title: Jethro Tull (band)

text: In February 2010, the band were commemorated with a Heritage Award by PRS for Music. A plaque was erected on a Catholic church in Blackpool, where the band performed their first ever gig.


title: Jethro Tull (band)

text: During interviews in November 2011, Martin Barre stated that there were no current plans for future Jethro Tull work. In 2012, Barre assembled and toured with a group, billed as Martin Barre's New Day; it included Jonathan Noyce and played mostly Tull material. In 2015, Barre stated "It's important that people realize there will never be a Jethro Tull again. There will be two solo bands: the Ian Anderson Band and the Martin Barre Band, and long may they exist, and long may they enjoy playing music. I'm not being pedantic. I always hate to hear, 'Oh, you've left Jethro Tull.' I haven't really. Ian wanted to finish Jethro Tull, wanted to stop the band completely."


title: Jethro Tull (band)

text: On 30 January 2012, Anderson announced via the Jethro Tull website that "Thick as a Brick 2: Whatever Happened to Gerald Bostock?", a followup to "Thick as a Brick", would be released on 2 April 2012. It was recorded by Anderson and the "Ian Anderson Touring Band". This line-up also performed on the following tour. The band included two former Jethro Tull members, bassist David Goodier and keyboardist John O'Hara, plus guitarist Florian Opahle, drummer Scott Hammond, and additional vocalist Ryan O'Donnell. "Thick as a Brick 2" had its world premiere on 14 April 2012 at Perth Concert Hall, Scotland, kicking off an expected 18-month tour supporting both the original and new albums.


title: Jethro Tull (band)

text: In November 2013, Anderson announced via the Jethro Tull website that a new album "Homo Erraticus" ("The Wandering Man") would be released in April 2014. This was followed by tours in the UK and US, during which the album was played in its entirety. "Homo Erraticus" is a prog-rock concept album which, according to Anderson, "chronicles the weird imaginings of one Ernest T. Parritt, as recaptured by the now middle-aged Gerald Bostock after a trip to Mathew Bunter's Old Library Bookshop in Linwell village. Bostock and Bunter came across this dusty, unpublished manuscript, written by local amateur historian Ernest T. Parritt, (1873–1928), and entitled Homo Britanicus Erraticus." Like "Thick as a Brick 2", "Homo Erraticus" is billed as an Ian Anderson solo album.


title: Jethro Tull (band)

text: In an April 2014 interview, following the release of Anderson's solo album "Homo Erraticus", Anderson announced that from that point on, he would be releasing all his music under his own name. Anderson stated that Jethro Tull "kind of came more or less to an end during the last 10 years or so," and stated his preference "in my twilight years, to use my own name for the most part being composer of virtually all Tull songs and music since 1968." In the liner notes Anderson explains that he will continue to operate under his own name.


title: Jethro Tull (band)

text: 2015 saw Anderson tour with the 'Ian Anderson Touring Band' and the project "Jethro Tull – The Rock Opera"; a lyrically modified Tull repertoire and new rock songs about the namesake of the band, Jethro Tull, together with elaborate video productions to the stage. The touring band included a female vocalist for the first time, Icelander Unnur Birna Björnsdóttir, who also plays the violin. The 2016 Tour visited Europe, Australia, and the US. In 2017, Anderson toured under the title "Jethro Tull by Ian Anderson".


title: Jethro Tull (band)

text: In September 2017, Anderson announced plans for a tour to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of "This Was", and a new studio album in 2018. The band line-up included Anderson, Hammond, Opahle, O'Hara, and Goodier (all musicians of Anderson's solo band since 2012), with Barre absent from the lineup.


title: Jethro Tull (band)

text: On 2 January 2018, Ian Anderson published a New Year post on jethrotull.com, including a picture of Anderson with the caption "IA in the studio working on a new album for release March 2019. Shhhh; keep it a secret..."


title: Jethro Tull (band)

text: On 1 June 2018, Parlophone Records released a new (50-track) career collection celebrating the band's 50th anniversary featuring all 21 Tull albums, named "50 for 50". In the notes of the "50 for 50" booklet it is said that the new album scheduled for 2019 will be a solo record by Ian Anderson and not a new album by Jethro Tull.


title: Jethro Tull (band)

text: In November 2019 "Ian Anderson and the Jethro Tull band" announced The Prog Years Tour with 11 dates across the UK in September and October 2020 but it was subsequently postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Guitar duties would be handled by new member Joe Parrish, with Opahle leaving the band at the end of 2019 to focus on production work and his family.


title: Jethro Tull (band)

text: In March 2021, Anderson announced the title of Jethro Tull's 22nd studio album, "The Zealot Gene", making it the band's first studio album since 2003's "The Jethro Tull Christmas Album", and the first one with all original, new material since 1999's "J-Tull Dot Com".


title: Jethro Tull (band)

text: In April 2021, on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the album, the official music video for "Aqualung" was premiered on "Rolling Stone". The animated music video is directed by Iranian animator/director Sam Chegini. Ian Anderson praised Chegini in a statement to "Rolling Stone", saying "At the suggestion of my pal, Jakko Jakszyk of King Crimson, I contacted a young Iranian videographer/director, Sam Chegini. He delivered a unique rendition of the 'Aqualung' song with abstract and documentary-type footage. A talented young man with a bright future in the music arts."


title: Jethro Tull (band)

text: On 13 July 2021, it was announced that Jethro Tull had signed with Inside Out Music for the release of their 22nd album "The Zealot Gene" in early 2022. On 5 November 2021, the band announced on their official website that the album would be released on 28 January 2022.


title: Jethro Tull (band)

text: On 17 November 2022, the band announced on their Facebook page that they had completed recording their 23rd studio album, which is expected to be released in spring 2023.


title: Jethro Tull (band)

text: Jethro Tull's influence on musicians includes Iron Maiden's Steve Harris and Bruce Dickinson, W.A.S.P.'s Blackie Lawless, Pearl Jam's Eddie Vedder, Dream Theater's John Myung, Blind Guardian's Marcus Siepen, Joe Bonamassa, the Decemberists' Jenny Conlee, and folk doom metal band Blood Ceremony. <br>


title: Jethro Tull (band)

text: Rush's Geddy Lee said about Jethro Tull: "I was a massive Tull fan from very young ... and, I hope, that too reflects in Rush. I was mesmerised by Ian Anderson. His presentation was simply magical and he delivered it with such a sense of humour and great style ... We [of Rush] saw it as a huge challenge to try and create something that can seem so dynamic onstage."<br>


title: Jethro Tull (band)

text: Gentle Giant's Derek Shulman put Jethro Tull as one of the greatest bands in progressive rock history. After touring with the band in 1972, Shulman praised the band as musicians and friends. <br>


title: Jethro Tull (band)

text: Nick Cave is a fan of Jethro Tull, having named one of his sons Jethro in honour of the group. His group, Grinderman, also covered "Locomotive Breath" during soundchecks. At Cave's own request, Ian Anderson presented him with his Album of the Year trophy at the MOJO Awards in 2008.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: Sherlock Holmes is a 2009 period mystery action film starring Robert Downey Jr. as the character of the same name created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The film was directed by Guy Ritchie and produced by Joel Silver, Lionel Wigram, Susan Downey, and Dan Lin. The screenplay written by Michael Robert Johnson, Anthony Peckham, and Simon Kinberg was developed from a story by Wigram and Johnson. In addition to Downey Jr. as Holmes, Jude Law portrays Dr. John Watson. In 1890, eccentric detective Holmes and his companion Watson are hired by a secret society to foil a mysticist's plot to gain control of Britain by seemingly supernatural means. Rachel McAdams stars as their former adversary Irene Adler and Mark Strong portrays villain Lord Henry Blackwood.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: The film was widely released in North America on 25 December 2009, and on 26 December 2009 in the UK, Ireland, the Pacific and the Atlantic. "Sherlock Holmes" received mostly positive critical reaction. Downey won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy. The film was also nominated for two Academy Awards, Best Original Score and Best Art Direction. A sequel, "", was released on 16 December 2011, with a third film in the works to be directed by Dexter Fletcher.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: In 1890 London, private detective Sherlock Holmes and his partner Dr. John Watson prevent the ritualistic murder of a woman by Lord Henry Blackwood, who has killed five other young women in a similar manner. Inspector Lestrade and the police arrest Blackwood. Three months later, Watson is engaged to Mary Morstan and moving out of 221B Baker Street; while he enjoys their adventures together, Watson looks forward to not having to deal with Holmes' eccentricities. Meanwhile, Blackwood, who claims to have supernatural powers, has been sentenced to death and requests to see Holmes, warning him of three more unstoppable deaths that will cause great changes to the world. Blackwood is subsequently hanged.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: Holmes is visited by Irene Adler, a former adversary who asks him to find a missing man named Luke Reordan. After her departure, Holmes follows her as she meets with her secret employer, and only learns that the man is a professor and that he intimidates Adler. Meanwhile, sightings of a living Blackwood and the discovery of his empty tomb convince the authorities that Blackwood has risen from his grave. Reordan is found dead inside Blackwood's coffin. Following a series of clues from the body, Holmes and Watson find Reordan's hideout and discover experiments attempting to merge science with magic. After they survive a battle with Blackwood's men when they try to torch the lab, Holmes is taken to the Temple of the Four Orders, a secret magical fraternity with considerable political influence. The leaders — Lord Chief Justice Sir Thomas Rotheram, U.S. Ambassador Standish, and Home Secretary Lord Coward — ask Holmes to stop Blackwood, a former member of the society and Sir Thomas' secret illegitimate son.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: That night, Sir Thomas drowns in his bath as Blackwood watches, and the next night Lord Coward calls a meeting of the Order. He nominates Blackwood to take command in place of Sir Thomas and Blackwood reveals himself to the group, explaining his intention to seize control of the British Empire and reconquer the United States. Standish attempts to shoot Blackwood but bursts into flames when he pulls the trigger of his gun, falling out a window to his death. Lord Coward issues an arrest warrant for Holmes, causing him to go into hiding. Holmes studies the rituals of the Order and recognizes their symbols in Blackwood's staging of the murders; from this, he deduces that the targets of the final murder are every elected member of Parliament. With the aid of Lestrade, Holmes fakes his arrest and is taken to see Coward, where he uses evidence on Coward's clothes to deduce Blackwood has conducted a ceremony in the sewers beneath the Palace of Westminster.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: Holmes escapes and he, Watson, and Adler find Blackwood's men in the sewers guarding a device based on Reordan's experiments, designed to release cyanide gas into the Parliament chambers and kill all but Blackwood's supporters, to whom he has secretly given an antidote. Blackwood comes before Parliament and announces their impending deaths, then attempts to activate the cyanide device by remote control; Adler is able to deactivate it with a controlled explosion. Blackwood flees Parliament and sees Holmes chasing Adler, who has taken canisters of cyanide from the device, through the sewers, and pursues both to the top of the incomplete Tower Bridge. Blackwood subdues Adler and fights Holmes, as the latter reveals he has deduced how all of Blackwood's supposed supernatural feats were merely the work of science and trickery. Blackwood accidentally falls off the bridge into a tangle of chains, and is choked to death when one wraps around his neck.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: Adler explains to Holmes that her employer is Professor Moriarty, and she warns that Moriarty is not to be underestimated. As Watson moves out of 221B, the police report to him and Holmes that a dead officer was found near Blackwood's device. Moriarty used the confrontations with Adler and Blackwood as a diversion while he took a key component, based on the infant science of radio, from the machine. Holmes looks forward to the new case and his new adversary.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: Andrew Jack provided the voice of Professor Moriarty, although director Guy Ritchie initially declined to identify him. Jared Harris, who played Moriarty in the sequel "", re-dubbed Jack's lines for later home media releases and television broadcasts of the film.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: Producer Lionel Wigram remarked that for around ten years, he had been thinking of new ways to depict Sherlock Holmes. "I realized the images I was seeing in my head [when reading the stories] were different to the images I'd seen in previous films." He imagined "a much more modern, more bohemian character, who dresses more like an artist or a poet", namely Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. After leaving his position as executive for Warner Bros. in 2006, Wigram sought a larger scope to the story so it could attract a large audience, and amalgamated various Holmes stories to flesh it out further. Some sequences in the movie were more than suggested by uncredited incidents found in a 1979 novel "Enter the Lion: A Posthumous Memoir of Mycroft Holmes". Lord Blackwood's character was developed as a nod to Victorian interests in spiritualism and the later influence of Aleister Crowley. The producer felt he was "almost clever" pitting Holmes, who has an almost supernatural ability to solve crimes, against a supposedly supernatural villain. The plot point, moreover, nods to the Holmesian tale of "The Hound of the Baskervilles", where a string of seemingly supernatural events is finally explained through intuitive reasoning and scientific savvy. Wigram wrote and John Watkiss drew a 25-page comic book about Holmes in place of a spec script.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: In March 2007, Warner Bros. chose to produce, seeing similarities in the concept with "Batman Begins". Arthur Conan Doyle's estate had some involvement in sorting out legal issues, although the stories are in the public domain in the United States. Neil Marshall was set to direct, but Guy Ritchie signed on to direct in June 2008. When a child at boarding school, Ritchie and other pupils listened to the Holmes stories through dormitory loudspeakers. "Holmes used to talk me to sleep every night when I was seven years old," he said. Therefore, his image of Holmes differed from the films. He wanted to make his film more "authentic" to Doyle, explaining, "There's quite a lot of intense action sequences in the stories, [and] sometimes that hasn't been reflected in the movies." Holmes' "brilliance will percolate into the action", and the film will show that his "intellect was as much of a curse as it was a blessing". Ritchie sought to make "Sherlock Holmes" a "very contemporary film as far as the tone and texture", because it has been "a relatively long time since there's been a film version that people embraced".


