title: Days of Our Lives

text: Co-creator and original executive producer Ted Corday was only at the helm of "Days of Our Lives" for eight months before dying of cancer in 1966. His widow and fellow co-creator, Betty, was named executive producer upon his death. She continued in that role, with the help of H. Wesley Kenney and Al Rabin as supervising producers, before she semi-retired from showrunning duties in 1985, two years prior to her death in 1987. Upon Mrs. Corday's semi-retirement, her son, Ken, became executive producer and took over the full-time, day-to-day running of the show. Ken Corday continues helming the show to this day, and as of July 2020, splits show-running duties with Albert Alarr (who previously served as a member of the show's directing staff) as co-executive producer.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: The first long-term head writer, William J. Bell, started writing for "Days of Our Lives" in 1966 and continued with the show until 1975, two years after he had created his own successful soap, "The Young and the Restless", for rival network CBS. He continued with the show as a storyline consultant until 1978. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, many changes to the head writer position occurred. In the early 1980s, Margaret DePriest helped stabilize the show with her serial killer storyline. Later head writers, such as Sheri Anderson, Thom Racina, and Leah Laiman, built on that stability and crafted storylines of their own, temporarily helping to bringing up the program's ratings. Many head writer changes occurred after Laiman left the series in 1989 and the role would not become stable again until James E. Reilly joined the show in that role in 1993. His tenure, which lasted for four-and-a-half years and featured several supernatural-themed plotlines (which would later become the centerpiece of fellow NBC soap "Passions", when the Reilly-created series debuted in July 1999), was credited with bringing ratings up to the second place spot in the Nielsens. Other writers who succeeded him, such as Sally Sussman Morina and Tom Langan, failed to keep the ratings success, and additional head writer turnovers continued until Reilly – who would continue in his role as head writer and consulting producer of "Passions" after rejoining "Days" – returned to the series in 2003.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: Five-time Daytime Emmy winner Hogan Sheffer was named head writer with great fanfare in October 2006, but lasted less than 16 months with the show, with his last episode airing in January 2008. Former head writer Dena Higley was re-promoted to succeed Sheffer in the role, with her first episode as head of the writing staff airing on April 23, 2008; her co-head writer was Christopher Whitesell, who had joined the series following a stint as an associate head writer for "As the World Turns" and remained with "Days" until February 2011. On May 18, 2011, Dena Higley was fired, and replaced as head writer with Marlene McPherson and Darrell Ray Thomas Jr. (who had previously worked alongside James E. Reilly as script writers on "Passions").


title: Days of Our Lives

text: On April 4, 2012, it was confirmed that McPherson and Thomas were fired as co-head writers, and would be replaced by Whitesell and former "Days" script writer Gary Tomlin. Two days later, it was confirmed that former "All My Children" head writer Lorraine Broderick would join Tomlin and Whitesell as a breakdown writer on the series. On February 9, 2015, "Soap Opera Digest" confirmed that both Tomlin and Whitesell had been ousted in their roles as head writers; the magazine further confirmed that former head writer Higley would return, alongside former "The Young and the Restless" head writer Josh Griffith; the change took effect on February 16, 2015. In August 2015, reports stated that Higley would be taking a leave of absence from the show. In her place, Sony would be sending a writer from "The Young and the Restless" – later revealed to be former head writer Beth Milstein – to help Griffith with the transition.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: In February 2016, several days after the show was renewed for a 52nd season, "Soap Opera Digest" exclusively reported that Griffith had departed the show as head writer with Higley remaining; the magazine further revealed that script writer Ryan Quan had been promoted to replace Griffith. On January 23, 2017, "Soap Opera Digest" confirmed that both Higley and Quan had been let go from their positions as co-head writers, with Higley being let go from the program altogether and Quan being installed in the newly created title of creative consultant. Former "One Life to Live" and "General Hospital" head writer Ron Carlivati was named as Higley's replacement, "effective immediately"; Carlivati's first episode as head writer aired on July 19, 2017. In addition to Carlivati's appointment, it was also announced that Sheri Anderson would return to the soap, sharing the role of creative consultant with Quan. In February 2019, Carlivati announced he had signed a new deal to continue as head writer; that same month, Anderson announced her departure from the writing team. In July 2020, it was reported that Greg Meng had been let go after more than 30 years with the soap and Corday Productions.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: Episodes of "Days of Our Lives" were first made available on digital platforms in July 2003, when SoapCity, a now-defunct website owned by Sony Pictures Digital Networks, began offering same-day and archived episodes (dating back to the series' 1965 premiere) for streaming or direct download via its SoapCity Download subscription offering (available on either a monthly subscription or on a discounted pay-per-episode basis). In June 2007, episodes of the series began to be offered via iTunes.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: Under an agreement reached with Sony Pictures Television in March 2004, cable network Soapnet began airing same-day rebroadcasts of "Days of Our Lives" each weeknight at 7:00 and 11:00 p.m. (later 8:00 and 10:00 p.m. towa) Eastern and Pacific Time (with classic episodes sometimes filling the slot during NBC-predetermined preemptions), along with a (usually) five-hour-long weekend block of the past week's episodes; "Days" aired on the network until its closure in December 2013. On August 24, 2015, Pop began airing same-day rebroadcasts of the show as part of an early-prime-time soap opera repeat block that included CBS soaps "The Young and the Restless" and "The Bold and the Beautiful". (CBS's namesake parent, CBS Corporation, owns the cable channel and operated it as a joint venture with Lionsgate at the time.) Pop dropped "Days of Our Lives" from its lineup after the April 15, 2016, broadcast.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: NBC began making same-day episodes of "Days" available for streaming on the show's NBC.com subpage on August 10, 2009. The ten most recent episodes are available for viewing, with each episode being streamable for 16 days after their original airdate. Recent episodes of the series were also available on Hulu from 2008 until August 2015, when the streaming service abruptly removed "Days" from its NBC program offerings, leaving "General Hospital" as the only remaining American daytime soap among Hulu's offerings.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: For its first three years on the air, "Days of Our Lives" was near the bottom of the Nielsen ratings, and at high risk of cancellation. However, its ascent to the top was rapid; as the 1968–69 television season ended, it became an effective tool of NBC, which attempted to dethrone daytime leader CBS. By 1973, the show – pitted against CBS's popular "Guiding Light" and ABC's "The Newlywed Game" at 2:00 p.m. (ET)/1:00 p.m. (CT) – had matched the first-place soap ratings of "As the World Turns" and fellow NBC soap "Another World". Due to the success of the program, NBC expanded "Days" from a 30-minute timeslot to 60 minutes on April 21, 1975. This expansion had followed the lead of "Another World," which became the first hour-long television soap opera 3½ months earlier on January 6. Furthermore, "Days of Our Lives" new starting time of 1:30 p.m. (ET)/12:30 (CT) finally solved a scheduling problem that began in 1968 when NBC lost the rights to the game show "Let's Make a Deal" to ABC, and in its wake, eight different shows were placed into the slot ("Hidden Faces", "You're Putting Me On", "Life with Linkletter", "Words & Music", "Memory Game", "Three on a Match", "Jeopardy!", and "How to Survive a Marriage") to little to no success.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: However, this first golden period for NBC's daytime lineup proved to be short-lived, as viewership for "Days of Our Lives" began to decline in 1977. Much of this dropoff was associated with ABC's expansion of its increasingly popular soap "All My Children" to a full hour, the last half of which overlapped with the first half-hour of "Days of Our Lives" and CBS' "As The World Turns," which had also aired at 1:30 p.m. since it premiered in April 1956. By January 1979, the network, in a mode of desperation more than anything else, decided to jump headlong against "All My Children" and moved the show ahead to the same 1:00 p.m./12 Noon timeslot. In exchange to its affiliates for taking away the old half-hour access slot at 1:00/Noon, NBC gave them the 4:00 p.m./3:00 slot, the offerings of which many (if not most) of the network's stations had been preempting for years anyway. By 1986, ABC and CBS followed suit, under the intense pressure of lucrative (and cheap) syndicated programming offered to affiliates.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: By 1980, "Days of Our Lives" had displaced "Another World" as NBC's highest-rated soap. Overall, though, the entire NBC soap lineup had been experiencing trouble maintaining ratings traction against its competitors on CBS and ABC. In fact, by 1982, all of its shows were rated above only one ABC soap ("The Edge of Night") and below all four CBS soaps. The "supercouple" era of the 1980s, however, helped bring about a ratings revival, and the 1983–84 season saw "Days of Our Lives" experience a surge in ratings. It held onto its strong numbers for most of the 1980s, only to decline again by 1990, eventually falling back into eighth place. As "Another World" underwent its final ratings slump during the second half of the 1990s, many affiliates swapped the time slots of "Another World" and "Days of Our Lives", which usually aired an hour earlier.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: While individual NBC affiliates had the right to air any show whenever they wished, most of the affiliates (almost all of them, in the earlier days of television) aired the show when the feed was transmitted from the network.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: In the mid-1990s, however, the show experienced a resurgence in popularity, and the show reached number two in the ratings, where it remained for several years before experiencing another ratings decline beginning in 1999, the year that "Days of Our Lives" became NBC's longest-running daytime program (upon the cancellation of "Another World"). Throughout the 2000s (decade), "Days of Our Lives" and all the other remaining network daytime serials (four are left as of 2021) have witnessed a steady erosion of viewers, mainly due to vastly altered viewing habits induced by cable networks and alternative genres such as reality and talk shows on minor network affiliates.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: On January 17, 2007, NBC Universal Television president Jeff Zucker remarked that "Days of Our Lives" would most likely not "continue past 2009." This contributed to an immediate ratings decline for "Days of Our Lives". The show, which was averaging a 2.4 rating prior to the announcement, dropped to a 2.2 average household rating in the months after. In an April 2007 interview with "Soap Opera Digest", executive producer Ken Corday commented on the ratings decline of the previous months, "If I don't pay attention to the ratings and what the viewers are saying, I'm an ostrich. I have not seen a decline in the ratings on the show this precipitous — ever. I've never seen this much of a percentage decline."


