacted the collections of the film, as these territories significantly contribute to the Hindi film box office. Experts further analysed that the postponement of other films which included "Jersey", "RRR", "Radhe Shyam" and "Samrat Prithviraj", is a minimal hope for the film, so that the film might have a good run at the box-office.


title: 83 (film)

text: The film crossed the 100-crore mark on the sixth day of its release, earning about by 29 December 2021. By the first week, the worldwide box-office collection is estimated to be around . Within ten days of its release, the film managed to earn around . It was considered to be a box-office disappointment considering the higher production costs involved. , the film grossed crore in India and crore overseas, for a worldwide gross collection of crore.


title: 83 (film)

text: The advance bookings of the film began on 19 December 2021, five days prior to the release. Despite a middling response, national multiplex chains reported that the film sold nearly 1 lakh tickets with a gross of . PVR reported that 46,000 tickets have sold for the opening day, while INOX and Cinépolis had sold 54,000 tickets. The film's cumulative advance ticket sales were reportedly less than that of "Gully Boy" (2019) which sold 2.12 lakh tickets in advance for the first day of the release. Trade analysts Taran Adarsh and Girish Johar predicted that "the film's opening day collections will be in the range of 12–15 crore (US$1.6–2.0 million), if the film gets positive word-of-mouth". They also opined that "The success of "" and "" released in theatres, a week prior, also followed by the threat of Omicron variant, and the occupancy restrictions prevailing in Maharashtra, might affect the collections. However, the film has generated positive buzz among the audience, with its trailer and people will come to watch the film, if it is worth their while."


title: 83 (film)

text: Film critic and trade journalist Komal Nahta, stated about the early predictions of the opening day box-office. He watched the screening of the film in Mumbai and reviewed that ""83" has everything that the audience wants in a film — there's the thrill, excitement, fun, light drama, melodrama and emotions and to top it all, there are a lot of things of patriotism. The feeling for the motherland is so high that your chest swells with pride. The whole thrill of the game, feeling of patriotism, and Ranveer's Singh's performance are the major aspects that would translate into great box office numbers." In Mumbai and Bangalore, the film generated 40–45% occupancy on the opening day, while in Hyderabad, more than 50% shows were booked for the film. More than 20–25% shows were booked in advance in the Delhi–NCR regions, whereas about 30–35% shows were booked in Chennai and Pune. The film had an average 10–15% occupancy reported in Chandigarh, and 10% in Kolkata, while, it had a poor advance booking sale in Ahmedabad, with occupancy ranging from 8–10%.


title: 83 (film)

text: In its opening day, the film earned at the box-office, while trade analyst Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama had estimated that it collected . The film had an excellent opening at metropolitan cities including Delhi and Mumbai, with a strong hold in multiplexes, but saw a below average performance in single screens. The dubbed versions of the film (Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada) had collected approximately. On the second day of its release (25 December 2021), the film saw an increase of 30% compared to the first-day collection (owing to the Christmas holidays), as the film had earned worldwide. The two-day collections were reported to be around , It further saw an increase on the third day (26 December), where the film had earned . The collections in the first weekend were reported to be around . The Tamil-dubbed version of the film had earned about in the opening weekend at Tamil Nadu.


title: 83 (film)

text: The film saw a 40% drop, on the fourth day of its release (27 December), where it had collected . It collections saw further decline after it earned on the fifth day. "The Times of India" reported that the film performed well at the Mumbai and Pune theatres in the opening week, but Gujarat and Saurashtra circuit barely contributed to the film's collections. By the first week of its release, the film had earned net collection at the domestic box-office, and a gross of .


title: 83 (film)

text: By entering the second week (31 December 2021), the film had collected . However, on New Year's Day (1 January 2022), the film picked-up pace and had earned at the box-office, and on the eleventh day, the film collected about . However, it slowed down on the third Monday, where it had collected around . The dubbed versions of the film had accounted to until the second week of its release. The Telugu version earned about and the Tamil-dubbed version had collected , and the Kannada and Malayalam versions earned and respectively. By the sixteenth-day of its release, the film collected about net collection in India, with a gross of .