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: Filming was conducted in Manchester's Northern Quarter. Manchester Town Hall was extensively used for numerous scenes with some minor CGI modifications. The interior courtyard was used for a fight scene, the Great Hall doubled as the House of Lords and numerous areas such as the landing were used as a backdrop.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: They shot the opening scene for three days at St Bartholomew-the-Great church in London, and shot on the river Thames at Wapping for a scene involving a steamboat on 7 November. Filming continued at Stanley Dock and Clarence Dock in Liverpool and The Historic Dockyard, Chatham. Street scenes were filmed in cobbled alleyways in Chatham and Manchester. Brompton Cemetery in London was used for a key scene, and the palatial 19th-century interior of the Reform Club stood in for the Café Royal. Scenes from the interior of 221B Baker Street were shot on a sound stage at Leavesden Studios.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: In late November 2008, actor Robert Maillet, who played Dredger, was filming a fight scene at Chatham Dockyard in Kent, and accidentally punched Robert Downey Jr. in the face, causing Downey to be bloodied and knocked down, but not knocked unconscious as originally reported.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: When filming at St John's Street in December, the schedule had to be shortened from 13 to nine days because locals complained about how they would always have to park cars elsewhere during the shoot.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: Ritchie wanted his Holmes' costume to play against the popular image of the character, joking "there is only one person in history who ever wore a deerstalker". Downey selected the character's hat, a beat-up fedora. The director kept to the tradition of making Holmes and Watson's apartment quite messy, and had it decorated with artifacts and scientific objects from the continents they would have visited.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: The soundtrack for the film was composed by Hans Zimmer. It was released on 12 January 2010. Zimmer purchased an out-of-tune piano for 200 dollars and used it throughout the scoring process because of its "quirkiness".


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: The film had its world premiere on 14 December 2009, in London and was subsequently released worldwide on 25 December 2009 (26 December, Boxing Day in the UK and Ireland), after being pushed from a November release date.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: "Sherlock Holmes" was released on DVD and Blu-ray/DVD/digital on 30 March 2010 in the United States. The film has since grossed $44,908,336 in DVD sales.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: The film opened to an estimated $62.4 million in its first weekend in America alone, placing in second at the US box office to "Avatar", which grossed $75.6 million. The film earned a strong per-theater average of $18,031 from its 3,626 theaters. Its one-day Christmas sales broke records. "Sherlock Holmes" grossed $209 million in North America and $524 million worldwide making it Guy Ritchie's biggest box-office success yet, and the 8th highest grossing film of 2009 worldwide, and domestically. On the domestic charts, it is the sixth highest-grossing film to never hit No. 1 in the weekend box office, behind "Sing", "My Big Fat Greek Wedding", "", that film's 2007 predecessor, and "A Star Is Born".


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 69% based on 248 reviews, with a rating average of 6.25/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Guy Ritchie's directorial style might not be quite the best fit for an update on the legendary detective, but "Sherlock Holmes" benefits from the elementary appeal of a strong performance by Robert Downey, Jr." On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average to reviews, the film has a score of 57 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three out of four stars and highlighted the film's strong characters, visuals and action-packed plot; the characters were also praised by Jake Tomlinson of "Shave Magazine", who believed that Downey Jr. and Law were "perfect together" and that Strong was "a convincing and creepy villain".


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: A. O. Scott of the "New York Times" noted that the director's approach to films was "to make cool movies about cool guys with cool stuff" and that "Sherlock Holmes" was essentially "a series of poses and stunts" which was "intermittently diverting" at best.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: David Stratton of "The Australian" disliked the film's interpretation of the original "Holmes" stories and concluded, "The makers of this film are mainly interested in action; that, they believe, is all that gets young audiences into cinemas today. They may be right, but they have ridden roughshod over one of literature's greatest creations in the process." Despite this, he praised the production design and score.


title: Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)

text: The sequel, "", with Downey and Law returning, was released on 16 December 2011. A third film was scheduled for release in 2022, with Downey and Law again reprising their roles, Dexter Fletcher replacing Ritchie as director, and Chris Brancato writing the script. Two television series set in the universe of the films are in development for HBO Max. However, there hasn't been any update on it since then.


title: Peanut

text: The peanut ("Arachis hypogaea"), also known as the groundnut, goober (US), pindar (US) or monkey nut (UK), is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds. It is widely grown in the tropics and subtropics, important to both small and large commercial producers. It is classified as both a grain legume and, due to its high oil content, an oil crop. World annual production of shelled peanuts was 44 million tonnes in 2016, led by China with 38% of the world total. Atypically among legume crop plants, peanut pods develop underground (geocarpy) rather than above ground. With this characteristic in mind, the botanist Carl Linnaeus gave peanuts the specific epithet "hypogaea", which means "under the earth."


title: Peanut

text: The peanut belongs to the botanical family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), commonly known as the legume, bean, or pea family. Like most other legumes, peanuts harbor symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules. The capacity to fix nitrogen means peanuts require less nitrogen-containing fertilizer and improve soil fertility, making them valuable in crop rotations.


title: Peanut

text: Peanuts are similar in taste and nutritional profile to tree nuts such as walnuts and almonds, and, as a culinary nut, are often served in similar ways in Western cuisines. The botanical definition of a nut is "a fruit whose ovary wall becomes hard at maturity." Using this criterion, the peanut is not a nut. However, peanuts are usually categorized as nuts for culinary purposes and in common English more generally.


title: Peanut

text: The "Arachis" genus is native to South America, east of the Andes, around Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Brazil. Cultivated peanuts ("A. hypogaea") arose from a hybrid between two wild species of peanut, thought to be "A. duranensis" and "A. ipaensis". The initial hybrid would have been sterile, but spontaneous chromosome doubling restored its fertility, forming what is termed an amphidiploid or allotetraploid. Genetic analysis suggests the hybridization may have occurred only once and gave rise to "A. monticola", a wild form of peanut that occurs in a few limited locations in northwestern Argentina, or in southeastern Bolivia, where the peanut landraces with the most wild-like features are grown today. and by artificial selection to "A. hypogaea".


title: Peanut

text: The process of domestication through artificial selection made "A. hypogaea" dramatically different from its wild relatives. The domesticated plants are bushier, more compact, and have a different pod structure and larger seeds. From this primary center of origin, cultivation spread and formed secondary and tertiary centers of diversity in Peru, Ecuador, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Over time, thousands of peanut landraces evolved; these are classified into six botanical varieties and two subspecies (as listed in the peanut scientific classification table). Subspecies "A. h. fastigiata" types are more upright in their growth habit and have shorter crop cycles. Subspecies "A. h. hypogaea" types spread more on the ground and have longer crop cycles.