title: Days of Our Lives

text: "Days of Our Lives" had finished the 2008–2009 television season with a substantial increase in viewers (3.0 million vs. 2.8 million) and had risen to the #3 spot behind "The Young and the Restless" and "The Bold and the Beautiful", respectively. It was the #2 daytime program behind "The Young and the Restless" in the much-coveted 18–49 demographic. During the first few months of the 2009–2010 season, "Days of Our Lives" increased its average household rating to 2.4, and averaged consistently over 3,000,000 viewers. It was only one point behind the #2 daytime drama "The Bold and the Beautiful," and beat that soap on several days during the season. In 2010, "Days of Our Lives" continued to increase viewership, reaching as high as 3.6 million viewers on several days. A substantial increase in viewership such as "Days of Our Lives" had during that time also bucked the viewership trend in daytime dramas, which had declined since the 1990s for all other daytime drama series. "Days of Our Lives" was the only daytime drama series to increase in viewers between 2008 and 2010 and had reduced its operating budget, making it a profitable asset to NBC's broadcast lineup.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: However starting in 2011, while ABC canceled both "All My Children" and "One Life to Live", "Days of Our Lives" started to lose ground significantly to the point that it sometimes occupied the last position among all soaps for both total viewership and the 18–49 women demographic. The cancellation of "All My Children" on ABC combined with the return of several cast members allowed a brief resurgence of "Days of Our Lives" in October 2011, but ratings soon declined again. In December 2011, before the cancellation of "One Life to Live", "Days of Our Lives" recorded three consecutive weeks of new lows in the 18–49 female key demographic category, and again another consecutive three weeks of low ratings in the same demographic group during March and April 2012.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: As of 2012, "Days of Our Lives" generally ranks #3 among the four remaining daytime soap operas on the air when it comes to the total number of viewers (surpassing only "General Hospital"). However, "Days of Our Lives" is lowest-rated among all soap operas for the numbers of viewers in the targeted demographic of women aged between 18 and 49 years old.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: As of 2019, most NBC stations air "Days of Our Lives" at 1:00 p.m. local time, while several stations air the program at other times in their respective markets. Since January 1993, after the cancellation of "Santa Barbara", WPXI-TV in Pittsburgh has aired "Days of Our Lives" weekdays at 3:00 p.m., while some stations such as WJAC-TV in Johnstown, Pennsylvania air the program at 2:00 p.m. Some Central Time Zone affiliates carry the program at 12:00 p.m. in tandem with NBC's Eastern Time Zone feed; one example is Green Bay, Wisconsin's WGBA-TV, which uses it as an alternative to programming what would likely be a low-rated local newscast against long-established local competition. NBC's flagship station WNBC-TV aired the program with a 12:00 p.m. ET scheduling.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: One NBC station, KSNV-DT in Las Vegas, stopped carrying the show on August 19, 2013 due to a long-term move to an all-news schedule outside of network news and primetime programming; the program moved to the market's CW affiliate KVCW, where it aired at its traditional 1:00 p.m. time slot until an ownership change saw the show return to KSNV in late December 2014 as part of a change in the all-news plans. Salt Lake City's KSL-TV moved the show to late nights at 1:05 a.m. on September 9, 2013 for unknown reasons, though it was rumored to be due to a romantic plot between gay characters Will Horton and Sonny Kiriakis; the station is owned by Bonneville International, a commercial broadcasting arm of the LDS Church.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: On August 3, 2022, it was announced that NBCUniversal would move "Days of Our Lives" exclusively to Peacock beginning September 12, 2022 after a 57-year run on NBC. The show was replaced in its timeslot by "NBC News Daily", which competes primarily with ABC's "". NBCUniversal Television and Streaming chairman Mark Lazarus stated that the move would "[enable] us to build the show’s loyal fanbase on streaming while simultaneously bolstering the network daytime offering with an urgent, live programming opportunity for partners and consumers." With the move, NBC became the first "Big Three" network to not air any daytime soap operas, leaving only three daytime soap operas (ABC's "General Hospital", and CBS's "The Bold and the Beautiful" and "The Young and the Restless") remaining on broadcast television overall.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: End of season number of metered viewers (listed as a Nielsen share in millions) and ranking (against other soap operas) from the first broadcast to the reporting week of August 24 to 28, 2015.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: In Barbados the show was very popular, though it ran several years behind the U.S. (the series began in Barbados in 1980 from the very first episode), and was aired on the island's lone television broadcaster, CBC TV 8. In 2014, the channel dropped the series.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: The series previously aired on Global in Canada; concurrent with the move to Peacock in the U.S., it moved to sister cable channel W Network starting September 12.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: In Australia, "Days of Our Lives" was initially broadcast on the Nine Network from March 25, 1968, until April 26, 2013, when the network axed the show based on a commercial decision. During its run on the Nine Network in the early 2000s, episodes ended up being nearly five years behind the United States, due to the network's coverage of cricket each summer. In an attempt to get viewers up to date with the US, Nine aired a one-hour special on September 13, 2004, titled, "Days of Our Lives: A New Day", which summarized four years of storylines and caused mixed feelings among regular viewers. This special was followed by episodes airing at the same pace as the US. However, the show ended up being behind the US again, and by April 2013, episodes were airing at a delay of 16 months. On June 17, 2013, "Days of Our Lives" resumed to Australian viewers free and on-demand through Sony's Crackle service, as well as across Crackle's web apps on mobile devices, connected TVs and game consoles. Crackle picked up where the Nine Network left off with 10 new episodes in its first week and seven new episodes every Monday thereafter. From January 20, 2014, Crackle began releasing five episodes each week.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: "Days of Our Lives" returned to Australian television on Foxtel's channel Arena in April 2014. It airs weekdays before "The Young and the Restless" at 12:00 pm AEST. In order to bring TV viewers up to date, Arena screened ten catch up episodes, each presented by "Days of Our Lives" cast members, from April 1 to 14, 2014, featuring key story lines missed during the 11-month Australian television hiatus. Then on April 15, 2014, Arena began airing episodes at the same pace as the US. Arena also re-airs the last five aired episodes shown as an omnibus catch up edition each Sunday around 7:00 am AEST.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: New Zealand has aired "Days of Our Lives" since July 7, 1975, debuting on Television New Zealand (TVNZ). Originally airing weekdays on TV One was shifted to TV2 in 1989, where it was put in a 1pm timeslot. It moved back to TV One in 2003, where it was shown at 2pm. The soap was approximately five seasons behind the NBC season due to being preempted by holiday and sporting programming. During October 2009, TVNZ announced that they were ending their exclusive contract with Sony Pictures. Despite a national petition from fans "Days of Our Lives" ended on May 19, 2010. On February 27, 2013, nearly three years the series' final broadcast on TVNZ, ChoiceTV announced their decision to pick up the series; the series began broadcasting on March 11, 2013, weekdays at 1:30pm. Broadcasting began with the series' 46th season (2011–12), meaning the show would be only 18 months behind the current NBC season in the US. Choice TV also re-airs the last five aired episodes shown as an omnibus catch up edition each Sunday, beginning at 9 AM NZST, when due to government broadcasting restrictions are shown without advertisements. By December 20, 2013, Choice TV had removed the show from their schedule for summer hiatus. However, the series resumed airing on February 10, 2014 from episode 11,880.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: From January to December 2020, "Days of Our Lives" aired in the United Kingdom on the Sony Channel with episodes from 2018. The show was pulled from schedules in December 2020 with no explanation given.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: Almost unchanged since the show's debut in November 1965, "Days of Our Lives"s title sequence shows an hourglass, with sand trickling to the bottom against the backdrop of a partly cloudy sky, accompanied by the spoken words, "Like sands through the hourglass, so are the "Days of Our Lives."" The title sequence has been modified only three times since the series first premiered:


title: Days of Our Lives

text: The hourglass sequence was also used during the show's closing credits until November 2001 (when the network replaced it with a split-screen generic credit reel to incorporate video promos for other NBC daytime and prime time programs); it was replaced thereafter with a black background in international and, later, online airings. A sunset variant of the CGI sequence (which had been used for the closing credits from 1993 to 2001) remains in use as Corday Productions' closing credit vanity card.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: From the show's debut in 1965 until March 1966, announcer Ed Prentiss spoke the aforementioned opening phrase, following it with the notation ""Days of Our Lives," a new dramatic serial starring Macdonald Carey." Carey, who had played Dr. Thomas Horton since the show's premiere, took over reading the opening epitaph in April 1966; for the following 28 years, his introductory voiceover added with "This is Macdonald Carey, and these are the "Days of Our Lives".". After Carey's death from lung cancer in April 1994, the secondary part of the introduction was removed from the sequence out of respect for Carey and his family. At intermission (between 1975 and 2011), Carey also voiced the show's mid-program bumper – which usually preceded a network promo that led into the local ad breaks during the fourth commercial break of each episode – reading, "We will return for the second half of "Days of Our Lives" in just a moment."


title: Days of Our Lives

text: The light orchestral theme music that accompanies the opening titles was composed by Charles Albertine, Tommy Boyce, and Bobby Hart, and was the first soap opera theme to be performed by an orchestral ensemble. Boyce and Hart were tasked by Ted and Betty Corday to create a theme for the show that sounded similar to "Sunrise, Sunset," which the Cordays had recently heard while seeing the Broadway version of "Fiddler on the Roof". After the Cordays approved their third submission, reminiscent of organ music Hart remembered hearing when his mother listened to radio soaps, Albertine was brought in to write the orchestration for the piece, adding a flute-and-bells broken arpeggio borrowed from his 1952 piece "Music for Barefoot Ballerinas", and a bridge section for the extended theme music. The theme has only been updated twice: in 1993, when a more conventional orchestral arrangement of the instrumental theme (arranged by musical director Steven Reinhardt) debuted with the introduction of the CGI sequence, and in May 2004, when a grander orchestration was introduced, coincident with the revelation that the characters thought to have been killed by the Salem Stalker had actually been carried off to the island of Melaswen. This version was only used in eight episodes, before reverting to the 1993 arrangement that has remained in use ever since. In June 2009, the instrumental theme was abbreviated to allow extra airtime for the episodic plot, shortening it from 32 to 17 seconds and commencing from the orchestral flourish.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: In July 2021, Peacock ordered a five-episode limited series titled "Days of Our Lives: Beyond Salem". The original cast's Lisa Rinna and Deidre Hall, among others, are scheduled to appear. Clark, Jackée Harry, Peck, Penghlis, Leann Hunley, and Davidson were also cast. The series premiered on September 6, 2021, and ran until September 10. A second chapter of five episodes was announced in April 2022, scheduled to premiere from July 11 to 15, 2022. The casting of Kristian Alfonso and Reckell were announced the same day. On June 2, 2022, it was announced that Davidson, Christopher Sean, Vince Van Patten, and Loretta Devine had also been cast.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: In November 2021, Corday Productions announced a spin-off holiday film titled "Days of Our Lives: A Very Salem Christmas" with Chandler Massey and Davidson starring. The film premiered on December 16, 2021 on Peacock. Alison Sweeney was also cast.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: "Days of Our Lives" was partially parodied in the 1994–2004 NBC sitcom "Friends", in which main character Joey Tribbiani (Matt LeBlanc) played the fictional "Days" character Dr. Drake Ramoray in a storyline that began with him being cast in the role in the Season 2 episode "The One With Russ". Incidentally, "Friends" co-lead actress Jennifer Aniston (who played Rachel Green in the series) is the daughter of John Aniston, who has portrayed Victor Kiriakis on "Days of Our Lives" since 1985. The storyline itself, however, was paradoxical as "Friends" was set in New York City (which was the taping location for fellow NBC soap "Another World"one of four soap operas that aired on the network during the sitcom's runfrom its premiere in May 1964 until that serial ended in June 1999), whereas "Days of Our Lives" is shot in Burbank, California, at what was then known as NBC Studios (located from the Warner Bros. Studios, where "Friends" was filmed). Subsequent episodes featured pseudo-"Days of Our Lives" storylines invented for the sitcom, and included some guest appearances by real-life cast members from the soap opera. (The elder Aniston was not among the "Days" cast members to appear.)


