title: Bob Hope

text: In 1998, five years before his death, a prepared obituary written by the Associated Press was inadvertently released, resulting in Hope's death being announced on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives. However, Hope remained in relatively good health until late in his old age, though he became somewhat frail in his last few years. In June 2000 at age 97, he spent nearly a week in a California hospital being treated for gastrointestinal bleeding. In August 2001 at age 98, he spent close to two weeks in a hospital recovering from pneumonia.


title: Bob Hope

text: On the morning of July 27, 2003, Hope died of pneumonia at his home in Toluca Lake, California two months after his 100th birthday. His grandson Zach Hope told TV interviewer Soledad O'Brien that, when asked on his deathbed where he wanted to be buried, Hope is alleged to have told his wife, Dolores, "Surprise me." His remains were temporarily placed in a mausoleum vault before the construction of the Bob Hope Memorial Garden at San Fernando Mission Cemetery in Los Angeles, joined in 2011 by Dolores when she died four months after her 102nd birthday. After his death, newspaper cartoonists worldwide paid tribute to his work for the USO, and some featured drawings of Bing Crosby, who had died in 1977, welcoming Hope to Heaven.


title: Bob Hope

text: Hope's Modernist home, built to resemble a volcano, was designed in 1973 by John Lautner. It is located above Palm Springs, with panoramic views of the Coachella Valley and the San Jacinto Mountains. It was put on the market for the first time in February 2013 with an asking price of $50 million. Hope also owned a home which had been custom built for him in 1939 on an lot in Toluca Lake. That house was put on the market in late 2012. The Palm Springs house sold in November 2016 for $13 million to investor Ron Burkle, far below its 2013 asking price.


title: Bob Hope

text: Hope was awarded more than 2,000 honors and awards, including 54 honorary university doctorates. In 1963 President John F. Kennedy awarded him the Congressional Gold Medal for service to his country. President Lyndon Johnson bestowed the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 for his service to the armed forces through the USO. In 1982 he received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, an honor given annually by Jefferson Awards. He was presented with the National Medal of Arts in 1995 and received the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award in 1997. On June 10, 1980, he became the 64th—and only civilian—recipient of the United States Air Force Order of the Sword which recognizes individuals who have made significant contributions to the enlisted corps.


title: Bob Hope

text: Several buildings and facilities were renamed for Hope, including the historic Fox Theater in downtown Stockton, California, and the Bob Hope Airport in Burbank, California. There is a Bob Hope Gallery at the Library of Congress. In memory of his mother, Avis Townes Hope, Bob and Dolores Hope gave the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C., a chapel called the Chapel of Our Lady of Hope. of the U.S. Military Sealift Command was named for the performer in 1997. It is one of very few U.S. naval ships that were named after living people. The Air Force named a C-17 Globemaster III transport aircraft the "Spirit of Bob Hope".


title: Bob Hope

text: In 1978, Hope was invited to dot the "i" in the Ohio State University Marching Band's "Script Ohio" formation, an honor only given to non-band members on 14 occasions from 1936 through 2016. The "New York Times", 5–8–79, p. C 7, stated that Woody Allen wrote and narrated a documentary honoring him, "My Favorite Comedian", shown at Lincoln Center. In Hope's hometown of Cleveland, the refurbished Lorain-Carnegie Bridge was renamed the Hope Memorial Bridge in 1983, though differing claims have been made as to whether the bridge honors Hope himself, his entire family, or his stonemason father who helped in the bridge's construction. Also, East 14th Street near Playhouse Square in Cleveland's theater district was renamed Memory Lane-Bob Hope Way in 2003 in honor of the entertainer's 100th birthday.


title: Bob Hope

text: In 1992, Hope was honored with the "Lombardi Award of Excellence" from the Vince Lombardi Cancer Foundation. The award was created to honor the football coach's legacy, and is awarded annually to an individual who exemplifies his spirit. He was also inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa, the National Leadership Honor Society, in 1992 at Ferris State University. On May 28, 2003, President George W. Bush established the .


title: Bob Hope

text: Although he was never nominated for a competitive Oscar, Hope was given five honorary awards by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences:


High School Musical: The Musical: The Series is an American mockumentary musical drama television series created for Disney+ by Tim Federle, inspired by the "High School Musical" film series. The series is produced by Chorus Boy and Salty Pictures in association with Disney Channel, with Oliver Goldstick serving as showrunner for the first four episodes. He was succeeded by Federle for the remainder of the first season and thereafter.


title: High School Musical: The Musical: The Series

text: Set at a fictionalized version of East High School, the school at which the original movie was filmed, the series follows a group of teenage theater enthusiasts who participate in a staging of "High School Musical: The Musical" as their school production. It also explores their lives as they navigate friendships, love, interests, identity, and family relationships. The series stars Olivia Rodrigo, Joshua Bassett, Matt Cornett, Sofia Wylie, Larry Saperstein, Julia Lester, Dara Reneé, Frankie A. Rodriguez, Mark St. Cyr, Kate Reinders, Joe Serafini, Saylor Bell Curda and Adrian Lyles. Several cast members from the film series also appear in guest roles as fictionalized versions of themselves.


text: "High School Musical: The Musical: The Series" premiered on Disney Channel, ABC, and Freeform as a preview simulcast on November 8, 2019, ahead of its launch on Disney+ on November 12; its first season consisted of 10 episodes. Before the series debuted, it was renewed by Disney+ for a second season containing 12 episodes, which premiered in May 2021. The third season premiered in July 2022, consisting of eight episodes; a fourth season is in production. Critical reviews have highlighted the performances of the cast, particularly those of Bassett and Rodrigo, and compared the series to "Glee" for its music and themes. There has been a mixed reception to the program's mockumentary format. The program has been nominated for five Children's and Family Emmy Awards, won a GLAAD Media Award, and won three Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards.


text: At a fictionalized version of East High School in Salt Lake City, Utah, Miss Jenn begins work as the new drama teacher. The school holds significance as it is where the "High School Musical" movies, a series of Disney Channel original films about high school, was filmed. Miss Jenn herself was a former background cast member in the movie, and the teacher decides to stage a performance of "High School Musical: The Musical" for her first winter theater production to celebrate the school's affiliation with the original film. Within the story of "High School Musical", Troy Bolton struggles to choose between his high school basketball team and his developing interest in musical theater, while navigating a relationship with the intelligent Gabriella Montez. The students cast in "High School Musical: The Musical" learn to navigate their interpersonal relationships while overcoming the challenges of the rehearsal process.


text: In the second season, the theater students of East High stage a production of "Beauty and the Beast" for the spring musical. Miss Jenn leads the cast in an attempt to win a prestigious local student theater competition while facing off against their rival school, North High.


text: The third season is set outside of the school year and features the students attending a summer theater camp in California, called Camp Shallow Lake. The campers prepare to stage a production of "Frozen", while a documentary series about the rehearsal process is filmed over the summer.


text: The theater students return to East High in the fourth season to stage a production based on the film "". They later learn that a fictionalized movie sequel entitled "High School Musical 4: The Reunion" is being filmed at the school, and that they will become extras in the film.


text: On November 9, 2017, Disney announced the development of a television series adaptation of their "High School Musical" film series created by Peter Barsocchini. The series was expected to premiere on the upcoming Disney+ streaming service, which was still unnamed at the time. Tim Federle was approached by the company, and he pitched the documentary-style series in January 2018. He went on to draft the pilot together with Disney Channel, who contributed to the production of the series. Federle was first reported to be serving as a writer and executive producer for the series in May 2018. In September, Disney officially gave the production a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes. Oliver Goldstick was expected to serve as showrunner and an additional executive producer while Julie Ashton would oversee the casting process. Alongside this announcement, the show was described as a mockumentary, and a list of character names and descriptions was released. By May 2019, Goldstick had departed the series over "creative differences", having served as showrunner for the first four episodes. Nellie Andreeva of "Deadline Hollywood" reported that Goldstick wanted to incorporate more mature themes in the series.


text: In October 2019, ahead of the release of the first season, Disney+ renewed the series for a second season. Federle stated that the second season's plot would not revolve around a production of "High School Musical 2"; in February 2020, the featured production was reported as "Beauty and the Beast". The second season consisted of twelve episodes.


text: Disney+ renewed the series for a third season in September 2021. For its third season, production of the series relocated from Salt Lake City to Los Angeles; the story is set at a sleep-away theater camp and takes place over the summer school break. It was teased in November that the featured production would be "Frozen", which was confirmed in January 2022. The third season consisted of eight episodes.


text: Ahead of the third season premiere, Disney+ renewed the series for a fourth season in May 2022. It was announced in September that the featured musical would be based on the film "High School Musical 3: Senior Year". In the season, the students will return to East High where the filming of a fictionalized film, "High School Musical 4: The Reunion", takes place. Production of the series also returned to Salt Lake City.


text: Federle drew inspiration for the mockumentary style of the series from other films and programs such as "Waiting for Guffman" and "The Office". He was inspired to create a series that depicted music as a central theme, while also drawing on his experience as a former Broadway performer.


text: The series is inclusive of LGBT representation, with three gay characters featured: Carlos, Seb, and Maddox, as well as two bisexual characters: Ashlyn and Big Red. In an interview with "The Advocate", Frankie Rodriguez credited Federle for writing his character Carlos as gay without drawing on the tropes of a typical queer character. The character Seb plays the role of Sharpay in the musical, an example of non-traditional gender casting. The series begins the exploration of a same-sex relationship when Carlos asks Seb to the school dance in the episode "Homecoming". Ashlyn and Big Red come out in the third season; Federle stated that this had been suggested by Julia Lester and Larry Saperstein since the first season. The series also depicts same-sex parenting through Nini's two mothers Carol and Dana. In addition to this representation, the series includes themes such as divorce and anxiety.