title: Peanut

text: The oldest known archeological remains of pods have been dated at about 7,600 years old, possibly a wild species that was in cultivation, or "A. hypogaea" in the early phase of domestication. They were found in Peru, where dry climatic conditions are favorable for the preservation of organic material. Almost certainly, peanut cultivation antedated this at the center of origin where the climate is moister. Many pre-Columbian cultures, such as the Moche, depicted peanuts in their art. Cultivation was well-established in Mesoamerica before the Spanish arrived. There, the conquistadors found the (the plant's Nahuatl name, hence the name in Spanish "cacahuete") offered for sale in the marketplace of Tenochtitlan. European traders later spread the peanut worldwide, and cultivation is now widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. In West Africa, it substantially replaced a crop plant from the same family, the Bambara groundnut, whose seed pods also develop underground. In Asia, it became an agricultural mainstay, and this region is now the largest producer in the world.


title: Peanut

text: In the English-speaking world, peanut growing is most important in the United States. It was mainly a garden crop for much of the colonial period before shifting to mostly animal feedstock until human consumption grew in the 1930s. The United States Department of Agriculture initiated a program to encourage agricultural production and human consumption of peanuts in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.


title: Peanut

text: The peanut is an annual herbaceous plant growing tall. As a legume, it belongs to the botanical family Fabaceae, also known as Leguminosae, and commonly known as the legume, bean, or pea family. Like most other legumes, peanuts harbor symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules.


title: Peanut

text: The leaves are opposite and pinnate with four leaflets (two opposite pairs; no terminal leaflet); each leaflet is long and across. Like those of many other legumes, the leaves are nyctinastic; that is, they have "sleep" movements, closing at night.


title: Peanut

text: The flowers are across, and yellowish orange with reddish veining. They are borne in axillary clusters on the stems above ground and last for just one day. The ovary is located at the base of what appears to be the flower stem but is a highly elongated floral cup.


title: Peanut

text: Peanut fruits develop underground, an unusual feature known as geocarpy. After fertilization, a short stalk at the base of the ovary — often termed a gynophore, but which appears to be part of the ovary — elongates to form a thread-like structure known as a "peg." This peg grows into the soil, allowing the fruit to develop underground. These pods, technically called legumes, are long, normally containing one to four seeds. The shell of the peanut fruit consists primarily of a mesocarp with several large veins traversing its length.


title: Peanut

text: Peanuts grow best in light, sandy loam soil with a pH of 5.9–7. Their capacity to fix nitrogen means that providing they nodulate properly, peanuts benefit little or not at all from nitrogen-containing fertilizer, and they improve soil fertility. Therefore, they are valuable in crop rotations. Also, the yield of the peanut crop itself is increased in rotations through reduced diseases, pests, and weeds. For example, in Texas, peanuts in a three-year rotation with corn yield 50% more than nonrotated peanuts. Adequate levels of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and micronutrients are also necessary for good yields. Peanuts need warm weather throughout the growing season to develop well. They can be grown with as little as of water, but for best yields need at least . Depending on growing conditions and the cultivar of peanut, harvest is usually 90 to 130 days after planting for subspecies "A. h. fastigiata" types, and 120 to 150 days after planting for subspecies "A. h. hypogaea" types. Subspecies "A. h. hypogaea" types yield more and are usually preferred where the growing seasons are sufficiently long.


title: Peanut

text: Peanut plants continue to produce flowers when pods are developing; therefore, some pods are immature even when they are ready for harvest. To maximize yield, the timing of harvest is important. If it is too early, too many pods will be unripe; if too late, the pods will snap off at the stalk and remain in the soil. For harvesting, the entire plant, including most of the roots, is removed from the soil. The pods are covered with a network of raised veins and are constricted between seeds.


title: Peanut

text: The main yield-limiting factors in semiarid regions are drought and high-temperature stress. The stages of reproductive development before flowering, at flowering, and at early pod development are particularly sensitive to these constraints. Apart from nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, other nutrient deficiencies causing significant yield losses are calcium, iron and boron. Biotic stresses mainly include pests, diseases, and weeds. Among insects pests, pod borers, aphids, and mites are of importance. The most important diseases are leaf spots, rusts, and the toxin-producing fungus Aspergillus.


title: Peanut

text: Harvesting occurs in two stages. In mechanized systems, a machine is used to cut off the main root of the peanut plant by cutting through the soil just below the level of the peanut pods. The machine lifts the "bush" from the ground, shakes it, then inverts it, leaving the plant upside down to keep the peanuts out of the soil. This allows the peanuts to dry slowly to a little less than a third of their original moisture level over three to four days. Traditionally, peanuts were pulled and inverted by hand.


title: Peanut

text: After the peanuts have dried sufficiently, they are threshed, removing the peanut pods from the rest of the bush. peanuts must be dried properly and stored in dry conditions. If they are too high in moisture, or if storage conditions are poor, they may become infected by the mold fungus "Aspergillus flavus". Many strains of this fungus release toxic and highly carcinogenic substances called aflatoxins.


title: Peanut

text: There are many peanut cultivars grown around the world. The market classes grown in the United States are Spanish, Runner, Virginia, and Valencia. Peanut production in the United States is divided into three major areas: the southeastern United States region which includes Alabama, Georgia, and Florida; the southwestern United States region which includes New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas; and the third region in the general eastern United States which includes Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. In Georgia, Naomi Chapman Woodroof is responsible for developing the breeding program of peanuts resulting in a harvest almost five times greater.


title: Peanut

text: Certain cultivar groups are preferred for particular characteristics, such as differences in flavor, oil content, size, shape, and disease resistance. Most peanuts marketed in the shell are of the Virginia type, along with some Valencias selected for large size and the attractive appearance of the shell. Spanish peanuts are used mostly for peanut candy, salted nuts, and peanut butter.


title: Peanut

text: The small Spanish types are grown in South Africa and the southwestern and southeastern United States. Until 1940, 90% of the peanuts grown in the US state of Georgia were Spanish types, but the trend since then has been larger-seeded, higher-yielding, more disease-resistant cultivars. Spanish peanuts have a higher oil content than other types of peanuts. In the United States, the Spanish group is primarily grown in New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas.


title: Peanut

text: Cultivars of the Spanish group include 'Dixie Spanish,' 'Improved Spanish 2B', 'GFA Spanish,' 'Argentine,' 'Spantex,' 'Spanette,' 'Shaffers Spanish,' 'Natal Common (Spanish),' "White Kernel Varieties,' 'Starr,' 'Comet,' 'Florispan,' 'Spanhoma,' 'Spancross,' 'OLin,' 'Tamspan 90', 'AT 9899–14', 'Spanco,' 'Wilco I,' 'GG 2', 'GG 4', 'TMV 2', and 'Tamnut 06'.


title: Peanut

text: Since 1940, the southeastern US region has seen a shift to producing Runner group peanuts. This shift is due to good flavor, better roasting characteristics, and higher yields when compared to Spanish types, leading to food manufacturers' preference for the use in peanut butter and salted nuts. Georgia's production is now almost 100% Runner-type.


title: Peanut

text: Cultivars of Runners include 'Southeastern Runner 56-15', 'Dixie Runner,' 'Early Runner,' 'Virginia Bunch 67', 'Bradford Runner,' 'Egyptian Giant' (also known as 'Virginia Bunch' and 'Giant'), 'Rhodesian Spanish Bunch' (Valencia and Virginia Bunch), 'North Carolina Runner 56-15', 'Florunner,' 'Virugard,' 'Georgia Green,' 'Tamrun 96', 'Flavor Runner 458', 'Tamrun OL01', 'Tamrun OL02' 'AT-120', 'Andru-93', 'Southern Runner,' 'AT1-1', 'Georgia Brown,' 'GK-7', and 'AT-108'.


title: Peanut

text: The large-seeded Virginia group peanuts are grown in the US states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and parts of Georgia. They are increasing in popularity due to the demand for large peanuts for processing, particularly for salting, confections, and roasting in shells.


title: Peanut

text: Virginia group peanuts are either bunch or running in growth habit. The bunch type is upright to spreading. It attains a height of , and a spread of , with rows that seldom cover the ground. The pods are borne within of the base of the plant.


title: Peanut

text: Cultivars of Virginia-type peanuts include 'NC 7', 'NC 9', 'NC 10C', 'NC-V 11', 'VA 93B', 'NC 12C', 'VA-C 92R', 'Gregory,' 'VA 98R', 'Perry,' 'Wilson, 'Hull,' 'AT VC-2' and 'Shulamit.'


title: Peanut

text: Valencia group peanuts are coarse and have heavy reddish stems and large foliage. In the United States, large commercial production is primarily in the South Plains of West Texas and in eastern New Mexico near and south of Portales, but they are grown on a small scale elsewhere in the South as the best-flavored and preferred type for boiled peanuts. They are comparatively tall, reaching a height of and a spread of . Peanut pods are borne on pegs arising from the main stem and the side branches. Most pods are clustered around the base of the plant, and only a few are found several inches away. Valencia types are three- to five-seeded and smooth, with no constriction of the shell between the seeds. Seeds are oval and tightly crowded into the pods. Typical seed weight is 0.4 to 0.5 g. This type is used heavily for selling roasted and salted in-shell peanuts and peanut butter. Varieties include 'Valencia A' and 'Valencia C.'


title: Peanut

text: These are alike except for the color of the seed. Sometimes known also as Texas Red or White, the plants are similar to Valencia types, except the stems are green to greenish brown, and the pods are rough, irregular, and have a smaller proportion of kernels.


title: Peanut

text: In 2020, world production of peanuts (reported as groundnuts in shells) was 54 million tonnes, an 8% increase over 2019 production. China had 34% of global production, followed by India (19%) (table). Other significant producers were Nigeria, the United States, and Sudan.


title: Peanut

text: Dry-roasting peanuts is a common form of preparation. Dry peanuts can be roasted in the shell or shelled in a home oven if spread out one layer deep in a pan and baked at a temperature of for 15 to 20 min (shelled) and 20 to 25 min (in shell).


title: Peanut

text: Boiled peanuts are a popular snack in India, China, West Africa, and the southern United States. In the US South, boiled peanuts are often prepared in briny water and sold in streetside stands.


title: Peanut

text: A distinction can be drawn between raw and green peanuts. A green peanut is a term to describe farm-fresh harvested peanuts that have not been dehydrated. They are available from grocery stores, food distributors, and farmers markets during the growing season. Raw peanuts are also uncooked but have been dried/dehydrated and must be rehydrated before boiling (usually in a bowl full of water overnight). Once rehydrated, the raw peanuts are ready to be boiled.


