title: George MacKay (actor)

text: MacKay was born in Hammersmith, London to Kim Baker, a British costume designer from London, and Paul MacKay, an Australian working in lighting and stage management. He grew up in Barnes with his younger sister. He is of Irish descent on his mother’s side, his maternal grandmother being from Cork.


title: George MacKay (actor)

text: MacKay attended The Harrodian School, an independent school in London. When he was 17, he unsuccessfully auditioned for entrance to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.


title: George MacKay (actor)

text: In 2002, MacKay was spotted at school by an acting scout who asked him to audition for a role in P. J. Hogan’s 2003 film adaptation of "Peter Pan". He attended a workshop and won the role of one of the Lost Boys, Curly, in what was his first professional acting job.


title: George MacKay (actor)

text: In 2005, at the age of 13, he won the role of Riccio in "The Thief Lord", the film adaptation of Cornelia Funke’s best-selling children’s novel. He was also cast in the lead role in "Johnny and the Bomb", a BBC three-part television drama adapted from Terry Pratchett’s novel of the same name. MacKay also had some work in television, including roles in "Rose and Maloney", "Footprints in the Snow" and "The Brief". In the 2008 film "Defiance", MacKay played Aron, the youngest of the four Bielski brothers. In 2009 he portrayed Harry in "The Boys Are Back" starring Clive Owen. MacKay co-starred in the Marc Evans-directed musical film "Hunky Dory" opposite Minnie Driver, Aneurin Barnard and Kimberley Nixon, which is set in 1970s Swansea.


title: George MacKay (actor)

text: In 2012, he played the main character, Private Tommo Peaceful, in "Private Peaceful," and appeared as a paralyzed soldier in the inspirational film "The Best of Men".


title: George MacKay (actor)

text: In 2013, MacKay portrayed Eddie in "How I Live Now" opposite Saoirse Ronan and directed by Kevin Macdonald, and starred as Davy in the musical film "Sunshine on Leith", featuring songs by The Proclaimers, directed by Dexter Fletcher. In 2014, MacKay played the role of Joe, a 20-year-old struggling to come out in a homophobic Britain in 1984 in the film "Pride" (based on a true story) also starring Bill Nighy. In 2015, Mackay took the lead role as Richard Miller in Eugene O'Neill’s coming-of-age play, "Ah, Wilderness!" directed by Natalie Abrahami at Young Vic.


title: George MacKay (actor)

text: In July 2015, MacKay filled the title role of Lewis Aldridge in the BBC’s two-part television adaptation of Sadie Jones’ debut novel "The Outcast". In February 2016, he portrayed the part of Bill Turcotte in the Hulu production of Stephen King’s sci-fi/suspense thriller "11.22.63".


title: George MacKay (actor)

text: From 29 March to 14 May 2016, MacKay performed the part of Mick in Harold Pinter’s play "The Caretaker" directed by Matthew Warchus at The Old Vic Theatre in London opposite Timothy Spall and Daniel Mays. In the 2016 film "Captain Fantastic", MacKay portrayed Bodevan, eldest son of Ben Cash (Viggo Mortensen).


title: George MacKay (actor)

text: In 2017, he played Jack, the main character in "Marrowbone", a psychological horror film directed and written by Sergio G. Sánchez, and also starring Anya Taylor-Joy, Charlie Heaton and Mia Goth. MacKay portrayed Prince Hamlet in "Ophelia", a 2018 film retelling the story of Shakespeare’s play from the perspective of the young female character Ophelia. The film premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival, and included Daisy Ridley, Naomi Watts, Clive Owen, and Tom Felton in the cast.


title: George MacKay (actor)

text: In the 2018 film "Where Hands Touch", MacKay portrayed Lutz, a member of the Hitler Youth in Nazi Germany who falls in love with a biracial girl, portrayed by Amandla Stenberg.


title: George MacKay (actor)

text: In a 2019 release, MacKay interpreted the role of outlaw Ned Kelly in "True History of the Kelly Gang" directed by Justin Kurzel. Adapted from the Booker Prize-winning novel of the same name by Peter Carey, the film premiered at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival. That same year, MacKay played the lead role of Lance corporal William Schofield, a young British World War I soldier in "1917", directed by Sam Mendes. "1917" was nominated for Best Picture in the 92nd Academy Awards, along with nominations in nine other categories, winning three technical awards. MacKay stars in Nathalie Biancheri's film "Wolf" alongside Lily-Rose Depp, for which principal photography began in Ireland in August 2020. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2021 as the entry for Ireland, and was theatrically release on 3 December 2021.


title: George MacKay (actor)

text: As of September 2021 Mackay was reportedly under consideration, along with several other men, to succeed Daniel Craig in the role of James Bond. In October 2021, he was cast in a Golden Age musical film "The End" along with Tilda Swinton and Stephen Graham, directed by Joshua Oppenheimer. In May 2022, it was announced that Mackay is set to star in revenge thriller "Femme" alongside Nathan Stewart-Jarrett.


title: George MacKay (actor)

text: MacKay has been called a method actor by multiple media sources. With his acting roles, MacKay stated that he wanted "as much as [he] can to try and explore different roles and different characters, that's important to [him]". "Flaunt" writer Elizabeth Aubrey stated that MacKay is "someone who knows all about big parts" as illustrated in his lead roles in Sam Mendes' Academy Award-winning "1917" and Justin Kurzel's daring "True History of the Kelly Gang". Aubrey added that for Mackay, "going to extremes when preparing for a role isn't something new" and that his roles are "chosen by a desire to push the boundaries of storytelling, to ask challenging questions about identity, and leave audiences with more questions than answers via stories that start important cultural conversations". "The Last Magazine" writer Jonathan Shia stated that,


title: George MacKay (actor)

text: "MacKay's CV is notable for both its length and its breadth, but he says the connecting thread is that he looks to each of his disparate projects to bring something new to his career".


title: George MacKay (actor)

text: MacKay himself has stated that he is inspired to put his best in every role he takes saying that, "The beauty of acting is that it is done ultimately in a very safe environment, and therefore the consequences are just the consequences of the story [...] Those things might not have actually happened to you, but they will be rooted in some kind of experience". "The Independent" writer Alexandra Pollard wrote that MacKay's roles are tactically "chosen to broaden his perspective on the world" and that he is "clearly intensely thoughtful, in both conversation and in his career". MacKay cites actors Eddie Marsan, Viggo Mortensen and Conor McGregor as influences for his work.


title: George MacKay (actor)

text: MacKay's role in "1917" is notable for launching him into mainstream media and his role received critical acclaim and numerous accolades. His acting in the 2021 film "Wolf" was called "the best performance of his still-rising career". In May 2022, it was announced that Mckay was cast in Bertrand Bonello’s latest sci-fi film, "The Beast".


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: Mission: Impossible is a 1996 American action spy film directed by Brian De Palma and produced by and starring Tom Cruise from a screenplay by David Koepp and Robert Towne and story by Koepp and Steven Zaillian. A continuation of and its (canonically set six years after the latter), it is the first installment in the . It also stars Jon Voight, Emmanuelle Béart, Henry Czerny, Ving Rhames, Kristin Scott Thomas, Vanessa Redgrave, and Jean Reno. In "Mission: Impossible", Ethan Hunt (Cruise) seeks to uncover who framed him for the murders of most of his Impossible Missions Force (IMF) team.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: Numerous efforts by Paramount Pictures to create a film adaptation of the television series stalled until Cruise founded Cruise/Wagner Productions and decided on "Mission: Impossible" as its inaugural project. Development initially began with filmmaker Sydney Pollack but most of the final screenplay was complete after De Palma, Steven Zaillian, David Koepp, and Robert Towne were hired; De Palma also designed most of the action sequences, while Cruise did most of his own stunts. Principal photography began in March 1995 and had lasted until that August, with filming locations including London, Pinewood Studios in England, and Prague (a rarity in Hollywood at the time).


