title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: The standard "reason phrases" are only recommendations, and can be replaced with "local equivalents" at the [[web developer]]'s discretion. If the status code indicated a problem, the user agent might display the "reason phrase" to the user to provide further information about the nature of the problem. The standard also allows the user agent to attempt to interpret the "reason phrase", though this might be unwise since the standard explicitly specifies that status codes are machine-readable and "reason phrases" are human-readable.


title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: The response header fields allow the server to pass additional information beyond the status line, acting as response modifiers. They give information about the server or about further access to the target resource or related resources.


title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: Each response header field has a defined meaning which can be further refined by the semantics of the request method or response status code.


title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: Below is a sample HTTP transaction between an HTTP/1.1 client and an HTTP/1.1 server running on [[example.com|www.example.com]], port 80.


title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: A client request (consisting in this case of the request line and a few headers that can be reduced to only the codice_9 header) is followed by a blank line, so that the request ends with a double end of line, each in the form of a [[carriage return]] followed by a [[line feed]]. The codice_9 header value distinguishes between various [[Domain Name System|DNS]] names sharing a single [[IP address]], allowing name-based [[virtual hosting]]. While optional in HTTP/1.0, it is mandatory in HTTP/1.1. (A "/" (slash) will usually fetch a [[Webserver directory index|/index.html]] file if there is one.)


title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: The [[HTTP ETag|ETag]] (entity tag) header field is used to determine if a cached version of the requested resource is identical to the current version of the resource on the server. codice_11 specifies the [[Internet media type]] of the data conveyed by the HTTP message, while codice_12 indicates its length in bytes. The HTTP/1.1 [[webserver]] publishes its ability to respond to requests for certain byte ranges of the document by setting the field codice_13. This is useful, if the client needs to have only certain portions of a resource sent by the server, which is called [[byte serving]]. When codice_14 is sent, it means that the [[web server]] will close the [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]] connection immediately after the end of the transfer of this response.


title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: Most of the header lines are optional but some are mandatory. When header codice_1 is missing in a response with an entity body then this should be considered an error in HTTP/1.0 but it may not be an error in HTTP/1.1 if header codice_16 is present. Chunked transfer encoding uses a chunk size of 0 to mark the end of the content. Some old implementations of HTTP/1.0 omitted the header codice_12 when the length of the body entity was not known at the beginning of the response and so the transfer of data to client continued until server closed the socket.


title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: A codice_18 can be used to inform the client that the body entity part of the transmitted data is compressed by gzip algorithm.


title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: The most popular way of establishing an encrypted HTTP connection is [[HTTPS]]. Two other methods for establishing an encrypted HTTP connection also exist: [[Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol]], and using the [[HTTP/1.1 Upgrade header]] to specify an upgrade to TLS. Browser support for these two is, however, nearly non-existent.


title: Shantel VanSanten

text: Shantel VanSanten (born July 25, 1985) is an American actress and model. As a model, she has been featured in the magazines "Teen Vogue" and "Seventeen". On television, she played the role of Quinn James in the CW teen drama series "One Tree Hill", recurred as Detective Patty Spivot in the CW show "The Flash", and stars as Julie Swagger, the wife of lead character Bob Lee Swagger on the USA Network series "Shooter". On film, she has appeared in "The Final Destination", "You and I", and "Something Wicked". From 2019 to 2022, VanSanten starred as Karen Baldwin in the Apple TV+ original science fiction space drama series "For All Mankind".


title: Shantel VanSanten

text: VanSanten was born in Luverne, Minnesota. She is of Dutch and Norwegian descent. VanSanten was raised in Spring, Texas, where she attended Incarnate Word Academy (an all-girls college prep school) in Houston and Texas Christian University in Fort Worth, Texas. VanSanten also started her career as a model at the age of fifteen for the Page Parkes Management.


title: Shantel VanSanten

text: VanSanten first appeared as a finalist on NBC's reality television series "" but was eliminated in the series' first episode. In 2007, it was announced she had signed on in a film adaption of the novel "t.A.T.u. Come Back". Filming took place throughout 2007 in Los Angeles and Moscow. Starring alongside Mischa Barton, the film premiered in Russia on January 25, 2011, and as "You and I" in the United States a year later.


title: Shantel VanSanten

text: In 2009, VanSanten appeared as Lori Milligan in "The Final Destination", the fourth installment of the eponymous horror film franchise. That same year, VanSanten was cast as a series regular on The CW television drama series "One Tree Hill" in the show's seventh season. She portrayed the role of photographer Quinn James and the on screen sibling to Bethany Joy Lenz's character. VanSanten's role on the series continued until the series ninth and final season; her final appearance was in the series 187th and final episode. BuddyTV ranked her #24 on its "TV's 100 Sexiest Women of 2010" list, and #21 in 2011.


title: Shantel VanSanten

text: VanSanten starred as Christine in "Something Wicked". The film is the last to feature actress Brittany Murphy, who portrays VanSanten's sister-in-law Susan. In the spring of 2012, VanSanten shot the film "Golden Christmas 3" opposite Rob Mayes, Mark Famiglietti, Nikki DeLoach and Orson Bean in a family, romantic, holiday comedy directed by Michael Feifer. She portrayed Vera Buckley on the television series "The Messengers", before its cancellation after one season. VanSanten portrayed Patty Spivot in the second season of The CW TV series "The Flash" based on the DC Comics character of the same name. She was Detective Joe West's (Jesse L. Martin) new protégée, the only member of his new metahuman task force at the Central City Police Department besides Cisco Ramon (Carlos Valdes), and a love interest of Barry Allen (Grant Gustin).


title: Shantel VanSanten

text: From 2016 to 2018, VanSanten co-starred in the USA Network drama series "Shooter", playing Julie Swagger, the wife of lead character Bob Lee Swagger. She guest starred as Amy in the final season of the CBS television "Scorpion" in 2017. VanSanten played the role of Rebecca Butcher in the first two seasons of the Amazon Prime Video series "The Boys". Since 2019, VanSanten has starred as Karen Baldwin in the Apple TV+ original science fiction space drama series "For All Mankind". Also in 2019, she provided the voice of the character Wraith in the video game "Apex Legends". In 2022, VanSanten recurred in the role of Special Agent Nina Chase, while series star Missy Peregrym was on maternity leave, during the fourth season of the CBS procedural series "FBI".


title: Shantel VanSanten

text: On February 9, 2021, VanSanten became engaged to actor Victor Webster after meeting on the set of "Love Blossoms" in 2016. They married in October 2021.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: Yoon Suk-yeol (; born 18 December 1960) is a South Korean politician, former public prosecutor and lawyer who has been serving as the 13th and current president of South Korea since 2022. Prior to his presidency, he served as the prosecutor general of South Korea between 2019 and 2021.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: Born in Seoul, Yoon attended Seoul National University. In his capacity as the chief of the Seoul Central District Prosecutor's Office, he played a key role in convicting former presidents Park Geun-hye and Lee Myung-bak for abuse of power. Yoon was appointed prosecutor general of South Korea by President Moon Jae-in in July 2019. During Yoon's leadership, the Supreme Prosecutor's Office conducted embattled investigations into Cho Kuk, an influential figure in President Moon's administration, that would lead to Cho's resignation. Yoon's clashes with the Moon administration until his resignation as prosecutor general in March 2021 led to his rise as a presidential candidate.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: In June 2021, Yoon announced his candidacy in the 2022 South Korean presidential election. He joined the conservative People Power Party in July, and won the PPP nomination in November. Yoon narrowly defeated Democratic Party nominee Lee Jae-myung on 9 March 2022 and assumed office as president on 10 May 2022.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: Yoon was born in Bomun-dong, Seongbuk District, Seoul, in 1960 and raised in Yeonhui-dong, Seodaemun District. His father, Yoon Ki-jung, was born in Nonsan and is a professor emeritus of economics at Yonsei University and a full member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea. His mother, Choi Jeong-ja, was born in Gangneung and was a lecturer at Ewha Womans University before leaving the position after getting married.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: Yoon attended Daegwang Elementary School and Joongrang Middle School, transferring to Choongam Middle School after finishing eighth grade. After graduating from , he studied law at Seoul National University. He is a colleague of Moon Kang-bae, a lawyer who described Yoon as an "extrovert and faithful" person. Shortly after the Gwangju Uprising, Yoon and his colleagues held a mock trial, where he acted as a prosecutor, demanding the death penalty for Chun Doo-hwan, the president of the republic. Following the mock trial, Yoon escaped to Gangwon Province.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: Yoon was exempted in 1982 from national service due to anisometropia. Yoon later added that he was unable to obtain a driving licence because of the condition.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: Yoon passed the first part of the bar exam in Year 4 of university but failed the second. He kept failing for the next nine years. He finally passed the bar in 1991, in the same graduating class as Democratic Party assemblyman and minister of justice Park Beom-kye.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: Yoon started his career at Daegu Public Prosecutor's Office in 1994. He headed the Special Branch and Central Investigation Department, both of which investigate corruption-related cases. In 1999, he arrested Assistant Commissioner Park Hui-won, who was involved in a corruption in spite of strong objections from bureaucrats in the Kim Dae-jung cabinet.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: In January 2002, Yoon worked briefly as a lawyer at Bae, Kim & Lee but left as he felt that he was not suited to the position. Upon his return as a prosecutor, he prosecuted such pro-Roh Moo-hyun figures as Ahn Hee-jung and Kang Keum-won. In 2006, he apprehended Chung Mong-koo for his complicity in a slush fund case at Hyundai Motor Company. In 2008, he worked for the independent counsel team resolving the BBK incident related to President Lee Myung-bak.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: In 2013, Yoon led a special investigation team that looked into the National Intelligence Service (NIS)'s involvement in the 2012 NIS public opinion manipulation scandal. Yoon sought the prosecution of the former head of the NIS, Won Sei-hoon for violating the Public Official Election Act. He accused Justice Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn of influencing his investigation. As a result, he was demoted from the Seoul prosecutors' office to the Daegu and Daejeon High Prosecutors' Office.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: Yoon later became head of investigations in the special prosecutor team of Park Young-soo, which investigated allegations pertaining to the 2016 Choi Soon-sil scandal involving Choi, Samsung vice-chairman Lee Jae-yong and then-president Park Geun-hye, which led to the impeachment of the president in December 2016.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: On 19 May 2017, the newly-elected president Moon Jae-in appointed Yoon as chief of the Seoul Central District Prosecutors' Office. The prosecution indicted two former presidents Lee Myung-bak and Park Geun-hye, three former NIS chiefs, former chief justice Yang Sung-tae and more than 100 other former officials and business executives under his tenure. Yoon also led an investigation into accounting fraud at Samsung.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: On 17 June 2019, Yoon was nominated as prosecutor general, replacing Moon Moo-il. His nomination was welcomed by the ruling Democratic Party and the Party for Democracy and Peace, but was opposed by the Liberty Korea Party and the Bareunmirae Party. The minor party Justice Party remained neutral. On 16 July, he was officially appointed as the new prosecutor general and started his term nine days later. President Moon ordered him to be neutral, adding that any kind of corruption must be strictly investigated though it is related to the government.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: During Yoon's leadership, the Supreme Prosecutor's Office launched investigations against Minister of Justice Cho Kuk, who was involved in various scandals. His decision to investigate Cho was welcomed by the conservative opposition but was condemned by the Democratic Party and its supporters.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: After Choo Mi-ae was appointed the new minister of justice, she took an action against several prosecutors close to Yoon. Choo attributed her decision to Yoon's failure to submit a reorganization plan for his department, which she requested, but this was seen as retaliation by the Blue House for Cho Kuk's prosecution.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: In April 2020, Democratic Party lawmakers again attacked Yoon and called on him to resign as the prosecution started investigations into election law violation cases involving both ruling and opposition politicians and also suspected election rigging of the Ulsan mayoral race for Mayor Song Cheol-ho in 2018 by senior secretaries at the Blue House.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: On 24 November 2020, Minister of Justice Choo Mi-ae suspended Yoon from his position, citing alleged ethical violations, abuse of power, and interference into investigations of his associates and family members. Yoon filed an injunction against the minister's suspension order, which was approved by the Seoul Administrative Court on 1 December, temporarily halting the suspension. On 16 December, the Ministry of Justice then imposed a two-month suspension on Yoon, accepting four of six major charges for disciplinary action. The decision was subsequently approved by President Moon. However on 24 December, following an injunction filed at the Seoul Administrative Court, the suspension was overturned as the court accepted Yoon's claim that the process to suspend him was unfair.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: Yoon had been considered a potential presidential candidate for the 2022 presidential election since the aftermath of the Cho Kuk controversies, appearing as a significant candidate in general election opinion polls since at least January 2020. In a January 2021 poll including all possible presidential candidates, Yoon led as the most favored with 30.4 percent of the vote, more than the individual supports for the ruling Democratic Party frontrunners Lee Jae-myung and Lee Nak-yon.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: On 29 June 2021, Yoon officially announced his candidacy in the 2022 presidential election. On 12 July, he registered with the National Election Commission as an independent candidate.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: On 30 July 2021, Yoon officially joined the conservative People Power Party, which is currently the main opposition party in South Korea. Prior to this Yoon had been a political independent, although his popular support came primarily from conservatives. Yoon was welcomed into the PPP by Choi Jae-hyung, a fellow 2022 presidential candidate, in a small public ceremony at the PPP headquarters located in Yeouido, Seoul. Choi was the former head of the Board of Audit and Inspection and had also just recently joined the PPP, officially having become a member on 15 July. Yoon's welcoming ceremony into the People Power Party notably did not include recently elected party leader Lee Jun-seok, who had been outside of Seoul at the time.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: During the primary election period, Yoon came under criticism for several perceived gaffes and controversial statements. In July, Yoon advocated for a 120-hour work week while critiquing President Moon's policy of the 52-hour maximum work week. Yoon advocated deregulating food safety standards because, in his opinion, "poor people should be allowed to eat substandard food for lower prices", citing economist Milton Friedman's 1980 book "" as the inspiration for the idea. In August, Yoon stated that South Korea's recent feminist movement was a significant contributing factor to the issue of the nation's low birth rates. Later that same week, Yoon claimed during an interview with "Busan Ilbo" that there was "basically no radiation leak" from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster because "the reactors themselves didn't collapse."


