title: Indonesian language

text: Word order in Indonesian is generally subject-verb-object (SVO), similar to that of most modern European languages, such as English. However considerable flexibility in word ordering exists, in contrast with languages such as Japanese or Korean, for instance, which always end clauses with verbs. Indonesian, while allowing for relatively flexible word orderings, does not mark for grammatical case, nor does it make use of grammatical gender.


title: Indonesian language

text: Indonesian words are composed of a root or a root plus derivational affixes. The root is the primary lexical unit of a word and is usually bisyllabic, of the shape CV(C)CV(C). Affixes are "glued" onto roots (which are either nouns or verbs) to alter or expand the primary meaning associated with a given root, effectively generating new words, for example, "masak" (to cook) may become "memasak" (cooking), "memasakkan" (cooks for), "dimasak" (is cooked), "pemasak" (a cook), "masakan" (a meal, cookery), "termasak" (accidentally cooked). There are four types of affixes: prefixes ("awalan"), suffixes ("akhiran"), circumfixes ("apitan") and infixes ("sisipan"). Affixes are categorized into noun, verb, and adjective affixes. Many initial consonants alternate in the presence of prefixes: "sapu" (to sweep) becomes "menyapu" (sweeps/sweeping); "panggil" (to call) becomes "memanggil" (calls/calling), "tapis" (to sieve) becomes "menapis" (sieves).


title: Indonesian language

text: Other examples of the use of affixes to change the meaning of a word can be seen with the word "ajar" (to teach):


title: Indonesian language

text: Noun affixes are affixes that form nouns upon addition to root words. The following are examples of noun affixes:


title: Indonesian language

text: The prefix "per-" drops its "r" before "r, l" and frequently before "p, t, k." In some words it is "peng-"; though formally distinct, these are treated as variants of the same prefix in Indonesian grammar books.


title: Indonesian language

text: Similarly, verb affixes in Indonesian are attached to root words to form verbs. In Indonesian, there are:


title: Indonesian language

text: In addition to these affixes, Indonesian also has a lot of borrowed affixes from other languages such as Sanskrit, Arabic and English. For example, "maha-", "pasca-", "eka-", "bi-", "anti-", "pro-" etc.


title: Indonesian language

text: Common derivational affixes for nouns are peng-/per-/juru- (actor, instrument, or someone characterized by the root), -an (collectivity, similarity, object, place, instrument), ke-...-an (abstractions and qualities, collectivities), per-/peng-...-an (abstraction, place, goal or result).


title: Indonesian language

text: Indonesian does not make use of grammatical gender, and there are only selected words that use natural gender. For instance, the same word is used for "he/him" and "she/her" ( or ) or for "his" and "her" (, or ). No real distinction is made between "girlfriend" and "boyfriend", both (although more colloquial terms as girl/girlfriend and boy/boyfriend can also be found). A majority of Indonesian words that refer to people generally have a form that does not distinguish between the sexes. However, unlike English, distinction is made between older or younger.


title: Indonesian language

text: There are some words that have gender: for instance, means "daughter" while means "son"; means "male flight attendant" while means "female flight attendant". Another example is , which means "sportsman", versus , meaning "sportswoman". Often, words like these (or certain suffixes such as "-a" and "-i" or "-wan" and "wati") are absorbed from other languages (in these cases, from Sanskrit through the Old Javanese language).


title: Indonesian language

text: In some regions of Indonesia such as Sumatra and Jakarta, (a gender-specific term meaning "older brother") is commonly used as a form of address for older siblings/males, while (a non-gender specific term meaning "older sibling") is often used to mean "older sister". Similarly, more direct influences from other languages, such as Javanese and Chinese, have also seen further use of other gendered words in Indonesian. For example: ("older brother"), ("older sister"), ("older brother") and ("older sister").


title: Indonesian language

text: Indonesian grammar does not regularly mark plurals. In Indonesian, to change a singular into a plural one either repeats the word or adds "para" before it (the latter for living things only); for example, "students" can be either or . Plurals are rarely used in Indonesian, especially in informal parlance. Reduplication is often mentioned as the formal way to express the plural form of nouns in Indonesian; however, in informal daily discourse, speakers of Indonesian usually use other methods to indicate the concept of something being "more than one". Reduplication may also indicate the conditions of variety and diversity as well, and not simply plurality.


title: Indonesian language

text: Reduplication is commonly used to emphasise plurality; however, reduplication has many other functions. For example, "orang-orang" means "(all the) people", but "orang-orangan" means "scarecrow". Similarly, while "hati" means "heart" or "liver", "hati-hati" is a verb meaning "to be careful". Also, not all reduplicated words are inherently plural, such as "orang-orangan" "scarecrow/scarecrows", "biri-biri" "a/some sheep" and "kupu-kupu" "butterfly/butterflies". Some reduplication is rhyming rather than exact, as in "sayur-mayur" "(all sorts of) vegetables".


title: Indonesian language

text: Distributive affixes derive mass nouns that are effectively plural: "pohon" "tree", "pepohonan" "flora, trees"; "rumah" "house", "perumahan" "housing, houses"; "gunung" "mountain", "pegunungan" "mountain range, mountains".


title: Indonesian language

text: Quantity words come before the noun: "seribu orang" "a thousand people", "beberapa pegunungan" "a series of mountain ranges", "beberapa kupu-kupu" "some butterflies".


title: Indonesian language

text: Plural in Indonesian serves just to explicitly mention the number of objects in sentence. For example, "Ani membeli satu kilo mangga" (Ani buys one kilogram of mangoes). In this case, "mangoes", which is plural, is not said as "mangga-mangga" because the plurality is implicit: the amount a kilogram means more than one mango. So, as it is logically, one does not change the singular into the plural form, because it is not necessary and considered a pleonasm (in Indonesian often called "pemborosan kata").


title: Indonesian language

text: Personal pronouns are not a separate part of speech, but a subset of nouns. They are frequently omitted, and there are numerous ways to say "you". Commonly the person's name, title, title with name, or occupation is used ("does Johnny want to go?", "would Madam like to go?"); kin terms, including fictive kinship, are extremely common. However, there are also dedicated personal pronouns, as well as the demonstrative pronouns "ini" "this, the" and "itu" "that, the".


title: Indonesian language

text: From the perspective of a European language, Indonesian boasts a wide range of different pronouns, especially to refer to the addressee (the so-called second person pronouns). These are used to differentiate several parameters of the person they are referred to, such as the social rank and the relationship between the addressee and the speaker. Indonesian also exhibits pronoun avoidance, often preferring kinship terms and titles over pronouns, particularly for respectful forms of address.


title: Indonesian language

text: The table below provides an overview of the most commonly and widely used pronouns in the Indonesian language:


title: Indonesian language

text: Notable among the personal-pronoun system is a distinction between two forms of "we": "kita" (you and me, you and us) and "kami" (us, but not you). The distinction is not always followed in colloquial Indonesian.


title: Indonesian language

text: "Saya" and "aku" are the two major forms of "I". "Saya" is the more formal form, whereas "aku" is used with family, friends, and between lovers. "Sahaya" is an old or literary form of "saya". "Sa(ha)ya" may also be used for "we", but in such cases it is usually used with "sekalian" or "semua" "all"; this form is ambiguous as to whether it corresponds with inclusive "kami" or exclusive "kita". Less common are "hamba" "slave", "hamba tuan, hamba datuk" (all extremely humble), "beta" (a royal addressing oneselves), "patik" (a commoner addressing a royal), "kami" (royal or editorial "we"), "kita", "təman", and "kawan."


title: Indonesian language

text: There are three common forms of "you", "Anda" (polite), "kamu" (familiar), and "kalian" "all" (commonly used as a plural form of you, slightly informal). "Anda" is used with strangers, recent acquaintances, in advertisements, in business, and when you wish to show distance, while "kamu" is used in situations where the speaker would use "aku" for "I". "Anda sekalian" is polite plural. Particularly in conversation, respectful titles like "Bapak/Pak" "father" (used for any older male), "Ibu/Bu" "mother" (any older woman), and "tuan" "sir" are often used instead of pronouns.


title: Indonesian language

text: The common word for "s/he" and "they" is "ia", which has the object and emphatic/focused form "dia". "Bəliau" "his/her Honour" is respectful. As with "you", names and kin terms are extremely common. "Mereka" "someone", "mereka itu", or "orang itu" "those people" are used for "they".


title: Indonesian language

text: There are a large number of other words for "I" and "you", many regional, dialectical, or borrowed from local languages. "Saudara" "you" (male) and "saudari" (female) (plural "saudara-saudara" or "saudari-saudari") show utmost respect. "Daku" "I" and "dikau" "you" are poetic or romantic. Indonesian "gua" "I" (from Hokkien ) and "lu" "you" () are slang and extremely informal.


title: Indonesian language

text: "Aku, kamu, engkau", and "ia" have short possessive enclitic forms. All others retain their full forms like other nouns, as does emphatic "dia": "meja saya, meja kita, meja anda, meja dia" "my table, our table, your table, his/her table".


title: Indonesian language

text: There are also proclitic forms of "aku", "ku-" and "kau-". These are used when there is no emphasis on the pronoun:


title: Indonesian language

text: Here "ku-"verb is used for a general report, "aku" verb is used for a factual statement, and emphatic "aku-lah meng-"verb (≈ "I am the one who...") for focus on the pronoun.


title: Indonesian language

text: There are two demonstrative pronouns in Indonesian. "Ini" "this, these" is used for a noun which is generally near to the speaker. "Itu" "that, those" is used for a noun which is generally far from the speaker. Either may sometimes be equivalent to English "the". There is no difference between singular and plural. However, plural can be indicated through duplication of a noun followed by a "ini" or "itu". The word "yang" "which" is often placed before demonstrative pronouns to give emphasis and a sense of certainty, particularly when making references or enquiries about something/ someone, like English "this one" or "that one".


title: Indonesian language

text: Verbs are not inflected for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as "yesterday") or by other tense indicators, such as "sudah" "already" and "belum" "not yet". On the other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote voice or intentional and accidental moods. Some of these affixes are ignored in colloquial speech.


