title: Beagle

text: Reverend Phillip Honeywood established a beagle pack in Essex in the 1830s and it is believed that this pack formed the basis for the modern breed. Although details of the pack's lineage are not recorded, it is thought that North Country Beagles and Southern Hounds were strongly represented; William Youatt suspected that Harriers formed a good majority of the beagle's bloodline, but the origin of the Harrier is itself obscure. Honeywood's Beagles were small, standing at about at the shoulder, and pure white according to John Mills (writing in "The Sportsman's Library" in 1845). Prince Albert and Lord Winterton also had Beagle packs around this time, and royal favor no doubt led to some revival of interest in the breed, but Honeywood's pack was regarded as the finest of the three.


title: Beagle

text: Although credited with the development of the modern breed, Honeywood concentrated on producing dogs for hunting and it was left to Thomas Johnson to refine the breeding to produce dogs that were both attractive and capable hunters. Two strains were developed: the rough-coated and smooth-coated varieties. The rough-coated beagle survived until the beginning of the 20th century, and there were even records of one making an appearance at a dog show as late as 1969, but this variety is now extinct, having probably been absorbed into the standard beagle bloodline.


title: Beagle

text: In the 1840s, a standard beagle type was beginning to develop; the distinction between the North Country Beagle and Southern Hound had been lost, but there was still a large variation in size, character, and reliability among the emerging packs. In 1856, "Stonehenge" (the pseudonym of John Henry Walsh), writing in the "Manual of British Rural Sports", was still dividing beagles into four varieties: the medium beagle; the dwarf or lapdog beagle; the fox beagle (a smaller, slower version of the Foxhound); and the rough-coated or terrier beagle, which he classified as a cross between any of the other varieties and one of the Scottish terrier breeds. Stonehenge also gives the start of a standard description:


title: Beagle

text: By 1887 the threat of extinction was on the wane: there were 18 beagle packs in England. The Beagle Club was formed in 1890 and the first standard drawn up at the same time. The following year the Association of Masters of Harriers and Beagles was formed. Both organisations aimed to further the best interests of the breed, and both were keen to produce a standard type of beagle. By 1902, the number of packs had risen to 44.


title: Beagle

text: Beagles were in the United States by the 1840s at the latest, but the first dogs were imported strictly for hunting and were of variable quality. Since Honeywood had only started breeding in the 1830s, it is unlikely these dogs were representative of the modern breed, and the description of them as looking like straight-legged Dachshunds with weak heads has little resemblance to the standard. Serious attempts at establishing a quality bloodline began in the early 1870s when General Richard Rowett from Illinois imported some dogs from England and began breeding. Rowett's Beagles are believed to have formed the models for the first American standard, drawn up by Rowett, L. H. Twadell, and Norman Ellmore in 1887. The beagle was accepted as a breed by the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1885. In the 20th century the breed has spread worldwide.


title: Beagle

text: On its formation, the Association of Masters of Harriers and Beagles took over the running of a regular show at Peterborough that had started in 1889, and the Beagle Club in the UK held its first show in 1896. The regular showing of the breed led to the development of a uniform type, and the beagle continued to prove a success up until the outbreak of World War I when all shows were suspended. After the war, the breed was again struggling for survival in the UK: the last of the Pocket Beagles was probably lost during this time, and registrations fell to an all-time low. A few breeders (notably Reynalton Kennels) managed to revive interest in the dog and by World War II, the breed was once again doing well. Registrations dropped again after the end of the war but almost immediately recovered.


title: Beagle

text: As purebred dogs, beagles have always been more popular in the United States and Canada than in their native country England. The National Beagle Club of America was formed in 1888 and by 1901 a beagle had won a Best in Show title. As in the UK, activity during World War I was minimal, but the breed showed a much stronger revival in the U.S. when hostilities ceased. In 1928 it won a number of prizes at the Westminster Kennel Club's show and by 1939 a beagle – Champion Meadowlark Draughtsman – had captured the title of top-winning American-bred dog for the year. On 12 February 2008, a beagle, K-Run's Park Me In First (Uno), won the Best In Show category at the Westminster Kennel Club show for the first time in the competition's history. In North America they have been consistently in the top-ten most-popular breeds for over 30 years. From 1953 to 1959 the beagle was ranked No. 1 on the list of the American Kennel Club's registered breeds; in 2005 and 2006 it ranked 5th out of the 155 breeds registered. In the UK they are not quite so popular, placing 28th and 30th in the rankings of registrations with the Kennel Club in 2005 and 2006 respectively. In the United States the beagle ranked 4th most popular breed in 2012 and 2013, behind the Labrador Retriever (#1), German Shepherd (#2), and Golden Retriever (#3) breeds.


title: Beagle

text: According to the "Oxford English Dictionary", the first mention of the beagle by name in English literature dates from c. 1475 in "The Squire of Low Degree". The origin of the word "beagle" is uncertain, although it has been suggested that the word derives from the French "begueule" which means "gate throat".


title: Beagle

text: It is not known why the black and tan Kerry Beagle, present in Ireland since Celtic times, has the "beagle" description, since at it is significantly taller than the modern day beagle, and in earlier times was even larger. Some writers suggest that the beagle's scenting ability may have come from cross-breeding earlier strains with the Kerry Beagle. Originally used for hunting stags, it is today used for hare and drag hunting.


title: Beagle

text: The general appearance of the beagle resembles a miniature Foxhound, but the head is broader and the muzzle shorter, the expression completely different and the legs shorter in proportion to the body. They are generally between high at the withers and weigh between , with females being slightly smaller than males on average.


title: Beagle

text: They have a smooth, somewhat domed skull with a medium-length, square-cut muzzle, and a black (or occasionally liver) gumdrop nose. The jaw is strong, and the teeth scissor together with the upper teeth fitting perfectly over the lower teeth. Both sets align square to the jaw. The eyes are large, hazel or brown, with a mild, hound-like pleading look. The large ears are long, soft, and low-set, turning towards the cheeks slightly and rounded at the tips. Beagles have a strong, medium-length neck (which is long enough for them to easily bend to the ground to pick up a scent), with little folding in the skin but some evidence of a dewlap; a broad chest narrowing to a tapered abdomen and waist and a long, slightly curved tail (known as the "stern") tipped with white. The white tip, known as the flag, was bred for selectively, as the tail remains easily seen when the dog's head is down following a scent. The tail does not curl over the back, but is held upright when the dog is active. The beagle has a muscular body and a medium-length, smooth, hard coat. The front legs are straight and carried under the body while the rear legs are muscular and well bent at the stifles.


title: Beagle

text: The tricolored beaglewhite with large black areas and light brown shadingis the most common. Tricolored beagles occur in a number of shades, from the "Classic Tri" with a jet black saddle (also known as "Blackback"), to the "Dark Tri" (where faint brown markings are intermingled with more prominent black markings), to the "Faded Tri" (where faint black markings are intermingled with more prominent brown markings). Some tricolored dogs have a broken pattern, sometimes referred to as "pied". These dogs have mostly white coats with patches of black and brown hair. Tricolor beagles are almost always born black and white. The white areas are typically set by eight weeks, but the black areas may fade to brown as the puppy matures. (The brown may take between one and two years to fully develop.) Some beagles gradually change colour during their lives, and may lose their black markings entirely.


title: Beagle

text: Two-colour varieties always have a white base colour with areas of the second colour. Tan and white is the most common two-colour variety, but there is a wide range of other colours including lemon, a very light tan; red, a reddish, almost orange, brown; and liver, a darker brown, and black. Liver is not common and is not permitted in some standards; it tends to occur with yellow eyes. Ticked or mottled varieties may be either white or black with different coloured flecks ("ticking"), such as the blue-mottled or bluetick beagle, which has spots that appear to be a midnight-blue colour, similar to the colouring of the Bluetick Coonhound. Some tricolour beagles also have ticking of various colours in their white areas.


title: Beagle

text: Alongside the Bloodhound and Basset Hound, the beagle has one of the best developed senses of smell of any dog. In the 1950s, John Paul Scott and John Fuller began a 13-year study of canine behavior. As part of this research, they tested the scenting abilities of various breeds by putting a mouse in a one-acre field and timing how long it took the dogs to find it. The beagles found it in less than a minute while Fox Terriers took 15 minutes and Scottish Terriers failed to find it at all. The long ears and large lips of the beagle probably assist in trapping the scents close to the nose.


title: Beagle

text: The American Kennel Club recognises two separate varieties of beagle: the 13-inch for hounds less than , and the 15-inch for those between . The Canadian Kennel Club recognises a single type, with a height not exceeding . The Kennel Club (UK) and FCI affiliated clubs recognise a single type, with a height of between .


title: Beagle

text: English and American varieties are sometimes mentioned. However, there is no official recognition from any Kennel Club for this distinction. Beagles fitting the American Kennel Club standard – which disallows animals over – are smaller on average than those fitting the Kennel Club standard which allows heights up to .


title: Beagle

text: Pocket Beagles are sometimes advertised for sale but while the UK Kennel Club originally specified a standard for the Pocket Beagle in 1901, the variety is now not recognised by any Kennel Club.


title: Beagle

text: A strain known as Patch Hounds was developed by Willet Randall and his family from 1896 specifically for their rabbit hunting ability. They trace their bloodline back to Field Champion Patch, but do not necessarily have a patchwork marking.


title: Beagle

text: In the 1850s, John Henry Walsh (Stonehenge) recommended a cross between a Beagle and a Scottish Terrier as a retriever. He found the crossbreed to be a good worker, silent and obedient, but it had the drawback that it was small and could barely carry a hare. More recently, the trend has been for "designer dogs" and one of the most popular has been the Beagle/Pug cross known as a Puggle. Some puppies of this cross are less excitable than a Beagle and with a lower exercise requirement, similar to the Pug parent; but many are highly excitable and require vigorous exercise.