title: 83 (film)

text: On the overseas circuits, the film earned about US$1.57 million ( crore), in the first day of its release. It surpassed the opening day collections of "Sooryavanshi", which earned US$1.08 million ( crore). The film also earned US$391,651 United Arab Emirates and US$90,843 from G.C.C territories, thereby collecting AED 1.77 million (US$482,494) from the regions. In the second day of its release, the film had collected US$1.01 million ( crore), whereas in the third day, the film had collected US$900,000 ( crore). By the fourth day of its release, the film collected US$680,000 ( crore), totalling its estimated revenue about US$4.17 million ( crore). It was considered to be the Singh's seventh highest-grosser at opening weekend in the overseas box-office, behind "Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela" (2013), "Dil Dhadakne Do", "Bajirao Mastani" (2015), "Padmaavat", "Simmba" (2018) and "Gully Boy" (2019). It further grossed AED 3.46 million (US$941,983) in UAE and GCC.


title: 83 (film)

text: By the end of the first week, the film earned around US$5.8 million ( crore) and surpassed the opening week collections of "Sooryavanshi" at the overseas centres. In United States, the film earned around US$3,502,876 ( crore), and at United Kingdom, the film had collected £445,160 (US$44.9 million). In the UAE and GCC territories, the film had collected AED 5.29 million (US$1,440,200). The film had collected about US$8,333 in Spain, NZD$229,103 (US$155,389.07) across New Zealand, MR 11,781 (US$2,799) in Malaysia, €52192 (US$59,295.33) in Germany, A$1,208,667 (US$868,112) in Australia. At the North American box-office, the film outperformed several Hollywood films including "The Matrix Resurrections", "The King's Man", "West Side Story" and "American Dog". It was ranked in one among the top 10 films at the Australia, New Zealand and United Kingdom box office. Closer to the second weekend, the film had earned US$7.15 million ( crore). The film eventually became one the highest-grossing Indian film of 2021 in overseas circuits with an adjusted collection of within 31 days.


title: 83 (film)

text: In its article about "Bollywood Hungama", Fenil Seta stated about the significant reasons, that led to its box-office decline, with problems regarding the technical aspects, casting and the storyline which did not connect with the youngsters apart from the aforementioned factors. Trade analyst Komal Nahta too considered that "One whole chunk of the audience — the 15 to 35 age group — didn't see the film. You can't ignore them if you make a film on such a huge budget. But, the youth doesn't believe in the past, and are not interested in historical facts. Their cricketing heroes are MS Dhoni and Virat Kohli. They couldn't identify with Kapil Dev and his team. "83" did not have much for the youth [...] If the film had a personalised and emotional storyline about the characters, it would have been successful in drawing the youth, like Sushant Singh Rajput's "" managed to do." Taran Adarsh also stated that "83 gives a feeling of a docu-drama. People who are looking for a masala entertainer will not find it there. Of course, looking at the subject, you can't have an item song or commercial ingredients, but that is one of the deterrents. But there are certain films that go down in history as wonderful ones, which might not have worked when they had been released." Analysts further believed that, the film was targeted towards the older audiences (the 35 to 50 age group), who were likely reluctant to go theatres, particularly with the rise in the Omicron variant, citing as the reason for the film's underpeformance.


title: 83 (film)

text: According to Box Office India, the film sold less than 38 lakh tickets in the first week of its release, marginally lower than that of Shah Rukh Khan's "Zero" (2018), which sold 69 lakh tickets. Trade analysts reported that the film almost incurred a loss of to the makers, surpassing "Bombay Velvet" (2015), which incurred a crore loss. Bollywood Hungama reported that the film's production costs were about with an additional being added for print and advertising costs, with interests due to delayed release being increased to . While the overall expenditures were amounted to be , the distributors' share from both domestic and overseas theatrical were reported to be about and . It further recovered from non-theatrical revenues which includes satellite and digital rights for Hindi and regional languages and music rights. The production team received a subsidy of for shooting the film majorly in the United Kingdom. However, the total recovery was estimated to be from theatrical and non-theatrical revenue, resulting in a loss of to Reliance Entertainment with a negative 9.32% rate of ROI.


