title: Century egg

text: Century eggs can be eaten without further preparation other than peeling and rinsing them – on their own, or as a side dish. In central China, they are sliced into pieces and drizzled with some black vinegar and served as a side dish. As an "hors d'œuvre", the Cantonese wrap chunks of this egg with slices of pickled ginger root (sometimes sold on a stick as street food). A Shanghainese recipe mixes chopped century eggs with chilled tofu. In Taiwan, it is popular to eat sliced century eggs placed on top of cold tofu with "katsuobushi", soy sauce, and sesame oil, in a style similar to Japanese "hiyayakko". A variation of this recipe common in northern China is to slice century eggs over chilled silken (soft) tofu, adding liberal quantities of shredded young ginger and chopped spring onions as a topping, and then drizzling light soy sauce and sesame oil over the dish, to taste. They are also used in a dish called old-and-fresh eggs, where chopped century eggs are combined with (or used to top) an omelette made with fresh eggs. The century eggs may also be cut into chunks and stir fried with vegetables, which is most commonly found in Taiwanese cuisine.


title: Century egg

text: Some Chinese households cut them up into small chunks and cook them with rice porridge to create "century egg and lean pork "congee"" (). This is sometimes served in dim sum restaurants. Rice congee, lean pork, and century egg are the main ingredients. Peeled century eggs are cut into quarters or eighths and simmered with the seasoned marinated lean slivers of pork until both ingredients are cooked into the rice congee. Fried dough sticks known as "youtiao" are commonly eaten with century egg congee. Another common variation of this dish is the addition of salted duck eggs into the congee mixture.


title: Century egg

text: At special events like wedding banquets or birthday parties, a first course platter of sliced barbecued pork, pickled baby leeks, sliced abalone, pickled julienned carrots, pickled julienned daikon radish, seasoned julienned jellyfish, sliced pork, head cheese and the quartered century eggs is served. This is called a "lahng-poon" in Cantonese, which simply means "cold dish".


title: Century egg

text: Century eggs are sometimes avoided due to the belief that they are prepared by soaking eggs in horse urine, but there is no valid evidence to support this. Also, urine is generally not alkaline. In Thai and Lao, the common word for century egg translates to "horse urine egg", due to the distinctive urine-like odor of the food:


title: Century egg

text: Century eggs prepared in traditional ways are generally safe to consume. However, there have been incidents of malpractice in century egg production that causes eggs to be contaminated. In 2013, three factories in Jiangxi province were found to be using industrial copper sulphate in century egg production to shorten the production time. The industrial copper sulphate was contaminated with heavy metals and toxic chemicals. The incident was exposed on China's national broadcaster CCTV, causing local officials to shut down 30 factories for inspection. The police arrested three people involved in the case and seized four businesses involved in the case.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: Batwoman is an American superhero television series developed by Caroline Dries for The CW. Based on the DC Comics character of the same name, it is part of the Arrowverse continuity. The series premiered on October 6, 2019, and ran for three seasons until March 2, 2022, before its cancellation on April 29. The first season follows Kate Kane, the cousin of vigilante Bruce Wayne, who becomes Batwoman in his absence. The second and third seasons focus on former convict Ryan Wilder as she protects Gotham City in the role of Batwoman.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: Development on a "Batwoman" series began in 2018 after it was announced that Kate would appear in the Arrowverse crossover "Elseworlds". Ruby Rose was cast as Kate the same year, with "Batwoman" receiving a series order in 2019. Shortly after the conclusion of the first season, Rose exited the series and Javicia Leslie was cast as Ryan, an original character created to succeed Kate.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: The series follows Kate Kane and Ryan Wilder overcoming their demons by becoming vigilantes and fighting crime in Gotham City.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: In the first season, following the disappearance of Gotham City-based vigilante Batman, Kate discovers that her cousin Bruce Wayne was Batman and decides to follow in his footsteps by becoming her own vigilante using her prior military skills, coined "Batwoman" by the media, with the help of tech-expert and former Wayne Enterprises employee Luke Fox, and her stepsister Mary Hamilton, who eventually discovers Kate is Batwoman. Meanwhile, Kate's father Jacob had formed a security firm known as the Crows during Batman's absence and has come into conflict with the Wonderland Gang, led by the psychotic serial killer Alice all while Batwoman attempts to convince the Crows she is on their side of the war as they won't accept help from masked vigilantes. Kate deduces that Alice is her fraternal twin sister Beth, who was presumed dead following a car accident.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: In the second season, following Kate Kane's supposed death from a plane crash, homeless ex-con Ryan Wilder finds the bat-suit from the plane wreckage and takes up the mantle of Batwoman to avenge her mother's death. Meanwhile, Alice explores more of her past which she has mysterious connections with a man named Ocean and a mysterious enemy known as Safiyah Sohail – the woman who had Enigma erase those memories for unknown reasons; In addition, the Crows face up against a new drug dealing organization known as the False Face Society led by Black Mask. Unbeknownst to everyone, Black Mask has Kate hostage after the False Face Society raided her airplane and had Enigma brainwash her to be his daughter Circe Sionis who perished the day when Alice caused a mass breakout at Arkham Asylum. In addition, Black Mask later has Jacob arrested by the police officers on his side for withholding the information that Alice is Beth Kane where Jacob cuts a deal that gets him placed in a prison in Metropolis while "Circe" gains Jacob and Mary's trust in order to steal some items belonging to Batman's enemies. When Alice defeats Black Mask and helps Ryan to get the Circe personality out of Kate, she is arrested by the police and remanded to Arkham Asylum with Black Mask. With Kate back to normal, she leaves Gotham to go visit her father and Supergirl before going to look for Bruce. While visiting Alice, Ryan learns that her biological mother is still alive. As for the stolen items that ended up in the river during the conflict, they wash up on shore as a container of one of Poison Ivy's plants breaks open.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: In the third season, Ryan and Luke begin the hunt for the missing Batman villain trophies like one of Poison Ivy's plants, Mad Hatter's hat, Killer Croc's tooth, and Mr. Freeze's liquid nitrogen where it falls into the hands of different people. Due to some intimidation from former Gotham City Police Department member Renee Montoya, Ryan has no choice but to have Alice as a consultant when looking for the missing trophies. In addition, Ryan finds out that her biological mother is Jeturian Industries' CEO Jada Jet as she also meets her half-brother Marquis, who has a dark past that revolved around a bus that was hijacked by Joker when he was young. Mary gets possessed by Poison Ivy's plant and acts as her proxy. Renee finds Poison Ivy's body and gets her back to her mobile state as she finally meets with Mary's possessed form to get back to full power. After Poison Ivy is defeated and relocated to Coryana with Renee, Batwoman is left to deal with Marquis. Batwoman uses the Joker's joy buzzer to restore Marquis back to normal, while the Joker acid he was going to distribute over Gotham City exploded over a desolate part of the area.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: LaMonica Garrett also stars on "Crisis on Infinite Earths: Part Two" as Mar Novu / Monitor, a multiversal being who tests different Earths in the multiverse in preparation for an impending "crisis" orchestrated by his polar opposite, Mobius / Anti-Monitor.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: In May 2018, The CW president Mark Pedowitz and "Arrow" lead Stephen Amell announced at The CW's upfront presentation that Batwoman would be introduced in the Arrowverse series' 2018 crossover, "Elseworlds", which aired in December 2018, fighting alongside the other Arrowverse heroes, with Gotham City also appearing. In July 2018, it was reported that The CW was planning to develop a series around the character, to air in 2019 if picked up. The series, said to only be a "script-development deal", was written by Caroline Dries, who would also serve as an executive producer with Greg Berlanti, Sarah Schecter, and the character's co-creator Geoff Johns. The series would be produced by Berlanti Productions and Mad Ghost Productions in association with Warner Bros. Television. The following month, Pedowitz noted the pilot would be completed "for mid-season".