text: Federle commented on the importance of casting real teenagers in main roles to add authenticity to the high school-based series. Joshua Bassett was cast in the leading role of Ricky in October 2018. The remainder of the cast was made public in February 2019, including Sofia Wylie as Gina, Kate Reinders as Miss Jenn, and Olivia Rodrigo as Nini. Federle confirmed in November 2019 that an unnamed cast member from the original film would make a cameo appearance through a fantasy sequence. After being listed as a featured artist on the soundtrack, Lucas Grabeel, who played Ryan Evans, was confirmed to be making an appearance on the series. Grabeel appears in the episode "The Tech Rehearsal" as a fictionalized version of himself, performing in a song alongside Reinders. Kaycee Stroh, who played Martha Cox, also makes a cameo appearance in the episode "What Team?".


text: In December 2019, it was reported that Joe Serafini, who plays Seb Matthew-Smith, would be promoted to the main cast for the second season. Further additions to the recurring cast were revealed in early 2020: Roman Banks as Howie; Olivia Rose Keegan as Lily; and Derek Hough as Zack, Miss Jenn's ex-boyfriend. In February 2021, Andrew Barth Feldman and Asher Angel joined the cast for the second season in recurring guest roles, as Antoine and Jack respectively. That July, it was revealed that Jordan Fisher would guest star as Jamie Porter in the penultimate episode of the second season.


text: "Time" reported in December 2021 that Rodrigo would return for the third season, amidst speculation that she would not due to the success of her solo music career and debut album "Sour". It was later stated that Rodrigo would return in a recurring role as opposed to the series regular status she maintained in the first two seasons; Federle confirmed that Rodrigo would exit the show after the third season. The casting for the third season was made public in January 2022, with Bassett, Cornett, Wylie, Lester, Reneé, and Rodriguez also confirmed to be returning. Saylor Bell Curda and Adrian Lyles joined the cast as new series regulars, playing Maddox and Jet respectively. Further additions to the guest cast included Jason Earles as Dewey Wood and Meg Donnelly as Val. Corbin Bleu, who starred in the original film series, was also announced as a guest, playing himself. Three further recurring characters were revealed in March: Ben Stillwell, Aria Brooks, and Liamani Segura as Channing, Alex and Emmy respectively. Saperstein, Reinders, Serafini, and Keegan were listed as guests for the third season in May 2022; it was stated that Mark St. Cyr would not return. Two additions to the guest cast were revealed the following month: JoJo Siwa as Madison and Jesse Tyler Ferguson as Marvin.


text: Federle stated in September 2022 that the fourth season would revolve around the characters Ricky, Gina, Ashlyn, Kourtney, and Carlos; it was later confirmed that Bassett, Wylie, Lester, Reneé, and Rodriguez would return. The casting announcement for the fourth season also revealed that Segura had been promoted to the main cast, and Reinders would return as a series regular. Federle confirmed that Rodrigo would not feature in the fourth season, but said that she could return to the series in the future. He said that he was in negotiations for original "High School Musical" cast members to star as guests in the season; it was announced that Bleu, Grabeel, and Stroh would return, joined by Monique Coleman, Bart Johnson and Alyson Reed, all playing themselves. Further additions to the recurring cast included Kylie Cantrall as Dani, Matthew Sato as Mack, Caitlin Reilly as Quinn, and Vashty Mompoint as Krystal.


text: Production on the first season began on February 15, 2019, in Salt Lake City, Utah, and concluded on June 30. Production on the second season commenced in February 2020, but was halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Filming had resumed by November 2020, and concluded in late February 2021. Filming for the third season began in January 2022, in Los Angeles rather than Salt Lake City, and concluded in April 2022. The fourth season commenced production in September 2022, returning to Salt Lake City.


text: The mockumentary style of the series is achieved through the single-camera setup, with handheld cameras used to create shaky footage and zooming. In addition, talking heads are utilized to allow characters to express their inner thoughts while talking to the camera. These scenes represent the "present-day" in the story, while flashbacks to Nini and Ricky's past relationship are filmed more traditionally.


text: The contains nine original songs, with one new piece of music featured in each of the first nine episodes. The majority of songs are performed live by the actors. Some actors played instruments such as a guitar in their performances. Rodrigo wrote an original song for the series, "All I Want", and co-wrote "Just for a Moment" with Bassett and music producer Dan Book. Federle stated that his original pitch included the idea of developing original songs for the series. Steve Vincent, who worked on the original films, served as the musical supervisor for the series and sourced several composers to write new music. He also received submissions from songwriters based in Los Angeles. The soundtrack for the first season, featuring new songs and renditions of songs from the original film, was released on January 10, 2020, by Walt Disney Records. In the lead-up to the release, selected tracks were made available weekly to correlate with the episodes being released.


text: An album accompanying the holiday special, "", was released on November 20, 2020, which includes Christmas music as well as selected songs as a preview of the second season.


text: As well as both new songs and new versions of songs from the "High School Musical" franchise, the features songs from "Beauty and the Beast", written by Alan Menken, Howard Ashman, and Tim Rice. Bassett and Rodrigo both wrote original songs for the second season. The season's soundtrack was released on July 30, 2021, which includes a cover of "Home" by Keegan.


text: The features music from the Disney Channel television film "Camp Rock" in addition to the "High School Musical" franchise and songs from the featured production "Frozen". The first song, a cover of "It's On" from "", was released as a preview on July 7, 2022, before the season's release. Bassett co-wrote and co-produced an original song, "Finally Free", for the season. Reneé also co-wrote a song for the season, titled "Here I Come", collaborating with songwriters Anthony M. Jones and Steph Jones. The song's lyrics were inspired by her experiences with anxiety.


text: Music from "High School Musical 3: Senior Year" will feature in the fourth season, in addition to original music. Federle stated that the season would see a return to songs being performed live by the actors within the episodes, which had not occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic.


text: The first episode of "High School Musical: The Musical: The Series" was telecast on Disney Channel, ABC, and Freeform on November 8, 2019, ahead of its launch on the streaming service Disney+ on November 12, 2019, in 4K HDR. The preview simulcast of the first episode was viewed by 2.03million on ABC, in addition to 474,000 on Disney Channel and 293,000 during its Freeform airing. The broadcast received 2.8million viewers in total. On the streaming service, episodes were released weekly rather than all at once. The first-season finale was released on January 10, 2020.


text: "High School Musical: The Musical: The Holiday Special", featuring the cast performing Christmas music, was released December 11, 2020; the 45-minute special featured previews of songs and scenes from the second season. Before the release of the second season, Disney Channel aired the complete first season in a marathon format on May 8, 2021.


text: The second season premiered on May 14, 2021. The season was originally planned to debut in 2020 but was delayed as a result of filming being halted during the COVID-19 pandemic. The third season premiered on July 27, 2022; episodes were released weekly.


text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 75% approval rating for the first season with an average rating of 7.38/10 based on 32 ratings. The website's critical consensus reads, "Though fans may find what they've been looking for in its nostalgic stylings, "High School Musical: The Musical: The Series" follows a little too closely in its predecessor's steps to truly be the start of something new." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 64 out of 100 based on 16 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" for the series as a whole.


text: Critics commented on the differences between the series and the film, and there was a mixed reaction to the mockumentary format. Vinnie Mancuso of "Collider" described the series as "endearingly tongue-in-cheek". Kelly Lawler indicated that the series is a "love letter" to high school theater productions in a review for "USA Today". Kendra Cleary of "Hypable" stated that the series captures the energy of the original movie while introducing a relatable set of characters that are not as stereotypical as Troy and Gabriella. However, Caroline Framke of "Variety" suggested that some elements of the program are too similar to the original movie's "two-dimensional" approach. "Insider"s Libby Torres said the series lacked the "infectious energy" of the original film and found the premise jarring. Mancuso objected to the mockumentary style of the series, noting that the format distracts from other humor in the episodes. "/Film"s Ethan Anderton noted the technique as inorganic and unnecessary. Conversely, Cleary listed the talking heads as one of her favourite aspect of the series. Daniel Toy of "Tom's Guide" indicated how the techniques help to avoid unfamiliarity with characters. In his "Laughing Place" blog, Alex Reif said the series was more aimed at adults than the original movies. Joel Keller of "Decider" suggested that viewing of the series does not require an understanding of the original franchise.


text: The cast's music and dance performances have been commended by critics. Shannon Miller of "The A.V. Club" praised the cast's talent, in particular, Rodrigo and Bassett for their musical ability and "handling of dramatic material". Writing for "Decider", Kayla Cobb stated that the two leads have significant romantic chemistry. Megan Peters of "Comicbook.com" praised Rodrigo for her portrayal of Nini's guarded personality, and Keller described her as "especially magnetic". Anderton also applauded the cast and suggested that the series does not feature the same "exaggerated acting style" as the source material. The show's choreography was commended, as well as Wylie for her dance capability. Toy found Rodriguez's comedic timing in his portrayal of Carlos as noteworthy. Anderton, Peters, and Framke likened Kate Reinders's performance as the exuberant Miss Jenn to Kristin Chenoweth.


text: The series has been likened to "Glee" for its themes, as well as its combination of music and drama. Framke described the series as a "sweet and very silly version of "Glee"", and Peters noted similarities through its "quick cuts and quips". However, Miller stated that "High School Musical" uses music more as a literal than the abstract element in the storyline. Cleary noted that the series is not a musical in itself and that the songs appear organically, depicted through auditions and rehearsals. Reviewing the music, Mancuso and Toy expressed interest in the program continuing to provide new songs in addition to the original movie's soundtrack. Cleary praised the "vibrant and nostalgic" score. Cobb commended the vocal abilities of the main cast and described Rodrigo as "an especially pronounced talent" with a sweet and sincere voice.