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: "Mission: Impossible" was theatrically released in the United States by Paramount on May 22, 1996. The film received generally mixed to positive reviews from critics, with praise for the action sequences, De Palma’s direction and Cruise's performance but criticism for the convoluted plot; cast members of the original television series negatively received the film. The film grossed $457.7 million worldwide, making it the third highest-grossing film of 1996, while the dance rendition of the by Larry Mullen Jr. and Adam Clayton became a top-ten hit internationally and was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance. The sequel, "", was released in 2000.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: After finishing a mission in Kiev, Jim Phelps and his latest IMF team are sent to Prague to stop rogue agent Alexander Golitsyn from stealing the CIA NOC list. However, the mission unexpectedly fails after the list is stolen and the team is killed one by one, along with Golitsyn, leaving Phelps's pointman Ethan Hunt the only survivor.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: Hunt is debriefed by IMF director Eugene Kittridge in a restaurant. Hunt realizes that another IMF team was present during the mission and learns that the operation was a setup to lure out a mole within the IMF with the help of Golitsyn, who was posing as the rogue agent. The mole is believed to be working with an arms dealer named "Max" as part of "Job 314". Hunt, realizing that Kittridge suspects him of being the mole, escapes by using exploding chewing gum given to him by another agent before the mission.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: After returning to the Prague safe house, Hunt realizes "Job 314" actually refers to Bible verse Job , "Job" being the mole's code name. Phelps's wife Claire, thought to have been killed during the mission, arrives at the safe house, explaining that before his death, Phelps contacted her saying that the mission was compromised, which enabled her to avoid getting killed. Hunt arranges a meeting with Max to warn her that the NOC list she has is fake and equipped with a tracking device. After Max realizes that Hunt was telling the truth, they escape together just as Kittridge and the other IMF team, following the tracking device, raid her apartment. Hunt convinces Max that he can obtain the real NOC list in exchange for $10 million and Job's true identity.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: Hunt and Claire recruit two disavowed IMF agents, hacker Luther Stickell and helicopter pilot Franz Krieger. They infiltrate CIA headquarters in Langley, steal the authentic list, and escape to London. Krieger takes the floppy disk containing the list, but Hunt tricks him into giving the list up. Hunt then gives the list to Stickell. Kittridge has Hunt's mother and uncle falsely arrested for drug trafficking in order to lure Hunt into surrendering. After learning about their arrests, Hunt contacts Kittridge from a payphone, intentionally allowing the IMF to trace the call. Phelps resurfaces unexpectedly, recounts surviving the shooting, and tells Hunt that Kittridge is the mole. However, Hunt has already realized that Phelps is the mole after realizing that the Bible he had been using in Prague was taken from Chicago's Drake Hotel by Phelps when he was stationed there on a previous assignment. Hunt pretends to believe Phelps but pieces together how he betrayed and killed his teammates with help from Krieger and possibly Claire. Hunt arranges to exchange the list with Max aboard the TGV train to Paris, secretly inviting Kittridge to the meeting.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: On the train, Hunt directs Max to the list, and she sends him to the baggage car where the money and Job are located. Meanwhile, Stickell uses a jamming device to prevent Max from uploading the list to her servers. Claire goes to the car to collect her share of the money from Phelps, only to realize that he is really Ethan in disguise. When the real Phelps arrives and takes the money at gunpoint, Hunt sends a live video of Phelps to Kittridge, exposing him as the mole. Claire tries to talk her husband into surrendering, but Phelps kills her and climbs to the train's roof, where Krieger is waiting with a helicopter. As Phelps attempts to climb onto the helicopter using a tether, Hunt hooks it onto the train, preventing Krieger from flying away and forcing the helicopter into the Channel Tunnel. He uses another piece of exploding chewing gum to blow the chopper up, killing both men. Kittridge takes Max into custody and recovers the NOC list from Stickell. As he and Stickell are reinstated back in the IMF, Hunt is unsure about returning to the team. On the flight home, an attendant approaches him and asks, through a coded phrase, if he is ready to take on a new mission and that he has been promoted as team leader due to his actions during the crisis.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: Paramount Pictures owned the rights to the television series and had tried for years to make a film version but had failed to come up with a viable treatment. Tom Cruise had been a fan of the show since he was young and thought that it would be a good idea for a film. The actor chose "Mission: Impossible" to be the inaugural project of his new production company and convinced Paramount to put up a $70 million budget. Cruise and his producing partner, Paula Wagner, worked on a story with filmmaker Sydney Pollack for a few months when the actor hired Brian De Palma to direct. While working on "Interview with the Vampire", Cruise met De Palma during a dinner with Steven Spielberg and was impressed by his filmography, so when he went back home, he saw all De Palma's films and convinced himself to have De Palma hired to direct "Mission: Impossible". They went through two screenplay drafts that no one liked. De Palma brought in screenwriters Steve Zaillian, David Koepp, and finally Robert Towne. When the film was green-lit Koepp was initially fired with Robert Towne being the lead writer and Koepp being brought back on later. According to the director, the goal of the script was to "constantly surprise the audience." Reportedly, Koepp was paid $1 million to rewrite an original script by Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz. According to one project source, there were problems with dialogue and story development. However, the basic plot remained intact.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: The film went into pre-production without a script that the filmmakers wanted to use. De Palma designed the action sequences, but neither Koepp nor Towne were satisfied with the story that would make these sequences take place. Towne ended up helping organize a beginning, middle, and end to hang story details on while De Palma and Koepp worked on the plot. De Palma convinced Cruise to set the first act of the film in Prague, a city rarely seen in Hollywood films at the time. Reportedly, studio executives wanted to keep the film's budget in the $40–50 million range. Still, Cruise wanted a "big, showy action piece" that took the budget up to $62 million range. The scene that takes place in a glass-walled restaurant with a giant lobster tank in the middle and three huge fish tanks overhead was Cruise's idea. There were 16 tons in all of the tanks, and there was a concern that when they detonated, much glass would fly around. De Palma tried the sequence with a stuntman, but it did not look convincing, and he asked Cruise to do it, despite the possibility that the actor could have drowned. During the filming of the scene in the vault heist where Cruise is suspended by a cable, Cruise put British pound coins in his shoes as counterweights to stay level.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: Principal photography took place between March and August 1995 mainly in Prague and England's Pinewood Studios, but some scenes were shot in London, Scotland and United States. The film was one of the first Hollywood features to be both set and shot in contemporary Prague with extensive filming throughout a number of recognizable places including Charles Bridge, National Museum or Old Town Square.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: Cruise approved the script for a showdown to take place on top of a moving train. The actor wanted to use France's high-speed train for filming, the TGV, but the rail authorities objected. Thus, De Palma visited railroads on two continents, trying to find a suitable location elsewhere. Cruise decided to dine with the TGV owners, and the following day, the crew were given permission. For the actual sequence, Cruise wanted the wind powerful enough that could blow him off the train. Cruise had difficulty finding the right machine to create the wind velocity that would look visually accurate before remembering a simulator he used while training as a skydiver. The only machine of its kind in Europe was located and acquired. Cruise had it produce winds up to 140 miles per hour so it would distort his face. Exterior shots of the train were filmed on the Glasgow South Western Line, between New Cumnock, Dumfries and Annan. Most of the sequence, however, was filmed at Pinewood Studios against a blue screen and was later digitized by Industrial Light & Magic.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: The filmmakers delivered the film on time and under budget, a rarity in Hollywood, with Cruise doing most of his own stunts. Initially, there was a sophisticated opening sequence that introduced a love triangle between Jim Phelps, his wife Claire, and Ethan Hunt that was removed on the advice of George Lucas because it took the test audience "out of the genre," according to De Palma. There were rumors that Cruise and De Palma did not get along. These rumors were fueled when the director excused himself at the last moment from scheduled media interviews before the film's theatrical release.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: The film uses Lalo Schifrin's original "". Alan Silvestri was originally hired to write the film's score, but his music was rejected and replaced with a new score by composer Danny Elfman. According to some sources, Silvestri had written and recorded some 20 minutes of music, and the decision to replace him was made by producer Tom Cruise during post-production. Elfman had only a few weeks to compose and produce the final score, which used Schifrin's "The Plot" theme in addition to his main theme, as well as new themes composed by Elfman for the characters Ethan Hunt, Claire and the IMF.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: U2 bandmates Larry Mullen Jr. and Adam Clayton were fans of the TV show and knew the original theme music well but were nervous about remaking Schifrin's theme song. Clayton put together his own version in New York City and Mullen did his in Dublin on weekends between U2 recording sessions. The two musicians were influenced by Brian Eno and the European dance club scene sound of the recently finished album "Passengers". They allowed Polygram to pick its favorite, and they wanted both. In a month, they had two versions of the song and five remixed by DJs. All seven tracks appeared on a limited edition vinyl release. The song entered the top 10 of music charts around the world.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: U2's rendition, as well as Schifrin's version as performed with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, were nominees for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance for the 39th Grammy Awards.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: Apple Inc. had a $15 million promotion linked to the film that included a game, print ads, and television spot featuring scenes from the TV show turned into the feature film; dealer and in-theater promos; and a placement of Apple personal computers in the film. This was an attempt on Apple's part to improve their image after posting a $740 million loss in its fiscal second quarter.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: The film's promotion in Germany was complicated by Bavarian Minister-President Edmund Stoiber's ban of Scientologists from joining the state civil service. In response to Tom Cruise's affiliation with the religion, members of the ruling CDU/CSU spoke out against the film and its youth organization the Junge Union boycotted it. The Church of Scientology International responded that it had not invested in the film and that it was part of a pattern of religious discrimination by German authorities. The boycott was also criticized by the U.S. State Department and the United Nations Human Rights Commission after fellow Scientologist John Travolta arranged a meeting with U.S. President Bill Clinton and National Security Advisor Sandy Berger. The Church later published an open letter to Chancellor Helmut Kohl in the "International Herald Tribune" written by Bert Fields comparing German boycotts of Scientologist celebrities such as Cruise to Nazi book burnings.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: "Mission: Impossible" was released by Paramount Home Video on VHS on November 12, 1996, and DVD on November 17, 1998. The film was released on DVD again on April 11, 2006, as a special collector's edition with a Blu-ray release followed on June 3, 2008. Special features include five featurette's about the 40-year legacy and behind-the-scenes plus photo gallery and theatrical trailers. A 4K UHD Blu-ray version released on June 26, 2018, offering upgraded picture and audio. In May 2021, a "Mission: Impossible" 25th anniversary edition was released in the U.S. and U.K. on remastered Blu-ray disc with all eleven previous Blu-ray special features ported over.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: "Mission: Impossible" opened on May 22, 1996, in a then-record 3,012 theaters, becoming the first film to be released to over 3,000 theaters in the United States, and broke the record for a film opening on Wednesday with US$11.8 million, beating the $11.7 million "" made in 1991. The film also set house records in several theaters around the United States. Earning $45.4 million, "Mission: Impossible" smashed the short-lived record held by "Twister" for having the biggest May opening weekend. It grossed $75 million in its first six days, surpassing "Jurassic Park", and took in more than $56 million over the four-day Memorial Day weekend, beating out "The Flintstones". The next year, "" would take the records for having the largest May opening weekend, the biggest number of screenings and the highest Memorial Day gross. Cruise deferred his usual $20 million fee for a significant percentage of the box office. The film went on to make $180.9 million in North America and $276.7 million in the rest of the world for a worldwide total of $457.6 million.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 67%, based on 63 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10. The website's critics' consensus reads: "Full of special effects, Brian De Palma's update of "Mission: Impossible" has a lot of sweeping spectacle, but the plot is sometimes convoluted." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: "Chicago Sun-Times" film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars and wrote, "This is a movie that exists in the instant, and we must exist in the instant to enjoy it." In his review for "The New York Times", Stephen Holden addressed the film's convoluted plot: "If that story doesn't make a shred of sense on any number of levels, so what? Neither did the television series, in which basic credibility didn't matter so long as its sci-fi popular mechanics kept up the suspense." Mike Clark of "USA Today" gave the film three out of four stars and said that it was "stylish, brisk but lacking in human dimension despite an attractive cast, the glass is either half-empty or half-full here, though the concoction goes down with ease."