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: In December 2018, Dries submitted a "strong" script for a potential pilot episode, according to Nellie Andreeva of "Deadline Hollywood". That led to the series receiving a pilot order from The CW the next month, to be considered for a series order in the 2019–20 television season. As of April 2019, the series was considered "a lock" at The CW, and reportedly had a writing staff in place. On May 7, 2019, The CW ordered the show to series. On October 25, 2019, the series was picked up for a full season of 22 episodes. On January 7, 2020, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on January 17, 2021.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: On February 3, 2021, The CW renewed the series for a third season which premiered on October 13, 2021, and the finale aired on March 2, 2022. On April 29, 2022, The CW canceled the series after three seasons.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: Casting for Kate Kane was expected to begin after the announcement of the intended series in May 2018, with the intention of casting an out lesbian actress. In August, Ruby Rose was cast as Kate Kane / Batwoman. In late January 2019, Meagan Tandy, Camrus Johnson, and Nicole Kang were cast in the series regular roles as Sophie Moore, Luke Fox, and Mary Hamilton, respectively. This was followed shortly by the casting of Rachel Skarsten as Alice, Dougray Scott as Jacob Kane, and Elizabeth Anweis as Catherine Hamilton-Kane.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: The casting of Rose as Batwoman was met by backlash on social media and received intense criticism. DC Comics, which owns the rights to the longtime comic book superheroine Batwoman, reintroduced the character in 2006 as a lesbian of Jewish descent. Some online reactions attacked Rose for not being Jewish, while the main focus of the criticism was the assertion that the fact she identifies as gender fluid made her "not gay enough." Rose left Twitter and deactivated public commenting on her Instagram account following the backlash.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: In July 2021, Robin Givens, Victoria Cartagena, and Nick Creegan were cast as new series regulars for the third season. In August 2021, Bridget Regan was cast in the recurring role of Poison Ivy for the third season.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: In May 2020, Rose announced she would be leaving the series ahead of its second season; while it was initially announced that it was mutually decided between Rose, the studio, and the network for her to leave, Rose's "Batwoman" co-star Camrus Johnson confirmed in October 2021 that Rose had in fact been fired after "multiple complaints" about her on-set behavior. The producers reaffirmed their commitment to the series and finding a new actress who is part of the LGBTQ community to lead future seasons. Rose later called being the lead of a series "taxing" and stated her back surgery following an on-set accident in 2019 was a contributing factor in deciding to leave, saying it was "time for me to take a break to fully heal and then return" to acting. Spending time in isolation because of the COVID-19 pandemic also allowed Rose "to just think about a lot of different things and what you want to achieve in life and what you want to do," which allowed her "a great opportunity to have a dialogue about a lot of things" with the producers.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: The following month, a casting notice for a new character named Ryan Wilder was revealed, indicating the series was looking to replace Kane as Batwoman. Dries defended the decision to introduce a new character as Batwoman, asserting that the series would continue to "respect everything that Ruby put into the Kate Kane character." She also revealed Kane would not be killed, and her disappearance would be a key storyline during season two.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: Matt Webb Mitovitch at "TVLine" and Jill Pantozzi of "io9" both felt replacing Kane as Batwoman would be a detriment to the series. Mitovitch felt it would "create more problems than it solves", saying it would take away from the established character dynamics (namely the "central" one between Kate and Alice) and the various plot threads waiting to be resolved from the end of the first season. He added: "a simple if momentarily awkward recast would have kept all established storylines and dynamics intact; Season 2 could then pick up where the solid Season 1 left off. Instead, loyal viewers will be asked to re-invest in something that is significantly new, while also possibly giving up some of the things they liked most about the show." Pantozzi felt the series could have approached the casting of a new lead actor more creatively, given the series exists in "a universe of time travel, doppelgängers, and literal face-swapping". She concluded, "if they are truly doing away with the Kate character it feels like a bizarre move. Fans could much easier come to terms with a simple replacement actress, than having to go through a convoluted story of why a random lesbian has taken up the cowl so soon after Kate did. ... It seems like a lot of explaining to do when there's a much easier option." Conversely, "Collider"s Liz Shannon Miller felt a new character was "the right call" and "a big swing" for the series. Miller pointed to the "long-established precedent" in the comics of new characters taking over mantles from others. Like Mitovitch, Miller questioned what the new character would mean for the series' supporting cast, since their connections to Kate were "their primary reason for being a part of the show's storyline". She also hoped "Ryan Wilder" was a placeholder name, "because the trend of naming strong female characters with traditionally male names has just gotten tired at this point".


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: In early July 2020, Javicia Leslie was cast as Ryan Wilder, the new Batwoman. Rose was supportive of Leslie's casting. Wallis Day was later cast as Kate Kane where it was claimed that she surgically altered her appearance. Rose, commenting on an Instagram tribute to her time in the role, stated that she was "stoked" about Day's casting.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: In an interview with ComicBookMovie.com when asked if she would reprise Kate at some point, Rose said, "I would totally do it. I don't think it would serve the story because I think building the new Batwoman is more important than going back too far into Kate Kane, but of course I would." Then she added on "I've watched a couple of episodes, and I think how they're handling it is beautiful. I think it's [Ryan Wilder's] time to shine." However, in later in October 2021, after Rose spoke out about alleged abuse and neglect on set, she walked back on the statement, saying she would not return for "any amount of money nor if there were a gun to my head".


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: Production on the pilot episode began on March 4 and concluded on March 25, 2019, in Vancouver, British Columbia. Additional filming took place in Chicago, Illinois. Filming for the rest of the season began on July 4 and was set to conclude in mid-2020. On March 12, 2020, Warner Bros. Television shut down production on the series due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Filming for the second season began on September 3, 2020, and concluded on May 10, 2021. Filming for the third season began on July 19, 2021, and concluded on December 22.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: In 2019, Rose suffered an injury during stunt work on the series. She spoke about the experience being close to "severing my spinal chord (sic). I was in chronic pain and yet couldn't feel my arms". She required emergency surgery. In 2020, Amanda Smith, a production assistant working on the show, was paralyzed following a bucket lift being lowered onto her head. Warner Bros. Television stated they cooperated with an investigation into onset safety.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: In October 2021, Rose spoke out on the working conditions of her time on "Batwoman". She alleged that after her spine injury, she was forced back to work with the implications from studio executives being that the entire crew would lose their jobs if she did not. She also stated that production was rushed and corners cut during the COVID-19 pandemic and that there were many stuntpersons' injuries on-set amongst her own, including one which she stipulated cast and crew should have gotten therapy afterward. Rose spoke out against co-stars Dougray Scott and Camrus Johnson's behavior on-set, calling the former abusive and the latter an "egomaniac kid who worked one day a week". Scott responded that these allegations are "entirely made-up," while Johnson stated Rose was fired and he felt "we have a lot of great souls working on this show".


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: In a statement, Warner Bros. Television dismissed the allegations by Rose and said that her contract was not picked up for season two because of multiple complaints about her workplace behavior. This was expanded on when a production assistant, Alexander J. Baxter, came forward to confirm Rose had been fired from the show for alleged "dictator"-like behaviour. However, Rose disputed these claims and produced emails, texts and other evidence on her concerns with the working conditions and ethics on set.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: The series debuted on The CW October 6, 2019. In New Zealand, the series is streamed on TVNZ's free streaming service TVNZ OnDemand. In the United Kingdom, the series is shown on E4. In Canada, it is aired on Showcase.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: Season 1 was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 18, 2020. Special features included deleted scenes, a gag reel, highlights from DCTV's 2019 San Diego Comic-Con panels, and a behind-the-scenes featurette entitled "On the Set". The release also included a bonus disc with all five episodes of the "Crisis on Infinite Earths" crossover event.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: Season 2 was released on DVD and Blu-ray on September 21, 2021. Special features included deleted scenes, a gag reel, and two featurettes entitled "Villains Analyzed" and "Never Alone: Heroes and Allies".


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: Season 3 was released on DVD on July 12, 2022. Special features included deleted scenes and a gag reel.


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the series' first season holds an approval rating of 80% based on 236 reviews from critics, with an average rating of 6.85/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Though it needs more time to develop its own identity to truly soar, "Batwoman" fun and stylish first season is a step in the right direction for representation and superhero shows alike." On Metacritic, the first season has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on reviews from 16 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Batwoman (TV series)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has an approval rating of 86% based on 21 reviews, with an average rating of 6.80/10. The critical consensus for the season reads, ""Batwoman"'s second season survives a soft reboot, maintaining the show's excellence while giving Javicia Leslie plenty of room to spread her wings."


title: Wallace Shawn

text: Wallace Michael Shawn (born November 12, 1943) is an American actor, playwright, and essayist. His film roles include Wally Shawn (a fictionalized version of himself) in "My Dinner with Andre" (1981), Vizzini in "The Princess Bride" (1987), Mr. James Hall in "Clueless" (1995) and the voice of Rex in the "Toy Story" franchise (1995–2019). He has also had roles in six of Woody Allen's films. His television work includes recurring roles as Jeff Engels in "The Cosby Show" (1987–1991), Grand Nagus Zek in "" (1993–1999), Cyrus Rose in "Gossip Girl" (2008–2012), and Dr. John Sturgis in "Young Sheldon" (2018–present).


title: Wallace Shawn

text: His plays include the Obie Award–winning "Aunt Dan and Lemon" (1985), "The Designated Mourner" (1996) and "Grasses of a Thousand Colors" (2008). He also co-wrote the screenplay for "My Dinner with Andre" with Andre Gregory, and scripted "A Master Builder" (2013), a film adaptation of the play by Henrik Ibsen, in which he also starred. Haymarket Books published his books "Essays" (2009) and "Night Thoughts" (2017).


title: Wallace Shawn

text: Shawn was born on November 12, 1943, in New York City, to a Jewish family. His parents were journalist Cecille (née Lyon; 1906–2005) and William Shawn (1907–1992), the longtime editor of "The New Yorker". He has two younger twin siblings: composer Allen Shawn, and Mary, who is autistic and lives in an institution.


title: Wallace Shawn

text: Shawn attended The Putney School, a private liberal arts high school in Putney, Vermont. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in history from Harvard College. He studied philosophy, politics and economics, as well as Latin, at Magdalen College, Oxford, originally intending to become a diplomat. He also traveled to India as an English teacher on a Fulbright program. He taught Latin in Manhattan, but since 1979 he has made his living primarily as an actor.


title: Wallace Shawn

text: Shawn's early plays, such as "Marie and Bruce" (1978), portrayed emotional and sexual conflicts in an absurdist style, with language both lyrical and violent. In a conversation with Andre Gregory, parts of which were used to create "My Dinner with Andre", Shawn said these plays depicted "my interior life as a raging beast." Critical response was extremely polarized: some critics hailed Shawn as a major writer, while John Simon called "Marie and Bruce" "garbage" and Shawn "one of the unsightliest actors in this city." His 1977 play "A Thought in Three Parts" caused controversy in London when the production was investigated by a vice squad and attacked in Parliament after allegations of pornographic content. Shawn received the Obie Award for best playwrighting in 1974 for "Our Late Night".


title: Wallace Shawn

text: Shawn's later plays are more overtly political, drawing parallels between his characters' psychology and the behavior of governments and social classes. Among the best-known of these are "Aunt Dan and Lemon" (1985) and "The Designated Mourner" (1997). Shawn's political work has invited controversy, as he often presents the audience with several contradictory points of view. He has called "Aunt Dan and Lemon" a cautionary tale against fascism. Shawn's monologue "The Fever", originally meant to be performed for small audiences in apartments, depicts a person who becomes sick while struggling to find a morally consistent way to live when faced with injustice, and harshly criticizes the United States' record in supporting oppressive anti-communist regimes. In 1997, Shawn discussed the political nature of "Aunt Dan and Lemon", "The Fever" and "The Designated Mourner" in an interview in which he talked extensively about the thematic connections among them, as well as his own views on Marxist, communist and socialist politics, their relevance to American liberalism, and how governmental and individual responsibilities for finding solutions to the dichotomy between rich and poor in the world take hold in his characters. "Aunt Dan and Lemon" earned Shawn his second Obie Award for excellence in playwrighting in 1986, and "The Fever" won Best American Play in 1991. Three of Shawn's plays have been adapted into films: "The Designated Mourner" (basically a film version of David Hare's stage production), "Marie and Bruce" and "The Fever". Vanessa Redgrave stars in "The Fever" (2004), which first aired on HBO on June 13, 2007.