title: Beagle

text: The beagle has an even temper and gentle disposition. Described in several breed standards as "merry", they are amiable and typically neither aggressive nor timid, although this depends on the individual. They enjoy company, and although they may initially be standoffish with strangers, they are easily won over. They make poor guard dogs for this reason, although their tendency to bark or howl when confronted with the unfamiliar makes them good watch dogs. In a 1985 study conducted by Ben and Lynette Hart, the beagle was given the highest excitability rating, along with the Yorkshire Terrier, Cairn Terrier, Miniature Schnauzer, West Highland White Terrier, and Fox Terrier.


title: Beagle

text: They are ranked 72nd in Stanley Coren's "The Intelligence of Dogs", as Coren places them among the group with the lowest degree of working/obedience intelligence. Coren's scale, however, does not assess understanding, independence, or creativity.


title: Beagle

text: Beagles are excellent with children and this is one of the reasons they have become popular family pets. Beagles are pack animals; they are prone to separation anxiety, a condition which causes them to destroy things when left unattended. Not all beagles will howl, but most will bark when confronted with strange situations, and some will bay (also referred to as "speaking", "giving tongue", or "opening") when they catch the scent of potential quarry. They also generally get along well with cats and other dogs. They are not too demanding with regard to exercise; their inbred stamina means they do not easily tire when exercised, but they also do not need to be worked to exhaustion before they will rest. Regular exercise helps ward off the weight gain to which the breed is prone.


title: Beagle

text: Beagles may be prone to epilepsy, but this can often be controlled with medication. Hypothyroidism and a number of types of dwarfism occur in beagles. Two conditions in particular are unique to the breed: "Funny Puppy", in which the puppy is slow to develop and eventually develops weak legs, a crooked back and although normally healthy, is prone to a range of illnesses; and Musladin-Lueke syndrome (MLS) in which the eyes are slanted and the outer toes are underdeveloped but otherwise development is as normal. Hip dysplasia, common in Harriers and in some larger breeds, is rarely considered a problem in beagles. Beagles are considered a chondrodystrophic breed, meaning that they are prone to types of disk diseases.


title: Beagle

text: In rare cases, beagles may develop immune mediated polygenic arthritis (where the immune system attacks the joints) even at a young age. The symptoms can sometimes be relieved by steroid treatments. Another rare disease in the breed is neonatal cerebellar cortical degeneration. Affected puppies are slow, have lower co-ordination, fall more often, and do not have a normal gait. It has an estimated carrier rate of 5% and affected rate of 0.1%. A genetic test is available.


title: Beagle

text: Their long floppy ears can mean that the inner ear does not receive a substantial air flow or that moist air becomes trapped, and this can lead to ear infections. Beagles may also be affected by a range of eye problems; two common ophthalmic conditions in beagles are glaucoma and corneal dystrophy. "Cherry eye", a prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid, and distichiasis, a condition in which eyelashes grow into the eye causing irritation, sometimes exist; both these conditions can be corrected with surgery. They can suffer from several types of retinal atrophy. Failure of the nasolacrimal drainage system can cause dry eye or leakage of tears onto the face.


title: Beagle

text: As field dogs they are prone to minor injuries such as cuts and sprains, and, if inactive, obesity is a common problem as they will eat whenever food is available and rely on their owners to regulate their weight. When working or running free they are also likely to pick up parasites such as fleas, ticks, harvest mites, and tapeworms, and irritants such as grass seeds can become trapped in their eyes, soft ears, or paws.


title: Beagle

text: Beagles may exhibit a behavior known as reverse sneezing, in which they sound as if they are choking or gasping for breath, but are actually drawing air in through the mouth and nose. The exact cause of this behavior is not known, but it can be a common occurrence and is not harmful to the dog.


title: Beagle

text: The average size of a beagle litter is six puppies. When mother beagles give birth to litters of puppies, the little pups weigh just a few ounces each.


title: Beagle

text: Beagles were developed primarily for hunting hare, an activity known as beagling. They were seen as ideal hunting companions for the elderly who could follow on horseback without exerting themselves, for young hunters who could keep up with them on ponies, and for the poorer hunters who could not afford to maintain a stable of good hunting horses. Before the advent of the fashion for foxhunting in the 19th century, hunting was an all day event where the enjoyment was derived from the chase rather than the kill. In this setting the tiny beagle was well matched to the hare, as unlike Harriers they would not quickly finish the hunt, but because of their excellent scent-tracking skills and stamina they were almost guaranteed to eventually catch the hare. The beagle packs would run closely together ("so close that they might be covered with a sheet") which was useful in a long hunt, as it prevented stray dogs from obscuring the trail. In thick undergrowth they were also preferred to spaniels when hunting pheasant.


title: Beagle

text: With the fashion for faster hunts, the beagle fell out of favor for chasing hare, but was still employed for rabbit hunting. In "Anecdotes of Dogs" (1846), Edward Jesse says:


title: Beagle

text: In the United States they appear to have been employed chiefly for hunting rabbits from the earliest imports.


title: Beagle

text: Hunting hare with beagles became popular again in Britain in the mid-19th century and continued until it was made illegal in Scotland by the Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002 and in England and Wales by the Hunting Act 2004. Under this legislation beagles may still pursue rabbits with the landowner's permission. Drag hunting is popular where hunting is no longer permitted or for those owners who do not wish to participate in hunting a live animal, but still wish to exercise their dog's innate skills.


title: Beagle

text: The traditional foot pack consists of up to 40 beagles, marshaled by a Huntsman who directs the pack and who is assisted by a variable number of whippers-in whose job is to return straying hounds to the pack. The Master of the Hunt is in overall day-to-day charge of the pack, and may or may not take on the role of Huntsman on the day of the hunt.


title: Beagle

text: As hunting with beagles was seen as ideal for young people, many of the British public schools traditionally maintained beagle packs. Protests were lodged against Eton's use of beagles for hunting as early as 1902 but the pack is still in existence today. In 2001, the Wye College beagle pack was taken by the Animal Liberation Front. School and university packs are still maintained by Eton, Marlborough, Radley, the Royal Agricultural University, and Christ Church, Oxford.


title: Beagle

text: In addition to organised beagling, beagles have been used for hunting or flushing to guns (often in pairs) a wide range of game including snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbits, game birds, roe deer, red deer, bobcat, coyote, wild boar, and foxes, and have even been recorded as being used to hunt stoat. In most of these cases, the beagle is employed as a gun dog, flushing game for hunter's guns.


title: Beagle

text: Beagles are used as detection dogs in the Beagle Brigade of the United States Department of Agriculture. These dogs are used to detect food items in luggage being taken into the United States. After trialling several breeds, beagles were chosen because they are relatively small and unintimidating for people who are uncomfortable around dogs, easy to care for, intelligent and work well for rewards. They are also used for this purpose in a number of other countries including by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in New Zealand, the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, and in Canada, Japan, and the People's Republic of China. Larger breeds are generally used for detection of explosives as this often involves climbing over luggage and on large conveyor belts, work for which the smaller Beagle is not suited.


title: Beagle

text: Beagles are the dog breed most often used in animal testing, due to their size and passive nature. In the United States, as many as 65,000 beagles are used every year for medical, cosmetic, beauty, and other chemical tests. They are purpose bred and live their lives in cages undergoing experiments. The Rescue + Freedom Project (formerly Beagle Freedom Project) has successfully advocated for beagles to be released from labs. This organisation has freed hundreds of animals.


title: Beagle

text: Beagles are used in a range of research procedures: fundamental biological research, applied human medicine, applied veterinary medicine, and protection of man, animals, or the environment. Of the 8,018 dogs used in testing in the UK in 2004, 7,799 were beagles (97.3%). In the UK, the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 gave special status to primates, equids, cats and dogs and in 2005 the Animal Procedures Committee (set up by the act) ruled that testing on mice was preferable, even though a greater number of individual animals were involved. In 2005 beagles were involved in less than 0.3% of the total experiments on animals in the UK, but of the 7670 experiments performed on dogs 7406 involved beagles (96.6%). Most dogs are bred specifically for this purpose, by companies such as Harlan. In the UK companies breeding animals for research must be licensed under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act.


title: Beagle

text: Testing of cosmetic products on animals is banned in the member states of the European Community, although France protested the ban and has made efforts to have it lifted. It is permitted in the United States but is not mandatory if safety can be ascertained by other methods, and the test species is not specified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). When testing toxicity of food additives, food contaminants, and some drugs and chemicals the FDA uses beagles and miniature pigs as surrogates for direct human testing. Minnesota was the first state to enact a Beagle Freedom adoption law in 2014, mandating that dogs and cats are allowed to be adopted once they have completed research testing.


title: Beagle

text: Anti-vivisection groups have reported on abuse of animals inside testing facilities. In 1997 footage secretly filmed by a freelance journalist inside Huntingdon Life Sciences in the UK showed staff punching and screaming at beagles. Consort Kennels, a UK-based breeder of beagles for testing, closed down in 1997 after pressure from animal rights groups.


title: Beagle

text: There are various examples of activists utilizing Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests to obtain information about taxpayer funding of animal testing. For example, the White Coat Waste Project, a group of activists that hold that taxpayers should not have to pay $20 billion every year for experiments on animals, highlighted that the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases provided $400,000 in taxpayer money to fund experiments in which 28 beagles were infected by disease-causing parasites. The White Coat Project found reports that said dogs taking part in the experiments were “vocalizing in pain” after being injected with foreign substances. Following public outcry, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) made a call to action that all members of the National Institute of Health resign effective immediately and that there is a "need to find a new NIH director to replace the outgoing Francis Collins who will shut down research that violates the dignity of nonhuman animals."


title: Beagle

text: Although bred for hunting, Beagles are versatile and are nowadays employed for various other roles in detection, therapy, and as family pets.


