title: Database

text: Database security deals with all various aspects of protecting the database content, its owners, and its users. It ranges from protection from intentional unauthorized database uses to unintentional database accesses by unauthorized entities (e.g., a person or a computer program).


title: Database

text: Database access control deals with controlling who (a person or a certain computer program) are allowed to access what information in the database. The information may comprise specific database objects (e.g., record types, specific records, data structures), certain computations over certain objects (e.g., query types, or specific queries), or using specific access paths to the former (e.g., using specific indexes or other data structures to access information). Database access controls are set by special authorized (by the database owner) personnel that uses dedicated protected security DBMS interfaces.


title: Database

text: This may be managed directly on an individual basis, or by the assignment of individuals and privileges to groups, or (in the most elaborate models) through the assignment of individuals and groups to roles which are then granted entitlements. Data security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or subsets of it called "subschemas". For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data. If the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database, as well as interrogate it, this capability allows for managing personal databases.


title: Database

text: Data security in general deals with protecting specific chunks of data, both physically (i.e., from corruption, or destruction, or removal; e.g., see physical security), or the interpretation of them, or parts of them to meaningful information (e.g., by looking at the strings of bits that they comprise, concluding specific valid credit-card numbers; e.g., see data encryption).


title: Database

text: Change and access logging records who accessed which attributes, what was changed, and when it was changed. Logging services allow for a forensic database audit later by keeping a record of access occurrences and changes. Sometimes application-level code is used to record changes rather than leaving this in the database. Monitoring can be set up to attempt to detect security breaches. Therefore, organizations must take database security seriously because of the many benefits it provides. Organizations will be safeguarded from security breaches and hacking activities like firewall intrusion, virus spread, and ransom ware. This helps in protecting the company’s essential information, which cannot be shared with outsiders at any cause.


title: Database

text: Database transactions can be used to introduce some level of fault tolerance and data integrity after recovery from a crash. A database transaction is a unit of work, typically encapsulating a number of operations over a database (e.g., reading a database object, writing, acquiring or releasing a lock, etc.), an abstraction supported in database and also other systems. Each transaction has well defined boundaries in terms of which program/code executions are included in that transaction (determined by the transaction's programmer via special transaction commands).


title: Database

text: The acronym ACID describes some ideal properties of a database transaction: atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability.


title: Database

text: A database built with one DBMS is not portable to another DBMS (i.e., the other DBMS cannot run it). However, in some situations, it is desirable to migrate a database from one DBMS to another. The reasons are primarily economical (different DBMSs may have different total costs of ownership or TCOs), functional, and operational (different DBMSs may have different capabilities). The migration involves the database's transformation from one DBMS type to another. The transformation should maintain (if possible) the database related application (i.e., all related application programs) intact. Thus, the database's conceptual and external architectural levels should be maintained in the transformation. It may be desired that also some aspects of the architecture internal level are maintained. A complex or large database migration may be a complicated and costly (one-time) project by itself, which should be factored into the decision to migrate. This is in spite of the fact that tools may exist to help migration between specific DBMSs. Typically, a DBMS vendor provides tools to help import databases from other popular DBMSs.


title: Database

text: After designing a database for an application, the next stage is building the database. Typically, an appropriate general-purpose DBMS can be selected to be used for this purpose. A DBMS provides the needed user interfaces to be used by database administrators to define the needed application's data structures within the DBMS's respective data model. Other user interfaces are used to select needed DBMS parameters (like security related, storage allocation parameters, etc.).


title: Database

text: When the database is ready (all its data structures and other needed components are defined), it is typically populated with initial application's data (database initialization, which is typically a distinct project; in many cases using specialized DBMS interfaces that support bulk insertion) before making it operational. In some cases, the database becomes operational while empty of application data, and data are accumulated during its operation.


title: Database

text: After the database is created, initialized and populated it needs to be maintained. Various database parameters may need changing and the database may need to be tuned (tuning) for better performance; application's data structures may be changed or added, new related application programs may be written to add to the application's functionality, etc.


title: Database

text: Sometimes it is desired to bring a database back to a previous state (for many reasons, e.g., cases when the database is found corrupted due to a software error, or if it has been updated with erroneous data). To achieve this, a backup operation is done occasionally or continuously, where each desired database state (i.e., the values of its data and their embedding in database's data structures) is kept within dedicated backup files (many techniques exist to do this effectively). When it is decided by a database administrator to bring the database back to this state (e.g., by specifying this state by a desired point in time when the database was in this state), these files are used to restore that state.


title: Database

text: Static analysis techniques for software verification can be applied also in the scenario of query languages. In particular, the *Abstract interpretation framework has been extended to the field of query languages for relational databases as a way to support sound approximation techniques. The semantics of query languages can be tuned according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data. The abstraction of relational database systems has many interesting applications, in particular, for security purposes, such as fine-grained access control, watermarking, etc.


title: Database

text: Increasingly, there are calls for a single system that incorporates all of these core functionalities into the same build, test, and deployment framework for database management and source control. Borrowing from other developments in the software industry, some market such offerings as "DevOps for database".


title: Database

text: The first task of a database designer is to produce a conceptual data model that reflects the structure of the information to be held in the database. A common approach to this is to develop an entity–relationship model, often with the aid of drawing tools. Another popular approach is the Unified Modeling Language. A successful data model will accurately reflect the possible state of the external world being modeled: for example, if people can have more than one phone number, it will allow this information to be captured. Designing a good conceptual data model requires a good understanding of the application domain; it typically involves asking deep questions about the things of interest to an organization, like "can a customer also be a supplier?", or "if a product is sold with two different forms of packaging, are those the same product or different products?", or "if a plane flies from New York to Dubai via Frankfurt, is that one flight or two (or maybe even three)?". The answers to these questions establish definitions of the terminology used for entities (customers, products, flights, flight segments) and their relationships and attributes.


title: Database

text: Producing the conceptual data model sometimes involves input from business processes, or the analysis of workflow in the organization. This can help to establish what information is needed in the database, and what can be left out. For example, it can help when deciding whether the database needs to hold historic data as well as current data.


title: Database

text: Having produced a conceptual data model that users are happy with, the next stage is to translate this into a schema that implements the relevant data structures within the database. This process is often called logical database design, and the output is a logical data model expressed in the form of a schema. Whereas the conceptual data model is (in theory at least) independent of the choice of database technology, the logical data model will be expressed in terms of a particular database model supported by the chosen DBMS. (The terms "data model" and "database model" are often used interchangeably, but in this article we use "data model" for the design of a specific database, and "database model" for the modeling notation used to express that design).


title: Database

text: The most popular database model for general-purpose databases is the relational model, or more precisely, the relational model as represented by the SQL language. The process of creating a logical database design using this model uses a methodical approach known as normalization. The goal of normalization is to ensure that each elementary "fact" is only recorded in one place, so that insertions, updates, and deletions automatically maintain consistency.


title: Database

text: The final stage of database design is to make the decisions that affect performance, scalability, recovery, security, and the like, which depend on the particular DBMS. This is often called "physical database design", and the output is the physical data model. A key goal during this stage is data independence, meaning that the decisions made for performance optimization purposes should be invisible to end-users and applications. There are two types of data independence: Physical data independence and logical data independence. Physical design is driven mainly by performance requirements, and requires a good knowledge of the expected workload and access patterns, and a deep understanding of the features offered by the chosen DBMS.


title: Database

text: Another aspect of physical database design is security. It involves both defining access control to database objects as well as defining security levels and methods for the data itself.


title: Database

text: A database model is a type of data model that determines the logical structure of a database and fundamentally determines in which manner data can be stored, organized, and manipulated. The most popular example of a database model is the relational model (or the SQL approximation of relational), which uses a table-based format.


title: Database

text: While there is typically only one conceptual and internal view of the data, there can be any number of different external views. This allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical, processing viewpoint. For example, a financial department of a company needs the payment details of all employees as part of the company's expenses, but does not need details about employees that are in the interest of the human resources department. Thus different departments need different "views" of the company's database.


title: Database

text: The three-level database architecture relates to the concept of "data independence" which was one of the major initial driving forces of the relational model. The idea is that changes made at a certain level do not affect the view at a higher level. For example, changes in the internal level do not affect application programs written using conceptual level interfaces, which reduces the impact of making physical changes to improve performance.


title: Database

text: The conceptual view provides a level of indirection between internal and external. On the one hand it provides a common view of the database, independent of different external view structures, and on the other hand it abstracts away details of how the data are stored or managed (internal level). In principle every level, and even every external view, can be presented by a different data model. In practice usually a given DBMS uses the same data model for both the external and the conceptual levels (e.g., relational model). The internal level, which is hidden inside the DBMS and depends on its implementation, requires a different level of detail and uses its own types of data structure types.


title: Database

text: Database technology has been an active research topic since the 1960s, both in academia and in the research and development groups of companies (for example IBM Research). Research activity includes theory and development of prototypes. Notable research topics have included models, the atomic transaction concept, related concurrency control techniques, query languages and query optimization methods, RAID, and more.


title: Database

text: The database research area has several dedicated academic journals (for example, "ACM Transactions on Database Systems"-TODS, "Data and Knowledge Engineering"-DKE) and annual conferences (e.g., ACM SIGMOD, ACM PODS, VLDB, IEEE ICDE).