title: Days of Our Lives

text: Joey's initial "Days" stint came to an end eight episodes later in "The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies," in which his character was killed off by falling down an elevator shaft in retaliation for claiming during a "Soap Opera Digest" interview that he wrote most of his lines, angering the soap's writers. Later, in the Season 7 episode "The One With Joey's New Brain," the Drake Ramoray character was brought back to life thanks to a brain transplant from the in-universe, fictional "Days" character Jessica Lockhart (Susan Sarandon, who played Jessica's in-universe portrayer, Cecilia Monroe, in the episode). (Coincidentally, at the time of the episode, "Lockhart" had been used as the surnames of actual "Days" characters, Bonnie and Mimi, then played by Judi Evans and Farah Fath respectively.)


title: Days of Our Lives

text: Alison Sweeney (Sami Brady) appeared on "Friends" as fictional "Days" cast member Jessica Ashley (instead of her real-life series character, Sami Brady), Kristian Alfonso as Hope Brady, and Roark Critchlow as Mike Horton. In the Season 9 episode "The One With The Soap Opera Party," in which Joey hosts a "soap opera party" on the roof of his apartment building, Matthew Ashford and Kyle Lowder (who played Jack Deveraux and Brady Black on the soap at the time of the episode) make appearances as his co-stars. In the episode "Joey and the Wrong Name" from the spin-off "Joey", Joey receives a soap opera award nomination for "Best Death Scene," after his character is fatally stabbed while performing surgery.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: "Days of Our Lives" has had many high-profile fans. In 1976, "Time" magazine reported that then-Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall would call a recess to court proceedings around the 1:00 p.m. hour to watch the show.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: Actress Julia Roberts admitted at the 2002 People's Choice Awards that she was a fan of "Days of Our Lives", had asked to be seated near the cast, and upon winning her award stated, "I'm freaking out because the cast of "Days of Our Lives" is sitting behind me." In 2004, during the show's Melaswen storyline, Roberts' interest was considered notable enough that "Entertainment Weekly" quoted her saying that "the show has gotten a little wacko."


title: Days of Our Lives

text: A 1998 "Time" article mentioned that Monica Lewinsky was a passionate fan of "Days of Our Lives", so much so that she wrote a poem about the series in her high school yearbook. The article compared her whirlwind experiences in the White House to a story on the show. Best-selling novelist Brian Keene has stated in interviews that he has watched the show since 1983, and pauses from writing each day during the hour it is on.


title: Days of Our Lives

text: "Days of Our Lives" won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Writing Team in June 2012, April 2018, and June 2022. It also won the Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Drama Series in June 2013, April 2015, and April 2018.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: Stephen Craig Paddock (April 9, 1953 – October 1, 2017) was an American mass murderer who perpetrated the 2017 Las Vegas shooting. Paddock opened fire into a crowd of about 22,000 concertgoers attending a country music festival on the Las Vegas Strip, killing 60 people and injuring approximately 867 (at least 413 of whom were wounded by gunfire). Paddock killed himself in his hotel room following the shooting. The incident is the deadliest mass shooting by a lone shooter in United States history. Paddock's motive remains officially undetermined, and the possible factors are the subject of speculation.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: Paddock was a real-estate investor, property manager, accountant, amateur pilot and video poker gambler who lived in Mesquite, Nevada.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: Paddock was born in Clinton, Iowa, where his family lived at the time. He grew up in Tucson, Arizona, and the Sun Valley neighborhood of Los Angeles, as the oldest of four sons of Benjamin Paddock and Dolores Hudson. Benjamin was a bank robber who was arrested in 1960 when Stephen was seven years old. Benjamin was later convicted and escaped prison in 1969, subsequently appearing on the FBI's most-wanted list.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: According to Stephen's brother Eric, "he was never with my mom", and Stephen had "limited interaction" with Benjamin following the latter's release from prison. According to one of Paddock's ex-wives in a police interview, he had spoken about how growing up with a single mother and the family's financial instability caused him to prioritize being self-reliant and self-sustaining.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: Paddock attended Richard E. Byrd Middle School and Sun Valley High School, graduated from John H. Francis Polytechnic High School in 1971, and graduated from California State University, Northridge in 1977, with a degree in business administration.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: Paddock worked as a letter carrier for the U.S. Postal Service from 1975 to 1978. After that, he worked as an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) agent until 1984. In 1985, he worked as an auditor for the Defense Contract Audit Agency. Toward the end of the 1980s, Paddock worked for three years as an internal auditor for a company that later merged to form Lockheed Martin. He was known to have run a real-estate business with his brother Eric.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: Paddock lived in the Greater Los Angeles Area and owned personal property in Panorama City, Cerritos, and North Hollywood from the 1970s to early 2000s. He also owned two apartment buildings in Hawthorne, California. In addition, he owned an apartment complex in Mesquite, Texas, which he sold in 2012.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: Relatives said Paddock was worth at least when he sold off the real-estate business. Among his most profitable investments was an apartment complex purchased in 2004, which gave him more than $500,000 in annual income by 2011. IRS records show he made $5–6 million in profits from its sale in 2015.<ref name="Allen/Ax">


title: Stephen Paddock

text: Paddock was an avid gambler, and although the extent to which he profited from it is not clear, his reported gambling winnings might have been substantial. He was sometimes seen in high-limit rooms, but he was not well known among high-stakes gamblers in Las Vegas and was not considered a "whale" (high roller) by the casinos. His game of choice was video poker, which he had played for over 25 years. He usually gambled after dark and slept during the day; he disliked being out in the sun.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: Paddock was married and divorced twice. He was first married from 1977–1979, and for the second time from 1985–1990, both marriages in Los Angeles County, California. Family members say he stayed on good terms with his ex-wives.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: Paddock lived in Texas and California, and then in a retirement community in Melbourne, Florida, from 2013 to 2015. In 2016, he moved from Florida to another retirement home in Mesquite, Nevada. According to property records, he bought a new house in Mesquite in January 2015, and sold his two-bedroom home in Melbourne.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: Paddock lived in Mesquite with his girlfriend whom he had met several years before in Reno, Nevada.<ref name="A/D-Oct4">


title: Stephen Paddock

text: </ref> According to neighbors, they also lived together in Reno. Many Mesquite residents recalled only seeing him around town; those familiar with Paddock described him as someone who did not speak much and kept a low profile. The local gun owner community never saw him at any of the gun clubs or shooting ranges, including makeshift ones in the nearby desert.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: An Australian acquaintance said he met Paddock in the United States and in the Philippines. He described Paddock as intelligent and methodical. In his account, Paddock said he had won money by applying algorithms to gambling on machines. Paddock was conversant in gun laws and in defending his view of the Second Amendment. The acquaintance considered Paddock a generous man whenever he and his girlfriend visited him.<ref name="Robertson/Smith">