title: Indonesian language

text: Examples of these are the prefixes "di-" (patient focus, traditionally called "passive voice", with OVA word order in the third person, and OAV in the first or second persons), "meng-" (agent focus, traditionally called "active voice", with AVO word order), "memper-" and "diper-" (causative, agent and patient focus), "ber-" (stative or habitual; intransitive VS order), and "ter-" (agentless actions, such as those which are involuntary, sudden, stative or accidental, for VA = VO order); the suffixes "-kan" (causative or benefactive) and "-i" (locative, repetitive, or exhaustive); and the circumfixes "ber-...-an" (plural subject, diffuse action) and "ke-...-an" (unintentional or potential action or state).


title: Indonesian language

text: For negating imperatives or advising against certain actions in Indonesian, the word "jangan" (do not) is used before the verb. For example,


title: Indonesian language

text: There are grammatical adjectives in Indonesian. Stative verbs are often used for this purpose as well. Adjectives are always placed after the noun that they modify. Hence, "rumah saya" means "my house", while "saya rumah" means "I am a house".


title: Indonesian language

text: To say that something "is" an adjective, the determiners "itu" and "ini" ("that" and "this") are often used. For example, in the sentence "anjing itu galak", the use of "itu" gives a meaning of "the/that dog is ferocious", while "anjing ini galak", gives a meaning of "this dog is ferocious". However, if "itu" or "ini" were not to be used, then "anjing galak" would meaning only "ferocious dog", a plain adjective without any stative implications. The all-purpose determiner, "yang", is also often used before adjectives, hence "anjing yang galak" also means "ferocious dog" or more literally "dog which is ferocious"; "yang" will often be used for clarity. Hence, in a sentence such as "saya didekati oleh anjing galak" which means "I was approached by a ferocious dog", the use of the adjective "galak" is not stative at all.


title: Indonesian language

text: Often the "ber-" intransitive verb prefix, or the "ter-" stative prefix is used to express the meaning of "to be...". For example, "beda" means "different", hence "berbeda" means "to be different"; "awan" means "cloud", hence "berawan" means "cloudy". Using the "ter-" prefix, implies a state of being. For example, "buka" means "open", hence "terbuka" means "is opened"; "tutup" means "closed/shut", hence "tertutup" means "is closed/shut".


title: Indonesian language

text: Indonesian does not have a grammatical subject in the sense that English does. In intransitive clauses, the noun comes before the verb. When there is both an agent and an object, these are separated by the verb (OVA or AVO), with the difference encoded in the voice of the verb. OVA, commonly but inaccurately called "passive", is the basic and most common word order.


title: Indonesian language

text: Either the agent or object or both may be omitted. This is commonly done to accomplish one of two things:


title: Indonesian language

text: Ultimately, the choice of voice and therefore word order is a choice between actor and patient and depends quite heavily on the language style and context.


title: Indonesian language

text: Word order is frequently modified for focus or emphasis, with the focused word usually placed at the beginning of the clause and followed by a slight pause (a break in intonation):


title: Indonesian language

text: Another distinguishing feature of Indonesian is its use of measure words, also called classifiers ("kata penggolong"). In this way, it is similar to many other languages of Asia, including Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Thai, Burmese, and Bengali.


title: Indonesian language

text: Measure words are also found in English such as "two head of cattle" or "a loaf of bread", where "*two cattle" and "a bread" would be ungrammatical. The word "satu" reduces to "se-" , as it does in other compounds:


title: Indonesian language

text: Measure words are not necessary just to say "a": "burung" "a bird, birds". Using "se-" plus a measure word is closer to English "one" or "a certain":


title: Indonesian language

text: Indonesian is written with the Latin script. It was originally based on the Dutch spelling and still bears some similarities to it. Consonants are represented in a way similar to Italian, although is always (like English ), is always ("hard") and represents as it does in English. In addition, represents the palatal nasal , is used for the velar nasal (which can occur word-initially), for (English ) and for the voiceless velar fricative . Both and are represented with .


title: Indonesian language

text: Introduced in 1901, the "van Ophuijsen" system (named from the advisor of the system, Charles Adriaan van Ophuijsen) was the first standardization of romanized spelling. It was most influenced by the then current Dutch spelling system. In 1947, the spelling was changed into "Republican Spelling" or "Soewandi Spelling" (named by at the time Minister of Education, Soewandi). This spelling changed formerly spelled "oe" into "u" (however, the spelling influenced other aspects in orthography, for example writing reduplicated words). All of the other changes were a part of the Perfected Spelling System, an officially mandated spelling reform in 1972. Some of the old spellings (which were derived from Dutch orthography) do survive in proper names; for example, the name of a former president of Indonesia is still sometimes written "Soeharto", and the central Java city of Yogyakarta is sometimes written "Jogjakarta". In time, the spelling system is further updated and the latest update of Indonesian spelling system issued on 16 August 2022 by Head of Language Development and Fostering Agency decree No 0424/I/BS.00.01/2022.


title: Indonesian language

text: Indonesian follows the letter names of the Dutch alphabet. Indonesian alphabet has a phonemic orthography; words are spelled the way they are pronounced, with few exceptions. The letters Q, V and X are rarely encountered, being chiefly used for writing loanwords.


title: Indonesian language

text: As a modern variety of Malay, Indonesian has been influenced by other languages, including Dutch, English, Greek (from where the name of the country, Indonesia, is coming), Arabic, Chinese, Portuguese, Sanskrit, Tamil, Hindi, and Persian. It is estimated that there are some 750 Sanskrit loanwords in modern Indonesian, 1,000 Arabic loans, some of Persian and Hebrew origin, some 125 words of Portuguese, some of Spanish and Italian origin, and 10,000 loanwords from Dutch. The vast majority of Indonesian words, however, come from the root lexical stock of Austronesian (including Old Malay).


title: Indonesian language

text: The study of Indonesian etymology and loan words reveals both its historical and social contexts. Examples are the early Sanskrit borrowings from the 7th century during the trading era, the borrowings from Arabic and Persian during the time of the establishment of Islam in particular, and those from Dutch during the colonial period. Linguistic history and cultural history are clearly linked.


title: Indonesian language

text: List of loan words of Indonesian language published by the "Badan Pengembangan Bahasa dan Perbukuan" (The Language Center) under the Ministry of Education and Culture:


title: Indonesian language

text: Note: This list only lists foreign languages, and thus omitting numerous local languages of Indonesia that have also been major lexical donors, such as Javanese, Sundanese, Betawi, etc. For a more complete list of these, see List of loanwords in Indonesian.


title: Indonesian language

text: The Sanskrit influence came from contacts with India since ancient times. The words were either borrowed directly from India or with the intermediary of the Old Javanese language. Although Hinduism and Buddhism are no longer the major religions of Indonesia, Sanskrit, which was the language vehicle for these religions, is still held in high esteem and is comparable with the status of Latin in English and other Western European languages. Sanskrit is also the main source for neologisms, which are usually formed from Sanskrit roots. The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects of religion, art and everyday life.


title: Indonesian language

text: From Sanskrit came such words as स्वर्ग "surga" (heaven), भाषा "bahasa" (language), काच "kaca" (glass, mirror), राज- "raja" (king), मनुष्य "manusia" (mankind), चिन्ता "cinta" (love), भूमि "bumi" (earth), भुवन "buana" (world), आगम "agama" (religion), स्त्री "Istri" (wife/woman), जय "Jaya" (victory/victorious), पुर "Pura" (city/temple/place) राक्षस "Raksasa" (giant/monster), धर्म "Dharma" (rule/regulations), मन्त्र "Mantra" (words/poet/spiritual prayers), क्षत्रिय "Satria" (warrior/brave/soldier), विजय "Wijaya" (greatly victorious/great victory), etc. Sanskrit words and sentences are also used in names, titles, and mottos of the Indonesian National Police and Indonesian Armed Forces such as: "Bhayangkara", "Laksamana", "Jatayu", "Garuda", "Dharmakerta Marga Reksyaka", "Jalesveva Jayamahe", "Kartika Eka Paksi", "Swa Bhuwana Paksa", "Rastra Sewakottama", "Yudha Siaga", etc.


title: Indonesian language

text: Because Sanskrit has long been known in the Indonesian archipelago, Sanskrit loanwords, unlike those from other languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign. Therefore, one could write a short story using mostly Sanskrit words. The short story below consists of approximately 80 words in Indonesian that are written using Sanskrit words alone, except for a few pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and affixes.


title: Indonesian language

text: The relationship with China has been going since the 7th century when Chinese merchants traded in some areas of the archipelago such as Riau, West Borneo, East Kalimantan, and North Maluku. As the kingdom of Srivijaya appeared and flourished, China opened diplomatic relations with the kingdom in order to secure trade and seafaring. In 922, Chinese travelers visited Kahuripan in East Java. Since the 11th century, hundreds of thousands of Chinese migrants left Mainland China and settled in many parts of Nusantara (now called Indonesia).


title: Indonesian language

text: The Chinese loanwords are usually concerned with cuisine, trade or often just things exclusively Chinese. Words of Chinese origin (presented here with accompanying Hokkien/ Mandarin pronunciation derivatives as well as traditional and simplified characters) include "loteng", (樓/層 = lóu/céng – [upper] floor/ level), "mie" (麵 > 面 Hokkien mī – noodles), "lumpia" (潤餅 (Hokkien = lūn-piáⁿ) – springroll), "cawan" (茶碗 cháwǎn – teacup), "teko" (茶壺 > 茶壶 = cháhú [Mandarin], teh-ko [Hokkien] = teapot), 苦力 kuli (= 苦 khu (hard) and 力 li (energy) – coolie) and even the widely used slang terms "gua" and "lu" (from the Hokkien 'goa' 我 and 'lu/li' 汝 – meaning 'I/ me' and 'you').


title: Indonesian language

text: Many Arabic words were brought and spread by merchants from Arab Peninsula like Arabian, Persian, and from the western part of India, Gujarat where many Muslims lived. As a result, many Indonesian words come from the Arabic language. Especially since the late 12th century, Old Malay was heavily influenced by the language and produced many great literary works such as Syair, Babad, Hikayat, and Suluk. This century is known as "The Golden Age of Indonesian Literature".