title: Beagle

text: Beagles are used as sniffer dogs for termite detection in Australia, and have been mentioned as possible candidates for drug and explosive detection. Because of their gentle nature and unimposing build, they are also frequently used in pet therapy, visiting the sick and elderly in hospital. In June 2006, a trained Beagle assistance dog was credited with saving the life of its owner after using her owner's mobile phone to dial an emergency number. In the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, a Beagle search and rescue dog with a Colombian rescue squad was credited with locating the owner of the Hôtel Montana, who was subsequently rescued after spending 100 hours buried in the rubble. Beagles were hired by New York City to help with bedbug detection, while the role of such dogs in this type of detection may have doubts.


title: Beagle

text: a. In this article "Beagle" (with a capital B) is used to distinguish the modern breed from other beagle-type dogs.


title: Beagle

text: c. The Harts posed the following question to a panel of 96 experts, half of which were veterinary surgeons and the other half dog obedience trial judges:


title: Beagle

text: Shakespeare: ""Sir Toby Belch": She's a beagle, true-bred, and one that adores me: what o' that?" "Twelfth Night" (c. 1600) Act II Scene III


title: Beagle

text: Dryden: "The rest in shape a beagle's whelp throughout, With broader forehead and a sharper snout" "The Cock and the Fox", and again: "About her feet were little beagles seen" in "Palamon and Arcite" both from "Fables, Ancient and Modern" (1700)


title: Beagle

text: Tickell: "Here let me trace beneath the purpled morn, The deep-mouth'd beagle, and the sprightly horn" "To a Lady before Marriage" (published posthumously in 1749)


title: Beagle

text: Fielding: "'What the devil would you have me do?' cries the Squire, turning to Blifil, 'I can no more turn her, than a beagle can turn an old hare.'" "The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling" (1749) Chapter 7.


title: Beagle

text: Cowper: "For persevering chase and headlong leaps, True beagle as the staunchest hound he keeps" "The Progress of Error" (1782)


title: Beagle

text: Pope: "Thus on a roe the well-breath'd beagle flies, And rends his hide fresh-bleeding with the dart" "The Iliad of Homer" (1715–20) Book XV:697–8


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: Hocus Pocus 2 is a 2022 American fantasy comedy film directed by Anne Fletcher, written by Jen D'Angelo and produced by Walt Disney Pictures. A sequel to the 1993 film "Hocus Pocus", it stars Bette Midler, Sarah Jessica Parker, Kathy Najimy, and Doug Jones reprising their roles, with Sam Richardson, Whitney Peak, Belissa Escobedo, Tony Hale, and Hannah Waddingham joining the cast in new roles.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: Filming took place from October 2021 to January 2022 in Rhode Island, replacing Salem, Massachusetts. It was released on Disney+ on September 30, 2022. The film received mixed reviews, praising the cast performances, humor, and nostalgia, but criticized the plot.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: In 1653 Salem, Reverend Traske banishes a young Winifred Sanderson after she defied church authority by refusing to marry John Pritchett. Rather than allow her sisters, Mary and Sarah, be taken from her, Winifred escapes with them to a nearby forbidden forest. There they meet Mother Witch who gifts Winifred her magic book for her sixteenth birthday but explicitly warns the sisters against casting a spell known as the "Magicae Maxima", which makes the user all powerful. Mother Witch also teaches the sisters to retain their youthfulness by killing children.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: In 2022, twenty-nine years after the Sanderson sisters were resurrected by the Black Flame Candle, Salem teenagers Becca and Izzy prepare to celebrate both Halloween and Becca's sixteenth birthday but turn down a party invitation from their estranged friend, Cassie Traske. Becca and Izzy visit a magic shop (formerly the Sanderson cottage) run by Gilbert, who gifts Becca a candle for their annual birthday ritual. The girls light the candle and discover that it is another Black Flame Candle. As there is a full moon and the girls are both virgins, the candle resurrects the Sanderson sisters once again. The girls outwit the sisters in a local Walgreens and escape to the magic shop where they discover that Gilbert tricked them into reviving the witches, having seen them on Halloween in 1993 and been taught how to make the candle by Book.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: The sisters catch up to the girls and see a campaign flyer belonging to Mayor Jefry Traske, Cassie's father and Reverend Traske's descendant. Winifred decides they will cast the "Magicae Maxima" spell to eliminate him and take revenge on Salem. The sisters trap Izzy and Becca in the basement and leave to hunt down Traske, whose blood is needed to complete the spell. They force Gilbert to collect the other ingredients.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: The girls escape and head to the Traske house to warn the mayor while the sisters find their way to the town's Halloween carnival and enchant the citizens to help them find the mayor. Meanwhile, Gilbert digs up Billy Butcherson, who has been awake but entombed since 1993. He needs Billy's head for the spell but tricks him into helping him collect the other ingredients first. The girls reunite with Cassie and trap the sisters within a salt circle in Cassie's garage before Mayor Traske returns home. The three teens make amends with one another, but their reunion is interrupted when the sisters escape the circle and kidnap Cassie to use her blood instead. Becca and Izzy follow them to the forbidden forest where Gilbert has assembled the ingredients and soon discover that Becca is also a witch.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: The sisters partially cast the spell and increase their power, but Becca distracts them while Izzy rescues Cassie. Becca convinces the Book that it does not have to answer to Winifred, and she and the Book flee further into the forest. The Book shows them a warning about the "Magicae Maxima" spell, stating that whoever casts it must give up what they cherish most. The girls agree to warn Winifred of the price of the spell but are too late: she becomes all powerful as Mary and Sarah fade to dust. Winifred grows despondent and begs the teenagers to use their newfound powers to save her sisters. While they cannot save them, Becca, Cassie and Izzy join together in a coven and cast a reuniting spell, so Winifred happily fades away to be reunited with her sisters.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: Gilbert and Billy join the girls. Billy starts to fade away, realizing that all of Winifred's spells have been undone and relieved to finally head to his eternal rest. The girls decide to give Book a new home and continue practicing their magic as they walk off into the night in a similar manner as the Sanderson sisters. As they leave, a crow, identical to the one that Mother Witch had shapeshifted into, flies overhead.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: Amanda Shepherd, Garry Marshall, and Penny Marshall make uncredited appearances as Emily Binx, Master Devil, and Medusa Lady through archive footage from the first film. Additionally, three stand-in extras portrayed Max Dennison, Dani Dennison and Allison Watts, the three protagonists of the first film, in a flashback sequence narrated by Gilbert to The Sanderson Sisters.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: In July 2014, it was announced that The Walt Disney Company was developing a supernatural-themed film about witches, and that Tina Fey was on board as a producer and star. However, "Deadline Hollywood" debunked rumors that the film was a sequel to "Hocus Pocus". In November 2014, Bette Midler said in a "Reddit" "Ask Me Anything" that she was ready and willing to return for a sequel as Winifred Sanderson. She also said her co-stars Sarah Jessica Parker and Kathy Najimy were interested in reprising the roles of Sarah and Mary Sanderson as well, but stressed that Disney had yet to greenlight any sequel, encouraging fans of the original film to persuade Disney to make one. In November 2015, Midler stated in a Facebook Q&A that "after all these years and all the fan demand, I do believe I can stand and firmly say an unequivocal no" in response to a question about a sequel.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: In June 2016, actor Doug Jones mentioned that Disney had been considering a sequel, and behind the scenes discussions were in place to possibly continue the series. In October 2016, while promoting her HBO show "Divorce", Sarah Jessica Parker was asked by Andy Cohen about a sequel. Her response was "I would love that. I think we've been very vocal that we're very keen", yet she insisted that fans should encourage Disney to develop a sequel. In "Hocus Pocus in Focus: The Thinking Fan's Guide to Disney's Halloween Classic," author Aaron Wallace identifies several potential approaches for a sequel, but notes that the project's biggest challenge is the Walt Disney Studios' interest in tentpole projects that promise very high box office returns.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: In September 2017, "Hocus Pocus" writer Mick Garris admitted that he was working on a script for "Hocus Pocus 2" after years of rumors and speculation and that it would potentially be developed as a television film for Disney Channel, Freeform or ABC. It was later confirmed that it would be instead a remake to air on Freeform, with "The Royals" writer Scarlett Lacey attached to write and the original film producer David Kirschner executive producing, with original director Kenny Ortega not expected to be involved. The following month, Midler said she was not fond of the idea of a remake and she would not be taking part in it regardless she was offered some kind of role or not, expressing doubts on how they would be able to successfully recast her role as Winifred Sanderson.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: In February 2018, Jones revealed that there had been talks to do a sequel set twenty years after the original film and that he was approached to be involved on it, though he admitted that he was still interested on reprising his role as Billy Butcherson. In July 2018, a book titled "Hocus Pocus and the All-New Sequel" was released, containing a novelization of the film and a sequel story. The sequel focuses on Max and Allison's daughter, Poppy, who grew up hearing the family story of the original film and parents who avoid Halloween as much as possible. Poppy is skeptical of the tale and ends up in the Sanderson house on Halloween, twenty-five years to the day after the movie, in an attempt to prove there is nothing to the story.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: In October 2019, a sequel was announced to be in development as a Disney+ exclusive film, with a screenplay written by Jen D'Angelo. In March 2020, Adam Shankman signed on to direct "Hocus Pocus 2" concurrently to his work on the "Enchanted" sequel "Disenchanted".