title: Wallace Shawn

text: Shawn has also written political commentary for "The Nation", and in 2004 he published the one-issue-only progressive political magazine "Final Edition", which featured interviews with and articles by Jonathan Schell, Noam Chomsky, Mark Strand and Deborah Eisenberg. Shawn is credited as translator of Bertolt Brecht's "The Threepenny Opera", which opened at Studio 54 in Manhattan on March 25, 2006. He appears briefly in voiceover during "Song about the Futility of Human Endeavor". He published his first nonfiction work, "Essays", on September 1, 2009. It is a collection of essays that express his perceptions of politics and other aspects of his life.


title: Wallace Shawn

text: Shawn's involvement with theater began in 1970 when he met Andre Gregory, who has since directed several of his plays. As a stage actor, he has appeared mostly in his own plays and other projects with Gregory. He made his film debut in 1979, playing Diane Keaton's ex-husband in Woody Allen's "Manhattan" and an insurance agent in Bob Fosse's "All That Jazz". His best-known film roles include Earl in "Strange Invaders" (1983) and Mr. Hall in "Clueless" (1995). After seeing his performance in "My Dinner With Andre" (1981), casting director Janet Hirshenson was so fond of his delivery of the word "inconceivable" that she cast him as Vizzini in "The Princess Bride" (1987). Other roles include Baron Von Westphalen in "Southland Tales", Cyrus Rose on "Gossip Girl", and Ezra in "The Haunted Mansion" (2003).


title: Wallace Shawn

text: His rare non-comedic film roles include two collaborations with Andre Gregory and Louis Malle: the semi-autobiographical dialogue "My Dinner with Andre", and a combined production-and-backstage-drama of "Uncle Vanya" titled "Vanya on 42nd Street". Shawn quite often appears on television, where he has appeared in many genres and series. He has had recurring roles as the Grand Nagus Zek on "", Stuart Best on "Murphy Brown", Jeff Engels on "The Cosby Show", Dr. Howard Stiles on "Crossing Jordan", Arnie Ross on "Taxi", Charles Lester on both "The Good Wife" and "The Good Fight", and a reprisal of his role as Mr. Hall on "Clueless" (based on the film). He appeared in the 1985 music video for Chaka Khan's "This Is My Night". On February 4, 2010, Shawn appeared as Alan Rubin on "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart". He appeared in "Vegas Vacation" as Marty. "A Master Builder" opened in New York City in June 2014. In 2018, he joined the cast of "Young Sheldon" in the recurring role of Meemaw's boyfriend and Sheldon's physics professor, Dr. John Sturgis.


title: Wallace Shawn

text: Shawn was honored in 2005 with the PEN/Laura Pels International Foundation for Theater Award as a Master American Dramatist.


title: Wallace Shawn

text: Shawn is a voice actor for animated films and television series, including Rex in the "Toy Story" franchise, "Monsters, Inc." (2001) during the outtakes in the closing credits, "Kingdom Hearts III", Mr. Gilbert Huph in "The Incredibles", Principal Mazur in "A Goofy Movie", Bertram in "Family Guy", Munk in "Happily N'Ever After", Purple Pirate Paul in "", and as a caricature of himself in "BoJack Horseman".


title: Wallace Shawn

text: Shawn said that "Toy Story" director John Lasseter may have seen both his "My Dinner with Andre" and "The Princess Bride" roles and saw him as "excitable" like Rex.


title: Wallace Shawn

text: In "The Fox and the Hound", he was originally going to voice Boomer, but dropped out and was replaced by Paul Winchell. In "", Shawn replaced Jon Lovitz as the voice of Calico. He also provided the voice of Mr. Mustela in "The Addams Family 2" in 2021.


title: Wallace Shawn

text: In June 2013, Shawn and many other public figures appeared in a video showing support for Chelsea Manning. He referred to himself as a socialist in his essay "Why I Call Myself a Socialist: Is the World Really a Stage?", which was published online and later in his "Essays".


title: Wallace Shawn

text: Shawn is Jewish and identifies religiously as an atheist. , he lives in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan. He voiced his support for the Palestinian people during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. He is a member of Jewish Voice for Peace and is on the advisory board. His longtime companion is writer Deborah Eisenberg.


title: Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time

text: "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time" is a recurring survey compiled by the American magazine "Rolling Stone". It is based on weighted votes from selected musicians, critics, and industry figures. The first list was published in December 2004 in a special issue of the magazine, issue number 963, a year after the magazine published its list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". In 2010, "Rolling Stone" published a revised edition, drawing on the original and a later survey of songs released up until the early 2000s.


text: Another updated edition of the list was published in 2021, with more than half the entries not having appeared on either of the two previous editions; it was based on a new survey and does not factor in the surveys that were conducted for the previous lists. The 2021 list was based on a poll of more than 250 artists, musicians, producers, critics, journalists and industry figures. They each sent in a ranked list of their top 50 songs, and "Rolling Stone" tabulated the results.


text: In May 2010, "Rolling Stone" compiled an update, published in a special issue and in digital form for the iPod and iPad. The list differs from the 2004 version, with 26 songs added, all of which are songs from the 2000s except "Juicy" by The Notorious B.I.G., released in 1994. The top 25 remained unchanged, but many songs down the list were given different rankings as a result of the inclusion of new songs, causing consecutive shifts among the songs listed in 2004. The highest-ranked new entry was Gnarls Barkley's "Crazy" (number 100).


title: Christian angelology

text: In Christianity, angels are the agents of God. Various works of Christian theology have devised hierarchies of angelic beings. The most influential Christian angelic hierarchy was put forward around the turn of the 6th century AD by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite in his work "De Coelesti Hierarchia" ("On the Celestial Hierarchy"). He claimed to be an important figure who was converted by Paul the Apostle, who authored most of the New Testament, and his work enjoyed greater influence than it would have if he had used his actual name, until Erasmus publicised doubts about the age of the work in the early 16th century.


title: Christian angelology

text: As referred to in the theological doctrine of the communion of saints, in paradise there is a common and unique vision of the truth and contemplation of the face of God, without any kind of difference between angels or human souls. The "Summa theologiae" of Thomas Aquinas states that there exists different degree in respect of the creation, about the power of intercession to God and of direct entrustment in the human lives.


title: Christian angelology

text: According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC) paragraph 328, "the existence of the spiritual, non-corporeal beings that Sacred Scripture usually calls "angels" is a truth of faith. The witness of Scripture is as clear as the unanimity of Tradition."


title: Christian angelology

text: The "Catechism of the Catholic Church" states: "The whole life of the church benefits from the mysterious and powerful help of the angels... From its beginning until death, human life is surrounded by their watchful care and intercession." "Christ is the center of the angelic world. They are "His" angels...They belong to Him because they were created through and for Him."


title: Christian angelology

text: As Augustine of Hippo would remark, the angels were experiencing something new as the creation of God unfolded. The 'good' angels seek at all times, to direct us towards the true source of happiness, God. They encourage us in worship of God.


title: Christian angelology

text: According to Pseudo-Dionysius, the first sphere of angels see and worship God directly, and communicate his will to angels who are closer to the life of man.


title: Christian angelology

text: Tradition places seraphim in the highest rank in Christian angelology and in the fifth rank of ten in the Jewish angelic hierarchy. A seminal passage in the Book of Isaiah () used the term to describe six-winged beings that fly around the Throne of God crying "holy, holy, holy". This throne scene, with its triple invocation of holiness, profoundly influenced subsequent theology, literature and art. Its influence is frequently seen in works depicting angels, heaven and apotheosis. Seraphim are mentioned as celestial beings in the non-canonical Book of Enoch and the canonical Book of Revelation.


title: Christian angelology

text: In the Book of Ezekiel and (at least some) Christian icons, the cherub is depicted as having two pairs of wings, and four faces: that of a lion (representative of all wild animals), an ox (domestic animals), a human (humanity), and an eagle (birds). Their legs were straight, the soles of their feet like the hooves of a bull, gleaming like polished brass. Later tradition ascribes to them a variety of physical appearances. In Western Christian tradition, cherubim have become associated with the putto (derived from classical Cupid/Eros), resulting in depictions of cherubim as small, plump, winged boys. St. Thomas Aquinas imagined Satan as a fallen cherub.


title: Christian angelology

text: Thrones are a class of angels, based on an interpretation of . According to 1 Peter 3:21-22, Christ had gone to Heaven and "angels and authorities and powers" had been made subject to him. Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite in his work "De Coelesti Hierarchia" includes the thrones as the third highest of nine levels of angels.


title: Christian angelology

text: The "ophanim" refer to the wheels seen in Ezekiel's vision of the chariot (Hebrew ) in . One of the Dead Sea scrolls (4Q405) construes them as angels. These "wheels" have been associated with (mentioned as , traditionally "the wheels of ", in "fiery flame" and "burning fire") of the four, eye-covered wheels (each composed of two nested wheels), that move next to the winged cherubim, beneath the throne of God.


title: Christian angelology

text: Angels of the Second Sphere work as heavenly governors of the creation by subjecting matter and guiding and ruling the spirits.


title: Christian angelology

text: The Dominations (lat. "dominatio", plural "dominationes", also translated from the Greek term "kyriotētes", pl. of "kyriotēs", as "Lordships") or "Dominions" are presented as the hierarchy of celestial beings "Lordships" in some English translations of the "De Coelesti Hierarchia". The Dominations regulate the duties of lower angels. It is only with extreme rarity that the angelic lords make themselves physically known to humans.


title: Christian angelology

text: According to "The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville", the Virtues are known for their control of the elements. In addition to being the spirits of motion, they also assist in governing nature. They also assist with miracles, as well as encourage humans to strengthen their faith in God.