title: Peanut

text: Peanut oil is often used in cooking because it has a mild flavor and a relatively high smoke point. Due to its high monounsaturated content, it is considered more healthful than saturated oils and is resistant to rancidity. The several types of peanut oil include aromatic roasted peanut oil, refined peanut oil, extra virgin or cold-pressed peanut oil, and peanut extract. Refined peanut oil is exempt from allergen labeling laws in the United States.


title: Peanut

text: Peanut butter is a food paste or spread made from ground dry roasted peanuts. It often contains additional ingredients that modify the taste or texture, such as salt, sweeteners, or emulsifiers. Many companies have added twists on traditionally plain peanut butter by adding various flavor varieties, such as chocolate, birthday cake, and cinnamon raisin. Peanut butter is served as a spread on bread, toast or crackers, and used to make sandwiches (notably the peanut butter and jelly sandwich). It is also used in a number of confections, such as peanut-flavored granola bars or croissants and other pastries. The United States is a leading exporter of peanut butter, and itself consumes $800 million of peanut butter annually.


title: Peanut

text: Peanut protein concentrates and isolates are commercially produced from defatted peanut flour using several methods. Peanut flour concentrates (about 70% protein) are produced from dehulled kernels by removing most of the oil and the water-soluble, non-protein components. Hydraulic pressing, screw pressing, solvent extraction, and pre-pressing followed by solvent extraction may be used for oil removal, after which protein isolation and purification are implemented.


title: Peanut

text: Peanuts are particularly common in Peruvian and Mexican cuisine, both of which marry indigenous and European ingredients. For instance, in Peru, a popular traditional dish is "picante de cuy", a roasted guinea pig served in a sauce of ground peanuts (ingredients native to South America) with roasted onions and garlic (ingredients from European cuisine). Also, in the Peruvian city of Arequipa, a dish called "ocopa" consists of a smooth sauce of roasted peanuts and hot peppers (both native to the region) with roasted onions, garlic, and oil, poured over meat or potatoes. Another example is a fricassee combining a similar mixture with sautéed seafood or boiled and shredded chicken. These dishes are generally known as "ajíes", meaning "hot peppers," such as "ají de pollo" and "ají de mariscos" (seafood "ajíes" may omit peanuts). In Mexico, it is also used to prepare different traditional dishes, such as chicken in peanut sauce ("encacahuatado"), and is used as the main ingredient for the preparation of other famous dishes such as red pipián, mole poblano and oaxacan mole negro.


title: Peanut

text: Likewise, during colonial times in Peru, the Spanish used peanuts to replace nuts unavailable locally but used extensively in Spanish cuisine, such as almonds and pine nuts, typically ground or as a paste mixed with rice, meats, and vegetables for dishes like rice pilaf.


title: Peanut

text: Throughout the region, many candies and snacks are made using peanuts. In Mexico, it is common to find them in different presentations as a snack or candy: salty, "Japanese" peanuts, praline, "enchilados" or in the form of a traditional sweet made with peanuts and honey called "palanqueta", and even as peanut marzipan.


title: Peanut

text: Crunchy coated peanuts, called "kabukim" in Hebrew, are a popular snack in Israel. "Kabukim" are commonly sold by weight at corner stores where fresh nuts and seeds are sold, though they are also available packaged. The coating typically consists of flour, salt, starch, lecithin, and sometimes sesame seeds. The origin of the name is obscure (it may be derived from "kabuk", which means nutshell or husk in Turkish). An additional variety of crunchy coated peanuts popular in Israel is "American peanuts." The coating of this variety is thinner but harder to crack.


title: Peanut

text: Bamba puffs are a popular snack in Israel. Their shape is similar to Cheez Doodles, but they are made of peanuts and corn.


title: Peanut

text: Peanuts are also widely used in Southeast Asian cuisine, such as in Malaysia, Vietnam, and Indonesia, where they are typically made into a spicy sauce. Peanuts came to Indonesia from the Philippines, where the legume was derived from Mexico during Spanish colonization. One Philippine dish using peanuts is "kare-kare", a mixture of meat and peanut butter. Apart from being used in dishes, fried shelled peanuts are a common inexpensive snack in the Philippines. The peanuts are commonly served plain salted with garlic chips and variants, including adobo and chili flavors.


title: Peanut

text: Common Indonesian peanut-based dishes include "gado-gado", "pecel", "karedok", and "ketoprak", vegetable salads mixed with peanut sauce, and the peanut-based sauce, "satay".


title: Peanut

text: In the Indian subcontinent, peanuts are a light snack, usually roasted and salted (sometimes with the addition of chilli powder), and often sold roasted in pods or boiled with salt. They are also made into dessert or sweet snack of peanut brittle by processing with refined sugar and jaggery. Indian cuisine uses roasted, crushed peanuts to give a crunchy body to salads; they are added whole (without pods) to leafy vegetable stews for the same reason. Another use is peanut oil for cooking. Most Indians use mustard, sunflower, and peanut oil for cooking. In South India, groundnut chutney is eaten with "dosa" and "idli" as breakfast. Peanuts are also used in sweets and savory items in South India and also as a flavor in tamarind rice. Kovilpatti is known for its sweet peanut chikki or peanut brittle, which is also used in savory and sweet mixtures, such as Bombay mix.


title: Peanut

text: Peanuts grow well in southern Mali and adjacent regions of the Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Nigeria, and Senegal; peanuts are similar in both agricultural and culinary qualities to the Bambara groundnut native to the region, and West Africans have adopted the crop as a staple. Peanut sauce, prepared with onions, garlic, peanut butter/paste, and vegetables such as carrots, cabbage, and cauliflower, can be vegetarian (the peanuts supplying ample protein) or prepared with meat, usually chicken.


title: Peanut

text: Peanuts are used in the Malian meat stew "maafe". In Ghana, peanut butter is used for peanut butter soup "nkate nkwan". Crushed peanuts may also be used for peanut candies "nkate cake" and "kuli-kuli", as well as other local foods such as "oto". Peanut butter is an ingredient in Nigeria's "African salad." Peanut powder is an important ingredient in the spicy coating for kebabs in Nigeria and Ghana.


title: Peanut

text: Peanuts are a common ingredient of several types of relishes (dishes which accompany "nshima") eaten in Malawi, and in the eastern part of Zambia, and these dishes are common throughout both countries. Thick peanut butter sauces are also made in Uganda to serve with rice and other starchy foods. Groundnut stew, called "ebinyebwa" in Luganda-speaking areas of Uganda, is made by boiling ground peanut flour with other ingredients, such as cabbage, mushrooms, dried fish, meat or other vegetables. Across East Africa, roasted peanuts, often in cones of newspaper, are obtained from street vendors.


title: Peanut

text: In Canada and the United States, peanuts are used in candies, cakes, cookies, and other sweets. Individually, they are eaten dry-roasted with or without salt. Ninety-five percent of Canadians eat peanuts or peanut butter, with the average consumption of of peanuts per person annually, and 79% of Canadians consume peanut butter weekly. In the United States, peanuts and peanut butter are central to American dietary practices, and are typically considered as comfort foods. Peanuts were sold at fairs or by pushcart operators through the 19th century. Peanut butter is a common peanut-based food, representing half of the American total peanut consumption and $850 million in annual retail sales. Peanut soup is found on restaurant menus in the southeastern states. In some southern portions of the US, peanuts are boiled for several hours until soft and moist. Peanuts are also deep-fried, sometimes within the shell. Per person, Americans eat of peanut products annually, spending a total of $2 billion in peanut retail purchases.


title: Peanut

text: Peanuts are used to help fight malnutrition. Plumpy Nut, MANA Nutrition, and Medika Mamba are high-protein, high-energy, and high-nutrient peanut-based pastes developed to be used as a therapeutic food to aid in famine relief. The World Health Organization, UNICEF, Project Peanut Butter, and Doctors Without Borders have used these products to help save malnourished children in developing countries.


title: Peanut

text: Peanuts can be used like other legumes and grains to make a lactose-free, milk-like beverage, peanut milk, which is promoted in Africa as a way to reduce malnutrition among children.


title: Peanut

text: The protein cake (oilcake meal) residue from oil processing is used as animal feed and soil fertilizer. Groundnut cake is a livestock feed, mostly used by cattle as protein supplements. It is one of the most important and valuable feeds for all types of livestock and one of the most active ingredients for poultry rations. Poor storage of the cake may sometimes result in its contamination by aflatoxin, a naturally occurring mycotoxin that is produced by "Aspergillus flavus" and "Aspergillus parasiticus". The major constituents of the cake are essential amino acids such as lysine and glutamine. Other components are crude fiber, crude protein, and fat.


title: Peanut

text: Some peanuts can also be fed whole to livestock, for example, those over the peanut quota in the US or those with a higher aflatoxin content than that permitted by the food regulations.


title: Peanut

text: Peanut processing often requires dehulling: the hulls generated in large amounts by the peanut industries can feed livestock, particularly ruminants.


title: Peanut

text: Peanuts have a variety of industrial end uses. Paint, varnish, lubricating oil, leather dressings, furniture polish, insecticides, and nitroglycerin are made from peanut oil. Soap is made from saponified oil, and many cosmetics contain peanut oil and its derivatives. The protein portion is used in the manufacture of some textile fibers. Peanut shells are used in the manufacture of plastic, wallboard, abrasives, fuel, cellulose (used in rayon and paper), and mucilage (glue).


title: Peanut

text: Peanuts are rich in essential nutrients (right table, USDA nutrient data). In a reference serving, peanuts provide of food energy and are an excellent source (defined as more than 20% of the Daily Value, DV) of several B vitamins, vitamin E, several dietary minerals, such as manganese (95% DV), magnesium (52% DV) and phosphorus (48% DV), and dietary fiber (right table). They also contain about 25 g of protein per 100 g serving, a higher proportion than in many tree nuts.


title: Peanut

text: Some studies show that regular consumption of peanuts is associated with a lower specific risk of mortality from certain diseases. However, the study designs do not allow cause and effect to be inferred. According to the US Food and Drug Administration, "Scientific evidence suggests but does not prove that eating 1.5 ounces per day of most nuts (such as peanuts) as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease."