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: On 2 September 2021, news website "Newsverse" reported that during his time as prosecutor general, Yoon had allegedly ordered a senior prosecutor Son Jun-sung and politician Kim Woong to file politically motivated criminal complaints against Democratic Party politicians ahead of the 2020 legislative elections in an attempt to sway the elections. In response to the allegations, an internal investigatory probe was launched by the Supreme Prosecutor's Office, and an investigation was launched by the recently formed Corruption Investigation Office for High-ranking Officials (CIO). Yoon denied the allegations and reported informant Cho Sung-eun and Director of the National Intellience Service Park Jie-won to the CIO.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: In early September, support for PPP primary contender Hong Joon-pyo, who had been the nominee for PPP predecessor Liberty Korea Party in the 2017 presidential election, rose sharply in polls, which made Hong the most significant contender to Yoon since the beginning of the campaign cycle. A 6 September poll of contenders across all parties showed support for Hong at 13.6%, up from 4.2% a week earlier, behind Yoon who had support at 26.4%.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: During primary debates amongst PPP presidential candidates, Yoon appeared to have the hanja character for "king" written on his left palm, a shamanist talisman for good luck. Yoon's primary opponents, including Hong Joon-pyo and Yoo Seong-min, criticized Yoon for using shamanist practices and made comparisons to the Choi Soon-sil scandal. In response to the criticism, Yoon stated that "a supporter drew that as a message of support, encouraging me to be confident like a 'king' during the debate", and that he had forgotten to wash the mark off.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: In October, Yoon made complimentary remarks about former authoritarian military dictator of South Korea Chun Doo-hwan. The remarks came during a meeting with People Power Party officials in Busan, during which Yoon said that "many people still consider Chun as having done well in politics, except the military coup and the Gwangju Uprising", later adding that he believed even people in Honam, the geographic area including Gwangju, felt the same way. Chun Doo-hwan, a widely maligned figure in South Korea, was responsible for numerous human rights abuses, including the torture and killings of innocent civilians. Yoon apologized for these remarks. Yoon again apologized for his remarks when he visited the May 18th National Cemetery in Gwangju on 10 November, although his visit was met by protesters.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: On 5 November 2021, Yoon officially won the nomination of the People Power Party for the 2022 presidential election. The win came after Yoon fought off a surge in support for rival candidate Hong Joon-pyo in the latter weeks of the primary. The nomination resulted from a four-day period of voting by party members and the general public. Yoon Suk-yeol won 47.85% of the votes, a total of 347,963 votes, and of the remaining candidates Hong Joon-pyo won 41.50% of the votes, Yoo Seong-min won 7.47% of the votes, and Won Hee-ryong won 3.17% of the votes.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: Yoon narrowly won the 2022 presidential election that took place on 9 March 2022. Democratic Party candidate Lee Jae-myung conceded defeat in the early hours of the following day. Yoon won 48.56% of the votes, while Lee Jae-Myung won 47.83% of the vote. Yoon's presidential election victory was by the closest margin in South Korean history.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: On 20 March 2022, he announced that he would establish his presidential office in the Ministry of National Defense building in Yongsan District, Seoul, instead of the Blue House, which was open to the public as a park on 10 May 2022. He would take office that day. This marked the end of the Blue House as the official presidential office and residence after 74 years.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: In late July 2022, Yoon proposed the creation of a "police bureau", in order to ensure greater government oversight of the police force. In response, several police officers protested, claiming the measure was a dictatorial measure to compromise the political neutrality of the police.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: In response to the protests, Lee Sang-min, Yoon's Interior Minister, compared them to the 1979 Coup d'état of December Twelfth, though he later walked back the remarks. Yoon himself also criticised the protests, saying, "Like many, I am also deeply concerned about the collective protest of the police chiefs," and calling it a "serious breach" of police discipline.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: Following the protests, the presidential office threatened to punish police officers. Additional remarks by Yoon Hee-keun, President Yoon's choice as Commissioner General of the National Police Agency, suggesting that police should focus on wages rather than the establishment of a police bureau, further enflamed tensions.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: On 29 October 2022, at least 158 people were crushed to death when a crowd surged in an alleyway during Halloween festivities in Seoul's Itaewon district. President Yoon declared a state of official national mourning.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: During his tenure so far, Yoon has made 4 foreign trips. He has met with fellow leaders, such as during the NATO Summit Madrid 2022, becoming the first South Korean leader to do so. He also attended the UN General Assembly and Global Fund's Seventh Replenishment Conference in New York City; he met with U.S. President Joe Biden. During Yoon's tenure, he has experienced various diplomatic gaffes, primarily during foreign visits.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: During US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi's visit to South Korea, part of a larger tour of Asia, on 4 August 2022, Yoon snubbed a meeting with her, stating that he wanted to enjoy his vacation.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: While in London for the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II, Yoon’s opponents accused him of disrespect when he missed the chance to view the queen’s coffin lying in state – which he blamed on traffic.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: Yoon's People Power Party sued four senior executives of local broadcaster Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation, including MBC TV head Park Sung-je, on grounds of defamation after news outlets initially reported that he insulted the US Congress. On 21 September 2022, after chatting with US President Joe Biden outside the seventh Global Fund meeting in New York City, Yoon was filmed telling his aides and top diplomats, "Wouldn't [inaudible] lose face if these "saekki" do not pass it in the legislature?" Although the audio is hard to discern, MBC, who broke the story on air, determined in its subtitles that he said "Biden" in an apparent reference to the latter's bid to increase the American contribution to the Global Fund by $6 billion, an act that would require congressional approval. Yoon's office denies that he was talking about Biden or the US Congress. Instead, it claims that he was expressing concern that his country's opposition-controlled parliament would reject his plans for a $100 million contribution to the same fund, and his press secretary Kim Eun-hye suggested that the word he uttered was not "Biden", but ""nallimyeon"", a similar-sounding word that means "to blow or waste". The video swiftly went viral, having been viewed repeatedly by millions. The controversy has also brought press freedom in South Korea to the public eye over the PPP's civil conduct involving MBC, with some press freedom groups, including the International Federation of Journalists, criticizing the lawsuit as politically motivated. A poll of 1,002 adult Koreans found his approval rating falling to 27.7 percent, a 3.7 percent drop from three weeks before, and that the majority (61.2 percent) believed Yoon said "Biden" compared to the 26.9 percent who thought he said ""nallimyeon"", and another poll of 1,000 adult Koreans found an even greater majority (70.8 percent) who said that he should directly apologize for his profanity versus the 27.9 percent who said he did not need to apologize.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: Less than three months into his presidency, Yoon's approval rating dropped to less than 30 percent amidst the 2021–2022 inflation surge, a controversial education policy rollout (including a proposal to lower the starting elementary school age from six to five), controversies over nepotism in personnel appointments, the police bureau proposal, and conflicts within Yoon's People Power Party. His popularity fell further to 19% in August. In December, Yoon's approval rating rose back to above 40% for the first time in five months.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: Yoon identifies himself as "conservative". Chung Doo-un, a former conservative member of parliament, has considered Yoon a conservative. Political commentator Chin Jung-kwon, who supports Yoon, called his political inclination "libertarianism".