title: Justified (TV series)

text: Justified is an American neo-Western crime drama television series that premiered on March 16, 2010, on the FX network. Developed by Graham Yost, it is based on Elmore Leonard's stories about the character Raylan Givens, particularly "Fire in the Hole". Timothy Olyphant portrays Raylan Givens, a tough deputy U.S. Marshal enforcing his own brand of justice. The series revolves around the inhabitants and culture in the Appalachian mountains area of eastern Kentucky, specifically Harlan County where many of the main characters grew up. It also features Lexington, Kentucky where the local U.S. Marshals office is situated. The series, comprising 78 episodes, was aired over six seasons and concluded on April 14, 2015.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: "Justified" received critical acclaim throughout most of its run, and has been listed by several publications as one of the best shows of the 2010s. Its acting, directing, art direction, and writing were praised, as were the performances of Olyphant and Walton Goggins. "Justified" was nominated for eight Primetime Emmy Awards, with two wins, for Margo Martindale's performance as Mags Bennett and Jeremy Davies' performance as Dickie Bennett.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: In January 2022, FX announced "", a limited sequel series with Olyphant reprising his role as Raylan Givens. It is set to premiere in mid-2023.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: Deputy U.S. Marshal Raylan Givens is something of a 19th-century-style, Old West lawman living in modern times. His unconventional enforcement of justice makes him a target of criminals and a problem child to his U.S. Marshals Service superior. In response to his controversial but "justified" quick-draw shooting of mob hitman Tommy Bucks in Miami, Givens is reassigned to the Eastern District of Kentucky Marshal's Office, which is based in Lexington. This jurisdiction includes Harlan County, where Raylan was born and raised and which he thought he had escaped for good in his youth.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: The story arc of season one concentrates on the crimes of the Crowder family. Raylan seeks to protect Ava Crowder (Joelle Carter) from the rest of the Crowder clan after she shoots and kills her husband, Bowman Crowder, in retaliation for years of abuse. Her biggest threat initially comes from Boyd Crowder (Walton Goggins), a local criminal masquerading as a white supremacist whom Raylan shoots in a stand-off. Boyd survives the shot to the chest and claims it is a sign from God that he should change his ways. Raylan hesitates to believe him, but Boyd is soon sent to prison, where he spends his time reading the Bible and preaching to convicts. The season builds towards the release of family patriarch Bo (M. C. Gainey), who wishes to rebuild his family's drug trade and to settle old scores, including one with Raylan's father, Arlo (Raymond J. Barry), who has cheated him out of money. Bo's release is soon followed by Boyd's, after a technicality prevents him from being further incarcerated. While Bo works on gaining dominance over the local drug trade, Boyd collects a camp of spiritually reformed criminals whom he trains to blow up meth houses in the county to "clean up Harlan". The explosions cause a few casualties, leading Raylan and the other U.S. Marshals to keep an eye on the team.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: In the meantime, Raylan is dealing with personal dilemmas, including working in the same building as his ex-wife (Natalie Zea), for whom he still has feelings. His continuing visits to Harlan are peppered with small crimes and big shootings, and his success in dealing with these matters draws Bo's attention. Bo promises the niece and nephew of Gio Reyes, head of a Miami drug cartel, that he will deliver Raylan to them in exchange for a large shipment of drugs. Boyd catches word of this and, with his "flock" of reformed prisoners, blows up the truck carrying the shipment, leading the niece and nephew to hold Bo accountable for the damages. This leads Bo to go to Boyd's camp and threaten to kill his own son, illustrating the harsh family relations that provide some insight into how Boyd turned out the way he has. Instead of killing Boyd, Bo offers his son the option to abandon his group, after which Bo will leave all of them alone. Boyd walks away into the forest. He hears gunshots and returns to see that all of his followers have been killed. This sends him to Raylan's door depressed, saying he will help Raylan find Bo as long as he is allowed to be the one to kill him.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: An earlier plan is foiled, involving Arlo's shooting Raylan, to deliver Raylan into Bo's clutches, then handing him over to Gio, but Bo has taken Ava hostage. This is the turning point that drives Boyd and Raylan to join forces for the first time, and Boyd leads him to the Crowder cabin. There, Raylan manages to kill one of Bo's henchmen. As Raylan and Bo are walking to the cabin, Boyd appears ready to shoot and kill Bo. Before Boyd has an opportunity, Bo is shot and killed by a sniper, who then starts shooting at Raylan and Boyd, who take cover in the cabin. They discover they are surrounded by Gio's niece and nephew plus two other gunmen, who then attack the cabin with machine guns. Boyd, Ava, and Raylan are trapped; the niece and nephew demand Raylan be turned over to them.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: After Boyd attempts to pass himself off as Raylan, and Raylan kills two of the gunmen, Raylan tells Boyd and Ava to leave out the back way, and he walks forward, hands in the air. As the niece steps out from behind her car, the nephew attempts to shoot Raylan, Boyd shoots the nephew, and the niece drives away. Boyd wants to chase her, but Raylan stops him, saying it is against the law. However, Boyd absconds in Bo's car, but doesn't use violence. This signifies the beginning of an uneasy friendship between the two characters that will continue throughout the series.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: Season 2 deals primarily with the criminal dealings of the Bennett clan. Family matriarch Mags Bennett (Margo Martindale) and her three sons Dickie (Jeremy Davies), Coover (Brad William Henke), and Doyle (Joseph Lyle Taylor), Chief of Bennett Hollow Police, plan to expand their marijuana business into Crowder territory following Bo's death, as Boyd has proven somewhat reluctant to follow in his father's footsteps. Raylan gets involved in the struggle between the two criminal organizations, and because of a long-standing feud between the Givens and Bennett families centering on an incident between Raylan and Dickie in their youth (which left Dickie with a lame leg), matters grow very complicated, with the pair's pasts catching up with them. Meanwhile, an effort by a mining conglomerate to secure access rights to the mountain results in Raylan and Boyd becoming involved on opposite sides of the operation. This provokes a local backlash against the Bennetts, after Boyd reveals Mags' secret involvement in negotiations with the conglomerate, to the detriment of her neighbors.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: Season 3 introduces a new main villain, Robert Quarles (Neal McDonough) of Detroit. The criminal organization connected to the Frankfort, Kentucky mob has exiled Quarles to Kentucky. Quarles allies himself with local enforcer Wynn Duffy (Jere Burns) and begins to supplant the local criminals when Raylan begins investigating. Quarles' efforts also bring him into conflict with Boyd's group, resulting in the deaths of several locals. Simultaneously, Dickie Bennett, the lone survivor of the Bennett clan, seeks the aid of the black residents of Noble's Holler and their leader, Ellstin Limehouse (Mykelti Williamson), to recover his inheritance. Limehouse attempts to keep his people out of the struggle between the criminal groups but becomes involved when Boyd gets the upper hand on Quarles, leading to a series of betrayals and deaths.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: Season 4 is about a mystery which was left unsolved for 30 years. On January 21, 1983, a man wearing a defective parachute plummets onto a residential street in Corbin, Kentucky, dying instantly. His body is surrounded by bags full of cocaine and an ID tag for a "Waldo Truth". Raylan learns of the mystery when a vintage diplomatic bag is found hidden at Arlo's house containing only Waldo Truth's ID tag. Further investigation indicates that the parachutist died and Raylan's father Arlo hid the bag, but he refuses to divulge any information.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: As the investigation continues to unfold, information is revealed that could lead to the arrest of a major mafia figure. Raylan is now living above a bar and attempting to stash extra money away to provide for his unborn child and is in a questionable relationship with the bartender, Lindsey Salazar. Boyd Crowder seeks to expand his empire with help from an old army buddy Colton "Colt" Rhodes (Ron Eldard). Boyd's efforts are complicated by the arrival of a snake handling revival preacher named Billy St. Cyr (Joe Mazzello). Billy's success is cutting into Boyd's profits, as his users and dealers are getting hooked on faith instead of drugs. Boyd's cousin Johnny (David Meunier) grows ever more resentful of Boyd's success and plans to betray him to Wynn Duffy. Boyd's ambition has him force a deal with Duffy that involves Boyd chasing down leads in the same parachutist mystery, eventually bringing Boyd to an unexpected crossroads that threatens his personal or professional destruction.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: Season 5 features the alligator-farming Crowe crime family, led by Darryl Crowe Jr. (Michael Rapaport). Jere Burns, who recurred in the first four seasons as Wynn Duffy, was made a series regular.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: Season 6 revolves around the culmination of Raylan and Boyd's rivalry, complicated by Ava's betrayal, the machinations of Avery Markham (Sam Elliott), and a plot to rob him by Boyd, Wynn Duffy and Markham's secret adversary. Boyd succeeds in robbing Markham, but Raylan's plan to entrap him with Ava's help has tragic consequences. Raylan's job, life, and future are all threatened in a way they have never been before.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: "Justified" (originally titled "Lawman") was given a 13-episode order by FX on July 28, 2009, and premiered on March 16, 2010. FX renewed the show for a second season, which premiered on February 9, 2011. A third season of 13 episodes was announced on March 29, 2011, and premiered January 17, 2012. A fourth season of 13 episodes was announced on March 6, 2012, and premiered January 8, 2013. The show was renewed for a fifth season, which premiered on January 7, 2014. On January 14, 2014, the series was renewed for a sixth and final season, which premiered on January 20, 2015. The decision to end the show was primarily based on lead actor Timothy Olyphant and series developer Graham Yost. FX network president John Landgraf said, "They [Yost and Olyphant] felt that the arc of the show and what they had to say would be best served by six seasons instead of seven. Regretfully, I accepted their decision." Yost's comments were "Our biggest concern is running out of story and repeating ourselves. This was a long conversation. There were financial incentives to keep going, but it really felt, in terms of story, that six years felt about right."


title: Justified (TV series)

text: The working title for the series was "Lawman". The first episode was referred to as the "Fire in the Hole pilot" during shooting and retains this as the name of the episode itself.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: While the pilot was shot in Pittsburgh and suburban Kittanning and Washington, Pennsylvania, the subsequent 38 episodes were shot in California. The small town of Green Valley, California often doubles for Harlan, Kentucky. In the pilot, Pittsburgh's David L. Lawrence Convention Center appears on film as the small town "airport", and the construction of the new Consol Energy Center serves as the "new courthouse".


title: Justified (TV series)

text: The series began filming using the EPIC camera, manufactured by Red Digital Cinema Camera Company, with the third season. Director of photography Francis Kenny said, "We persuaded Sony Entertainment that by shooting with Epic cameras production would be increased tenfold and it would look spectacular." After filming the first two episodes of the season, Kenny said, "Episode one of season three is now complete and our dreams have come true. The show looks better than ever and the producers are now true believers of the Red System."


title: Justified (TV series)

text: Graham Yost developed the series for television based on the character U.S. Marshal Raylan Givens, with the onscreen credit giving the source as Leonard's short story "Fire in the Hole". Both Yost and Leonard are credited as executive producers on the project. Yost is also the series head writer and showrunner. Other executive producers for the series include Sarah Timberman, Carl Beverly, and Michael Dinner. Dinner also directed the series pilot, the second episode of the first season, and the second-season finale.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: The character of Boyd was intended to die in the pilot episode, but producer Yost kept the character when test audiences liked Walton Goggins performance. Goggins was promoted to main cast from season 2 onward. The Rachel character, as played by Erica Tazel, was included by Elmore Leonard in his final novel, "Raylan".