title: Stephen Paddock

text: In 2010, Paddock applied for and received a United States passport. He went on 20 cruise ship voyages, visiting several foreign ports including ones in Spain, Italy, Greece, Jordan, and the United Arab Emirates. He was accompanied by his girlfriend on nine of them. They went to the Philippines together in 2013 and 2014. During the last year of his life, they traveled on a cruise to the Middle East. Paddock had his pilot's license since at least 2004 and owned two small planes.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: Paddock's only recorded interaction with law enforcement was a minor traffic citation years before the shooting, which he settled in court.<ref name="N/P:1"></ref> According to court records, Paddock also sued the Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas in September 2012, saying he "slipped and fell on an obstruction on the floor" and was injured as a result; the lawsuit settled, and was dismissed with prejudice in October 2014.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: Paddock’s girlfriend stated that he did not talk at length about politics and did not belong to any political organizations. In addition, Paddock often complained of being sick and was sensitive to chemical smells.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: During his last months, Paddock reportedly often smelled of alcohol from early morning, and he appeared despondent. He was reported to have filled prescriptions for the anti-anxiety drug Valium in 2013, in 2016, and finally again in June 2017, the latter being four months before the shooting. The chief medical officer of the Las Vegas Recovery Center said the effects of the drug can be magnified by alcohol, as confirmed by Michael First, a clinical psychiatry professor at Columbia University.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: During an interview with local CBS affiliate KLAS-TV, Clark County Sheriff Joe Lombardo said Paddock had reportedly been losing "a significant amount of wealth" since September 2015, which led to his having "bouts of depression". According to his girlfriend, she noticed a decline of affection and intimacy towards her from Paddock, who had been romantic at first during their relationship; he attributed it to his declining health.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: Paddock's gun purchases spiked significantly between October 2016 and September 28, 2017. He purchased over 55 firearms, the majority of them rifles, according to Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. He also purchased a number of firearm-related accessories. Prior to that, he purchased approximately 29 firearms between 1982 and September 2016, mainly handguns and shotguns. His girlfriend noticed the increase of firearm-related purchases but believed his interest in guns was just a hobby.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: At his suggestion, two weeks before the attack, his girlfriend went to her native country, the Philippines. Paddock bought her a surprise airline ticket and soon after wired her $100,000 to buy a house there. Most of their communication during this time was primarily through email and text message. He was spotted in Las Vegas with another woman, reported by investigators to be a prostitute. It was later confirmed that this woman was not an accomplice nor considered a suspect, and her name has not been released. Two days prior to the shooting, Paddock was recorded by a home surveillance system driving alone to an area for target practice located near his home.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: On the night of October 1, 2017, starting at 10:05 , Paddock fired more than 1,000 rounds from his hotel room, Room 32‑135, at the Mandalay Bay Hotel and Casino, onto a large crowd of concertgoers at the Route 91 Harvest music festival on the Las Vegas Strip, ultimately killing 60 people and wounding 867 others. He then shot and killed himself.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: Paddock meticulously planned the attack. On September 25, six days before the shooting, he checked into the hotel with 10 shooting-range bags and a computer.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: On September 29, he moved into an additional suite, 32-134, connected to the first one; both rooms overlooked the festival grounds. He stayed in both in the days leading up to the shooting. After Paddock killed himself, the police found 23 rifles and one handgun inside his rooms. They included fourteen .223-caliber AR-15 type rifles, eight .308 caliber AR-10 type rifles, one .308 caliber Ruger American bolt-action rifle, and one .38 caliber Smith & Wesson model 342 revolver, all very expensive, according to a law enforcement source. His arsenal included a large quantity of ammunition in special high-capacity magazines holding up to 100 cartridges each. Some of the rifles were resting on bipods, and were equipped with high-tech telescopic sights. All fourteen AR-15-type rifles were outfitted with bump stocks that allow semiautomatic rifles to fire rapidly, simulating fully-automatic gunfire. Audio recordings of the attack indicated Paddock used these stocks to fire at the crowd in rapid succession.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: At some point during the attack on concertgoers, Paddock – who had placed a baby monitor camera on a service cart outside his room – fired about 35 rounds through his door. The shots wounded approaching hotel security guard Jesus Campos. The unarmed Campos had attempted to enter the 32nd floor first at 9:59  on an unrelated matter but he found the door to the hallway screwed shut by Paddock. At 10:05 , Paddock began firing hundreds of rounds in rapid succession at the crowd below. He initially started off with a few single gunshots before firing in prolonged bursts. He stopped shooting ten minutes later at 10:15 . It is speculated that at that time Paddock committed suicide, shooting himself through the mouth.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: According to the chronology of events established by the authorities in the following days, the first two police officers reached the 32nd floor of the hotel at 10:17 . A minute later, they were shown the location of Paddock's door. Between 10:26 and 10:30 , an additional eight LVMPD officers joined them and began clearing other suites along the 32nd floor hallway. At 10:55 , eight SWAT team members entered the 32nd floor through the second stairwell nearest to Paddock's suite. Once all the other rooms on the floor had been cleared, at 11:20  — more than an hour after the first two officers arrived and 65 minutes after Paddock had ceased firing—police breached his door with an explosive charge and entered the room. Paddock was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot to the head.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: In addition to the firearms and accessories found in Paddock's hotel room, there was a note that included handwritten calculations about where he needed to aim to maximize his accuracy. The note contained the actual distance to the target, his pinpoint own elevation and the bullet trajectory relative to the line of fire. There were also several laptops in the suite, one of which was missing a hard drive. Computer forensics discovered hundreds of images of child pornography on the laptops. Paddock’s brother, Bruce Paddock, was arrested in Los Angeles in October in an unrelated child pornography investigation (referred to as "Daniel Paddock" in other sources).


title: Stephen Paddock

text: Ammonium nitrate, often used in improvised explosive devices, was found in the trunk of his car along with 1,600 rounds of ammunition and of tannerite, a binary explosive used to make explosive targets for gun ranges. However, investigators clarified that while Paddock had "nefarious intent" with the material, he did not appear to have assembled an explosive device. An additional 19 firearms were found at his home.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: According to police, Paddock acted alone. His motive remains unknown. There has been some discussion around brain pathology initially thought to be benign as a possible contributor. Paddock's remains were sent to Stanford University to receive a more extensive analysis of his brain. The Stanford pathologists found no abnormalities present within the brain.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: Investigators believe he was obsessed with cleanliness and possibly had bipolar disorder. Although a doctor did offer him antidepressants, he only accepted anxiety medication and it was reported that he was fearful of medication and often refused to take it. The doctor also described Paddock as "odd" and showing "little emotion". Psychologists "ex post facto" have noted a distinct similarity between Paddock's demeanor and the psychological construct alexithymia, which might have modulated his decision to conduct the shooting given its association with various mass murderers throughout history.


title: Stephen Paddock

text: The Islamic State (IS) tried to claim responsibility for the shooting, claiming Paddock was Abu Abdul Barr al-Amriki, and stated that Paddock had converted to Islam six months prior to the terrorist attack, but United States law enforcement officials have given no evidence of a connection between Paddock and IS. Stephen described himself as an atheist and often said to his Catholic girlfriend "your God doesn't love me".


title: Robin Givens

text: Givens landed her breakthrough role of Darlene Merriman in the ABC sitcom "Head of the Class" in 1986, and remained on the series for its five-year duration. Her troubled marriage to boxer Mike Tyson from 1988 drew considerable media attention, as did their acrimonious divorce. She later went on to become a spokesperson for the National Domestic Violence Hotline for several years.


title: Robin Givens

text: Givens continued her career with film and television roles such as "The Women of Brewster Place" (1989) and "Boomerang" (1992). In 1996, Givens co-starred on the sitcom "Sparks", which aired for two seasons on UPN. In January 2000, she took over hosting duties on the syndicated talk show "Forgive or Forget". In 2007, Givens released her autobiography, "Grace Will Lead Me Home". She has since had recurring roles on "The Game", "Tyler Perry's House of Payne", "Chuck," "Riverdale" and its spin-off "Katy Keene", and has been part of the main cast of "Batwoman".


title: Robin Givens

text: Givens' mother raised Robin and her sister Stephanie in Mount Vernon and New Rochelle, New York. Givens was raised Catholic. She occasionally modeled and acted as a teen. As a model, she appeared in magazines such as "Seventeen" and "Mademoiselle". She made her film debut at age 14 in the film "The Wiz" (1978) as a guest at Aunt Emma's Party.


title: Robin Givens

text: Givens graduated from New Rochelle Academy (a private school which closed in June 1987). At the age of 15, she enrolled at Sarah Lawrence College as a pre-medical major, becoming one of the youngest to attend the school. While in school she acted in daytime dramas. She graduated at the age of 19 in 1984. Givens claimed to have dropped out of Harvard Medical School to focus on her acting career, but the registrar's office stated that she never applied. It was later reported that she took courses at Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.


title: Robin Givens

text: In 1985, Givens auditioned for a guest spot on "The Cosby Show". She won the spot and Bill Cosby became her mentor. He persuaded her to drop out of school and promised that if she wasn't successful in two years, he'd get her back into medical school and pay her tuition. Soon after Givens appeared in "Diff'rent Strokes" and the 1986 television film "Beverly Hills Madam", opposite Faye Dunaway. That same year, she landed her breakthrough role as rich girl Darlene Merriman on the ABC sitcom "Head of the Class". The series lasted five seasons, ending in 1991. In 1989, while starring in "Head of the Class", she appeared in "The Women of Brewster Place" with Oprah Winfrey. She later appeared in "Boomerang" (1992).


title: Robin Givens

text: In 1994, Givens posed nude for "Playboy" magazine. During that period Givens felt she had lost her voice, so one of the reasons why she posed for the magazine was so that she could write her own article. Givens was ranked No. 88 on "Empire" magazine's "100 Sexiest Stars in Film History" list in May 1995. In 1996, Givens portrayed Claudia in the television movie "The Face" (also known as "A Face to Die For") with Yasmine Bleeth. Later that year, she co-starred in the UPN sitcom "Sparks", which ended its run in 1998. She also played Denise in "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air".


title: Robin Givens

text: In January 2000, Givens appeared in a cameo in Toni Braxton's music video "He Wasn't Man Enough", as the wife of a cheating husband. She returned to the entertainment industry later that year as the host of the talk show "Forgive or Forget", replacing television personality Mother Love halfway through the show's second season. Ratings initially increased after Givens took over hosting duties, but soon fell. The series was canceled after this season.


title: Robin Givens

text: In 2006, Givens attempted a return to television on MyNetworkTV's telenovela "Saints and Sinners", but the show garnered low ratings and was soon canceled. Givens continued acting in made-for-television films while also making appearances on Trinity Broadcasting Network's "Praise the Lord" program (July 12, 2007), and "Larry King Live". In June 2007, she released her autobiography "Grace Will Lead Me Home". Givens returned to feature films in Tyler Perry's Southern drama "The Family That Preys" (2008). She also had a recurring role portraying a fictionalized version of herself on the CW comedy-drama "The Game". Additionally, she has had a recurring role on the TBS show "Tyler Perry's House of Payne", and a guest role on USA Network's "Burn Notice". In addition to television and film roles, Givens has performed onstage. In 2001, she appeared in an off-Broadway production of "The Vagina Monologues". From February to April 16, 2006, she played the role of Roxie Hart in the Broadway play "Chicago". In 2007, she toured the country playing a part in the I'm Ready Productions play "Men, Money & Golddiggers". Givens starred in the 2009 stage play "A Mother's Prayer", which also starred Johnny Gill, Shirley Murdock, and Jermaine Crawford.


title: Robin Givens

text: In 2007, Givens published a memoir entitled "Grace Will Lead Me Home". In it, she reflects on the life of her praying grandmother, Grace, her experiences of domestic violence, her strong will to survive, feeling abandoned by her father, and her faith in God. In 2011, she guest-starred in three episodes of NBC's spy-comedy "Chuck": "Chuck Versus the Masquerade", "Chuck Versus the A-Team", and "Chuck Versus the Muuurder", as Jane Bentley. Later that year, she performed as Angel, a struggling blues singer, in the play "Blues for An Alabama Sky" at Pasadena Playhouse. In 2015, she starred alongside Clifton Powell, Mishon Ratliff, and Malachi Malik in the segment "Mama's Boy" of TV One's anthology romance horror film "Fear Files".


title: Robin Givens

text: In 2017, the actress hosted the San Diego Black Film Festival as she had for the several previous years.


title: Robin Givens

text: In 2021, Givens was cast in season three of "Batwoman" as Jada Jet, the CEO of Jeturian Industries and Ryan Wilder's biological mother who is based on Jezebel Jet.