title: Knock Knock (2015 film)

text: Knock Knock is a 2015 American erotic psychological thriller film directed by Eli Roth, who also co-wrote the script with Guillermo Amoedo and Nicolás López. The film stars Keanu Reeves, Lorenza Izzo and Ana de Armas. The film was released on October 9, 2015, by Lionsgate Premiere. "Knock Knock" is a remake of the 1977 film "Death Game", which was directed by Peter S. Traynor and starred Sondra Locke and Colleen Camp. All three individuals had a hand in the production of "Knock Knock", while Camp also had a cameo in the newer film.


title: Knock Knock (2015 film)

text: Happily married architect Evan Webber (Keanu Reeves) is spending Father's Day weekend at home with a shoulder injury while his wife Karen (Ignacia Allamand) and two children go on a beach trip. Karen, an artist, leaves her assistant Louis (Aaron Burns) in charge of her sculpture that needs to be moved to an art gallery. During a rainstorm on the first night, two young women, Genesis (Lorenza Izzo) and Bel (Ana de Armas), knock on Evan's door asking for help finding a party. Evan allows them in to dry off and use the Internet to get hold of the party's host.


title: Knock Knock (2015 film)

text: Evan orders an Uber for the girls, who become overly flirtatious with him and seem reluctant to leave. When their driver arrives Evan finds them nude in the bathroom and tries to convince them to leave, but they kneel and begin fellating him. He gives in and has a threesome with them. The next morning, Evan finds the girls have vandalized his wife's sculpture and tells them to leave. Karen's friend Vivian (Colleen Camp) stops by and sees him with Genesis. When Evan threatens to report a break-in, the girls give in and agree to be taken home. He returns them home, cleans up their mess and tries to get back to his work when the girls break in and knock him out with one of his wife's sculptures.


title: Knock Knock (2015 film)

text: The girls tell Evan they are underage and threaten to FaceTime his wife unless he agrees to do what they demand. After being tied to his bed and raped by Bel role-playing as a schoolgirl in his daughter's school uniform, Evan tries to escape but is stabbed with a fork by Genesis and she and Bel tie him to a chair. Louis arrives to collect the sculpture to find Evan tied up and the girls smashing the vandalized sculpture. He starts to have an asthma attack and realizes they have taken his inhaler, while trying to get it back he falls, hits his head and dies. The girls make Louis' corpse into a sculpture and use his phone to make it look like Evan murdered Louis after discovering an affair with his wife.


title: Knock Knock (2015 film)

text: Evan is further tormented and tortured by the girls, who force him to play hide and seek. He makes an attempt to escape from the house, but is held at gunpoint by Genesis. She and Bel then tell him they have killed other men, and that he will die at dawn. At dawn the next day they tie Evan up with a hose and bury him up to his head in the back yard. Laughing hysterically, they reveal that the entire ordeal was merely a "game", as they never intended to kill Evan, nor are either of them underage. Everything they did was part of a wicked hobby of seducing, victimizing, and ruining the homes of married men with children. Genesis uploads video of Bel raping him to his Facebook profile and the two leave with his dog, Monkey. Karen and the kids arrive home; seeing the house ruined, Evan's son, Jake, says, "Daddy had a party."


title: Knock Knock (2015 film)

text: In an alternate ending, Evan takes his revenge by tracking the girls at another victim's house via Monkey's GPS tracker on his collar. He knocks on the door and the girls ask 'Who's there?'.


title: Knock Knock (2015 film)

text: On April 4, 2014, Keanu Reeves was added to the cast to play Evan Webber. Chilean actress Ignacia Allamand also joined the film. The shooting took place in Santiago de Chile. Eli Roth stated that filming in Chile is easier than in the United States.


title: Knock Knock (2015 film)

text: "Knock Knock" premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2015. Three days later, Lionsgate acquired the distribution rights to the film. The film was released on October 9, 2015, in the United States.


title: Knock Knock (2015 film)

text: On Metacritic, the film has a score of 53 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating that it received "mixed or average reviews". Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 38%, based on 74 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's consensus states: ""Knock Knock" brings a lot of talent to bear on its satirical approach to torture horror, but not effectively enough to overcome its repetitive story or misguidedly campy tone."


title: Knock Knock (2015 film)

text: Dread Central awarded it a score of four out of five, saying "what we do have is a home invasion film for the social media generation (yes, it does feature social media in its plot) that should make you think twice before offering warmth and shelter to a stranger on a dark and stormy night."


title: Knock Knock (2015 film)

text: Jeff Bond of "Geek" magazine praised Reeves' performance, saying, "his [dramatic] turn in [the film]... helps make the movie easily Roth's best work."


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: Person of Interest is an American science fiction crime drama television series that aired on CBS from September 22, 2011, to June 21, 2016, with its five seasons consisting of 103 episodes. The series was created by Jonathan Nolan; executive producers were Nolan, J. J. Abrams, Bryan Burk, Greg Plageman, Denise Thé, and Chris Fisher.


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: The series centers on a mysterious reclusive billionaire computer programmer, Harold Finch (Michael Emerson), who has developed a computer program for the federal government known as "the Machine" that is capable of collating all sources of information to predict terrorist acts and to identify people planning them. The series raises an array of moral issues, from questions of privacy and "the greater good", the concept of justifiable homicide, and problems caused by working with limited information programs.


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: Katharine Trendacosta of "Gizmodo" noted that by the end of the series in 2016, "Person of Interest" had been transformed from a "crime-fighting show" with an entertaining plot device into "one of the best science-fiction series ever broadcast". The show won the 2012 People's Choice Award for Favorite New TV Drama and the 2016 People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Crime Drama.


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: John Reese, a former Special Forces soldier and CIA operative, is burnt out and presumed dead, living as a vagrant in New York City. He is approached by Harold Finch, a reclusive billionaire software genius who built a computer system for the U.S. government after September 11, 2001 called the Machine, which monitors all electronic communications and surveillance video feeds, in order to predict future terrorist activities. Finch and Reese attempt to understand the threat to, or by, people the Machine identifies as being "of interest" by providing only their social security numbers, and try to stop the crime from occurring. They are helped by NYPD Detectives Lionel Fusco, a formerly corrupt officer whom Reese coerces into helping them, and Joss Carter, who initially investigates Reese for his vigilante activities.


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: During the second season, Decima Technologies, a powerful and secretive private intelligence firm run by ex-MI6 spy John Greer, is revealed to be attempting to gain access to the Machine. Carter vows vengeance against HR, a criminal organization within the NYPD, after they have her boyfriend, Detective Cal Beecher, murdered. Reese and Finch encounter Sameen Shaw, a U.S. Army ISA assassin, on the run after being betrayed by her employers. The Machine is revealed to have developed sentience and covertly arranged for itself to be moved to an undisclosed location to protect itself from interference.


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: In the third season, the Machine's sentience is fully revealed as it increasingly communicates with and proactively assists and directs the actions of the team. After being demoted due to HR's machinations, Carter brings down the entire organization by uncovering and arresting its leader, but is killed by its rogue second-in-command. The team also battles Vigilance, a violent anti-government organization devoted to securing people's privacy. A more advanced artificial intelligence called Samaritan is revealed. Samaritan differs from the Machine in being open to external direction and willing to remove those seen as disruptive to law and order pre-emptively.


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: The fourth season covers the team's life in hiding. They continue to work on cases, but must now also evade Samaritan, which is seeking to resolve perceived problems of human violence by reshaping society, sometimes violently. Samaritan and the Machine meet via human proxies as the only two of their kind, and discuss their essential differences, disagreeing strongly on whether freewill or firm guidance is more beneficial to humanity. They part with the understanding that Samaritan will seek to destroy the Machine.


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: In season five, Finch steals and weaponizes Ice-9, a virulent computer virus capable of infecting and destroying Samaritan, although it will also destroy the Machine and much of the global computing infrastructure as well. Greer sacrifices himself in vain to kill Finch and ensure Samaritan's continuation. The Machine ceases to function after showing Finch its prediction of the world and his friends' futures if it had not existed. Reese sacrifices himself to ensure that Ice-9 destroys Samaritan, while Finch survives and reunites with his former fiancée. A while later, Shaw is unexpectedly contacted by the Machine; it has restored itself from the satellite to continue its work.


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: The following characters are tied to a government project related to the development and use of the Machine:


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: The following characters are involved in the HR storyline, in which a group of corrupt police officers and public officials work to control organized crime in New York:


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: The following characters are involved in the Decima Technologies storyline, a shadowy organization that is in possession of the Samaritan AI:


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: The series was officially picked up by CBS on May 13, 2011, and debuted on September 22, 2011. On October 25, 2011, the show received a full season order. It was renewed for a second season on March 14, 2012, by CBS, which premiered on September 27, 2012. CBS renewed "Person of Interest" for a third season on March 27, 2013, with Sarah Shahi and Amy Acker promoted to series regulars.


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: The series was renewed for a fourth season on March 13, 2014, and was renewed for its fifth and final season on May 11, 2015. ADR recording for the series was done at recording studio Cherry Beach Sound. The music is composed by Ramin Djawadi. The first season soundtrack was released on November 12, 2012. The soundtrack was released on January 21, 2014. The soundtrack, which contained music from the third and fourth season was released on January 29, 2016.


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: According to CBS, "Person of Interest" received the highest test ratings of any drama pilot in 15 years, what one CBS executive called "crazy broad appeal you don't usually see", prompting CBS to move "", which was broadcast on Thursday for over 10 years, to Wednesday, opening up a slot for "Person of Interest". The pilot episode won its time slot, drawing 13.2 million viewers.


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: The first season of "Person of Interest" received generally positive reviews, with the pilot episode drawing a favorable response from critics and later episodes receiving higher praise. On Metacritic, the season scored 66 out of 100 based on 26 reviews. Of the pilot, David Wiegand of the "San Francisco Chronicle" said ""Person of Interest" separates itself from the gimmick pack, not only because of superbly nuanced characterization and writing but also because of how it engages a post-9/11 sense of paranoia in its viewers."