title: Pocahontas

text: Pocahontas (, ; born Amonute, known as Matoaka, 1596 – March 1617) was a Native American woman, belonging to the Powhatan people, notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. She was the daughter of Powhatan, the paramount chief of a network of tributary tribes in the Tsenacommacah, encompassing the Tidewater region of Virginia.


title: Pocahontas

text: Pocahontas was captured and held for ransom by English colonists during hostilities in 1613. During her captivity, she was encouraged to convert to Christianity and was baptized under the name Rebecca. She married tobacco planter John Rolfe in April 1614 at the age of about 17 or 18, and she bore their son Thomas Rolfe in January 1615.


title: Pocahontas

text: In 1616, the Rolfes travelled to London where Pocahontas was presented to English society as an example of the "civilized savage" in hopes of stimulating investment in the Jamestown settlement. On this trip she may have met Squanto, a "Patuxet Native American" from New England. She became something of a celebrity, was elegantly fêted, and attended a masque at Whitehall Palace. In 1617, the Rolfes set sail for Virginia; Pocahontas died at Gravesend of unknown causes, aged 20 or 21. She was buried in St George's Church, Gravesend, in England; her grave's exact location is unknown because the church was rebuilt after being destroyed by a fire.


title: Pocahontas

text: Numerous places, landmarks, and products in the United States have been named after Pocahontas. Her story has been romanticized over the years, many aspects of which are fictional. Many of the stories told about her by John Smith have been contested by her documented descendants. She is a subject of art, literature, and film. Many famous people have claimed to be among her descendants through her son, including members of the First Families of Virginia, First Lady Edith Wilson, American Western actor Glenn Strange, and astronomer Percival Lowell.


title: Pocahontas

text: Pocahontas's birth year is unknown, but some historians estimate it to have been around 1596. In "A True Relation of Virginia" (1608), Smith described meeting Pocahontas in the spring of 1608 when she was "a child of ten years old." In a 1616 letter, he again described her as she was in 1608, but this time as "a child of twelve or thirteen years of age."


title: Pocahontas

text: Pocahontas was the daughter of Chief Powhatan, paramount chief of Tsenacommacah, an alliance of about 30 Algonquian-speaking groups and petty chiefdoms in Tidewater, Virginia. Her mother's name and origin are unknown, but she was probably of lowly status. Henry Spelman of Jamestown had lived among the Powhatan as an interpreter, and he noted that, when one of the paramount chief's many wives gave birth, she was returned to her place of origin and supported there by the paramount chief until she found another husband. However, little is known about Pocahontas's mother, and it has been theorized that she died in childbirth. The Mattaponi Reservation people are descendants of the Powhatans, and their oral tradition claims that Pocahontas's mother was the first wife of Powhatan and that Pocahontas was named after her.


title: Pocahontas

text: According to colonist William Strachey, "Pocahontas" was a childhood nickname meaning "little wanton." Some interpret the meaning as "playful one." In his account, Strachey describes her as a child visiting the fort at Jamestown and playing with the young boys; she would "get the boys forth with her into the marketplace and make them wheel, falling on their hands, turning up their heels upwards, whom she would follow and wheel so herself, naked as she was, all the fort over."


title: Pocahontas

text: Historian William Stith claimed that "her real name, it seems, was originally Matoax, which the Native Americans carefully concealed from the English and changed it to Pocahontas, out of a superstitious fear, lest they, by the knowledge of her true name, should be enabled to do her some hurt." According to anthropologist Helen C. Rountree, Pocahontas revealed her secret name to the colonists "only after she had taken another religious—baptismal—name" of Rebecca.