title: Christian angelology

text: In "The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville", the Powers (lat. "potestas" (f), pl. "potestates") (Greek: ἐξουσίαι) are given their name because they are angels who have power over evil forces, which the angels are able to restrain to keep them from doing harm.


title: Christian angelology

text: The Principalities (), also translated as "Princedoms" and "Rulers", from the Greek "archai", pl. of "archē" (see Greek root in Eph 3:10), are the angels that guide and protect nations, or groups of peoples, and institutions such as the Church. The Principalities preside over the bands of angels and charge them with fulfilling the divine ministry. There are some who administer and some who assist.


title: Christian angelology

text: In most Christian traditions Gabriel is also considered an archangel, but there is no direct literary support for this assumption. The term "archangel" appears only in the singular, never plural, and only in specific reference to Michael.


title: Christian angelology

text: The name of the archangel Raphael appears only in the Book of Tobit (Tobias). Tobit is considered deuterocanonical by Catholics (both Eastern and Western Rites) and Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Christians, as well as Anglicans. The Book of Tobit is not, however, acknowledged by most Protestant denominations. In it Raphael says to Tobias that he was "one of the seven who stand before the Lord", and it is generally believed that Michael and Gabriel are two of the other six.


title: Christian angelology

text: A fourth archangel is Uriel. Uriel's name is not mentioned in the Western Christian Bible, but plays a prominent role in an apocryphal book read by Anglican and Russian Orthodox Christians, the Second Book of Esdras (fourth Book of Esdras in the Latin Vulgate). In the book, he unveils seven prophecies to the prophet Ezra. He also plays a role in the apocryphal Book of Enoch, which is considered canonical by the Ethiopian Orthodox, Eritrean Orthodox, and Ethiopian Catholic Churches. The Catholic Church generally does not regard Uriel as an angel just as the Book of Enoch is not part of the Catholic Bible used by most Catholics either.


title: Christian angelology

text: Another possible interpretation of the seven archangels is that these seven are the seven spirits of God that stand before the throne described in the Book of Enoch, and in the Book of Revelation.


title: Christian angelology

text: The Seven Archangels are said to be the guardian angels of nations and countries, and are concerned with the issues and events surrounding these, including politics, military matters, commerce and trade: e.g. Archangel Michael is traditionally seen as the protector of 'Israel' and of the "ecclesia" (Gr. root "ekklesia" from the New Testament passages), theologically equated as the Church, the forerunner of the spiritual "New Israel".


title: Christian angelology

text: An additional angel, Metatron, which entered the Christian tradition via Christian Kabbalah, is described in the Babylonian Talmud as a heavenly scribe and in the Zohar as the king of the angels. The apocryphal Books of Enoch (especially 3 Enoch) tell that Metatron was previously the biblical Enoch, who, upon his ascension to Heaven, was transformed into an archangel and given the name Metatron. He was then bestowed the positions of chief of the archangels, and told the secrets of creation.


title: Christian angelology

text: The angels are the lowest order of celestial beings, and the most recognized. They are the ones most concerned with the affairs of people. Within the category of the angels, there are many different kinds, with different functions. The angels are sent as messengers to humanity. Personal guardian angels come from this class (Matthew 18:10).


title: Christian angelology

text: Personal guardian angels are not of a separate order of angels. It is a common belief among Christians that they are assigned to every human being, Christian or not.


title: Christian angelology

text: In John Milton's fictional "Paradise Lost," Satan and the archangels belong to this choir ("archangel" has here the meaning of "most powerful angel", not the members of the second lowest choir). Beelzebuth is also addressed as prince of the seraphim in witchcraft litanies. Beelzebub and Azazel were cherubim before their fall. Thomas Aquinas in "Summa Theologica" states that Satan belongs to this choir, not to the seraphim. "Paradise Lost" cites the demons Adramelec and Asmodai. Some sources mention Astaroth as well.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wolverine (birth name: James Howlett; alias: Logan and Weapon X) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, mostly in association with the X-Men. He is a mutant who possesses animal-keen senses, enhanced physical capabilities, a powerful regenerative ability known as a healing factor, and three retractable claws in each hand. Wolverine has been depicted variously as a member of the X-Men, X-Force, Alpha Flight, the Fantastic Four, and the Avengers.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: The character appeared in the last panel of "The Incredible Hulk" #180 before having a larger role in #181 (cover-dated November 1974). He was created by Marvel editor-in-chief Roy Thomas, writer Len Wein, and Marvel art director John Romita Sr. Romita designed the character's costume, but the character was first drawn for publication by Herb Trimpe. Wolverine then joined a revamped version of the superhero team the X-Men, where eventually writer Chris Claremont, artist Dave Cockrum, and artist-writer John Byrne would play significant roles in the character's development. Artist Frank Miller collaborated with Claremont and helped revise the character with a four-part eponymous limited series from September to December 1982, which debuted Wolverine's catchphrase, "I'm the best there is at what I do, but what I do best isn't very nice."


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wolverine is typical of the many tough antiheroes that emerged in American popular culture after the Vietnam War; his willingness to use deadly force and his brooding loner nature became standard characteristics for comic book antiheroes by the end of the 1980s. As a result, the character became a fan favorite of the increasingly popular "X-Men" franchise, and has been featured in his own solo "Wolverine" comic book series since 1988.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: He has appeared in most X-Men adaptations, including animated television series, video games, and the live-action 20th Century Fox "X-Men" film series, in which he is played by Hugh Jackman. Troye Sivan portrayed a younger version in the 2009 film "".


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Roy Thomas asked writer Len Wein to devise a character specifically named Wolverine, who was a Canadian of small stature and with a wolverine's fierce temper. John Romita Sr. designed the first Wolverine costume, and believes he introduced the retractable claws, saying, "When I make a design, I want it to be practical and functional. I thought, 'If a man has claws like that, how does he scratch his nose or tie his shoelaces?'" Wolverine first appeared in the final "teaser" panel of "The Incredible Hulk" #180 (cover-dated October 1974), written by Wein and penciled by Herb Trimpe. The character then appeared in a number of advertisements in various Marvel Comics publications before making his first major appearance in "The Incredible Hulk" #181 (November 1974), again by the Wein–Trimpe team. In 2009, Trimpe said he "distinctly remembers" Romita's sketch and that, "The way I see it, [Romita and Wein] sewed the monster together and I shocked it to life! ... It was just one of those secondary or tertiary characters, actually, that we were using in that particular book with no particular notion of it going anywhere. We did characters in "The [Incredible] Hulk" all the time that were in [particular] issues and that was the end of them." Though often credited as co-creator, Trimpe denied having had any role in Wolverine's creation.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: The character's introduction was ambiguous, revealing little beyond his being a superhuman agent of the Canadian government. In these appearances, he does not retract his claws, although Wein stated they had always been envisioned as retractable. He appears briefly in the finale to this story in "The Incredible Hulk" #182.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wolverine's next appearance was in 1975's "Giant-Size X-Men" #1, written by Wein and penciled by Dave Cockrum, in which Wolverine is recruited for a new squad. Gil Kane illustrated the cover artwork but incorrectly drew Wolverine's mask with larger headpieces. Dave Cockrum liked Kane's accidental alteration (he thought the original was too similar to Batman's mask) and incorporated it into his own artwork for the actual story. Cockrum was also the first artist to draw Wolverine without his mask, and the distinctive hairstyle became a trademark of the character.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: A revival of "X-Men" followed, beginning with "X-Men" #94 (August 1975), drawn by Cockrum and written by Chris Claremont. In "X-Men" and "Uncanny X-Men", Wolverine is initially overshadowed by the other characters, although he does create tension in the team as he is attracted to Cyclops' girlfriend, Jean Grey. As the series progressed, Claremont and Cockrum (who preferred Nightcrawler) considered dropping Wolverine from the series; Cockrum's successor, artist John Byrne, championed the character, later explaining, as a Canadian himself, he did not want to see a Canadian character dropped. Byrne modeled his rendition of Wolverine on actor Paul D'Amato, who played Dr. Hook in the 1977 sports film "Slap Shot". Byrne also created Alpha Flight, a group of Canadian superheroes who try to recapture Wolverine due to the expense their government incurred training him. Later stories gradually establish Wolverine's murky past and unstable nature, which he battles to keep in check. Byrne also designed a new brown-and-tan costume for Wolverine, but retained the distinctive Cockrum cowl. Cockrum had introduced a new costume for Wolverine (taken from his adversary Fang) in the final issue of his run, but it was dropped one issue into Byrne's run because he and Cockrum alike found it painfully difficult to draw.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Following Byrne's departure, Wolverine remained in "X-Men". The character's growing popularity led to a solo, four-issue, "Wolverine" (September–December 1982), by Claremont and Frank Miller, followed by the six-issue "Kitty Pryde and Wolverine" by Claremont and Al Milgrom (Nov. 1984 – April 1985). Marvel launched an ongoing solo book written by Claremont with art by John Buscema in November 1988. It ran for 189 issues. Larry Hama later took over the series and had an extensive run. Other writers who wrote for the two "Wolverine" ongoing series include Peter David, Archie Goodwin, Erik Larsen, Frank Tieri, Greg Rucka, Mark Millar, and Gregg Hurwitz. Many artists have also worked on the series, including John Byrne, Gene Colan, Marc Silvestri, Mark Texeira, Adam Kubert, Leinil Francis Yu, Rob Liefeld, Sean Chen, Darick Robertson, John Romita Jr., and Humberto Ramos. During the 1990s, the character was revealed to have bone claws, after his adamantium is ripped out by Magneto in "X-Men" #25, which was inspired by a passing joke of Peter David's.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: In addition to the "Wolverine" series and appearances in the various "X-Men" series, two other storylines expand upon the character's past: "Weapon X", by writer-artist Barry Windsor-Smith, serialized in "Marvel Comics Presents" #72–84 (1991); and "Origin", a six-issue limited series by co-writers Joe Quesada, Paul Jenkins, and Bill Jemas and artist Andy Kubert (Nov. 2001 – July 2002). A second solo series, "", written by Daniel Way with art by Steve Dillon, spun off of, and ran concurrently with, the second "Wolverine" solo series.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wolverine appeared as a regular character throughout both the 2010–2013 "Avengers" series and the 2010–2013 "New Avengers" series.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Despite suggestions that co-creator Len Wein originally intended for Logan to be a mutated wolverine cub, evolved to humanoid form by an already established Marvel geneticist, the High Evolutionary, Wein denies this:


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wein said on the "X-Men Origins: Wolverine" Blu-ray special features that he has read "Ten things you did not know about Wolverine", which says the character was originally intended to be a mutated wolverine cub, and that this rekindled Wein's frustration. He again stated that he had "always known that Wolverine was a mutant."


title: Wolverine (character)

text: In an article about the evolution of Wolverine included in a 1986 reprint of "The Incredible Hulk" #180–181, titled "Incredible Hulk and Wolverine", Cockrum said he considered having the High Evolutionary play a vital role in making Wolverine a human. Writer Wein wanted Wolverine to be the age of a young adult, with superhuman strength and agility similar to Spider-Man. This changed when Wein saw Cockrum's drawing of the unmasked Wolverine as a hairy 40-year-old. Wein originally intended the claws to be retractable and part of Wolverine's gloves, and both gloves and claws would be made of adamantium. Chris Claremont eventually revealed that they were an integrated part of Wolverine's anatomy in "X-Men" #98 (April 1976). Writer Jeph Loeb used a similar origin for Wolverine in the Marvel continuity, having feral mutants be an evolved lifeform.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: John Byrne said, both in interviews and on his website, that he drew a possible face for Wolverine, but then learned that Dave Cockrum had already drawn him unmasked in "X-Men" #98 (April 1976), long before Byrne's run on the series. Later, Byrne used the drawing for the face of Sabretooth, an enemy of the martial artist superhero Iron Fist, whose stories Chris Claremont was writing. Byrne then conceived of the idea of Sabretooth being Wolverine's father. Together, Byrne and Claremont came up with Wolverine being about 60 years old and having served in World War II after escaping from Sabretooth, who was about 120 years old.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: In 2018, a Newsarama story stated Wolverine was set to appear in "Hunt for Wolverine", exploring the mystery behind Logan's return.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: In 2018, Marvel announced the upcoming five-issue "Return of Wolverine" miniseries, which is set to end the trilogy started in "Death of Wolverine" and "Hunt for Wolverine". Writer Charles Soule said that, having returned from the dead, Wolverine will have more abilities, including the ability to heat his claws.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wolverine was born as James Howlett in northern Alberta, Canada (approximately near Cold Lake), during the late 19th century, purportedly to rich farm owners John and Elizabeth Howlett, though he is actually the illegitimate son of the Howletts' groundskeeper, Thomas Logan. After Thomas is thrown off the Howletts' property for an attempted rape perpetrated by his other son, named simply Dog, he returns to the Howlett manor and kills John Howlett. In retaliation, young James kills Thomas with bone claws that emerge from the back of his hands, as his mutation manifests. He flees with his childhood companion, Rose, and grows into manhood on a mining colony in the Yukon, adopting the name "Logan". When Logan accidentally kills Rose with his claws, he flees the colony and lives in the wilderness among wolves, until he is captured and placed in a circus. Saul Creed, brother of Victor Creed, frees Logan, but after he betrays Logan and Clara Creed to Nathaniel Essex, Logan drowns Creed in Essex's potion. Logan returns to civilization, residing with the Blackfoot people. Following the death of his Blackfoot lover, Silver Fox, at the hands of Victor Creed, now known as Sabretooth, he is ushered into the Canadian military during World War I. Logan spends time in Madripoor before settling in Japan, where he marries and has a son, Daken. Logan is unaware of his son for many years.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: During World War II, Logan teams up with Captain America and continues a career as a mercenary. He serves with the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion during D-Day, and later with the CIA before being recruited by Team X, a black ops unit.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: As a member of Team X, Logan is given false memory implants. Eventually breaking free of this mental control, he joins the Canadian Defense Ministry. Logan is subsequently kidnapped by the Weapon X program, where he remains captive and experimented on, until he escapes. It is during his imprisonment by Weapon X that he has adamantium forcibly fused onto his bones. James and Heather Hudson help him recover his humanity following his escape, and Logan begins work as an intelligence operative for the Canadian government's Department H. He becomes Wolverine, one of Canada's first superheroes. In his first mission, he is dispatched to stop the destruction caused by a brawl between the Hulk and the Wendigo.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Later, Professor Charles Xavier recruits Wolverine to a new iteration of his superhero-mutant team, the X-Men where he shares a relationship to Jean Grey with Cyclops. It was later revealed that Wolverine had been sent to assassinate Xavier, who wiped Logan's memories and forced him to join the X-Men.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: In "X-Men" #25 (1993), at the culmination of the "Fatal Attractions" crossover, the supervillain Magneto forcibly removes the adamantium from Wolverine's skeleton. This massive trauma causes his healing factor to burn out and also leads to the discovery that his claws are actually bone. Wolverine leaves the X-Men for a time, embarking on a series of adventures during which his healing factor returns. Feral by nature, Wolverine's mutation process will eventually cause him to degenerate physically into a more primitive, bestial state.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: After his return to the X-Men, Cable's son Genesis kidnaps Wolverine and attempts to re-bond adamantium to his skeleton. This is unsuccessful and causes Wolverine's mutation to accelerate out of control. He is temporarily changed into a semi-sentient beast-like form. Eventually, the villain Apocalypse captures Wolverine, brainwashes him into becoming the Horseman Death, and successfully re-bonds adamantium to his skeleton. Wolverine overcomes Apocalypse's programming and returns to the X-Men.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wolverine receives a letter from Sarah Kinney, telling him about a facility that created a female clone from his DNA, raising her to be the perfect assassin. Becoming aware of X-23's arrival by the wind shifting, he chooses to lead her away from the Xavier Institute to a quiet place in free from disturbances. Stopping near the Canadian Border, Logan sits at a campfire and waits for X-23's arrival. After a successful attempt to calm her down, the two were attacked by S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and Captain America, who is seeking to capture her for her crimes.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Sometime after being questioned and released, X-23, now going by Laura, takes a job as a waitress at the mutant-themed "Wannabee's" nightclub in the Mutant Town district of New York. Protecting the daughter of a mob boss from mutant-hating thugs, she kills several of them, which inadvertently implicate Wolverine and his teammates to investigate. Upon confrontation, Laura again attacks Wolverine on sight, and attempts to escape. Being determined to help her, Wolverine easily subdues her, and arranges for her to become an ally to the team. After assisting the X-Men on several occasions she is enrolled at the Xavier Institute, with her true origin being kept secret as Logan's way of protecting her. Despite being introduced as Wolverine's "sister", she quickly accepts Wolverine as a father figure, and becomes very protective of him. Years later in the "Hunt for Wolverine" story line, she eventually learns that he is actually her biological father.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wolverine travels to Japan to search for Mariko's missing nephew, but it was a trap by the Hand to brainwash Wolverine. HYDRA is revealed to be allied with the cults the Dawn of the White Light and the Hand in order to kill superheroes and brainwash them into soldiers. Wolverine kills The Hornet, so Elektra and S.H.I.E.L.D. decide to come after him. Wolverine also attacks the Fantastic Four in the Baxter Building. He is not able to injure the team, but hacks their computer and steals Reed's anti-Galactus weapons before teleporting out. They believe that the next attack will be against Daredevil, but it was a trap to capture Elektra and brainwash her. He also attacks the X-Mansion. He threatens Rachel Summers with a bomb that will kill the students, unless she uses Cerebro to kill the president. Instead, she figures out how to disarm the bomb. Right before he is subdued, Wolverine strikes at Kitty Pryde, who phases, so his blades kill Northstar. Wolverine is captured by S.H.I.E.L.D. and submitted to VR reprogramming. Hydra then strikes the S.H.I.E.L.D. helicarrier with all their brainwashed villains. Wolverine is unleashed on them and manages to save Nick Fury from Elektra. Wolverine then tracks down Northstar and the Dawn of the White Hand with three reprogrammed sentinels. He then attacks the Hand's secret base with the last Sentinel and faces Elektra, who is now the Queen of the Hand. It turns out she cannot be brainwashed since she has been resurrected so many times. They finish off the Hand leaders, then track down The Gorgon, whom Wolverine kills by showing him a reflection of himself on his adamantium claws. Wolverine is finally able to track down the grave of the missing boy.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: In "Wolverine" (vol. 3) #32, Mark Millar drafts a tale of Wolverine in a concentration camp, who is constantly executed and burned in a furnace, then resurrected, which mentally tortures the camp warden. He does not speak a word in the issue, which suggested to Millar by Will Eisner, to resolve Millar's perception that Wolverine's normal manner of speech would not be an appropriate fit for the story's setting.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wolverine is able to recall memories of a previous life and world. He gets help from a fellow mutant Layla Miller, to deconstruct the world Scarlet Witch created. Wolverine is one of the few characters who can remember the House of M world and seeks to enact vengeance on those who wronged him.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: In "Wolverine: Origins", the character's second solo series, Wolverine discovers that he has a son named Daken, who has been brainwashed and made a living weapon by the villain Romulus, the man behind Wolverine's own brainwashing. Wolverine then makes it his mission to rescue Daken and stop Romulus from manipulating or harming anyone again.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: During the events of the "" storyline, Cyclops orders Wolverine to reform X-Force. Wolverine and the team (initially consisting of X-23, Warpath, and Wolfsbane) then starred in a new monthly title.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: In the "Messiah War," after the events of Second Coming, Cyclops ends the X-Force program, but Wolverine continues a new Uncanny X-Force team in secrecy with Angel/Archangel, Psylocke, Deadpool and Fantomex.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: In the "" storyline, the X-Men relocate their headquarters from Westchester to San Francisco. After arriving in the city, Wolverine recovers his memory, and heads out to San Francisco's Chinatown to settle a fifty-year-old score.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: In 2008, writer Mark Millar and artist Steve McNiven explored a possible future for Wolverine in an eight-issue story arc entitled "Old Man Logan" that debuted with "Wolverine" #66. Millar, the writer for the story, said, "It's "" for Wolverine, essentially. The big, wide, show-stopping series that plays around with the most popular Marvel character of the last forty years, a dystopian vision of the Marvel Universe and a unique look at their futures. The heroes have gone, the villains have won and we're two generations away from the Marvel we know."