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: Yoon opposes economic interventionism by the government. He has cited economist Milton Friedman and Friedman's 1980 book "" as a major influence on his belief in economic liberalism.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: On 22 September 2021, Yoon stated that he will ask that the United States redeploy tactical nuclear weapons in South Korea if there is a threat from North Korea. Nuclear weapons have not been deployed by the US in South Korea since the early 1990s, after an agreement with Russia and in an effort to ease tensions between North and South Korea. Speaking for the United States, U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Japan and Korea Mark Lambert rejected Yoon's call for the re-nuclearization of South Korea and said the proposal was against U.S. policy. Zhao Lijian, spokesperson of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, called Yoon's statement "irresponsible". Yoon will attempt to reduce dependence on China and promote supply chain resilience.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: On 7 November 2021, Yoon stated that if elected president he would pardon former presidents Lee Myung-bak and Park Geun-hye, both of whom were serving lengthy prison sentences for corruption (Park Geun-hye was later pardoned by President Moon Jae-in on 24 December of that same year).


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: On 12 November 2021, Yoon indicated that he would be open to more US THAAD missile deployments in South Korea.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: President Yoon entered office with a pledge to abolish the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. This measure came from the unique context of South Korea, where the gender conflict has become very intense. He announced that the new government would not address gender as a collective, but rather focus on and respond to specific individual issues.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: As of May 2022, there were only three women among the State Councilors of the Yoon Suk-yeol government and only two women among the vice-ministerial level officials, so there is some criticism that the government lacks women's representation. In response to these criticisms, Yoon appointed Park Soon-ae as the Minister of Education and Kim Seung-hee as the Minister of Welfare, setting the ratio of female-to-male ministers in the cabinet to 30%. However, Park Soon-ae resigned on 5 August, just 34 days into her tenure; Yoon's approval rating had fallen from 30% to 24%, largely due to public backlash against Park's school reform plans.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: President Yoon has been married to Kim Keon-hee since 2012. His wife has stated that she prefers the term first spouse instead of the first lady.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: Kim is the president of Covana Contents, a company that focuses on art exhibitions. Kim has faced an investigation that alleged the she had taken 'kickbacks' for hosting art exhibitions, in addition to reports that circulated in the South Korean media that she inflated her resume with connections to New York University Stern School of Business. She responded by offering a public apology.


title: Yoon Suk-yeol

text: Yoon is the fourth South Korean president who is a Catholic, after his previous predecessors Moon Jae-in, Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun (a lapsed Catholic). He was baptized with the Christian name "Ambrose".


title: Land Rover

text: Land Rover is a British brand of predominantly four-wheel drive, off-road capable vehicles, owned by multinational car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover (JLR), since 2008 a subsidiary of India's Tata Motors. JLR currently builds Land Rovers in Brazil, China, India, Slovakia, and the United Kingdom. The Land Rover name was created in 1948 by the Rover Company for a utilitarian 4WD off-roader; yet today Land Rover vehicles comprise solely upmarket and luxury sport utility cars.


title: Land Rover

text: Land Rover was granted a Royal Warrant by King George VI in 1951, and 50 years later, in 2001, it received a Queen's Award for Enterprise for outstanding contribution to international trade. Over time, Land Rover grew into its own brand (and for a while also a company), encompassing a consistently growing range of four-wheel drive, off-road capable models. Starting with the much more upmarket 1970 Range Rover, and subsequent introductions of the mid-range Discovery and entry-level Freelander line (in 1989 and 1997), as well as the 1990 Land Rover Defender refresh, the marque today includes two models of Discovery, four distinct models of Range Rover, and after a three-year hiatus, a second generation of Defenders have gone into production for the 2020 model year—in short or long wheelbase, as before.


title: Land Rover

text: For half a century (from the original 1948 model, through 1997, when the Freelander was introduced), Land Rovers and Range Rovers exclusively relied on their trademark boxed-section vehicle frames. Land Rover used boxed frames in a direct product bloodline until the termination of the original Defender in 2016; and their last body-on-frame model was replaced by a monocoque with the third generation Discovery in 2017. Since then all Land Rovers and Range Rovers have a unified body and frame structure.


title: Land Rover

text: Since 2010, Land Rover have also introduced two-wheel drive variants, both of the Freelander, and of the Evoque, after having built exclusively 4WD cars for 62 years. The 2WD Freelander has been succeeded by a 2WD Discovery Sport, available in some markets.


title: Land Rover

text: Originally, these vehicles were simply called the 'Land Rover' – an off-road capable car model of the Rover Company. As 'Land Rover' became established as a brand, the 'Series' indication later became a retronym model name. The Range Rover was introduced in 1970, and the company became a British Leyland subsidiary in 1978. In 1983 and 1984, the long and the short wheelbase Land Rovers were finally given official names – the One Ten, and the Ninety respectively, and together they were badged the Defender models in 1990, after the 1989 introduction of the new Discovery model.


title: Land Rover

text: The design for the original vehicle was started in 1947 by Maurice Wilks. Wilks, chief designer at the Rover Company, on his farm in Newborough, Anglesey, working in conjunction with his brother Spencer who was the managing director of Rover. The design may have been influenced by the Jeep and the prototype, later nicknamed Centre Steer, was built on a Jeep chassis and axles. The early choice of colour was dictated by military surplus supplies of aircraft cockpit paint, so early vehicles only came in various shades of light green. Starting with the series I Land Rover, all models in this era featured sturdy box-section ladder-frame chassis. Early vehicles like the Series I were field-tested at Long Bennington and designed to be field-serviced.


title: Land Rover

text: After the formation of Land Rover Limited in 1978 the hyphen in Land-Rover —as shown in the logo— began to be dropped.


title: Land Rover

text: Land Rover as a company has existed since 1978. Prior to this, it was a product line of the Rover Company which was subsequently absorbed into the Rover-Triumph division of the British Leyland Motor Corporation (BL) following Leyland Motor Corporation's takeover of Rover in 1967. The ongoing commercial success of the original Land Rover series models, and latterly the Range Rover in the 1970s in the midst of BL's well-documented business troubles prompted the establishment of a separate Land Rover company but still under the BL umbrella, remaining part of the subsequent Rover Group in 1988, under the ownership of British Aerospace after the remains of British Leyland were broken up and privatised.


title: Land Rover

text: On 31 January 1994, Rover Group plc, including Land Rover, was acquired by BMW. In 2000, Rover Group was broken up by BMW and Land Rover was sold on to Ford Motor Company, becoming part of its Premier Automotive Group. The transition to BMW ownership only just preceded introduction of the second generation Range Rover, prior to launching Land Rover's first unibody model, the Freelander in 1997. BMW was then responsible for much of the development of the Range Rover III—the first to have a monocoque structure and independent suspension, introduced under Ford in late 2001.


title: Land Rover

text: After introduction of the all-new Range Rover in 2001, Ford moved Land Rover further away from its traditional boxed ladder-frames, by introducing a new generation Discovery featuring "Integrated Body Frame", in 2004. From then on, only the Defender continued on Land Rover's traditional since 1948 underpinnings. Use of the Rover V8 engine in Land Rovers also ended with the replacement of the mk. II Discovery.


title: Land Rover

text: In 2006 Ford also purchased the Rover brand from BMW for around £6 million. BMW had retained ownership of the brand to protect the integrity of the Land Rover brand, with which 'Rover' might be confused in the US 4x4 market and allowed it to be used under licence by MG Rover until it collapsed in 2005, at which point it was offered to the Ford Motor Company, who by then owned Land Rover. On 11 June 2007, Ford announced that it planned to sell Land Rover along with Jaguar Cars. Private equity firms such as Alchemy Partners of the UK, TPG Capital, Ripplewood Holdings, Cerberus Capital Management and One Equity Partners of the US, Tata Motors of India and a consortium comprising Mahindra & Mahindra of India and Apollo Management all initially expressed interest in purchasing the marques from the Ford Motor Company. On 1 January 2008, Ford formally declared that Tata was the preferred bidder. On 26 March 2008, Ford announced that it had agreed to sell its Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors, and that it expected to complete the sale by the end of the second quarter of 2008.


title: Land Rover

text: On 18 January 2008, Tata Motors, a part of the Tata Group, established Jaguar Land Rover Limited as a British-registered and wholly owned subsidiary. The new company was to be used as a holding company for the acquisition of the two businesses from Ford—Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover. That acquisition was completed on 2 June 2008 at a cost of £1.7 billion. Included in the deal to buy Land Rover and Jaguar Cars were the rights to three other British brands: the Daimler marque, as well as two dormant brands Lanchester and Rover.


title: Land Rover

text: On 1 January 2013, the group, which had been operating as two separate companies (Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover), although on an integrated basis, underwent a fundamental restructuring. The parent company was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC, Jaguar Cars Limited was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Limited and the assets (excluding certain Chinese interests) of Land Rover were transferred to it. The consequence was that Jaguar Land Rover Limited became responsible in the UK for the design, manufacture and marketing of both Jaguar and Land Rover branded products, and Land Rover and Jaguar Cars ceased to be separate vehicle producing entities.


title: Land Rover

text: Jaguar Land Rover manufactures Land Rover cars in plants in five countries. In the United Kingdom the Range Rover, Range Rover Sport and Range Rover Velar are built at their Solihull plant near Birmingham and the Discovery Sport and Evoque are built at their Halewood plant near Liverpool. In October 2018 JLR opened a new plant in Nitra, Slovakia to build the Discovery, and are now also building the 2020 Defender there. In Brazil the company builds both the Discovery Sport and Evoque in their plant in Itatiaia which was opened in June 2016. JLR has been building cars since 2011 in Pune, India and currently builds the Discovery Sport and Evoque there. Under a 50/50 joint venture with Chery at Changshu in China Discovery Sports and Evoques are also built.


title: Land Rover

text: Historically Land Rovers were manufactured primarily at the Solihull plant until production of the Freelander was moved to the Halewood plant. The Freelander was also assembled in CKD form at Land Rover's facility in Pune, India. As of 2015, the company continued to expand by building locally in India as well as increasing the number of models made at JLR's Chikhali facility near Pune to include the Discovery Sport and Evoque.


title: Land Rover

text: Defender models were assembled under licence in several locations worldwide, including Spain (Santana Motors), Iran (Pazhan Morattab), Brazil (Karmann), and Turkey (Otokar).