title: Justified (TV series)

text: The show's theme song, "Long Hard Times to Come", was performed by the New York City–based Gangstagrass and produced by Rench, and features rapper T.O.N.E-z, Matt Check on banjo, Gerald Menke on resonator guitar, and Jason Cade on fiddle. The song was nominated for a 2010 Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: The pilot episode that aired on March 16, 2010 was watched by 4.2 million viewers and was the highest debut show for FX since "The Shield".


title: Justified (TV series)

text: Throughout its run, "Justified" received largely positive reviews from critics. On the review aggregation website Metacritic, all seasons except the first received a score indicating "universal acclaim." Author Elmore Leonard ranked "Justified" as one of the best adaptations of his work, which includes "Get Shorty", "Jackie Brown", "" and "Out of Sight". Leonard also praised the casting of Olyphant as Raylan, describing the actor as "the kind of guy I saw when I wrote his lines."


title: Justified (TV series)

text: The first season was positively received. The critical consensus for the season on Rotten Tomatoes reads, "A coolly violent drama, "Justified" benefits from a seductive look and a note-perfect Timothy Olyphant performance." "TV Guide" critic Matt Roush said, "The show is grounded in Olyphant's low-key but high-impact star-making performance, the work of a confident and cunning leading man who's always good company." "Chicago Tribune" critic Maureen Ryan stated, "The shaggily delightful dialogue, the deft pacing, the authentic sense of place, the rock-solid supporting cast and the feeling that you are in the hands of writers, actors and directors who really know what they're doing—all of these are worthy reasons to watch "Justified"." Jesse Damiani of "HuffPost" referred to the show's dialogue as "best-in-television," explaining, "What this quality of dialogue accomplishes...is crafting Harlan County as its own character, a place where wit and strategy are currency, weaponry, and protection in a bleak economic landscape." Mike Hale of "The New York Times" noted the show's "modest virtues", but was critical of the first season's pace and characterization, writing: ""Justified" can feel so low-key that even the crisis points drift past without making much of an impression... It feels as if the attention that should have gone to the storytelling all went to the atmosphere and the repartee."


title: Justified (TV series)

text: Eric Dodds of "Time" suggested the first episodes were too procedural to "crack the upper echelon" of prestige television dramas. Critics did note that the characters played by Jacob Pitts and Erica Tazel, Tim Gutterson and Rachel Brooks respectively, remained underutilized throughout the show's run.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: The second season received increased acclaim. The critical consensus for the second season on Rotten Tomatoes reads, ""Justified" finds its footing in its second season with an expanded cast of characters that enriches its seedy world." Robert Bianco of "USA Today" praised Margo Martindale's performance, stating: "Like the show itself, Margo Martindale's performance is smart, chilling, amusing, convincing and unfailingly entertaining. And like the show, you really don't want to miss it." "Slant Magazine" critic Scott Von Doviak observed, "Justified's rich vein of gallows humor, convincing sense of place, and twisty hillbilly-noir narratives are all selling points, but it's Olyphant's devilish grin that seals the deal."


title: Justified (TV series)

text: The third season continued to receive acclaim, with Rotten Tomatoes' critical consensus reading, ""Justified" continues to dispense its brand of spare dialogue and sudden violence, culminating in a very satisfying finale." Jeremy Enger of "The New York Times" said the series "captures his darkly funny, morally murky tone and spikes the traditional crime procedural with hooch and Oxycontin, tracking its hero's attempts to thwart colorful drug dealers and gunrunners and negotiate his own fractured relationships. The series unspools in an oddly captivating alternate South peopled by whimsically twisted archetypes and marked by sudden shifts between folksy black comedy and graphic violence." Emily Nussbaum of "The New Yorker" was critical of the third season, writing: "Extended storytelling has its own conventions and clichés, all of which appeared in Season 3... it echoed every cable drama, in the worst way." Verne Gay of "Newsday" said of the third season, "Lean, laconic, precise and as carefully word-crafted as any series on TV, there's pretty much nothing here to suggest that the third season won't be as good as the second – or better."


title: Justified (TV series)

text: For the fourth season, Rotten Tomatoes' critical consensus is, "Bolstered by witty, efficient dialogue and confident storytelling, "Justified" makes a strong case for consideration among cable television's top dramas." Tom Gliatto of "People Weekly" wrote, "What gives the show its kick is the gleefully childish lack of repentance shown by most of these rascals—countered by Olyphant's coolly amused control." Verne Gay of "Newsday" found that "Character—as the old saying goes—is a long-standing habit, and their habits remain very much intact. The same could be said of "Justified"." Chuck Bowen of "Slant Magazine" found that ""Justified" is the strongest, liveliest, and most tonally accurate adaptation of the writer's work to date, and the latest season bracingly suggests that isn't likely to change anytime soon."


title: Justified (TV series)

text: The fifth season proved to be less popular, although it continued to receive positive reviews. Tim Goodman of "The Hollywood Reporter" considered the season to be "a stretch on all fronts" and Eric Dodds of "Time" complained the season didn't spend enough time with its characters. Rotten Tomatoes' critical consensus for this season reads, ""Justified" continues to bring the shock value with clever storylines and a potent blend of comedy and drama." When discussing what worked well and less well with the season, showrunner Yost noted how the unexpected departure of actor Edi Gathegi (playing Jean Baptiste) "upset the balance of the season", but also how it led to the prominence of the character of young Kendall Crowe (played by Jacob Lofland).


title: Justified (TV series)

text: The sixth and final season once again received critical acclaim. Rotten Tomatoes' critical consensus reads ""Justified" returns to form for its endgame, rebounding with crisp storytelling and colorful characters who never take themselves too seriously." Critics generally considered the series finale to be a very satisfying conclusion according to Rotten Tomatoes' roundup.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: "Justified" received a 2010 Peabody Award. The series has received eight Primetime Emmy Award nominations. For the first season, the series received a single nomination, for Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music. For the second season, it received four acting nominations for the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards—Timothy Olyphant for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, Walton Goggins for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series, Margo Martindale for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, and Jeremy Davies for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series, with Martindale winning. For the third season, it received two nominations for the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards, with Jeremy Davies winning for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series, and a nomination for Outstanding Art Direction for a Single-Camera Series. For its fifth season, it received a nomination for Outstanding Art Direction for a Contemporary or Fantasy Series (Single-Camera). The sixth season received five nominations at the 5th Critics' Choice Television Awards, the most of any other programs nominated. It received nominations for Best Drama Series, Timothy Olyphant for Best Actor in a Drama Series, Walton Goggins for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series, Joelle Carter for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series and Sam Elliott for Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series, with Elliot winning.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: The DVD and Blu-ray sets were released in region 1 on January 18, 2011, for season one, January 3, 2012, for season two, December 31, 2012, for season three, December 17, 2013, for season four, December 2, 2014, for season five, and June 2, 2015, for season six.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: In March 2021, FX and various "Justified" writers including Graham Yost began development on a drama series based on Elmore Leonard's novel "City Primeval". Timothy Olyphant was also set to reprise his role as Raylan Givens.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: In January 2022, FX greenlit the limited series and confirmed Olyphant would reprise his role. Several of the original "Justified" writers and producers are involved; showrunners for "City Primeval" are Dave Andron and Michael Dinner, with Dinner also directing. Other executive producers include Olyphant, Yost, Sarah Timberman, Carl Beverly and Peter Leonard, with the writing staff consisting of Taylor Elmore, Chris Provenzano, Walter Mosley, V.J. Boyd, Eisa Davis and Ingrid Escajeda. The limited series is set eight years after the original series and sees Givens, who is now living in Florida working as a marshal, go to Detroit after crossing paths with a violent sociopath named Clement Mansell. In February 2022, it was revealed that Quentin Tarantino was in talks to direct episodes of the series.


title: Justified (TV series)

text: Filming began in Chicago on May 4, 2022. Alongside Olyphant, the series also stars Aunjanue Ellis, Boyd Holbrook, Adelaide Clemens, Vondie Curtis-Hall, Marin Ireland, Norbert Leo Butz, Victor Williams, and Vivian Olyphant (Timothy Olyphant's real-life daughter). It is set to premiere in mid-2023.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: Jimmy Butler III (born September 14, 1989) is an American professional basketball player for the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Nicknamed "Jimmy Buckets", he is a six-time NBA All-Star, a four-time All-NBA Team honoree, a five-time NBA All-Defensive Team honoree, and an Olympic gold medalist, having won a gold medal in 2016. He played one year of college basketball for Tyler Junior College before transferring to Marquette University.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: Butler was drafted with the 30th overall pick in the 2011 NBA draft by the Chicago Bulls. In 2015, he was named the NBA Most Improved Player. After six seasons in Chicago, he was traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves in June 2017. Butler was again traded in November 2018, this time to the Philadelphia 76ers. In July 2019, he signed with the Heat. During his first season with the team, Butler reached the NBA Finals. In 2021, he led the league in steals.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: Butler was born in Houston on September 14, 1989. His father abandoned the family when Butler was an infant. By the time he was 13 years old and living in the Houston suburb of Tomball, his mother kicked him out of the house. As Butler remembered it in a 2011 interview, she told him, "I don't like the look of you. You gotta go." He then bounced between the homes of various friends, staying for a few weeks at a time before moving to another house. Despite all of this, Butler maintains a close relationship with his parents, saying, "I don't hold grudges. I still talk to my family. My mom. My father. We love each other. That's never going to change."


title: Jimmy Butler

text: In a summer basketball league before his senior year at Tomball High School, he was noticed by Jordan Leslie, a freshman football and basketball player at the school, who challenged him to a three-point shooting contest. The two immediately became friends, and Butler began staying at Leslie's house. Although his friend's mother and stepfather, who had six other children between them, were reluctant at first, they took him in within a few months. Butler would later say, "They accepted me into their family. And it wasn't because of basketball. She [Michelle Lambert, Leslie's mother] was just very loving. She just did stuff like that. I couldn't believe it."