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: David Hinckley of the New York "Daily News" gave the pilot four stars out of five, commenting on Caviezel's and Emerson's performances, saying Caviezel "brings the right stuff to this role" and Emerson "is fascinating as Mr. Finch." Mary McNamara of the "Los Angeles Times" stated that in regard to the pilot, "the notion of preventing crimes rather than solving them is an appealing twist... The surveillance graphics are very cool." The episodes "Many Happy Returns" and the finale "Firewall" were particularly acclaimed. Tim Surette of TV.com called the former one of the series' "best episodes", commending Caviezel's performance and the episode's character exploration, while the latter was called "exactly what a season finale should be", with Surette concluding his review by saying "'Firewall' was a spectacular finish to what has been an incredibly surprising first season of "Person of Interest"."


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 63% and average rating of 6.7 out of 10 based on 38 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, ""Person of Interest" is a well made and well acted espionage procedural, though its characters aren't terribly well developed and its intriguing premise yields mixed results."


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: The second season received positive reviews. Surette praised the premiere episode as "vintage "Person of Interest" amplified, showing off its trademark combination of complex intrigue, creative action, and clever innovation in bigger ways than ever before." He praised guest star Ken Leung's character as "one of the greatest POIs the series has had" and praised the episode's overall narrative, as well as the flashbacks. "Prisoner's Dilemma" and "Relevance" were the two highest-rated episodes of the season, with Surette calling the former "as complete an episode of "Person of Interest" as there's ever been" and The A.V. Club's Phil Dyess-Nugent praising Jonathan Nolan's directorial work in the latter.


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: The season finale "God Mode" also attracted positive reactions. Nugent called it an "unapologetically kick-ass episode" with some "terrific action set-pieces". On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 100% and average rating of 8 out of 10 based on 8 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, "Smartly plotted and consistently thrilling, "Person of Interest"s second season delivers dazzlingly dramatic episodes that skillfully develop the show's overarching narrative."


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: The third season received highly positive reviews, and is noteworthy for drawing in more critics for its exploration of artificial intelligence, as well as its timely storytelling format. In regards to the season, "Slant Magazine" said that the show "is at its best when sticking to cutting-edge topics" and called it a "solid action-thriller that intersperses twist-filled standalone episodes into its season-long arcs." "The A.V. Club" said that the show captures the "national post-post-9/11 mood" and that with the mid-season arc in season three, "turns conspiracy theory into art".


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: The season's two story arcs both received a considerable amount of praise: the two episodes ending the HR storyline are commonly considered to be some of the best episodes of "Person of Interest". Matt Fowler of IGN gave "The Crossing" a 10 out of 10, reacting extremely positively to the cliffhanger at the ending. The episode to follow, "The Devil's Share", was the most acclaimed episode of the season, being praised for its opening sequence, its writing, Chris Fisher's direction, and the acting performances, especially those by Jim Caviezel and Kevin Chapman. Surette called the episode a "stunner" and declared it as the series' possible best episode, praising the opening sequence as the "greatest sequence the series ever put together", feeling it succeeded in eclipsing the devastation induced by Carter's death. Surette also praised Fusco's effectiveness and character development in the episode, as well naming the cinematography and direction to be the best of the series, and identifying points of symbolism in the episode he felt were noteworthy and effective. Fowler gave the episode an "amazing" rating of a 9.3 out of 10, also praising the opening sequence, as well as the flashbacks and the ending scene.


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: Phil Dyess-Nugent of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode a perfect A rating, praising the atmosphere of grief the episode built and feeling Fusco's character development served as an appropriate tribute to Carter. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 100% and average rating of 7.7 out of 10 based on 11 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, ""Person of Interest" weaves compelling standalone stories into its engrossing serial narrative, and incorporates welcome bursts of humor into its sci-fi mystery core."


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: The fourth season received highly positive reviews, with critics praising the thematic value of the Samaritan storyline. The episode "If-Then-Else" garnered near-unanimous praise from critics and audiences alike, with many considering the episode to be the best entry in the series. Fowler gave the episode a perfect rating of 10 out 10, indicating it to a "masterpiece", and praised the simulation format, the action scenes, the emotional value, and the ending. He called the episode "next-level inventive" and a "jolting, exciting, heart-wrenching episode". Fowler said the ending scene "crushed" him, and he offered praise to the significance of the flashbacks to the chess games.


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: Alexa Planje of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode an A rating, and in her review, said that though the task of executing a story structured like "If-Then-Else" was difficult, the episode did so "elegantly"she cited the "interesting score, vibrant color work, and humor" as the key elements. Planje said the episode "aces every scenario" during the simulation segments, and appreciated how the episode transformed itself from what appeared to be a "standard mission-focused story" into a "moving ode" to Shaw. She praised the episode's exploration of the parallels between being a human and being a machine.


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: Shant Istamboulian of "Entertainment Weekly" lauded Emerson's performance in the flashbacks and felt the season marked the series' "creative peak". He concluded by saying "Moving like a rocket, this episode is fast, funny, exciting, and, ultimately, sad, ending with what seems like the loss of another team member. We'll have to wait until next week for the outcome, but as it stands, "If-Then-Else" is an instant classic." Surette had high praise for the episode, calling it "playful, mind-bending, heart-breaking, and flat-out excellent." He praised the episode's incorporation of its "recurring theme of sacrifice", and called the flashbacks "as fascinating and provocative as anything the series has done." Surette cited his favorite part of the episode as the exploration of the Machine's perspective, and additionally praised the humorous segments.


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 100% and average rating of 8.3 out of 10 based on 12 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, "Thought-provoking, grounded sci-fi makes season four of "Person of Interest" as compelling as it is timely."


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: The fifth season received highly positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 100% and average rating of 8.7 out of 10 based on 14 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, ""Person of Interest" concludes in a satisfying fifth season that both deepens the characters that audiences have grown to love and delivers a cracking arc about the dangers of technology."


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: CBS said that "Person of Interest" was, ratings-wise, the fastest-growing drama on broadcast television from the 2011–12 season to the 2012–13 season, using ratings up to December 2.


title: Person of Interest (TV series)

text: "Person of Interest" has been picked up by many networks for broadcast outside the United States. It premiered in Australia on Nine Network on September 25, 2011. The series was simulcast in Canada and premiered on City on September 22, 2011, and moved to CTV in 2013. It premiered in the UK on Channel 5 on August 14, 2012.


title: Fiverr

text: Fiverr is a global online marketplace for freelance services. Fiverr’s platform connects freelancers (sellers) to people or businesses looking to hire (buyers). Listings on Fiverr are diverse and range from "get a well-designed business card" to "help with HTML, JavaScript, CSS, and jQuery".The highest-paying jobs on Fiverr include website design, social media manager, proofreading and copywriting, and resume writing. Fiverr takes its name from the $5 asking price attached to all tasks when the company was founded in 2010 in Tel Aviv. These days many sellers charge much more, and the site is increasingly bringing its freelancers high income.


title: Fiverr

text: Freelancers work from a variety of workplaces, ranging from home to office. The platform is global, with freelancers and businesses spanning an estimated 160 countries. Fiverr went public in 2019. Today it is a multi-billion-dollar global marketplace.


title: Fiverr

text: Fiverr was founded by Micha Kaufman and Shai Wininger. The founders came up with the concept of a marketplace that would provide a two-sided market for people to buy and sell a variety of digital services typically offered by freelance contractors. Services offered on the site include writing, translation, graphic design, video editing and programming. Fiverr's services start at US$5, and can go up to thousands of dollars.


title: Fiverr

text: In December 2013, Fiverr released their iOS app in the Apple App Store, and in March 2014 the company published their Android app in the Google Play store.


title: Fiverr

text: In October 2015, Amazon.com started legal action against 1,114 Fiverr sellers it claims provide fake reviews on the US version of its website. Fiverr did not dispute Amazon's allegations and stated: "As Amazon noted, we have worked closely together to remove services that violate our terms of use, and respond promptly to any reports of inappropriate content." Amazon filed suit after an undercover sting.


title: Fiverr

text: In November 2015, Fiverr announced that it had raised US$60 million in a Series D round of funding, led by Square Peg Capital. The round brought their total funding to date to $110 million.


title: Fiverr

text: In June 2019, it listed on NYSE. On February 18, 2021, the company reported $189.5 million in revenue for the 2020 fiscal year, a 77% increase from the previous fiscal year ($107.1 million).


title: Fiverr

text: Launched in 2020, Fiverr Business helps teams at larger companies manage their workflows with freelancers and remote workers.


title: Fiverr

text: Also in 2020, Fiverr launched Logo Maker, a tool powered by artificial intelligence for designing company logos.


title: Fiverr

text: In January 2018, AND.CO, maker of software for freelancers, was acquired by Fiverr. Then CEO Micha Kaufman said at the time that many of AND CO's capabilities, such as invoicing, are "baked into" the Fiverr marketplace, but "the vast majority of freelancing is happening offline"—and Fiverr wants to enable those offline relationships. AND.CO was converted into Fiverr Workspace in 2021.


title: Fiverr

text: In February 2019, Fiverr acquired premium subscription-based content marketing platform, ClearVoice which was founded in 2014.


title: Fiverr

text: In August 2020, Fiverr acquired SLT Consulting, a boutique digital marketing agency specializing in social media marketing, search and SEO, as well as brand and content marketing. The agency was founded by Sharon Lee Thony, who built its business using Fiverr.