title: Land Rover

text: Worldwide sales of Land Rover tripled from model year 2008/'09 to 2014/'15 (from almost 130,000 to some 385,000 units), to peak at a further 10% higher in '15/'16 and '16/'17, and have since slid by some 100,000 (to 320,000 units) in 2018/'19. In spite of the facts, that Australia and New Zealand were important Land Rover markets in the 20th century, and sales in the Asia Pacific region have quadrupled from 2008/'09 to 2014/'15, Land Rover have stopped publishing sales of that region separately – instead including them in "Rest of World" starting 2015/'16.


title: Land Rover

text: Overall, Europe is the firm's primary market, consistently yielding 40% to 50% of global units sold. Generally, half of that is down to the home (UK) market. Sales in the U.K. and the U.S. have generally kept equal pace, but since 2012 China has taken the lead as Land Rover's biggest single country market, except for 2018/'19.


title: Land Rover

text: The Discovery Sport is the most successful Land Rover model, selling 95,520 units globally in 2018. This was followed by another 'sports' model, the Range Rover Sport, at 77,847 units.


title: Land Rover

text: The Discovery Sport is the successor to the brands Freelander model, which was Europe's best selling 4x4 for five years in a row, after its market introduction in 1997.


title: Land Rover

text: Range Stormer – Land Rover's first concept vehicle, unveiled at the 2004 North American International Auto Show, later became the Range Rover Sport. (Gritzinger, 2004).


title: Land Rover

text: Land Rover LRX – Land Rover's second concept vehicle, first unveiled at the 2008 Detroit Auto Show. Originally a vehicle with ERAD technology, the production version did not include this. The car was then launched in 2011 as the Range Rover Evoque, and was the first Range Rover branded product to be offered with front wheel drive, and no low ratio transfer box.


title: Land Rover

text: Land Rover DC100 – Land Rover's third concept vehicle, first unveiled at the 2011 Frankfurt Auto Show, designed to be a replacement for the Land Rover Defender, though it is unlikely that the Defender's replacement will be exactly the same as the DC100 concept.


title: Land Rover

text: Land Rover Discovery Vision Concept – Land Rover's fourth concept vehicle, first unveiled at the 2014, was designed to be a replacement for the Land Rover Discovery, This concept features Transparent Bonnet, Suicide doors, and Laser assisted lamps (there is a very little chance this will be included in any future production vehicles).


title: Land Rover

text: , most Land Rovers in production are powered by Ford engines. Under the terms of the acquisition, Tata has the right to buy engines from Ford until 2019.


title: Land Rover

text: Integrated Electric Rear Axle Drive (ERAD) technology, dubbed e-terrain technology, will allow the vehicle to move off without starting the engine as well as supplying extra power over tough terrain. Land Rover's Diesel ERAD Hybrid was developed as part of a multimillion-pound project supported by the UK Government's Energy Saving Trust, under the low carbon research and development programme. ERAD programme is one of a broad range of sustainability-focused engineering programmes that Land Rover is pursuing, brought together by the company under the collective name "e TERRAIN Technologies".


title: Land Rover

text: Land Rover presented at the 2008 London Motor Show its new ERAD diesel-electric hybrid in a pair of Freelander 2 (LR2) prototypes. The new hybrid system is being designed as a scalable and modular system that could be applied across a variety of Land Rover models and powertrains.


title: Land Rover

text: Land Rover unveiled the LRX hybrid concept at the 2008 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, for it to be going into production. An ERAD will enable the car to run on electric power at speeds below .


title: Land Rover

text: In September 2011, the Range Rover Evoque was launched, though it was based on the LRX hybrid concept presented at the 2008 North American International Auto Show, it did not include the ERAD system, included in the original concept.


title: Land Rover

text: In February 2013, Land Rover unveiled at the 83rd Geneva Motor Show an All-Terrain Electric Defender that produces zero emissions. The electric vehicle was developed for research purposes following successful trials of the Defender-based electric vehicle, Leopard 1. The vehicle is capable of producing 70kW and 330Nm of torque and has a range of 80 kilometres or in low speed off-road use it can last for up to eight hours before recharging.


title: Land Rover

text: Power take-off (PTO) was integral to the Land Rover concept from 1948, enabling farm machinery and many other items to be run with the vehicle stationary. Maurice Wilks' original instruction was "...to have power take-offs everywhere!" The 1949 report by British National Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Scottish Machinery Testing Station contained this description: "the power take-off is driven through a Hardy Spicer propeller shaft from the main gearbox output and two interchangeable pinions giving two ratios. The PTO gearbox casing is bolted to the rear chassis cross-member and an belt pulley driven from the PTO shaft through two bevel gears can be bolted to the PTO gearbox casing." PTOs remained regular options on Series I, II and III Land Rovers up to the demise of the Series Land Rover in 1985. An agricultural PTO on a Defender is possible as a special order.


title: Land Rover

text: Land Rovers (the Series/Defender models) are available in a variety of body styles, from a simple canvas-topped pick-up truck to a twelve-seat fully trimmed station wagon. Both Land Rover and out-of-house contractors have offered conversions and adaptations to the basic vehicle, such as fire engines, excavators, 'cherry picker' hydraulic platforms, ambulances, snowploughs, and six-wheel-drive versions, as well as one-off special builds including amphibious Land Rovers and vehicles fitted with tracks instead of wheels.


title: Land Rover

text: Various Land Rover models have been used in a military capacity, most notably by the British Army and Australian Army. Modifications may include military "blackout" lights, heavy-duty suspension, uprated brakes, 24 volt electrics, convoy lights, electronic suppression of the ignition system, blackout curtains and mounts for special equipment and small arms. Dedicated military models have been produced such as the 101 Forward Control and the air-portable 1/2 ton Lightweight. Military uses include light utility vehicle; communications platform; weapon platform for recoilless rifles, Anti-tank (e.g. TOW or M40 recoilless rifle) / Surface-to-Air Guided Weapons or machine guns; ambulances and workshops. The Discovery has also been used in small numbers, mostly as liaison vehicles.


title: Land Rover

text: Two models that have been designed for military use from the ground up are the 101 Forward Control from the early 1970s and the Lightweight or Airportable from the late 1960s. The latter was intended to be transported under a helicopter. The Royal Air Force Mountain Rescue Service (RAFMRS) teams were early users in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and their convoys of Land Rovers and larger military trucks are a sight often seen in the mountain areas of the United Kingdom. Originally RAFMRS Land Rovers had blue bodies and bright yellow tops, to be better seen from above. In 1981, the colour scheme was changed to green with yellow stripes. More recently, vehicles have been painted white, and are issued with fittings similar to civilian UK Mountain Rescue teams.


title: Land Rover

text: An adaptation of Land Rovers to military purposes is the "Pink Panther" models. Approximately 100 Series IIA models were adapted to reconnaissance use by British special operations forces the SAS. For desert use they were often painted pink, hence the name. The vehicles were fitted with among other gear a sun compass, machine guns, larger fuel tanks and smoke dischargers. Similar adaptations were later made to Series IIIs and 90/110/Defenders.


title: Land Rover

text: The Australian Army adapted the Land Rover Series 2 into the Long Range Patrol Vehicle for use by the Special Air Service Regiment and as an anti-tank "gunbuggy" fitted with an M40 recoilless rifle.


title: Land Rover

text: The 75th Ranger Regiment of the United States Army also adapted twelve versions of the Land Rover that were officially designated the Ranger Special Operations Vehicle.


title: Land Rover

text: Series and Defender models have also been armoured. The most widespread of these is the Shorts Shorland, built by Shorts Brothers of Belfast. The first of these were delivered in 1965 to the Royal Ulster Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force. They were originally wheelbase models with an armoured body and a turret from the Ferret armoured car. By 1990, there had been more than 1,000 produced.


title: Land Rover

text: In the 1970s, a more conventional armoured Land Rover was built for the Royal Ulster Constabulary in Wales called the Hotspur. The Land Rover Tangi was built by the Royal Ulster Constabulary's own vehicle engineering team during the 1990s. The British Army has used various armoured Land Rovers, first in Northern Ireland but also in more recent campaigns. They first added protective panels to Series General Service vehicles (the Vehicle Protection Kit (VPK)). Later they procured the Glover Webb APV and finally the Courtaulds (later NP Aerospace) Composite Armoured Vehicle, commonly known as Snatch. These were originally based on heavy-duty V8 110 chassis but some have recently been re-mounted on new chassis from Otokar of Turkey and fitted with diesel engines and air-conditioning for Iraq. Although these now have more in common with the 'Wolf' (Defender XD) Land Rovers that many mistakenly confuse them with, the Snatch and the Wolf are different vehicles.


title: Land Rover

text: The most radical conversion of a Land Rover for military purposes was the Centaur half-track. It was based on a Series III with a V8 engine and a shortened belt drive from the Alvis Scorpion light tank. A small number was manufactured, and they were used by Ghana, among others.


title: Land Rover

text: The Land Rover is used by military forces throughout the world. The current generation of Land Rover used by British Army, the Snatch 2, have upgraded and strengthened chassis and suspension compared to civilian-specification vehicles. There is also the Land Rover WMIK (weapon mounted installation kit) used by British Army. The WMIK consists of a driver, a raised gun, usually a Browning heavy machine gun or a grenade machine gun, this used for ground support, and a GPMG (general-purpose machine gunner) located next to the driver, this used for vehicle protection.


title: Land Rover

text: Highly modified Land Rovers have competed in the Dakar Rally and won the Macmillan 4x4 UK Challenge almost every year, as well as having been the vehicle used for the Camel Trophy. Now, Land Rover has its own G4 challenge.


title: Land Rover

text: Land Rover Experience was established in 1990, and consists of a network of centres throughout the world, set up to help customers get the most out of their vehicles' on and off-road capability. The flagship centres are Land Rover's bases at Solihull, Eastnor, Gaydon and Halewood. Courses offered include off-road driving, winching and trailer handling, along with a variety of corporate and individual 'Adventure Days'. The factory centres at Solihull and Halewood have manufacturing tours, while Gaydon has an engineering tour.


title: Land Rover

text: Model-by-model road accident statistics from the UK Department for Transport show that the Land Rover Defender is one of the safest cars on British roads as measured by chance of death in two-car injury accidents.


title: Land Rover

text: The figures, which were based on data collected by police forces following accidents between 2000 and 2004 in Great Britain, showed that Defender drivers had a 1% chance of being killed or seriously injured and a 33% chance of sustaining any kind of injury. Other four-wheel-drive vehicles scored equally highly, and collectively these vehicles were much safer for their passengers than those in other classes such as passenger cars and MPVs. These figures reflect the fact that drivers of large mass vehicles are likely to be safer, often at the expense of other drivers if they collide with smaller cars.