title: Robin Givens

text: In 2022, Givens appeared in the Lifetime film "He's Not Worth Dying For" as part of its "Ripped from the Headlines" feature films that was inspired by the feud of Rachel Wade and Sarah Ludemann. She portrayed Cher Heinemann, the mother of Grace Heinemann who was based on Ludemann.


title: Robin Givens

text: Givens began dating boxer Mike Tyson in 1987. According to Givens, Tyson was physically abusive before they wed on February 7, 1988. Tyson stated that he was "severely traumatized by that relationship." Tyson was then estimated to have $50 million; he and Givens did not have a prenuptial agreement. During their marriage, Givens bought a $4.3 million mansion in the affluent suburb of Bernardsville, New Jersey with money withdrawn from his brokerage account. They appeared in a Diet Pepsi commercial together and on the cover of "Life" magazine.


title: Robin Givens

text: After her miscarriage in June 1988, their marriage began to fall apart. Tyson claims Givens's pregnancy (and miscarriage) was a ruse only to rush him to the wedding altar, noting that in all the time she was supposedly pregnant Givens never gained a pound. In a joint interview with Tyson on "20/20" in September 1988, Givens told Barbara Walters that life with him was "torture, pure hell, worse than anything I could possibly imagine," and she went on to describe his volatile temper. In October 1988, Givens filed for divorce, citing spousal abuse and was granted a temporary restraining order. Her attorney Marvin Mitchelson said, "She loves Michael Tyson, but there is continued violence, and she fears for her safety." Tyson sought an annulment, accusing her of stealing millions of dollars and manipulating the public. Givens responded by filing a $125 million libel suit for defamation. Their divorce was finalized on Valentine's Day in 1989.


title: Robin Givens

text: Givens received negative press following her split from Tyson, particularly within sports and the African-American community. Headlines heralded her as "the Most Hated Woman in America" and she was described as a "gold digger who married Tyson solely for his millions." Givens denied that she received a reported divorce settlement of over $10 million from Tyson, stating that she "didn't receive one dime."


title: Robin Givens

text: According to the 1989 biography "Fire and Fear: The Inside Story of Mike Tyson", Tyson admitted he punched Givens, stating "that was the best punch I've ever thrown in my entire life." Tyson later claimed the book was "filled with inaccuracies." In 2009, Tyson joked about "socking" Givens on "Oprah", which caused laughter in the audience. Winfrey later issued an apology to Givens.


title: Robin Givens

text: In 1993 Givens adopted her first son, Michael "Buddy" Givens. In 1997, she married her tennis instructor, Svetozar Marinković. Givens filed for divorce months later. In 1999, she had a second son, William "Billy" Jensen, with ex-boyfriend, tennis player Murphy Jensen.


title: Robin Givens

text: In January 2004, Givens struck a pedestrian while driving an SUV through a Miami, Florida, intersection. Givens was ticketed for failing to use due care with a pedestrian in a crosswalk, but the charges were later dismissed. In June 2004, the injured party filed a civil lawsuit against Givens for an unspecified amount.


title: Robin Givens

text: A May 7, 2009, article in "Forbes" magazine reported that the Internal Revenue Service was suing Givens for unpaid federal income taxes totaling $292,000 ($ in present-day USD when adjusted for inflation), an amount which included interest and penalties. The government had asked a federal court in Florida for a judgment against her on 39 assessments covering a span of eight years.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: Raj Kapoor (pronunciation: ], born Shrishti Nath Kapoor; also known as Ranbir Raj Kapoor; 14 December 1924 2 June 1988) was an Indian actor, film director and producer, who worked in Hindi cinema. He is considered one of the greatest and most influential actors and filmmakers in Hindi Cinema. He is often referred to as "The Greatest Showman of Indian Cinema". He received multiple accolades, including three National Film Awards and 11 Filmfare Awards in India. The Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award is named after Kapoor. He produced two films, "Awaara" (1951) and "Boot Polish" (1954), that competed for the Palme d'Or grand prize at the Cannes Film Festival. His performance in "Awaara" was ranked as one of the "Top-Ten Greatest Performances of All Time in World Cinema" by "Time" magazine. The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1971 for his contributions to the arts. India's highest award in cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, was bestowed on him in 1987 by the Government of India.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: His movies were popular in large parts of South/Central/Southeast Asia, the former Soviet Union/Bloc, China, the Middle East, and Africa; his movies were global commercial successes. He was inspired by Charlie Chaplin and played characters based on The Tramp in films such as "Awaara" (1951) and "Shree 420" (1955). Raj Kapoor was known as the Charlie Chaplin of Indian cinema.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: Raj Kapoor was born as Shrishti Nath Kapoor on 14 December 1924 at "Kapoor Haveli," a large house then owned by his grandfather in the Qissa Khwani Bazaar neighborhood of Peshawar, British India into a Punjabi Hindu family of the Kapoor clan, who belonged to the Dhai Ghar Khatri community. His parents were Prithviraj Kapoor and Ramsarni Devi Kapoor ("née" Mehra). The Kapoor family hailed originally from Samundri, Samundri Tehsil, Lyallpur District, Punjab Province, British India. He was the eldest sibling of six children in the family. He was the grandson of Dewan Basheshwarnath Kapoor, great-grandson of Dewan Keshavmal Kapoor, and great-great-grandson of Dewan Murli Mal Kapoor, and was part of the famous Kapoor family. His brothers were the late actors Shammi Kapoor and Shashi Kapoor. He also had a sister named Urmila Sial. Two other siblings died in infancy. Kapoor's family later on moved from Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province to Bombay, Bombay Presidency for residence and for education.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: He is the nephew of actor Trilok Kapoor, who is the younger brother of his father Prithviraj Kapoor. His first cousin was actor Subbiraj who was his father's sister's son.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: His father's cousin was film producer Surinder Kapoor, whose children are producer Boney Kapoor and actors Anil Kapoor and Sanjay Kapoor. His father's maternal first cousins were actors Kamal Kapoor, Ravindra Kapoor, and Nandkishore Kapoor. Kamal Kapoor's grandson is filmmaker Goldie Behl. His maternal first cousin, Juggal Kishore Mehra, was a singer, whose step-granddaughter, Salma Agha, later became an actress and singer.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: As Prithviraj moved from city to city early in his career during the 1930s, the family had to move too. Raj Kapoor attended several different schools like Colonel Brown Cambridge School in Dera Doon, St Xavier's Collegiate School in Calcutta and Campion School in Bombay.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: At the age of ten, he appeared in a Hindi film for the first time, in 1935's "Inquilab". Raj Kapoor's big break came with the lead role in "Neel Kamal" (1947) opposite Madhubala in her first role as a leading lady. In 1948, at the age of twenty-four, he established his own studio, R. K. Films, and became the youngest film director of his time making his directorial debut with "Aag" starring himself, Nargis, Kamini Kaushal and Premnath. In 1949 he co-starred alongside Dilip Kumar and Nargis in Mehboob Khan's hit film "Andaz" which was his first major success as an actor. He had his first success as producer, director and star of "Barsaat" released later that year.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: He went on to produce and star in several hit films made under his R. K. Banner including "Awaara" (1951), Aah (1953), "Shree 420" (1955), "Jagte Raho" (1956) and "Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai" (1960), the last was directed by Radhu Karmakar, his longtime cinematographer, and which won Filmfare Award for Best Film. These films established his screen image modeled on Charlie Chaplin's most famous screen persona of The Tramp. Outside of his home productions, his other notable films as a leading actor included "Dastan" (1950), "Anhonee" (1952), "Chori Chori" (1956), "Anari" (1959), "Do Ustad" (1959), "Chhalia" (1960) and "Dil Hi To Hai" (1963). He also produced the hit social films "Boot Polish" (1954) and "Ab Dilli Door Nahin" (1957).


title: Raj Kapoor

text: In 1964, he produced, directed and starred in the romantic musical "Sangam" alongside Rajendra Kumar and Vyjayantimala which was his first film in colour. This was his last major success as a leading actor as his later films like "Dulha Dulhan" (1964), "Around the World" (1966) and "Sapnon Ka Saudagar" (1968) with younger starlets Sadhana, Rajshree and Hema Malini were box office flops. In 1965 he was a member of the jury at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: In 1970 he produced, directed and starred in his ambitious film "Mera Naam Joker" which took more than six years to complete. His son Rishi Kapoor made his debut in this film playing the younger version of his character. When released in 1970, it was a box office disaster and put Kapoor and his family into a financial crisis. In later years it was acknowledged as a cult classic. In 1971, he launched his eldest son Randhir Kapoor in the family drama "Kal Aaj Aur Kal" starring himself, his son Randhir, his father Prithviraj Kapoor as well as Randhir's to-be wife Babita. He launched his second son Rishi Kapoor's career in 1973 when he produced and directed "Bobby" which was a huge box office success and introduced actress Dimple Kapadia, later a very popular actress; it was the first of a new generation of teen romances. Dimple wore bikinis which was quite unique for Indian films then. In 1975 he acted alongside his son Randhir again in "Dharam Karam", which Randhir also directed.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: In the latter half of the 1970s and early 1980s he produced and directed films that focused on the female protagonists: "Satyam Shivam Sundaram" (1978) with Zeenat Aman, "Prem Rog" (1982) with Padmini Kolhapure and "Ram Teri Ganga Maili" (1985) which introduced Mandakini. He acted in fewer films by the late 1970s and early 1980s but played a notable supporting role alongside Rajesh Khanna in "Naukri" (1978) and as the titular character alongside Sanjay Khan in "Abdullah" (1980). He played a detective in two comedy films: "Do Jasoos" (1975) and "Gopichand Jasoos" (1982), both directed by Naresh Kumar (brother of Rajendra Kumar). In 1979 he was a member of the jury at the 11th Moscow International Film Festival. Raj Kapoor's last major film appearance was in "Vakil Babu" (1982) where he appeared with his younger brother Shashi. A film he had shot and completed in 1982 titled "Chor Mandali" in which he appeared opposite fellow veteran actor Ashok Kumar remained unreleased due to a legal dispute. His last acting role was a cameo appearance in a 1984 released British made-for-television film titled "Kim".