title: Wolverine (character)

text: In "X-Men" #5, it is revealed that in order for Wolverine to fully infiltrate the ranks of the vampires that were attacking Utopia at the behest of Dracula's son Xarus (when Wolverine thought the vampire virus had simply bested his healing factor) during the "Curse of the Mutants" storyline, Cyclops has to infect him with nanites that are capable of shutting off Wolverine's healing factor. Cyclops can activate them by merely clicking a button on a remote control device he carries with him at all times. Wolverine also has to deal with the tragedy and hardships of Jublilee becoming a vampire, and uses the healing factor within his blood in an attempt to help her maintain her awareness and humanity. Eventually, Wolverine temporarily becomes a vampire himself, but continues to protect Jubilee as he rejects Blade's suggestion that killing her is the only solution.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: "The Red Right Hand" is a group of people who have been wronged by Wolverine and have sworn revenge on him. They trick him into trying to save his girlfriend Melita Garner (who was Mystique in disguise) and then trap him in a mystical circle to send him straight to Hell. While he is in Hell, a group of demons possess Wolverine's body. The demons then attack Wraith while he is at church, then they attack Colossus. The Red Right Hand then start to kill off people that Wolverine knows, like the Silver Samurai. While in Hell, Wolverine confronts Thomas Logan, the groundskeeper of Wolverine's legal father, who is revealed to be Wolverine's biological father.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wolverine is also reunited with various people he has either killed or who died because of him, both foes (led by Sabretooth) and friends. Wolverine manages to escape from Hell with the help of Melita, Daimon Hellstrom, and the Ghost Rider. However, his body is still possessed by the demons. The X-Men find out that Wolverine is possessed and decide that he should die to protect humankind, believing Wolverine would prefer to die rather than kill innocents. Wolverine is attacked on all sides by fighting the demons that still possess him and the X-Men that want him killed. He subsequently tracks down the Red Right Hand and kills their team of killers, the Mongrels. Wolverine fights his way through them only to find that the Red Right Hand's members have all committed suicide, while a pre-recorded message reveals that the Mongrels were all his illegitimate children. Unable to seek vengeance, Logan drags his children to the graves of their mothers before abandoning the world altogether.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Broken and depressed, Wolverine secludes himself in the frozen wilderness and travels with a pack of wolves, eating little scraps of what's left of their kills. Poachers find the pack and capture any wolves that are young enough to fight. Wolverine goes to find his pack and kills the poachers. As he debates going back to the wild and hiding in deeper seclusion, he finds injured children whom the poachers were using to fight wolves for sport. Wolverine returns the children to their families only to be found by Melita and his allies who convince him to come back to civilization. Sometime afterward, the events of "Fear Itself" and before "Schism" take place.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: During the "Fear Itself" crossover event, Wolverine joins forces with the Avengers to wage war against the Serpent Cul Borson, an Asgardian fear deity who seeks to reclaim the throne of Asgard from Odin, the brother that he lost it to many years ago. Experiencing defeat at the hands of the deity, Iron Man makes a request to Odin for usage of his workshop to make enchanted Asgardian Uru-based weapons and armor to fight the Serpent's chosen generals. Working with the dwarves of Svartalfheim, Tony presents eight newly forged weapons, each designed for a specific Avenger and containing both his repulsor technology and uru. Wolverine is entrusted with the uru-based armor, along with Spider-Man, Black Widow, Iron Fist, Ms. Marvel, Hawkeye, Red She-Hulk and Doctor Strange.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Along with fighting against Skad and the Serpent, Wolverine infiltrates the Prometheus, a stolen fully armed Helicarrier which was originally intended to be utilized as Norman Osborn's H.A.M.M.E.R. flagship. Instead, the helicarrier is being used by a rogue faction of S.T.R.I.K.E., who intend to use it to drop a nuclear bomb on New York City.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: At the beginning of the events of "", Cyclops thanks Wolverine for always being there for him as they seem to finally have come to a mutually spoken and understood respect for each other after years of fighting and rivalry. While at a conference for weapon control, Kid Omega (Quentin Quire) launches a psychic terrorist attack on the ambassadors present. In response, Sentinels are deployed at the conference and are disposed of by Cyclops and Wolverine. Due to growing fears of mutant threats, countries around the world begin to mobilize their Sentinel forces. As Cyclops begins to deploy X-Men around the globe to deal with the threat, Wolverine returns to Utopia to find Hope Summers and the Lights waiting for their combat training lesson. After insulting Hope's team and realizing that Idie is losing her childhood, Wolverine asks Kitty Pryde to make him a doll to give to Idie. Wolverine gives the doll to Idie and eats ice cream with her while news reports of Sentinel activity play and tensions build around Utopia. Sometime after, Kid Omega shows up on Utopia. Wolverine tries to attack Kid Omega when Cyclops stops him. While Cyclops sends a team of some of his most powerful X-Men, as well as some of the island students, to a local mutant museum exhibit as a "show of force", Wolverine goes to a local bar to sulk in his aggravation with the current situation. The new Hellfire Club attacks the exhibit and incapacitates all senior X-Men present. As Wolverine rushes to the museum to help from the bar and Cyclops flies in from Utopia, Idie asks if she should kill the Hellfire Club to help. While Wolverine protests against it profusely, Cyclops tells Idie to do what she feels is right. Idie kills almost every Hellfire Club member left to save her friends and mentors. Wolverine pops his claws at Cyclops in anger that he used a child to save the day, but restrains himself when he realizes what he is doing.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: From the wreckage of the museum, a sentinel begins to form. While Wolverine tries to stop the sentinel from maturing, he is thrown into the ocean. Shortly after, Wolverine swims on to Utopia and tells the mutant children that they need to leave. Cyclops tells the students to fight together and that they can beat the sentinel, but Wolverine objects to using children to fight battles. Cyclops does not listen and begins to prepare the students for combat. Shortly after Wolverine returns with a detonator to blow up Utopia and orders all remaining people on the island to evacuate. Cyclops and Wolverine's frustration with each other comes to a head when Cyclops brings up Jean Grey saying that she never loved Wolverine and always feared him. Wolverine replies "And if she were here right now, who do you think she would be more frightened of?" The two fight each other in a rage while being attacked by the sentinel and as Wolverine claws into Cyclops' visor, the students reappear on the battlefield to help them fight the sentinel. In the morning, Cyclops and Wolverine stand victorious with the students all living, but Wolverine cannot continue watching Cyclops use children as soldiers to fight these battles. Wolverine announces his departure from Utopia and indicates he will take any mutant on the island who wants to leave with him. While Wolverine does not leave as an enemy of Cyclops and his X-Men, he makes clear he wants both sides to stay out of the others business.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wolverine returns to Westchester, New York to open a new school, the "Jean Grey School for Higher Learning".


title: Wolverine (character)