title: Land Rover

text: The original Land Rover Owners Club was set up by the Rover Company in 1954. The company published the "Land Rover Owners Club Review" magazine for members from 1957 to 1968 when the club became the Rover Owners Association. This original association fell away when the company merged with British Leyland.


title: Land Rover

text: There are many Land Rover clubs throughout the UK and internationally. Land Rover clubs break down into a number of groups of varying interests.


title: Land Rover

text: Single Marque Clubs – Bring together owners of a specific model or series of vehicle such as the Land Rover Series One Club, or the Discovery Owners Club. Single marque clubs have a global membership.


title: Land Rover

text: Special Vehicle Clubs – At various times Land Rover have produced vehicles for specific events or on a specific theme, most notable are the Camel Trophy and G4 Challenge vehicles which have been sold on to the general public, and a range of Defenders that were loosely based on the custom vehicles produced for the Tomb Raider motion picture.


title: Land Rover

text: Regional Clubs in the UK break down into two groups, competitive and non-competitive. The non-competitive clubs activities generally relate to social events, off-road driving or green laning on un-surfaced public highways or 'pay and play' days at off-road centres. Competitive clubs are a phenomenon almost exclusively found within the UK, who as well as the non-competitive activities detailed above run competitive events such as Tyro, Road Taxed Vehicle (RTV) and Cross Country Vehicle (CCV) trials, winch and recovery challenges or speed events such as Competitive Safaries. All UK competitive events are run within the framework of rules created by the Motor Sports Association (MSA) with further vehicle specific rules applied by the host club or association. Outside of the UK regional clubs are independent and mostly non-competitive.


title: Land Rover

text: A number of clubs are affiliated to the Association of Land Rover Clubs (ALRC); formerly known as the Association of Rover Clubs (ARC) the association applies its own vehicle regulations to all of its member clubs who have the opportunity to compete together at regional events and an annual national event with vehicles approved to the same standard. In recent years some non-competitive clubs have dropped their affiliation fifth ALRC. Few clubs outside of the UK are affiliated with ALRC. Other than ALRC and the short lived Association of North American Rover Clubs (ANARC), which was created 1998 to celebrate Land Rover's 50th anniversary and disbanded in 2001, other groups of Land Rover clubs have affiliated with each other.


title: Land Rover

text: Land Rover owners were also early adopters of virtual clubs that are entirely based online. Bill Caloccia created the original Land Rover Owner email list (LRO) as single marque offshoot of the British Cars email list in May 1990. Bill later created email lists in the mid-1990s for Range Rovers (RRO) and various regions (e.g., UK-LRO, AU-LRO, ZA-LRO, EU-LRO, IT-LRO, NL-LRO). In California members of the LRO list created mendo_recce in 1995.


title: Land Rover

text: In 2005, under Ford ownership, Land Rover became more interested in the club environment. An internal club was formed, The Land Rover Club, exclusive to employees of Ford's Premier Automotive Group (Now exclusive to the new 'Jaguar – Land Rover' group since the brand moved away from the Ford stable). Also, an agreement was generated to allow other clubs to use the Land Rover green oval logo under licence. In 2006, the Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire club were the pilot licensees for the new agreement, who now benefit from a reciprocal arrangement where their own logo is trade marked and owned by Land Rover and they can refer to themselves as a 'Land Rover Approved Club'.


title: Land Rover

text: In 1995, Land Rover endorsed the production of a hand-made bicycle using its logo. The bicycle, called the Land Rover APB and manufactured by Pashley Cycles of Stratford-upon-Avon, was the collapsible version of Pashley Cycles' Moulton APB (All Purpose Bicycle) model, with leading link front suspension and adjustable damping and stroke. Two more models immediately followed: the Land Rover XCB V-20, aimed primarily at younger riders (children); and the Land Rover XCB D-26, also available as the M26 with hydraulic rim brakes, front suspension and suspension seat pillar.


title: Land Rover

text: In June 2004, Land Rover released a comprehensive 25 model range of bicycles. The three main ranges are the "Defender", the "Discovery", and the "Freelander", each with different attributes. The "Discovery" is an all-rounder bicycle suited to a variety of terrains, "Defender" is most suited to rugged terrain and off-road pursuits, whereas the "Freelander" is designed for an urban lifestyle. All bikes are made from lightweight aluminium.


title: Land Rover

text: Land Rover has had its name associated with coffee since 2005, when the Land Rover Coffee company was established.


title: Land Rover

text: Land Rover gave UK pram company Pegasus a licence to produce a three-wheeler range of Land Rover ATP pushchairs. The design reflected the heritage of the marque, with a light metal frame with canvas seating, held together with push-studs and tough simple parts like brakes and hinges. They could be collapsed completely flat, with wheels removed in seconds. The basic frame could be adapted with modules to allow a baby to lie flat or a bubble windscreen to completely enclose the child. The frame also came in long or short-handled versions, and could be repaired with home tools. The design was simple, light, and rugged and able to travel in all terrains (hence the ATP for all-terrain pushchair.) It came in three military looking colours: a light blue, a sand colour and olive drab. Production was discontinued in 2002.


title: Boba Fett

text: Boba Fett ( ) is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" franchise. First appearing in the "Star Wars Holiday Special" (1978), where he was voiced by Don Francks, he is an armored bounty hunter featured in both the original and prequel film trilogies. In the original trilogy, the character is a supporting antagonist and was mainly portrayed by Jeremy Bulloch and voiced by Jason Wingreen. Notable for his taciturn demeanor and for never removing his helmet, Fett appears in both "The Empire Strikes Back" (1980), employed by the Galactic Empire, and "Return of the Jedi" (1983), serving the crime lord Jabba the Hutt. While seemingly killed in "Return of the Jedi" after falling into a sarlacc, he has since appeared in "Star Wars" media set after the film, confirming his survival. A preteen Boba is portrayed by Daniel Logan in the prequel film "" (2002), which reveals the character's origins as the genetic clone and adoptive son of Jango Fett, also a famous bounty hunter. The animated series "" further reveals Boba to have been born Alpha, and to have a biological twin sister, .


title: Boba Fett

text: The character also appears in many forms of "Star Wars" media outside of the films, such as books, comics, television series, and video games, many of which depict him as an antihero rather than a villain, and explore his background, motivations, and morality. Daniel Logan reprised his role as the younger version of Fett in the animated series "", while Temuera Morrison, who also portrayed Jango in "Attack of the Clones", has portrayed an adult Boba in most of his "Star Wars" appearances since that film, most prominently in the live-action Disney+ series "The Mandalorian" and its spin-off series "The Book of Boba Fett".


title: Boba Fett

text: During the development of "The Empire Strikes Back", Fett was originally conceived as a member of a group of white-armored Imperial "supercommandos" before the idea was scrapped in favor of a solitary bounty hunter. This concept later evolved into the Mandalorians, a cultural group with strong warrior traditions, who sport armor and helmets similar to Fett's. In several "Star Wars" works, Fett himself is portrayed as a Mandalorian, or at least connected to the Mandalorian culture through his armor.


title: Boba Fett

text: The character of Boba Fett quickly became a fan favorite despite his limited presence in the original "Star Wars" trilogy, and is now a widely recognized figure in popular culture. His popularity within the "Star Wars" fanbase has earned him a cult following.


title: Boba Fett

text: "Star Wars" creator George Lucas created Boba Fett in his April 1978 screenplay draft of "The Empire Strikes Back", basing the character on Sergio Leone's Man with No Name (Clint Eastwood). The character needed to be designed quickly, as Lucas had agreed for him to be featured in the "Star Wars Holiday Special" later that year. The character's design stemmed from initial concepts for Darth Vader, who was originally conceived as a rogue bounty hunter. While Vader became less of a mercenary and more of a dark knight, the bounty hunter concept remained, and Fett became "an equally villainous" but "less conspicuous" character. Concept artist Ralph McQuarrie influenced Fett's design, which was finalized by and is credited to Joe Johnston.


title: Boba Fett

text: Norman Reynolds and the film's art department built the costume. Fett's armor was originally designed for "super troopers", and was adapted for Fett as the script developed. Screen-tested in all-white, Fett's armor eventually garnered a subdued color scheme intended to visually place him between white-armored "rank-and-file" Imperial stormtroopers and Vader, who wears black. This color scheme had the added bonus of conveying the "gray morality" of his character. The character's armor was designed to appear to have been scavenged from multiple sources, and it is adorned with trophies. A description of Fett's armor in the mid-1979 "Bantha Tracks" newsletter catalyzed "rampant speculation" about his origins. By 1979, Fett's backstory included having served in an army of Imperial shock troops which had battled the clone troopers of the Galactic Republic during the Clone Wars.


title: Boba Fett

text: Despite two years of widespread publicity about Fett's appearance in "The Empire Strikes Back", script rewrites significantly reduced the character's presence in the film. Fett's musical theme, composed by John Williams, is "not music, exactly" but "more of a gurgly, viola-and-bassoon thing aurally cross-pollinated with some obscure static sounds." Sound editor Ben Burtt added the sound of jangling spurs, created and performed by the foley artist team of Robert Rutledge and Edward Steidele, to Fett's appearance in Cloud City, intending to make the character menacing and the scene reminiscent of similar gunfighter appearances in Western films. At one point in "Return of the Jedi"s development, Fett was conceived as being a main villain, but he was finally replaced with the Emperor when Lucas decided to not make a third trilogy of "Star Wars". Lucas also considered having Fett fight Lando Calrissian during the sarlacc sequence.


title: Boba Fett

text: An official reference book states that Fett charges "famously expensive" fees and that he undertakes only when the mission meets "his harsh sense of justice". Daniel Keys Moran, who wrote a few stories featuring Boba Fett, cited Westerns as an influence on his development of the character. Moran said:


title: Boba Fett

text: Lucas at one point considered depicting Vader and Fett as brothers in the prequel films, but discounted it as too "hokey". In continuing to develop the character in the prequel films, Lucas closed some avenues for expanding the character's story while opening others by establishing that Fett is a clone of a similar bounty hunter, Jango Fett. Lucas considered modifying later editions of "Return of the Jedi" by adding a shot of Fett escaping the sarlacc, but decided against it because it would have detracted from the story's focus. Lucas also said that, had he known Fett would be so popular, he would have made the character's death "more exciting". In 2014, after Lucas had sold Lucasfilm to Disney, "Star Wars" historian Jonathan W. Rinzler revealed that Lucas had privately acknowledged that Fett escaped from the sarlacc. This was canonically established with Fett's appearances in "The Mandalorian" six years later, which led to a spin-off focused on the character, "The Book of Boba Fett". Joe Johnston criticized the decision to portray the character without his helmet, although it is part of the plot.