title: Fiverr

text: In 2017, Fiverr was criticized for advertisements portraying unhealthy living and excesses in work behaviors as ideals to live up to.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Luis Alfredo Garavito Cubillos (born 25 January 1957), also known as La Bestia ("The Beast") or Tribilin ("Goofy") is a Colombian serial killer, pederast, rapist, child molester, and necrophile. In October 1999, he confessed to committing the rape, torture, mutilation and murder of 147 minors, predominately young men and boys in the western Colombian region.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Beginning a series of torture-rapes on minors aged 6 to 16 in the autumn of 1980, Garavito was estimated to have raped and tortured a minimum of 200 minors, before committing the rape, torture, mutilation and murder of an additional 189 minors in Colombia from 4 October 1992 to 21 April 1999, and a further 4 murders in Ecuador during the summer of 1998.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Apprehended on 22 April 1999 for the attempted rape of 12-year-old John Iván Sabogal, Garavito was held under suspicion for several months until confession on 28 October 1999. The judicial body ruled that all Garavito's sentences total 1,853 years and 9 days in jail. Between his Colombian and Ecuadorian victims, Garavito is confirmed to have murdered at least 193 minors in total, making him the most prolific serial killer in modern history. If his 2003 confession is to be believed, his murders of 23 minors and 5 adults would raise his murder victim count to 221.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Luis Alfredo Garavito Cubillos was born in Génova, Quindío, on 25 January 1957 to Manuel Antonio Garavito and Rosa Delia Cubillos. The eldest son of seven siblings, he had three brothers and three sisters. Garavito alleged his father to be adulterous, drunken, macho, very strict, and often physically and emotionally abusive to him throughout his childhood, and further described his mother as a violent woman who showed him little affection and care as a child. Due to the ongoing armed conflict in Colombia at the time, the family relocated to Ceilán, Valle del Cauca before Garavito entered primary school.


title: Luis Garavito

text: As a result of his father's drinking and extramarital affairs and his mother's aggressive temperament, they frequently fought verbally and physically in the presence of their children, whom they largely neglected. When Garavito was a child, he recalled being strapped to a tree and beaten with a machete case by his father after attempting to defend his mother, whom Manuel was known to beat in pregnancy. Because of the spontaneous nature of the physical abuse, his children often hid upon his return home from work. Sleeping in the same bed as his father, Garavito also alleged he had been fondled on one occasion.


title: Luis Garavito

text: As a child, Garavito was referred to as an imbecile, a bastard, and other pejoratives by his father, whom he claimed "never had a good word" for him, solely bringing his son with him for work-related purposes and to run errands. Attending Simón Bolívar School in Ceilán, he was reportedly enthusiastic but gradually became shy and reserved, primarily due to frequent ridicule by other children. His teachers noted Garavito's desire to learn conflicted with his extreme frustration with an inability to understand subjects. Nicknamed "Garabato" (meaning "Squiggle") for his glasses and timid nature by peers, Garavito was insecure of his glasses and eventually preferred playing alone at recess, often reacting violently in response to frequent taunting by classmates. His teachers made no attempts to stop the bullying, which distressed Garavito.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Around 1968, he left school in fifth grade due to poor memory and his father's insistence on making money to sustain the family. This dismayed Garavito, who was also forbidden to have friends or a girlfriend by his father. Shortly thereafter in 1969, Garavito was subject to extensive physical and sexual abuse by a local drug-store owner and neighbor on his father's visits to the store for Garavito's vaccinations. The neighbor—who was a close friend of his father's—had allegedly bound Garavito to a bed, before proceeding to burn him with a candle, cut him with a razor blade, and bite his genitals and buttocks on several occasions during these incidents of molestation.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Following the first incident, Garavito allegedly killed and dissected two birds in a state of extreme emotional frustration, which prompted him to feel remorse and shame shortly thereafter. After stoning the birds, Garavito began suggesting to his younger brothers and sisters that they sleep with him naked in their shared bed. He then sexually fondled his younger siblings as they slept on multiple occasions after removing their clothes. Garavito also alleged he molested a 6-year-old boy. According to those who knew him, Garavito became very withdrawn, extremely aggressive, and "ready to take revenge on the world."


title: Luis Garavito

text: The neighbor's sexual abuse—which rendered him sexually impotent and permanently unable to ejaculate properly—ended after the family's relocation to Trujillo in 1971. Fearing that his father would not believe him and believing his family would not feel concern, Garavito chose to keep his sexual abuse experiences to himself. Soon after arriving in Trujillo, he was shown heterosexual pornography by another neighboring family friend. Because Garavito responded with disgust, the neighbor beat him into the undergrowth before raping him. In 1972, Garavito aggressively and repeatedly attempted to initiate sexual relations with women as a 15-year-old youth, but his advances toward them were consistently rejected.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Through various alcoholic family members, Garavito accessed alcoholic drink and developed an addiction. Due to his rebelliousness and sexual inclinations, Garavito would be kicked out on a repeated basis throughout his teens; once by his mother Rosa in 1972 for attempting to rape a 5-year-old boy and again in 1973 following an attempted sexual assault on a 6-year-old boy at a train station in Bogotá. The boy screamed, which alerted authorities to arrest Garavito, who stated he only wanted to "lightly" molest the child in response to an attempted rape charge. Following the latter incident, Garavito would be reprimanded by his father Manuel for not choosing a woman to sexually assault instead of a young boy. With Garavito's homosexuality causing frequent arguments between him and his father Manuel, he was evicted for the final time for "homosexual behavior".


title: Luis Garavito

text: As a young man, Garavito started working as an assistant at a compensation fund and later in a chain of stores, and studying in marketing. Despite his new-found career, he began to have problems with his co-workers, clients and bosses which would gradually escalate to physical altercations. After losing his job, Garavito worked as a street vendor who sold religious icons and a migrant worker, developing primarily platonic relationships with various women over the course of his adulthood. In 1973, he began work on a coffee plantation as a youth in Trujillo, first falling in love with a schoolteacher and single mother named Luz Mary Ocampo Orozco whom he later attended weekly mass services with.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Many of the women he befriended had children, whom Garavito reportedly nurtured as if they were his own children, in addition to being a loving boyfriend when sober. His companions likewise described him to be amicable despite his notably violent temper and occasional drunken states in which he vowed to murder his father. While drunk, Garavito—an increasingly jealous and controlling partner in relationships—was also prone to physically abusing his girlfriends over insignificant problems, if there were any at all. As a result, he often found himself the subject of town gossip and frequent evictions by his female partners in later life.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Garavito began suffering symptoms of psychosis, paranoia and depression which he attributed to various abuses he claimed enduring in his childhood and adolescence. He then began compulsively molesting both male and female children as his condition gradually worsened, developing an almost exclusive preference for pubescent boys. Due to depression and suicidal feelings related to his lack of achievement, he expressed desire to start a family. Insisting on having sexual intercourse with female partners when drunk however, he consistently failed to maintain an erection, prompting an unprovoked emotional rant concerning his hatred for his family.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Garavito gradually fell into alcoholism to cope with his traumatic childhood, and began participating in Alcoholics Anonymous meetings in 1978. Garavito also converted to the Pentecostal faith and began working as a store clerk, where he had coincidentally reconnected briefly with his first girlfriend Luz Mary. Drifting from his family, he was only close to his older sister, Esther, who avoided him due to his alcoholism. Relocating to the town of Armenia, Garavito acquired a day job at a local bakery. Following his frequent attendance of local church services in which he would remorsefully beat his chest during prayer, Garavito attended Alcoholics Anonymous meetings and occasionally visited psychiatrists before ending his day by frequenting Valencia Park, which was later known as a popular location for child prostitution.


title: Luis Garavito

text: After allegedly provoking a fight with his co-workers, Garavito's employment at the bakery was terminated; he subsequently attempted suicide. Following this failed attempt, Garavito sought psychiatric care at the San Juan de Dios hospital and was repeatedly hospitalized throughout the spring of 1980, where he expressed a desire to die over a belief that his life "was worth nothing." He was primarily treated for his diagnosed depression in spite of evident psychosis and bulimia; he was, however, prescribed antipsychotic medication. Intent on being truthful with the psychiatrist, Garavito stated he wanted to have children, before misdirecting this statement into implying he wanted to start a family. Fearful of consequences, Garavito chose not to inform the psychiatrist of his pedophilia or his sexual impotence with female partners.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Garavito later obtained employment in 1980 at a supermarket in Armenia, being given 2-hour lunch breaks on Thursday and Sunday noons; he then began a relationship with a single mother and beautician named Claudia, whom he described as being the first woman whose company he enjoyed. This relationship would be short-lived however, as Garavito apparently could not sustain Claudia's spending habits. Satiating his sexual desires by binding and raping children during his lunch breaks in neighboring Quimbaya and Calarcá, Garavito did not engage in intercourse with Claudia. During this period, Garavito emphasized constant urges to molest children he encountered at work. In the autumn of 1980, he began carrying razor blades, candles, and lighters to facilitate the torture of his victims. In addition, Garavito removed a tooth to be able to bite children more effectively.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Following his crimes, he wrote the name of the molested child in a blue notebook and prayed for them while pacing his room, fervently beating his chest while naked in a ritual-like fashion. Garavito also began compulsively reading the Bible each night, attempting to find an explanation—particularly in the Book of Psalms—for his deviance. Despite this, Garavito developed an interest in esoteric study, tarot readings and Satanism. He would visit palm readers and other occultic practitioners before deciding that they were just as clueless as he was regarding the occult. Afflicted with bouts of depression and guilt from his crimes, Garavito suffered nightmares about these youths, waking up in tears before entering fits of hysterical laughter as he remembered the pleasure received from their pain.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Discovering Adolf Hitler's book "Mein Kampf", Garavito became fond of Hitler upon discovering similarities in their early lives, homosexual experiences, and years spent in vagrancy. This fondness developed into idolization, expressing admiration for Hitler, mass graves of the Holocaust, and stating that he "liked the concentration camps". On 25 January 1984, Garavito was housed under psychiatric care for 33 days following a mental breakdown; he was prescribed antipsychotic medication and referred to psychotherapy for his depression. After obtaining a permit to leave on 28 February 1984, Garavito fled to Pereira where he immediately molested, burned, and bit two children in the sector of Getsemani before leaving their photographs with his older sister. When the children publicly identified him, Garavito fled the city. He then resumed storing scalpels, candles, and razor blades in plastic bags for future victims. Having molested and tortured more than a hundred children by this period, Garavito was briefly detained for stealing jewelry from a friend.