title: Jimmy Butler

text: As a junior at Tomball High, Butler averaged 10 points per game. As a senior and team captain in 2006–07, Butler averaged 19.9 points and 8.7 rebounds per game and was subsequently voted his team's most valuable player.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: Butler was not heavily recruited coming out of high school and chose to attend Tyler Junior College in Tyler, Texas.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: After his freshman season at Tyler, where he had averaged 18.1 points, 7.7 rebounds, and 3.1 assists per game, Butler drew interest from Division I programs. Considered a two-star recruit by 247Sports.com, he was listed as the No. 127 junior college prospect in 2008.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: Butler accepted an athletic scholarship to attend Marquette, where, as a sophomore in the 2008–09 season, he averaged 5.6 points and 3.9 rebounds per game and recorded a free-throw percentage of 76.8%. He moved into the starting lineup as a junior during the 2009–10 campaign to average 14.7 points and 6.4 rebounds per game, and he earned All-Big East Honorable Mention honors. His season was highlighted by two game-winning shots versus UConn and St. John's, to help Marquette finish 11–7 in the Big East and earn its fifth consecutive NCAA tournament appearance. As a senior in 2010–11, he averaged 15.7 points per game and earned an All-Big East Honorable Mention for the second straight year.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: Butler was selected with the 30th overall pick in the 2011 NBA draft by the Chicago Bulls. He saw limited opportunities in his rookie year, playing 42 games during the lockout-shortened 2011–12 season. The following season, he played all 82 games for the Bulls. After playing limited minutes to begin the 2012–13 season, he saw significant minutes over the second half of the season, including starting all 12 playoff games. He scored a then career-high 28 points against the Toronto Raptors on April 9. Two days later, he recorded his first NBA double-double game with 22 points and a then career-high 14 rebounds against the New York Knicks.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: The 2013–14 season saw Butler miss 15 games due to injury, limiting him to 67 games. He averaged a career-high 38.7 minutes per game, which ranked first in the NBA. He scored a season-high 26 points against the Memphis Grizzlies on December 30. He set a franchise record when he played 60:20 in a triple-overtime game against the Orlando Magic on January 15 and finished with 21 points, seven rebounds and six assists. At the season's end, he was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: On November 25, 2014, Butler tied a career high with 32 points in a loss to the Denver Nuggets. On December 3, 2014, he was named the Eastern Conference Player of the Month for games played in October/November. He later set a new career high of 35 points in a 103–97 win over the New York Knicks on December 18. On January 29, 2015, Butler was named a reserve for the Eastern Conference in the 2015 NBA All-Star Game. On March 2, 2015, he was ruled out for three to six weeks with a left elbow injury. He returned to action on March 23 against the Charlotte Hornets, recording 19 points and 9 rebounds in a 98–86 win.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: On April 20, Butler set a playoff career high for the second straight game, scoring 31 points in the Bulls' 91–82 win over the Milwaukee Bucks to take a 2–0 lead in their first-round series. On April 25, Butler again set a playoff career high with 33 points, in a Bulls' 92–90 loss to the Bucks, cutting their series lead to 3–2. They went on to win Game 6 of the series, moving them onto the semi-finals where they lost 4–2 to the Cleveland Cavaliers. On May 7, he was named the 2014–15 NBA Most Improved Player and became the first player in franchise history to win the award.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: On July 9, 2015, Butler re-signed with the Bulls to a five-year, $95 million contract. The deal included a player option for the fifth year. On December 9, he scored a then career-high 36 points in a loss to the Boston Celtics. He topped that mark with 43 points on December 18 in a 147–144 quadruple overtime loss to the Detroit Pistons. On January 3, Butler broke Michael Jordan's team record for points in a half, scoring 40 of his 42 after the break to lead the Bulls to a 115–113 win over the Toronto Raptors. Two days later, he recorded 32 points and a then season-high 10 assists in a 117–106 win over the Milwaukee Bucks. On January 14, he scored a career-high 53 points in a 115–111 overtime win over the Philadelphia 76ers. Butler also had 10 rebounds and six assists while making 15-of-30 field goals and 21-of-25 free throws to help the Bulls snap a three-game losing streak. He became the first Bulls player to score 50 points since Jamal Crawford in 2004. On February 5, Butler suffered a left knee strain in a game against the Denver Nuggets and missed nearly four weeks. He was voted to play in the 2016 NBA All-Star Game, but the injury forced him to drop out, and he was subsequently replaced in the East team by teammate Pau Gasol. Butler missed 11 games with the knee injury, returning to action for the Bulls on March 5 against the Houston Rockets. In 34 minutes of action, he recorded 24 points, 11 rebounds, 6 assists and 1 steal in a 108–100 win, helping the Bulls snap a four-game losing streak. However, he returned to the sidelines on March 7 for the team's game against the Milwaukee Bucks due to back soreness and swelling in his left knee. After a three-game absence, he returned to action on March 14 against the Toronto Raptors. On April 2, he recorded his first career triple-double with 28 points and career highs of 17 rebounds and 12 assists in a 94–90 loss to the Detroit Pistons. In the Bulls' season finale on April 13, Butler recorded his second career triple-double with 10 points, 12 rebounds and 10 assists in a 115–105 win over the Philadelphia 76ers.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: In the Bulls' season opener on October 27, Butler scored a team-high 24 points in a 105–99 win over the Boston Celtics. On November 9, he had a 39-point effort in a 115–107 loss to the Atlanta Hawks. Three days later, he scored 37 points, hit all 14 free throws, grabbed eight rebounds and dished out a season-high nine assists in a 106–95 win over the Washington Wizards. On November 20, he scored a season-high 40 points in a 118–110 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. The following day, he was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday, November 14 through Sunday, November 20. On December 28, he matched his season high with 40 points and hit a 20-footer at the buzzer to give the Bulls a 101–99 comeback victory over the Brooklyn Nets. Butler scored nine points in the final 2 minutes to rally Chicago. He finished 11 for 11 from the free-throw line and grabbed 11 rebounds as the Bulls overcame a seven-point deficit in the final three minutes.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: On January 2, 2017, Butler scored 52 points in a 118–111 win over the Charlotte Hornets. He was a point shy of his career high, which he got on January 14, 2016, and scored 20 points in the first half and 17 in the game's final four minutes. He also had 12 rebounds and six assists while shooting 21-of-22 from the free-throw line. On January 7, he hit the 40-point mark for the third time in six games, finishing with 42 points in a 123–118 overtime win over the Toronto Raptors. Two days later, he was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday, January 2 through Sunday, January 8. On January 19, Butler was named a starter on the Eastern Conference All-Star team for the 2017 NBA All-Star Game. After questioning the desire of the team's younger players following a loss to the Atlanta Hawks on January 25, Butler was fined and held out of the starting lineup against the Miami Heat on January 27 as punishment. He subsequently finished with just three points on 1-for-13 shooting. On February 25, 2017, he recorded his third career triple-double with 18 points, 10 rebounds and 10 assists in a 117–99 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. On March 26, 2017, he had 20 points and a then career-high 14 assists in a 109–94 win over the Milwaukee Bucks. On April 6, 2017, he recorded his fourth career triple-double with 19 points, 10 rebounds and 10 assists in a 102–90 win over the Philadelphia 76ers.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: On June 22, 2017, Butler was traded, along with the rights to Justin Patton (the 16th pick in the 2017 NBA draft), to the Minnesota Timberwolves in exchange for Zach LaVine, Kris Dunn and the rights to Lauri Markkanen (the seventh pick in the 2017 NBA draft). In his debut for the Timberwolves in their season opener on October 18, Butler scored 12 points in a 107–99 loss to the San Antonio Spurs. On December 3, he scored 20 of his 33 points in the fourth quarter of the Timberwolves' 112–106 win over Los Angeles Clippers. On December 12, he scored 38 points in a 118–112 overtime loss to the Philadelphia 76ers. On December 18, he had a 37-point effort in a 108–107 win over the Portland Trail Blazers. On December 27, Butler scored 12 of Minnesota's 14 points in overtime and finished with a season-high 39 to lift the Timberwolves to a 128–125 victory over the Denver Nuggets. On January 23, he was named a Western Conference All-Star reserve. On February 9, in his return to Chicago, Butler scored 38 points in a 114–113 loss to the Bulls. Butler chose to not play in the All-Star Game, prioritizing the stretch run of the season and thought the rest would benefit him. However, in the Timberwolves' first game after the All-Star break, on February 23 against the Houston Rockets, Butler left the game late in the third quarter with a right knee injury. Two days later, he underwent meniscus surgery and was ruled out indefinitely. Butler returned to action on April 6 to score 18 points in a 113–96 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. In Game 3 of the Timberwolves' first-round playoff series against the Rockets, Butler hit four 3-pointers among his 28 points in a 121–105 win. The Timberwolves went on to lose the series in five games.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: Shortly before training camp in 2018, Butler requested a trade from the Timberwolves, indicating he would not re-sign with the team in the 2019 off-season. When a trade was not achieved prior to the start of the regular season, Butler opted to play for Minnesota in 2018–19. He appeared in 10 of the Timberwolves' first 13 games before being traded in early November.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: On November 12, 2018, Butler was traded, along with Justin Patton, to the Philadelphia 76ers in exchange for Jerryd Bayless, Robert Covington, Dario Šarić and a 2022 second-round draft pick. He made his debut for the 76ers two days later, scoring 14 points in a 111–106 loss to the Orlando Magic. On November 25, he recorded 34 points and 12 rebounds and made a 3-pointer with 2.3 seconds remaining to give the 76ers a 127–125 victory over the Brooklyn Nets. On December 5, he scored a season-high 38 points in a 113–102 loss to the Toronto Raptors. Two days later, he had a second straight 38-point game in a 117–111 win over the Detroit Pistons. On January 29, Butler was shifted to point guard and had 20 points and six assists in a 121–105 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. In Game 1 of the 76ers' first-round playoff series against the Nets, Butler scored a game-high 36 points in a 111–102 loss. In Game 2 of the second round, Butler had 30 points and 11 rebounds to help the 76ers tie the series against the Raptors at 1–1 with a 94–89 win. In Game 6, he scored 25 points in a 112–101 win, helping the 76ers tie series against the Raptors at 3–3. The 76ers went on to lose 92–90 in Game 7 despite Butler's 16 points.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: On July 6, 2019, Butler signed with the Miami Heat via a sign and trade with the 76ers in a four-team trade. On December 9, Butler was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week after he averaged 27.5 points, 9.0 rebounds and 8.5 assists per game. On December 10, Butler recorded a career-high 18 rebounds, along with 20 points and 11 assists in a 135–121 overtime win against the Atlanta Hawks. On January 30, 2020, Butler was named to his fifth NBA All-Star Game. On February 3, Butler scored a season-high 38 points on 14-of-20 shooting from the field, as the Heat beat his former team, the Philadelphia 76ers 137–106.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: On August 31, in Game 1 of the Eastern Conference Semifinals, Butler scored a then playoff career-high 40 points on 13-of-20 shooting from the field in a 115–104 win over the first-seeded Milwaukee Bucks. On September 8, Miami advanced to the next round after Game 5 win, thus completing the upset. The Heat reached the NBA Finals after defeating the Boston Celtics in the Eastern Conference Finals in six games, earning Butler his first Finals appearance. In Game 3 of the 2020 NBA Finals, Butler finished with 40 points, 11 rebounds, and 13 assists and became the third player in Finals history to record a 40+ point triple-double, joining LeBron James (then with Cleveland) in 2015 and Jerry West with the Los Angeles Lakers in 1969. Butler also became the first player to have more points, rebounds and assists in a Finals game than James, who finished with 25 points, 10 rebounds and eight assists. In Game 5, Butler had 35 points, 12 rebounds, 11 assists, and 5 steals to become the first player to register 35+ points, 10+ rebounds, 10+ assists and 5+ steals in a Finals game. He is also the second player to reach such stats in NBA playoff history after Gary Payton in 2000. Butler became the second player with multiple 30-point triple-doubles in the same Finals series, joining James in 2015. He became the sixth player with multiple triple-doubles in a Finals series along with James, Magic Johnson, Larry Bird, Wilt Chamberlain and Draymond Green. The Heat came up short against the Los Angeles Lakers in six games. Butler became only the second player in a Finals series to lead his team in points, rebounds, assists, steals and blocks, joining James in 2016.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: On February 11, 2021, Butler recorded his 10th career triple-double with 27 points, 10 rebounds and 10 assists in the Heat's 101–94 win over the Houston Rockets. On February 18, Butler logged his 13th career triple-double with 13 points, 10 rebounds and 13 assists in a 118–110 win over the Sacramento Kings, becoming the first player in franchise history with three consecutive triple-doubles. Together with teammate Bam Adebayo who posted 16 points, 12 rebounds and 10 assists, they became the first pair in league history to register triple-doubles in the same game more than once. Butler finished the regular season leading the league in steals with 2.1 steals per game. In the playoffs, the Heat were eliminated in a four-game sweep by the Milwaukee Bucks who would go on to win the NBA Finals. In Game 4, Butler recorded his third career playoff triple-double.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: On August 7, 2021, Butler was signed to a reported four-year, $184 million contract extension by the Heat. On December 28, he recorded 25 points, eight rebounds, and a career-high 15 assists in a 119–112 loss to the Washington Wizards. On January 23, 2022, during a matchup against the Los Angeles Lakers and LeBron James, Butler surpassed James for first place on the Heat all-time triple-doubles list. On February 3, Butler was named a reserve for the 2022 NBA All-Star Game, making it his sixth career All-Star selection. On April 7, Butler and Miami clinched the No. 1 seed in the Eastern Conference. On April 17, during Game 1 of the first round of the playoffs, he logged 21 points, six rebounds, four assists and three steals in a 115–91 win over the Atlanta Hawks. Two days later, he posted a then playoff career-high 45 points along with five rebounds, five assists and zero turnovers in a Game 2 115–105 win. Butler became only the third player in franchise history to have at least 45 points, five assists and five rebounds in a postseason game, joining James and Dwyane Wade. He also became the fifth player since 1978 to have at least 45 points and zero turnovers in an NBA playoff game. In Game 4 of the series, on April 24, Butler recorded 36 points, 10 rebounds, four assists, four steals and zero turnovers in a 110–86 win. On May 8, in Game 4 of the Eastern Conference Semifinals, Butler recorded 40 points on 13-of-20 shooting from the field in a 116–108 loss to the Philadelphia 76ers.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: On May 17, in Game 1 of the Eastern Conference Finals, Butler posted 41 points (27 in the second half), nine rebounds, five assists, four steals and three blocks in a 118–107 win over the Boston Celtics. He became the first player in NBA postseason history to meet all of those benchmarks since steals and blocks were first recorded in 1974. Butler posted his fifth career playoff game with 40 points on 60 percent shooting, and tied with Charles Barkley for third-most over the last 30 playoffs. The only players that have more such games are James (12) and Shaquille O'Neal (8). Butler also achieved the most 40/5/5 playoff games in Heat history with 3, one more then James and Wade. On May 21, Butler injured his right knee and did not play in the second half of Game 3. Miami would go on to win the game 109–103 and take a 2–1 series lead. In Game 6 of the series, on May 27, Butler scored a playoff career-high 47 points along with nine rebounds, eight assists, and four steals to lead Miami to a 111–103 win and force Game 7. He made 16 of 29 shots, including 4-of-8 from the three-point range and all 11 free throws. Butler's 47 points were the seventh-most in NBA history for a player facing elimination. He also became the first player since Michael Jordan in 1988 to have multiple games of at least 40 points and four steals in the same series. In the decisive Game 7, the Heat were eliminated despite 35 points and nine rebounds from Butler, including 24 points in the first half. With 16 seconds left in the fourth quarter, he missed a three-pointer that would have given the Heat the lead in an eventual 100–96 loss. Butler had his eighth 30-point game of the postseason, making it the most in a single postseason by a Heat player since James in 2013, who also had eight such games.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: On November 10, 2022, Butler scored a season-high 35 points, along with 10 rebounds and eight assists in an 117–112 overtime win over the Charlotte Hornets. He scored eight consecutive Heat points at the end of regulation just to get them into the extra session. On December 2, Butler returned to the lineup after missing the previous seven games with a sore right knee. He recorded a season-high 15 rebounds and 25 points in a 120–116 overtime win over the reigning Eastern Conference champions Boston Celtics.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: Butler is a fan of country music and was featured in the music video of the country song "Light It Up" by Luke Bryan. He is good friends with Mark Wahlberg, whom he met while Wahlberg was filming ""in Chicago. The two have vacationed in Paris together.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: Butler became a fan of soccer during the 2016 Summer Olympics, after watching Neymar Jr. play for Brazil. He cites Paris Saint Germain as his favourite team and Neymar as his favourite player.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: Butler and his girlfriend have a daughter. He missed the first three games of the 2019–20 NBA season due to the birth of his daughter.