title: Pocahontas

text: Pocahontas is frequently viewed as a princess in popular culture. In 1841, William Watson Waldron of Trinity College, Dublin published "Pocahontas, American Princess: and Other Poems", calling her "the beloved and only surviving daughter of the king." She was her father's "delight and darling", according to colonist Captain Ralph Hamor but she was not in line to inherit a position as a "weroance", sub-chief, or "mamanatowick" (paramount chief). Instead, Powhatan's brothers and sisters and his sisters' children all stood in line to succeed him. In his "A Map of Virginia", John Smith explained how matrilineal inheritance worked among the Powhatans:


title: Pocahontas

text: Pocahontas is most famously linked to colonist Captain John Smith, who arrived in Virginia with 100 other settlers in April 1607 where they built a fort on a marshy peninsula on the James River. The colonists had numerous encounters over the next several months with the people of Tsenacommacah—some of them friendly, some hostile. A hunting party led by Powhatan's close relative Opechancanough then captured Smith in December 1607 while he was exploring on the Chickahominy River and brought him to Powhatan's capital at Werowocomoco. In his 1608 account, Smith describes a great feast followed by a long talk with Powhatan. He does not mention Pocahontas in relation to his capture, and claims that they first met some months later. Margaret Huber suggests that Powhatan was attempting to bring Smith and the other colonists under his own authority. He offered Smith rule of the town of Capahosic, which was close to his capital at Werowocomoco, as he hoped to keep Smith and his men "nearby and better under control."


title: Pocahontas

text: In 1616, Smith wrote a letter to Queen Anne of Denmark in anticipation of Pocahontas's visit to England. In this new account, his capture included the threat of his own death: "at the minute of my execution, she hazarded the beating out of her own brains to save mine; and not only that but so prevailed with her father, that I was safely conducted to Jamestown." He expanded on this in his 1624 "", published long after the death of Pocahontas. He explained that he was captured and taken to the paramount chief where "two great stones were brought before Powhatan: then as many as could layd hands on him [Smith], dragged him to them, and thereon laid his head, and being ready with their clubs, to beate out his braines, Pocahontas the Kings dearest daughter, when no intreaty could prevaile, got his head in her armes, and laid her owne upon his to save him from death."


title: Pocahontas

text: Karen Ordahl Kupperman suggests that Smith used such details to embroider his first account, thus producing a more dramatic second account of his encounter with Pocahontas as a heroine worthy of Queen Anne's audience. She argues that its later revision and publication was Smith's attempt to raise his own stock and reputation, as he had fallen from favor with the London Company which had funded the Jamestown enterprise. Anthropologist Frederic W. Gleach suggests that Smith's second account was substantially accurate but represents his misunderstanding of a three-stage ritual intended to adopt him into the confederacy, but not all writers are convinced, some suggesting the absence of certain corroborating evidence.


title: Pocahontas

text: Early histories did establish that Pocahontas befriended Smith and the Jamestown colony. She often went to the settlement and played games with the boys there. When the colonists were starving, "every once in four or five days, Pocahontas with her attendants brought him [Smith] so much provision that saved many of their lives that else for all this had starved with hunger." As the colonists expanded their settlement, the Powhatans felt that their lands were threatened, and conflicts arose again. In late 1609, an injury from a gunpowder explosion forced Smith to return to England for medical care, and the colonists told the Powhatans that he was dead. Pocahontas believed that account and stopped visiting Jamestown, but she learned that he was living in England when she traveled there with her husband John Rolfe.


title: Pocahontas

text: Pocahontas's capture occurred in the context of the First Anglo-Powhatan War, a conflict between the Jamestown settlers and the Natives which began late in the summer of 1609. In the first years of war, the colonists took control of the James River, both at its mouth and at the falls. Captain Samuel Argall, in the meantime, pursued contacts with Native tribes in the northern portion of Powhatan's paramount chiefdom. The Patawomecks lived on the Potomac River and were not always loyal to Powhatan, and living with them was a young English interpreter named Henry Spelman. In March 1613, Argall learned that Pocahontas was visiting the Patawomeck village of Passapatanzy and living under the protection of the Weroance Iopassus (also known as Japazaws).