title: Indonesian language

text: Many loanwords from Arabic are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with Islam, and by extension, with greetings such as the word, "selamat" (from ' = health, soundness) means "safe" or "lucky". Words of Arabic origin include "dunia" (from ' = the present world), names of days (except "Minggu"), such as "Sabtu" (from ' = Saturday), "iklan" ( ' = advertisement), "kabar" ( ' = news), "Kursi" ( ' = a chair), "jumat" ( ' = Friday), "ijazah" ( ' = 'permission', certificate of authority, e.g. a school diploma certificate), "kitab" ( ' = book), "tertib" ( ' = order/arrangement) and "kamus" ( ' = dictionary). Allah (), as is mostly the case for Arabic speakers, this is the word for God even in Christian Bible translations. Many early Bible translators, when they came across some unusual Hebrew words or proper names, used the Arabic cognates. In the newer translations this practice is discontinued. They now turn to Greek names or use the original Hebrew Word. For example, the name Jesus was initially translated as "'Isa" (), but is now spelt as "Yesus". Several ecclesiastical terms derived from Arabic still exist in Indonesian language. Indonesian word for "bishop" is "uskup" (from ' = bishop). This in turn makes the Indonesian term for archbishop "uskup agung" (), which is combining the Arabic word with an Old Javanese word. The term "imam" (from ' = leader, prayer leader) is used to translate a Catholic priest, beside its more common association with an Islamic prayer leader. Some Protestant denominations refer to their congregation "jemaat" (from ' = group, a community). Even the name of the Bible in Indonesian translation is "Alkitab" (from "" = the book), which literally means "the Book".


title: Indonesian language

text: Alongside Malay, Portuguese was the "lingua franca" for trade throughout the archipelago from the sixteenth century through to the early nineteenth century. The Portuguese were among the first westerners to sail eastwards to the "Spice Islands". Loanwords from Portuguese were mainly connected with articles that the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia. Indonesian words derived from Portuguese include (from = table), (from = bench), (from = closet), (from = doll), (from = window), (from = church), (from = mass), (from = Christmas), (from = Easter), (from = party), (from = dance), (from = cruise), (from = flag), (from = shoes), (from = fork), (from = shirt), (from = chariot), (from = pump), (from = picture), (from = wheel), (from = young woman), (from = school), (from = lantern), (from = priest), (from = Saint), (from = poetry), (from = cheese), (from = butter), (from = soldier), (from = although), (from = room), (from = lagoon), (from = auction), (from = company), (from = passion fruit), (from = lemon), (from = card), (from = English), (from = Saturday), (from = Sunday), etc.


title: Indonesian language

text: The former colonial power, the Netherlands, left a sizeable amount of vocabulary that can be seen in words such as (from = police), (from = quality), (from = current), (from = smoking cigarettes), (from = corruption), (from = office), (from = zipper), (from = frontrunner), (from = transmission gear), (from = electricity current), (from = company), (from = pharmacy), (from = towel), (from = clothes iron), (from = movie theater), (from = banner), (from = short circuit), (from = uncle), (from = aunt), (from = treat) and (from = free). These Dutch loanwords, and many other non-Italo-Iberian, European language loanwords that came via Dutch, cover all aspects of life. Some Dutch loanwords, having clusters of several consonants, pose difficulties to speakers of Indonesian. This problem is usually solved by insertion of the schwa. For example, Dutch > (screw (n.)). One scholar argues that 20% of Indonesian words are inspired by the Dutch language.


title: Indonesian language

text: Before the standardization of the language, many Indonesian words follow standard Dutch alphabet and pronunciation such as "oe" for vowel "u" or "dj" for consonant "j" [dʒ]. As a result, Malay words are written with that orthography such as: for the word or for the word , older Indonesian generation tend to have their name written in such order as well.


title: Indonesian language

text: Many English words were incorporated into Indonesian through globalization. Many Indonesians, however, mistake words already adopted from Dutch as words borrowed from English. Indonesian adopts English words with standardization. For example: from , from , from , from , from , from , from , and so on. However, there are several words that directly borrowed without standardization that have same meanings in English such as: "bus", "data", "domain", "detail", "internet", "film", "golf", "lift", "monitor", "radio", "radar", "unit", "safari", "sonar", and "video", "riil as real".


title: Indonesian language

text: Modern Indonesian draws many of its words from foreign sources, there are many synonyms. For example, Indonesian has three words for "book", i.e. (from Sanskrit), (from Arabic) and (from Dutch ); however, each has a slightly different meaning. A is often connected with ancient wisdom or sometimes with esoteric knowledge. A derived form, means a library. A is usually a religious scripture or a book containing moral guidance. The Indonesian words for the Bible and Gospel are and , both directly derived from Arabic. The book containing the penal code is also called the . is the most common word for books.


title: Indonesian language

text: There are direct borrowings from various other languages of the world, such as (from ) from Japanese, and (from ) which means dried shrimp. Many words that originally are adopted through the Dutch language today however often are mistaken as English due to the similarity in the Germanic nature of both languages. In some cases the words are replaced by English language through globalization: although the word () still literally means strawberry in Indonesian, today the usage of the word is more common. Greek words such as (from ), , (both from ), (from ) came through Dutch, Arabic and Portuguese respectively.


title: Indonesian language

text: It is notable that some of the loanwords that exist in both Indonesian and Malaysian languages are different in spelling and pronunciation mainly due to how they derived their origins: Malaysian utilises words that reflect the English usage (as used by its former colonial power, the British), while Indonesian uses a Latinate form reflected in the Dutch usage (e.g. (Malaysian) vs. (Indonesian), (Malaysian) vs. (Indonesian)).


title: Indonesian language

text: Since the time of the independence of Indonesia, Indonesian has seen a surge of neologisms which are formed as acronyms (less commonly also initialisms) or blend words.


title: Indonesian language

text: Common acronyms are (, from 'Indonesian National Armed Forces'), (, from 'driving licence'), (, from 'ethnic group, religion, race, inter-group [matters]', used when referring to the background of intercommunal conflicts), (, from 'human rights').


title: Indonesian language

text: Blend words/portmanteau are very common in Indonesian, and have become a productive tool of word formation in both formal and colloquial Indonesian. Examples from official usage include departments and officeholders (e.g. < 'Foreign Minister', < 'Head of Regional Police') or names of provinces and districts ( < 'South Sulawesi', < 'West Java'. Other commonly used portmanteau include < 'community health center', < 'basic commodities' ().


title: Indonesian language

text: Indonesia hosts a variety of traditional verbal arts such as poetry, historical narratives, romances, and drama; which are expressed in local languages, but modern genres are expressed mainly through Indonesian. Some of classic Indonesian stories include Sitti Nurbaya by Marah Rusli, Azab dan Sengsara by Merari Siregar, and Sengsara Membawa Nikmat by Tulis Sutan Sati. Modern literature like novels, short stories, stage plays, and free-form poetry has developed since the late years of the 19th century and has produced such internationally recognized figures as novelist Pramoedya Ananta Toer, dramatist W.S. Rendra, poet Chairil Anwar, and cinematographer Garin Nugroho. Indonesia's classic novels itself, have their own charm, offering insight into local culture and traditions and the historical background before and immediately after the country gained independence. One notable example is "Shackles" which was written by Armijn Pane in 1940. Originally titled "Belenggu" and translated into many languages, including English and German.


title: Indonesian language

text: Over the past few years, interest in learning Indonesian has grown among non-Indonesians. Various universities have started to offer courses that emphasise the teaching of the language to non-Indonesians. In addition to national universities, private institutions have also started to offer courses, like the Indonesia Australia Language Foundation and the . As early as 1988, teachers of the language have expressed the importance of a standardized (also called BIPA, literally "Indonesian Language for Foreign Speaker") materials (mostly books), and this need became more evident during the 4th International Congress on the Teaching of Indonesian to Speakers of Other Languages held in 2001.


title: Indonesian language

text: Since 2013, the Indonesian embassy in the Philippines has given basic Indonesian language courses to 16 batches of Filipino students, as well as training to members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. In an interview, Department of Education Secretary Armin Luistro said that the country's government should promote Indonesian or Malay, which are related to Filipino. Thus, the possibility of offering it as an optional subject in public schools is being studied.


title: Indonesian language

text: The Indonesian embassy in Washington, D.C., United States, also began offering free Indonesian language courses at the beginner and intermediate level.


title: Indonesian language

text: The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Indonesian and Malaysian Malay, along with the original declaration in English.


title: Suriya filmography

text: Suriya (born 23 July 1975) is an Indian actor, producer and distributor who works primarily in Tamil cinema. He made a commercially successful cinematic debut in Vasanth's "Nerrukku Ner" (1997).


title: Suriya filmography

text: After few critical and commercial failures, Suriya collaborated with Vasanth again in "Poovellam Kettuppar" (1999), his first film with his future wife Jyothika.


title: Suriya filmography

text: In 2001, Suriya starred in Bala's "Nandha" as an ex-convict trying to find his place in society. The film was critically acclaimed and became a turning point in his career. His roles as a police officer in Gautham Vasudev Menon's "Kaakha Kaakha" (which became his first blockbuster) and a con artist in Bala's "Pithamagan", established him as one of Tamil cinema's leading actors. Suriya's performances in both films were praised, winning him a Best Actor nomination for the former and the Best Supporting Actor for "Pithamagan" at the 51st Filmfare Awards South. The following year, he played dual roles—a hunchback and a college student—in "Perazhagan". Suriya's performance was again praised, and he received his first Filmfare Best Actor award. He was also acclaimed for his performance as a student leader in Mani Ratnam's "Aayutha Ezhuthu" (2004).


title: Suriya filmography

text: In 2005, Suriya starred in three films: "Maayavi", "Ghajini" and "Aaru". His performance in "Ghajini" as a businessman with anterograde amnesia was widely praised, and was commercially successful. "Maayavi" and "Aaru" were moderately successful. Suriya then appeared in the romantic drama, "Vaaranam Aayiram" (2008). His dual role as father and son earned him another Filmfare Best Actor award. Suriya's next three films were "Ayan" (2009), "Aadhavan" (2009) and "Singam" (2010). The latter, in which he starred with Anushka Shetty, was his most commercially successful film to date and spawned two sequels: "Singam II" (2013) and "Si3" (2017). Suriya made his Hindi and Telugu cinema debuts in Ram Gopal Varma's gangster film "Rakta Charitra 2" (2010).