title: Jimmy Butler

text: In the NBA Bubble, Butler opened his own coffee shop, which he operated out of his hotel room using his French press coffee brewer, charging $20 per cup. A year later, he officially launched his coffee brand, and planned to dedicate his time into the coffee roastery business post-retirement.


title: Kimchi

text: Kimchi (; , ), is a traditional Korean side dish of salted and fermented vegetables, such as napa cabbage and Korean radish. A wide selection of seasonings are used, including "gochugaru" (Korean chili powder), spring onions, garlic, ginger, and "jeotgal" (salted seafood), etc. Kimchi is also used in a variety of soups and stews. As a staple food in Korean cuisine, it is eaten as a side dish with almost every Korean meal.


title: Kimchi

text: There are hundreds of different types of kimchi made with different vegetables as the main ingredients. Traditionally, winter kimchi, called kimjang, was stored in large earthenware fermentation vessels, called "onggi", in the ground to prevent freezing during the winter months and to keep it cool enough to slow down the fermentation process during summer months. The vessels are also kept outdoors in special terraces called jangdokdae. In contemporary times, household kimchi refrigerators are more commonly used.


title: Kimchi

text: The term "ji" (), which has its origins in archaic Korean "dihi" (), has been used to refer to kimchi since ancient times. The sound change can be roughly described as:


title: Kimchi

text: The Middle Korean form "dihi" is found in several books from "Joseon" (1392–1897). In Modern Korean, the word remains as the suffix "-ji" in the standard language (as in "jjanji", "seokbak-ji"), and as the suffix "-ji" as well as the noun "ji" in Gyeongsang and Jeolla dialects. The unpalatalized form "di" is preserved in P'yŏngan dialect.


title: Kimchi

text: "Kimchi" () is the accepted word in both North and South Korean standard languages. Earlier forms of the word include "timchɑi" (), a Middle Korean transcription of the Sino-Korean word (literally "submerged vegetable"). "Timchɑi" appears in "Sohak Eonhae", the 16th century Korean rendition of the Chinese book, "Xiaoxue". Sound changes from Middle Korean to Modern Korean regarding the word can be described as:


title: Kimchi

text: The aspirated first consonant of "timchae" became unaspirated in "dimchɑe", then underwent palatalization in "jimchɑe". The word then became "jimchui" with the loss of the vowel "ɑ" () in Korean language, then "Kimchi", with the depalatalized word-initial consonant. In Modern Korean, the hanja characters are pronounced "chimchae" (), and are not used to refer to kimchi, or anything else. The word "Kimchi" is not considered as a Sino-Korean word. Older forms of the word are retained in many regional dialects: "jimchae" (Jeolla, Hamgyŏng dialects), "jimchi" (Chungcheong, Gangwon, Gyeonggi, Gyeongsang, Hamgyŏng, Jeolla dialects), and "dimchi" (P'yŏngan dialect).


title: Kimchi

text: The English word "kimchi" perhaps originated from "kimch'i", the McCune–Reischauer transcription of the Korean word "Kimchi" ().


title: Kimchi

text: "Samguk Sagi", a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, also mentions the pickle jar used to ferment vegetables, which indicates that fermented vegetables were commonly eaten during this time. During the Silla dynasty (57 BC – AD 935), kimchi became prevalent as Buddhism caught on throughout the nation and fostered a vegetarian lifestyle.