title: Boba Fett

text: Boba Fett is primarily played by Jeremy Bulloch in "The Empire Strikes Back" and "Return of the Jedi". Bulloch's half-brother alerted him to the role. He was cast as Fett because the costume happened to fit "as if a Savile Row tailor had come out and made it"; he did not have to do a reading or screen test, and Bulloch never worked from a script for either film.


title: Boba Fett

text: Filming the role for "Empire" lasted three weeks. The actor was pleased with the costume and used it to convey the character's menace. Bulloch based his performance on Clint Eastwood's portrayal of the Man with No Name in "A Fistful of Dollars"; similar to the Western character, Bulloch cradled the blaster prop, made the character seem ready to shoot, slightly tilted his head, and stood a particular way. Bulloch did not try to construct a backstory for the character, and said later that "the less you do with Boba Fett, the stronger he becomes". Playing Fett in "Empire" was both the smallest and most physically uncomfortable role Bulloch has played; Bulloch said donning the heavy jetpack was the worst aspect of the role.


title: Boba Fett

text: Bulloch spent four weeks on "Return of the Jedi". He was unaware of Fett's demise before filming began and was "very upset" by the development; he would like to have done more with Fett. Still, Bulloch believed killing Fett made the character stronger, and that his "weak" death makes fans want the character to return. Bulloch thought a scene created for the 1997 Special Edition in which Fett flirts with one of Jabba the Hutt's dancers was not in keeping with the character's nature.


title: Boba Fett

text: A younger version of the character was played by Daniel Logan in "Attack of the Clones", which establishes that Boba is a clone of his father, Jango. Logan had not seen any of the "Star Wars" films prior to being cast as Fett, but he watched the original trilogy at Lucas' request. The actor had to rely on his imagination for the bluescreen filming. Both Bulloch and Logan had also expressed interest in reprising their role of Fett in the planned "" TV series, but the series remains undeveloped.


title: Boba Fett

text: According to the official "Star Wars" website, Fett was voiced by Don Francks in the "Holiday Special". Bulloch wore Fett's costume in "Empire" and "Jedi", but John Morton filled in during one scene for "Empire", and Jason Wingreen voiced the character in "Empire". His brief appearance in Special Edition of the original film, "Episode IV""A New Hope", was performed by Industrial Light & Magic creature animator Mark Austin. The character's appearance in the Special Edition footage of "Jedi" was performed by Don Bies and Nelson Hall. For the 2004 rereleases, Temuera Morrison replaced the character's original voice for continuity with "Attack of the Clones", in which Morrison portrays Jango Fett.


title: Boba Fett

text: The character's voice in National Public Radio's "Star Wars" radio dramas was provided by Alan Rosenberg in "The Empire Strikes Back" and Ed Begley, Jr. in "Return of the Jedi", Tim Glovatsky in the audio adaptation of "Dark Forces: Rebel Agent", Joe Hacker in an audio adaptation of the "Dark Empire" comics, Temuera Morrison for "", "" and "", Dee Bradley Baker in "The Force Unleashed", "The Force Unleashed II" and "", Chris Cox in "", Tom Kane in "", "" and "", and Daniel Logan for "The Clone Wars" animated TV series and "".


title: Boba Fett

text: The first live-action depiction of Fett outside the theatrical films was in the second season of the original Disney+ series "The Mandalorian", wherein Morrison reprised the role.


title: Boba Fett

text: The character also made a cameo appearance in a live-action mockumentary filmed on the set of "Return of the Jedi" titled "Return of the Ewok" (1982). Post-production was never completed, and it has never been officially released.


title: Boba Fett

text: The character of Boba Fett made his first public appearance at the San Anselmo Country Fair parade on 24 September 1978. In the parade, the Boba Fett costume was worn by Duwayne Dunham, who was working at the time as an assistant film editor before later becoming a film and television director. The character debuted on television two months later in an animated segment produced by Toronto-based animation firm Nelvana Productions for the "Star Wars Holiday Special". Fett appears as a mysterious figure who saves Luke Skywalker, Chewbacca, C-3PO, and R2-D2 from a giant monster, only to be revealed as a bounty hunter working for Darth Vader. After his image and identity were revealed in the "Holiday Special", costumed Fett characters appeared in shopping malls and special events, putting up wanted posters of the character to distinguish him from the franchise's Imperial characters.


title: Boba Fett

text: Fett's theatrical film debut was an unnamed bounty hunter in "The Empire Strikes Back" as the "next major villain" beside Darth Vader. He is one of six bounty hunters assembled by Darth Vader, who promises a reward to whomever captures the crew of the "Millennium Falcon". Fett tracks the starship to Cloud City, where Vader captures its passengers and tortures its captain, Han Solo. Aiming to collect the bounty Jabba the Hutt has placed on Solo (established in the original film), Fett questions Vader regarding the carbon freeze, which Vader intends to use on his true target, Luke Skywalker. Vader promises that the Empire will compensate Fett if Solo dies, but the smuggler survives and Vader turns him over to Fett, who leaves to deliver him to Jabba in his ship, the "Slave I".


title: Boba Fett

text: "Return of the Jedi" features Boba Fett at Jabba's palace on Tatooine, where Han Solo's friends are captured while trying to save him. Fett aims his weapon at Princess Leia (disguised as bounty hunter Boushh) when she threatens Jabba with a thermal detonator, and he later travels on Jabba's sail barge to the Great Pit of Carkoon (home of a sessile carnivorous creature known as a sarlacc) to witness the prisoners' execution. When the prisoners revolt and fight back, Fett flies over and briefly fights Luke. Chewbacca later warns Solo, who is still blind after being frozen in carbonite, that Fett is near. As Solo turns around, he inadvertently hits Fett's rocket pack, setting it off and sending the bounty hunter falling into the sarlacc's mouth. The 1997 Special Edition release of the film includes an additional scene of Fett flirting with some of Jabba's female dancers.


title: Boba Fett

text: In the 1997 Special Edition of "A New Hope", Fett briefly appears in a reintroduced cut scene outside the "Millennium Falcon" while Jabba confronts Han Solo. The character had yet to be created during the filming of the scene, and was thus superimposed onto the image.


title: Boba Fett

text: A preteen Boba Fett (played by Daniel Logan) appears in the 2002 prequel film "Episode II – Attack of the Clones", which reveals that he is an unaltered clone of the bounty hunter Jango Fett (Temuera Morrison), who had him created on Kamino to be raised as his son as part of his price to serve as the template for the Grand Army of the Republic's clone army. Boba helps Jango escape from Obi-Wan Kenobi and accompanies him to Geonosis, where he witnesses Jango's death by beheading at the hands of Mace Windu during the first battle in the Clone Wars. After the battle ends, he is last seen mourning over his father's helmet, which he takes and places in front of his head, foreshadowing his future as a bounty hunter wearing his father's armor.


title: Boba Fett

text: Boba Fett appeared in the now non-canon 1985 animated series, "", set before the original trilogy. The series was produced by the same studio that created the animated segment of the 1978 "Holiday Special", and Fett was again voiced by Don Francks (who had been uncredited for his original role in the "Holiday Special"). In the episode "A Race to the Finish", he is hired by the Fromms to help them get revenge on the masters of the droids R2-D2 and C-3PO. Fett later turns on them after failing their request, and decides to accept Jabba's bounty on the Fromms as compensation.


title: Boba Fett

text: Logan reprised his role as the voice of Fett in the 2008 CGI-animated series "". The final three episodes of the of the series, entitled "Death Trap", "R2 Come Home" and "Lethal Trackdown", were aired on April 30, 2010, and attracted an average of 2.756 million viewers during the original broadcast. The finale is significant for ending "with twin fandom bangs, courtesy of Boba Fett and a mammoth beast inspired by Godzilla". Fett's entrance in the series commemorates the 30-year anniversary of the character's appearance in "The Empire Strikes Back".


title: Boba Fett

text: In the story arc, Boba infiltrates Mace Windu's flagship in the guise of a clone trooper cadet, hoping to exact revenge against the Jedi for killing his father. After a failed attempt to bomb Windu in his quarters, he sabotages the ship's engines, causing it to crash on a nearby planet. He and his bounty hunter accomplices then take hostages from the ship's crew, whom they try to use to bait the Jedi Master. Throughout the ordeal, Fett balks at committing violence against his fellow clones, which comes to a head when his mentor Aurra Sing executes Windu's clone trooper second-in-command. Plo Koon and Ahsoka Tano eventually track Fett and his compatriots to pirate Hondo Ohnaka's base. Fett is ultimately captured by the Jedi and sentenced to prison on Coruscant; although he expresses regret for the collateral damage he has caused, he vows to never forgive Windu.


title: Boba Fett

text: Fett escapes prison in the fourth-season episode "Deception". He later forms his own bounty hunter syndicate, Krayt's Claw, which includes Bossk and Dengar (both of whom first appeared in "The Empire Strikes Back" alongside Fett). In the episode "Bounty", Krayt's Claw is hired to deliver a package to a dictator. When the bounty hunters discover that their cargo is in fact a young woman destined for a forced marriage to the despot, Fett is indifferent to her plight and insists the team proceed with their mission. Temporary member Asajj Ventress, enraged, turns on Fett; she strangles him with the Force, binds, and gags him, and shoves him into the container in the captive's place, whereupon he is delivered to the nonplussed client.


title: Boba Fett

text: Boba Fett's presence in the original Disney+ series "The Mandalorian" was first hinted at in the first-season episode "", which ends with a mysterious figure wearing boots and seemingly a cape approaching the body of assassin Fennec Shand on Tatooine.


title: Boba Fett

text: In June 2020, it was reported that Temuera Morrison would appear as Fett in the second season of "The Mandalorian". As the series takes place five years following "Return of the Jedi", this would confirm the character's survival after his fall into the sarlacc's mouth and retcon his apparent death. In the second season's premiere, "", it is explained that Fett's armor was salvaged by Jawas after his supposed death, and then bought by Cobb Vanth, a character first introduced in the "" trilogy of novels, who used it to protect the Tatooinian village of Mos Pelgo from various threats. In the episode, the armor is eventually obtained by the Mandalorian, after Vanth relinquishes it so that it could be returned to its rightful owners: the Mandalorian people. As he leaves with the armor, the Mandalorian is watched from the distance by a heavily scarred Fett.