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: However, Hal Hinson, in his review for "The Washington Post", wrote, "There are empty thrills, and some suspense. But throughout the film, we keep waiting for some trace of personality, some color in the dialogue, some hipness in the staging or in the characters' attitudes. And it's not there." "Time" magazine's Richard Schickel wrote, "What is not present in "Mission: Impossible" (which, aside from the title, sound-track quotations from the theme song and self-destructing assignment tapes, has little to do with the old TV show) is a plot that logically links all these events or characters with any discernible motives beyond surviving the crisis of the moment." Writing for "Entertainment Weekly", Owen Gleiberman gave the film a "B" rating and said, "The problem isn't that the plot is too complicated; it's that each detail is given the exact same nagging emphasis. Intriguing yet mechanistic, jammed with action yet as talky and dense as a physics seminar, the studiously labyrinthine "Mission: Impossible" grabs your attention without quite tickling your imagination."


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: Numerous reviewers have praised the CIA break-in and the last climactic pursuit scene, despite their mixed feelings about the rest of the film. Both scenes have frequently featured highly on fans and critics' lists of best action scenes from this series and have been referenced many times in other subsequent works.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: Several cast members of the reacted negatively to the film. Actor Greg Morris, who portrayed in the original television series, was reportedly disgusted with the film's treatment of the Phelps character, and he walked out of the theater before the film ended. Peter Graves, who played Jim Phelps in the original series as well as in the , also disliked how Phelps turned out in the film. Graves had been offered the chance to reprise his role from the TV series but turned it down upon learning his character would be revealed as a traitor.


title: Mission: Impossible (film)

text: Martin Landau, who portrayed Rollin Hand in the original series, expressed his own disapproval concerning the film. In an MTV interview in October 2009, Landau stated, "When they were working on an early incarnation of the first one – not the script they ultimately did – they wanted the entire team to be destroyed, done away with one at a time, and I was against that. It was basically an action-adventure movie and not "Mission". "Mission" was a mind game. The ideal mission was getting in and getting out without anyone ever knowing we were there. So the whole texture changed. Why volunteer to essentially have our characters commit suicide? I passed on it ... The script wasn't that good either!"


title: Pauline Chalamet

text: Pauline Hope Chalamet (born January 25, 1992) is a French-American actress, writer and director. She made her feature film debut in Judd Apatow's comedy "The King of Staten Island". Chalamet stars in the HBO Max original comedy "The Sex Lives of College Girls" as Kimberly. Chalamet is a co-founder of the production company "Gummy Films", set up in 2019.


title: Pauline Chalamet

text: Chalamet was born in New York City, the first child of Nicole Flender and Marc Chalamet, and grew up in the federally subsidized artists' building Manhattan Plaza, in Hell's Kitchen. Her younger brother is actor Timothée Chalamet. Her mother, Nicole Flender, is a third-generation New Yorker, of half Russian Jewish and half Austrian Jewish descent. She is a real estate broker at The Corcoran Group, and a former Broadway dancer; Flender earned her bachelor's degree in French from Yale University, and has been a language and dance teacher. Her French father, Marc Chalamet, is an editor for the UNICEF and former New York correspondent for "Le Parisien". Marc Chalamet is from Nîmes and is of a Protestant Christian background. Chalamet's paternal grandmother, who moved to France, was Canadian.


title: Pauline Chalamet

text: Chalamet is bilingual in English and French. In 2001, Chalamet began taking classes at the School of American Ballet, and at age 10, danced in a Broadway production of "A Midsummer Night's Dream". She attended until 2010, after a biking accident hindered any chances of furthering her dancing career. Although she was ambivalent about a career in acting, she recalls seeing Liev Schreiber act in "Talk Radio" in 2006 as a pivotal moment in her decision. After going to different schools, she was accepted at Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School, where she majored in drama, and graduated in 2010. At first, she rejected the idea of going to college, but finally applied to Bard College, where she double majored in theater and political science, graduating in 2014. While studying, Chalamet worked at the school library and helped out at a farm to pay off her student loans. She interned at International Crisis Group, and for a while thought of becoming an human-rights lawyer, but quickly discarded the idea. After college, Chalamet worked various odd jobs, including bartending, copyediting, and babysitting, while writing in her free time. She decided to move to Paris without her family's knowledge. "I told my family after I had signed a lease", she has said. In 2016, she was accepted for an acting apprenticeship at the Studio Théâtre d'Asnières, where she regained her interest in acting. While in Paris, she got a New York-based agent, and auditioned while visiting her family.


title: Pauline Chalamet

text: Chalamet started her career with small roles in television shows such as "One Life to Live" and "Royal Pains". Since 2016 she has worked in short films like "Je Suis Mes Actes" and "Between Fear and Laughter", which she wrote and directed. In 2017, she wrote "Agnes et Milane", directed by Tristan Tilloloy, appeared in "Margot", and starred in "Gravats" by Hong Kai Lai. She also starred in the Canadian television pilot "La Ville". In 2018, she wrote the short "The Group Chat" and appeared in "En Ville". In 2019, Chalamet wrote another short, "Entre Deux Mondes", directed by Myriam Doumenq, and starred as Marion in "Comme des Grands", directed by Ania Gauer and Julien Gauthier, for which she won the Best Actress Award at the IndieXFilmFest section of the Los Angeles International Film Festival. The next year she starred in another three short films: "Je Suis la Nouvelle Adjani" by Khady N'Diaye, "Seasick" by Lindsey Ryan, and "Canines" by Abel Danan, which was selected for the Festival international du film fantastique de Gérardmer.


title: Pauline Chalamet

text: In 2019, Chalamet was cast as Joanne in the Judd Apatow comedy "The King of Staten Island", which premiered in 2020. That same year, she co-founded the production company, Gummy Films, alongside Rachel Walden and Luca Balser. In 2020, she appeared as Sveta in two episodes of the French webseries "Les Engagés". On October 14, 2020, "Variety" reported that Chalamet was set to star as Kimberly, "the valedictorian of a working-class public high school in a humble Arizona suburb", in Mindy Kaling's comedy "The Sex Lives of College Girls" for HBO Max. She will next appear in Iris Brey's "Split", a French television series, alongside Alma Jodorowsky and Jehnny Beth.


title: Pauline Chalamet

text: As of 2022, Chalamet lives in Paris, and splits her time between New York City and Los Angeles. She is an avid reader and has a book club with her friends. On average she reads one book a week, with her favourite being Alexandre Dumas's "The Count of Monte Cristo".


title: Chanel West Coast

text: Chelsea Chanel Dudley (born September 1, 1988), better known by her stage name Chanel West Coast, is an American television personality, rapper, and singer.


title: Chanel West Coast

text: Chanel was born in Los Angeles, California. Growing up, she spent her time living between North Hollywood with her mother ("Penny Porsche") and New York City with her father, Jamie Dudley, a DJ in New York City, who took Chanel to nightclubs as a child. Chanel took singing and dancing lessons at a young age. She began listening to rap music at eleven years old and began rapping at 14, citing "How Do U Want It" by Tupac Shakur as the song that inspired her to start rapping. Her father is of Russian Jewish descent. Chanel attended Taft High School in Woodland Hills for two years before homeschooling until graduation.


title: Chanel West Coast

text: Chanel was introduced to television personality Rob Dyrdek through mutual friends in 2008, Shortly afterwards, Dyrdek offered Chanel a position as his receptionist while he was appearing on the MTV reality series "Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory". The series was later renewed for a second season by MTV. The third season of the series premiered in 2011, and featured a total of twelve episodes; The fourth season began airing in 2011. That same year, Chanel appeared as Sheila in an episode of the MTV series "The Hard Times of RJ Berger", marking her acting debut. She later became a main cast member on the series "Ridiculousness", in which West Coast, along with Dyrdek and Sterling "Steelo" Brim, review online internet videos. In 2012, Chanel appeared in both the fifth season of "Fantasy Factory" and the second season of "Ridiculousness". That same year she began to voice the character of Flipz in the animated series "Wild Grinders". West Coast continued to voice the character into 2013, when she also appeared on the third season of "Ridiculousness". The sixth season of "Fantasy Factory" was announced in 2013, and the fourth season of "Ridiculousness" premiered on January 2, 2014.


title: Chanel West Coast

text: In 2017, Chanel joined the supporting cast of "" for season four and made ten appearances. However, she did not return to the following season four's reunion special.


title: Chanel West Coast

text: Chanel began recording music in 2009, and began collaborating with numerous artists. That year, she recorded the song "Melting Like Ice Cream" featuring Tiffanie Anderson. She later appeared in the Planet Hollywood song "PHAMOUS", collaborating with Midi Mafia on the project. In 2011, Chanel confirmed she had signed with Polow Da Don on his record label Zone 4, though she later left the label without releasing any material. During this time, Chanel began releasing her own material for free download online, later recording a music video for the song "I Love Money".


title: Chanel West Coast

text: Lil Wayne signed Chanel to his label Young Money Entertainment in 2012. She went on to release her mixtape "Now You Know" in 2013 featuring Snoop Dogg, French Montana, Ty Dolla $ign, Robin Thicke and Honey Cocaine. Riley Sky of "Dropkick Divas Media" gave the mixtape a grade of B−, saying "Now You Know accomplishes [the] mission" of "[selling] Chanel as an independent woman, its hip-hop-inspired vibe makes "Now You Know" fiercely individual". Chanel promoted her mixtape by going on two headlining tours; the Punch Drunk Love Tour and the Now You Know Tour. She also released a music video for "Been On", featuring French Montana. She released her second mixtape "WAVES", featuring YG and B-Real, in August 2015.