title: Suriya filmography

text: Suriya then played the Buddhist monk and creator of Shaolin Kung Fu, Bodhidharma, and his fictional descendant Aravind, in "7aum Arivu" (2011). His only 2012 release was "Maattrraan", in which he played conjoined twins. In 2015, Suriya released "36 Vayadhinile", the first film from his 2D Entertainment production company. He played three roles for the first time in Vikram Kumar's successful science fiction film "24" (2016). His performance won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor. Following "Thaana Serndha Koottam" (2018) and "Kaappaan" (2019), he worked in the critically acclaimed digital ventures "Soorarai Pottru" (2020) and "Jai Bhim" (2021). "Soorarai Pottru" won Suriya the National Film Award for Best Actor.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation is a 2015 American action spy film written and directed by Christopher McQuarrie from a story by McQuarrie and Drew Pearce. It is the sequel to "" (2011) and is the fifth installment in the . The film stars Tom Cruise, Jeremy Renner, Simon Pegg, Ving Rhames, Rebecca Ferguson, Sean Harris, and Alec Baldwin. In "Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation", Ethan Hunt (Cruise) and his team are on the run from the Central Intelligence Agency following the disbandment of the Impossible Missions Force (IMF) and must go to war with the Syndicate, an international black ops terrorist organization composed of rogue government agents from all over the world.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: McQuarrie, who completed uncredited rewrites for "Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol", was announced as the director of "Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation" in August 2013. The returns of Cruise, Renner, Pegg, and Rhames were confirmed by July 2014 while the screenplay was also developed by Pearce and Will Staples; it was ultimately solely credited to McQuarrie. Ferguson, Harris, and Baldwin rounded out the cast that October. Principal photography began in August 2014 and lasted until March 2015, with filming locations including Vienna, Casablanca, London, and at Leavesden Studios in Hertfordshire. The film's official title was revealed in March 2015.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: Originally scheduled for worldwide release on December 25, 2015, "Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation" premiered at the Vienna State Opera on July 23, 2015, was theatrically released in the United States by Paramount Pictures a week later. The film received positive reviews from critics, with praise for the action sequences, cast performances (particularly Cruise's), screenplay, and McQuarrie's direction. It grossed $683 million worldwide, becoming the eighth-highest-grossing film of 2015 and the then-second-highest grossing film in the franchise. The sequel, "", was released in 2018.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: After preventing a military cargo plane from transporting nerve gas sold to terrorists, IMF Agent Ethan Hunt is determined to prove the existence of the Syndicate, a consortium of rogue field operatives from various intelligence agencies. During a debriefing at an IMF station in London disguised as a record shop, The Syndicate reveals itself as real and Hunt is forced to watch the station agent murdered by a blonde man wearing glasses, as he is gassed unconscious and captured. In Washington D.C., CIA Director Alan Hunley, suspicious of the Syndicate's existence, convinces a Senate committee to disband and assimilate the IMF, currently without a secretary in charge, into the CIA due to its .


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: Hunt escapes a torture chamber led by Syndicate operative Janik "Bone Doctor" Vinter with the help of disavowed MI6 Agent and now Syndicate operative Ilsa Faust, and learns from IMF Agent William Brandt about the shutdown. Without IMF support, Hunt follows his only lead: the blond man in glasses who oversaw his capture and murdered the station agent.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: Six months later, Hunt is currently a fugitive living in Paris, having to lure a CIA SAD team to a decoy safe house in Havana as a means to pass information to his ex-colleague Benji Dunn. He follows his lead to the Vienna State Opera, where the Syndicate kills the Austrian Chancellor despite efforts to prevent it from Hunt and Dunn. Faust willingly drops hints of Lane's plan to Hunt before leaving. Dunn learns from Hunt and deduces that the Syndicate is working against "the old world order" by committing several terrorist acts, but chooses to stay with Hunt instead of reporting to the CIA. Hunley, who blames Hunt and Dunn for the death of the chancellor, orders the SAD to execute them. Brandt contacts ex-IMF Agent Luther Stickell to find Hunt before the CIA does.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: Stickell tracks Hunt, Dunn, and Faust to Casablanca, where Faust identifies Hunt's lead as ex-MI6 Agent Solomon Lane. They later break into a secure building and acquire a secret Syndicate file, which Faust claims is a ledger containing the names of the Syndicate operatives. Faust flees with the data and goes to London to use it, and meets her handler and MI6 Chief Atlee, who discreetly wipes it. Dunn, who made an extra copy, decrypts it with the help of Stickell and Hunt learns that the data is an encrypted British government virtual red box that requires the Prime Minister's biometrics to unlock it. They reach London to confront Faust, where Lane's men abduct Dunn, and use Dunn and Faust to blackmail Hunt into decrypting and delivering the data to them. Despite Brandt's protests, Hunt agrees to do so.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: Brandt, worried by what had happened, reveals their location to Hunley. Hunley, Brandt, and Atlee meet the PM in Oxford, who confirms that the Syndicate was a project proposed by Atlee to perform missions without oversight, which the PM rejected. Atlee then reveals himself as Hunt in a mask, with Brandt in on the plan and secures the PM's biometrics, allowing Stickell to decrypt the file. When the real Atlee arrives, Hunt forces him to admit that he began the Syndicate without permission, only to cover up its existence after Lane hijacked the project and went rogue, turning the Syndicate against him and MI6. The team discovers that the file is not a ledger containing the names of the Syndicate operatives, but a file containing access to £2.4 billion in various bank accounts. Hunt destroys the data after realising that Lane wants to use it to fund the Syndicate.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: At his meeting with Lane outside the Tower of London, Hunt finds out that Dunn is forced to act as Lane's reluctant henchman by wearing a time bomb, and tells Lane he has memorized the data and offers himself in exchange for Dunn and Faust. Dunn escapes after the bomb on him is disarmed, while Hunt and Faust are chased through the Tower of London complex by Lane's men. Faust kills Vinter in a knife fight, while Lane, who pursues Hunt, is lured and gassed unconscious in a glass cell and taken into custody.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: Having witnessed an IMF operation's success firsthand, Hunley later returns with Brandt to the Senate committee and claims that their previous meeting served as a pretext to help Hunt expose and shutdown the Syndicate, convincing the committee to restore the IMF. After the meeting, Brandt welcomes Hunley as the new IMF Secretary.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: Robert Maaser plays Richter, a KSA agent turned Syndicate operative assigned to kill Ilsa if she fails to kill the Chancellor. Wolfgang Steigmann plays Kagan, a Mossad agent turned Syndicate operative who fights Hunt at the Vienna State Opera. Alec Utgoff appears as the crewman of the A400. Mateo Rufino and Fernando Abadie appear as low level Chechen separatists piloting the A400, while Rupert Wickham appears as the Austrian chancellor.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: Paramount Pictures announced in August 2013 that Christopher McQuarrie would direct the fifth "Mission: Impossible" film, from a script by Drew Pearce, with Tom Cruise reprising his role as Ethan Hunt. TC Productions and Bad Robot would produce, and Skydance Productions, who served as co-financers and executive producers of the latest installment, will work closely with the team in the development and production process." On November 14, 2013, Paramount announced a release date of December 25, 2015. The same month, Simon Pegg confirmed he would reprise his role as Benji. In May 2014, Will Staples replaced Pearce as screenwriter. Also that month, Jeremy Renner confirmed he was returning in the role of William Brandt, and Cruise said the film would shoot in London, with a later report saying it would first shoot in Vienna in August. At some point, McQuarrie replaced Staples as screenwriter; the final credits list McQuarrie as screenwriter, with story by Pearce.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: In July 2014, Rebecca Ferguson was cast and Alec Baldwin was in talks for the film. Baldwin was confirmed to have joined the cast in August 2014, and Ving Rhames was confirmed to be reprising his role of Luther Stickell. On September 5, it was announced that Sean Harris was in negotiations for the villain role. On October 2, Simon McBurney joined the cast of the film. On October 6, Chinese actress Zhang Jingchu joined the film's cast (she only appears for 30 seconds in the finished film). On March 22, 2015, Paramount revealed the film's official title, "Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation", along with a teaser poster and trailer.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: Principal photography began in August 2014. On August 21, the production released its first photos from the set in Vienna, Austria. In August actors Cruise and Pegg, along with director Christopher McQuarrie, were in Vienna, at the Metro and on the roof-top of Vienna State Opera. After finishing one-and-a-half weeks of filming in Austria, on August 30, Cruise arrived in the Moroccan capital city of Rabat for filming more scenes. Here the Marrakesh Highway was closed for fourteen days (August 30–September 12). Other filming locations in Morocco include Agadir, Rabat and Casablanca. On September 8 and 9, filming took place in the Marrakesh Stadium, which was closed both days for filming purposes, and Kasbah of the Udayas, in Rabat.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: After more than a month of shooting in Austria and Morocco, filming moved to London on September 28. Filming of an action scene featuring Ethan Hunt climbing and hanging on the outside of a flying Airbus A400M Atlas took place at RAF Wittering near Stamford. Tom Cruise performed the sequence, at times suspended on the aircraft over in the air, without the use of a stunt double. To pull off this particular stunt, the production team were given a limited period of only 48 hours. The plane took off and landed 8 times before they had the perfect shot. On November 9, filming began on Southampton Water, and Fawley Power Station. Tom Cruise trained under diving specialist Kirk Krack to be able to hold his breath for three minutes to perform an underwater sequence which was filmed in a single long take without any edits (though the scene in the movie was cut with several breaks, giving the impression for the scene having several takes). However, stunt coordinator Wade Eastwood claims that Cruise held his breath for just over six minutes.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: Some footage also took place at Leavesden Studios, with the crew spending a month filming footage in Leavesden’s underwater tank. The tank was approximately forty feet in length, and circular tracks were constructed around its drive bays in order to attach the camera and dolly. Other footage shot at Leavesden included additional insert shots, shots of Cruise running through grass which were filmed using a Technocrane, and several crowd shots. On February 20, 2015, "The Hollywood Reporter" said filming was halted to give McQuarrie, Cruise, and an unknown third person time to rework the film's ending. Filming ended on March 12, 2015.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: The musical score for "Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation" was composed by Joe Kraemer, who previously collaborated with director McQuarrie on "The Way of the Gun" and "Jack Reacher". Kraemer was announced as the composer for the film in September 2014. The soundtrack was recorded with small orchestral sections at British Grove Studios and with full orchestra at Abbey Road Studios.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: As well as incorporating Lalo Schifrin's thematic material from the television series throughout the score, three tracks ("Escape to Danger", "A Matter of Going", and "Finale and Curtain Call") interpolate Puccini's "Nessun dorma" aria from his opera "Turandot", featured in the opera house scene.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: The physical soundtrack became available from La-La Land Records on July 28, 2015, with the digital album released from Paramount Music on the same day.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: Paramount had originally scheduled the film for a December 25, 2015 release. On January 26, 2015, Paramount advanced the release date to July 31, 2015. The main reason cited by "The Hollywood Reporter" was to avoid competition with two other 2015 films, "" and "Spectre". In the United States and Canada, it was released in the Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinema, the first-ever time for Paramount. On February 13, 2015, Paramount and IMAX Corporation announced that they would digitally remaster the film into the IMAX format and release it in IMAX theaters worldwide on the scheduled date. The film was completed at 2:00AM on July 18, 2015, less than two weeks before its release date. The film was officially released in North America on July 31, 2015. Lotte released the film in South Korea on July 30, 2015. The film was released in China on September 8, 2015.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: In August 2015, Fox Networks acquired the US cable broadcast rights, for broadcast after its theatrical release. The film is available for FX Networks and its suite of networks: FX, FXX, FXM, as well as the video-on-demand platform FXNow.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: A comic book was released in conjunction with the film's DVD/Blu-ray release. It follows Hunt going rogue during the events of the film. The comic is written by the film's writer and director Christopher McQuarrie and illustrated by "Lazarus" artist Owen Freeman.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: "Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation" grossed $195 million in the U.S. and Canada, and $487.7 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $682.7 million. Although "Rogue Nation" was projected to become the highest-grossing "Mission: Impossible" film and the biggest movie for Cruise, it apparently fell short of eclipsing ""s final gross to become the third-highest-grossing "Mission: Impossible" film and the third-biggest film for Cruise. It had a worldwide opening of $121 million and an IMAX worldwide opening total of $12.5 million (the third-biggest of July behind "The Dark Knight Rises" (2012) and "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2" (2011)). "Deadline Hollywood" calculated the net profit of the film to be $108.9 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: In the United States and Canada, according to pre-release tracking, the film was projected to earn around $40–50 million in its opening weekend, less than what the first three "Mission: Impossible" films earned in their initial weekend. It made $4 million from its Thursday night showings which began at 8 p.m. from 2,764 theaters, and $20.3 million on its opening day, which is the second-biggest opening day for Cruise (behind "War of the Worlds") and the biggest in the "Mission: Impossible" franchise (breaking ""s record), with 16% of ticket sales from the film's 367 IMAX theaters. In its opening weekend the film grossed $55.5 million exceeding expectations and is the second-highest opening in the franchise, behind "Mission: Impossible 2" ($57.8 million) and the third-biggest for Cruise behind "War of the Worlds" ($64.8 million) and "Mission: Impossible 2". IMAX contributed $8.4 million of the total opening gross from 369 IMAX screens which is the third-best for a July opening after "The Dark Knight Rises" ($19 million) and "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2" ($15.2 million). Premium large format grossed up $2.6 million, 13% of Friday's gross with Cinemark XD grossing close to $700,000 at 108 screens. It remained at the top spot for the second weekend earning an estimated $28.5 million (down 48.7%) from 3,988 theaters (32+ theaters) buoyed by strong word of mouth, rapturous reviews and strong plays at IMAX theaters. Revenues from IMAX also dropped steadily by 39% to $4.3 million in its second weekend. It topped the North American box office for two consecutive weekends until surpassed by the music biographical drama "Straight Outta Compton" in its third weekend. It ended its theatrical run on October 29, 2015, playing in theaters for a total of 91 days, or 13 weeks, earning a total of $195 million at the North American box office which is just 28.6% of its total worldwide gross. It is the fourth-highest-grossing "Mission: Impossible" film behind "Mission: Impossible Fallout" ($220 million), "Mission: Impossible 2" ($215 million) and "Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol" ($209 million).