title: Raj Kapoor

text: He was set to direct "Henna" starring his son Rishi and Pakistani actress Zeba Bakhtiar before his death in 1988. His son Randhir directed the film and it released in 1991.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: On 12 May 1945, Raj Kapoor married Krishna Malhotra (1931-2018), who was his father's first cousin (commonly known as his first cousin once removed). Her father was a brother of Raj Kapoor's paternal grandmother, and she was thus a first cousin of Raj Kapoor's father Prithviraj Kapoor. It was a match arranged by their families in the usual Indian way, and it lasted all their lives. The news of Raj Kapoor's marriage was reported in the cine-magazine "Filmindia" June 1946 issue as, "Raj Kapoor, the talented and versatile son of Prithviraj Kapoor ended his career of wild oats by marrying Miss Krishna Malhotra in the second week of May at Rewa, Madhya Pradesh". Krishna was one of nine siblings, and following her marriage, many of them joined the Hindi film industry. Her brothers, Rajendra Nath, Prem Nath and Narendra Nath, later became actors, and her sister Uma is married to actor Prem Chopra.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: Raj and Krishna Kapoor had five children: three sons, actors Randhir Kapoor (1947-), Rishi Kapoor (1952-2020) and Rajiv Kapoor (1962-2021), and two daughters, Ritu Nanda (1949-2020) and Rima Jain (1955-). Randhir is married to former actress Babita and is the father of actresses Karishma Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor. Rishi was married to former actress Neetu Singh until his death and is father of two children, a daughter Riddhima, and a son, actor Ranbir Kapoor. Raj Kapoor's elder daughter, Ritu Nanda, was married until their deaths to industrialist Rajan Nanda (scion of the family which promoted and controls the Escorts group), and she was the mother of two children. Her son, Nikhil Nanda, is married to Shweta, daughter of actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan. Raj Kapoor's younger daughter, Rima Jain, is married to investment banker Manoj Jain and is the mother of aspiring actors Armaan Jain and Aadar Jain.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: Both of Kapoor's brothers, all three of Kapoor's sons, two of Kapoor's daughters-in-law and three of Kapoor's grandchildren have been active at various times in the film industry. His granddaughters Karisma Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor (daughters of Kapoor's eldest son Randhir), and grandson Ranbir Kapoor (son of Kapoor's second son Rishi) are the latest Bollywood stars from the Kapoor family, while another of his grandsons, Nikhil Nanda (Kapoor's daughter Ritu's son), is a noted industrialist.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: Kapoor had a longtime romantic relationship with renowned actress Nargis Dutt during the 1940s and 1950s, despite being a married man, although neither ever publicly admitted to this. The couple starred in several films together, including "Awaara" and "Shree 420". As Raj would not leave his wife and children, Nargis ended their relationship after "Chori Chori" and married Sunil Dutt with whom she fell in love on the set of "Mother India" (1957). Kapoor is also said to have had an affair with top 1960s actress Vyjayantimala during the shooting of "Sangam". Vyjayanthimala has denied that she was ever involved with Kapoor. She deemed the whole thing a publicity stunt by Kapoor to promote his film. Kapoor has also been linked with the southern actress Padmini. In 2017, his second son Rishi confirmed his father's affairs in his autobiography "Khullam Khulla".


title: Raj Kapoor

text: In January 2020, Kapoor's eldest daughter Ritu died. His second son Rishi died in April the same year. His youngest son Rajiv died in February 2021.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: Dilip Kumar, Mukesh, Dev Anand, Pran, Rajendra Kumar, Manna Dey, Shankar Jaikishan, Hrishikesh Mukherjee, Khwaja Ahmad Abbas and Rajesh Khanna were among Kapoor's closest friends from the movie industry.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: Raj Kapoor suffered from asthma in his later years; he died of complications related to the disease in 1988 at the age of 63. He collapsed at the event where he was to receive the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in New Delhi, and was taken to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi for treatment. He was hospitalised for about a month before he succumbed to complications arising from his asthma. At the time of his death, he was working on the movie "Henna" (an Indo-Pakistan based love story). The film was later completed by his sons Randhir Kapoor and Rishi Kapoor and was released in 1991.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: His and his parents' Samadhi (memorial) is at their family farm ""Rajbaugh"", which means the ""gardens of king"". Located inside the MIT Art Design and Technology University (MIT ADTU), Rajbaugh lies on the banks of Mula-Mutha River in Loni Kalbhor village 30 km east of Pune in Maharashtra. Kapoor family sold part of 125 acres Rajbaugh to MIT ADTU which built a memorial for the Kapoor family on its campus. Memorial was unveiled in 2014 in the presence of Lata Mangeshkar and Kapoor clan. Kapoor family memorial has 7 pagodas showing elements of Raj Kapoor's movies, a museum or viewing gallery which showcases family photographs and moments from his movie making from 1945 to 1990. Raj Kapoor shot many of his films at this farm, including "Satyam Shivam Sundaram", "Mera Naam Joker", "Bobby", and "Prem Rog". The family Banglow inside the farm has been preserved; the popular song "Hum Tum Ek Kamre Mein Band Ho" was shot inside this banglow.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: Raj Kapoor is often referred as "The Greatest Showman of Indian Cinema" in the Indian media. Film historians and movie buffs speak of him as the "Charlie Chaplin of Indian cinema", since he often portrayed a tramp-like figure, who, despite adversity, was still cheerful and honest. His movies were popular in large parts of South/Central/Southeast Asia, the former Soviet Union/Bloc, China, the Middle East, and Africa; his movies were global commercial successes.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: Siddharth Kak made, "Raj Kapoor", a feature film documentary on the actor in 1987 which was produced by the Government of India's Films Division.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: A postage stamp, bearing his face, was released by India Post to honour him on 14 December 2001. To honour him, a brass statue of his was unveiled at Walk of the Stars at Bandra Bandstand in Mumbai in March 2012.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: Many of Raj Kapoor's movies had a patriotic theme. His films "Aag", "Shree 420" and "Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai" (In the country where the Ganges flows) celebrated the newly independent India, and encouraged film-goers to be patriots. Raj Kapoor commissioned these famous lyrics for "Mera Joota Hai Japani", a song from the movie "Shree 420":


title: Raj Kapoor

text: The song is still extremely popular and has been featured in a number of movies since "Shree 420" was released. Indian author Mahasweta Devi stopped the show with her inaugural speech at the 2006 Frankfurt Book Fair when she used these lyrics to express her own heartfelt patriotism and debt to her country.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: Raj Kapoor was a canny judge of filmi music and lyrics. Many of the songs he commissioned are evergreen hits. He introduced the music directors Shankar–Jaikishan and the lyricists Hasrat Jaipuri and Shailendra. He is also remembered for his strong sense of visual style. He used striking visual compositions, elaborate sets, and dramatic lighting to complete the mood set by the music. He introduced the actresses Nimmi, Dimple Kapadia, and Mandakini, as well as launching and reviving the careers of his sons Rishi, Randhir and Rajiv. Famous for making his actresses reveal the body, not very common then in Indian cinema, it was said his 'show-womanship' matched his showmanship.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: Raj Kapoor's "Shree 420" (1955) movie's Hindi song "Mera Joota Hai Japani" ("My Shoes are Japanese") was used in opening sequence of 20th Century Studios 2016 movie Deadpool, starring Ryan Reynolds.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: The 1967 "Song about Yogis" () by Vladimir Vysotsky mentions Raj Kapoor as one of the three best-known symbols of Indian culture in the Soviet Union, along with Shiva and yoga.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: Kapoor had received many awards throughout his career, including 3 National Film Awards, 11 Filmfare Awards and 21 nominations. His films "Awaara" (1951) and "Boot Polish" (1954) were nominated for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. His acting in the former was rated as one of the "Top Ten Performances of All Time in World Cinema" by Time magazine. His film "Jagte Raho" (1956) also won the Crystal Globe award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1971 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1987 – the highest award for cinematic excellence in India. In 2001, he was honoured with "Best Director of the Millennium" by Stardust Awards. He was named "Showman of the Millennium" by Star Screen Awards in 2002.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: In June 2011, Noah Cowan, artistic director of TIFF Bell Lightbox, and Sabbas Joseph, Director, Wizcraft along with members of the Kapoor family came together to pay tribute to the life and work of Indian actor, director, mogul and legend Raj Kapoor, as presented in partnership by TIFF (Toronto International Film Festival), the International Indian Film Academy (IIFA), and the Government of Ontario. In 2011, it was announced that Kapoor will be inducted into the Brampton Walk of Fame in Ontario, Canada.


title: Raj Kapoor

text: Shankar–Jaikishan were Raj Kapoor's music directors of choice. He worked with them in 20 films in all including 10 of his own films from "Barsaat" until "Kal Aaj Aur Kal". ("Jagte Raho" with Salil Chowdhury and "Ab Dilli Dur Nahin" being two exceptions in this period). Only after Jaikishan died, did he turn to a different music director – Laxmikant–Pyarelal for "Bobby", "Satyam Shivam Sundaram" and "Prem Rog" (later on, his children used Laxmikant-Pyarelal for "Prem Granth" as well), Rahul Dev Burman for "Dharam Karam", and Ravindra Jain for ("Ram Teri Ganga Maili" and "Henna"). Raj Kapoor acted in a movie with music by Madan Mohan only once (twice), i.e. "Dhoon" (1953) & Ashiana (1952), which featured duet "Hum Pyaar Karenge" by Hemant Kumar and Lata Mangeshkar, the only instance of Hemant Kumar giving playback to Raj Kapoor, and did only one movie with O. P. Nayyar ("Do Ustad").


title: Raj Kapoor

text: Mukesh was Raj Kapoor's almost exclusive singing voice in almost all of his films. Also, when Mukesh died, Raj had said, "Main ne apni aawaaz ko kho diya..." (I have lost my voice...). However Manna Dey has also sung many notable and super-hit songs for Raj Kapoor, for instance in "Shree 420" and "Chori Chori". Examples of such Manna songs are best illustrated by the following list:


title: Operation Mincemeat (film)

text: Operation Mincemeat is a 2021 British war drama film directed by John Madden. It is based upon Ben Macintyre's book on the British Operation Mincemeat during the Second World War. The film stars Colin Firth, Kelly Macdonald, Matthew Macfadyen, Penelope Wilton, Johnny Flynn and Jason Isaacs. This was Paul Ritter's final film appearance, and was dedicated to his memory.


title: Operation Mincemeat (film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the 2021 British Film Festival in Australia, and was released in the United Kingdom on 15 April 2022 by Warner Bros. Pictures. It was released on Netflix in North American and South American countries on 11 May 2022.