title: Kimchi

text: The pickling of vegetables was an ideal method, prior to refrigerators, that helped to preserve the lifespan of foods. In Korea, kimchi was made during the winter by fermenting vegetables, and burying it in the ground in traditional brown ceramic pots called "onggi". This labor further allowed a bonding among women within the family. A poem on Korean radish written by Yi Gyubo, a 13th-century literatus, shows that radish kimchi was a commonplace in Goryeo (918–1392).


title: Kimchi

text: Kimchi has been a staple in Korean culture, but historical versions were not a spicy dish. Early records of kimchi do not mention garlic or chili pepper. Chili peppers, now a standard ingredient in kimchi, had been unknown in Korea until the early seventeenth century due to its being a New World crop. Chili peppers, originally native to the Americas, were introduced to East Asia by Portuguese traders. The first mention of chili pepper is found in "Jibong yuseol", an encyclopedia published in 1614. "Sallim gyeongje", a 17‒18th century book on farm management, wrote on kimchi with chili peppers. However, it was not until the 19th century that the use of chili peppers in kimchi was widespread. The recipes from early 19th century closely resemble today's kimchi.


title: Kimchi

text: A 1766 book, "Jeungbo sallim gyeongje", reports kimchi varieties made with myriad ingredients, including "chonggak-kimchi" (kimchi made with chonggak radish), "oi-sobagi" (with cucumber), "seokbak-ji" (with "jogi-jeot"), and "dongchimi". However, napa cabbage was introduced to Korea only at the end of 19th century, and whole-cabbage kimchi similar to its current form is described in "Siuijeonseo", a cookbook published around that time.


title: Kimchi

text: During South Korea's involvement in the Vietnam War the industrialization and commercialization of kimchi production became increasingly important because the Korean government wanted to provide rations for its troops. The Korean government requested American help to ensure that South Korean troops, reportedly "desperate" for the food, could obtain it in the field.


title: Kimchi

text: In 2008, South Korean scientists created a special low-calorie, vitamin-rich "space kimchi" for Yi So-yeon, the first Korean astronaut, to take to space. It was bacteria-free, unlike normal Kimchi in which bacteria are essential for fermentation. It was feared that cosmic rays might mutate the bacteria.


title: Kimchi

text: South Korea developed programs for adult Korean adoptees to return to South Korea and learn about what it means to be Korean. One of these programs was learning how to make kimchi.


title: Kimchi

text: In 1996, Korea protested against Japanese commercial production of kimchi arguing that the Japanese-produced product ("kimuchi", ) was different from kimchi. In particular, Japanese kimchi was not fermented and more similar to asazuke. Korea lobbied for an international standard from the Codex Alimentarius, an organization associated with the World Health Organization that defines voluntary standards for food preparation for international trade purposes. In 2001, the Codex Alimentarius published a voluntary standard defining kimchi as "a fermented food that uses salted napa cabbages as its main ingredient mixed with seasonings, and goes through a lactic acid production process at a low temperature", but which neither specified a minimum amount of fermentation nor forbade the use of any additives. Following the inclusion of the kimchi standard, kimchi exports in Korea did increase, but so did the production of kimchi in China and the import of Chinese kimchi into Korea.


title: Kimchi

text: Due to heavy rainfall shortening the harvesting time for cabbage and other main ingredients for kimchi in 2010, the price of kimchi ingredients and kimchi itself rose greatly. Korean and international newspapers described the rise in prices as a national crisis. Some restaurants stopped offering kimchi as a free side dish, which "The New York Times" compared to an American hamburger restaurant no longer offering free ketchup. In response to the kimchi price crisis, the South Korean government announced the temporary reduction of tariffs on imported cabbage to coincide with the kimjang season.


title: Kimchi

text: Kimchi-related items have been inscribed on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by both South and North Korea. This makes kimchi the second intangible heritage that was submitted by two countries, the other one being the folk song "Arirang" which was also submitted by both the Koreas.


title: Kimchi

text: Kimjang, the tradition of making and sharing kimchi that usually takes place in late autumn, was added to the list as "Gimjang, making and sharing kimchi in the Republic of Korea". The practice of Gimjang reaffirms Korean identity and strengthens family cooperation. Gimjang is also an important reminder for many Koreans that human communities need to live in harmony with nature.


title: Kimchi

text: North Korean kimchi-making was inscribed on the list in December 2015 as "Tradition of kimchi-making in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea". North Korean kimchi tends to be less spicy and red than South Korean kimchi. Seafood is used less often and less salt is added. Additional sugar is used to help with fermentation in the cold climate.


title: Kimchi

text: In the United States, states California, Virginia, Maryland and New York, and capital city Washington D.C. have issued proclamations declaring November 22 as 'Kimchi Day' to recognize the importance of the dish as part of Korean culture.


title: Kimchi

text: Since 2012, the Chinese government has effectively banned the import of Korean kimchi through government regulations. Ignoring the standards of kimchi outlined by the Codex Alimentarius, China defined kimchi as a derivative of one of its own cuisines, called pao cai. However, due to significantly different preparation techniques from pao cai, kimchi has significantly more lactic acid bacteria through its fermentation process, which exceeds China's regulations. Since 2012, commercial exports of Korean kimchi to China has reached zero; the only minor amounts of exports accounting for Korean kimchi are exhibition events held in China.


title: Kimchi

text: A 2017 article in "The New York Times" said that anti-Korean sentiment in China has risen after South Korea's acceptance of the deployment of THAAD in South Korea, government-run Chinese news media has encouraged the boycott of South Korean goods, and Chinese nationalists have vowed to not eat kimchi. The move was criticized by other Chinese nationalists, who noted that China officially considered Koreans an integral ethnic group in the multinational state, and that kimchi is also indigenous to the Koreans in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. Chinese nationalists have also criticized Korean kimchi, by calling them "merely pickles", whereas Chinese kimchi pao cai's literal meaning is "pickled vegetable".


title: Kimchi

text: In November 2020, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) posted new regulations for the making of pao cai. The same month, BBC News reported that Chinese news organization "Global Times" claimed the new ISO standard was "an international standard for the kimchi industry led by China". This sparked strong anger from South Korean media and people, as well as the responses from some Chinese people who argued China held the right to claim Kimchi as their own.


title: Kimchi

text: After the controversy emerged, Global Times explained the controversy as the "misunderstanding in translation", and stated that "Kimchi refers to a kind of fermented cabbage dish that plays an integral role in Korean cuisine, while "paocai", or Sichuan "paocai", refers to pickled vegetables that are popular originally in Southwest China's Sichuan Province, but now in most parts of northern China." Global Times also reported that Baidu Baike, the Chinese online encyclopedia, removed the controversial phrase "Korean kimchi originated from China" after the request. The South Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism subsequently presented the guidelines to set the term "xin qi" as the new proper Chinese translation of Kimchi while "pao cai" was an acceptable translation prior to the controversy.


title: Kimchi

text: Kimchi varieties are determined by the main vegetable ingredients and the mix of seasoning used to flavor the kimchi.


title: Kimchi

text: For many families, the pungent and often spicy meal is a source of pride and recalls the taste of a good home. Cabbages (napa cabbages, bomdong, headed cabbages) and radishes (Korean radishes, ponytail radishes, gegeol radishes, yeolmu radishes) are the most commonly used kimchi vegetables. Other kimchi vegetables include: aster, balloon flower roots, burdock roots, celery, chamnamul, cilantro, cress, crown daisy greens, cucumber, eggplant, garlic chives, garlic scapes, ginger, Korean angelica-tree shoots, Korean parsley, Korean wild chive, lotus roots, mustard greens, onions, perilla leaves, bamboo shoot, momordica charantia, pumpkins, radish greens, rapeseed leaves, scallions, seaweed, soybean sprouts, spinach, sugar beets, sweet potato vines, and tomatoes.


title: Kimchi

text: Brining salt (with a larger grain size compared to kitchen salt) is used mainly for initial salting of kimchi vegetables. Being minimally processed, it serves to help develop flavors in fermented foods. Cabbage is usually salted twice when making spicy kimchi.


title: Kimchi

text: Commonly used seasonings include "gochugaru" (chili powder), scallions, garlic, ginger, and "jeotgal" (salted seafood) "Jeotgal" can be replaced with raw seafood in colder Northern parts of the Korean peninsula. If used, milder "saeu-jeot" (salted shrimp) or "jogi-jeot" (salted croaker) is preferred and the amount of "jeotgal" is also reduced in Northern and Central regions. In Southern Korea, on the other hand, generous amount of stronger "myeolchi-jeot" (salted anchovies) and "galchi-jeot" (salted hairtail) is commonly used. Raw seafood or "daegu-agami-jeot" (salted cod gills) are used in the East coast areas.


title: Kimchi

text: The first step in the making of any kimchi is to slice the cabbage or daikon into smaller, uniform pieces to increase the surface area. The pieces are then coated with salt as a preservative method, as this draws out the water to lower the free water activity. This inhibits the growth of undesirable microorganisms by limiting the water available for them to utilize for growth and metabolism. The salting stage can use 5 to 7% salinity for 12 hours, or 15% for 3 to 7 hours.


title: Kimchi

text: The excess water is then drained away, and seasoning ingredients are added. The sugar that is sometimes added also acts to bind free water that still remains, further reducing free water activity. Finally, the brined vegetables are placed into an airtight canning jar and left to sit for 24 to 48 hours at room temperature. The ideal salt concentration during the fermentation process is about 3%.


title: Kimchi

text: Since the fermentation process results in the production of carbon dioxide, the jar should be "burped" daily to release the gas. The more fermentation that occurs, the more carbon dioxide will be incorporated, which results in a very carbonated-drink-like effect.


title: Kimchi

text: The microorganisms present in kimchi include "Bacillus mycoides", "B. pseudomycoides", "B. subtilis", "Lactobacillus brevis", "Lb. curvatus", "Lb. kimchii", "Lb. parabrevis", "Lb. pentosus", "Lb. plantarum", "Lb. sakei", "Lb. spicheri", "Lactococcus carnosum", "Lc. gelidum", "Lc. lactis", "Leuconostoc carnosum", "Ln. citreum", "Ln. gasicomitatum", "Ln. gelidum", "Ln. holzapfelii", "Ln. inhae", "Ln. kimchii", "Ln. lactis", "Ln. mesenteroides", "Serratia marcescens", "Weissella cibaria", "W. confusa", "W. kandleri", "W. kimchii". "W. koreensis", and "W. soli". Archaea and yeasts, such as Saccharomyces, Candida, Pichia, and Kluyveromyces are also present in kimchi, with the latter being responsible for undesirable white colonies that sometimes form in the product as well as food spoilages and off-flavors.