title: Peanut

text: Ranked second after soya beans, peanuts are the world's largest source of vegetable oil. They are the main constituent of margarine and are produced commercially as salad and cooking oil.


title: Peanut

text: Peanuts contain polyphenols, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, phytosterols and dietary fiber in amounts similar to several tree nuts.


title: Peanut

text: Peanut skins contain resveratrol, which is under preliminary research for its potential effects on humans.


title: Peanut

text: A common cooking and salad oil, peanut oil is 46% monounsaturated fats (primarily oleic acid), 32% polyunsaturated fats (primarily linoleic acid), and 17% saturated fats (primarily palmitic acid). Extractable from whole peanuts using a simple water and centrifugation method, the oil is being considered by NASA's Advanced Life Support program for future long-duration human space missions.


title: Peanut

text: Some people (0.6% of the United States population) report that they experience allergic reactions to peanut exposure; symptoms are specifically severe for this nut and can range from watery eyes to anaphylactic shock, which is generally fatal if untreated. Eating a small amount of peanuts can cause a reaction. Because of their widespread use in prepared and packaged foods, avoiding peanuts can be difficult. Reading ingredients and warnings on product packaging is necessary to avoid this allergen. Foods processed in facilities that also handle peanuts on the same equipment as other foods are required to carry such warnings on their labels. Avoiding cross-contamination with peanuts and peanut products (along with other severe allergens like shellfish) is a promoted and common practice of which chefs and restaurants worldwide are becoming aware.


title: Peanut

text: The hygiene hypothesis of allergy states that a lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents like germs and parasites could be causing the increase in food allergies.


title: Peanut

text: Studies comparing age of peanut introduction in Great Britain with introduction in Israel showed that delaying exposure to peanuts in childhood can dramatically increase the risk of developing peanut allergies.


title: Peanut

text: Peanut allergy has been associated with the use of skin preparations containing peanut oil among children, but the evidence is not regarded as conclusive. Peanut allergies have also been associated with family history and intake of soy products.


title: Peanut

text: Some school districts in the United States and elsewhere have banned peanuts or products containing peanuts. However, the efficacy of the bans in reducing allergic reactions is uncertain. A recent study in Canada has shown that there is no difference in the percentage of accidental exposures occurring in schools prohibiting peanuts than in schools allowing them.


title: Peanut

text: Refined peanut oil will not cause allergic reactions in most people with peanut allergies. However, crude (unrefined) peanut oils have been shown to contain protein, which may cause allergic reactions. In a randomized, double-blind crossover study, 60 people with proven peanut allergy were challenged with both crude peanut oil and refined peanut oil. The authors concluded, "Crude peanut oil caused allergic reactions in 10% of allergic subjects studied and should continue to be avoided." They also stated, "Refined peanut oil does not seem to pose a risk to most people with peanut allergy." However, they point out that refined peanut oil can still pose a risk to peanut-allergic individuals if the oil that has previously been used for cooking foods containing peanuts is reused.


title: Peanut

text: If peanut plants are subjected to severe drought during pod formation, or if pods are not properly stored, they may become contaminated with the mold "Aspergillus flavus" which may produce carcinogenic substances called aflatoxins. Lower-quality peanuts, particularly where mold is evident, are more likely to be contaminated. The United States Department of Agriculture tests every truckload of raw peanuts for aflatoxin; any containing aflatoxin levels of more than 15 parts per billion are destroyed. The peanut industry has manufacturing steps to ensure all peanuts are inspected for aflatoxin. Peanuts tested to have high aflatoxin are used to make peanut oil where the mold can be removed.


title: Jyothika

text: Jyothika Saravanan (; born 18 October 1978) is an Indian actress, model and film producer who predominantly appears in Tamil films. She has also acted in some Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi films. She won one National Award, four Filmfare Awards, three Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, and four Dinakaran Awards. She is also a recipient of the Kalaimamani Award. She is regarded as one of the most prolific actresses in Tamil cinema. She has been ranked among the best actresses of South India by "The Times of India" and was referred as one of the "Superstar women" in Indian Cinema by The Hindu.


title: Jyothika

text: She debuted in Bollywood in the Hindi film "Doli Saja Ke Rakhna" (1997), directed by Priyadarshan. She starred in her first Tamil film "Vaali" (1999) and her first Telugu film "Tagore" (2003), opposite Chiranjeevi. She received her first Filmfare Award for "Vaali" (1999) as Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South. She was awarded the Filmfare Best Tamil Actress Award for "Kushi" (2000). A string of successful films followed and gained prominence for her performances in "Kushi" (2000), "Dumm Dumm Dumm" (2001), "Poovellam Un Vasam" (2001), "Kaakha Kaakha" (2004), "Perazhagan" (2004), "Chandramukhi" (2005) and "Mozhi," (2007), for the latter three she won Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress.For the movie, "Mozhi", she was in the final three for National Film Award for Best Actress for her outstanding performance, however she lost the award to Umashree for the Kannada film "Gulabi Talkies".


title: Jyothika

text: She has the record of holding maximum number of nominations with 16 for Best Tamil Actress at South Filmfare Awards.


title: Jyothika

text: Jyothika left the industry at the peak of her career marrying Tamil actor Suriya on 11 September 2006, after being engaged in a relationship for several years, and with whom she was paired in seven films. She made a comeback in the film "36 Vayadhinile" (2015) where her performance was given strong reviews and she received Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – South for the movie. After the success of "36 Vayadhinile", she appeared in a series of women centric movies like "Magalir Mattum" (2017), "Naachiyaar" (2018), "Kaatrin Mozhi" (2018), "Raatchasi" (2019) , and "Ponmagal Vandhal" (2020) and also played a lead female role in Mani Ratnam's multi-starrer "Chekka Chivantha Vaanam" (2018).


title: Jyothika

text: Jyothika was born on 18 October 1978 to a Punjabi father and a Maharashtrian Muslim mother. Her father is Chander Sadanah, a film producer and her mother is Seema Sadanah. Actress Nagma is her half-sister.


title: Jyothika

text: She completed her schooling in Learner's Academy, Mumbai. She later majored in Psychology at the Mithibai College in Mumbai. She also has a sister Roshini (born Radhika) and a brother Suraj, who is working as an assistant director for Priyadarshan.


title: Jyothika

text: Jyothika married actor Suriya on 11 September 2006, with whom she was paired in seven films; "Poovellam Kettuppar", "Uyirile Kalanthathu", "Kaakha Kaakha", "Perazhagan", "Maayavi", "June R" and "Sillunu Oru Kaadhal". The couple has two children, daughter Diya (born 10 August 2007) and son Dev (born 7 June 2010).


title: Jyothika

text: She made her acting debut in the Hindi film "Doli Saja Ke Rakhna", directed by Priyadarshan, but it did not do well commercially. For her fresh debut she was nominated for Best Female Debut at 44th Filmfare Awards, which was lost to Preity Zinta for


title: Jyothika

text: Her first role in Tamil was in "Vaali" (1999), for which she won Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South. and Dinakaran Award for the Best Female Debut. Later that year, she starred in "Poovellam Kettuppar", in which she played the love interest of the protagonist, portrayed by her future husband Suriya. The success of the film "Kushi" became a turning point in her career. A string of successful films followed between 2000 and 2002, among them "Mugavaree", "Dumm Dumm Dumm" and "Snegithiye." She also acted with Kamal Haasan during this period, in the comedy film "Thenali". She was awarded the Filmfare Best Tamil Actress Award for her role in "Kushi". Her role in "Rhythm" though small, has been widely appreciated. After the success of "Kushi", she was signed to play the female lead in "Friends", opposite Vijay, but she was replaced by Devayani. She collaborated with Mani Ratnam for the first time by appearing in his production house Madras Talkies' romantic comedy "Dumm Dumm Dumm", alongside Madhavan. The film won positive acclaim and became a success not only in Tamil Nadu, but also in Andhra with its dubbed version. She also made an appearance in the Kannada film industry opposite Upendra in "Nagarahavu". She had a dual role in this film. Later, she appeared in the Tamil thriller film "Snegithiye", directed by Priyadarshan, made in Tamil and Malayalam.


title: Jyothika

text: In 2003, she starred in "Dhool" with Vikram, "Kaakha Kaakha" with Suriya, "Thirumalai" with Vijay, all of which did well at the box office, "Kaakha Kaakha," in particular, being one of the biggest hits of her career. She was listed amongst the Best Actress nominees in Filmfare Awards South for her roles in "Dhool" and "Kaakha Kaakha". She got International Tamil Film Awards Special Jury For Best Actress. "Dhool", "Kaakha Kaakha" and "Thirumalai" were amongst the top 10 films of the year and The Hindu wrote that she was "virtually the undisputed queen of Kollywood". Actor Vikram referred to her as Lady Kamal Haasan due to her dedication in acting. In 2004, she acted in a double role in the critically acclaimed "Perazhagan", opposite Suriya. She won Tamil Nadu State Best Actress Award for the film. In 2004, she acted in "Manmadhan", opposite Silambarasan. She also performed the lead female role in the Telugu film "Tagore", opposite Chiranjeevi, which was screened at the International Indian Film Academy Awards, and was a commercial success.


title: Jyothika

text: Her most successful film in Tamil was "Chandramukhi" (2005), in which she played the title role. She acted along with Rajinikanth for the first time. She won accolades for her performance in "Chandramukhi" including a Tamil Nadu State Film Awards and Filmfare Awards Nomination. She was also offered a chance to act with Mohanlal in "Udayon", directed by Bhadran, but she could not do it due to busy schedules in Tamil. Her first release in 2006 was "Saravana", opposite Silambarasan after "Manmadhan". Her role in "June R" was noticed before the release of the film. She has underplayed her emotions beautifully. Her films in 2006 include "Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu", a crime thriller film written and directed by Gautham Vasudev Menon and "Sillunu Oru Kaadhal", opposite Suriya.


