title: Sugar

text: Monosaccharides in a closed-chain form can form glycosidic bonds with other monosaccharides, creating disaccharides (such as sucrose) and polysaccharides (such as starch or cellulose). Enzymes must hydrolyze or otherwise break these glycosidic bonds before such compounds become metabolized. After digestion and absorption the principal monosaccharides present in the blood and internal tissues include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Many pentoses and hexoses can form ring structures. In these closed-chain forms, the aldehyde or ketone group remains non-free, so many of the reactions typical of these groups cannot occur. Glucose in solution exists mostly in the ring form at equilibrium, with less than 0.1% of the molecules in the open-chain form.


title: Sugar

text: Biopolymers of sugars are common in nature. Through photosynthesis, plants produce glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), a phosphated 3-carbon sugar that is used by the cell to make monosaccharides such as glucose () or (as in cane and beet) sucrose (). Monosaccharides may be further converted into structural polysaccharides such as cellulose and pectin for cell wall construction or into energy reserves in the form of storage polysaccharides such as starch or inulin. Starch, consisting of two different polymers of glucose, is a readily degradable form of chemical energy stored by cells, and can be converted to other types of energy. Another polymer of glucose is cellulose, which is a linear chain composed of several hundred or thousand glucose units. It is used by plants as a structural component in their cell walls. Humans can digest cellulose only to a very limited extent, though ruminants can do so with the help of symbiotic bacteria in their gut. DNA and RNA are built up of the monosaccharides deoxyribose and ribose, respectively. Deoxyribose has the formula and ribose the formula .


title: Sugar

text: Because sugars burn easily when exposed to flame, the handling of sugars risks dust explosion. The risk of explosion is higher when the sugar has been milled to superfine texture, such as for use in chewing gum. The 2008 Georgia sugar refinery explosion, which killed 14 people and injured 36, and destroyed most of the refinery, was caused by the ignition of sugar dust.


title: Sugar

text: In its culinary use, exposing sugar to heat causes caramelization. As the process occurs, volatile chemicals such as diacetyl are released, producing the characteristic caramel flavor.


title: Sugar

text: Fructose, galactose, and glucose are all simple sugars, monosaccharides, with the general formula CHO. They have five hydroxyl groups (−OH) and a carbonyl group (C=O) and are cyclic when dissolved in water. They each exist as several isomers with dextro- and laevo-rotatory forms that cause polarized light to diverge to the right or the left.


title: Sugar

text: Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are all compound sugars, disaccharides, with the general formula CHO. They are formed by the combination of two monosaccharide molecules with the exclusion of a molecule of water.


title: Sugar

text: The fructose to fructose plus glucose ratio is calculated by including the fructose and glucose coming from the sucrose.


title: Sugar

text: In November 2019, scientists reported detecting, for the first time, sugar molecules, including ribose, in meteorites, suggesting that chemical processes on asteroids can produce some fundamentally essential bio-ingredients important to life, and supporting the notion of an RNA World prior to a DNA-based origin of life on Earth, and possibly, as well, the notion of panspermia.


title: Sugar

text: Due to rising demand, sugar production in general increased some 14% over the period 2009 to 2018. The largest importers were China, Indonesia, and the United States.


title: Sugar

text: Global production of sugarcane in 2020 was 1.9 billion tonnes, with Brazil producing 40% of the world total and India 20% (table).


title: Sugar

text: Sugarcane refers to any of several species, or their hybrids, of giant grasses in the genus "Saccharum" in the family Poaceae. They have been cultivated in tropical climates in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia over centuries for the sucrose found in their stems. A great expansion in sugarcane production took place in the 18th century with the establishment of slave plantations in the Americas. The use of slavery for the labor-intensive process resulted in sugar production, enabling prices cheap enough for most people to buy. Mechanization reduced some labor needs, but in the 21st century, cultivation and production relied on low-wage laborers.


title: Sugar

text: Sugar cane requires a frost-free climate with sufficient rainfall during the growing season to make full use of the plant's substantial growth potential. The crop is harvested mechanically or by hand, chopped into lengths and conveyed rapidly to the processing plant (commonly known as a sugar mill) where it is either milled and the juice extracted with water or extracted by diffusion. The juice is clarified with lime and heated to destroy enzymes. The resulting thin syrup is concentrated in a series of evaporators, after which further water is removed. The resulting supersaturated solution is seeded with sugar crystals, facilitating crystal formation and drying. Molasses is a by-product of the process and the fiber from the stems, known as bagasse, is burned to provide energy for the sugar extraction process. The crystals of raw sugar have a sticky brown coating and either can be used as they are, can be bleached by sulfur dioxide, or can be treated in a carbonatation process to produce a whiter product. About of irrigation water is needed for every of sugar produced.