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: On November 1, 2019, Bette Midler, Sarah Jessica Parker, and Kathy Najimy expressed interest in reprising their roles as the Sanderson sisters in the sequel. In September 2020, Midler revealed that she has entered talks to return in the film as Winifred, and in October 2020, she said she would return alongside Parker and Najimy, though their returns were not officially confirmed until May 2021. In October 2021, it was announced that Taylor Paige Henderson had been cast as one of the three leads. Shortly afterwards, Sam Richardson was reported to be in final negotiations to join the cast in an undisclosed role. That same month, Tony Hale has joined the cast as the mayor of Salem, Jefry Traske, and the full supporting cast was confirmed on October 31, 2021, including Hannah Waddingham and the return of Doug Jones, who portrayed William "Billy" Butcherson in the original film. In March 2022, it was announced that Thora Birch would not be reprising the role of Dani Dennison from the previous film. Birch later revealed she would have appeared in the film but couldn't due to a scheduling conflict. In the summer of that year, it was then announced that Sean Murray, Larry Bagby, Tobias Jelinek, Omri Katz, and Vinessa Shaw would also not be reprising their roles as Thackery Binx, Ice, Jay, Max, and Allison, respectively.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: On October 29, 2020, Midler stated that a story outline for the sequel has been completed, which she praised as "pretty great" along with Najimy and Jessica Parker. On November 3, Midler revealed that the producers are trying to re-hire several members of the first film's production team that are alive and hadn't retired, as they felt much of the success of the first film came from the work of the behind-the-scenes team. In April 2021, Anne Fletcher replaced Shankman as the director due to his directing duties with "Disenchanted", although he did remain as an executive producer on the film.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: Production was scheduled to begin in the middle of 2021, in Salem, Massachusetts. In September 2021, sets for "Hocus Pocus 2" were confirmed being built at Chase Farms in Lincoln, Rhode Island, and Washington Square in Newport, Rhode Island. Filming began on October 18, 2021, in Providence, Rhode Island, under the working title "Black Flame". All scenes Samuel Skelton High School was shot in the Moses Brown School (exteriors) and in the La Salle Academy (interior).


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: Filming also took place on November 8, 2021, in Newport's Washington Square taking place in a modern Salem, Massachusetts. On December 10, 2021, filming began in Federal Hill, which was transformed with a Halloween-themed backdrop. On January 26, 2022, Midler confirmed that filming had completed.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: In October 2021, it was announced that John Debney, the composer of the original film, was set to return to score the sequel. The soundtrack, which features two new songs in addition to Debney’s score, was released digitally by Walt Disney Records on September 30, 2022 and will be released physically on November 11, 2022.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: The first teaser trailer was released on June 28, 2022. The teaser trailer reached 43.6 million views in its first 24 hours while on Twitter, the "#HocusPocus" became a top trend of the day on Twitter following the teaser's debut. The social media conversation was also the most gender balanced of the comps at 51 percent male and 49 percent female. On August 29, 2022, a first look at Doug Jones as Billy was released showing the character resurrected again by the Sanderson sisters. On September 9, 2022, the official trailer for the film premiered at the 2022 D23 Expo and was released online afterward. On September 21, 2022, the first look at "RuPaul's Drag Race" trio as the Sanderson Sisters plus a new brand poster were released. After the release of the film, in October, 2022, the Sanderson Sisters and other material based on the film were included in the video game "Disney Magic Kingdoms" for a Halloween Event focused in "Hocus Pocus 2", although with the characters involved in a new storyline unrelated to the events of the film.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: "Hocus Pocus 2" was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Digital on October 25, 2022, and Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray and DVD on October 25, 2022. In the United Kingdom and Australia, the film was released on home video on October 25 and 18, respectively.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: In October 2022, Disney+ reported "Hocus Pocus 2" was the service's most-viewed film premiere in the United States, based on number of hours streamed in the first three days of its release. Disney later reported that "Hocus Pocus 2" was the service's most-viewed film.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: According to Whip Media, "Hocus Pocus 2" was the 2nd most anticipated film of September 2022, the most watched straight-to-streaming title of 2022 in its first three days, as of October 2022, the most watched film across all platforms in the United States, during the week of September 30, 2022 to October 2, 2022, the 2nd during the week of October 9, 2022, the 4th during the week of October 23, 2022, as well as the 4th during the week of October 30, 2022, and the 9th during the week of November 4, 2022 to November 6, 2022. According to the streaming aggregator Reelgood, "Hocus Pocus 2" was the most watched program across all platforms, during the weeks of October 5, 2022 and October 14, 2022.


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 64% based on 148 reviews, with an average rating of 5.70/10. The website's critics consensus reads, ""Hocus Pocus 2" is basically a boiling cauldron of nostalgia, but that's more than enough for this belated sequel to cast a reasonably effective spell." Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 56 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: Claire Shaffer of "The New York Times" said that while the film "may be a blatant attempt by Disney to continue propping up its streaming platform Disney+ [...], it manages to capture the same hokey magic of the original while creatively updating its humor". Ani Bundel of "NBC News" asserted, "The result is a joyful film that works well for both the 5-year-old child who is finally getting the hang of Halloween and the 15-year-old who still enjoys kid movies at heart. But most of all, it's meant for those 25 and up, whom Disney spent the last two decades preparing to appreciate a new installment of a cult classic franchise in the making." Jennifer Green of "Common Sense Media" gave the movie four stars out of five, complimented the depiction of positive messages, role models, and the diverse representations across the characters, while calling the film a "campy but entertaining sequel". Amelia Emberwing of "IGN" rated the film seven out of ten, writing, "The Sanderson sisters are back and the cost is a lot steeper than hell this time. The original cast returns to remind us why "Hocus Pocus" became a cult classic, and new players give fans being introduced to the franchise wonderful characters to cheer on, although Hannah Waddingham should have been given more to do. Some shoddy greenscreen work pulls "Hocus Pocus 2" down, but otherwise it feels like a Disney Channel Original Movie in a charming way." Nell Minow of "RogerEbert.com" gave the film three and a half stars out of four, writing, "Nearly 30 years later, "Hocus Pocus 2" should make fans of all generations happy, paying tribute to the original and adding some gentle updating and some welcome diversity, subtracting some violence. It is also a little bit sweeter."


title: Hocus Pocus 2

text: Lovia Gyarkye of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote, "The sisters slink and snake their way through Salem on Halloween night, making quips and jokes about the oddities of contemporary life with their signature sharp tongues and quick wit. They still have a thirst for evil and a disdain for children, but their bite is dulled by the film’s interest in softening them." In a "B-" review, Jude Dry of "IndieWire" wrote, "This year, the fun continues with a totally satisfactory sequel that brings the Sanderson sisters back to life one more time. OK, so the plot is basically the same and the jokes mere updates to the original. [...] Unfortunately, their mean streaks seem to have softened over the years, and the movie relies on a manufactured sisterly bond to wrap things up. The script adds a saccharine sweetness along with its teen feminist morality play, as if it's far too aware of sending a message. Some things, it seems, are better left buried." Benjamin Lee of "The Guardian" gave the film two stars out of four, writing, "Bette Midler returns with her child-killing sisters in a disappointingly flat follow-up that tries too hard to soften the villains." Helen O'Hara of "Empire Magazine" gave the film two stars out of five, saying, "This is just as unevenly plotted as the original, lacks even the element of surprise, and is not by any reasonable standard 'good'. Between gooey and ghoulish, there must be better options."


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Gabriel Boric Font (; born 11 February 1986) is a Chilean left-wing politician who is the 37th and current president of Chile, serving since 11 March 2022. Boric studied in the Faculty of Law at the University of Chile, and was the president of the University of Chile Student Federation from 2011 to 2012. As a student representative, he became one of the leading figures of the 2011–2013 Chilean student protests. Boric was twice elected to the Chamber of Deputies representing the Magallanes and Antarctic district, first as an independent candidate in 2013 and then in 2017 as part of the Broad Front, a left-wing coalition he created with several other parties. He is a founding member of Social Convergence, which was formed in 2018 and is one of the constituent parties of Broad Front.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: During the 2019 civil unrest in Chile, Boric was one of the politicians negotiating the agreement that paved the way for a referendum to change the Constitution. However in 2022, the more progressive constitution which Boric strongly advocated was rejected by a significant margin. In 2021, he was selected as the presidential candidate of the Apruebo Dignidad coalition (that included the democratic socialist Broad Front, the Communist Party and other smaller movements) after winning the official primaries with 60% of the popular vote. On 19 December 2021, Boric defeated José Antonio Kast in the second round of the presidential election, obtaining 55.9% of the votes. He is the youngest president in Chile's history and the second youngest state leader in the world.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: On his father's side, Boric is from a Croatian Chilean family from Ugljan, an island off Croatia's Adriatic coast. Although his ancestors left what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire for Chile in 1897, he still has relatives on Ugljan. Boric's great-grandfather Juan Boric (Ive Borić Barešić) arrived with his brother Simón (Šime) to Punta Arenas around 1885, reportedly being among the first ten Croats to arrive in Magallanes. In Magallanes, the two brothers joined the ongoing Tierra del Fuego gold rush spending time in the islands south of Beagle Channel. Juan Boric went briefly back to Ugljan to marry and brought his wife, Natalia Crnosija, to Magallanes where ten of their eleven children were born. Boric's grandfather Luis Boric Crnosij, born in 1908, was one of these children. Gabriel Boric's father, Luis Boric Scarpa, is a chemical engineer who has been a government employee of the for more than 40 years. Gabriel Boric's mother is María Soledad Font Aguilera, of Catalan descent.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: In the Patagonian region of Magallanes, one of his granduncles, Vladimiro Boric, served as the first bishop of Punta Arenas. Roque Scarpa Martinich, another of his granduncles, was the first intendant of Magallanes Region after the end of the military dictatorship. Both Roque Scarpa and his own father were members of the Christian Democratic Party.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Boric studied at The British School in his hometown. He then moved to Santiago to study at University of Chile's law school in 2004. He finished his courses in 2009, the same year he became President of the Law School students' union. He then prepared for his degree's final exam and completed his mandatory internship. However, he failed the test in 2011 and did not take it a second time. Boric never received a law degree and has mentioned in interviews he never expected to work as a lawyer, saying he preferred to be a writer instead.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: During part of his time at university Boric earned a slot as assistant to professor José Zalaquett in the latter's human rights course. In an interview, Zalaquett has valued Boric for "his capacity to doubt".