title: Pocahontas

text: With Spelman's help translating, Argall pressured Iopassus to assist in Pocahontas's capture by promising an alliance with the colonists against the Powhatans. Iopassus, with the help of his wives, tricked Pocahontas into boarding Argall's ship and held her for ransom, demanding the release of colonial prisoners held by her father and the return of various stolen weapons and tools. Powhatan returned the prisoners but failed to satisfy the colonists with the number of weapons and tools that he returned. A long standoff ensued, during which the colonists kept Pocahontas captive.


title: Pocahontas

text: During the year-long wait, she was held at Henricus in Chesterfield County, Virginia. Little is known about her life there, although colonist Ralph Hamor wrote that she received "extraordinary courteous usage." Linwood "Little Bear" Custalow refers to an oral tradition which claims that Pocahontas was raped; Helen Rountree counters that "other historians have disputed that such oral tradition survived and instead argue that any mistreatment of Pocahontas would have gone against the interests of the English in their negotiations with Powhatan. A truce had been called, the Indians still far outnumbered the English, and the colonists feared retaliation." At this time, Henricus minister Alexander Whitaker taught Pocahontas about Christianity and helped her improve her English. Upon her baptism, she took the Christian name "Rebecca."


title: Pocahontas

text: In March 1614, the stand-off escalated to a violent confrontation between hundreds of colonists and Powhatan men on the Pamunkey River, and the colonists encountered a group of senior Native leaders at Powhatan's capital of Matchcot. The colonists allowed Pocahontas to talk to her tribe when Powhatan arrived, and she reportedly rebuked him for valuing her "less than old swords, pieces, or axes." She said that she preferred to live with the colonists "who loved her."


title: Pocahontas

text: Mattaponi tradition holds that Pocahontas's first husband was Kocoum, brother of the Patawomeck "weroance" Japazaws, and that Kocoum was killed by the colonists after his wife's capture in 1613. Today's Patawomecks believe that Pocahontas and Kocoum had a daughter named Ka-Okee who was raised by the Patawomecks after her father's death and her mother's abduction.


title: Pocahontas

text: Kocoum's identity, location, and very existence have been widely debated among scholars for centuries; the only mention of a "Kocoum" in any English document is a brief statement written about 1616 by William Strachey in England that Pocahontas had been living married to a "private captaine called Kocoum" for two years. She married John Rolfe in 1614, and no other records even hint at any previous husband, so some have suggested that Strachey was mistakenly referring to Rolfe himself, with the reference being later misunderstood as one of Powhatan's officers.


title: Pocahontas

text: During her stay in Henricus, Pocahontas met John Rolfe. Rolfe's English-born wife Sarah Hacker and child Bermuda had died on the way to Virginia after the wreck of the ship "Sea Venture" on the Summer Isles, also known as Bermuda. Rolfe established the Virginia plantation Varina Farms where he cultivated a new strain of tobacco. He was a pious man and agonized over the potential moral repercussions of marrying a heathen, though in fact Pocahontas had accepted the Christian faith and taken the baptismal name Rebecca. In a long letter to the governor requesting permission to wed her, he expressed his love for Pocahontas and his belief that he would be saving her soul. He wrote that he was


title: Pocahontas

text: The couple were married on April 5, 1614, by chaplain Richard Buck, probably at Jamestown. For two years, they lived at Varina Farms across the James River from Henricus. Their son Thomas was born in January 1615.


title: Pocahontas

text: Their marriage created a climate of peace between the Jamestown colonists and Powhatan's tribes; it endured for eight years as the "Peace of Pocahontas". In 1615, Ralph Hamor wrote, "Since the wedding we have had friendly commerce and trade not only with Powhatan but also with his subjects round about us." The marriage was controversial in the British court at the time because "a commoner" had "the audacity" to marry a "princess."