title: Chanel West Coast

text: In 2014, West Coast confirmed that she had begun recording her debut studio album set to be released in 2016, which was originally projected to drop in 2014. The first single, called "Blueberry Chills" featuring Honey Cocaine was released on January 15, 2014. The second single off the album, "New Feeling" was released on January 29. The third single off the album, "Miles and Miles" was released on October 29, which features West Coast providing vocals for the first time. In 2015, West Coast released a new song that was featured on Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory called "Bass In The Trunk". In 2018, West Coast released a song titled "Nobody."


title: Chanel West Coast

text: On August 23, 2019, Chanel released her Single "I Be Like" Featuring Dax, after performing to the public 2 years before the releasing date.


title: Chanel West Coast

text: Then The Song Is remixed by the Armenian Music Producer "Harout Zadikian" on November 23, 2020, in Bass House Genre.


title: Chanel West Coast

text: On October 23, 2020, Chanel West Coast released her debut studio album "America's Sweetheart" after delaying it for 4 years as a "surprise album."


title: Chanel West Coast

text: In 2009, Chanel helped create a clothing line named Valleywood. By 2019, she also released another clothing line named LOL CARTEL.


title: Chanel West Coast

text: In 2018, Chanel curated the Chanel West Coast collection of smoking supplies for the cannabis subscription box company Daily High Club.


title: Chanel West Coast

text: On June 2, 2022, Chanel announced that she was expecting her first child. On June 19, 2022, Chanel announced that she is expecting a girl.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Glioblastoma, previously known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is one of the most aggressive types of cancer that begin within the brain. Initially, signs and symptoms of glioblastoma are nonspecific. They may include headaches, personality changes, nausea, and symptoms similar to those of a stroke. Symptoms often worsen rapidly and may progress to unconsciousness.


title: Glioblastoma

text: The cause of most cases of glioblastoma is not known. Uncommon risk factors include genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis and Li–Fraumeni syndrome, and previous radiation therapy. Glioblastomas represent 15% of all brain tumors. They can either start from normal brain cells or develop from an existing low-grade astrocytoma. The diagnosis typically is made by a combination of a CT scan, MRI scan, and tissue biopsy.


title: Glioblastoma

text: There is no known method of preventing the cancer. Treatment usually involves surgery, after which chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used. The medication temozolomide is frequently used as part of chemotherapy. High-dose steroids may be used to help reduce swelling and decrease symptoms. Surgical removal (decompression) of the tumor is linked to increased survival, but only by some months.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Despite maximum treatment, the cancer almost always recurs. The typical duration of survival following diagnosis is 10–13 months, with fewer than 5–10% of people surviving longer than five years. Without treatment, survival is typically three months. It is the most common cancer that begins within the brain and the second-most common brain tumor, after meningioma. About 3 in 100,000 people develop the disease per year. The average age at diagnosis is 64, and the disease occurs more commonly in males than females.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Common symptoms include seizures, headaches, nausea and vomiting, memory loss, changes to personality, mood or concentration, and localized neurological problems. The kind of symptoms produced depends more on the location of the tumor than on its pathological properties. The tumor can start producing symptoms quickly, but occasionally is an asymptomatic condition until it reaches an enormous size.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Uncommon risk factors include genetic disorders such as neurofibromatosis, Li–Fraumeni syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, or Turcot syndrome. Previous radiation therapy is also a risk. For unknown reasons, it occurs more commonly in males.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Other associations include exposure to smoking, pesticides, and working in petroleum refining or rubber manufacturing.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Research has been done to see if consumption of cured meat is a risk factor. No risk had been confirmed as of 2013. Similarly, exposure to radiation during medical imaging, formaldehyde, and residential electromagnetic fields, such as from cell phones and electrical wiring within homes, have been studied as risk factors. As of 2015, they had not been shown to cause GBM.


title: Glioblastoma

text: The cellular origin of glioblastoma is unknown. Because of the similarities in immunostaining of glial cells and glioblastoma, gliomas such as glioblastoma have long been assumed to originate from glial-type cells. More recent studies suggest that astrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and neural stem cells could all serve as the cell of origin.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Glioblastomas are characterized by the presence of small areas of necrotizing tissue that are surrounded by anaplastic cells. This characteristic, as well as the presence of hyperplastic blood vessels, differentiates the tumor from grade 3 astrocytomas, which do not have these features.


title: Glioblastoma

text: GBMs usually form in the cerebral white matter, grow quickly, and can become very large before producing symptoms. Fewer than 10% form more slowly following degeneration of low-grade astrocytoma or anaplastic astrocytoma. These are called secondary GBMs and are more common in younger patients (mean age 45 versus 62 years). The tumor may extend into the meninges or ventricular wall, leading to high protein content in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (> 100 mg/dl), as well as an occasional pleocytosis of 10 to 100 cells, mostly lymphocytes. Malignant cells carried in the CSF may spread (rarely) to the spinal cord or cause meningeal gliomatosis. However, metastasis of GBM beyond the central nervous system is extremely unusual. About 50% of GBMs occupy more than one lobe of a hemisphere or are bilateral. Tumors of this type usually arise from the cerebrum and may exhibit the classic infiltration across the corpus callosum, producing a butterfly (bilateral) glioma.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Brain tumor classification has been traditionally based on histopathology at macroscopic level, measured in hematoxylin-eosin sections. The World Health Organization published the first standard classification in 1979 and has been doing so since. The 2007 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System was the last classification mainly based on microscopy features. The new 2016 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System was a paradigm shift: some of the tumors were defined also by their genetic composition as well as their cell morphology.


title: Glioblastoma

text: The grading of gliomas changed importantly and glioblastoma was now mainly classified according to the status of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation: IDH-wildtype or IDH-mutant.


title: Glioblastoma

text: In 2021, the fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System was released. This update eliminated the classification of secondary glioblastoma and reclassified those tumors as Astrocytoma, IDH mutant, grade 4. Only tumors that are IDH wild type are now classified as glioblastoma.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Many other genetic alterations have been described in glioblastoma, and the majority of them are clustered in two pathways, the RB and the PI3K/AKT. Glioblastomas have alterations in 68–78% and 88% of these pathways, respectively.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Another important alteration is methylation of MGMT, a "suicide" DNA repair enzyme. Methylation impairs DNA transcription and expression of the MGMT gene. Since the MGMT enzyme can repair only one DNA alkylation due to its suicide repair mechanism, reserve capacity is low and methylation of the MGMT gene promoter greatly affects DNA-repair capacity. MGMT methylation is associated with an improved response to treatment with DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics, such as temozolomide.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Glioblastoma cells with properties similar to progenitor cells (glioblastoma cancer stem cells) have been found in glioblastomas. Their presence, coupled with the glioblastoma's diffuse nature results in difficulty in removing them completely by surgery, and is therefore believed to be the possible cause behind resistance to conventional treatments, and the high recurrence rate. Glioblastoma cancer stem cells share some resemblance with neural progenitor cells, both expressing the surface receptor CD133. CD44 can also be used as a cancer stem cell marker in a subset of glioblastoma tumour cells. Glioblastoma cancer stem cells appear to exhibit enhanced resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy mediated, at least in part, by up-regulation of the DNA damage response.


title: Glioblastoma

text: The "IDH1" gene encodes for the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and is uncommonly mutated in glioblastoma (primary GBM: 5%, secondary GBM >80%). By producing very high concentrations of the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate and dysregulating the function of the wild-type IDH1 enzyme, it induces profound changes to the metabolism of "IDH1"-mutated glioblastoma, compared with "IDH1" wild-type glioblastoma or healthy astrocytes. Among others, it increases the glioblastoma cells' dependence on glutamine or glutamate as an energy source. "IDH1"-mutated glioblastomas are thought to have a very high demand for glutamate and use this amino acid and neurotransmitter as a chemotactic signal. Since healthy astrocytes excrete glutamate, "IDH1"-mutated glioblastoma cells do not favor dense tumor structures, but instead migrate, invade, and disperse into healthy parts of the brain where glutamate concentrations are higher. This may explain the invasive behavior of these "IDH1"-mutated glioblastoma.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Furthermore, GBM exhibits numerous alterations in genes that encode for ion channels, including upregulation of gBK potassium channels and ClC-3 chloride channels. By upregulating these ion channels, glioblastoma tumor cells are hypothesized to facilitate increased ion movement over the cell membrane, thereby increasing HO movement through osmosis, which aids glioblastoma cells in changing cellular volume very rapidly. This is helpful in their extremely aggressive invasive behavior because quick adaptations in cellular volume can facilitate movement through the sinuous extracellular matrix of the brain.


title: Glioblastoma

text: As of 2012, RNA interference, usually microRNA, was under investigation in tissue culture, pathology specimens, and preclinical animal models of glioblastoma. Additionally, experimental observations suggest that microRNA-451 is a key regulator of LKB1/AMPK signaling in cultured glioma cells and that miRNA clustering controls epigenetic pathways in the disease.


title: Glioblastoma

text: GBM is characterized by abnormal vessels that present disrupted morphology and functionality. The high permeability and poor perfusion of the vasculature result in a disorganized blood flow within the tumor and can lead to increased hypoxia, which in turn facilitates cancer progression by promoting processes such as immunosuppression.