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: Elsewhere, the film opened in 40 international markets including 135 IMAX theaters on July 31, 2015 in big markets such the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Australia. It grossed $64.5 million in its opening weekend and went No. 1 in 33 markets and IMAX contributed $4.1 million of its international opening. Revenues from its second weekend increased by 0.5% to $65 million. It added 18 new markets including India, Japan, and Russia and opened at No. 1 in 17 of the 18 markets with the exception of Japan where it was behind "Jurassic World". Overall, it opened at No. 1 in 55 of the 63 territories it has been released in and had the biggest opening weekend ever for the franchise in 46 markets and Cruise's best opening in 40 markets. It topped the box office outside of North America for three consecutive weekends before being overtaken by Paramount's own "Terminator Genisys" in its fourth weekend and four in total.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: It had the biggest opening for the franchise in the UK, Ireland and Malta ($8.3 million), France ($7 million), India ($7.5 million), Japan ($6.1 million), Russia and the CIS ($5.3 million), Mexico ($5 million), the Middle East ($4.7; including $2.5 million from UAE alone), Taiwan ($5.1 million), Australia ($3.8 million), Germany ($3.2 million), Brazil ($3.1 million) and Pakistan ($1 million). In South Korea, where the franchise has been a hit it opened to $16.95 million (49% above "Ghost Protocol"), which is the second-biggest opening ever for Paramount, behind ""; Cruise's biggest-ever opening; the best for the "Mission: Impossible" franchise; and the second-biggest opening for a Western film of 2015. It added $8.1 and $3.7 million in its second and third weekend for a total of $41.1 million making South Korea the film's second-highest market followed by Japan ($41.2 million), the United Kingdom ($32 million), France ($20.9 million), and Germany ($13 million). In Japan, it faced competition with the continued run of "Jurassic World". In China, "Rogue Nation" emerged very successful and earned $18.5 million on its opening day of September 8 (including $1.4 million from midnight screenings), which is the country's biggest opening for a Hollywood 2D film, the second-biggest for any 2D film in China (only behind the $22.2 million debut of local 2D film "Pancake Man"), and the fifth-biggest opening for any film. Despite opening on a Tuesday—during which most children are off to school—the film opened successfully and almost matched the opening figure of North America. Rob Cain of "Forbes" cited out possible reasons for the successful opening: the well-establishment of the franchise in China (its immediate predecessor "Ghost Protocol" earned $102.7 million), rapid expansion and growth of Chinese movie market, being the second Hollywood movie (after "Terminator Genisys") to be released after the nearly 60-day blackout period in which non-Chinese movies were dabarred from going to general release in the country, and the successful awareness campaign and marketing efforts by the team including Tom Cruise visiting several Chinese cities. It went on to earn an estimated $85.8 million through its opening weekend (Tuesday–Sunday) from 5,500 screens. It is the highest-grossing 2D Hollywood film there with $136.8 million (breaking "Interstellar"'s record). "Rogue Nation" was projected to make roughly 70% of its worldwide gross abroad, and indeed ended up making $487,287,762 or 71.4% of its entire worldwide gross overseas which is the second highest among the series.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation" has a rating of 94% based on 325 reviews and an average rating of 7.50/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Mission: Impossible Rogue Nation" continues the franchise's thrilling resurgence—and proves that Tom Cruise remains an action star without equal." Metacritic gives the film a score of 75 out of 100 based on 46 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: Ty Burr of "The Boston Globe" called the film "preposterously enjoyable" and said that it "unfolds with fluid, twisty, old-school pleasure," highlighting the performances of Cruise, Pegg, Ferguson, and Baldwin and comparing the action scenes to those of the "James Bond" films as well as Alfred Hitchcock's "The Man Who Knew Too Much" (1956). He ultimately gave the film 3 out of 4 stars. Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave "Rogue Nation" 3.5 out of 4 stars, highly praising the film's cast and stating that the film "keeps topping itself". However, he criticized the villain for not being too memorable or intimidating. Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" said that McQuarrie's direction allowed "Rogue Nation" to stand out among the other films in terms of action and its inclusion of female characters, singling out Ferguson's Ilsa as uniquely empowered and action-oriented, also praising her scenes with Cruise. Christopher Orr of "The Atlantic" praised Cruise, saying "You overcome the impossible through the application of sheer, unvarnished willpower, a quality that Cruise has always possessed in abundance" and describing him as the driving force of the film and the franchise. He, too, praised Ferguson among the supporting cast for her role as an action heroine. Joseph Wigler of MTV.com considered the movie as "one of the most entertaining Ethan Hunt adventures" which proves that "the franchise still has plenty of fight left in it, with no signs of slowing down." He praised the performances of Cruise and Ferguson, applauding the latter for playing "the most fascinating character in the entire movie" and "one of the most complicated and alluring characters in the entire five film series." Manohla Dargis of "The New York Times" stated "Sleek and bloated, specific and generic, 'Rogue Nation' is pretty much like most of the 'Impossible' movies in that it's an immense machine that Mr. McQuarrie, after tinkering and oiling, has cranked up again and set humming with twists and turns, global trotting and gadgets, a crack supporting cast and a hard-working star."