title: Gabriel Boric

text: In 1999 and 2000, Boric participated in the re-establishment of the Federation of Secondary School Students of Punta Arenas. While at university, he joined the political collective Autonomous Left (), initially known as Autonomous Students (). He was an advisor to the Students' Union of the Law Department in 2008 and became its president in 2009, when he led a protest for 44 days against the dean Roberto Nahum. He also represented students as a university senator from 2010 to 2012.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Boric was a candidate for the leadership of the University of Chile Student Federation (FECH) as part of the list in the elections of 5–6 December 2011. He was elected president with 30.52% of the votes, defeating Camila Vallejo, who was then the president of the federation running for re-election as part of the list Communist Youth of Chile.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: During his time as president of the FECH, Boric faced the second part of the student protests that began in 2011, becoming one of the main spokespersons of the Federation of Chilean Students. In 2012, he was included on the list of 100 young leaders of Chile, published by the Saturday magazine of the newspaper , in collaboration with Adolfo Ibáñez University.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Boric ran in the 2013 parliamentary elections as an independent candidate to represent District 60 (currently District 28), which encompasses the Region of Magallanes and the Chilean Antarctic. He was elected with 15,418 votes (26.2%), the highest number received by any candidate in the region. The media highlighted the fact that Boric was elected outside of an electoral coalition, thereby successfully breaking through the Chilean bi-nominal election system.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Boric was sworn in as a member of the Chamber of Deputies on 11 March 2014. During his first term, Boric sat on the Commissions for Human Rights and Indigenous Peoples; Extreme Zones and the Chilean Antarctic; and Labour and Social Security. Boric was part of the so-called "student bench" () along with other young elected deputies that were part of the 2011 protests: Camila Vallejo, Giorgio Jackson and Karol Cariola. The deputies were very active in debates related to the educational reforms proposed by the second government of Michelle Bachelet. Boric was mentioned as one of the most popular politicians in Chile according to different opinion polls.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Autonomous Left was disbanded in 2016 after disagreements about the future of the collective, with Boric proposing a more institutional approach and dialog with the center-left government of Bachelet. Another disagreement was that the leadership of the Autonomous Left preferred to remain focused on student politics, while Boric and his allies had according to Autonomous Left's Carlos Ruiz a "compulsion for a rapid rise". Boric, Nicolás Grau, Jorge Sharp and Gonzalo Winter then founded the Autonomist Movement with the intention to join other political forces and create a new leftist coalition, similar to the Uruguayan Broad Front. The new Autonomist Movement saw good electoral results; for instance, Jorge Sharp, one of Boric's closest friends, was elected as mayor of Valparaíso in its 2016 municipal elections. In January 2017, the Chilean Broad Front () was launched by Boric's movement along with other new parties and collectives, including Jackson's Democratic Revolution. Boric was then one of the leaders behind Beatriz Sánchez's campaign in the 2017 presidential election. After Sánchez landed in the third place and failed to qualify for the second round, Boric reluctantly supported Alejandro Guillier as a way to defeat Sebastián Piñera, though Piñera eventually won.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: In the 2017 general election, Boric ran for re-election as an independent candidate supported by the Humanist Party, one of the founding members of the Broad Front. He obtained 18,626 votes (32.8%), increasing his votes compared to 2013 and becoming the second most voted deputy in the country at the time. He sat on the Commissions for Extreme Zones and the Chilean Antarctic; and Constitution, Legislation, Justice and Regulation.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: The overall good results of the Broad Front in the 2017 elections, when it became the third largest political force in Chile, was a catalyst for the re-organization of the coalition and its members. The Autonomist Movement along with Libertarian Left and other smaller movements decided in 2018 to merge and create a political party called Social Convergence.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: On 18 October 2019, protests against the increase in the tariffs in the Santiago transport system sparked the , the largest civil unrest in the country since the end of the military dictatorship. After riots started in different places of the capital, President Piñera established a state of emergency in Santiago, which was later extended to all major cities of the country as the protests grew. Protesters incorporated demands about the general cost of living, corruption and inequality, among other causes. Boric was a strong critic of the government's response and opposed the use of the Chilean Armed Forces to repress the protests, even confronting a group of soldiers deployed in Plaza Italia. He was one of the accusers in the impeachment trial against Interior Minister Andrés Chadwick, who was found guilty of human rights violations against protesters and was barred from holding public office for five years. Boric also supported the impeachment of President Piñera, although it was eventually rejected.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Despite being one of the main critics of the government's response to the protests, Boric was also open to dialog with other political forces to find a solution to the crisis. Conversations between him and right-wing politicians helped to reach an agreement that would pave the way for the establishment of the Constitutional Convention to write a new Constitution. On 15 November 2019, the "Agreement for Social Peace and the New Constitution" was signed by the presidents of the political parties represented in parliament, with the exception of the Communist Party and some members of the Broad Front, including Social Convergence. Boric signed the agreement as an individual, which led to accusations against him by some of his party's fellow members; some of them even resigned from the party, including his personal friend Jorge Sharp. The Green Ecologist Party, the Humanist Party and the Equality Party also opposed the agreement and left the Broad Front, along with other smaller movements like the Pirate Party and the Libertarian Left. On 20 December, Boric was attacked at Parque Forestal by people who threw spit and beer at him and called him a "traitor" and "sell-out" because of his participation in the "Agreement for Social Peace and a New Constitution" that was agreed upon with traditional politicians. Boric remained calm and did not leave his bench.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: During 2020, the conflict with the government increased due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile while the civil unrest was on a suspended state due to lockdowns in most of the country. This situation, along with the common campaign for the constitutional referendum, helped to unite the left and center-left opposition, especially the Broad Front and , an alliance led by the Communist Party. After 78% of the voters supported the idea of a new Constitution in the October 2020 referendum, several talks were held to articulate a united opposition in the May 2021 elections of mayors, regional governors and members of the Constitutional Convention. Boric supported a coordination between all the parties and the registration of fewer electoral lists to avoid a dispersion of voters. In the end, the Broad Front and reached an agreement to present a common list called , which became the second largest bloc in the Constitutional Convention (only behind the united pact of the right, ). also increased their results in the local and regional elections, becoming a competitive option for the November 2021 general election.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Daniel Jadue, the Communist mayor of Recoleta, was the leading candidate to represent the left in the presidential election according to preliminary opinion polls. The Broad Front initially supported Beatriz Sánchez to run again as their presidential candidate. However, she rejected the proposal and instead ran for the Constitutional Convention. Without their main candidate, the Broad Front looked for options but most of their candidates were either not very popular or were not of the required age to run for president. Eventually, 35-year-old Boric became an option, at least to participate in a primary election against Jadue. However, Social Convergence did not have the minimum number of members to present a presidential candidate. In record time, a campaign was created so Boric could run, meeting the required number of signatures a day before the deadline.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Against all expectations, Boric won the primary election on 19 July 2021 with 1,059,060 votes (60.4%), while Jadue received 39.6%. Boric was also the most voted candidate in the general primary, surpassing all candidates of the primary which was held simultaneously. Following his primary victory, Boric announced on Twitter that he would work together with Jadue during the general election in order to present a united front.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: According to the main opinion polls, Boric and candidate Sebastián Sichel were frontrunners for the presidential election. However, Sichel's popularity plummeted a few months later and was surpassed by far-right candidate José Antonio Kast in the polls. In the first round of the election held on 21 November, Boric obtained 25.82% of the vote, second to Kast's 27.91%, and therefore went on to the second round. On 19 December 2021, Boric won the runoff with 55.85% of the vote. His inauguration was held on 11 March 2022.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Boric announced the ministers of his cabinet in January 2022. The ministers who took office are part of the Apruebo Dignidad and Democratic Socialism coalitions, and there are also independents. Fourteen out of twenty-four ministers are women, making it the first cabinet in the Americas where more than half of its members are women. The ministers include Alexandra Benado and Marco Antonio Ávila, the first openly LGBT ministers in Chile's history, and Maya Fernández Allende, the granddaughter of former president Salvador Allende. Boric also included 3 fellow former student leaders in his cabinet: Camila Vallejo, who became the government spokesperson, Giorgio Jackson, who became the secretary-general of the presidency and Nicolás Grau who became Minister of Economy, Development, and Tourism.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Amidst speculations of being appointed Minister of Finance, Ricardo Ffrench-Davis explained that being 85 made him too old to fulfill the task but that he would be glad to give advice. Once Mario Marcel was announced as future finance minister in January 2022, the Santiago Stock Exchange reacted positively with the IPSA rising 2.35%.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: During the first months of government Boric and people associated to his government have been subject of threats, violent crime and physical aggression. In mid-March Minister of Interior and Public Security Izkia Siches was received with gunfire during a visit to Temucuicui and had to be evacuated. In April Boric was attacked by a man who attempted to throw a stone at him. In the night of 13 May one of Boric's bodyguards was kidnapped and shot in the arm by unknown assailants. On the same day the house of the Minister of National Defense Maya Fernández was robbed. According to Chilean police these last two events are not related.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: In May 2022, Boric decided to deploy troops to the southern part of the country, amidst rising violence in the Mapuche conflict. According to Argentine newspaper "Clarín", Boric lost support from the Communist Party with this move. Boric had previously distanced himself from similar measures taken by his predecessor, Piñera. Prior to this decision by Boric, the leader of one of the Mapuche militias, Héctor Llaitul, had called to "prepare forces and organize armed resistance". In an initial response to this statement, Boric's government had dismissed the idea of presenting a formal lawsuit against Llaitul, considering that the state "does not persecute ideas" and that they would add these statements to already filed complaints and to not start new complaints.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: In September 2022, the more progressive constitution proposed by the Constitutional Convention, whose work extended between 4 July 2021 (during former president Sebastián Piñera's government) and 4 July 2022 (four months into Boric's government), was rejected by a margin of 62% to 38%. The proposed constitution had faced "intense criticism that it was too long, too left-leaning and too radical".


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Boric condemned the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. In a tweet, he posted "Russia has opted for war as a means of resolving conflicts. From Chile we condemn the invasion of Ukraine, the violation of its sovereignty and the illegitimate use of force. Our solidarity will be with the victims and our humble efforts with peace."