title: Glioblastoma

text: When viewed with MRI, glioblastomas often appear as ring-enhancing lesions. The appearance is not specific, however, as other lesions such as abscess, metastasis, tumefactive multiple sclerosis, and other entities may have a similar appearance. Definitive diagnosis of a suspected GBM on CT or MRI requires a stereotactic biopsy or a craniotomy with tumor resection and pathologic confirmation. Because the tumor grade is based upon the most malignant portion of the tumor, biopsy or subtotal tumor resection can result in undergrading of the lesion. Imaging of tumor blood flow using perfusion MRI and measuring tumor metabolite concentration with MR spectroscopy may add diagnostic value to standard MRI in select cases by showing increased relative cerebral blood volume and increased choline peak, respectively, but pathology remains the gold standard for diagnosis and molecular characterization.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Distinguishing primary glioblastoma from secondary glioblastoma is important. These tumors occur spontaneously ("de novo") or have progressed from a lower-grade glioma, respectively. Primary glioblastomas have a worse prognosis and different tumor biology, and may have a different response to therapy, which makes this a critical evaluation to determine patient prognosis and therapy. Over 80% of secondary glioblastomas carry a mutation in "IDH1", whereas this mutation is rare in primary glioblastoma (5–10%). Thus, "IDH1" mutations are a useful tool to distinguish primary and secondary glioblastomas, since histopathologically they are very similar and the distinction without molecular biomarkers is unreliable.


title: Glioblastoma

text: There are no known methods to prevent glioblastoma. It is the case for most gliomas, unlike for some other forms of cancer, that they happen without previous warning and there are no known ways to prevent them.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Treatment of primary brain tumors consists of palliative (symptomatic) care and therapies intended to improve survival.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Supportive treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and improving the patient's neurologic function. The primary supportive agents are anticonvulsants and corticosteroids.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Surgery is the first stage of treatment of glioblastoma. An average GBM tumor contains 10 cells, which is on average reduced to 10 cells after surgery (a reduction of 99%). Benefits of surgery include resection for a pathological diagnosis, alleviation of symptoms related to mass effect, and potentially removing disease before secondary resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy occurs.


title: Glioblastoma

text: The greater the extent of tumor removal, the better. In retrospective analyses, removal of 98% or more of the tumor has been associated with a significantly longer healthier time than if less than 98% of the tumor is removed. The chances of near-complete initial removal of the tumor may be increased if the surgery is guided by a fluorescent dye known as 5-aminolevulinic acid. GBM cells are widely infiltrative through the brain at diagnosis, and despite a "total resection" of all obvious tumor, most people with GBM later develop recurrent tumors either near the original site or at more distant locations within the brain. Other modalities, typically radiation and chemotherapy, are used after surgery in an effort to suppress and slow recurrent disease.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Subsequent to surgery, radiotherapy becomes the mainstay of treatment for people with glioblastoma. It is typically performed along with giving temozolomide. A pivotal clinical trial carried out in the early 1970s showed that among 303 GBM patients randomized to radiation or nonradiation therapy, those who received radiation had a median survival more than double those who did not. Subsequent clinical research has attempted to build on the backbone of surgery followed by radiation. On average, radiotherapy after surgery can reduce the tumor size to 10 cells. Whole-brain radiotherapy does not improve when compared to the more precise and targeted three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. A total radiation dose of 60–65 Gy has been found to be optimal for treatment.


title: Glioblastoma

text: GBM tumors are well known to contain zones of tissue exhibiting hypoxia, which are highly resistant to radiotherapy. Various approaches to chemotherapy radiosensitizers have been pursued, with limited success . , newer research approaches included preclinical and clinical investigations into the use of an oxygen diffusion-enhancing compound such as trans sodium crocetinate as radiosensitizers, and a clinical trial was underway. Boron neutron capture therapy has been tested as an alternative treatment for glioblastoma, but is not in common use.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Most studies show no benefit from the addition of chemotherapy. However, a large clinical trial of 575 participants randomized to standard radiation versus radiation plus temozolomide chemotherapy showed that the group receiving temozolomide survived a median of 14.6 months as opposed to 12.1 months for the group receiving radiation alone. This treatment regimen is now standard for most cases of glioblastoma where the person is not enrolled in a clinical trial. Temozolomide seems to work by sensitizing the tumor cells to radiation, and appears more effective for tumors with "MGMT" promoter methylation. High doses of temozolomide in high-grade gliomas yield low toxicity, but the results are comparable to the standard doses. Antiangiogenic therapy with medications such as bevacizumab control symptoms, but do not appear to affect overall survival in those with glioblastoma. The overall benefit of anti-angiogenic therapies as of 2019 is unclear. In elderly people with newly diagnosed glioblastoma who are reasonably fit, concurrent and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy gives the best overall survival but is associated with a greater risk of haematological adverse events than radiotherapy alone.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Alternating electric field therapy is an FDA-approved therapy for newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma. In 2015, initial results from a phase-III randomized clinical trial of alternating electric field therapy plus temozolomide in newly diagnosed glioblastoma reported a three-month improvement in progression-free survival, and a five-month improvement in overall survival compared to temozolomide therapy alone, representing the first large trial in a decade to show a survival improvement in this setting. Despite these results, the efficacy of this approach remains controversial among medical experts. However, increasing understanding of the mechanistic basis through which alternating electric field therapy exerts anti-cancer effects and results from ongoing phase-III clinical trials in extracranial cancers may help facilitate increased clinical acceptance to treat glioblastoma in the future.


title: Glioblastoma

text: A Tel Aviv University study showed that pharmacological and molecular inhibition of the P-selectin protein leads to reduced tumor growth and increased survival in mouse models of glioblastoma. The results of this research could open to possible therapies with drugs that inhibit this protein, such as crizanlizumab.


title: Glioblastoma

text: The most common length of survival following diagnosis is 10 to 13 months, with fewer than 1 to 3% of people surviving longer than five years. In the United States between 2012 and 2016 five-year survival was 6.8%. Without treatment, survival is typically 3 months. Complete cures are extremely rare, but have been reported.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Increasing age (> 60 years) carries a worse prognostic risk. Death is usually due to widespread tumor infiltration with cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure.


title: Glioblastoma

text: A good initial Karnofsky performance score (KPS) and MGMT methylation are associated with longer survival. A DNA test can be conducted on glioblastomas to determine whether or not the promoter of the "MGMT" gene is methylated. Patients with a methylated MGMT promoter have longer survival than those with an unmethylated MGMT promoter, due in part to increased sensitivity to temozolomide. Another positive prognostic marker for glioblastoma patients is mutation of the "IDH1" gene, which can be tested by DNA-based methods or by immunohistochemistry using an antibody against the most common mutation, namely IDH1-R132H.


title: Glioblastoma

text: More prognostic power can be obtained by combining the mutational status of "IDH1" and the methylation status of "MGMT" into a two-gene predictor. Patients with both "IDH1" mutations and "MGMT" methylation have the longest survival, patients with an "IDH1" mutation or "MGMT" methylation an intermediate survival, and patients without either genetic event have the shortest survival.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Long-term benefits have also been associated with those patients who receive surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide chemotherapy. However, much remains unknown about why some patients survive longer with glioblastoma. Age under 50 is linked to longer survival in GBM, as is 98%+ resection and use of temozolomide chemotherapy and better KPSs. A recent study confirms that younger age is associated with a much better prognosis, with a small fraction of patients under 40 years of age achieving a population-based cure. Cure is thought to occur when a person's risk of death returns to that of the normal population, and in GBM, this is thought to occur after 10 years.


title: Glioblastoma

text: According to a 2003 study, GBM prognosis can be divided into three subgroups dependent on KPS, the age of the patient, and treatment.


title: Glioblastoma

text: About three per 100,000 people develop the disease a year, although regional frequency may be much higher. The frequency in England doubled between 1995 and 2015.


title: Glioblastoma

text: It is the second-most common central nervous system cancer after meningioma. It occurs more commonly in males than females. Although the average age at diagnosis is 64, in 2014, the broad category of brain cancers was second only to leukemia in people in the United States under 20 years of age.


title: Glioblastoma

text: The term glioblastoma multiforme was introduced in 1926 by Percival Bailey and Harvey Cushing, based on the idea that the tumor originates from primitive precursors of glial cells (glioblasts), and the highly variable appearance due to the presence of necrosis, hemorrhage, and cysts (multiform).


title: Glioblastoma

text: Gene therapy has been explored as a method to treat glioblastoma, and while animal models and early-phase clinical trials have been successful, as of 2017, all gene-therapy drugs that had been tested in phase-III clinical trials for glioblastoma had failed. Scientists have developed the core–shell nanostructured LPLNP-PPT (long persistent luminescence nanoparticles. PPT refers to polyetherimide, PEG and trans-activator of transcription, and TRAIL is the human tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-induced ligand) for effective gene delivery and tracking, with positive results. This is a TRAIL ligand that has been encoded to induce apoptosis of cancer cells, more specifically glioblastomas. Although this study was still in clinical trials in 2017, it has shown diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities, and will open great interest for clinical applications in stem-cell-based therapy.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Oncolytic virotherapy is an emerging novel treatment that is under investigation both at preclinical and clinical stages. Several viruses including herpes simplex virus, adenovirus, poliovirus, and reovirus are currently being tested in phases I and II of clinical trials for glioblastoma therapy and have shown to improve overall survival.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Direct nose-to-brain drug delivery is being explored as a means to achieve higher, and hopefully more effective, drug concentrations in the brain. A clinical phase-I/II study with glioblastoma patients in Brazil investigated the natural compound perillyl alcohol for intranasal delivery as an aerosol. The results were encouraging and, as of 2016, a similar trial has been initiated in the United States.


title: Glioblastoma

text: The efficacy of cannabinoids (cannabis derivatives) is known in oncology (through capsules of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or the synthetic analogue nabilone), on the one hand to combat nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy, on the other to stimulate appetite and lessen the sense of anguish or the actual pain.


title: Glioblastoma

text: Their ability to inhibit growth and angiogenesis in malignant gliomas in mouse models has been demonstrated.


title: Glioblastoma

text: The results of a pilot study on the use of THC in end-stage patients with recurrent glioblastoma appeared worthy of further study.


title: Glioblastoma

text: A potential avenue for future research rests on the discovery that cannabinoids are able to attack the neoplastic stem cells of glioblastoma in mouse models, with the result on the one hand of inducing their differentiation into more mature, possibly more "treatable" cells, and on the other hand to inhibit tumorigenesis.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: The Chosen is an American religious historical drama television series created, directed and co-written by American filmmaker Dallas Jenkins. It is the first multi-season series about the life and ministry of Jesus of Nazareth. Primarily set in Judaea and Galilee in 1st century, the series revolves around Jesus and the different people who met and followed him. The series stars Jonathan Roumie as Jesus, alongside Shahar Isaac, Elizabeth Tabish, Paras Patel, Noah James, and George H. Xanthis.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: Jenkins wanted to create a series about Jesus that could be "binge watched", and hoped to distinguish the new series from previous portrayals of Jesus by crafting a multi-season, episode-based story. Jenkins's intention was to focus more deeply on the people who encountered Jesus and to show Jesus "through the eyes of those who met him", in a way that is more "personal, intimate, [and] immediate."