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: A. A. Dowd of "The A.V. Club" remarked, "Rather than go full auteur on his formulaic material, McQuarrie instead offers a kind of greatest-hits package: 'Rogue Nation' marries the shifting loyalties of Brian De Palma's original to the kinetic action beats of John Woo's series nadir and the all-set-piece structure of Brad Bird's series zenith, adding an omnipotent villain not far removed from the one Philip Seymour Hoffman played in J.J. Abrams' entry. It's the least visually or conceptually distinctive of the five movies, leaning on what's worked before rather than forging its own path." Chris Nashawaty of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a B+, calling it "breathlessly thrilling" and giving high praise to its action sequences, saying " all you can do is pick your jaw off your lap and grin at the breathtakingly bananas spectacle you've just witnessed." Meanwhile, David Edelstein of Vulture.com called Ferguson the "best reason" to see the film. However, he felt it did not surpass its predecessor and singled out several elements of some of the action sequences for criticism. Joe Morgenstern of "The Wall Street Journal" also praised Ferguson but felt that she and Cruise had "zero chemistry" onscreen. Nonetheless, he praised the film for working "ingenious changes on old tropes". Daniel Krupa of IGN only gave the film a score of 7/10, praising the action sequences and the performances of the central cast but criticizing it for not adding enough to the series or expanding on the plot of "Ghost Protocol".


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: "Mission Impossible: Rogue Nation" was released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 15, 2015 in the United States. A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray was released on June 26, 2018 along with the first four films.


title: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation

text: By May 2015, Paramount was developing a sixth "Mission: Impossible" film, with Cruise, Abrams, Ellison, and Goldberg returning to produce, along with Don Granger and Matt Grimm executive producing, and Elizabeth Raposo overseeing development. Christopher McQuarrie returned to write and direct the film, which began filming April 2017 for a July 2018 release.


title: American Pie (film series)

text: American Pie is a film series consisting of four sex comedy films. "American Pie", the first film in the series, was released by Universal Pictures in 1999. The film became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon and gained a cult following among young people. Following "American Pie", the second and third films in the series, "American Pie 2" (2001) and "American Wedding" (2003), were released; the fourth, "American Reunion", was released in 2012. A spin-off film series entitled "American Pie Presents" consists of five direct-to-video films that were released from 2005 to 2020.


title: American Pie (film series)

text: Throughout the first film in the original series, Jim Levenstein (Jason Biggs) tries to develop a relationship with his school classmate Nadia (Shannon Elizabeth). Jim and three of his best friends, Kevin Myers (Thomas Ian Nicholas), Paul Finch (Eddie Kaye Thomas), and Chris Ostreicher (Chris Klein), make a pact to lose their virginity before their high school graduation. Steve Stifler (Seann William Scott), the obnoxious jock of the group, provides them with unorthodox advice while hosting wild parties in the meantime. In the second film, the five boys host a summer party and Jim becomes interested in his friend, Michelle Flaherty (Alyson Hannigan). In the third film, Jim and Michelle plan to marry, although the forced invitation of Stifler could ruin everything. In the fourth film, the group gets back together in anticipation of their 13th high school reunion. The spin-off series revolves around relatives of Stifler, including his brother Matt (Tad Hilgenbrink); his cousins Erik (John White), Dwight (Steve Talley), Scott (John Patrick Jordan), and Stephanie (Lizze Broadway); and their respective friends.


title: American Pie (film series)

text: The original production produced on a total budget of US$145 million, has grossed nearly a billion worldwide. The spin-off films were released direct-to-video. The original series has received mixed reviews from critics, while the spin-off series has received negative reviews.


title: American Pie (film series)

text: In the original "American Pie" (1999), Jim Levenstein and his friends Kevin Myers, Paul Finch, and Chris Ostreicher attempt to lose their virginity before their high school graduation. Jim pursues Czech exchange student Nadia, but his attempts fail after he ejaculates prematurely twice during foreplay, and instead pursues band geek Michelle, asking her to the prom. At Stifler's prom after-party, Jim has a one-night stand with Michelle, and the rest of the friends lose their virginity as well.


title: American Pie (film series)

text: In "American Pie 2" (2001), Jim and his friends organize a party at a summer beach house in Grand Harbor reuniting the high school gang. Nadia returns, and Jim asks Michelle to help him finally have sex with her. Jim ends up realizing he is in love with Michelle (whose feelings are mutual), and goes to a recital where she is performing to reveal this to her.


title: American Pie (film series)

text: "American Wedding" (2003) begins with Jim proposing to Michelle. Finch, Kevin, and Stifler help the arranging of his marriage.


title: American Pie (film series)

text: In the years that have passed since "American Wedding", the most recent installment "American Reunion" (2012) shows Jim and Michelle married with a child, and Kevin has gotten married himself, whereas Oz and Heather grew apart, Finch still has not found love (not counting Stifler's mom), and Stifler has not come to terms with the fact that his teenage years are long gone. Now these lifelong friends have come home as adults for their thirteenth high school class reunion, to reminisce about – and get inspired by – the hormonal teens they once were.


title: American Pie (film series)

text: The film series began with "American Pie", released on July 9, 1999. This was followed by three sequels: "American Pie 2", released on August 10, 2001, "American Wedding", released on August 1, 2003, and "American Reunion", released on April 6, 2012.


title: American Pie (film series)

text: A fifth theatrical film, under the working title "American Pie 5", was in consideration in 2012, as the fourth film had done well internationally and Universal had secured a production deal with Hurwitz and Schlossberg. In August 2017, Seann William Scott said in an interview that the fourth film probably had not made enough at the domestic box office to warrant another film. In August 2018, Tara Reid said she met with the directors, with them saying that the fifth film will happen, and that filming could begin soon. In March 2021, Reid further elaborated that both the script is written, and that “it’s one of the best ones” in the series. A few months later, Jason Biggs denied the fact regarding script developments, but said that there were always ideas for a sequel, albeit having many obstacles.


title: American Pie (film series)

text: "" (2005) follows Stifler's younger brother Matt Stifler (Tad Hilgenbrink), who is forced to attend band camp for the summer. While there, he realizes he must change his arrogant ways in order to win over Elyse.


title: American Pie (film series)

text: "" (2006) follows Erik Stifler (John White), the only Stifler to possibly graduate from high school a virgin. After a failed attempt at sex with his girlfriend Tracy (Jessy Schram), she gives Erik a free pass to go to the University of Michigan, where his cousin Dwight (Steve Talley) attends, to lose his virginity. In the process, Erik's loyalty is put to the test.


title: American Pie (film series)

text: "" (2007) continues a year after "The Naked Mile". Erik has now graduated from high school, has lost his girlfriend to her previous boyfriend, and is starting college. He must complete a series of tasks before he can join Dwight's fraternity and also begins a new relationship with Ashley Thomas (Meghan Heffern), a girl he met in the co-ed bathrooms in their dorm.


title: American Pie (film series)

text: "" (2009) takes place ten years after "American Pie". Set in East Great Falls, a fire in the school's library results in the destruction of the Book of Love (the "Bible" from the first film). With the help of the book's creator, Mr. Levenstein, the people who started the fire set out to restore the book and lose their virginity.


title: American Pie (film series)

text: "" (2020) follows a group of four teenage girls who make a pact to get what they want before their prom and end up falling in love with the same guy.


title: American Pie (film series)

text: More than six years after the release of the original "American Pie", the franchise continued with a direct-to-video spin-off "Presents" series; consisting of "", released on December 26, 2005, "", released on December 12, 2006, "", released on December 26, 2007, "", released on December 22, 2009, and "", released on October 6, 2020. All five spin-offs center around relatives of Steve Stifler, who include his brother Matt and his cousins Erik, Dwight, Scott and Stephanie Stifler.


title: American Pie (film series)

text: Several films set in the "American Pie" continuity were released. The films featured mostly new characters. Aside from the raunchy humor, the common elements among the "American Pie Presents" films are the continued presence of Jim's Dad and members of the Stifler clan. Other than Jim's Dad, the only other returning characters are Matt Stifler, who takes center stage for the first spin-off, albeit played by a new actor, and Chuck Sherman, who is the guidance counselor for East Great Falls High School in the first spin-off.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: The 1982 FIFA World Cup was the 12th FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial football tournament for men's senior national teams, and was played in Spain between 13 June and 11 July 1982. The tournament was won by Italy, who defeated West Germany 3–1 in the final, held in the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in the capital, Madrid. It was Italy's third World Cup title, but their first since 1938. The defending champions, Argentina, were eliminated in the second round (finishing third and last in their group). Algeria, Cameroon, Honduras, Kuwait and New Zealand made their first appearances in the finals.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: The tournament featured the first penalty shoot-out in World Cup competition. This was the last World Cup to feature two rounds of group stages. It was also the third time (after 1934 and 1966) in which all four semi-finalists were European.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: In the first round of Group 3, Hungary defeated El Salvador 10–1, equalling the largest margin of victory recorded in the finals (Hungary over South Korea 9–0 in 1954, and Yugoslavia over Zaire 9–0 in 1974).


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: Although successful and filled with compelling and entertaining matches, this tournament was blighted by violent fouls, some poor officiating and some overcrowded stadiums. One particular incident of note was West German goalkeeper Harald Schumacher's foul of French player Patrick Battiston during a semi-final match in Seville, and another was Italian player Claudio Gentile's intense and often violent match-long fouling and marking of Argentine player Diego Maradona. FIFA changed the regulations to somewhat prevent this kind of brutality on the pitch for the subsequent tournament in Mexico.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: Spain was chosen as the host nation by FIFA in London on 6 July 1966. Hosting rights for the 1974 and 1978 tournaments were awarded at the same time. West Germany and Spain agreed a deal whereby Spain would support West Germany for the 1974 tournament and West Germany would allow Spain to bid for the 1982 World Cup unopposed.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: At the time of Spain being selected, the country was under the dictatorship of Francisco Franco's regime, but his regime had ended before the start of the tournament, and the World Cup had its effects on Spanish society after the democratic transition.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: For the first time, the World Cup finals expanded from 16 to 24 teams. This allowed more countries to participate from Africa and Asia.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: Teams absent from the finals were 1974 and 1978 runners-up Netherlands (eliminated by Belgium and France), Mexico (eliminated by Honduras and El Salvador), and the three times 1970s participants Sweden (eliminated by Scotland and Northern Ireland). Northern Ireland qualified for the first time since 1958. Belgium, Czechoslovakia, El Salvador, England and the Soviet Union were all back in the finals after 12-year absences. England had its first successful World Cup qualifying campaign in 20 years, having qualified automatically as hosts in 1966 and as defending champions in 1970 and failing to qualify in 1974 and 1978. Yugoslavia and Chile were also back after missing the 1978 tournament.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: Algeria, Cameroon, Honduras, Kuwait, and New Zealand all participated in the World Cup for the first time. As of 2022, this was the last time that El Salvador and Kuwait qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals, as well as the last time that South Korea failed to qualify. This is also the last time that Mexico failed to qualify by playing (they were banned from the 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification).