title: Sugar

text: In 2020, global production of sugar beets was 253 million tonnes, led by Russia with 13% of the world total (table).


title: Sugar

text: The sugar beet became a major source of sugar in the 19th century when methods for extracting the sugar became available. It is a biennial plant, a cultivated variety of "Beta vulgaris" in the family Amaranthaceae, the tuberous root of which contains a high proportion of sucrose. It is cultivated as a root crop in temperate regions with adequate rainfall and requires a fertile soil. The crop is harvested mechanically in the autumn and the crown of leaves and excess soil removed. The roots do not deteriorate rapidly and may be left in the field for some weeks before being transported to the processing plant where the crop is washed and sliced, and the sugar extracted by diffusion. Milk of lime is added to the raw juice with calcium carbonate. After water is evaporated by boiling the syrup under a vacuum, the syrup is cooled and seeded with sugar crystals. The white sugar that crystallizes can be separated in a centrifuge and dried, requiring no further refining.


title: Sugar

text: Refined sugar is made from raw sugar that has undergone a refining process to remove the molasses. Raw sugar is sucrose which is extracted from sugarcane or sugar beet. While raw sugar can be consumed, the refining process removes unwanted tastes and results in refined sugar or white sugar.


title: Sugar

text: The sugar may be transported in bulk to the country where it will be used and the refining process often takes place there. The first stage is known as affination and involves immersing the sugar crystals in a concentrated syrup that softens and removes the sticky brown coating without dissolving them. The crystals are then separated from the liquor and dissolved in water. The resulting syrup is treated either by a carbonatation or by a phosphatation process. Both involve the precipitation of a fine solid in the syrup and when this is filtered out, many of the impurities are removed at the same time. Removal of color is achieved by using either a granular activated carbon or an ion-exchange resin. The sugar syrup is concentrated by boiling and then cooled and seeded with sugar crystals, causing the sugar to crystallize out. The liquor is spun off in a centrifuge and the white crystals are dried in hot air and ready to be packaged or used. The surplus liquor is made into refiners' molasses.


title: Sugar

text: The International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis sets standards for the measurement of the purity of refined sugar, known as ICUMSA numbers; lower numbers indicate a higher level of purity in the refined sugar.


title: Sugar

text: Refined sugar is widely used for industrial needs for higher quality. Refined sugar is purer (ICUMSA below 300) than raw sugar (ICUMSA over 1,500). The level of purity associated with the colors of sugar, expressed by standard number ICUMSA, the smaller ICUMSA numbers indicate the higher purity of sugar.


title: Sugar

text: Brown sugars are granulated sugars, either containing residual molasses, or with the grains deliberately coated with molasses to produce a light- or dark-colored sugar. They are used in baked goods, confectionery, and toffees. Their darkness is due to the amount of molasses they contain. They may be classified based on their darkness or country of origin. For instance:


title: Sugar

text: In most parts of the world, sugar is an important part of the human diet, making food more palatable and providing food energy. After cereals and vegetable oils, sugar derived from sugarcane and beet provided more kilocalories per capita per day on average than other food groups. In 1750 the average Briton got 72 calories a day from sugar. In 1913 this had risen to 395. In 2015 it still provided around 14% of the calories in British diets. According to one source, per capita consumption of sugar in 2016 was highest in the United States, followed by Germany and the Netherlands.


title: Sugar

text: Brown and white granulated sugar are 97% to nearly 100% carbohydrates, respectively, with less than 2% water, and no dietary fiber, protein or fat (table). Brown sugar contains a moderate amount of iron (15% of the Reference Daily Intake in a 100 gram amount, see table), but a typical serving of 4 grams (one teaspoon), would provide 15 calories and a negligible amount of iron or any other nutrient. Because brown sugar contains 5–10% molasses reintroduced during processing, its value to some consumers is a richer flavor than white sugar.


title: Sugar

text: Sugar refiners and manufacturers of sugary foods and drinks have sought to influence medical research and public health recommendations, with substantial and largely clandestine spending documented from the 1960s to 2016. The results of research on the health effects of sugary food and drink differ significantly, depending on whether the researcher has financial ties to the food and drink industry. A 2013 medical review concluded that "unhealthy commodity industries should have no role in the formation of national or international NCD <nowiki>[</nowiki>non-communicable disease<nowiki>]</nowiki> policy".