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: The producers have used innovative methods to both finance and distribute the series, which is financed via crowdfunding and distributed by Angel Studios. It is free to watch and viewers are asked to "pay it forward" by contributing whatever amount they wish to fund future seasons. Contributors may receive perks such as appearing as an extra in the film. The show also generates revenue through licensing to other streaming platforms and TV networks, video and merchandise sales, and limited premiere runs in movie theaters. The first season was the top crowd-funded TV series or film project of all time. As of 2021, viewers had contributed $40 million towards its production, making it the most successful crowdfunded TV series project. According to an analysis commissioned by the producers, 108 million people have seen at least part of the show, as of 2022. Translation into as many as 600 languages is being funded by the Come and See Foundation.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: The show is streamed free via the dedicated "The Chosen" app and website, and also appears on TV networks and streaming platforms including VidAngel, Amazon Prime Video, Peacock, and Netflix.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: The first season is set in 1st century Galilee, where Jesus starts to build a group for his ministry, inviting several people with different backgrounds. As he performs his first miracles, Jesus calls the redeemed woman Mary Magdalene, the stonemason Thaddaeus, the choir member Little James, the fishermen Simon, Andrew, Big James, and John, the caterer Thomas and the vintner Ramah, and the tax collector Matthew to be his disciples. Jesus also meets with Nicodemus, a Pharisee who is perplexed by Jesus' deeds, and then culminating with the group traveling through Samaria, where after revealing himself to Photina, a Samaritan woman, Jesus publicly launches his ministry.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: The second season begins in Samaria and moves into nearby regions, like Syria and Judea, where Jesus continues to build his group of disciples. As he continues to perform miracles whilst preparing for an important sermon, Jesus additionally calls John the Baptizer's disciple Philip, the architect Nathanael, and the Zealot Simon Z. to be his disciples. As word of his public ministry begins to grow, Jesus encounters both opportunities and difficulties, concluding with the preparations for and the beginning of his Sermon on the Mount, subsequent to the arrest of John the Baptizer and alongside the introduction of the business apprentice Judas Iscariot who later becomes the twelfth apostle.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: The third season centers on the disciples continuing to struggle while following Jesus as the group returns to Capernaum, with Jesus' increasing popularity troubling different societal and political constructs, including the Romans and the Pharisees. After taking a break in ministry following the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus sends the twelve apostles, two by two, to preach and perform miracles without him, leading to the disciples facing their biggest challenge yet.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: "The Chosen" is based on "The Shepherd", a short film Dallas Jenkins made for a Christmas Eve service at Harvest Bible Chapel in Elgin, Illinois, filming it on a friend's farm in Marengo. Faith-based video filtering service VidAngel became aware of the film and became interested in expanding the concept. At the time, VidAngel was embroiled in a lawsuit with major Hollywood studios and thus seeking original content to distribute. They suggested putting the short film on Facebook as a concept pilot to generate interest for Jenkins's idea of a multi-season series. The short film received over 15 million views around the world.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: To create "The Chosen", Jenkins partnered with video marketing strategist Derral Eves, with Eves as executive producer. VidAngel, along with Eves and Jenkins, used the crowdfunding business model to produce the first season by utilizing a provision of the JOBS Act of 2016. This allowed them to offer a share of ownership and profits from the company to online investors rather than the arbitrary "perks" offered by regular crowdfunding. At the end of January 2019, the first fundraising round had raised over $10.2 million from over 16,000 investors for the project, which surpassed "Mystery Science Theater 3000" as the top crowdfunded TV series project. Each investor received equity in the show and is regulated by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Majority shareholders will not receive a share of the profits until the original investors earn 120% of their investments.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: Since funding the first season by selling equity, the show has utilized traditional crowdfunding for subsequent seasons. Season 2 fundraising had raised over $6 million from more than 300,000 contributors as of July 1, 2020. The average contribution is $65. The show also raises revenue through DVD/Blu-ray and merchandise sales.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: Although the show has an evangelical tendency, there are consultants from three Christian faith traditions providing input. Acting as consultants are Messianic rabbi Jason Sobel from Fusion Global Ministries, Catholic priest and national director of Family Theater Productions Father David Guffey, and professor of New Testament at Biola University Dr. Doug Huffman. They review scripts and provide facts or context on the biblical, cultural, and socio-political history of the storyline.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: Jenkins said he draws creative inspiration from shows like "Friday Night Lights" and "The Wire," while writers Ryan Swanson and Tyler Thompson list Game of Thrones, "The Wire", "Battlestar Galactica," and "" as their influences.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: The show features many people of color as actors, which is not often the case in television and film based on the Bible.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: Various members of the cast have described a deep connection to the show, the story, and their character. Elizabeth Tabish, who was considering leaving her acting career, described it as a "dream role". Jonathan Roumie said he always aims to "empty out as much of himself as possible" to allow the Holy Spirit to work in him through both the script he received and his performance onscreen. He described his preparation for his role which includes "a good bit of reading and rereading the source material" and especially "in the spiritual department". Roumie says his accent is based a combination of the accent of his father, who is from Egypt, and his sister-in-law, who is from Palestine.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: Season 1 was filmed over 60 days mostly in and around Pooleville and Weatherford, Texas, supplemented by a sound stage and visual effects in a Dallas studio. After searching online for suitable locations, the producers settled on the existing Capernaum Village in Pooleville, a venue that offers both film set rental and live experiences for tourists, to recreate the historical Capernaum.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: Season 2 moved filming to Utah's version of ancient Israel in Utah County, where the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints had built a replica Jerusalem movie set to film scenes for their Bible and Book of Mormon videos. The set is part of the LDS Motion Picture Studios South Campus, and its use by "The Chosen" marks the first time a production not affiliated with the LDS church has been granted access to film on this set, which was built to authentically replicate most of the primary locations of the ancient city. Filming was done during October and November 2020. Commenting on how much the Utah desert resembles the Holy Land, Dallas Jenkins said that they could not re-create it anywhere else, "you can’t even get this in Israel."


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: Being filmed during the COVID-19 pandemic created challenges for the production of season 2. 2,000 extras came for filming the Sermon on the Mount scene, all of whom were required to obtain a negative PCR test prior to filming. Safety precautions such as multiple testing and proper PPE kits for the cast and crew members were also applied. Following COVID-19 protocols increased the production costs by an additional $750,000. Anyone coming onto the set had to be tested in advance and upon arrival, longer meal breaks were required, and all hair and makeup stations had to be sanitized regularly. Jenkins indicated that they experienced less than five positive cases during filming.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: Filming for season 3 moved production back to Texas, to a site in Midlothian selected for its similarities with the Middle East in both topography and weather. There "The Chosen" partnered with the National Christian Foundation and the Impact Foundation to construct a $20 million production complex on the site of the Salvation Army's Camp Hoblitzelle, and will include a soundstage, set workshops, and a replica of Capernaum. "The Chosen" will lease the facility, which will also be used for other film and television projects. Beginning in April 2022, filming for season 3 included a four-day shoot for the Feeding of the 5,000 scene which used nearly 12,000 extras from 36 countries, most of whom came at their own expense and made their own costumes.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: To compose the music for the series, creator Dallas Jenkins called on longtime friend Jars of Clay vocalist and songwriter Dan Haseltine. Not only had Haseltine been a friend of Jenkins, but he had also worked on previous projects with him in the past, composing the music for "Hometown Legend". Initially, Haseltine was not interested, believing that there were plenty of similar projects and the world didn't need another "cheesy Jesus story". After Jenkins convinced him this would be different, Haseltine brought in fellow Jars of Clay multi-instrumentalist Matthew S. Nelson to assist with composition. Haseltine has noted that musical influences include Middle Eastern, Indian drone, Delta Blues, and "slave spirituals."