title: Kimchi

text: In early fermentation stages, the "Leuconostoc" variety is found more dominantly in kimchi fermentation because of its lower acid tolerance and microaerophilic properties; the "Leuconostoc" variety also grows better at low salt concentrations. Throughout the fermentation process, as acidity rises, the "Lactobacillus" and "Weissella" variety become dominant because of their higher acid tolerance. "Lactobacillus" also grows better in conditions with a higher salt concentration.


title: Kimchi

text: These microorganisms are present due to the natural microflora provided by utilizing unsterilized food materials in the production of kimchi. The step of salting the raw materials as well as the addition of red pepper powder inhibit the pathogenic and putrefactive bacteria present in the microflora, allowing the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to flourish and become the dominant microorganism. These anaerobic microorganisms steadily increase in number during the middle stages of fermentation, and prefer to be kept at low temperatures of about 10℃, pH of 4.2-4, and remain in the presence of 1.5% - 4% NaCl. A faster fermentation at a higher temperature may be chosen as well to accelerate the growth of bacterial cultures for a faster decrease in pH level.


title: Kimchi

text: Since the raw cruciferous vegetables themselves are the source of LAB required for fermentation, no starter culture is required for the production of kimchi; rather, spontaneous fermentation occurs. The total population of microorganisms present at the beginning of processing determine the outcome of fermentation, causing the final product to be highly variable in terms of quality and flavor. Currently, there are no recommended approaches to control the microbial community during fermentation to predict the outcome. In the industrial production of kimchi, starter cultures made up of "Leu. mesenteroides", "Leu. citreum", and "Lb. plantarum" are used, which are often unsuccessful because they fail to outcompete the naturally occurring cultures on the raw materials.


title: Kimchi

text: The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) produce lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and carbon dioxide as by-products during metabolism. Lactic acid quickly lowers the pH, creating an acidic environment that is uninhabitable for most other microorganisms that survived salting. This also modifies the flavor of sub-ingredients and can increase the nutritive value of the raw materials, as the microbial community in the fermentation process can synthesize B vitamins and hydrolyze cellulose in plant tissues to free nutrients that are normally indigestible by the human gastrointestinal tract. Hydrogen peroxide is formed by the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and provides an antibiotic to inhibit some undesirable microorganisms. Carbon dioxide functions as a preservative, flushing out oxygen to create an anaerobic environment, as well as creating the desired carbonation in the final product.


title: Kimchi

text: Kimchi is known for its strong, spicy, flavors and odors, although milder varieties exist. Variations in the fermentation process cause the final product to be highly variable in terms of quality and flavor. The strong odor is especially tied to the sulfur compounds from garlic and ginger of kimchi, which can be less appealing to non-Koreans. Thus, scientists are experimenting with the types of bacteria used in its production to minimize the odor to increase the appeal for international markets.<ref name="Fifield_6/22/2017"></ref> These efforts are not universally appreciated by lovers of kimchi, as the flavor is affected in the process, and some see that "South Korea's narrative about its own culinary staple" is being manipulated to suit the foreigners' tastes.<ref name="Herreria_Russo_6/29/2017"></ref>


title: Kimchi

text: Kimchi is one of the most important staples of Korean cuisine. The Korean term "Kimchi" refers to fermented vegetables, and encompasses salt and seasoned vegetables. It is mainly served as a side dish with every meal, but also can be served as a main dish. Kimchi is mainly recognized as a spicy fermented cabbage dish globally.


title: Kimchi

text: New variations of kimchi continue to be created, and the taste can vary depending on the region and season. Conventionally, the secret of kimchi preparation was passed down by mothers to their daughters in a bid to make them suitable wives to their husbands. However, with the current technological advancement and increase in social media use, many individuals worldwide can now access recipes for kimchi preparation.


title: Kimchi

text: Kimchi can be categorized by main ingredients, regions or seasons. Korea's northern and southern sections have a considerable temperature difference. There are over 180 recognized varieties of kimchi. The most common kimchi variations are:


title: Kimchi

text: Kimchi from the northern parts of Korea tends to have less salt and red chili and usually does not include brined seafood for seasoning. Northern kimchi often has a watery consistency. Kimchi made in the southern parts of Korea, such as Jeolla-do and Gyeongsang-do, uses salt, chili peppers and "myeolchijeot" (, brined anchovy allowed to ferment) or "saeujeot" (, brined shrimp allowed to ferment), "myeolchiaekjeot" (), "kkanariaekjeot" (), liquid anchovy jeot, similar to fish sauce used in Southeast Asia, but thicker.


title: Kimchi

text: "Saeujeot" () or "myeolchijeot" is not added to the kimchi spice-seasoning mixture, but is simmered first to reduce odors, eliminate tannic flavor and fats, and then is mixed with a thickener made of rice or wheat starch (). This technique has been falling into disuse in the past 40 years.


title: Kimchi

text: White kimchi are neither red nor spicy. It includes white napa cabbage kimchi and other varieties such as white radish kimchi ("dongchimi"). Watery white kimchi varieties are sometimes used as an ingredient in a number of dishes such as cold noodles in "dongchimi" brine ("dongchimi-guksu").


title: Kimchi

text: The following regional classification dates to the 1960s. Since then, kimchi-making practices and trends in Korea have diverged from it.


title: Kimchi

text: Different types of kimchi were traditionally made at different times of the year, based on when various vegetables were in season and also to take advantage of hot and cold seasons before the era of refrigeration. Although the advent of modern refrigeration – including kimchi refrigerators specifically designed with precise controls to keep different varieties of kimchi at optimal temperatures at various stages of fermentation – has made this seasonality unnecessary, Koreans continue to consume kimchi according to traditional seasonal preferences.


title: Kimchi

text: After a long period of consuming "gimjang kimchi" () during the winter, fresh potherbs and vegetables were used to make kimchi. These kinds of kimchi were not fermented or even stored for long periods of time but were consumed fresh.


title: Kimchi

text: Yeolmu radishes and cucumbers are summer vegetables made into kimchi, "yeolmu-kimchi" () which is eaten in several bites. Brined fish or shellfish can be added, and freshly ground dried chili peppers are often used.


title: Kimchi

text: "Baechu kimchi" is prepared by inserting blended stuffing materials, called "sok" (literally "inside"), between layers of salted leaves of uncut, whole Napa cabbage. The ingredients of "sok" () can vary, depending on the regions and weather conditions. Generally, "baechu kimchi" used to have a strong salty flavor until the late 1960s, before which a large amount of "myeolchijeot" or "saeujeot" had been used.


title: Kimchi

text: Traditionally, the greatest varieties of kimchi were available during the winter. In preparation for the long winter months, many types of kimjang kimchi () were prepared in early winter and stored in the ground in large kimchi pots. Today, many city residents use modern kimchi refrigerators offering precise temperature controls to store kimjang kimchi. November and December are traditionally when people begin to make kimchi; women often gather together in each other's homes to help with winter kimchi preparations. "Baechu kimchi" is made with salted baechu filled with thin strips of radish, parsley, pine nuts, pears, chestnuts, shredded red pepper, manna lichen (), garlic, and ginger.


title: Kimchi

text: As of 2004, the preference of kimchi preparation in Korean households from the most prepared type of kimchi to less prepared types of kimchi was: baechu kimchi, being the most prepared type of kimchi, then kkakdugi, then dongchimi and then chonggak kimchi. Baechu kimchi comprised more than seventy percent of marketed kimchi and radish kimchi comprised about twenty percent of marketed kimchi.


title: Kimchi

text: As a traditional side dish, Kimchi is almost always served along with other side dishes in most Korean family households and restaurants. Kimchi can be eaten alone or with white or brown rice, but it is also included in recipes of other traditional dishes, including porridges, soups, and rice cakes. Kimchi is also the basis for many derivative dishes such as kimchi stew (), kimchi pancake (), kimchi soup (), and kimchi fried rice ().


title: Kimchi

text: Army base stew () is a popular dish made with spam, sausage, and kimchi. It originated after the Korean war based on ingredients scrounged from the army.


title: Kimchi

text: Kimchi is made of various vegetables and contains a high concentration of dietary fiber, while being low in calories. The vegetables used in kimchi also contribute to intake of vitamin A, thiamine (B), riboflavin (B), calcium, and iron.


title: Kimchi

text: A 2003 article said that South Koreans consume 18kg (40lbs) of kimchi per person annually. Many credit the Korean Miracle in part to eating the dish. Adult Koreans eat from to of kimchi a day.


title: Kimchi

text: South Korea spent around $129 million in 2017 to purchase 275,000 metric tons of foreign kimchi, more than 11 times the amount it exported, according to data released by the Korea Customs Service in 2017. South Korea consumes 1.85 million metric tons of kimchi annually, or 36.1 kg per person. It imports a significant fraction of that, mostly from China, and runs a $47.3 million kimchi trade deficit.


title: Kimchi

text: The Canadian Food Inspection Agency has regulations for the commercial production of kimchi. The final product should have a pH ranging from 4.2 to 4.5. Any low-acidity ingredients with a pH above 4.6, including white daikon and napa cabbage, should not be left under conditions that enable the growth of undesirable microorganisms and require a written illustration of the procedure designed to ensure this is available if requested. This procedural design should include steps that maintain sterility of the equipment and products used, and the details of all sterilization processes. The cutoff pH of 4.6 is a value common to many food safety regulations, initially defined because botulism toxin is not produced below this level.