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Boric made his first presidential trip in April 2022, to Argentina, where he met with president Fernández. In Argentina, Boric said that remaining territorial disputes with Argentina would be solved, and added that brotherhood between Argentina and Chile must exist regardless of the presidents in charge, and reiterated his support for Argentina's sovereignty over the Falkland Islands.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: On 15 September 2022, Boric refused to receive the credentials of Israeli Ambassador to Chile Gil Artzyeli in response to the deaths of children during the 2022 Gaza–Israel clashes in Gaza Strip. The ambassador's credentials would instead be accepted in mid-October. Artzyeli was already at Chile's presidential palace at the time of the refusal. This refusal resulted in backlash from the Jewish Community of Chile and caused a diplomatic crisis between Chile and Israel. Chilean Foreign Minister Antonia Urrejola apologized to Israel and to Israeli President Isaac Herzog for the incident and rescheduled Artzyeli's accreditation to the end of September. Boric has declined to apologize for the incident, but said that "I want to express to the Jewish community that they should know that like every Chilean and every person who lives in our country, no one will ever be persecuted or intimidated for their ideas or worldviews, unless they break the law".


title: Gabriel Boric

text: The government of Gabriel Boric has established grace pensions of up to 515,672 Chilean pesos for those who suffered human rights violations in the context of the 2019–2020 protest. People who suffered human rights violations between 18 October 2019 and 31 June 2020 are qualified for the grace pensions. The National Institute of Human Rights (INDH) has criticized the uncertainty regarding if these pensions are compatible with disability pensions. Some members of congress also expressed the concern that grace pensions have been granted to people whose trials have not yet finished, and that the possibility that injuries were related to severe acts of violence on their behalf has thus not yet been dispelled.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Boric entered into office with a 50 percent approval rating. After his first 100 days, his approval rating had fallen to 32.8 percent, the largest fall in popularity during a Chilean President's first 100 days since 1990. His approval rating remained low at the end of 2022, hovering around 33%, with nearly six-in-ten disapproving of Boric's performance.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Gabriel Boric is a left-wing politician, who has been described along a wide range of positions, including socialism, social democracy, and libertarian socialism. In this regard, Boric has said, “I come from the Chilean libertarian socialist tradition, that is my ideological space of reference. I am a democrat, and I believe that democracy has to change and adapt and not petrify." He has also mentioned that he has some "ideological closeness" to Bolivia's former vice president Álvaro García Linera. "The Economist" has called Boric "woke" and part of the millennial left "with a program focused on social justice, human rights, the environment and feminism". Cristián Warnken and Carlos Peña agree on Boric being a "postmodern leader". Peña credits Boric and the Broad Front for bringing together widely different demands that have emerged as Chilean society has modernized.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Boric criticized the social and economic model established in Chile during the dictatorship and considers it continued after the transition to democracy. During the 2021 election, he pledged to end the country's neoliberal economic model, stating that "if Chile was the cradle of neoliberalism, it will also be its grave." He has mentioned that, during the center-left Concertación governments, "the people were left aside by consensus politics that consolidated the current neoliberal Chile." However, in latter years, especially after his election as president, he has adopted a more nuanced vision, recognizing that "there were successes and things that didn't go well."


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Boric has supported the recognition of LGBT rights in Chile and included the legal recognition of non-binary identities and the expansion of the gender identity law as part of his presidential campaign program.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: In 2016 he defended a program to put 400 convicts in Valparaíso on probation given the state of overcrowding in Chilean prisons. He criticized what he saw as penal populism on behalf of other deputies who opposed the probation. In a debate of the Apruebo Dignidad primaries of 2021 Boric again criticized "penal populism" as failing to bring effective solutions.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Boric has been critical of pine and eucalyptus plantations which would according to him have caused drought among indigenous Mapuche communities of "Wallmapu". He vowed in 2021 that the big forestry companies would have a "slow down" () in his Government. In an interview at Televisión Nacional de Chile on 1 May 2022 Boric remarked again that he was critical of the forestry industry.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Boric has criticized the (CAE), a student loan program created by Ricardo Lagos's government. During his political career, Boric has insisted that education should be a right and not be available for profit, and has pledged to forgive the student loans and end the program as a president. Boric has also proposed to diminish private participation in critical sectors. Regarding the health system, Boric has called to establish a universal publicly funded health care system, citing the British NHS as an example, while he has also called to abolish the AFP pension system and replacing it with a public autonomous entity to administer the pension funds.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Boric has promoted a law to establish a 40-hour working week and increase the minimum wage. Also, he has proposed workers' representatives and gender equality in the composition of boards of large companies. Regarding mining, the largest industry in Chile, Boric has proposed the creation of a state company for lithium extraction, increase the royalties paid by extracting companies and protect the environment. Boric has mentioned that one of the main pillars of his presidency will be to face the impact of climate change and promote a green economy.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: When Boric assumed the presidency, Chile's inflation rate was at its highest level for almost 30 years. In April 2022, Boric announced a $3.7 billion economic recovery plan that included a minimum wage hike to help people deal with rising prices. The inflation rate has decreased under Boric, but remains high at 11.5 percent as of May 2022, the highest level in 28 years.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Boric has said that "the democratic left should not have a double standard on human rights or use the principle of self-determination to justify human rights violations". He also has said that, "just as the left must condemn the violation of human rights in Chile during the dictatorship and also today, the soft coups in Brazil, Honduras and Paraguay, the Israeli-occupied territories, or the interventionism of the United States, we must from the left with the same force condemn the permanent restriction of freedoms in Cuba, the repressive government of Ortega in Nicaragua, the dictatorship in China and the weakening of the basic conditions of democracy in Venezuela". Following his election to the presidency, Boric further declared that "Venezuela is a failed experience and the main demonstration is the 6 million Venezuelans in diaspora." During his 2021 presidential campaign, he said that the 2021 Nicaraguan general election was fraudulent and called on the Communist Party of Chile, one of his allies, to rescind its original statement supporting Daniel Ortega's government. Boric has been critical of President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro and his stance regarding the crimes of the military dictatorship of Brazil (1964–1985). He has also called Bolsonaro "a danger for the environment and for humanity." Bolsonaro, in turn, has had a cold attitude towards Boric since the latter's election in December 2021, and Bolsonaro announced in January 2022 that he would not attend Boric's inauguration as president.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Regarding Bolivia, Boric has mentioned his intentions to re-establish diplomatic relations between both countries, after they were severed in 1978. He has supported Argentina's position regarding the Falkland Islands. Boric has also expressed sympathy towards the government of Alberto Fernández, and has pledged to support Argentina during its debt restructuring and its negotiations with the International Monetary Fund. Boric has mentioned that if Lula da Silva and Gustavo Petro win the presidential elections in their respective countries, an interesting axis could be formed.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Regarding the Israeli occupied territories, Boric has supported the State of Palestine on several occasions. In 2019, after he received a gift from an organization called the Jewish Community of Chile, he called for Israel to return the occupied Palestinian territories in a tweet. He called Israel a "genocidal and murderous state" which was violating international treaties and said that "no matter how powerful a country is, we must defend international principles and human rights." Boric has denied accusations of antisemitism and said that he rejects any kind of discrimination. He described the Israeli occupation of territories outside the 1967 borders as a violation of international law. In October 2021, Boric and other deputies presented a bill to forbid the import of products made in Israeli settlements, which are considered illegal by the international community.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Gabriel Boric has been outspoken on mental health issues and his struggles with obsessive–compulsive disorder, having been diagnosed as a child. He took leave from congress for a few weeks after being hospitalized for it in 2018. The improvement of mental health services, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, was one of the central issues of his presidential campaign.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: He was raised in a religious Catholic family, with his mother involved in the Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement. However, Boric considers himself agnostic.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Boric has been in a relationship with anthropologist and sociologist Irina Karamanos since 2019. During Boric's presidential campaign, Karamanos stated her view was that the role of the First Lady should be reconsidered in an approach better suited to modern times.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Boric's love for rock and metal music became widely known during the presidential campaign. Most notably, he has frequently posted in social media about some of his favorite bands like Deftones, Tool, Nine Inch Nails, and Rammstein, although he has also mentioned he enjoys musicians from other genres, like Laura Pausini, Taylor Swift and Jeongyeon. Boric is a supporter of football team Universidad Católica.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: Boric's look and style has been scrutinized since his election as a deputy. As one of the youngest members of the Chamber of Deputies, he normally used casual clothes (including jeans and t-shirts) in sessions of the Congress and even had a mohawk hairstyle for some months. In 2014, there was some controversy after Boric did not wear a tie or a formal jacket when he joined the Chamber and a right-wing deputy complained publicly about it. During his presidential campaign, Boric adopted a more formal look but still didn't wear ties. He is also the first Latin American head of state to have visible tattoos; the designs in his arms and back are references to his home region, including a map of the Magallanes Region, a lenga tree and a lighthouse.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: The Boric Font family has a mongrel (Chilean Spanish: quiltro) dog, called Brownie, as a pet in their home in Punta Arenas.


title: Gabriel Boric

text: 2013 parliamentary elections for deputy of District 60 (Río Verde, Antártica, Laguna Blanca, Natales, Cabo de Hornos, Porvenir, Primavera, Punta Arenas, San Gregorio, Timaukel and Torres del Paine)


title: Gabriel Boric

text: 2017 parliamentary elections for deputy of District 28 (Río Verde, Antártica, Laguna Blanca, Natales, Cabo de Hornos, Porvenir, Primavera, Punta Arenas, San Gregorio, Timaukel and Torres del Paine)


title: Abby and Brittany Hensel

text: Abigail Loraine Hensel and Brittany Lee Hensel (born March 7, 1990) are American conjoined twins. They are dicephalic parapagus twins (having two heads joined to one torso), and are highly symmetric for conjoined twins, giving the appearance of having a single body without marked variation from typical proportions. Each has a heart, stomach, spine, pair of lungs, and spinal cord. Each twin controls one arm and one leg. When they were infants, learning to crawl, walk, and clap required cooperation. They can eat and write separately and simultaneously. Activities such as running, swimming, hair-brushing, playing piano or volleyball, riding a bicycle, or driving a car require coordination.