title: Boba Fett

text: Fett's first full appearance in the series occurred in the episode "", in which it is explained that he saved Fennec's life after she was mortally wounded, leaving her in his debt, and that he is looking to retrieve his armor from the Mandalorian. Fett and Fennec follow him in the "Slave I" to the planet Tython, where the former explains that his armor belonged to his late father Jango, a Mandalorian foundling, and is, thus, Fett's birthright. In exchange for the armor's return, Fett and Fennec ensure the safety of Grogu, an alien infant the Mandalorian has adopted. When Moff Gideon's Imperial forces attack the group, Fett dons his old armor and kills most of the stormtroopers deployed to capture Grogu with a gaffi stick. Despite this, the child is ultimately taken by Gideon's Dark Troopers. Fett insists that he and Fennec shall remain indebted to the Mandalorian until Grogu is safe, and they subsequently aid his efforts to rescue the child in "" and <nowiki>"</nowiki><nowiki>"</nowiki>, which show Fett in a now clean and repainted armor.


title: Boba Fett

text: In the latter episode, Fett is initially at odds with Bo-Katan Kryze, the former ruler of Mandalore and one of the allies that the Mandalorian tries to recruit to help save Grogu, because she calls him a disgrace to his Mandalorian armor due to his origins as a clone. Despite this, the two reluctantly work together to rescue the child from Moff Gideon, with Fett creating a distraction that allows the rest of the crew to board Gideon's ship. After this, Fett flies into hyperspace and is not seen again until a post-credits scene, in which he and Fennec return to Tatooine after their debt is paid off. Fett kills Bib Fortuna, who has been in charge of Jabba's palace since his death, and then sits on the throne that once belonged to Jabba, with Fennec at his side.


title: Boba Fett

text: Boba Fett is mentioned in "," a CGI-animated sequel and spin-off from "The Clone Wars" which premiered in 2021. The episode "Bounty Lost" reveals that Boba's original code name is Alpha, and that Omega, an enhanced female clone who joined Clone Force 99 after the rise of the Empire, is a second unaltered replication of Jango and, therefore, Boba's sister.


title: Boba Fett

text: Boba Fett appears in the 2021 anime series "", voiced by Temuera Morrison in English and by Akio Kaneda in Japanese. He appears in the second episode, "Tatooine Rhapsody".


title: Boba Fett

text: "The Book of Boba Fett" is a spin-off of "The Mandalorian" focused on Boba Fett, which premiered on Disney+ on December 29, 2021. Morrison and Ming-Na Wen reprised their roles as Fett and Fennec Shand, respectively, with Finnegan Garay portraying a young Fett with Daniel Logan's likeness superimposed over his own. The first trailer was released November 1, 2021. In "The Book of Boba Fett", Boba Fett and his partner, Fennec Shand, begin rebuilding the old criminal empire of Jabba the Hutt on Tatooine.


title: Boba Fett

text: In the first issue of Marvel Comics' "Darth Vader" (2015), the title character hires Boba Fett to capture the pilot who destroyed the Death Star. In the concurrent "Star Wars" comic (2015), Fett tracks the pilot, Luke Skywalker, to Tatooine, although the latter escapes after a brief fight. Fett then tells Vader the pilot's surname, unknowingly informing the Sith lord (formerly Anakin Skywalker) that he has a son. Fett also features in Marvel's "Bounty Hunters" (2020), which is set between "The Empire Strikes Back" and "Return of the Jedi". The comic miniseries "War of the Bounty Hunters" (2021) is set in the same era, and will be preceded by standalone comics including tie-ins with "Star Wars", "Bounty Hunters", "Darth Vader", and "Doctor Aphra".


title: Boba Fett

text: Fett appears as a playable character in "Star Wars Battlefront" (2015) and "Star Wars Battlefront II" (2017), as well as a number of "Star Wars" video games for mobile devices.


title: Boba Fett

text: The character appears extensively in the "Star Wars" Expanded Universe of novels, comic books, and video games, dating to as early as the newspaper comic strip and Marvel's "Star Wars" series (produced concurrently to the original film trilogy). In April 2014, such works were rebranded by Lucasfilm as "Star Wars Legends" and declared non-canon to the rest of the franchise in order to create a blank slate for the sequel trilogy.


title: Boba Fett

text: Boba Fett appears in many other works set during the original trilogy, including the choose-your-own-adventure book "The Bounty Hunter" (1994), the 1996 "Shadows of the Empire" multimedia project, Dark Horse's short comic "Boba Fett: Salvage" (1997), volumes of the young-reader series "Galaxy of Fear" (1997–1998), "The Bounty Hunter Wars" book trilogy (1998–1999), issues of "" (2002–2005) and "Star Wars" (2013–14), and the one-shot comic "Boba Fett: Overkill" (2006). Fett appears in the years leading up to "A New Hope" in the comic "Boba Fett: Enemy of the Empire" (1999), in which Vader hires Fett before trying to kill him, as well as "Agent of the Empire" (2012–2013), "Blood Ties" (2010–2012), and "Underworld: The Yavin Vassilika" (2000–2001).


title: Boba Fett

text: A 1983 issue of the original Marvel "Star Wars" comic book set just after "Return of the Jedi" depicts Fett temporarily escaping the sarlacc pit. Works such as Dark Horse's "Dark Empire" series (1991–1992) further utilized Fett's survival. by Daniel Keys Moran narrates some of his time in the sarlacc, and by Dave Wolverton narrates how Dengar finds him and restores him back to health. In the comic "Boba Fett: Twin Engines of Destruction" (1997), while Fett recovers after being freed from the sarlaac, he is impersonated by a bounty hunter named Jodo Kast, whom Fett then hunts. Four "Boba Fett" comics set several years after "Return of the Jedi" were released between 1995 and 2000. Fett encounters Han Solo in the short story "" (1996), set 15 years after the events of the same film, and fights side by side with him in "The New Jedi Order: The Unifying Force" (2003), set a decade later. He also appears in the e-novella "Boba Fett: A Practical Man", set 20 years after "Jedi". In the "Legacy of the Force" series (2006–2008), set some 35 years after "Jedi", Han and Leia's daughter, Jaina, asks Fett to train her to help her defeat her corrupted brother, Jacen.


title: Boba Fett

text: In "The Last One Standing", Daniel Keys Moran developed a backstory for Fett in which he was once named Jaster Mereel, a "Journeyman Protector" lawman who was convicted of treason. His backstory was depicted differently in "Attack of the Clones", leading to the Dark Horse comic "" (2003) retconning Mereel to Jango's mentor. A young-adult book series called "Boba Fett" (2002–2004) depicts Fett's roots as a bounty hunter during the Clone Wars. He is guided by a book left to him by his father, whose ship and armor he has inherited, and begins working for Jabba the Hutt.


title: Boba Fett

text: The Bounty Hunter Wars is a trilogy of novels by K. W. Jeter set during the events of the original trilogy. The books were published by Bantam Spectra in July 1998, November 1998, and July 1999, respectively. The trilogy depicts Fett as being more communicative than in the films because its plot requires Fett to show "an ability to convince people as well as kill them".


title: Boba Fett

text: The first book, The Mandalorian Armor, starts during the events of "Return of the Jedi", shortly after Jabba's sail barge is destroyed. Dengar stays with Fett after the latter's near-death experience, and encounters Neelah, a dancer in Jabba's palace who has lost her memory, and thinks Fett can help her. Kuat of Kuat, an Imperial executive, reviews footage from the Great Pit of Carkoon, leading him to suspect that Fett is still alive. It is related in flashbacks set between "A New Hope" and "The Empire Strikes Back" that Fett stole a bounty Bossk and Zuckuss were hunting on behalf of the Bounty Hunters Guild. After delivering the bounty, Fett accepted a contract to join the Bounty Hunters Guild in order to break it up. The Emperor met with Darth Vader and Prince Xizor, where the latter revealed that it was he who planned for Fett to join the guild in order to eliminate its weakest members, leaving only the best for the Empire to exploit.


title: Boba Fett

text: In the second book, , Fett abandons "Slave I" to avoid dispelling rumors of his death, and instead steals Bossk's ship. Riding along, Dengar tells Neelah about the split of the Bounty Hunters Guild. After Bossk killed his father, the guild split into two factions: one composed of the older members, and another composed of Bossk and other younger members. Prince Xizor placed an enormous bounty on a renegade stormtrooper who slaughtered his entire ship's crew. Fett, Bossk, and Zuckuss captured the trooper, but Fett jettisoned his partners in an escape pod.


title: Boba Fett

text: In the third and final book, , it is related that Fett tried to claim his bounty, but found Xizor waiting to kill him in order to tie up loose ends related to his plot. In an attack on the megalomaniacal prince, Kuat of Kuat had falsified some evidence implicating him in the murder of Luke Skywalker's aunt and uncle. This information was on the renegade stormtrooper's ship (which is why Kuat wanted to make sure the bounty hunter was dead) but is retrieved by Fett in the present, as Neelah realizes she is from an elite Kuat family and stops her sinister sister from taking over the now-suicidal Imperial executive's shipyard.


title: Boba Fett

text: Boba Fett: A Practical Man is an e-novella by Karen Traviss, which was published online in August 2006 by Del Rey Books. Set 20 years after the events of "Return of the Jedi", it focuses on what led Boba Fett and the Mandalorians to fend off the extragalactic Yuuzhan Vong invaders in "The New Jedi Order: The Unifying Force" (set a few months later).


title: Boba Fett

text: A Yuuzhan Vong named Nom Anor meets Fett on Mandalore and begins giving him and the Mandalorians directions to help their invasion. Fett plans to do as much damage to the invaders as possible, even as he pretends to help them. He instructs a pilot to deliver his plea for help to the New Republic, but with the Vong's next target still unwarned, the world falls without a fight.


title: Boba Fett

text: A Vong warrior asks Fett to assist in killing a Jedi; instead, Fett convinces the Jedi to deliver his message.


title: Boba Fett

text: The Jedi returns and confirms that Fett has a deal: the Mandalorians will continue to masquerade as Vong mercenaries while passing intel to the Republic. Fett agrees to have a few of his best commandos train planetary militias to fight the Vong.


title: Boba Fett

text: A planned live-action TV series developed by "Star Wars" creator George Lucas before the sale of Lucasfilm to Disney, under the working title "Star Wars: Underworld", would have featured Fett.