title: Jyothika

text: Her last films were Gautham Vasudev Menon's "Pachaikili Muthucharam" and the critically acclaimed "Mozhi", both in 2007. Her roles in these two films, as a negative character in the former (which she played for the first time) and as a deaf and mute in the latter earned her widespread appreciation. Among these, "Mozhi" won her acclaim. Her performance took her very close to winning the National Film Award for Best Actress. However, she lost the award by a narrow margin at the end. In "Pachaikili Muthucharam" she had a crucial role and pulled off a memorable performance. Jyothika later made a comeback through television adverts. In 2008, she appeared in a short film "Herova? Zerova?". The film was written and produced by her father-in-law Sivakumar and also starred Vijay, R. Madhavan and Suriya. Her Malayalam films "Raakilipattu" and "Seetha Kalyanam" were released in 2007 and 2009 respectively after languishing in development hell for years.


title: Jyothika

text: Jyothika made her comeback to Tamil Cinema with "36 Vayadhinile", a remake of the hit Malayalam film ""How Old Are You?"". Jyothika received critical acclaim for her performance in the film as a middle-aged housewife who sets out to stand on her own. She was awarded the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress at the 63rd Filmfare Awards South. She also received Behindwoods Gold Medals For best Actress and Best Movie Award along with Suriya and also got many nominations for best actress. The film went on to become a commercial success at the box office. In the audio release of "36 Vayadhinile", and also at the successful release of the film "Jyothika" she credited Suriya, her husband, and some of her close friends as the major motivation for her comeback.


title: Jyothika

text: Later in February 2016, director Bramma approached Jyothika to play the leading role in a "female-centric" script he had written and impressed by the offer, her husband Suriya agreed to finance the film. Jyothika subsequently participated in a series of workshops to get ready for her role in the film for twenty days. The movie is titled "Magalir Mattum", written and directed by Bramma, in his second venture after "Kuttram Kadithal" (2015). It also features Saranya, Urvashi, Bhanupriya, Nassar and J. Livingston playing pivotal roles. Produced by Suriya, the venture began production in July 2016. She was also signed by Sri Thenandal Films for another project titled "Mersal" together in September 2016, opposite Vijay, directed by Atlee. A few days after the shoot began, Jyothika opted out of the project and the makers signed Nithya Menen to replace her. No official announcement is made so far about the replacement.


title: Jyothika

text: In late February 2017, Suriya confirmed Jyothika's new project, "Naachiyaar" by sharing the first look posters of the film. She received several accolades for her performance in Naachiyar as Rough and Riveting Cop. Deccan chronicle addressed her as "Lady Singham". As per behindwoods Jyothika is fantastic, as she masterfully plays the role of a menacing, short-tempered and a bold cop, with a gracious heart. Following the immense success of the film and Jyothika's big fan following in the Telugu speaking states, the film "Naachiyar" has been dubbed into Telugu by the title "Jhansi". Jyothika agreed to portray a leading female role in Mani Ratnam's project titled "Chekka Chivantha Vaanam" in early September 2017, and confirmed her participation to the media while promoting "Magalir Mattum" (2017). She had earlier appeared in Mani Ratnam's production venture "Dumm Dumm Dumm" (2001), but stated her excitement at being selected in a film to be directed by him.


title: Jyothika

text: In 2018, she appeared as the lead role of Chitra, a housewife to Arvind Swami's character in Mani Ratnam's film "Chekka Chivantha Vaanam". The first look was released on 21 August. The film has a worldwide release on 27 September 2018. She was next seen as a housewife struggling to find her own identity in "Kaatrin Mozhi", the Tamil remake of Vidya Balan's "Tumhari Sulu". The project, which officially went on the floors on 4 June, was directed by Radha Mohan and marked his reunion with Jyothika after the critically acclaimed "Mozhi".


title: Jyothika

text: After the success of "Kaatrin Mozhi", she was again cast as one of the female lead roles in Mani Ratnam's period action drama film, "".She was also considered for the lead female role in Vetrimaaran's "Asuran" opposite Dhanush. She opted out from both films due to her prior project commitments. Jyothika was seen in three films that year, "Raatchasi", produced by Dream Warrior Pictures in which she plays a school teacher; "Jackpot", in which she appears as a cop co-starring Revathi under 2D Entertainment and "Thambi", a Jeethu Joseph film along with Karthi. She won several accolades for her performance in "Raatchasi" including Behindwoods Gold Medal Award for Best Actor Lead Role (Female), and the Edison Award for Best Actress.


title: Jyothika

text: After the success of three films, she starred in a legal drama film written and directed by J. J. Fredrick in his directorial debut,


title: Jyothika

text: "Ponmagal Vandhal".Being Amazon's first Indian digital film and the maiden Tamil film to be released on a streaming platform following pandemic restrictions, the film was premiered digitally on 29 May 2020 and received mixed reviews from critics, praising Jyothika's performance, story and the social message conveyed in the film, but criticised the lack of depth in the narration, slow-paced and clichéd screenplay. However, it became one of the most watched films in digital streaming services of the year. Her 50th film, "Udanpirappe" was released directly on Amazon Prime Video on 14 October 2021 as a part of 2D Entertainment's four-film deal with the streaming service.She was Nominated for Best actress Category for her performances in both films, "Ponmagal Vandhal" and "Udanpirappe" as Venba / Angel / Sakthijothi (imagination) and Maathangi Sargunam respectively at 67th Filmfare Awards South.


title: Jyothika

text: Jyothika owns a film production and distribution company named 2D Entertainment, established by her husband and actor Suriya. Rajsekar Pandian is also a part of 2D. The company was named by the starting letter of Suriya children Diya and Dev. The company was established in 2013.


title: Jyothika

text: The production house won Best Cinematography at 64th National Film Awards for DOP Tirru for "24" (2016)


title: Jyothika

text: and Best Production Design at 64th National Film Awards for Subrata Chakraborthy, Shreyas Khedekar, Amit Ray for "24" (2016)


title: Jyothika

text: At 68th National Film Awards the film "Soorarai Pottru" won 5 Categories.Best Actor for Suriya, National Film Award for Best Actress


title: Jyothika

text: Jyothika's first Telugu entry as the lead female role was in the Telugu film "Tagore", opposite Chiranjeevi, in which she played his wife. The film was screened at the International Indian Film Academy Awards, and was a commercial success. She acted along with Nagarjuna in "Mass", directed by debutant Raghava Lawrence. The film was dubbed into Tamil with the title "Veeran", which also became a blockbuster and Hindi as "Meri Jung–One Man Army".


title: Jyothika

text: Her last film in Telugu was "Shock", opposite to Ravi Teja. It was produced by Ram Gopal Varma. She was considered to act in the Telugu film "Stalin", opposite Chiranjeevi. She was selected as the lead actress opposite Nagarjuna in "Sri Ramadasu" and Venkatesh in "Lakshmi", but refused the offers due to her marriage preparations. She was asked to act along with Venkatesh again in "Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule". Jyothika opted out after signing the contract due to her wedding arrangements and it later came to the hands of Trisha.


title: Jyothika

text: Her film "Mozhi" was released in Telugu under the title "Maataranai Mounamidi", which won critical accolades for her performance and was a commercial success.


title: Jyothika

text: After an impressive comeback, she was approached by director Venu Sriram and producer Dil Raju for a strong character in the film "Middle Class Abbayi" starring Nani, Sai Pallavi and Bhumika Chawla. Chawla replaced her later. Boyapati Srinu was considered Jyothika in "Jai Simha" opposite to Nandamuri Balakrishna, but later K. S. Ravikumar replaced Boyapati and Jyothika's role went to Nayanthara. Her latest film "Thambi" along with Karthi was dubbed into Telugu as "Donga".


title: Jyothika

text: She will next act in a Malayalam film opposite to Mammootty, under The Great Indian Kitchen film director Jeo Baby. This will be her third Malayalam Movie after "Rakklippattu" and "Seetha Kalyanam". She was nominated for best actress trophy at Filmfare Awards, for the latter but was lost to "Swetha Menon" for "".


title: Jyothika

text: Jyothika has endorsed several brands such as Idhayam oil and "Paragon footwear" in the early 2000s. She was also the brand ambassador for "RmKV" silk sarees and Wardrobe Hub in Chennai. Later, she appeared in adverts for Aircel and Nescafé along with her husband Suriya. She has also endorsed Comfort, Saravana Stores and Santoor Soap.


title: Jyothika

text: Jyotika has been announced as the Zee Tamil channel's first brand ambassador, who features in the channel's extensive multi-media campaign as its voice. The unveil and launch happened on the stage of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors with the entire family of stars from Zee Tamil in a ceremony celebrating the channels new look and feel and brand proposition.


title: Jyothika

text: Jyothika, along with actor Vivek, had been appointed as ambassadors for plastic free Tamil Nadu campaign by the State government under the leadership of former Chief Minister Edappadi K. Palaniswami.