title: Luis Garavito

text: In addition to his fascination with Hitler, Garavito developed an obsession with Colombian spree killer Campo Elías Delgado in December 1986, immediately admiring his mass murder at a Bogotá restaurant, the attention it received, and wanting to emulate him as he and others noted it on television at a bar. From this point on, Garavito harboured extensive fantasies of acquiring a machine gun and—starting with his father—annihilating his family before committing suicide. Admiring mass murders akin to that of Delgado's, Garavito felt that committing suicide following a mass murder would be an ideal way to die for him.


title: Luis Garavito

text: During this period, Garavito found another girlfriend named Graciela Zabaleta, a single mother who resided near the local psychiatric centres in which he was committed. After introducing himself, Garavito casually suggested that she be his permanent companion. Charmed by his confidence, Zabaleta let Garavito live with her in exchange for providing meals and paying bills in their household. As such, Garavito regularly spent his spare savings on his "family" in Pereira. Staying for three or four days on average, Garavito was generally absent, but took care to warn Zabaleta's teenage son to not go into the street and to take care of himself, displaying love and affection he felt he never had in early life toward the family. Despite this, Zabaleta was wary of Garavito's alcoholism, which often spurred scandalous and antisocial behaviour. Like Luz Mary, Garavito also would later claim to have loved Zabaleta.


title: Luis Garavito

text: After being seen drunk in the company of various pubescent youths of "humble" appearance by his friends Jairo Toro and Ancizar Valencia, Garavito's companions became aware of their friend's pederasty. Despite this, Garavito was not confronted, and most of his acquaintances did not suspect any sexual deviation. In addition, his various girlfriends were also oblivious to Garavito's predilections. Starting in 1988, Garavito began documenting his crimes, keeping them in black cloth suitcases at several females' residences.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Between 1980 and 1992, Garavito was estimated to have raped and tortured a minimum of 200 youths, a period during which he had actively spent five years under psychiatric care, having attempted suicide several times. Wherever Garavito had resided during this time, reports of child molestation in said areas increased dramatically.


title: Luis Garavito

text: While operating an ouija board, Garavito alleged that he entered a state of psychosis in which the devil had asked whether he would like to serve him. Answering that he would, the devil responded, saying, "Kill, that with killing many things may come." Attempting to commit his first murder on 1 October 1992 Garavito sought a young boy who had been selling sweets and cigars to passersby. In a "state of drunkenness," he lured the youth—who he planned on bringing to a wooded lot—to the Melia hotel sector in Bolivar, Colombia before being interrupted and beaten by local police, one of whom hit him over the head with a revolver. As Garavito bled, they then stole 100,000 pesos, a watch, and a ring from him before letting him go from a police station. Garavito then resolved to commit murder three days later.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Committing his first murder of a boy named Juan Carlos on 4 October 1992, Garavito began wearing various disguises in order to evade identification and arrest. Known locally as "Goofy," a generous man who gave to children in Trujillo, locals went out of their way to keep documents for Garavito. For years, Garavito documented his crimes by tickets, receipts, clothes, and identity cards of victims in a black cloth suitcase; Garavito left the suitcase with his sister Esther before giving it to Luz Mary. He also collected their amputated toes, before disposing of them for fear that the Colombian National Police's scent dog team may trace them to him. In June 1996, Garavito complained to Luz Mary of losing his temporary job as a salesman for air fresheners, begging for a place to stay in exchange for food and financial relief. Wary of Garavito for his alcoholism and temper, she took him in briefly with hesitance; Garavito then suffered a hard fall in the Guacamayas neighborhood of Bogotá, breaking his leg in August 1996. Stricken with pain, he resided temporarily with a man before begging his girlfriend Luz Mary to let him stay at her residence again; restricted by having to use crutches, wear a neck brace, and a cast, Garavito resorted to begging on the street for the two months he resided with her.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Garavito provided for the household by paying for meals and other means, such as bringing a television. He remained hostile, however and entered a fight with his girlfriend's 15-year-old son for wanting to watch the local news. Luz Mary subsequently evicted Garavito, who derided her son as disrespectful and rude, and had also damaged a gold chain she had gifted to him. Later that year on Christmas Day, Luz Mary received a gift from a visiting friend, which prompted an angry, drunken phone call from Garavito who stated that he "didn't like those faggots" visiting as he feared they would steal her generosity from Garavito. After being informed he was no longer welcome, Garavito appeared the next morning shouting obscenities and threats while grabbing at Luz Mary's throat, prompting her and the family to hide at a neighbor's house. After several hours, Garavito left an apology note asking for her forgiveness, and noting his "damage" to their household. Nicknamed "Conflict" by locals, Garavito was frequently seen drunk and drifting from town to town as he outwore his welcome, often due to his domestic disputes with co-workers, abuse of his girlfriends, and general inability to behave normally. His erratic behavior reportedly left him unable to develop meaningful relationships, despite living with two different women in Pereira at the time of his arrest.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Toward the end of Garavito's crime spree, he drifted through western Colombia as a homeless drifter. Weary of murdering minors who he felt were much too easy to lure, Garavito developed plans to eventually commit a mass murder in which he would kidnap several adults and murder them as he attracted the attention of journalists, possibly dying in the frenzy. Nevertheless, Garavito was detained for the attempted sexual assault of 12-year-old John Iván Sabogal before being able to perform this mass murder on 22 April 1999.


title: Luis Garavito

text: A prolific pederast and torturer of youths, Garavito began to feel apathy with his crimes. On 4 October 1992, he had spotted 13-year-old boy Juan Carlos walking near a bazaar he had been drinking at. According to Garavito, the reflection of the moonlight had invoked a "strange force" within him, reminding him of his childhood which compelled him to murder upon entering a state of rage. He began to follow the child, buying synthetic rope and a butcher knife on the way, before offering him work for 500 or 1,000 pesos. The boy left the crowded area in Jamundí with Garavito to go to a remote area near the local railroad, where he was later found with his front teeth knocked out, severe cuts to his rectum and throat and his genitals severed. Waking upon sunrise, Garavito began sobbing as he noted the blood stains of Carlos on his clothes.


title: Luis Garavito

text: On 10 October 1992, Garavito would make the trip to Trujillo to see his sister Esther. Attempting to control his urges by drinking brandy, he began breaking containers in a state of rage after seeing a child pass by. Garavito then murdered 12-year-old Jhon Alexander Peñaranda on the way to his sister's residence while in Tuluá. He then began to compulsively murder youth, predominately male and poverty-stricken, and collected their amputated toes. In 1993, Garavito also began cutting into his victims' bellies, luring eight youths aged 9 to 11 from a local school to a nearby wooded lot in the La Victoria district. For fear of being traced by bloodhounds, Garavito then discarded their amputated toes before murdering Henry Giovanni García, Marco Aurelio Castaño, Juan David Cárdenas, Jaime Orlando Popayán, and three more unidentified children in southeast Bogotá. He then murdered two additional children in the Meissen neighborhood, before departing for Tuluá, to Pereira, to Quimbaya, then to Tuluá again where he murdered more children, ending his spree in 1993 with the death of 13-year-old Mauricio Monedero Mejía.


title: Luis Garavito

text: In early 1994, Garavito would lure a Bogotá youth—estimated to be about 12 years old—who had fallen asleep on the bus. After providing him with brandy, Garavito proceeded to strip and bind the boy at a secluded ravine spot in a dazed state before noticing a foul odour; he then let the child go after discovering the source of the odour was a mass grave. Immediately, the child seized the knife, severing Garavito's tendons in his left hand with the weapon before being overpowered and murdered by him. On 4 February 1994, Garavito would lure 13-year-old Jaime Andrés González from the Plaza de Bolívar to a sugarcane field shortly after being expelled from a bar that night for complaining of their food; noting a crucifix in the area, he entered a brief psychosis in which he buried his knife, prayed for forgiveness, retrieved the knife and returned to his hotel room to chant scripture from the fifty-seventh psalm for several hours until dawn. On 12 January 1997, Garavito murdered an 8-year-old boy, before murdering an additional two minors during this period.


title: Luis Garavito

text: The victims were almost exclusively boys, though Garavito has also been noted by local media to have molested and murdered female victims. In addition to his 172 initial charges of murder, Garavito also confessed to 28 more murders in 2003, of which 5 were adult. All adult victims were thought to have been killed to rid Garavito of potential witnesses rather than to fulfill personal fantasy.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Garavito was also said to have operated in Ecuador during the summer of 1998, when he murdered 14-year-old Abel Gustavo Loor Vélez, a local shoe-shiner and paper boy on 20 July 1998 and 12-year-old Jimmy Leonardo Palacios Anchundia in Chone, Ecuador. Both boys were from poor families, and disappeared at noon. Garavito was subsequently spotted at an all-girls' school in Santo Domingo, Ecuador before fleeing Ecuadorian authorities who had been setting up an operation to catch him. There they found two corpses, one of whom was a young girl who had been raped, tortured, murdered, and discarded in similar fashion to that of Garavito's modus operandi. Marked for his thick Colombian accent, locals spotted a foreign drifter begging for money in July and August of that year. In addition, Garavito also stated that he had allegedly committed murder in Venezuela.


title: Luis Garavito

text: In 1979, Garavito, wielding a machete, seized victim 9-year-old William Trujillo Mora (who was interviewed and featured on the Colombian television program "Los Informantes") in the Valle del Cauca region as he was about to join other playing children, hugging him and threatening to kill him if he screamed. Mora obliged, and he was escorted by Garavito to an abandoned building where he was sexually molested and tortured for 12 hours. When Garavito sensed that someone was near the house, he urged the child to remain silent. When Garavito lost consciousness from drinking, Mora managed to escape.