title: Boba Fett

text: The cancelled LucasArts video game "Star Wars 1313", announced at E3 2012, would have told the story of Boba Fett's career as a young adult bounty hunter between the prequel and original trilogies. Fett would have navigated past the scum of civilization in an underground area of Coruscant known as Level 1313. In 2013, as a result of Disney's acquisition of the franchise, all LucasArts projects then in production were shelved. In a December 2015 interview, Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy stated that the concept art for the game was "unbelievable" and that, along with "Underworld", it was "something we're spending a lot of time looking at, poring through, discussing, and we may very well develop those things further".


title: Boba Fett

text: "Level 1313" appears in "Star Wars" media such as "The Clone Wars", in which it is visited by Ahsoka Tano, and "Star Wars Adventures: Return to Vader's Castle".


title: Boba Fett

text: Fett was to have appeared in more episodes of "The Clone Wars" before its cancellation. A series of Western-inspired episodes would have featured Fett teaming up with Cad Bane to rescue a child kidnapped by Tusken Raiders on Tatooine; Aurra Sing would have appeared as well. The story arc would have depicted Fett donning his Mandalorian armor for the first time, and ended with Bane blasting Fett in the head, creating the iconic dent in his helmet (an idea which came from George Lucas). Animatic footage of the climactic scene was shown at "Star Wars" Celebration.


title: Boba Fett

text: In early 2013, Disney CEO Bob Iger announced the development of a "Star Wars" spin-off film written by Simon Kinberg, which "Entertainment Weekly" reported would focus on Boba Fett during the original trilogy. In mid-2014, Josh Trank was officially announced as the director of an undisclosed spin-off film, but had left the project a year later due to creative differences with Kinberg, causing a teaser for the Fett film to be scrapped from "Star Wars" Celebration. In May 2018, it was reported that James Mangold had signed on to write and direct a Fett film, with Kinberg attached as producer and , but both Mangold and Kathleen Kennedy subsequently denied Mangold's involvement. In July, Daniel Keys Moran stated that Lucasfilm had considered adapting "The Last One Standing" into a film. By October, the Fett film was reportedly dead, with the studio instead focusing on "The Mandalorian". The Fett film was afterwards reported to have also featured the other bounty hunters from "The Empire Strikes Back".


title: Boba Fett

text: Boba Fett is a "cult figure" and one of the most popular "Star Wars" characters. In 2008, Boba Fett was selected by "Empire" magazine as the 79th greatest movie character of all time, and he is included on "Fandomania"s list of "The 100 Greatest Fictional Characters". IGN ranked Boba Fett as the eighth top "Star Wars" character, due to his status as a fan-favourite and cult following. He personifies "danger and mystery", and Susan Mayse calls Fett "the unknowable "Star Wars" character" who "delivers mythic presence." Although Tom Bissell asserts that no one knows why Boba Fett has become so popular, nor cares why, both Lucas and Bulloch cite Fett's mysterious nature as reasons for his popularity. Bulloch, who has never fully understood the character's popularity, attributes it to the costume and the respect Fett garners from Darth Vader and Jabba the Hutt. Fett's addition to the Special Edition of "A New Hope" was criticized by "Screen Rant", which called it "pointless fan service".


title: Boba Fett

text: The initial Boba Fett toy, more than Fett's actual film appearance, might be responsible for the character's popularity; Henry Jenkins suggests children's play helped the character "take on a life of its own". Moran said Vader's admonition specifically to Fett in "The Empire Strikes Back"—"No disintegrations"—gives Fett credibility; he was interested in Fett because the character is "strong, silent, [and] brutal". Jeter says that even when Fett appears passive, he conveys "capability and ruthlessness". Bissell credits Bulloch for giving Fett "effortless authority" in his first scene in "The Empire Strikes Back", using such nuances as cradling his blaster and slightly cocking his head. Fett's small role in the film may actually have made the character seem more intriguing. Logan, who was a Young Artist Award nominee for his portrayal of Fett, compares Fett to "that boy in school who never talks" and who attracts others' curiosity.


title: Boba Fett

text: Bissell adds that Boba Fett, along with other minor characters like Darth Maul and Kyle Katarn, appeals to adolescent boys' "images of themselves: essentially bad-ass but ... honorable about it." This tension and the absence of a clear "evil nature" (distinct from evil actions) offer Fett dramatic appeal. Furthermore, Fett "is cool because he was designed to be cool", presenting a "wicked ambiguity" akin to John Milton's portrayal of Satan in "Paradise Lost" and Iago in William Shakespeare's "Othello". Bissell compares Fett to Beowulf, Ahab, and Huckleberry Finn: characters "too "big"" for their original presentation, and apt for continued development in other stories. Moran finds Fett reminiscent of the Man with No Name.


title: Boba Fett

text: Fett has been featured extensively in pop culture and parodies. Breckin Meyer provides his voice in various "Robot Chicken" . Nerdcore rapper MC Chris included a "Star Wars"-themed song titled "Fett's Vette" on his 2001 debut album. The creator of the Spartan helmets for the 2006 film "300" painted one of them to look like Fett's helmet.


title: Boba Fett

text: The "San Francisco Chronicle" describes Boba Fett fans as "among the most passionate", and the character is important to "Star Wars" fan culture. Boba Fett's popular following before the character even appeared in "The Empire Strikes Back" influenced Damon Lindelof's interest in developing "Lost" across multiple media. Between filming "The Empire Strikes Back" and "Return of the Jedi", Mark Hamill pitched the idea that Fett was Luke Skywalker's mother to George Lucas, which "he didn't like". In about 2000, a feminist campaigned online to have the character unmasked as a woman. Fan parodies include Boba Phat, a cosplay "intergalactic booty hunter" created by David James.


title: Boba Fett

text: IGN reviewer Eric Goldman rated the first episode 8.2/10 and the second 8.8/10, stating "this was a very layered, exciting episode to end Season 2 on", though he did not appreciate Boba Fett's limited dialogue. Bryan Young, a writer for "The Huffington Post" and Examiner.com, also disliked Fett's responses at the end of the episode when confronting Mace Windu: "He says something incredibly whiny." Young does state, however, that "[o]verall, this pair of episodes was a satisfying conclusion to season two, which really upped the game in this series in terms of animation, storytelling, and suspense." GalacticBinder.com's reviewer Chris Smith wrote, "Lucasfilm delivers another exciting episode to finish off a tremendous second season." Adam Rosenberg writing in MTV Movies Blog discusses Boba Fett's return: "He's going to have to be put through a lot more hell before he embraces his inner badass. I'll say though... he's off to a mighty good start with the dual blasters he wears on his belt. Sure, they're almost the size of his thighs, but hey... he's still just a kid."


title: Boba Fett

text: Boba Fett's character in the series has received mixed reviews, while Morrison's portrayal of Fett has been praised. Some have said that, without Morrison portraying Boba Fett, the series might have been a total disaster and that he is the only face that could have brought Fett back to life. "Decider"s Megan O'Keefe wrote, "Boba Fett is the least interesting character in "The Book of Boba Fett"." Rich Knight from "Cinema Blend" stated that he used to not like Fett, but became interested in his character as he was the only one in the series who "seems like an actual human being". Chris Edwards of "The Guardian" said that Disney+ ruined one of the "coolest and most mysterious characters" in "Star Wars".


title: Boba Fett

text: Fett is one of the top five best-selling "Star Wars" action figures, and Boba Fett-related products are "among the most expensive" "Star Wars" merchandise. Fett was the first new mail-away action figure created for "The Empire Strikes Back"; although advertised as having a rocket-firing backpack, safety concerns led Kenner to sell his rocket attached. Gray called the early toy "a rare and precious commodity", and one of the rocket-firing prototypes sold at auction for $16,000 in 2003. In 2018 and 2019, two of the prototypes were sold at auction, for £69,000 ($USD92,000) and £90,000 ($USD120,000), respectively—each setting the world record for the highest auction price of a "Star Wars" toy at that time. A fully painted figure with a rare variant on the firing mechanism is planned to be auctioned and estimated to be worth $200,000.


title: Boba Fett

text: In August 2009, Hasbro released a Fett action figure based on McQuarrie's white-armored concept, and Boba Fett as both a child and bounty hunter have been made into Lego minifigures and a helmet statue of Fett in his armor. Wizards of the Coast's "Star Wars Trading Card Game" includes several Boba Fett cards. Hallmark Cards created a Boba Fett Christmas tree ornament.


title: Boba Fett

text: In January 2015, an unopened Boba Fett figure sold for £18,000 at auction in the UK, the figure was in factory fresh condition and did not have the packaging punched for hanging in a shop.


title: Boba Fett

text: In mid-2021, Lego released a "Slave I" set, replacing the ship's name with "Boba Fett's Starship". According to the design director of Lego "Star Wars", the "Slave I" name "is just something that Disney doesn't want to use anymore". This prompted some backlash from fans, including Mark Austin, who portrays Fett in the Special Edition of "A New Hope". While the ship was not canonically renamed, Disney is likely merely avoiding slavery-related terms in merchandise. In a press release for variant covers for Marvel's "War of the Bounty Hunters", the ship is referred to as "Firespray", a reference to the ship's fictional class.


title: Bundeswehr

text: The Bundeswehr (, meaning literally: "Federal Defence") is the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany. The "Bundeswehr" is divided into a military part (armed forces or "Streitkräfte") and a civil part, the military part consisting of the German Army, the German Navy, the German Air Force, the Joint Support Service, the Joint Medical Service, and the Cyber and Information Domain Service.


title: Bundeswehr

text: , the "Bundeswehr" had a strength of 183,638 active-duty military personnel and 81,318 civilians, placing it among the 30 largest military forces in the world, and making it the second largest in the European Union behind France. In addition, the "Bundeswehr" has approximately 30,050 reserve personnel (2020). With German military expenditures at $56.0 billion, the "Bundeswehr" is the seventh highest-funded military in the world, though military expenditures remain relatively average at 1.3% of national GDP, well below the (non-binding) NATO target of 2%. Germany is aiming to expand the "Bundeswehr" to around 203,000 soldiers by 2025 to better cope with increasing responsibilities.


title: Bundeswehr

text: On 27 February 2022, following concerns from the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Germany announced a major shift in policy, pledging a €100 billion special fund for the Bundeswehrto remedy years of underinvestmentalong with raising the budget to above 2% GDP.


title: Bundeswehr

text: The name "Bundeswehr" was first proposed by former "Wehrmacht" general and Liberal politician Hasso von Manteuffel. The Iron Cross "(Eisernes Kreuz)" is its official emblem. It is a symbol that has a long association with the military of Germany. The "Schwarzes Kreuz" is derived from the black cross insignia of the medieval Teutonic knights; since 1813 the symbol has been used to denote a military decoration for all ranks.