title: Abby and Brittany Hensel

text: The twins' lives have been covered in the popular media, including "Life" magazine and "The Oprah Winfrey Show". They were interviewed on The Learning Channel in December 2006, discussing their daily lives and future plans. They starred in their own reality television series, "Abby & Brittany", on TLC in 2012.


title: Abby and Brittany Hensel

text: The twins were born in Carver County, Minnesota, to Patty, a registered nurse, and Mike Hensel, a carpenter and landscaper. They have a younger brother and sister. They were raised in New Germany, Minnesota, attended Mayer Lutheran High School, in Mayer, and graduated from Bethel University, in St. Paul, in 2012.


title: Abby and Brittany Hensel

text: The twins have a single body with separate heads and necks, a chest that is wider than average, two arms, and two legs. At birth, they had a rudimentary arm between the bases of their necks attached to a shoulder blade at the back. It was removed, leaving the shoulder blade.


title: Abby and Brittany Hensel

text: Abby's head tilts laterally outward about 5 degrees to the right, while Brittany's tilts laterally at about 15 degrees to the left, causing her to appear shorter even when seated. Brittany's leg is nearly two inches shorter than Abby's and Brittany tends to stand and walk on tip-toe which has made her calf muscle significantly larger than Abby's. The continued growth of Abby's spine was surgically halted after Brittany prematurely stopped growing. At age 12, they underwent surgery at Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare to correct scoliosis and to expand their chest cavity to prevent breathing trouble.


title: Abby and Brittany Hensel

text: Each twin manages one side of their conjoined body. The sense of touch of each is restricted to her body half; this shades off at the midsagittal plane, so that there is a small amount of overlap at the midline. Stomach aches, however, are felt by only the twin on the opposite side.


title: Abby and Brittany Hensel

text: They cooperatively use their limbs when both hands or both legs are required. By coordinating their efforts, they walk, run, swim, play volleyball and the piano, and ride a bicycle normally. Together, they can type on a computer keyboard and drive a car. However, Abby, at , is taller and longer of leg than Brittany, who is and their disparate heights caused difficulty in balancing a Segway, as shown in their 2012 reality series.


title: Abby and Brittany Hensel

text: The twins have individual organs in the upper part of their body, while most of those at and below the navel are shared, the exception being the spinal cord.


title: Abby and Brittany Hensel

text: Upon their birth, the twins' parents decided not to attempt surgical separation after hearing from doctors that it was unlikely that both would survive the operation. As the twins grew and learned to walk and develop other skills, their parents confirmed their decision against separation, arguing that the quality of life for the surviving twin or twins living separately would be less than their quality of life as conjoined people.


title: Abby and Brittany Hensel

text: As teenagers the twins both passed their written and practical driver's license exams separately because, although driving requires coordination between them, state law required that they each be licensed. Abby controls the devices on the right side of the driver's seat; Brittany, those on the left. Together they control the steering wheel. They both graduated from high school in 2008 and began college at Bethel University in Arden Hills, Minnesota, majoring in education. They had considered pursuing different concentrations within that major, but the volume of extra coursework was prohibitive. They each graduated with Bachelor of Arts degrees in 2012.


title: Abby and Brittany Hensel

text: Some of the twins' clothes are altered by a seamstress so that they have two separate necklines, in order to emphasize their individuality. They usually have separate meals, but sometimes share a single meal for the sake of convenience. For tasks such as responding to email, they type and respond as one, anticipating each other's feelings with little verbal communication between them. Their choice of grammatical person is to use "I" when they agree, and to use their names when their responses differ.


title: Abby and Brittany Hensel

text: They intensely dislike being stared at or photographed by strangers while going about their private lives. In interviews for the Discovery Channel in 2006 at the age of 16, they said that they hoped to date, get married, and have children. They also stated that they hoped that by providing some information about themselves, they would be able to lead otherwise fairly typical social lives.


title: Abby and Brittany Hensel

text: The two became teachers in 2013, and as of 2022 they continue to teach at Sunnyside Elementary in New Brighton, Minnesota.


title: Abby and Brittany Hensel

text: The twins appeared on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" on April 8 and 29, 1996. During the same month, they were featured on the cover of "Life" under the caption "One Body, Two Souls", and their daily lifestyle was described in the article, "The Hensels' Summer". "Life" followed up with another story in September 1998. In 2002, they appeared in "Joined for Life", a TV documentary by Advanced Medical Productions, distributed on the Discovery Health Channel and a 2003 follow-up, "Joined at Birth".


title: Abby and Brittany Hensel

text: In 2003, an updated story of them at age 11 (filmed in 2001) was published in "Time" and again in "Life". ABC TV also did a documentary called "Joined For Life".


title: Abby and Brittany Hensel

text: A UK television special in 2005 as part of the series "Extraordinary People". In 2006, Advanced Medical made another documentary, "Joined for Life: Abby & Brittany turn 16", that discusses their adolescence, school, social life, and activities such as getting their driver's licenses.


title: Abby and Brittany Hensel

text: The twins starred in the reality TV show "Abby & Brittany" that started in August 2012. "Abby and Brittany: Joined for Life" was shown by the BBC in the UK in May 2013, and covers the period from their finishing college to starting a part-time teaching job.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: Sun Yat-sen (; also known by several other names; 12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925) was a Chinese statesman, physician, and political philosopher, who served as the first provisional president of the Republic of China and the first leader of the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party of China). He is called the "Father of the Nation" in the Republic of China, and the "Forerunner of the Revolution" in the People's Republic of China for his instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. Sun is unique among 20th-century Chinese leaders for being widely revered in both Mainland China and Taiwan.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: Sun is considered to be one of the greatest leaders of modern China, but his political life was one of constant struggle and frequent exile. After the success of the revolution in 1911, he quickly resigned as president of the newly founded Republic of China and relinquished it to Yuan Shikai. He soon went to exile in Japan for safety but returned to found a revolutionary government in the South as a challenge to the warlords who controlled much of the nation. In 1923, he invited representatives of the Communist International to Canton (Guangzhou) to re-organize his party and formed a brittle alliance with the Chinese Communist Party. He did not live to see his party unify the country under his successor, Chiang Kai-shek, in the Northern Expedition. He died in Peking (Beijing) of gallbladder cancer on 12 March 1925.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: Sun's chief legacy is his political philosophy known as the Three Principles of the People: Mínzú (民族主義, Mínzúzhǔyì) or nationalism (independence from foreign domination), Mínquán (民權主義, Mínquánzhǔyì) or "rights of the people" (sometimes translated as "democracy"), and Mínshēng (民生主義, Mínshēngzhǔyì) or people's livelihood (sometimes translated as "communitarianism" or "welfare").


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: Sun's was Sun Deming ("Syūn Dāk-mìhng"; ). As a child, his was Tai Tseung ("Dai-jeuhng"; ). When in school, the teacher gave him the name Sun Wen (Cantonese: "Syūn Màhn"; ), which was what Sun called himself for most of his life. Sun's courtesy name was Zaizhi ("Jai-jī"; ), and his baptized name was Rixin ("Yaht-sān"; ). While at school in Hong Kong he got the art name Yat-sen (). Sun Zhongshan (; Cantonese: , romanized "Chung Shan"), the most popular of his Chinese names in China, is derived from his Japanese name "Kikori Nakayama" (), the pseudonym given to him by Tōten Miyazaki while in hiding in Japan. His birthplace city was renamed Zhongshan in his honour probably shortly after his death in 1925, using this name. Zhongshan is one of the few cities named after people in China.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: Sun Te-ming was born on 12 November 1866 to Sun Dacheng and Madame Yang. His birthplace was the village of Cuiheng, Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan City), Guangdong. He had a cultural background of Hakka and Cantonese. His father owned very little land and worked as a tailor in Macau, and as a journeyman and a porter. After finishing primary education, he moved to Honolulu in the Kingdom of Hawaii, where he lived a comfortable life of modest wealth supported by his elder brother Sun Mei.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: At the age of 10, in Hawaii, Sun began seeking schooling, He obtained secondary schooling in Hawaii. and met his childhood friend Lu Haodong. By age 13 in 1878, after receiving a few years of local schooling, Sun went to live with his elder brother, Sun Mei () in Honolulu. Sun Mei financed Sun Yat-sen's education and would later be a major contributor for the overthrow of the Manchus (Qing dynasty).


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: During his stay in Honolulu, Sun Yat-sen went to ʻIolani School where he studied English, British history, mathematics, science, and Christianity. While he was originally unable to speak English, Sun Yat-sen quickly picked up the language and received a prize for academic achievement from King David Kalākaua before graduating in 1882. He then attended Oahu College (now known as Punahou School) for one semester. In 1883 he was sent home to China as his brother was becoming worried that Sun Yat-sen was beginning to embrace Christianity. As Hawaii was being annexed by the United States at the time, Sun obtained American citizenship.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: When he returned to China in 1883 at age 17, Sun met up with his childhood friend Lu Haodong again at Beijidian (), a temple in Cuiheng Village. They saw many villagers worshipping the Beiji (literally "North Pole") Emperor-God in the temple, and were dissatisfied with their ancient healing methods. They broke the statue, incurring the wrath of fellow villagers, and escaped to Hong Kong. After arriving in Hong Kong in November 1883, he studied at the Diocesan Home and Orphanage on Eastern Street (now the Diocesan Boys' School), and from 15 April 1884 to his graduation in 1886, he was at The Government Central School on Gough Street (now Queen's College).