title: Sugar

text: There have been similar efforts to steer coverage of sugar-related health information in popular media, including news media and social media.


title: Sugar

text: A 2003 technical report by the World Health Organization (WHO) provides evidence that high intake of sugary drinks (including fruit juice) increases the risk of obesity by adding to overall energy intake. By itself, sugar is not a factor causing obesity and metabolic syndrome, but rather – when over-consumed – is a component of unhealthy dietary behavior. Meta-analyses showed that excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages increased the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome – including weight gain and obesity – in adults and children.


title: Sugar

text: A 2019 meta-analysis found that sugar consumption does not improve mood, but can lower alertness and increase fatigue within an hour of consumption. Some studies report evidence of causality between high consumption of refined sugar and hyperactivity. One review of low-quality studies of children consuming high amounts of energy drinks showed association with higher rates of unhealthy behaviors, including smoking and excessive alcohol use, and with hyperactivity and insomnia, although such effects could not be specifically attributed to sugar over other components of those drinks such as caffeine.


title: Sugar

text: The 2003 WHO report stated that "Sugars are undoubtedly the most important dietary factor in the development of dental caries". A review of human studies showed that the incidence of caries is lower when sugar intake is less than 10% of total energy consumed.


title: Sugar

text: The "empty calories" argument states that a diet high in added (or 'free') sugars will reduce consumption of foods that contain essential nutrients. This nutrient displacement occurs if sugar makes up more than 25% of daily energy intake, a proportion associated with poor diet quality and risk of obesity. Displacement may occur at lower levels of consumption.


title: Sugar

text: The WHO recommends that both adults and children reduce the intake of free sugars to less than 10% of total energy intake, and suggests a reduction to below 5%. "Free sugars" include monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods, and sugars found in fruit juice and concentrates, as well as in honey and syrups. According to the WHO, "[t]hese recommendations were based on the totality of available evidence reviewed regarding the relationship between free sugars intake and body weight (low and moderate quality evidence) and dental caries (very low and moderate quality evidence)."


title: Sugar

text: On 20 May 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced changes to the Nutrition Facts panel displayed on all foods, to be effective by July 2018. New to the panel is a requirement to list "added sugars" by weight and as a percent of Daily Value (DV). For vitamins and minerals, the intent of DVs is to indicate how much should be consumed. For added sugars, the guidance is that 100% DV should not be exceeded. 100% DV is defined as 50 grams. For a person consuming 2000 calories a day, 50 grams is equal to 200 calories and thus 10% of total calories—the same guidance as the WHO. To put this in context, most 355 mL (12 US fl oz) cans of soda contain 39 grams of sugar. In the United States, a government survey on food consumption in 2013–2014 reported that, for men and women aged 20 and older, the average total sugar intakes—naturally occurring in foods and added—were, respectively, 125 and 99 g/day.


title: Sugar

text: Various culinary sugars have different densities due to differences in particle size and inclusion of moisture.


title: Sugar

text: The "Engineering Resources – Bulk Density Chart" published in "Powder and Bulk" gives different values for the bulk densities:


title: Sugar

text: Manufacturers of sugary products, such as soft drinks and candy, and the Sugar Research Foundation have been accused of trying to influence consumers and medical associations in the 1960s and 1970s by creating doubt about the potential health hazards of sucrose overconsumption, while promoting saturated fat as the main dietary risk factor in cardiovascular diseases. In 2016, the criticism led to recommendations that diet policymakers emphasize the need for high-quality research that accounts for multiple biomarkers on development of cardiovascular diseases.


title: Global city

text: A global city (also known as a power city, world city, alpha city, or world center) is a city that serves as a primary node in the global economic network. The concept originates from geography and urban studies, based on the thesis that globalization has created a hierarchy of strategic geographic locations with varying degrees of influence over finance, trade, and culture worldwide. The "global city" represents the most complex and significant hub within the international system, characterized by links binding it to other cities that have direct, tangible effects on global socioeconomic affairs.


title: Global city

text: The criteria of a global city have varied over time and depending on the source; common features include a high degree of urban development, a large population, the presence of major multinational companies, a significant and globalized financial sector, well developed and internationally linked transportation infrastructure, local or national economic dominance, high quality educational and research institutions, and a globally influential output of ideas, innovations, or cultural products. Quintessential examples, based on most indices and research, include New York City, London, Paris, and Tokyo.