text: After the Schism, around half of all the mutants on Utopia accompany Wolverine to Westchester to be a part of the new school. He appoints himself as the headmaster, Kitty Pryde as the co-headmistress, Hank McCoy as the vice-principal, and various other characters such as Rogue, Cannonball, Iceman, Rachel Grey, and Gambit are appointed as the school's staff. Toad is appointed as a janitor. The first issue focuses on the state education board visiting to approve of their school application. As Logan and Kitty give the delegation a tour, Kade Kilgore shows up and tells Logan that he is the one who caused the Schism and he will destroy all that Logan has worked to build up. Wolverine founded the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning, spending all the fortune that he had amassed over the years upon it. On its first day, it was assaulted by the new Hellfire Club, who had been a major force in causing the Schism of the X-Men. Wolverine made it clear that he did not want to lose any of the kids and fought as hard as he could against the Frankenstein Monsters whom Iceman defeated by making Ice clones of himself. Then, they were attacked by the Hellfire Club, who were in possession of a spawn of the original Krakoa.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Kid Omega, who wants to prove himself to Broo, Idie and Kid Gladiator, reasoned with Krakoa who then joined Wolverine's X-Men. Wolverine confronts the Hellfire Club tells them to stay away from his school, though he admonishes Krakoa not to attack them. Matt Murdock tells Kade Kilgore that he is being sued by Wolverine for the sum of $879 million for the damage he did to the school. As the school is rebuilt, Logan is informed that Krakoa was glad they allowed him to stay and Logan notes the advantage of school grounds that could defend itself.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: When the Phoenix Force returned to Earth, Wolverine sided with the Avengers and went with them to Utopia to take Hope Summers into custody (as they suspected her of being the Phoenix Force's intended host). Wolverine found this particularly difficult to do as he was forced to fight those he once thought of as family.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Cyclops tries to convince Wolverine to switch sides and become part of the X-Men once more. Wolverine is infuriated, feeling Cyclops has betrayed what the X-Men stood for, and did not have the right to determine who was a part of them.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: After Hope's escape, Wolverine accompanies her to the Blue Area of the Moon. She promises to let Wolverine kill her if she is unable to control the Phoenix Force; her only request is that she gets the chance to control it. However, Wolverine betrays her by summoning the Avengers. The Phoenix Force begins to bond with Hope, at which point she admits that she cannot contain it. She asks Wolverine to kill her, but he is prevented from doing so by Cyclops. Eventually, the Phoenix Force possesses the X-Men present on the moon, who then return to Earth, leaving Wolverine and the Avengers injured on the Blue Area of the Moon.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: After "Avengers vs X-Men", Wolverine gives a eulogy at the funeral of Professor X, where he admits that he wanted to kill Cyclops. Later, he becomes a member of the Avengers Unity Squad, a team created by Captain America to improve human/mutant relations by having X-Men and Avengers working together. The team's first mission pits them against a clone of the Red Skull who had grafted Professor X's brain onto his own.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: During those events, a solo mission left Wolverine infected with an "intelligent virus" hailing from the Microverse. While his healing factor purges the infection from his body, the viral agent was still able to suppress Wolverine's healing factor, leaving him in the search for a cure.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: In September and October 2014, the "Death of Wolverine" storyline began after a virus from the microverse turned off Wolverine's healing factor, allowing his enemies to be able to kill him. Heroes such as Mister Fantastic offered to work on finding a means of reactivating his healing factor. When he learned that a bounty had been placed on his head, Logan resolved to find his foe, eventually identifying it as Doctor Abraham Cornelius, the founder of the Weapon X program. After defeating Dr. Cornelius' latest experiment, Wolverine slashed the adamantium container before it could be infected with Dr. Cornelius' chemicals and Wolverine gets covered in it during the process. Wolverine dies from suffocation from the hardening adamantium.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wanting to possess Logan, Ogun traveled to the Paradise facility to find him already dead, so instead he made Sharp his host. His body was later seen still kneeling on the roof when the subjects led by Sharp escaped Weapon X soldiers looking to retrieve them and escaped the lab in a helicopter, and was last seen caught in an explosion on the roof.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: The aftermath of Wolverine's death is explored in the series "Wolverines". Sharp, Skel, Neuro, Endo, Junk, and the "Wolverines" (a team formed from the fallout of his death by Daken, Lady Deathstrike, Mystique, Sabretooth, and X-23) try to find Logan's adamantium-covered body, which is taken by Mister Sinister. The group infiltrate Mister Sinister's fortress to retrieve the body, but it is taken by the X-Men after a battle.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: As one of his last requests, Wolverine arranged for Spider-Man to become a member of the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning's staff, wanting Spider-Man to investigate a suspected double agent. Despite the initial hostility he faced from the rest of the team, Spider-Man soon exposed a plan by Mister Sinister to acquire genetic samples from the X-Men and create a new clone army. Storm even noted after Sinister's defeat that Spider-Man's unconventional attitude made him more like Wolverine than she had acknowledged.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Black Widow tracked a knife covered in Wolverine's blood in the possession of A.I.M. to a research facility in Moscow. Captain America and Deadpool went to retrieve it in order to prevent A.I.M. from misusing Wolverine's DNA. Deadpool was given the blood-covered knife by Captain America to do with it as he wanted. Deadpool had recently acquired an incubator that could create new bodies using a DNA sample. Deadpool deferred the decision to bring Wolverine back to life until he had more time to think on whether it would have been what Wolverine wanted.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: An alternate timeline version of Wolverine known as Old Man Logan who arrives after the Secret Wars from Earth-807128 is invited to join the Extraordinary X-Men. Old Man Logan was shown the adamantium-frozen body of the present-era Wolverine to prove that this was not the elderly Logan's past.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: In the afterlife, Wolverine makes a brief reappearance when he, Phoenix and Amanda Sefton encourage Nightcrawler, who has just been fatally stabbed by the Crimson Pirates, to return to the land of the living.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: In "Marvel Legacy" #1, the time-displaced Jean Grey discovers the adamantium shell in Wolverine's grave has been cracked open and is empty. Meanwhile, Wolverine acquires the Space Infinity Gem after killing the Frost Giant that was targeting it on Loki's behalf.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Later, Logan is shown looking to meet up with Captain America, Jane Foster, Spider-Man, the Avengers, and other heroes, all of whom are otherwise unoccupied and unaware of his attempts. While he initially refused to join the X-Men, he secretly observed the preparations for the wedding of Kitty and Colossus, wishing them good luck.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: While camping, Wolverine was attacked by some Ultron Virus-infected aliens and manages to defend himself thanks to the Space Stone he wields. Wolverine is soon afterwards confronted by Loki for a warning of the upcoming War and many villains who are trying to seek the stones will eventually pursue Logan and the rest of his allies who have the Infinity Gems soon. He then gives the Space Stone to a clone of Natasha Romanoff.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: In the months predating the "Hunt for Wolverine", someone looking like Wolverine popped up in several comics' last pages, hinting to a possible return of the clawed mutant.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: It has been revealed that before the time-displaced Jean Grey "discovers" the adamantium shell in Wolverine's grave has been cracked open and is empty, the X-Men set up Wolverine's 'public' grave in the cabin and were able to get his body out of the adamantium shell by having Kitty phase his corpse out of it, subsequently burying him in a secret location in Canada while leaving the shell as a site for others to attend in memorial of him. The shell is cracked when the Reavers attempt to steal Wolverine's corpse and shortly after that attack, Kitty visits the 'real' grave and realizes that it is empty. Kitty contacts Daredevil and Tony Stark for help finding who took Wolverine, but all are left concerned at the questions of who would even know the location of the true grave- which was known only by a few key X-Men- and whether Wolverine was stolen or 'woke up' on his own as the X-Men also began their investigation, leaving the time-displaced Jean Grey alone in the cabin. At the same time, some of Wolverine's worst enemies hear what happened and join the hunt.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: The "Return of Wolverine" miniseries focusing on Wolverine's resurrection opens with Wolverine having been brought back to life in an amnesic state by an initially unidentified force, forcing him on a search for answers as he learns that he is being hunted by a force capable of reanimating the dead. He eventually realizes that he was brought back to life by Persephone, who has used her ability to revive the dead to restore various people to act as her agents and complete certain key assignments to arrange for the construction of a complex satellite network. The completion of this network would allow her to 'kill' humanity and then revive them in a state where she could control the amount of brainpower they possessed, allowing her to use some of them as drones while others would be capable of more independent action to benefit her regime. However, when she revived Logan to assist her, his restoration also reactivated his healing factor, allowing him to come back to life on his own after his assignment for Persephone had concluded, with Logan restoring enough of his memory to accept that he had to destroy Persephone's satellite base, surviving the subsequent crash to Earth.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: After the apparent disappearance of the rest of the X-Men, Logan responded to a call from the resurrected Cyclops to meet at a key location, the two fighting off the Purifiers, Reavers, and Sapien League that had responded to Cyclops' call, before setting out to find and restore the X-Men, until the rest who disappeared on stopping Nate Grey are returning by Nate himself.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: After intel provided by Moira MacTaggart suggests the probable origin for the creation of Nimrod, Wolverine joins the X-Men to attack the Orchis Organization's Mother Mold solar orbiting space station, a Master Mold capable of creating other Master Mold Sentinels. As his teammates fall one by one and racing against time due to Orchis' premature activation of the Mother Mold, Wolverine and Nightcrawler volunteer for a suicide mission to teleport into the vacuum of space directly on top of the unguarded docking collar's last remaining coupling. The two longtime friends then say their goodbyes to each other, with Kurt assuring Logan that he need not worry about the fate of his soul, as he will be waiting to welcome him into the afterlife. As Nightcrawler is disintegrated moments after arriving by the intense heat of the sun, Wolverine's body immediately ignites into flames and he succeeds in cutting through the coupling before he and the awakening Mother Mold are vaporized as they fall into the sun.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wolverine, along with the rest of the X-Men who perished in the attack on the Mother Mold space station, are then resurrected in the Arbor Magus' hatchery on the Pacific island of Krakoa using a heretofore unseen 48 hour cloning process performed by Egg, Proteus, Hope Summers, Elixir and Tempus. James Howlett's DNA was provided by Mr. Sinister using genetic samples collected in the past which had since been converted to holographic sequencing and James Howlett's memories were provided by Professor Charles Xavier, who uploaded them into the clone of Wolverine's brain using Cerebro version 7.0 with the data taken from any one of five sets of Shi'ar logic diamonds that store his genetic information as well as his memories, each of which are hidden safely at different locations. Forge, using Krakoan-Transmode cybernetics inside the island's armory, provided the Adamantium and the skeletal bonding process.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wolverine has been resurrected and equipped with an Adamantium skeleton no less than 10 times, having died in battle against Orchis' Nimrod at least 9 times, and has grudgingly allowed for one of his clones to be created without Cerebro's memory upload and to be genetically modified with phosphorescent blood to be fed upon by Dracula and his vampires.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: During the "Hellfire Gala" storyline, Wolverine decides to spend time with his biological daughter Laura Kinney/X-23, and her clone Gabby/Scout, his biological son Daken, and also Kate Pryde and Jubilee. On the evening of the party, Wolverine and several members of X-Force are assigned positions as security. He and Domino then suddenly find themselves in a fight against Deadpool, who attempts to gatecrash the party. Meanwhile, Beast's telefloronic programming on the Terra Verdan ambassador is hacked and starts attacking the party.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: In the "X Lives of Wolverine and X Deaths of Wolverine" story event, Wolverine travels in time to save the life of an important figure to the mutant race. In the midst of his travels, Wolverine will relive certain moments from his own long-forgotten past as well. Upon revisiting the past, is revealed that Wolverine was present during the birth of Charles Xavier and indirectly Cassandra Nova, having saved his family from an invading Omega Red, when the Russian mutant possessed some of Xavier family's butlers and nurse.