title: Operation Mincemeat (film)

text: In 1943, the United Kingdom is deeply entrenched in World War II. Lieutenant Commander Ewen Montagu, a Jewish lawyer, remains in England while his wife, Iris, and children travel to safety in the United States. Montagu takes a hiatus from practising law when he is appointed to the Twenty Committee. His loyal secretary, Hester Leggett, comes with him.


title: Operation Mincemeat (film)

text: Winston Churchill has promised the United States that the Allies will invade Sicily by July of that year in order to push northward into Europe. However, Sicily is considered an obvious target and may be defended by the Wehrmacht. Admiral Godfrey informs the Twenty Committee that Britain must trick Nazi Germany into believing the Allies will invade Greece. Charles Cholmondeley proposes an operation from the Trout Memo, which would entail a corpse carrying false secrets and washing ashore. Despite Godfrey's doubts, he gives Montagu and Cholmondeley permission to plan the operation with Lieutenant Commander Ian Fleming.


title: Operation Mincemeat (film)

text: Operation Mincemeat sets up an office. As planning gets underway, Montagu and Cholmondeley obtain the body of a vagrant named Glyndwr Michael, who died by possible suicidal poisoning. The team gives him the false identity of Major William Martin, Royal Marines, complete with a detailed backstory, ID photos, and an engagement. A widowed secretary in the office, Jean Leslie, offers a photo of herself to serve as the fake fiancée. Cholmondeley has a crush on Jean, but soon realises that Montagu and Jean have romantic feelings for one another. This causes Cholmondeley to grow jealous and occasionally lash out at Montagu.


title: Operation Mincemeat (film)

text: Godfrey suspects Montagu's brother, Ivor, is a spy for Russia. He bribes Cholmondeley to spy on Montagu and, in return, Godfrey will locate and return the remains of Cholmondeley's brother, who was killed in action in Chittagong, Bengal. Cholmondeley reluctantly agrees.


title: Operation Mincemeat (film)

text: Specialist MI5 driver St John "Jock" Horsfall transports Montagu, Cholmondeley, and the corpse to the R.N. Submarine Base in Holy Loch. The corpse is then loaded onto the submarine HMS "Seraph", under the command of Lt. Bill Jewell. On the morning of 30 April, the "Seraph" arrives in the Gulf of Cádiz and drops the corpse into the ocean. It is found by fishermen in Huelva, Spain. Operation Mincemeat attempts to get the fake documents to Madrid. However, the mission is hampered by bad luck, as the Spanish have resisted Nazi corruption better than expected. Captain David Ainsworth, the British naval attaché in Madrid, meets with Colonel Cerruti of the Spanish secret police in one last attempt to get the papers to the Nazis. When Martin's personal things are returned to London, a specialist at Q Branch figures out that the documents were tampered with. This gives Operation Mincemeat hope that Germany retrieved the false information.


title: Operation Mincemeat (film)

text: Jean is ambushed and threatened by Teddy, a man claiming to be a spy for an anti-Hitler plot within Germany. She tells him that Major Martin was travelling under an alias but the classified information was genuine. After Teddy leaves, Jean informs Montagu and Cholmondeley. They come to believe that Colonel Alexis von Roenne, who controls intelligence in the Nazi High Command, sent Teddy to verify information so Von Roenne could undermine Hitler. However, they have no way of being completely sure. Montagu takes Jean to his home for protection, but she accepts a job in Special Operations and soon leaves London.


title: Operation Mincemeat (film)

text: On 10 July, the invasion of Sicily commences. The news arrives that the Allied Forces suffered limited casualties, the enemy is retreating, and the beaches have been held. Afterwards, Cholmondeley admits he received his brother's remains in return for spying on Montagu. Feeling sympathetic and relieved that Operation Mincemeat was a success, Montagu offers to buy Cholmondeley a drink even though it's eight in the morning.


title: Operation Mincemeat (film)

text: The epilogue explains that Montagu reunited with Iris after the war, Jean married a soldier, Hester continued as Director of the Admiralty Secretarial Unit, and Cholmondeley remained with MI5 until 1952, later married, and travelled widely. Major William Martin's identity was revealed to be Glyndwr Michael in 1997 when an epitaph, with his real name, was added to Martin's headstone in Spain.


title: Operation Mincemeat (film)

text: In addition, other notable historical figures are briefly included in the film, with Alexander Beyer as Karl Kuhlenthal, Nico Birnbaum as Colonel Alexis von Roenne and Pep Tosar as Admiral Moreno.


title: Operation Mincemeat (film)

text: It was announced in May 2019 that the film would be directed by John Madden, and Colin Firth would star. Kelly Macdonald joined the film in October. In December, Matthew Macfadyen, Penelope Wilton, Johnny Flynn, Tom Wilkinson, Hattie Morahan, Simon Russell Beale, Paul Ritter and Mark Gatiss were added to the cast. Jason Isaacs was announced as part of the cast in March 2020.


title: Operation Mincemeat (film)

text: Filming locations include a battle scene at Saunton Beach in North Devon in February 2020 and a scene in Málaga in March 2021.


title: Operation Mincemeat (film)

text: Although the main thrust of the film is historically accurate, the filmmakers made some omissions and additions that were not in MacIntyre's book, including:


title: Operation Mincemeat (film)

text: In February 2021, Warner Bros. International acquired the "Operation Mincemeat" distribution rights in the UK. The film had its world premiere at the 2021 British Film Festival in Australia, and was released in cinemas on 15 April 2022. Netflix purchased the rights to the film in North America and South America, and it was released on the streaming service in those territories on 11 May 2022.


title: Operation Mincemeat (film)