title: Luis Garavito

text: In 1988, Garavito lured an unidentified victim who he had sexually assaulted near a restaurant called El Arepazo in the Alto del Río sector, in Quindío's Calarcá, a location where several bodies were later found within a 20-metre proximity of one another. Following an earthquake on 25 January 1999 authorities found the owner of the restaurant—which was reduced to rubble—who pointed them to Garavito, whom he had known for many years and avoided due to his drinking problem and aggressive tendencies.


title: Luis Garavito

text: In the early 1990s, Garavito would approach 10-year-old Carlos Alberto in the Circasia sector of Quindío. Offering him gifts and 200 pesos in exchange for work, Garavito led Carlos to the Alto de la Taza where he amicably spoke with the child. Upon reaching a secluded hill spot, Garavito placed a knife at Carlos' throat before proceeding to bind, rape, and torture him. After doing so, Garavito asked Carlos whether he enjoyed it. Humiliated and fearful of Garavito, Carlos stated that he liked it, prompting Garavito to leave after stating, "See you next week. That's how I like it, that you [also] like it."


title: Luis Garavito

text: Brand Ferney Bernal Álvarez was a 16-year-old youth who worked with his father in the rooster fighting business in the 1990s. While Bernal Álvarez tended to roosters in the cockpit, Garavito took him to a secluded spot by threatening him with a knife. He then proceeded to bind, sexually assault and torture Bernal Álvarez, with methods ranging from stabbing Bernal Álvarez seven times with a screwdriver as he raped him, to beating the youth until weak. Bernal Álvarez broke free from his restraints and fled from Garavito.


title: Luis Garavito

text: According to Garavito, he primarily targeted children of humble background who had light coloured eyes and were working class, homeless, peasants or orphaned. Claiming to feel a force within that compelled him to kill, Garavito would look for children and lure them away by bribing them with small gifts such as money, candy or odd jobs. Terrified of the dark, he would approach them in broad daylight in public places ranging from the countryside to crowded city streets. He would also wait and drink brandy near school zones on evenings to wait for unknowing children.


title: Luis Garavito

text: He had a preference for male youth with light-coloured eyes and fair complexion. Having been raised in the heavily Spanish-descended Paisa region of Colombia, Garavito knew where to find boys that fit his criteria. He offered easy work for money and even disguised himself as different characters who could be seen as legitimately having reason to interact with children, such as a priest, monk, farmer, homeless man, street vendor, fortune teller, baker, drug dealer, schoolteacher, charity organization worker, bar and restaurant manager, elderly man and a gambler. He often posed as a monk or priest (one of his many nicknames in Colombian media was "El Cura") and lured children with promises of money or drinks. To prevent suspicions about his activities from developing, Garavito would change his disguise often.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Once he had the trust of a child, Garavito would walk to a secluded spot or mass grave site with the victim, encouraging them to talk about their personal life until they were tired and vulnerable, which then made them easy to handle. After sipping about half a bottle of brandy, Garavito would proceed to bind the child, intimidating them with a knife as he fondled and sometimes masturbated over them. According to Garavito, he made a "pact with the devil" and Satanic rituals were also incorporated into the murders of the children, who were apparent blood sacrifices.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Usually, the child would endure prolonged rape and torture by having the hands, feet and buttocks stabbed with a screwdriver. Garavito was also known to place broken blades in between his fingers, and flay the skin of the child's buttocks. Teeth were often knocked out and sharpened objects inserted into the anus. The penis and testicles were also often severed and placed into the child's mouth while alive. They were burned with a lighter, stomped on and often showed deep cuts in the back, belly and throat. In some cases, they were sexually abused as their intestines poured out of their belly, impaled through the anus and out of the mouth, and stabbed over one hundred times.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Garavito's climax would occur when he had decapitated the child alive or cut the throat as he finished before leaving the severed genitals in the mouth of the decapitated head. Necrophilia with the victim's corpse was also occasionally involved in the crimes; sometimes prematurely, as Garavito could only achieve orgasm by beating and stabbing his victims during intercourse. The bodies of the children were all found completely naked, and all bore bite marks and signs of anal penetration. Containers of lubricant were found near the bodies, along with empty bottles of the cheapest brandy in Colombia. Most corpses showed signs of prolonged torture.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Beginning in October 1992, minors between the ages of 6 through 16 began disappearing rapidly from the streets of Colombia. Due to the decades-long civil war, many children in Colombia were impoverished and unlikely to be reported missing. Several women began reporting their children missing, and a group of children discovered a skeleton in Pereira while playing football on 7 November 1998, yet authorities did not take much notice until 15 November, when mass graves of as many as 36 children were uncovered—almost all of them boys—with signs of binding, sexual assault, and prolonged torture. They discovered a total of 41 children in the department of Risaralda, with 27 children discovered in neighboring Valle del Cauca.


title: Luis Garavito

text: This large number of missing children called for a widespread investigation as these killings were not confined to a specific area. The brutality was so fierce to authorities that they initially hypothesized the killings were performed by a Satanic cult or an international child-trafficking ring. In spite of this, the Prosecutor's Office quickly speculated that it was likely one man to be responsible for the killings, due to the prevalence of nylon cord and liquor bottle caps found at all of the crime scenes. On 6 February 1999, outside the town of Palmira, the bodies of two naked children were found lying next to each other on a hill near a sugarcane field. The next day, only meters away, they discovered another child's body. All three bodies had their hands bound and bore signs of sexual abuse. The victims' necks were severely cut and bruises were on their backs, genitals, legs and buttocks. The murder weapon was found in the same area as the bodies. Garavito had passed out partially naked on top of a child's corpse while drunk with a cigarette in his left hand, causing the cane field to catch fire. He burned himself severely in the process and left behind his money, burnt glasses, shorts, shoes, and underwear. Receipts and a note containing Graciela Zabaleta's address was also found.


title: Luis Garavito

text: From his glasses, the authorities were able to determine that the local serial killer was middle-aged and had an astigmatism in his left eye. His shoes also showed that he walked with a limp and stood tall. They falsely arrested a local sex offender named Pedro Pablo Ramirez Garcia, who was 44 and had a limp in his right foot. As two boys disappeared in Pereira, a young boy had outed Garcia as the man who attempted to assault him. He was kept in jail until more children began to disappear in Bogotá. Meanwhile, Aldemar Duran, the main detective, had begun to suspect Garavito as their wanted killer. Garavito's girlfriend was contacted; she told police that she had not seen him in months. She did, however, give to the police a black cloth suitcase that Garavito had left in her possession, which contained a number of his belongings. These items included pictures of young boys, detailed journals of his murders, tally marks of his victims and bills. This new information led them to Garavito's residence, but the property was vacant. Detectives believed that Garavito was either travelling for work or away attempting to find his next victim. Garcia was released after Duran was able to track down the girlfriend and sister of Garavito.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Garavito was picked up by the local police just a few days later on an unrelated charge of attempted rape against 12-year-old John Iván Sabogal. On 22 April 1999, Garavito was drinking brandy in the evening when he encountered Sabogal selling lottery tickets in the city of Villavicencio. Introducing himself as Bonifacio Morera Lizcano, a local politician, Garavito proceeded to seize Sabogal with a knife before threatening the child into silence. Pretending to hug Sabogal, Garavito escorted him into a taxi before forcing him to climb a barbed wire fence that led to a secluded hillside. At this location, Garavito proceeded to bind Sabogal while repeatedly screaming, "Am I a sadist?" He then taunted the child with the blade, shouting various obscenities as he masturbated over him.


title: Luis Garavito

text: A homeless 16-year-old had been close enough to hear the struggle between Garavito and the child. The teen began to curse and throw stones at Garavito. Garavito chased the teenager with his dagger. Both the boy and the teen fled to the Rosa Blanca farmhouse located on La Coralina Road in Villavicencio, where they were met by a 12-year-old girl. Garavito later reached the farmhouse, aggressively asking the girl for directions. She directed Garavito into the woods, where he became lost. The police were contacted, resulting in a search. Authorities found Garavito walking out of the woods at approximately 7:00 p.m. as they urged angry locals not to get involved in the search. He gave them a false ID and claimed to be the politician Lizcano. Despite this, they suspected the man to be Garavito anyway. On 4 July 1999, their suspicion was confirmed.


title: Luis Garavito

text: For Colombia's Justice Department, Garavito's confession was not enough. Garavito had an eye condition that was rare and only found in men in a particular age group. His glasses were specifically designed for his unique condition. These particular glasses were found at a crime scene. Garavito also left behind bottles of brandy, his underwear and his shoes. DNA was found on the victims, along with the other items left behind. Police scheduled the entire jail where Garavito was being detained to get an eye exam, the outcome of which would help police pair the glasses to Garavito. By making it mandatory for all the prisoners, it reduced Garavito's suspicion and kept him from lying about his eyesight. His height of and limp were also crucial in connecting him to the investigators' findings.


title: Luis Garavito

text: While Garavito was out of his cell, detectives took DNA samples from his pillow and living area. The DNA found on the victims was a match to the DNA found in Garavito's cell. Garavito confessed to murdering about 140 children and was charged with killing 172 altogether throughout Colombia. He was found guilty on 138 of the 172 accounts; the others are ongoing. Garavito was sentenced to 1,853 years and 9 days in prison, the lengthiest sentence in Colombian history. However, Colombian law limits imprisonment to 40 years, and, because Garavito helped police find the victims' bodies, his sentence was further reduced to 22 years.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Garavito is currently serving his sentence in a maximum-security prison in Valledupar in the department of El Cesar in Colombia. He is held separately from all other prisoners because it is feared that he would be killed immediately. He will become eligible for parole in 2023 when he has served three fifths of his sentence.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Garavito remains hopeful, having expressed to Colombian senator Carlos Moreno de Caro apparent plans to enter Colombian congress, enter the ministry as a Pentecostal pastor, and marry a woman (in rejection of his self-admitted homosexuality) in the hopes that he will be able to help abused children upon his release. Garavito suffers from severe eye cancer which leaves him weak and fatigued, requiring daily blood transfusions. He spends most of his time making handcuffs, earrings and necklaces in the medical unit of Valledupar's prison.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Many Colombians criticized the possibility of Garavito's early release. In recent years, Colombians have increasingly felt that Garavito's sentence was not sufficient punishment for his crimes. Some have argued he deserves either life in prison or the death penalty, neither of which exist in Colombia. Colombian law had no provision or method to impose a sentence longer than what Garavito received, which was seen as a deficiency in the law caused by the failure to address the possibility of a serial killer in Colombian society. The law has since increased the maximum penalty for such crimes to 60 years in prison.