title: Wes Bentley

text: Wesley Cook Bentley is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Ricky Fitts in "American Beauty" (1999), which earned him a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Supporting Actor, Seneca Crane in "The Hunger Games" (2012), Doyle in "Interstellar" (2014), Erik in "" and Jamie Dutton in "Yellowstone". He was one of four subjects in the documentary "My Big Break" (2009), which covered his fame after "American Beauty" and struggles with substance abuse. Rebuilding his career, he starred in the premiere of "Venus in Fur" by David Ives in the off-Broadway production in 2010. His other film roles include "The Four Feathers" (2002), "Ghost Rider" (2007), "P2" (2007), and "Pete's Dragon" (2016).


title: Wes Bentley

text: He began appearing in the FX anthology series "American Horror Story" in 2014, playing Edward Mordrake in "". In 2015, he starred as Detective John Lowe in "", for which he received a Critics' Choice Television Award nomination. The following year, he played Dylan (the actor who plays Ambrose White in "My Roanoke Nightmare") in the series' sixth cycle, subtitled "". In 2018, Bentley began starring in the Paramount Network original television series "Yellowstone".


title: Wes Bentley

text: Bentley was born in Jonesboro, Arkansas, and raised in Little Rock, the third of four sons of Cherie Baker and David Bentley. His father is a minister, and his mother is a chaplain and ordained elder in the Arkansas Conference, both in the United Methodist denomination. He is of German, Scottish and English descent.


title: Wes Bentley

text: In 1996, he graduated from Sylvan Hills High School in Sherwood, Arkansas. He attended the Juilliard School's Drama Division as part of its Group 29 (1996–2000) but left the school after one year to pursue his acting career.


title: Wes Bentley

text: Bentley has starred in several films, including the Oscar-winning film "American Beauty", "The Four Feathers", "P2", and "Ghost Rider". He starred in the thriller "Dolan's Cadillac", based on the short story by Stephen King, and "There Be Dragons" by director Roland Joffé. Bentley is one of the main subjects in the documentary "My Big Break", directed by Tony Zierra, which follows Bentley and three of his former roommates, Chad Lindberg, Brad Rowe and Greg Fawcett, as they pursue their dream to become successful actors in Hollywood.


title: Wes Bentley

text: In the 2007 film "Ghost Rider", Bentley played Blackheart, a demonic being that was the main antagonist.


title: Wes Bentley

text: In 2010, he starred opposite Nina Arianda in the premiere of the David Ives play "Venus in Fur" at the Classic Stage Company in New York City.


title: Wes Bentley

text: In March 2012, Bentley had a supporting role in the blockbuster movie "The Hunger Games", playing gamemaker Seneca Crane.


title: Wes Bentley

text: In 2012, Bentley also starred with Amber Tamblyn and Vincent Piazza in the indie feature "3 Nights in the Desert", directed by Gabriel Cowan.


title: Wes Bentley

text: Bentley and Scott Speedman starred in a pilot episode for a planned HBO series created by Ryan Murphy, "Open", but the series was not picked up. The following year, Bentley guest starred in Murphy's FX series "American Horror Story" for its fourth season, "". In 2015, he was promoted to the main cast for the fifth season, "", starring as Detective John Lowe. In 2016, he played a main role in the sixth season, "".


title: Wes Bentley

text: Bentley was married to actress Jennifer Quanz from 2001 to 2009. They divorced in 2009 due to his substance abuse. He married producer Jacqui Swedberg in 2010. They have a son born in late 2010 and a daughter born in 2014.


title: Wes Bentley

text: In a "New York Times" article on February 8, 2010, he described his descent into drug addiction that began almost immediately after his success in "American Beauty". He said he hid his addiction from his wife; they separated in 2006, and he moved to an apartment where he began doing drugs full-time. During this time, he worked sporadically, just enough to pay bills and buy drugs. His addiction started to cause problems on the sets of the films "P2" and "Weirdsville" and in 2008, he was arrested and ordered into counseling and 12-step programs. He relapsed, however, and "continued using heroin until he was broke".


title: Wes Bentley

text: In July 2009, he said, he confessed to a friend, "I’m a drug addict, and an alcoholic, and I need help. I need help or I’m going to die". He again entered a 12-step program and, while clean since then, considers himself on the path to recovery.


title: Wes Bentley

text: The documentary "My Big Break" (2009) captures Bentley's early life as an unknown actor, his sudden fame after "American Beauty", his subsequent emotional struggle with fame, and his admission years later that he was recovering from an addiction to drugs and alcohol. He began to rebuild his career by starring in the Off-Broadway premiere of the play "Venus in Fur" by David Ives.


title: American Horror Stories

text: American Horror Stories is an American anthology horror television series created by Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk for FX on Hulu. Premiered on July 15, 2021, the series serves as the third installment in the "American Story" media franchise and a direct spin-off from "American Horror Story". Returning cast members from the original show include Matt Bomer, Celia Finkelstein, Naomi Grossman, John Carroll Lynch, Charles Melton, Billie Lourd, Chad James Buchanan, Cody Fern, Dylan McDermott, Jamie Brewer, Denis O'Hare, Matt Lasky, Gabourey Sidibe, Max Greenfield, Austin Woods, Seth Gabel, Rebecca Dayan, Cameron Cowperthwaite, Spencer Neville, and Teddy Sears.


title: American Horror Stories

text: Some episodes of this show are connected to past "American Horror Story" seasons. The episodes "Rubber(wo)Man Pt. 1 & 2" and "Game Over" are connected with "" while "Dollhouse" is connected with "".


title: American Horror Stories

text: On May 11, 2020, Murphy revealed that a spin-off series named "American Horror Stories" was being developed; it would feature self-contained anthological episodes, instead of a season-long story arc as featured in "American Horror Story". The first season consists of seven episodes. On August 13, 2021, FX renewed the series for a second season of eight episodes.


title: American Horror Stories

text: Matt Bomer, Gavin Creel, Sierra McCormick, Paris Jackson, Belissa Escobedo, Merrin Dungey, Selena Sloan, Ashley Martin Carter, Valerie Loo, Kaia Gerber, Aaron Tveit and Celia Finkelstein starred in the first two episodes. Other "American Horror Story" alums who appeared in the first season include Naomi Grossman, John Carroll Lynch, Charles Melton, Billie Lourd, Chad James Buchanan, Cody Fern, Dylan McDermott and Jamie Brewer along with newcomers Rhenzy Feliz, Madison Bailey, Ben J. Pierce, Leonardo Cecchi, Kyle Red Silverstein, Brandon Papo, Amy Grabow, Adrienne Barbeau, Kevin McHale, Nico Greetham, Dyllón Burnside, Taneka Johnson, Danny Trejo, Ronen Rubinstein, Virginia Gardner, Vanessa E. Williams, Michael B. Silver, Kimberley Drummond, Jake Choi, Misha Gonz-Cirkl, Tiffany Dupont, Blake Shields, Colin Tandberg, Mercedes Mason, Noah Cyrus, Adam Hagenbuch, John Brotherton, Nicolas Bechtel and Tom Lenk.


title: American Horror Stories

text: Nico Greetham and Cody Fern returned for the second season. Denis O'Hare, Matt Lasky, Gabourey Sidibe, Max Greenfield, Austin Woods, Seth Gabel, Rebecca Dayan, Cameron Cowperthwaite, Spencer Neville and Teddy Sears, who appeared in previous seasons of " American Horror Story", appeared in the second season along with newcomers Kristine Froseth, Houston Towe, Abby Corrigan, Simone Recasner, Maryssa Menendez, Emily Morales-Cabrera, Caitlin Dulany, Joel Swetow, Lily Rohren, Vince Yap, Nancy Linehan Charles, Bella Thorne, Anthony De La Torre, Billie Bodega, Julia Schlaepfer, Addison Timlin, Ian Sharkey, Dominique Jackson, Quvenzhané Wallis, Raven Scott, Kyla Drew, Kyanna Simone, Shane Callahan, Ryan Madison, Tiffany Yvonne Cox, Judith Light, Britt Lower, Todd Waring, Cornelia Guest, Madison Iseman, Jeff Doucette, Sara Silva, Jessika Van, Chelsea M. Davis, Alicia Silverstone, Olivia Rouyre, Bobby Hogan, Heather Wynters and Jarrod Crawford.


title: American Horror Stories

text: On August 4, 2020, it was announced that Sarah Paulson was set to direct an episode on the series; she ultimately did not do so.


title: American Horror Stories

text: Every episode of the series has its own title sequence, with the exception of the first and second episodes, which share the same one, to connect to the theme of each episode. The title sequence was created by Elastic. The same theme music and font of "American Horror Story" is used during the opening credits. "The Naughty List", the fourth episode of the first season, uses the same remix of the theme music as "" but high pitched.


title: American Horror Stories

text: On November 12, 2020, Murphy unveiled a promotional poster of the series via his Instagram account and announced a first season of sixteen hour-long episodes, many of which will feature actors who have appeared in "American Horror Story".


title: American Horror Stories

text: On June 23, 2021, FX released two more promotional posters for the show and a teaser trailer that featured the Rubber Woman.


title: American Horror Stories

text: On July 8, 2021, FX released the official trailer for the series. On June 21, 2022, FX released the promotional poster for the second season. On June 30, 2022, FX released the official teaser trailer for the second season that featured humanoid dolls. On July 13, 2022, FX released the official trailer for the second season.


title: American Horror Stories

text: The series was set to air on FX; however, on June 22, 2020, it was announced that "American Horror Stories" would stream on FX on Hulu instead. "American Horror Stories" premiered on July 15, 2021. Internationally, the series became available through Disney+ under the dedicated streaming hub Star starting on August 25, 2021. In Latin America, the series premieres as a Star+ original.


title: American Horror Stories

text: According to Whip Media's viewership tracking app TV Time, "American Horror Stories" was the second most anticipated new television series during the month of July 2021, and the second most anticipated returning television series during the month of July 2022. According to Whip Media, "American Horror Stories" was the tenth most streamed original television series across all platforms, in the United States, during the week of August 7, 2022, the ninth during the week of August 21, 2022, the seventh during the week of August 28, 2022, the fifth during the week of September 4, 2022, and the fifth during the week of September 11, 2022.


title: American Horror Stories

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has a score of 52% with an average score of 4.6/10, based on 39 reviews. The website's critics consensus is, ""American Horror Stories" has its moments, but a lack of consistent narrative quality among installments and not enough scares make for an unsatisfying whole." On Metacritic, the season scored 54 out of 100, based on 5 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".