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: There was some consideration given as to whether England, Northern Ireland, and Scotland should withdraw from the tournament because of the Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom. A directive issued by the British sports minister Neil Macfarlane in April, at the start of the conflict, suggested that there should be no contact between British representative teams and Argentina. This directive was not rescinded until August, following the end of hostilities. Macfarlane reported to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher that some players and officials were uneasy about participating because of the casualties suffered by British forces, and the strong diplomatic ties between Argentina and Spain. FIFA advised the British Government that there was no prospect that Argentina (the defending champions) would be asked to withdraw. It also became apparent that no other countries would withdraw from the tournament. It was decided by Cabinet Secretary Robert Armstrong to allow the British national teams to participate so that Argentina could not use their absence for propaganda purposes, reversing the intended effect of applying political pressure onto Argentina.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: The first round was a round-robin group stage containing six groups of four teams each. Two points were awarded for a win and one for a draw, with goal difference used to separate teams equal on points. The top two teams in each group advanced. In the second round, the twelve remaining teams were split into four groups of three teams each, with the winner of each group progressing to the knockout semi-final stage.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: The composition of the groups in the second round was determined before the start of the tournament. Groups A and B were to include one team from each of Groups 1 through 6, and Groups C and D included the remaining six teams. The winners of Groups 1 and 3 were in Group A whilst the runners-up were in Group C. The winners of Groups 2 and 4 were in Group B whilst the runners-up were in Group D. The winner of Group 5 was in Group D whilst the runner-up was in Group B. The winner of Group 6 was in Group C whilst the runner-up was in Group A. Thus, Group A mirrored Group C, and Group B mirrored Group D with the winners and runners-up from the first round being placed into opposite groups in the second round.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: The second-round groups that mirrored each other (based on the first-round groupings) faced off against each other in the semifinals. Thus, the Group A winner played the Group C winner, and the Group B winner played the Group D winner. This meant that if two teams which played in the same first-round group both emerged from the second round, they would meet for the second time of the tournament in a semifinal match. It also guaranteed that the final match would feature two teams that had not previously played each other in the tournament. As it turned out, Italy and Poland who were both in Group 1 in the first round, each won their second-round groups and played each other in a semifinal match.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: In Group 1, newcomers Cameroon held both Poland and Italy to draws, and were denied a place in the next round on the basis of having scored fewer goals than Italy (the sides had an equal goal difference). Poland and Italy qualified over Cameroon and Peru. Italian journalists and tifosi criticised their team for their uninspired performances that managed three draws; the squad was reeling from the recent Serie A scandal, where national players were suspended for match fixing and illegal betting.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: Group 2 saw one of the great World Cup upsets on the first day with the 2–1 victory of Algeria over reigning European Champions West Germany. In the final match in the group, West Germany met Austria in a match later dubbed as the "Disgrace of Gijón". Algeria had already played their final group game the day before, and West Germany and Austria knew that a West German win by 1 or 2 goals would qualify them both, while a larger German victory would qualify Algeria over Austria, and a draw or an Austrian win would eliminate the Germans. After 10 minutes of all-out attack, West Germany scored through a goal by Horst Hrubesch. After the goal was scored, the two teams kicked the ball around aimlessly for the rest of the match. Chants of ""Fuera, fuera"" (""Out, out"") were screamed by the Spanish crowd, while angry Algerian supporters waved banknotes at the players. This performance was widely deplored, even by the German and Austrian fans. One German fan was so upset by his team's display that he burned his German flag in disgust. Algeria protested to FIFA, who ruled that the result be allowed to stand; FIFA introduced a revised qualification system at subsequent World Cups in which the final two games in each group were played simultaneously.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: Group 3, where the opening ceremony and first match of the tournament took place, saw Belgium beat defending champions Argentina 1–0. The Camp Nou stadium was the home of Barcelona, and many fans had wanted to see the club's new signing, Argentinian star Diego Maradona, who did not perform to expectations. Both Belgium and Argentina ultimately advanced at the expense of Hungary and El Salvador despite Hungary's 10–1 win over the Central American nation – which, with a total of 11 goals, is the second highest scoreline in a World Cup game (equal with Brazil's 6–5 victory over Poland in the 1938 tournament and Hungary's 8–3 victory over West Germany in the 1954 tournament).


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: Group 4 opened with England midfielder Bryan Robson's goal against France after only 27 seconds of play. England won 3–1 and qualified along with France over Czechoslovakia and Kuwait, though the tiny Gulf emirate held Czechoslovakia to a 1–1 draw. In the game between Kuwait and France, with France leading 3–1, France midfielder Alain Giresse scored a goal vehemently contested by the Kuwait team, who had stopped play after hearing a piercing whistle from the stands, which they thought had come from Soviet referee Miroslav Stupar. Play had not yet resumed when Sheikh Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, brother of the then-Kuwaiti Emir and president of the Kuwait Football Association, rushed onto the pitch to remonstrate with the referee. Stupar reversed his initial decision and disallowed the goal to the fury of the French. Maxime Bossis scored another valid goal a few minutes later and France won 4–1.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: In Group 5, Honduras held hosts Spain to a 1–1 draw. Northern Ireland won the group outright, eliminating Yugoslavia and beating hosts Spain 1–0; Northern Ireland had to play the majority of the second half with ten men after Mal Donaghy was dismissed. Spain scraped by thanks to a controversial penalty in the 2–1 victory over Yugoslavia. At 17 years and 41 days, Northern Ireland forward Norman Whiteside was the youngest player to appear in a World Cup match.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: Brazil were in Group 6. With Zico, Sócrates, Falcão, Éder and others, they boasted an offensive firepower that promised a return to the glory days of 1970. They beat the USSR 2–1 thanks to a 20-metre Éder goal two minutes from time, then Scotland and New Zealand with four goals each. The Soviets took the group's other qualifying berth on goal difference at the expense of the Scots.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: Poland opened Group A with a 3–0 defeat of Belgium thanks to a Zbigniew Boniek hat-trick. The Soviet Union prevailed 1–0 in the next match over Belgium. The Poles edged out the USSR for the semi-final spot on the final day on goal difference thanks to a 0–0 draw in a politically charged match, as Poland's then-Communist government had imposed a martial law a few months earlier to quash internal dissent.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: In Group B, a match between England and West Germany ended in a goalless draw. West Germany put the pressure on England in their second match by beating Spain 2–1. The home side drew 0–0 against England, denying Ron Greenwood's team a semi-final place and putting England in the same position as Cameroon, being eliminated without losing a game.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: In Group C, with Brazil, Argentina and Italy, in the opener, Italy prevailed 2–1 over Diego Maradona and Mario Kempes's side after a game in which Italian defenders Gaetano Scirea and Claudio Gentile proved themselves equal to the task of stopping the Argentinian attack. Argentina now needed a win over Brazil on the second day, but lost 3–1 – Argentina only scoring in the last minute. Maradona kicked Brazilian player João Batista in the groin and was sent off in the 85th minute.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: The match between Brazil and Italy pitted Brazil's attack against Italy's defence, with the majority of the game played around the Italian area, and with the Italian midfielders and defenders returning the repeated set volleys of Brazilian shooters such as Zico, Sócrates and Falcão. Italian centre back Gentile was assigned to mark Brazilian striker Zico, earning a yellow card and a suspension for the semi-final. Paolo Rossi opened the scoring when he headed in Antonio Cabrini's cross with just five minutes played. Sócrates equalised for Brazil seven minutes later. In the twenty-fifth minute Rossi stepped past Júnior, intercepted a pass from Cerezo across the Brazilians' goal, and drilled the shot home. The Brazilians threw everything in search of another equaliser, while Italy defended bravely. On 68 minutes, Falcão collected a pass from Júnior and as Cerezo's dummy run distracted three defenders, fired home from 20 yards out. Now Italy had gained the lead twice thanks to Rossi's goals, and Brazil had come back twice; at 2–2, Brazil would have been through on goal difference, but in the 74th minute, a poor clearance from an Italian corner kick went back to the Brazilian six-yard line where Rossi and Francesco Graziani were waiting. Both aimed at the same shot, Rossi connecting to get a hat trick and sending Italy into the lead for good. In the 86th minute Giancarlo Antognoni scored an apparent fourth goal for Italy, but it was wrongly disallowed for offside. In the dying moments Dino Zoff made a miraculous save to deny Oscar a goal, ensuring that Italy advanced to the semi-final.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: In the last group, Group D, France dispatched Austria 1–0 with a free kick goal by Bernard Genghini, and then defeated Northern Ireland 4–1 to reach their first semi-final since 1958.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: In a re-match of the encounter in the first round, Italy beat Poland in the first semi-final through two goals from Paolo Rossi. In the game between France and West Germany, the Germans opened the scoring through a Pierre Littbarski strike in the 17th minute, and the French equalised nine minutes later with a Michel Platini penalty. In the second half a long through ball sent French defender Patrick Battiston racing clear towards the German goal. With both Battiston and the lone German defender trying to be the first to reach the ball, Battiston flicked it past German keeper Harald Schumacher from the edge of the German penalty area and Schumacher reacted by jumping up to block. Schumacher did not seem to go for the ball, however, and clattered straight into the oncoming Battiston – which left the French player unconscious and knocked two of his teeth out. Schumacher's action has been described as "one of history's most shocking fouls". The ball went just wide of the post and Dutch referee Charles Corver deemed Schumacher's tackle on Battiston not to be a foul and awarded a goal kick. Play was interrupted for several minutes while Battiston, still unconscious and with a broken jaw, was carried off the field on a stretcher.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: After French defender Manuel Amoros had sent a 25-metre drive crashing onto the West German crossbar in the final minute, the match went into extra time. On 92 minutes, France's sweeper Marius Trésor fired a swerving volley under Schumacher's crossbar from ten metres out to make it 2–1. Six minutes later, an unmarked Alain Giresse drove in an 18-metre shot off the inside of the right post to finish off a counter-attack and put France up 3–1. But West Germany would not give up. In the 102nd minute a counter-attack culminated in a cross that recent substitute Karl-Heinz Rummenigge turned in at the near post from a difficult angle with the outside of his foot, reducing France's lead to 3–2. Then in the 108th minute Germany took a short corner and after France failed to clear, the ball was played by Germany to Littbarski whose cross to Horst Hrubesch was headed back to the centre towards Klaus Fischer, who was unmarked but with his back to goal. Fischer in turn volleyed the ball past French keeper Jean-Luc Ettori with a bicycle kick, levelling the scores at 3–3.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: The resulting penalty shootout was the first at a World Cup finals. Giresse, Manfred Kaltz, Manuel Amoros, Paul Breitner and Dominique Rocheteau all converted penalties until Uli Stielike was stopped by Ettori, giving France the advantage. But then Schumacher stepped forward, lifted the tearful Stielike from the ground, and saved Didier Six's shot. With Germany handed the lifeline they needed Littbarski converted his penalty, followed by Platini for France, and then Rummenigge for Germany as the tension mounted. France defender Maxime Bossis then had his kick parried by Schumacher who anticipated it, and Hrubesch stepped up to score and send Germany to the World Cup final yet again with a victory on penalties, 5–4.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: In the third-place match, Poland edged the French side 3–2 which matched Poland's best performance at a World Cup previously achieved in 1974. France would go on to win the European Championship two years later.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: In the final, Antonio Cabrini fired a penalty wide of goal in the first half. In the second half, Paolo Rossi scored first for the third straight game by heading home Gentile's bouncing cross at close range. Exploiting the situation, Italy scored twice more on quick counter-strikes, all the while capitalising on their defence to hold the Germans. With Gentile and Gaetano Scirea holding the centre, the Italian strikers were free to counter-punch the weakened German defence. Marco Tardelli's shot from the edge of the area beat Schumacher first, and Alessandro Altobelli, the substitute for injured striker Francesco Graziani, made it 3–0 at the end of a solo sprint down the right side by the stand-out winger Bruno Conti. Italy's lead appeared secure, encouraging Italian president Sandro Pertini to wag his finger at the cameras in a playful "not going to catch us now" gesture. In the 83rd minute, Paul Breitner scored for West Germany, but it was only a consolation goal as Italy won 3–1 to claim their first World Cup title in 44 years, and their third in total.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: Italy became the first team to advance from the first round without winning a game, drawing all three (while Cameroon were eliminated in the same way by virtue of having only one goal scored against Italy's two), and also the only World Cup winner to draw or lose three matches at the Finals. By winning, Italy equalled Brazil's record of winning the World Cup three times. Italy's total of twelve goals scored in seven matches set a new low for average goals scored per game by a World Cup winning side (subsequently exceeded by Spain in 2010), while Italy's aggregate goal difference of +6 for the tournament remains a record low for a champion, equalled by Spain.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: Italy's 40-year-old captain-goalkeeper Dino Zoff became the oldest player to win the World Cup. This was the first World Cup in which teams from all six continental confederations participated in the finals, something that did not happen again until 2006.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: 17 stadiums in 14 cities hosted the tournament, a record that stood until the 2002 tournament, which was played in 20 stadiums in two countries. The most used venue was FC Barcelona's Camp Nou stadium, which hosted five matches, including a semi-final; it was the largest stadium used for this tournament. With Sarrià Stadium also hosting three matches, Barcelona was the Spanish city with the most matches in España 1982 with eight; Madrid, the nation's capital, followed with seven.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: This particular World Cup was organised in such a way that all of the matches of each of the six groups were assigned stadiums in cities near to each other, in order to reduce the stress of travel on the players and fans. For example, Group 1 matches were played in Vigo and A Coruña, Group 2 in Gijón and Oviedo, Group 3 in Elche and Alicante (except for the first match, which was the opening match of the tournament, which was played at the Camp Nou), Group 4 in Bilbao and Valladolid, Group 5 (which included hosts Spain) in Valencia and Zaragoza, and Group 6 in Seville and Malaga (of the three first-round matches in Seville, the first match between Brazil and the Soviet Union was played in the Pizjuán Stadium, and the other two were played in the Villamarín Stadium). Group stage matches in the milder northern cities like Bilbao or Gijon would start at 17:00, while the matches in the southern cities like Seville or Valencia would start at 21:00, in an attempt to avoid the intense southern Spanish summer heat.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: When the tournament went into the round-robin second round matches, all the aforementioned cities excluding Barcelona, Alicante and Seville did not host any more matches in España 1982. Both the Santiago Bernabéu and Vicente Calderón stadiums in Madrid and the Sarrià Stadium in Barcelona were used for the first time for this tournament for the second round matches. Madrid and Barcelona hosted the four second round group matches; Barcelona hosted Groups A and C (Camp Nou hosted all three of Group A's matches, and Sarrià did the same with Group C's matches) and Madrid hosted Groups B and D (Real Madrid's Bernabeu Stadium hosted all three of Group B's matches, and Atlético Madrid's Calderon Stadium did the same with the Group D matches)