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: Soundtracks for season 1 and 2 have been released. Haseltine believes there will be additional projects by other artists influenced and inspired by the series.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: Executive producer Dallas Jenkins wanted to produce a multi-season series about Jesus that could be "binge watched". Hoping to distinguish the series from previous portrayals of Jesus, Jenkins wanted to "dig deeper into the people who encountered Jesus", presenting a story that is more "personal, intimate, [and] immediate". The show seeks to give backstories to the both the characters and the settings. There are storylines that explore vice and addiction, autism, and physical disability.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: Jenkins also specifically highlights the fact that there were key moments in which women were intentionally chosen by Jesus to be a vital part of his ministry.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: Other themes within the storylines include "complex relationships, suspense, political intrigue, and charged emotional moments", as well as marital conflict and financial struggles.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: The first season was originally released on VidAngel's subscription service and was also available for purchase. In March and April 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the first season of "The Chosen" was made available for free through its app. The producers have since made the free-to-watch model permanent, using a "pay it forward" model for viewers to contribute funding to make it free for other users.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: The show has also been licensed for release through several other streaming and broadcast platforms, beginning with BYUtv in late 2020. By early 2021, broadcast had extended to both secular and Christian and family-oriented platforms, including Amazon Prime, Trinity Broadcasting Network, Peacock, and UPtv. In 2022, it was released on Netflix.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: "The Chosen" has twice partnered with Fathom Events for theatrical releases. The first was for a Christmas special titled "Christmas with The Chosen: The Messengers", released December 1, 2021 and ultimately grossed $13.5 million with one million tickets sold, breaking a record for Fathom Events. The second was a theatrical release of the first two episodes of season 3. It earned $10 million on the opening weekend, out-earning several Hollywood films.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: Producers estimate that the first 16 episodes had been viewed 312 million times as of November 2021. According to Sandy Padula, an independent consultant hired by the producers, over 108 million people globally have watched at least part of one episode of "The Chosen".


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: The producers of the series have expressed that they desire for "The Chosen" to be seen by over one billion people (and) in every country in the world. In October, 2022, the Come and See Foundation was formed as a nonprofit to help fund the translation and global distribution of the series. With no current budget, the foundation is currently operating on funding from an anonymous donor. The goal of the Come and See Foundation is that the show be dubbed in 100 languages and subtitled in 500 more. Currently, season 1 is dubbed in 12 languages and subtitled in 62, season 2 is dubbed in 7 languages and subtitled in 20 additional languages.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 100 percent of critics have given season 1 a positive review based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 7.80/10. In a review for "The Atlantic", Chris DeVille praises the show for its acting, direction, and speculative storytelling beyond typical Bible stories, while also concluding that "Still, for the most part, the series seems to be finding its fans among the converted."


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: The series's success is attributed to artistic storytelling and cultural relevance, while staying true to the message of the gospels. Writing in "Film Threat", Alan Ng called the series "smart and insightful to a contemporary audience."


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: Christian commentators have praised the series for its production value, raising the bar for other faith-based productions. According to "Texas Monthly", the show has the most mainstream crossover potential since "Touched by an Angel".


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: Episode 8 from Season 1 ("I Am He") earned two Movieguide Award nominations in 2020, with Epiphany Prize for Inspiring Television Program for the series and Grace Prize, Television for Jonathan Roumie, the actor who portrays Jesus.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: Jenkins and VidAngel initially used social media to promote their idea for the show by releasing the short film "The Shepherd" on Facebook. After the first season of the show was released, they began to utilize their "Pay It Forward" model to help with promotion. In addition, Jenkins has built a large following of fans by regularly hosting livestream events and "viewing parties". The production company employees dedicated social media staff as well as a dedicated video team for "behind the scenes" coverage used in social media promotion. Jenkins acknowledges their success is based on direct communication with viewers.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: In 2022, as part of the producers' Easter marketing campaign, 48 of the 70 billboards for the show nationwide were changed to appear as having been defaced or vandalized with phrases like "The Chosen is boring" and "Chosensux.com". The URL directed users to a web site called "The Chosen is Not Good" which depicted Satan as a character trying to get people to not watch the show. As a result of the campaign, many fans of the show were concerned that the defacement was real, and in April, Dallas Jenkins an apologized to fans for having not mentioned anything about the campaign.


title: The Chosen (TV series)

text: To complement its crowd-sourced fundraising model, "The Chosen" also sells merchandise including T-shirts, hats, books, and DVDs. Dallas Jenkins's father, "Left Behind" author Jerry B. Jenkins, has also contributed a novelization of the show's first season.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: Yves Henri Donat Mathieu-Saint-Laurent (1 August 1936 – 1 June 2008), referred to as Yves Saint-Laurent (, , , ) or YSL, was a French fashion designer who, in 1962, founded his eponymous fashion label. He is regarded as being among the foremost fashion designers of the twentieth century. In 1985, Caroline Milbank wrote, "The most consistently celebrated and influential designer of the past twenty-five years, Yves Saint Laurent can be credited with both spurring the couture's rise from its 1960s ashes and with finally rendering ready-to-wear reputable."


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: He developed his style to accommodate the changes in fashion during that period. He approached his aesthetic from a different perspective by helping women find confidence by looking both comfortable and elegant at the same time. He is also credited with having introduced the "Le Smoking" tuxedo suit for women and was known for his use of non-European cultural references and of diverse models.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: Saint Laurent was born on 1 August 1936, in Oran, Algeria, to French parents ("Pieds-Noirs"), Charles and Lucienne Andrée Mathieu-Saint-Laurent. He grew up in a villa by the Mediterranean with his two younger sisters, Michèle and Brigitte. Saint Laurent liked to create intricate paper dolls, and by his early teen years, he was designing dresses for his mother and sisters.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: At the age of 17, Saint Laurent moved to Paris and enrolled at the "Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture", where his designs quickly gained notice. Michel De Brunhoff, the editor of "French Vogue", introduced Saint Laurent to designer Christian Dior, a giant in the fashion world. "Dior fascinated me," Saint Laurent later recalled. "I couldn't speak in front of him. He taught me the basis of my art. Whatever was to happen next, I never forgot the years I spent at his side." Under Dior's tutelage, Saint Laurent's style continued to mature and gain even more notice.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: In 1953, Saint Laurent submitted three sketches to a contest for young fashion designers organized by the International Wool Secretariat. Saint Laurent won first place. Subsequently, he was invited to attend the awards ceremony held in Paris in December of that same year.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: During his stay in Paris, Saint Laurent met Michel de Brunhoff, who was then editor-in-chief of the French edition of "Vogue" magazine and a connection to his father. De Brunhoff, known by some as a considerate person who encouraged new talent, was impressed by the sketches that Saint Laurent brought with him and suggested he should intend to become a fashion designer. Saint Laurent eventually considered a course of study at the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture, the council which regulates the haute couture industry and provides training to its employees. Saint Laurent followed his advice and, leaving Oran for Paris after graduation, began his studies there and eventually graduated as a star pupil. Later, that same year, he entered the International Wool Secretariat competition again and won, beating out his friend Fernando Sánchez and young German student Karl Lagerfeld.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: Shortly after his win, he brought a number of sketches to de Brunhoff who recognized close similarities to sketches he had been shown that morning by Christian Dior. Knowing that Dior had created the sketches that morning and that the young man could not have seen them, de Brunhoff sent him to Dior, who hired him on the spot.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: Although Dior recognised his talent immediately, Saint Laurent spent his first year at the House of Dior on mundane tasks, such as decorating the studio and designing accessories. Eventually he was allowed to submit sketches for the couture collection. With every passing season, more of his sketches were accepted by Dior. In August 1957, Dior met with Saint Laurent's mother to tell her that he had chosen Saint Laurent to succeed him as a designer. His mother later said that she had been confused by the remark, as Dior was only 52 years old at the time. Both she and her son were surprised when Dior died at a health spa in northern Italy of a massive heart attack in October 1957.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: In 1957, Saint Laurent found himself at age 21 the head designer of the House of Dior. His spring 1958 collection almost certainly saved the enterprise from financial ruin. The simple, flaring lines of his first collection for Dior, called the Trapeze line, a variation of Dior's 1955 A-Line, catapulted him to international stardom. Dresses in the collection featured a narrow shoulder that flared gently to a hem that just covered the knee.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: His fall 1958 collection was not greeted with the same level of approval as his first collection and later collections for the House of Dior featuring hobble skirts and beatnik fashions were savaged by the press.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: In 1959, he was chosen by Farah Diba, who was a student in Paris, to design her wedding dress for her marriage to the Shah of Iran.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: In 1960, Saint Laurent found himself conscripted to serve in the French Army during the Algerian War of Independence. Neri Karra writes that there was speculation at the time that Marcel Boussac, the owner of the House of Dior and a powerful press baron, had put pressure on the government not to conscript Saint Laurent in 1958 and 1959, but after the disastrous 1958 season, reversed course and asked that the designer be conscripted so that he could be replaced.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: Saint Laurent was in the military for 20 days before the stress of hazing by fellow soldiers led to him being admitted to a military hospital, where he received news that he had been fired from Dior. This exacerbated his condition, and he was transferred to Val-de-Grâce military hospital, where he was given large doses of sedatives and psychoactive drugs, and subjected to electroshock therapy. Saint Laurent himself traced the origin of both his mental problems and his drug addictions to this time in hospital.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: After his release from the hospital in November 1960, Saint Laurent sued Dior for breach of contract and won. After a period of convalescence, he and his partner, industrialist Pierre Bergé, started their own fashion house Yves Saint Laurent YSL with funds from American millionaire J. Mack Robinson. The couple split romantically in 1976 but remained business partners.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, the firm popularized fashion trends such as the beatnik look, safari jackets for men and women, tight trousers, tall, thigh-high boots, and arguably the most famous classic tuxedo suit for women in 1966, Le Smoking, many of which were inspired by women's lives in the sociopolitical climate of the times, particularly his introduction of the pantsuit in 1968 after witnessing the epochal French uprisings of that year. Saint Laurent also popularized the wearing of silhouettes. and is credited with initiating in 1978 the broad, shoulder-padded styles that would characterize the 1980s.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: Yves Saint Laurent brought in new changes to the fashion industry in the 60s and the 70s. The French designer opened his Pret-a-Porter House YSL Rive Gauche in 1967 where he was starting to shift his focus from Haute Couture to Ready-to-wear. One of the purposes was to provide a wider range of fashionable styles being available to choose from in the market as they were affordable and cheaper.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: He was the first French "couturier" to come out with a full "prêt-à-porter" (ready-to-wear) line, although Alicia Drake credits this move with Saint Laurent's wish to democratize fashion; others point out that other couture houses were preparing "prêt-à-porter" lines at the same time – the House of Yves Saint Laurent merely announced its line first. The first of the company's Rive Gauche stores, which sold the "prêt-à-porter" line, opened on the rue de Tournon in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, on 26 September 1966. The first customer was Catherine Deneuve. He ended up doing many costumes for her in films such as "Heartbeat", "Mississippi Mermaid," and "Love to Eternity."