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: During the "Judgment Day" storyline, Wolverine was with the Quiet Council when Jack of Knives leads the attack on Krakoa. After killing some opponents, Wolverine finds Egg badly wounded and takes an attack from Jack of Knives as he tells Jean Grey to have the Five protected. After the opponents retreat, Wolverine learns from Nightcrawler on what Uranos the Undying did on Arrako.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wolverine's primary mutant power is an accelerated healing process, typically referred to as his mutant healing factor, that regenerates damaged or destroyed tissues of his body far beyond that of normal humans. In addition to accelerated healing of physical traumas, Wolverine's healing factor makes him extraordinarily resistant to diseases, drugs and toxins. However, he can still suffer the immediate effects of such substances in massive quantities; he has been seen to become intoxicated after ingesting significant amounts of alcohol, and has been incapacitated on several occasions with large amounts of powerful drugs and poisons; S.H.I.E.L.D. once managed to keep Wolverine anesthetized by constantly pumping eighty milliliters of anesthetic a minute into his system.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: A study by the University of British Columbia states that Wolverine's healing factor resembles the axolotl's ability to regenerate lost limbs. It suggests that a novel protein—which the study's authors dubbed Howlett—found in tissue samples taken from him, and which resembles the Amblox protein found in axolotl but is much more efficient, is responsible for Wolverine's rapid regeneration. His healing factor allowed him to survive the experimental surgical binding of the virtually indestructible metal adamantium to his bones and claws, to which he was subjected under the Weapon X program (in later comics called the Weapon Plus program). While the adamantium in his body stops or reduces many injuries, such as broken bones and decapitation, his healing factor must also work constantly to prevent metal poisoning from killing him. When his healing powers were rendered inactive, Beast synthesized a drug to counteract the adamantium poisoning.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wolverine's healing factor also dramatically affects his aging process, allowing him to live far beyond the normal lifespan of normal humans. Despite being born in the late 19th century, he has the appearance, conditioning, health and vitality of a man in his physical prime. While seemingly ageless, it is unknown exactly how greatly his healing factor extends his life expectancy.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Although Wolverine's body heals, the healing factor does not suppress the pain he endures while injured. Wolverine also admits to feeling phantom pains for weeks or months after healing from his injuries. He does not enjoy being hurt and sometimes has to work himself up for situations where extreme pain is certain. Wolverine, on occasion, has deliberately injured himself or allowed himself to be injured for varying reasons, including freeing himself from capture, intimidation, strategy, or simply indulging his feral nature. Though he now has all of his memories, his healing abilities can provide increased recovery from psychological trauma by suppressing memories in which he experiences profound distress.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Depictions of the speed and extent of injury to which Wolverine can heal vary due to a broad degree of artistic license employed by various comic book writers. Originally, this was portrayed as accelerated healing of minor wounds, though Chris Claremont, head writer of the X-Men comics from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s increased Wolverine's healing factor substantially, though not nearly as much as later writers would. During the 1980s, Wolverine's mutant healing factor is depicted as being able to heal massive levels of trauma, though his recovery time could extend to days, weeks or months before fully healing; often depending upon the severity of the injuries, their extent and the frequency with which they are inflicted. Wolverine has also stated that his body actually heals faster when the injury is grave or life-threatening. During the 1990s through the modern era, other writers have increased Wolverine's healing factor to the point that it could fully regenerate nearly any damaged or destroyed bodily tissues within seconds. Among the more extreme depictions of Wolverine's healing factor include fully healing after being caught near the center of an atomic explosion and the total regeneration of his soft body tissue, within a matter of minutes, after having it incinerated from his skeleton. An explanation is given in a recent mini-series starring Wolverine for the increase of his healing powers. In the series, Wolverine is referred to as an "adaptive self-healer" after undergoing numerous traumatic injuries to test the efficiency of his healing factor. Wolverine has endured so much trauma, and so frequently, that his healing factor has adapted, becoming faster and more efficient to cope with increasing levels of trauma. The Xavier Protocols, a series of profiles created by Xavier that lists the strengths and weaknesses of the X-Men, say that Wolverine's healing factor is increased to "incredible levels" and theorizes that the only way to stop him is to decapitate him and remove his head from the vicinity of his body.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: It is possible to suppress the efficiency of Wolverine's healing powers; for example, if an object composed of adamantium is inserted and remains lodged within his body, his healing powers are slowed dramatically. The Muramasa blade, a katana of mystic origins that can inflict wounds that nullify superhuman healing factors, can also suppress Wolverine's powers. It has also been noted that Wolverine needs protein for his healing factor to generate tissue, meaning that if he was seriously injured and malnourished, his body might not be able to repair itself. His healing factor has also been turned off using nanites.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: It has been suggested that Wolverine can be killed by drowning. He has said that he is not particularly fond of being in the water, due partially to the weight of his adamantium laced skeleton, and that he can die if held underwater long enough - his healing factor would only prolong the agony. The two-part story arc "Drowning Logan" finds Wolverine trapped underwater for an extensive period of time. The second part of the story arc hints that this experience weakens his healing factor and future health. Following "Drowning Logan", Beast reveals that an "intelligent virus" originating from the Microverse has shut off his healing factor, though not before it purged his body of the virus, leaving him as susceptible to injury, disease, and aging as any ordinary human.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: "Wolverine" vol. 3, #57 reveals that when Wolverine is injured so seriously that his body actually dies before his healing factor can repair the damage, he returns to life by fighting with Azrael, the Angel of Death, while trapped in Purgatory because Wolverine defeated Azrael in real-world combat during World War I. However, after Wolverine's resurrection and brainwashing by the Hand, he made a new deal with Azrael that repaired the damage to his soul, negated their previous arrangement, and weakened his healing factor slightly - and the next time Wolverine sustains death-inducing injuries, he will remain dead.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Due to a combination of Wolverine's healing factor and high-level psionic shields implanted by Professor Xavier, Wolverine's mind is highly resistant to telepathic assault and probing. Wolverine's mind also possesses what he refers to as "mental scar tissue" created by the traumatic events of his life. It acts as a type of natural defense, even against a psychic as powerful as Emma Frost.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wolverine's mutation also consists of animal-like adaptations of his body, including superhuman senses, such as an increased sense of smell and hearing; pronounced, sharp, fang-like canines; and three retractable claws housed within each forearm. While originally depicted as bionic implants created by the Weapon X program, the claws are later revealed to be a natural part of his body. The claws are not made of keratin, as claws tend to be in the animal kingdom, but extremely dense bone. Wolverine's hands do not have openings for the claws to move through: they cut through his flesh every time he extrudes them, with occasional references implying that he feels a brief moment of slight pain in his hands when he unsheathes them. During a talk to Jubilee, Wolverine reveals that there are channels inside his forearms through which the claws move when he extrudes them and that he unsheathes the claws a few times a day to keep the channels open, similar to pierced ears.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wolverine's senses of sight, smell, and hearing are all superhumanly acute. He can see with perfect clarity at greater distances than an ordinary human, even in near-total darkness. His hearing is enhanced in a similar manner, allowing him to hear sounds ordinary humans cannot and also hear to greater distances. A perfect example is him being able to hear the heartbeats of hostile living things before conflict begins.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wolverine is able to use his sense of smell to easily remember and track targets by scent, even if the scent has been eroded somewhat over time by natural factors. This sense also allows him to identify shapeshifting mutants despite other forms they may take. Through concentration, he is also able to use his senses of smell and hearing as a type of natural lie detector, such as detecting a faint change in a person's heartbeat and scent due to perspiration when a lie is told. Wolverine's sense of smell also allows him to detect danger from considerable distances, by being able to smell any weapons being carried by other living things and machines at least within a block radius. On one occasion, he is made aware of several yakuza members being outside the Princess bar he is in, by picking up the scent of their gun oil, the smell of their tattoo ink, and the smell of the daikon they ate before arriving. On another occasion, his acute sense of smell even allows him to detect the presence of X-23 sneaking around the outside grounds of Xavier Institute, by way of the wind shifting - despite him being indoors.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: On more than one occasion, Wolverine's entire skeleton, including his claws, has been molecularly infused with adamantium. Due to their coating, his claws can cut almost any known solid material, including most metals, wood, and some varieties of stone. The only known exceptions are adamantium itself and Captain America's shield, which is made out of a proto-adamantium-vibranium alloy. Vibranium alone is not comparable in terms of durability with adamantium and has been broken by Colossus. Wolverine's ability to slice completely through a substance depends upon both the amount of force he can exert and the thickness of the substance. His claws can also be used to block attacks or projectiles, as well as dig into surfaces allowing Wolverine to climb structures. The adamantium also adds weight to his blows, increasing the effectiveness of his offensive capabilities. However, his adamantium skeleton makes him highly susceptible to magnetic-based attacks. The full extent of this is revealed during a battle with Magneto, where the latter destabilizes the adamantium on a molecular level, and proceeds to rip it from his body. According to Reed Richards, Wolverine would be unable to move without his enhanced strength due to the additional weight of the adamantium bonded to his skeleton.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wolverine's healing factor also affects a number of his physical attributes by increasing them to superhuman levels. His stamina is sufficiently heightened to the point that he can exert himself for numerous hours, even after exposure to powerful tranquilizers. Wolverine's agility and reflexes are also enhanced to levels that are beyond the physical limits of the finest human athlete. Due to his healing factor's constant regenerative qualities, he can push his muscles beyond the limits of the human body without injury. This, coupled with the constant demand placed on his muscles by over one hundred pounds of adamantium, grants him some degree of superhuman strength. Since the presence of the adamantium negates the natural structural limits of his bones, he can lift or move weight that would otherwise damage a human skeleton. He has been depicted breaking steel chains, lifting several men above his head with one arm and throwing them through a wall, lifting Ursa Major (in grizzly bear form) over his head before tossing him across a room, and hauling a concert grand piano, and the platform it rests on, via a harness, while climbing a sheer cliff. Colossus and other allies use Wolverine's endurance and strength when throwing him at high speed in the Fastball Special.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: During and after the "Return of Wolverine", he showcased a mysterious new ability where the adamantium in his claws can heat up to incredibly high, yet undisclosed, level of temperatures. The mechanics of this power have yet to be revealed; whether it is a Secondary Mutation, latent Weapon X faculty making itself known or a new power gained upon his resurrection is unclear. What is extent is that it is related to the berserker side of his persona, his Hot Claws as popularly noted being tied to Wolverine's rage. This new power comes with the drawback of weakening his healing factor, however, as after using them to ward off the X-Men who came looking for him, he lost consciousness for a few weeks time afterward.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: During Wolverine's time in Japan and other countries, he became proficient in many forms of martial arts, with experience in many different fighting styles. He is proficient with most weaponry, including firearms, though he is partial to bladed weapons. He has demonstrated sufficient skills to defeat expert martial artist Shang-Chi and Captain America in single combat. He also has a wide knowledge of the body and pressure points. Like many of the X-Men, he is trained to pilot the group's SR-71 Blackbird supersonic plane. He is highly skilled in the field of espionage and covert operations.