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: The two semi final matches were held at Camp Nou and the Pizjuán Stadium in Seville, the third largest stadium used for the tournament (one of only two España 1982 matches it hosted), the third place match was held in Alicante and the final was held at the Bernabeu, the second largest stadium used for this tournament.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: The 24 qualifiers were divided into four groupings which formed the basis of the draw for the group stage. FIFA announced the six seeded teams on the day of the draw and allocated them in advance to the six groups; as had become standard, the host nation and the reigning champions were among the seeds. The seeded teams would play all their group matches at the same venue (with the exception of World Cup holders Argentina who would play in the opening game scheduled for the Camp Nou, the largest of the venues). The remaining 18 teams were split into three pots based on FIFA's assessment of the team's strength, but also taking in account geographic considerations. The seedings and group venues for those teams were tentatively agreed at an informal meeting in December 1981 but not officially confirmed until the day of the draw. FIFA executive Hermann Neuberger told the press that the seeding of England had been challenged by other nations but they were to be seeded as "the Spanish want England to play in Bilbao for security reasons"*. As well as security the footballing grounds that they were winners in 1966 and reached the quarter-final as holders in 1970, as the 1970 in Mexico and 1974 in West Germany tournaments were taken into consideration for seeding with West Germany seeded for their 1980 European Championship win (due to the Netherlands failing to qualify) having won in 1974. However, due to England's seeding for security reasons, if the Netherlands had qualified, West Germany would not have been seeded as West Germany were eliminated in the second group stage in 1978, while the Netherlands were runners up.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: On 16 January 1982, the draw was conducted at the Palacio de Congresos in Madrid, where the teams were drawn out from the three pots to be placed with the seeded teams in their predetermined groups. Firstly a draw was made to decide the order in which the three drums containing pots A, B and C would be emptied. The teams were then drawn one-by-one and entered in the groups in that order. A number was then drawn to determine the team's "position" in the group and hence the fixtures.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: The only stipulation of the draw was that no group could feature two South American teams. As a result, Pot B – which contained two South American teams – was initially drawn containing only the four Europeans, which were then to be immediately allocated to Groups 3 and 6 which contained the two South American seeds Argentina and Brazil. Once these two groups had been filled with the entrants from Pot B, then Chile and Peru would be added to the pot and the draw continue as normal. In the event, FIFA executives Sepp Blatter and Hermann Neuberger conducting the draw initially forgot this stipulation and immediately placed the first team drawn from this pot (Belgium) into Group 1, rather than Group 3 before then placing the second team drawn out (Scotland) into Group 3; they then had to correct this by moving Belgium to Group 3 and Scotland into Group 6. The ceremony suffered further embarrassment when one of the revolving drums containing the teams broke down.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: The second round of the tournament consisted of four groups of three teams, each played at one stadium in one of Spain's two largest cities: two in Madrid and two in Barcelona. The winners of each group progressed to the semi-finals.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: Although the fixtures were provisionally determined in advance, the teams competing in each fixture depended on the result of the opening match in each group: Should a team lose their opening game of the group, that team would then have to play in the second fixture against the third team in the group and the winner would, by contrast, be rewarded by not needing to play again until the final fixture of the group and therefore gained extra recovery time. If the opening game was a draw, the predetermined order of games would proceed as planned. These regulations helped ensure that the final group games were of importance as no team could already have progressed to the semi-finals by the end of the second fixtures.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: The 43,000-capacity Sarria Stadium in Barcelona, used for the Group C round-robin matches between Italy, Argentina and Brazil was, unlike any of the other matches (except 1) in the other groups, severely overcrowded for all 3 matches. The venue was then heavily criticised for its lack of space and inability to handle such rampant crowds; although no one had foreseen such crowds at all; the Group A matches held at the nearby and much larger 121,401-capacity Camp Nou stadium never went past 65,000 and hosted all European teams; it was anticipated there would be larger crowds for the Camp Nou-hosted second round matches between Belgium, the Soviet Union and Poland.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: Paolo Rossi received the Golden Boot for scoring six goals. In total, 146 goals were scored by 100 players, with only one of them credited as own goal.


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: In 1986, FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986, based on progress in the competition, overall results and quality of the opposition. The rankings for the 1982 tournament were as follows:


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: The official mascot of this World Cup was Naranjito, an anthropomorphised orange, a typical fruit in Spain, wearing the kit of the host's national team. Its name comes from "naranja", the Spanish word for orange, and the diminutive suffix "-ito".


title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: Football in Action ("fútbol en acción") was the name of an educational animated series first aired in 1982 on public broadcaster RTVE. Chapters had a duration of 20 minutes and the main character was "Naranjito". The series lasted for 26 episodes and the theme was football, adventures and World Cup of 82. "Naranjito" was accompanied by other characters, as his girlfriend "Clementina", his friend "Citronio" and "Imarchi" the robot.


title: Rent-A-Girlfriend

text: An anime television series adaptation produced by TMS Entertainment, aired from July to September 2020 on MBS's Super Animeism block. A second season aired from July to September 2022. A third season has been announced. A live-action television drama adaptation also aired from July to September 2022.