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: Many of his collections were positively received by both his fans and the press, such as the autumn 1965 collection, which introduced "Le Smoking" tailored tuxedo suit, and his 1965 Mondrian collection. Other collections raised controversy, such as his spring 1971 collection, which was inspired by 1940s fashion. Some felt it romanticized the German occupation of France during World War II, which he did not experience, while others felt it brought back the unattractive utilitarianism of the time. The French newspaper "France Soir" called the spring 1971 collection "Une grande farce!" Aside from this collection, however, he came to be considered during the 1970s the most prominent designer in the world, adapting his designs to modern women's needs. Even in his sometimes lavish Russian peasant collections of the middle of the decade, the clothes themselves remained comfortable and wearable.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: During the 1960s and 1970s, Saint Laurent was considered one of Paris's "jet set". He was often seen at clubs in France and New York City, such as Regine's and Studio 54, and was known to be both a heavy drinker and a frequent user of cocaine. When he was not actively supervising the preparation of a collection, he spent time at his villa in Marrakech, Morocco. In the late 1970s, he and Bergé bought a neo-gothic villa, "Château Gabriel" in Benerville-sur-Mer, near Deauville, France. Yves Saint Laurent was a great admirer of Marcel Proust who had been a frequent guest of Gaston Gallimard, one of the previous owners of the villa. When they bought "Château Gabriel", Saint Laurent and Bergé commissioned Jacques Grange to decorate it with themes inspired by Proust's "Remembrance of Things Past".


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: The "prêt-à-porter" line became extremely popular with the public if not with the critics and eventually earned many times more for Saint Laurent and Bergé than the "haute couture" line. However, Saint Laurent, whose health had been precarious for years, became erratic under the pressure of designing two "haute couture" and two "prêt-à-porter" collections every year. He increasingly turned to alcohol and drugs. At some shows, he could barely walk down the runway at the end of the show, and he had to be supported by models.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: Following his 1978 introduction of the big-shoulder-pad looks that would dominate the 1980s, he relied on a restricted set of styles based largely on big-shouldered jackets, narrow skirts, and pumps that didn't vary much during the decade, resulting in some fashion writers bemoaning the loss of his former inventiveness and others welcoming the familiarity. After a disastrous 1987 "prêt-à-porter" show in New York City, which featured US$100,000 jeweled casual jackets only days after the "Black Monday" stock market crash, he turned over the responsibility of the "prêt-à-porter" line to his assistants. Although the line remained popular with his fans, it was soon dismissed as "boring" by the press.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: A favorite among his female clientele, Saint Laurent had numerous muses that inspired his work. Among them were: French model Victoire Doutreleau, who opened his first fashion show in 1962; Loulou de la Falaise, the daughter of a French marquis and an Anglo-Irish model, who became the jewelry designer for the brand; Betty Catroux, the half-Brazilian daughter of an American diplomat, who Saint Laurent considered his "twin sister"; French actress Catherine Deneuve; French model Danielle Luquet de Saint Germain, who inspired the Le Smoking suit; Mounia, a model from Martinique who was the oft-used bride at his fashion shows; Lucie de la Falaise, a Welsh-French model and niece of Loulou, who was the bride in his fashion shows in 1990–1994; Jewelry designer Paloma Picasso; Dutch actress Talitha Getty; American socialite Nan Kempner, who was named ambassador for the brand; Italian model Marina Schiano, who managed the YSL boutiques in North America; French model Nicole Dorier, who became the director of his runway shows, and later, the "memory" of his house when it became a museum; and French model Laetitia Casta, who was the bride in his fashion shows in 1998–2001.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: In 1983, Saint Laurent became the first living fashion designer to be honored by the Metropolitan Museum of Art with a solo exhibition. In 2001, he was awarded the rank of Commander of the Légion d'Honneur by French President Jacques Chirac. Saint Laurent retired in 2002 and became increasingly reclusive. In 2007, he was awarded the rank of Grand officier de la Légion d'honneur by French President Nicolas Sarkozy. He also created a foundation with Bergé in Paris to trace the history of the house of YSL, complete with 15,000 objects and 5,000 pieces of clothing.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: Saint Laurent died on 1 June 2008 of brain cancer at his residence in Paris. According to "The New York Times", a few days prior, he and Bergé had been joined in a same-sex civil union known as a Pacte civil de solidarité (PACS) in France. When Saint Laurent was diagnosed as terminal, with only one or two weeks left to live, Bergé and the doctor mutually decided that it would be better for him not to know of his impending death. Bergé said, "I have the belief that Yves would not have been strong enough to accept that."


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: He was given a Catholic funeral at Église Saint-Roch in Paris. The funeral attendees included the former Empress of Iran Farah Pahlavi, Bernadette Chirac, Catherine Deneuve, and President Nicolas Sarkozy and his wife, Carla Bruni.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: His body was cremated, and his ashes were scattered in Marrakech, Morocco, in the Majorelle Garden, a residence and botanical garden that he owned with Bergé since 1980 and often visited to find inspiration and refuge. Bergé said at the funeral service (in French): "But I also know that I will never forget what I owe you and that one day I will join you under the Moroccan palms."


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: In February 2009, an auction of 733 items was held by Christie's at the Grand Palais, ranging from paintings by Picasso to ancient Egyptian sculptures. Saint Laurent and Bergé began collecting art in the 1950s. Before the sale, Bergé commented that the decision to sell the collection was taken because, without Saint Laurent, "it has lost the greater part of its significance", with the proceeds proposed for the creation of a new foundation for AIDS research.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: Before the sale commenced, the Chinese government tried to stop the sale of two of twelve bronze statue heads taken from the Old Summer Palace in China during the Second Opium War. A French judge dismissed the claim and the sculptures, heads of a rabbit and a rat, sold for €15,745,000. However, the anonymous buyer revealed himself to be Cai Mingchao, a representative of the PRC's National Treasures Fund, and claimed that he would not pay for them on "moral and patriotic grounds". The heads remained in Bergé's possession until acquired by François Pinault, owner of many luxury brands including Yves Saint Laurent. He then donated them to China in a ceremony on 29 June 2013.


title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

text: On the first day of the sale, Henri Matisse's painting "Les coucous, tapis bleu et rose" broke the previous world record set in 2007 for a Matisse work and sold for 32 million euros. The record-breaking sale realized 342.5 million euros (£307 million). The subsequent auction, 17–20 November, included 1,185 items from the couple's Normandy villa. While not as impressive as the first auction, it featured the designer's last Mercedes-Benz car and his Hermès luggage.


title: Hideo Kojima

text: Kojima founded Kojima Productions within Konami in 2005, and he was appointed vice president of Konami Digital Entertainment in 2011. Kojima Productions split from Konami in 2015, becoming an independent studio. His studio's first game without Konami, "Death Stranding", was released in 2019.


title: Hideo Kojima

text: Kojima was born on August 24, 1963 in Setagaya, Tokyo. He was the youngest of three children. His father, Kingo, was a pharmacist who frequently travelled on business, and named Kojima after the most common name among doctors he met. When he was four years old, his family moved to Osaka. Describing that stage of his early life, Kojima said it was an abrupt change of environment, and he spent much of his time thereafter indoors, watching television or making figurines. While the family lived in Osaka, his parents began a tradition of the family watching a film together each night, and he was not allowed to go to bed until the film had finished. They were fond of European cinema, westerns, and horror, and did not limit the type of films he was allowed to see.


title: Hideo Kojima

text: Kojima took an interest in filmmaking when a friend brought a Super 8 camera to school. They began filming movies together, charging other children 50 yen to see them. Kojima tricked his parents into funding a trip to an island off the coast of Japan without telling them he wanted to film there. Instead of filming, he spent his time swimming, and on the last day changed the plot to being about zombies. He did not show the film to his parents.


title: Hideo Kojima

text: By Kojima's teenage years, the family had moved to Kawanishi, Hyōgo, in the Kansai region of Japan. When he was 13 years old, his father died. Kojima has discussed the impact of his father's death in interviews, and the subsequent financial hardship faced by his family. He enrolled at university to study economics, and it was there that he decided to join the video game industry. He wrote fiction while studying, even including a short story in his thesis.


title: Hideo Kojima

text: At the beginning of his career, Kojima was initially searching for a way into film production. He hoped that, if he were to win awards for his written fiction, he would be approached about directing a film. Although Kojima said that he had no friends interested in cinema to encourage him, his friends were not supportive when he announced he intended to enter game development. He would frequently lie about his occupation in the early days of a career, when a word for game designer did not exist in the Japanese language, and instead told people he worked for a financial firm.


title: Hideo Kojima

text: Kojima joined video game publisher Konami's MSX home computer division in 1986. He applied to Konami because it was the only games developer listed on the Japanese stock exchange. He was disappointed with the job initially, hoping to make games for the Nintendo Entertainment System, and feeling that the 16 colour palette of the MSX was too restrictive. The first game he worked on was "Penguin Adventure", the sequel to "Antarctic Adventure", as an assistant director. It significantly expanded upon the gameplay of "Antarctic Adventure", adding more action game elements, a greater variety of levels, role-playing elements such as upgrading equipment, and multiple endings. In 2019, "Polygon"'s Julia Lee wrote that for "a game made over 30 years ago, Penguin Adventure had some in-depth features". After "Penguin Adventure", Kojima started to design a game called "", but the game was cancelled when it was found to be too complex to run on the MSX.