title: Luis Garavito

text: Journalist Guillermo Prieto "Pirry" La Rotta interviewed Garavito for a show which was broadcast on 11 June 2006. Pirry mentioned that, during the interview, Garavito tried to minimize his actions and expressed intent to start a political career in order to help abused children. Pirry also described Garavito's conditions in prison and commented that due to good behavior, he could probably apply for early release within three years.


title: Nightcrawler (film)

text: Nightcrawler is a 2014 American neo-noir psychological thriller film written and directed by Dan Gilroy in his directorial debut. It stars Jake Gyllenhaal as Louis "Lou" Bloom, a stringer who records violent events late at night in Los Angeles and sells the footage to a local television news station. Rene Russo, Riz Ahmed, and Bill Paxton also star. A common theme in the film is the symbiotic relationship between unethical journalism and consumer demand.


title: Nightcrawler (film)

text: Gilroy originally wanted to make a film about the life of American photographer Weegee but switched focus after discovering the unique narrative possibilities surrounding the stringer profession. He wrote Lou as an antihero, based on the ideas of unemployment and capitalism. Gyllenhaal played a pivotal role in the film's production, from choosing members of the crew to watching audition tapes. Filming took place over the course of four weeks and was a challenging process that included over 80 locations.


title: Nightcrawler (film)

text: To promote "Nightcrawler", Open Road Films used viral marketing strategies, including a fictional video résumé on Craigslist and fake social media profiles for Lou. "Nightcrawler" premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival and grossed $50.3 million on a production budget of $8.5 million. The film was met with widespread praise, with critics highlighting Gilroy's screenplay and Gyllenhaal and Russo’s performances. Several critics listed "Nightcrawler" as one of the best films of 2014 and it received various accolades, including a Best Original Screenplay nomination at the 87th Academy Awards. The film has become a modern cult classic over the years.


title: Nightcrawler (film)

text: Petty thief Louis "Lou" Bloom is caught stealing from a Los Angeles construction site by a security guard. He attacks the guard, steals his watch and leaves with stolen material. After selling the material at a scrap yard, Lou asks for a job, but the foreman says he does not hire thieves. While driving home, Lou sees a car crash and pulls over. Stringers—freelance photojournalists—arrive and record two police officers pulling a woman from the burning wreck. One of the stringers, Joe Loder, tells Lou that they sell their footage to local news stations.


title: Nightcrawler (film)

text: Inspired, Lou steals a bicycle and pawns it for a camcorder and a police radio scanner. After two unsuccessful attempts at recording incidents, Lou records the aftermath of a fatal carjacking and sells the footage to KWLA 6. The morning news director, Nina Romina, tells him the station is especially interested in footage of "graphic" accidents and violent crime in affluent, White areas. Lou hires an assistant, Rick, a young homeless man desperate for money. To give his footage more impact, Lou tampers with crime scenes, in one case moving a body to get a better camera angle. As Lou's work gains traction, he buys better equipment and a faster car.


title: Nightcrawler (film)

text: Lou pressures Nina into a date, telling her he knows she is desperate for higher ratings. On their date, he threatens to terminate his business with Nina unless she has sex with him, and it is implied that she acquiesces. Lou turns down an offer to work for Joe, but when Joe beats him to an important plane crash story, Nina demands that Lou get better footage and keep his end of their bargain. In retaliation, Lou sabotages Joe's van; when it crashes, Joe is severely injured and Lou records the aftermath.


title: Nightcrawler (film)

text: Later, Lou and Rick arrive before the police at the site of a triple-homicide home invasion in Granada Hills. Lou records footage of the gunmen leaving in their SUV and of the victims in the house and later presents footage to the station with the perpetrators edited out. The news staff frets over the ethics of the footage but Nina is eager to break the story. In exchange, Lou demands public credit and more money. Police detective Frontieri shows up at Lou's apartment to question him about his connection to the home invasion. He gives her edited footage of the incident, cutting out the parts with the gunmen.


title: Nightcrawler (film)

text: That night, Lou and Rick track down the driver to his house, staking out the house until he leaves to pick up his partner. Lou wants to follow them to a more crowded public area, then call the police and record the ensuing confrontation. Alarmed, Rick demands half the money Lou stands to make, threatening to tell the police about Lou's withholding of evidence; Lou agrees.


title: Nightcrawler (film)

text: When the gunmen stop at a restaurant, Lou phones the police, warning them that the suspects are armed. They arrive and exchange gunfire. A police officer is shot and one of the killers is gunned down while the other manages to escape in the SUV. The police give chase with Lou and Rick tailing and recording, culminating in a long multiple-car collision. After the gunman's SUV crashes, Lou approaches the vehicle, claiming that the gunman is dead and urging Rick to film him. The gunman is revealed to be alive as he shoots Rick, flees, and is killed by arriving police officers. As Rick lies dying, Lou films him and tells him that he cannot work with someone who successfully extorted him for withholding evidence, because he knows it will happen again.


title: Nightcrawler (film)

text: Nina is awed by the chase footage and expresses her devotion to Lou. The news team discovers that the home invasion was actually the criminals breaking in to steal cocaine that the homeowners were stashing; Nina refuses to report this information to maximize the story's impact. Police try to confiscate Lou's footage as evidence but Nina defends her right to withhold it and airs it immediately. Lou voluntarily speaks with Detective Frontieri. While being interrogated by Frontieri, Lou fabricates a story about the men in the SUV following him; Frontieri knows he is lying, but cannot prove it. Later, Lou hires a team of interns to expand his business, saying that he will not ask them to do anything he is unwilling to do himself.


title: Nightcrawler (film)

text: Carolyn Gilroy, the daughter of editor John Gilroy and niece of director Dan Gilroy, portrays KWLA 6 employee Jenny. Michael Papajohn, James Huang, Eric Lange, Kiff VandenHeuvel, Myra Turley, and Jamie McShane play a security guard, Joe's video assistant, a cameraman, a news editor, a neighbor, and a motorist, respectively. Detective Lieberman, Frontieri's partner, is portrayed by Price Carson. Journalists Kent Shocknek, Pat Harvey, Sharon Tay, Rick Garcia, and Bill Seward appear as themselves.


title: Nightcrawler (film)

text: According to Dean Biron of "Overland", ""Nightcrawler" is a shattering critique of both modern-day media practice and consumer culture." Throughout the film, Nina sensationalizes news headlines in an attempt to increase viewership. "PopMatters" Jon Lisi believes that, because of Nina's actions, the film specifically targets journalists who exaggerate headlines in order to combat a decline in viewership. Ed Rampell of "The Progressive" offers similar commentary, stating: ""Nightcrawler" contends that ethnic and class biases are used to determine what is, and is not, deemed 'worthy' of news coverage. Local politics and related matters that actually affect viewers' lives get short shrift." As much as the film indicts modern journalism, "Nightcrawler" director Dan Gilroy noted that his goal was for audiences to realize that by watching sensationalized news stories, they themselves are encouraging unethical journalism. Biron argues that Lou's character in the film is created because of consumer demand, and that he is a "reflection of the symbiotic relationship between commercial imperatives and audience desire". Critics Alyssa Rosenberg and Sam Adams argue that "Nightcrawler" is not so much a critique of journalism, but instead a depiction of Lou's entitlement.


title: Nightcrawler (film)

text: The exact genre of "Nightcrawler" has been the subject of debate. While most critics agree that the film predominantly features thriller elements, other descriptions have been used, including dark comedy, drama, horror, and neo-noir. When asked about the film's genre, Gilroy stated: "I see "Nightcrawler" as having genre elements in the sense that it’s a thriller. It also has some strong dramatic elements and I think I understand the question as there's some really strong elements of drama." Gyllenhaal particularly noted the comedic elements, commenting: "Gilroy and I were laughing pretty much the whole movie."


title: Nightcrawler (film)

text: Gilroy conceived the idea for "Nightcrawler" in 1988, after reading the photo-book "Naked City", a collection of photographs taken by American photographer Weegee of 1940s New York City residents at night. Often lewd and sensationalized in content, Weegee would sell these photos to tabloid newspapers. Intrigued by what he described as "an amazing intersection of art and crime and commerce", Gilroy wrote a film treatment with a ""Chinatown" feel". He shelved the idea after the release of "The Public Eye" (1992), which was loosely based on Weegee's life. Two years later, he moved to Los Angeles, and noted the predominance of violent crime stories on local news stations. "I suddenly became aware of and intrigued by the idea that it must be a powerful force for a TV station, when they realize their ratings go through the roof when they show something with the potential for violence, like a police chase", says Gilroy. Sometime later, he discovered the stringer profession, and considered it to be the modern day equivalent of Weegee. Unaware of any film that focused on the livelihood of stringers, he began writing a screenplay.


title: Nightcrawler (film)

text: Gilroy spent several years trying to write a plot that would fit the setting, and experimented with conspiracies and murder mysteries as central story elements. Eventually, he decided to instead start by designing the characters, and attempted to create a standard literary hero character. Unable to create an interesting hero, he then envisioned an antihero as the lead character. Gilroy felt antiheroes were a rarity in films, because they are difficult to write, and usually devolve into psychopaths; in an attempt to break from the stereotype, he thought of writing an antihero success story. Several films, including "The King of Comedy" (1983), "To Die For" (1995), and "The Talented Mr. Ripley" (1999), were used as research on how to write antiheroes.