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: In 1886 Sun studied medicine at the Guangzhou Boji Hospital under the Christian missionary John G. Kerr. According to his book "Kidnapped in London", Sun in 1887 heard of the opening of the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (the forerunner of The University of Hong Kong) and immediately decided to benefit from the "advantages it offered." Ultimately, he earned the license of Christian practice as a medical doctor from there in 1892. Notably, of his class of 12 students, Sun was one of only two who graduated.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: In the early 1880s, Sun Mei had sent his brother to ʻIolani School, which was under the supervision of the Church of Hawai'i and directed by an Anglican prelate named Alfred Willis, with the language of instruction being English. At the school, a young Sun Wen first came in contact with Christianity. In his work, Schriffin speculated that Christianity was to have a great influence on Sun's future political career.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: Sun was later baptized in Hong Kong (on 4 May 1884) by Rev. C. R. Hager an American missionary of the Congregational Church of the United States (ABCFM) to his brother's disdain. The minister would also develop a friendship with Sun. Sun attended To Tsai Church (), founded by the London Missionary Society in 1888, while he studied Western Medicine in Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese. Sun pictured a revolution as similar to the salvation mission of the Christian church. His conversion to Christianity was related to his revolutionary ideals and push for advancement.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: During the Qing-dynasty rebellion around 1888, Sun was in Hong Kong with a group of revolutionary thinkers who were nicknamed the Four Bandits at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese. Sun, who had grown increasingly frustrated by the conservative Qing government and its refusal to adopt knowledge from the more technologically advanced Western nations, quit his medical practice in order to devote his time to transforming China.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: In 1891, Sun met revolutionary friends in Hong Kong including Yeung Ku-wan who was the leader and founder of the Furen Literary Society. The group was spreading the idea of overthrowing the Qing. In 1894, Sun wrote an 8,000 character petition to Qing Viceroy Li Hongzhang presenting his ideas for modernizing China. He traveled to Tianjin to personally present the petition to Li but was not granted an audience. After this experience, Sun turned irrevocably toward revolution. He left China for Hawaii and founded the Revive China Society, which was committed to revolutionizing China's prosperity. Members were drawn mainly from Chinese expatriates, especially from the lower social classes. The same month in 1894 the Furen Literary Society was merged with the Hong Kong chapter of the Revive China Society. Thereafter, Sun became the secretary of the newly merged Revive China Society, which Yeung Ku-wan headed as president. They disguised their activities in Hong Kong under the running of a business under the name "Kuen Hang Club" ().


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: A "Heaven and Earth Society" sect known as Tiandihui had been around for a long time. The group has also been referred to as the "three cooperating organizations" as well as the triads. Sun Yat-sen mainly used this group to leverage his overseas travels to gain further financial and resource support for his revolution.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: In 1895, China suffered a serious defeat during the First Sino-Japanese War. There were two types of responses. One group of intellectuals contended that the Manchu Qing government could restore its legitimacy by successfully modernizing. Stressing that overthrowing the Manchu would result in chaos and would lead to China being carved up by imperialists, intellectuals like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao supported responding with initiatives like the Hundred Days' Reform. In another faction, Sun Yat-sen and others like Zou Rong wanted a revolution to replace the dynastic system with a modern nation-state in the form of a republic. The Hundred Days' reform turned out to be a failure by 1898.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: In the second year of the establishment of the Revive China Society, on 26 October 1895, the group planned and launched the First Guangzhou uprising against the Qing in Guangzhou. Yeung Ku-wan directed the uprising starting from Hong Kong. However, plans were leaked out and more than 70 members, including Lu Haodong, were captured by the Qing government. The uprising was a failure. Sun received financial support mostly from his brother who sold most of his 12,000 acres of ranch and cattle in Hawaii. Additionally, members of his family and relatives of Sun would take refuge at the home of his brother Sun Mei at Kamaole in Kula, Maui.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: While in exile in London (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) in 1896, Sun raised money for his revolutionary party and to support uprisings in China. While the events leading up to it are unclear, Sun Yat-sen was detained at the Chinese Legation in London, where the Chinese Imperial secret service planned to smuggle him back to China to execute him for his revolutionary actions. He was released after 12 days through the efforts of James Cantlie, "The Globe", "The Times", and the Foreign Office; leaving Sun a hero in the UK. James Cantlie, Sun's former teacher at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, maintained a lifelong friendship with Sun and would later write an early biography of Sun. Sun wrote a book in 1897 about his detention, titled "Kidnapped in London".


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: Sun traveled by way of Canada to Japan to begin his exile there, he arrived in Yokohama on 16 August 1897 and met with the Japanese politician Tōten Miyazaki. Most Japanese who actively worked with Sun were motivated by a pan-Asian opposition to Western imperialism. While in Japan, Sun also met and befriended Mariano Ponce, then a diplomat of the First Philippine Republic.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: During the Philippine Revolution and the Filipino-American War, Sun helped Ponce procure weapons salvaged from the Japanese military and ship the weapons to the Philippines. By helping the Philippine Republic, Sun hoped that the Filipinos would win their independence so that he could use the archipelago as a staging point of another revolution. However, as the war ended in July 1902, the United States emerged victorious from a bitter 3-year war against the Republic. Therefore, the Filipino dream of independence vanished with Sun's hopes of allying with the Philippines in his revolution in China.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: On 22 October 1900, Sun ordered the launch of the Huizhou uprising to attack Huizhou and provincial authorities in Guangdong. This came five years after the failed Guangzhou uprising. This time, Sun appealed to the triads for help. This uprising was also a failure. Miyazaki, who participated in the revolt with Sun, wrote an account of this revolutionary effort under the title "33-year dream" () in 1902.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: In 1903, Sun made a secret trip to Bangkok in which he sought funds for his cause in Southeast Asia. His loyal followers published newspapers, providing invaluable support to the dissemination of his revolutionary principles and ideals among Siamese Chinese in Siam. In Bangkok, Sun visited Yaowarat Road, in Bangkok's Chinatown. It was on this street that Sun gave a speech claiming that overseas Chinese were "the Mother of the Revolution". He also met local Chinese merchants Seow Houtseng, who sent financial support to him.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: Sun's speech on Yaowarat Street was commemorated by the street later being named "Sun Yat Sen Street" or "Soi Sun Yat Sen" () in his honour.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: According to Lee Yun-ping, chairman of the Chinese historical society, Sun needed a certificate to enter the United States at a time when the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 would have otherwise blocked him.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: In March 1904, while residing in Kula, Maui, Sun Yat-sen obtained a Certificate of Hawaiian Birth, issued by the Territory of Hawaii, stating that "he was born in the Hawaiian Islands on the 24th day of November, A.D. 1870." He renounced it after it served its purpose to circumvent the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Official files of the United States show that Sun had United States nationality, moved to China with his family at age 4, and returned to Hawaii 10 years later.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: On 6 April 1904, on his first attempt to enter the United States, Sun Yat-sen landed in San Francisco. He was detained and faced with possible deportation. Sun, represented by the law firm of Ralston & Siddons based in Washington D.C., filed an appeal with the Commissioner-General of Immigration on 26 April 1904. On 28 April 1904, the acting secretary of the Department of Commerce and Labor, in a four-page decision contained in the case file, set aside the order of deportation and ordered the Commissioner of Immigration in San Francisco to "permit the said Sun Yat-sen to land." Sun was then freed to embark on his fundraising tour in the United States.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: In 1904, Sun Yat-sen came about with the goal "to expel the Tatar barbarians (specifically, the Manchu), to revive Zhonghua, to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people" (). One of Sun's major legacies was the creation of his political philosophy of the Three Principles of the People. These Principles included the principle of nationalism (minzu, ), of democracy (minquan, ), and of welfare (minsheng, ).


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: On 20 August 1905, Sun joined forces with revolutionary Chinese students studying in Tokyo to form the unified group Tongmenghui (United League), which sponsored uprisings in China. By 1906 the number of Tongmenghui members reached 963.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: Sun's notability and popularity extended beyond the Greater China region, particularly to Nanyang (Southeast Asia), where a large concentration of overseas Chinese resided in Malaya (Malaysia and Singapore). While in Singapore, he met local Chinese merchants Teo Eng Hock (), Tan Chor Nam () and Lim Nee Soon (), which mark the commencement of direct support from the Nanyang Chinese. The Singapore chapter of the Tongmenghui was established on 6 April 1906, though some records claim the founding date to be end of 1905. The villa used by Sun was known as Wan Qing Yuan. At this point Singapore was the headquarters of the Tongmenghui.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: Thus, after founding the Tongmenghui, Sun advocated the establishment of The "Chong Shing Yit Pao" as the alliance's mouthpiece to promote revolutionary ideas. Later, he initiated the establishment of reading clubs across Singapore and Malaysia, in order to disseminate revolutionary ideas among the lower class through public readings of newspaper stories. The United Chinese Library, founded on 8 August 1910, was one such reading club, first set up at leased property on the second floor of the Wan He Salt Traders in North Boat Quay.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: The first actual United Chinese Library building was built between 1908 and 1911 below Fort Canning – 51 Armenian Street, commenced operations in 1912. The library was set up as a part of the 50 reading rooms by the Chinese Republicans to serve as an information station and liaison point for the revolutionaries. In 1987, the library was moved to its present site at Cantonment Road. But the Armenian Street building is still intact with the plaque at its entrance with Sun Yat Sen's words. With an initial membership of over 400, the library has about 180 members today. Although the United Chinese Library, with 102 years of history, was not the only reading club in Singapore during the time, today it is the only one of its kind remaining.


title: Sun Yat-sen

text: On 1 December 1907, Sun led the Zhennanguan uprising against the Qing at Friendship Pass, which is the border between Guangxi and Vietnam. The uprising failed after seven days of fighting. In 1907 there were a total of four uprisings that failed including Huanggang uprising, Huizhou seven women lake uprising and Qinzhou uprising. In 1908 two more uprisings failed one after another including Qin-lian uprising and Hekou uprising.