title: Jyothika

text: Jyothika along with her husband Suriya's Agaram Foundation donated to the Thanjavur government hospital in August 2020. Apart from the financial support she also donated medical equipment and beds. This comes after she was criticised for her comments on the poor maintenance of the hospital before.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax is the capital and largest municipality of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, and the largest municipality in Atlantic Canada. As of the 2021 Census, the municipal population was 439,819, with 348,634 people in its urban area. The regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996: Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, and Halifax County.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax is a major economic centre in Atlantic Canada, with a large concentration of government services and private sector companies. Major employers and economic generators include the Department of National Defence, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Saint Mary's University, the Halifax Shipyard, various levels of government, and the Port of Halifax. Agriculture, fishing, mining, forestry, and natural gas extraction are major resource industries found in the rural areas of the municipality.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax is located within "Miꞌkmaꞌki" the traditional ancestral lands of the Miꞌkmaq peoples. The Mi'kmaq have resided in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island since prior to European landings in North America in the 1400s and 1500s to set up fisheries. At the time of Confederation of Canada, about 1000 Mi’kmaq lived in the Colony of Nova Scotia.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: The Mi'kmaq name for Halifax is "Kjipuktuk", pronounced "che-book-took". The name means "Great Harbour" in the Mi'kmaq language.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: The first permanent European settlement in the region was on the Halifax Peninsula. The establishment of the "Town of Halifax", named after the 2nd Earl of Halifax, in 1749 led to the colonial capital being transferred from Annapolis Royal.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: The establishment of Halifax marked the beginning of Father Le Loutre's War. The war began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports and a sloop of war on June 21, 1749. By unilaterally establishing Halifax, the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mi'kmaq (1726), which were signed after Father Rale's War. Cornwallis brought along 1,176 settlers and their families. To guard against Mi'kmaq, Acadian and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax (Citadel Hill) (1749), Bedford (Fort Sackville) (1749), Dartmouth (1750), and Lawrencetown (1754), all areas within the modern-day Regional Municipality. St. Margaret's Bay was first settled by French-speaking Foreign Protestants at French Village, Nova Scotia who migrated from Lunenburg, Nova Scotia during the American Revolution.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: December 1917 saw one of the greatest disasters in Canadian history, when the , a French cargo ship carrying munitions, collided with the Belgian Relief vessel in "The Narrows" between upper Halifax Harbour and Bedford Basin. The resulting explosion, the Halifax Explosion, devastated the Richmond District of Halifax, killing approximately 2,000 people and injuring nearly 9,000 others. The blast was the largest artificial explosion before the development of nuclear weapons. Significant aid came from Boston, strengthening the bond between the two coastal cities.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: The four municipalities in the Halifax urban area had been coordinating service delivery through the "Metropolitan Authority" since the late 1970s, but remained independent towns and cities until 1 April 1996, when the provincial government amalgamated all municipal governments within Halifax County to create the Halifax Regional Municipality. The municipal boundary thus now includes all of Halifax County except for several First Nation reserves.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Since amalgamation, the region has officially been known as the Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM), although "Halifax" has remained in common usage for brevity. On April 15, 2014, the regional council approved the implementation of a new branding campaign for the region developed by the local firm Revolve Marketing. The campaign would see the region referred to in promotional materials simply as "Halifax," although "Halifax Regional Municipality" would remain the region's official name. The proposed rebranding was met with mixed reaction from residents, some of whom felt that the change would alienate other communities in the municipality through a perception that the marketing scheme would focus on Metropolitan Halifax only, while others expressed relief that the longer formal name would no longer be primary. Mayor Mike Savage defended the decision, stating: "I'm a Westphal guy, I'm a Dartmouth man, but Halifax is my city, we're all part of Halifax. Why does that matter? Because when I go and travel on behalf of this municipality, there isn't a person out there who really cares what HRM means."


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax has two distinct areas; its rural area and its urban area. Since 1 April 1996, the entirety of the County of Halifax and all of its places (cities, suburbs, towns, and villages) were turned into communities of a larger single-tier municipality called "Halifax Regional Municipality". As of 2021, the total surface area of the municipality is , but its urban area ("population centre") is only .


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: The Halifax Regional Municipality occupies an area comparable in size to the total land area of the province of Prince Edward Island, and measures approximately in length between its eastern and westernmost extremities, excluding Sable Island. The nearest point of land to Sable Island is not in HRM, but rather in adjacent Guysborough County. However, Sable Island is considered part of District 7 of the Halifax Regional Council.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: The coastline is heavily indented, accounting for its length of approximately , with the northern boundary of the municipality usually being between inland. The coast is mostly rock with small isolated sand beaches in sheltered bays. The largest coastal features include St. Margarets Bay, Halifax Harbour/Bedford Basin, Cole Harbour, Musquodoboit Harbour, Jeddore Harbour, Ship Harbour, Sheet Harbour, and Ecum Secum Harbour. The municipality's topography spans from lush farmland in the Musquodoboit Valley to rocky and heavily forested rolling hills. It includes a number of islands and peninsulas, among them McNabs Island, Beaver Island, Melville Island, Deadman's Island and Sable Island.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax has a humid continental climate (Köppen "Dfb"), bordering on an oceanic climate (Cfb), with warm summers and relatively mild winters, which is due to Gulf Stream moderation. The weather is usually milder in the winter or cooler in the summer than areas at similar latitudes inland, with the temperature remaining (with occasional notable exceptions) between about . January is the coldest month, being the only month with a high that is slightly below freezing at , while August is the warmest. The sea heavily influences the climate of the area, causing significant seasonal lag in summer, with August being significantly warmer than June and with September being the third mildest month in terms of mean temperature. The January mean is only colder than the isotherm for the oceanic climate.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Precipitation is high year-round. Winter features a mix of rain, freezing rain and snow with frequent freeze-thaw cycles. Snowfall is heavy in winter, but snow cover is usually patchy owing to the frequent freeze-thaw cycles, which melt accumulated snow. Some winters feature colder temperatures and fewer freeze-thaw cycles; the most recent of which being the winter of 2014–2015, which was the coldest, snowiest and stormiest in about a century. Spring is often wet and cool and arrives much later than in areas of Canada at similar latitudes, due to cooler sea temperatures. Summers are mild and pleasant, with hot and humid conditions very infrequent. Warm, pleasant conditions often extend well into September, sometimes into mid-October. Average monthly precipitation is highest from November to February due to intense late-fall to winter storms migrating from the Northeastern U.S., and lowest in summer, with August being the year's warmest and driest month on average. Halifax can sometimes receive hurricanes, mostly between August and October. An example is when Hurricane Juan, a category 2 storm, hit in September 2003 and caused considerable damage to the region. Hurricane Earl grazed the coast as a category 1 storm in 2010. In 2019, Hurricane Dorian made landfall just south of Halifax as a post-tropical storm with an intensity equivalent to a category 2 hurricane and caused significant damage across Nova Scotia. Atlantic sea surface temperatures have risen in recent years, making Halifax and the coast of Nova Scotia somewhat more susceptible to hurricanes than the area had been in the past.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: The highest temperature ever recorded in Halifax was on July 10, 1912, and the lowest temperature recorded was on February 18, 1922. The March 2012 North American heat wave brought unusually high temperatures to the municipality of Halifax. On March 22, the mercury climbed to at the Halifax Windsor Park weather station, and at Halifax Stanfield International Airport. In spite of the possibility of high temperatures, in a normal year there is only one day that goes above . Halifax also has a modest frost count by Canadian standards due to the maritime influence, averaging 131 air frosts and 49 full days below freezing annually. On average the frost-free period is 182 days, ranging from May 1 to October 31.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: The Halifax area has a variety of public spaces, ranging from urban gardens, public squares, expansive forested parks, and historic sites. The original grid plan devised when Halifax was founded in 1749 included a central military parade square, the Grand Parade. The square hosts the City Hall at one end, and is a popular site for concerts, political demonstrations, as well as the annual Remembrance Day ceremony at the central cenotaph. Another popular downtown public space is the timber Halifax Boardwalk, which stretches approximately and is integrated with several squares and monuments.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: The Halifax Common, granted for the use of citizens in 1763, is Canada's oldest public park. Centrally located on the Halifax peninsula, the wide fields are a popular location for sports. The slopes of Citadel Hill, overlooking downtown, are favoured by sunbathers and kite-flyers. The Halifax Public Gardens, a short walk away, are Victorian era public gardens formally established in 1867 and designated a National Historic Site in 1984. Victoria Park, across the street, contains various monuments and statues erected by the North British Society, as well as a fountain. In contrast to the urban parks, the expansive Point Pleasant Park at the southern tip of the peninsula is heavily forested and contains the remains of numerous British fortifications.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Located on the opposite side of the harbour, the Dartmouth Commons is a large park next to Downtown Dartmouth laid out in the 1700s. It is home to the Leighton Dillman gardens and various sports grounds. Nearby, the Dartmouth waterfront trail stretches from Downtown Dartmouth to Woodside. Among residents of central Dartmouth, the area around Sullivan's Pond and Lake Banook is popular for strolling and paddling. The forested Shubie Park, through which the historic Shubenacadie Canal runs, is a major park in suburban Dartmouth.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Mainland Halifax is home to several significant parks, including Sir Sandford Fleming Park, gifted to the people of Halifax by Sir Sandford Fleming. It houses the Dingle Tower, dedicated in 1912 by the Duke of Connaught to commemorate 150 years of representative government in Nova Scotia. The Mainland Common, in Clayton Park, is a modern park home to various sports and community facilities. Long Lake Provincial Park, comprising more than 2,000 hectares, was designated in 1984 and affords Halifax residents access to a scenic wilderness in close proximity to the urban communities.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax is geographically large, and there are over 200 official rural communities-and-urban communities-and-neighbourhoods within the municipality. The former town of Bedford, and the former-cities of Dartmouth-and-Halifax have maintained their original geographic names. Furthermore, communities that were suburban, or even rural before-1996, now have become more urban and have attained "community" status (e.g. Cole Harbour, Lower Sackville, Spryfield, et cetera). These community names are used on survey and mapping documents, for 9-1-1 service, municipal planning, and postal service.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Prior to the amalgamation of Halifax in 1996, and since its restructure as a Municipality, the growth of Halifax has not only been sustained, but has gradually increased. Many of the present-day-communities within the conurbation have morphed from being primarily rural in the recent-past, to now primarily urban. With the demographic change-and-growth of many communities within urban Halifax, their function-and-role within the conurbation has changed. With this continuous growth, many of the current communities have developed "de facto" business districts where residents of their respective communities (and their respective environs) can access needs-and-products that previously would be attained by travelling elsewhere (e.g. to Downtown Dartmouth or to Downtown Halifax).