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 84% of 112 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "If its fact-based story proves more fascinatingly outlandish than it's presented here, "Operation Mincemeat" remains an engaging and well-acted wartime drama." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 65 out of 100 based on 27 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein ( ; born Dianne Emiel Goldman; June 22, 1933) is an American politician who serves as the senior United States senator from California, a seat she has held since 1992. A member of the Democratic Party, she was mayor of San Francisco from 1978 to 1988.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: Born in San Francisco, Feinstein graduated from Stanford University in 1955. In the 1960s, she worked in local government in San Francisco. Feinstein was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1969. She served as the board's first female president in 1978, during which time the assassinations of Mayor George Moscone and City Supervisor Harvey Milk by Dan White drew national attention. Feinstein succeeded Moscone as mayor and became the first woman to serve in that position. During her tenure, she led the renovation of the city's cable car system and oversaw the 1984 Democratic National Convention. Despite a failed recall attempt in 1983, Feinstein was a very popular mayor and was named the most effective mayor in the country by "City & State" in 1987.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: After losing a race for governor in 1990, Feinstein won a 1992 special election to the U.S. Senate. The special election was triggered by the resignation of Pete Wilson, who defeated her in the 1990 gubernatorial election. Despite being elected on the same ballot as her peer Barbara Boxer, Feinstein became California's first female U.S. senator, as she was elected in a special election and sworn in before Boxer. She became the state's senior senator when Alan Cranston retired in January 1993. Feinstein has been reelected five times and in the 2012 election received 7.86 million votes, the most popular votes in any U.S. Senate election in history.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: Feinstein authored the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban, which expired in 2004. She introduced a new assault weapons bill in 2013 that failed to pass. Feinstein is the first woman to have chaired the Senate Rules Committee and the Senate Intelligence Committee, and the first woman to have presided over a U.S. presidential inauguration. She was the ranking member of the Senate Judiciary Committee from 2017 to 2021 and had chaired the International Narcotics Control Caucus from 2009 to 2015.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: At , Feinstein is the oldest sitting U.S. senator and member of Congress. In March 2021, Feinstein became the longest-serving U.S. senator from California, surpassing Hiram Johnson. Upon the death of Don Young, she became the oldest sitting member of Congress. Upon Barbara Mikulski's retirement in January 2017, Feinstein became the longest-tenured female senator currently serving; on November 5, 2022, Feinstein surpassed Mikulski's record as the longest-tenured female senator. With the retirement of Patrick Leahy, Feinstein is expected to become the senior Democrat in the Senate on January 3, 2023. By tradition (as the Democrats will maintain their majority in the Senate) this made Feinstein eligible for Senate president pro tempore, but she declined the position, which will likely go to Patty Murray instead.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: In January 2021, Feinstein filed the initial Federal Election Commission paperwork needed to seek reelection in 2024, when she will be 91. Her staff later clarified that this was due to election law technicalities, and did not indicate her intentions in 2024. Because of her age and reports of mental decline, Feinstein has been a frequent subject of discussion regarding her mental acuity and fitness to serve.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: Feinstein was born Dianne Emiel Goldman in San Francisco to Leon Goldman, a surgeon, and his wife Betty (née Rosenburg), a former model. Her paternal grandparents were Jewish immigrants from Poland. Her maternal grandparents, the Rosenburgs, were from Saint Petersburg, Russia. While they were of German-Jewish ancestry, they practiced the Russian Orthodox (Christian) faith, as was required for Jews in Saint Petersburg. Christianity was passed down to Feinstein's mother, who insisted on her transferral from a Jewish day school to a prestigious local Catholic school, but Feinstein lists her religion as Judaism. She graduated from Convent of the Sacred Heart High School in 1951 and from Stanford University in 1955 with a Bachelor of Arts in history.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: According to multiple sources, Feinstein's mother was abusive. Feinstein's sister, Yvonne Banks, said their mother had unpredictable moods. Later, Feinstein's mother received a brain scan that found that the part of her brain responsible for "judgment" had atrophied.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: Feinstein was a fellow at the Coro Foundation in San Francisco from 1955 to 1956. Governor Pat Brown appointed her to the California Women's Parole Board in 1960. She served on the board until 1966.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: Feinstein was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1969. She remained on the board for nine years.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: During her tenure on the Board of Supervisors, she unsuccessfully ran for mayor of San Francisco twice, in 1971 against Mayor Joseph Alioto, and in 1975, when she lost the contest for a runoff slot (against George Moscone) by one percentage point to Supervisor John Barbagelata.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: Because of her position, Feinstein became a target of the New World Liberation Front, an anti-capitalist terrorist group that carried out bombings in California in the 1970s. In 1976 the NWLF placed a bomb on the windowsill of her home that failed to explode. The group later shot out the windows of a beach house she owned.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: Feinstein was elected president of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1978 with initial opposition from Quentin L. Kopp.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: On November 27, 1978, Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk were assassinated by former supervisor Dan White. Feinstein became acting mayor as she was president of the Board of Supervisors. Supervisors John Molinari, Ella Hill Hutch, Ron Pelosi, Robert Gonzales, and Gordon Lau endorsed Feinstein for an appointment as mayor by the Board of Supervisors. Gonzales initially ran to be appointed by the Board of Supervisors as mayor, but dropped out. The Board of Supervisors voted six to two to appoint Feinstein as mayor. She was inaugurated by Chief Justice Rose Bird of the Supreme Court of California on December 4, 1978, becoming San Francisco's first female mayor. Molinari was selected to replace Feinstein as president of the Board of Supervisors by a vote of eight to two.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: One of Feinstein's first challenges as mayor was the state of the San Francisco cable car system, which was shut down for emergency repairs in 1979; an engineering study concluded that it needed comprehensive rebuilding at a cost of $60 million. Feinstein helped win federal funding for the bulk of the work. The system closed for rebuilding in 1982 and it was completed just in time for the 1984 Democratic National Convention. Feinstein also oversaw policies to increase the number of high-rise buildings in San Francisco.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: Feinstein was seen as a relatively moderate Democrat in one of the country's most liberal cities. As a supervisor, she was considered part of the centrist bloc that included White and generally opposed Moscone. As mayor, Feinstein angered the city's large gay community by vetoing domestic partner legislation in 1982. In the 1980 presidential election, while a majority of Bay Area Democrats continued to support Senator Ted Kennedy's primary challenge to President Jimmy Carter even after it was clear Kennedy could not win, Feinstein strongly supported the Carter–Mondale ticket. She was given a high-profile speaking role on the opening night of the August Democratic National Convention, urging delegates to reject the Kennedy delegates' proposal to "open" the convention, thereby allowing delegates to ignore their states' popular vote, a proposal that was soundly defeated.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: In the run-up to the 1984 Democratic National Convention, there was considerable media and public speculation that Mondale might pick Feinstein as his running mate. He chose Geraldine Ferraro instead. Also in 1984, Feinstein proposed banning handguns in San Francisco, and became subject to a recall attempt organized by the White Panther Party. She won the recall election and finished her second term as mayor on January 8, 1988.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: Feinstein revealed sensitive details about the hunt for serial killer Richard Ramirez at a 1985 press conference, antagonizing detectives by publicizing details of his crimes known only to law enforcement, and thus jeopardizing their investigation.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: "City & State" magazine named Feinstein the nation's "Most Effective Mayor" in 1987. She served on the Trilateral Commission during the 1980s.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: Feinstein made an unsuccessful bid for governor of California in 1990. She won the Democratic Party's nomination, but lost the general election to Republican Senator Pete Wilson, who resigned from the Senate to assume the governorship. In 1992, Feinstein was fined $190,000 for failure to properly report campaign contributions and expenditures in that campaign.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: Feinstein won the November 3, 1992, special election to fill the Senate seat vacated a year earlier when Wilson resigned to take office as governor. In the primary, she had defeated California State Controller Gray Davis.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: The special election was held at the same time as the general election for U.S. president and other offices. Barbara Boxer was elected at the same time to the Senate seat being vacated by Alan Cranston. Because Feinstein was elected to an unexpired term, she became a senator as soon as the election was certified in November, while Boxer did not take office until the expiration of Cranston's term in January; thus Feinstein became California's senior senator, even though she was elected at the same time as Boxer and Boxer had previous congressional service. Feinstein also became the first female Jewish senator in the United States, though Boxer is also Jewish. Feinstein and Boxer were also the first female pair of U.S. senators to represent any state at the same time. Feinstein was reelected in 1994, 2000, 2006, 2012, and 2018. In 2012, she set the record for the most popular votes in any U.S. Senate election in history, with 7.75 million, making her the first Senate candidate to get 7 million votes in an election. The record was previously held by Boxer, who received 6.96 million votes in her 2004 reelection; and before that by Feinstein in 2000 and 1992, when she became the first Democrat to get more than 5 million votes in a Senate race.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: In October 2017, Feinstein declared her intention to run for reelection in 2018. She lost the endorsement of the California Democratic Party's executive board, which opted to support State Senator Kevin de León, but finished first in the state's "jungle primary" and was reelected in the November 6 general election.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: At , Feinstein is the oldest sitting U.S. senator. On March 28, 2021, Feinstein became the longest-serving U.S. senator from California, surpassing Hiram Johnson. Upon Barbara Mikulski's retirement in January 2017, Feinstein became the longest-tenured female U.S. senator currently serving. On November 5, 2022, she also became the longest-serving woman in U.S. Senate history.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: In January 2021, Feinstein filed the initial Federal Election Commission paperwork needed to seek reelection in 2024, when she will be 91.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: Feinstein is the first and only woman to have chaired the Senate Rules Committee (2007–09) and the Select Committee on Intelligence (2009–15).


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: According to the "Los Angeles Times", Feinstein emphasized her centrism when she first ran for statewide offices in the 1990s, at a time when California was more conservative. Over time, she has moved left of center as California became one of the most Democratic states, although she has never joined the ranks of progressives, and was once a member of the Senate's moderate, now-defunct Senate New Democrat Coalition.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: In 2017, she criticized the banning of transgender enlistments in the military under the Trump administration.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: Feinstein has supported the Affordable Care Act, repeatedly voting to defeat initiatives aimed against it. She has voted to regulate tobacco as a drug; expand the Children's Health Insurance Program; override the president's veto of adding 2 to 4 million children to SCHIP eligibility; increase Medicaid rebate for producing generic drugs; negotiate bulk purchases for Medicare prescription drugs; allow re-importation of prescription drugs from Canada; allow patients to sue HMOs and collect punitive damages; cover prescription drugs under Medicare, and means-test Medicare. She has voted against the Paul Ryan Budget's Medicare choice, tax and spending cuts; and allowing tribal Indians to opt out of federal healthcare. Feinstein's Congressional voting record was rated as 88% by the American Public Health Association (APHA), the figure ostensibly reflecting the percentage of time the representative voted the organization's preferred position.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: At an April 2017 town hall meeting in San Francisco, Feinstein said, "[i]f single-payer health care is going to mean the complete takeover by the government of all health care, I am not there." During a news conference at the University of California, San Diego in July 2017, she estimated that Democratic opposition would prove sufficient to defeat Republican attempts to repeal the ACA. Feinstein wrote in an August 2017 op-ed that Trump could secure health care reform if he compromised with Democrats: "We now know that such a closed process on a major issue like health care doesn't work. The only path forward is a transparent process that allows every senator to bring their ideas to the table."


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: When "Roe v. Wade" was overturned in June 2022, Feinstein said it was a "dark day for our country" and that the decision "is an outrage for the women of this nation and will have catastrophic consequences for generations."


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: When Feinstein first ran for statewide office in 1990, she favored capital punishment. In 2004, she called for the death penalty in the case of San Francisco police officer Isaac Espinoza, who was killed while on duty. By 2018, she opposed capital punishment.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: Feinstein achieved a score of 100% from the League of Conservation Voters in 2017. Her lifetime average score is 90%.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: Feinstein co-sponsored (with Oklahoma Republican Tom Coburn) an amendment through the Senate to the Economic Development Revitalization Act of 2011 that eliminated the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit. The Senate passed the amendment on June 16, 2011. Introduced in 2004, the subsidy provided a 45-cent-per-gallon credit on pure ethanol, and a 54-cent-per-gallon tariff on imported ethanol. These subsidies had resulted in an annual expenditure of $6 billion.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: In February 2019, when youth associated with the Sunrise Movement confronted Feinstein about why she does not support the Green New Deal, she told them "there’s no way to pay for it" and that it could not pass a Republican-controlled Senate. In a tweet following the confrontation, Feinstein said that she remains committed "to enact real, meaningful climate change legislation."


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: In September 2005, Feinstein was one of five Democratic senators on the Senate Judiciary Committee to vote against Supreme Court nominee John Roberts, saying that Roberts had "failed to state his positions on such social controversies as abortion and the right to die".


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: Feinstein stated that she would vote against Supreme Court nominee Samuel Alito in January 2006, though she expressed disapproval of a filibuster: "When it comes to filibustering a Supreme Court appointment, you really have to have something out there, whether it's gross moral turpitude or something that comes to the surface. This is a man I might disagree with, [but] that doesn't mean he shouldn't be on the court."


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: On July 12, 2009, Feinstein stated her belief that the Senate would confirm Supreme Court nominee Sonia Sotomayor, praising her for her experience and for overcoming "adversity and disadvantage".


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: After President Obama nominated Merrick Garland to the Supreme Court in March 2016, Feinstein met with Garland on April 6 and later called on Republicans to do "this institution the credit of sitting down and meeting with him".


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: In February 2017, Feinstein requested that Supreme Court nominee Neil Gorsuch provide information on cases in which he had assisted with decision-making regarding either litigation or craft strategy. In mid-March, she sent Gorsuch a letter stating her request had not been met. Feinstein formally announced her opposition to his nomination on April 3, citing Gorsuch's "record at the Department of Justice, his tenure on the bench, his appearance before the Senate and his written questions for the record".


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: Following the nomination of Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court of the United States, Feinstein received a July 30, 2018, letter from Christine Blasey Ford in which Ford accused Kavanaugh of having sexually assaulted her in the 1980s. Ford requested that her allegation be kept confidential. Feinstein did not refer the allegation to the FBI until September 14, 2018, after the Senate Judiciary Committee had completed its hearings on Kavanaugh's nomination and "after leaks to the media about [the Ford allegation] had reached a 'fever pitch'". Feinstein faced "sharp scrutiny" for her decision to keep quiet about the Ford allegation for several weeks; she responded that she kept the letter and Ford's identity confidential because Ford had requested it. After an additional hearing and a supplemental FBI investigation, Kavanaugh was confirmed to the Supreme Court on October 6, 2018.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: Feinstein announced she would step down from her position on the Judiciary Committee after pressure from progressives due to her performance at the Supreme Court nomination hearings of Justice Amy Coney Barrett in October 2020. Articles in "The New Yorker" and "The New York Times" cited unnamed Democratic senators and aides expressing concern over her advancing age and ability to lead the committee.


title: Dianne Feinstein

text: In September 2016, Feinstein backed the Obama administration's plan to sell more than $1.15 billion worth of weapons to Saudi Arabia.