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Currently, the municipality is divided into 21 community planning areas which are further divided into neighbourhoods. The regional municipality has taken steps to reduce duplicate street names for its 9-1-1 emergency dispatch services; at the time of amalgamation, some street names were duplicated several times throughout the municipality.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax is centred on the urban core and surrounded by areas of decreasing population density. Rural areas lie to the east, west and north of the urban core. The Atlantic Ocean lies to the south. Certain rural communities on the urban fringe function as suburban or exurban areas, with the majority of those residents commuting to and working in the urban core.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Farther away, rural communities in the municipality function like any resource-based area in Nova Scotia, being sparsely populated and their local economies based on four major resource industries: agriculture, in the Musquodoboit Valley, fishing, along the coast, mining, in the Musquodoboit Valley and in Moose River Gold Mines and forestry, in most areas outside the urban core. Also, the tourism industry is beginning to change how some rural communities in Halifax function, particularly in communities such as Hubbards, Peggys Cove, with its notable lighthouse and Lawrencetown, with Lawrencetown Beach. There are two other large beaches along the coast, Martinique Beach, near Musquodoboit Harbour and Taylor Head Beach, located in Spry Bay, within the boundaries of Taylor Head Provincial Park.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: The northeastern area of the municipality, centred on Sheet Harbour and the Musquodoboit Valley, is completely rural, with the area sharing more in common with the adjacent rural areas of neighbouring Guysborough, Pictou and Colchester counties. Most economic activity in the Musquodoboit Valley is based on agriculture, as it is the largest farming district in the municipality. Most coastal communities are based on the fishing industry. Forestry is active in this area as well. It is also prevalent in the Musquodoboit Valley, but it takes a backseat to the more prominent agricultural industry.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Urban ("Greater" or "Metropolitan") Halifax is the population centre (urban area) that surrounds Halifax Harbour. The main centres are Bedford, Dartmouth, and Halifax (and their respective environs). The urban area of Halifax covers of landmass, and is home to 348,634 people. The population density was approximately 1,463 people per km.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: This urban area is the most populous on Canada's Atlantic coast, and the second-largest coastal population centre in the country after Vancouver, British Columbia. As of 2021, Halifax's population centre accounts for over 79 per cent of the municipal population, and over 35 per cent of Nova Scotia's population. It benefits from a process of increased rural depopulation and corresponding urban growth in Atlantic Canada during the late 20th century—a demographic shift that was delayed several decades in the region compared with other parts of North America.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: The Halifax Regional Centre includes the Halifax Peninsula, and Dartmouth inside the Circumferential Highway. The new inner-urban-area covers 3,300 hectares (33 km), and houses 96,619 people in 55,332 dwelling units as of the 2016 Census. The Regional Centre has many public services within its boundaries, and it hosts large entertainment venues (Scotiabank Centre), and major hospitals (Dartmouth General Hospital, the QEII Health Sciences Centre, and IWK Health Centre).


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax is a major cultural centre within the Atlantic provinces. The municipality has maintained many of its maritime and military traditions, while opening itself to a growing multicultural population. The municipality's urban core also benefits from a large population of post-secondary students who strongly influence the local cultural scene. Halifax has a number of art galleries, theatres and museums, as well as most of the region's national-quality sports and entertainment facilities. Halifax is also the home to many of the region's major cultural attractions, such as Halifax Pop Explosion, Symphony Nova Scotia, the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, The Khyber, the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic and the Neptune Theatre. The region is noted for the strength of its music scene and nightlife, especially within the urban communities. See List of musical groups from Halifax, Nova Scotia for a partial list.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax hosts a wide variety of festivals that take place throughout the year, including; the largest Canada Day celebration east of Ottawa, the Atlantic Film Festival, the Halifax International Busker Festival, Greekfest, Atlantic Jazz Festival, the Multicultural Festival, Natal Day, Nocturne Festival, the Halifax Pop Explosion, periodic Tall Ship events, the Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo, and Shakespeare by the Sea—to name a few. Halifax Pride is the largest LGBT event in Atlantic Canada and one of the largest in the country. Many of Halifax's festivals and annual events have become world-renowned over the past several years.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax is home to many performance venues, namely the Music Room, the Neptune Theatre, and Rebecca Cohn Auditorium. The Neptune Theatre, a 43-year-old establishment located on Argyle Street, is Halifax's largest theatre. It performs an assortment of professionally produced plays year-round. The Shakespeare by the Sea theatre company performs at nearby Point Pleasant Park. Eastern Front Theatre performs at Alderney Landing in Downtown Dartmouth which can easily be accessed via the Halifax Transit ferry service. There are smaller performance venues at the Halifax Central Library, Citadel High School (Spatz Theatre), and Halifax West High School (Bella Rose Arts Centre).


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax has also become a significant film production centre, with many American and Canadian filmmakers using the streetscapes, often to stand in for other cities that are more expensive to work in. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation has its Atlantic Canada production centres (radio and television) based in Halifax, and quite a number of radio and television programs are made in the region for national broadcast. In 2020, filming began on the series Pub Crawl, which explores the historically significant bars of Halifax.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: The new Halifax Central Library on Spring Garden Road has received accolades for its architecture and has been described as a new cultural locus, offering many community facilities including a 300-seat auditorium.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax's urban core is home to a number of regional landmark buildings and retains significant historic buildings and districts. Downtown office towers are overlooked by the fortress of Citadel Hill with its iconic Halifax Town Clock.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: The architecture of Halifax's South End is renowned for its grand Victorian houses while the West End and North End, Halifax have many blocks of well-preserved wooden residential houses with notable features such as the "Halifax Porch". Dalhousie University's campus is often featured in films and documentaries. Surrounding areas of the municipality, including Dartmouth and Bedford, also possess their share of historic neighbourhoods and properties.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: The urban core is home to several blocks of typical North American high-rise office buildings; however, segments of the downtown are governed by height restrictions, known as "view planes legislation", which prevent buildings from obstructing certain sight lines between Citadel Hill and the Halifax Harbour. This has resulted in some modern high rises being built at unusual angles or locations.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax's tourism industry showcases Nova Scotia's culture, scenery and coastline. There are several museums and art galleries in downtown Halifax. The Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, an immigrant entry point prominent throughout the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, was opened to the public as a National Historic Site of Canada in 1999 and is the only national museum in the Atlantic provinces. The Maritime Museum of the Atlantic is a maritime museum containing extensive galleries including a large exhibit on the famous , over 70 small craft and a steamship . In summertime the preserved World War II corvette operates as a museum ship and Canada's naval memorial. The Art Gallery of Nova Scotia is housed in a 150-year-old building containing nearly 19,000 works of art. The Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia in Dartmouth reflects the region's rich ethnic heritage.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax has numerous National Historic Sites, most notably Citadel Hill (Fort George). Just outside the urban area, the iconic Peggys Cove is internationally recognized and receives more than 600,000 visitors a year.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: The waterfront in Downtown Halifax is the site of the Halifax Harbourwalk, a boardwalk popular among tourists and locals alike. Many mid-sized ships dock here at one of the many wharfs. The harbourwalk is home to a Halifax Transit ferry terminal, hundreds of stores, Historic Properties, several office buildings, the Casino Nova Scotia, and several public squares where buskers perform, most prominently at the annual Halifax International Busker Festival every August.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Downtown Halifax, home to many small shops and vendors, is a major shopping area. It is also home to several shopping centres, including Scotia Square, Barrington Place Shops, and Maritime Mall. Numerous malls on Spring Garden Road, including the Park Lane Mall, are also located nearby. The area is home to approximately 200 restaurants and bars, offering a wide array of world cuisines. There are also more than 60 sidewalk cafes that open in the summer months. The nightlife is made up of bars and small music venues as well as Casino Nova Scotia, a large facility built partially over the water.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Cruise ships visit the province frequently. In 2015, the Port of Halifax welcomed 141 vessel calls with 222,309 passengers.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax has various recreational areas, including ocean and lake beaches and rural and urban parks. It has a host of organized community intramural sports at various facilities. Public schools and post-secondary institutions offer varsity and intramural sports.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: The Scotiabank Centre is the largest arena in Atlantic Canada. It plays host to most of the major sporting events and concerts that visit Halifax and is home to several semi-professional sport franchises, including the Halifax Hurricanes of the NBL Canada, the Halifax Mooseheads of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, and the Halifax Thunderbirds of the National Lacrosse League. The Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo is held here every year. The facility is connected to the Downtown Halifax Link, and directly to the World Trade and Convention Centre.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax has also produced many athletes that have competed in each of the four major North American men's professional sports leagues such as Tyrone Williams, two time NFL Super Bowl champion, NHL Stanley Cup champions, Sidney Crosby, Nathan MacKinnon, and Brad Marchand, NBA players Lindell Wigginton and Nate Darling who won the 2017 FIBA Under-19 World Cup with Team Canada, and MLB players Rick Lisi, Shorty Dee, John Doyle, Pat Hannivan, Vince Horsman, and Pat Scanlon.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: The region has hosted several major sporting events, including the 2003 World Junior Hockey Championship, 2003 Nokia Brier, the 2004 Women's World Ice Hockey Championships, the 2005 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials, and 2007 World Indoor Lacrosse Championship. From 1984 to 2007, the region was home to the CIS Men's Basketball Championship; the tournament was moved to Ottawa, Ontario, from 2008 to 2010 and returned to Halifax in 2011 and 2012. The 2008 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships was held between May 2 and 18, 2008, in Halifax and Quebec City.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax was selected in 2006 as the host municipality in Canada's bid for the 2014 Commonwealth Games but withdrew on March 8, 2007, well before the November 9, 2007 selection date, citing financial uncertainties. In February 2011, the municipality hosted the 2011 Canada Winter Games.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: On May 26, 2013, the Halifax Mooseheads capped a 74-win season (going 74-7-3-1) by defeating the Portland Winterhawks 6–4 in the MasterCard Memorial Cup Final, earning their first Memorial Cup in the process.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: The Halifax Crescents, an amateur and later, professional ice hockey team challenged for the Stanley Cup in 1900 but lost to the Montreal Shamrocks.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax is also home to several rugby clubs; the Dartmouth PigDogs, the Eastern Shore Rugby Football Club, the Halifax Rugby Football Club, the Halifax Tars, and the Riverlake Ramblers. The Halifax Gaels are the local Hurling and Gaelic Football team that compete in Canadian GAA events.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: The municipality is also home to HFX Wanderers FC, a professional soccer club that competes in the Canadian Premier League.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax is the Atlantic region's central point for radio broadcast and press media. CBC Television, CTV Television Network (CTV), and Global Television Network and other broadcasters all have important regional television concentrators in the municipality. CBC Radio has a major regional studio and there are also regional hubs for Rogers Radio and various private broadcast franchises, as well as a regional bureau for The Canadian Press/Broadcast News.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax's print media is centred on its single daily newspaper, the broadsheet "Chronicle Herald" as well as two free newspapers, the daily commuter-oriented edition of "Metro International" and the free alternative arts weekly "The Coast". "Frank" provides the municipality with a bi-weekly satirical and gossip magazine.


title: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Halifax has several online daily newspapers. "allNovaScotia" is a daily, subscriber-only outlet which focuses on business and political news from across the province. "HalifaxToday" is a free news website, owned by Village Media, which originated from the now-defunct "Local Xpress" outlet created by the journalists of the Chronicle Herald during a 2016–2017 strike. The "Halifax Examiner" was founded by the former news editor of "The Coast" in 2014 and, like "allNovaScotia", is supported through subscriptions.