title: Global city

text: The term "global city" was popularized by sociologist Saskia Sassen in her 1991 book, "The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo". Prior to that, various other terms were used to describe urban centers with approximate features. The term "world city", meaning a city heavily involved in global trade, appeared in a May 1886 description of Liverpool, by "The Illustrated London News;" British sociologist and geographer Patrick Geddes likewise used the term in 1915. The term "megacity" entered common use in the late 19th or early 20th century, with the earliest documented example being a publication by the University of Texas in 1904. In the 21st century, the various terms are usually focused on a city's financial power and high technology infrastructure, with other factors becoming less relevant.


title: Global city

text: Competing groups have developed multiple alternative methods to classify and rank "world cities" and to distinguish them from "non-world cities". Although there is a consensus on the leading world cities, the chosen criteria affect which other cities are included. Selection criteria may be based on a "yardstick value" (e.g., if the producer-service sector is the largest sector then city is a world city) or on an "imminent determination" (if the producer-service sector of city is greater than the combined producer-service sectors of other cities then city is a world city.) Cities can fall from their respective rankings, as in the case of cities that have become less cosmopolitan and less internationally renowned in the current era.


title: Global city

text: Global city rankings are numerous, with one study suggesting as many as 300. New York City, London, Tokyo, and Paris, are notably the most prominent metropolises mentioned in this respect. They have been ranked in the top four positions in the Global Cities Index and Global Power City Index since both indices' inception in 2008, with New York and London rotating for first position over the last ten years exclusively in the top two spots.


title: Global city

text: In 2008, the American journal "Foreign Policy", working with the consulting firm A.T. Kearney and the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, published a ranking of global cities based on consultation with Saskia Sassen, Witold Rybczynski, and others. "Foreign Policy" noted that "the world's biggest, most interconnected cities help set global agendas, weather transnational dangers, and serve as the hubs of global integration. They are the engines of growth for their countries and the gateways to the resources of their regions." The ranking is based on 27 metrics across five dimensions: business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience, and political engagement. Since 2015, it has been published with a separate index, the Global Cities Outlook, which is a projection of a city's potential based on rate of change in 13 indicators across four dimensions: personal well-being, economics, innovation, and governance. The top ranked cities in 2021 are listed below: Meanwhile, Global Cities Outlook was dominated by London in 2021.


title: Global city

text: Jon Beaverstock, Richard G. Smith, and Peter J. Taylor established the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC). A list of world cities in the "GaWC Research Bulletin 5" is ranked by their connectivity through four "advanced producer services": accountancy, advertising, banking/finance, and law. The GaWC inventory identifies three levels of global cities and several sub-ranks, although the authors caution that "concern for city rankings operates against "the spirit of the GaWC project"" (emphasis in original).


title: Global city

text: The 2004 rankings added several new indicators while continuing to rank city-economics more heavily than political and cultural factors. The 2008 version of the list, similar to the 1998 version, is sorted into categories of Alpha world cities (with four sub-categories), Beta world cities (three sub-categories), Gamma world cities (three sub-categories), and cities with High sufficiency and Sufficiency presence. The cities in the top two classifications in the 2020 edition are as follows:


title: Global city

text: In 2012, the Economist Intelligence Unit (The Economist Group) ranked the competitiveness of global cities according to their demonstrated ability to attract capital, businesses, talent, and visitors.


title: Global city

text: A study by Brookings Institution conducted in 2016 introduced its own typology, sorting global cities into seven categories: Global Giants, Asian Anchors, Emerging Gateways, Factory China, Knowledge Capitals, American Middleweights, and International Middleweights.


title: Global city

text: The Global Giants classification includes wealthy, extremely large metropolitan areas that are the largest cities in developed nations. They are hubs for financial markets and major corporations, and serve as key nodes in global flows of capital and of talent.


title: Global city

text: An analysis report compiled by the Global City Lab of the Global Top 500 Cities was released in New York on 30 December 2021.


title: Global city

text: The "Global Economic Power Index" reflecting three dimensions of economic power, was introduced in 2012. In 2015, the second "Global Economic Power Index", a meta list compiled by Richard Florida, was published by "The Atlantic" (distinct from a namesake list published by the "Martin Prosperity Institute"), with city composite rank based on five other lists.


title: Global city

text: Strength as a financial center has become one of the pre-eminent indicators of a global city's ranking. As of March 2022, the cities representing the top ten financial centers according to the Global Financial Centres Index by analytics firm Z/Yen were:


title: Global city

text: The Tokyo-based Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation, issued a comprehensive study of global cities in 2008. They are ranked in six categories: economy, research and development, cultural interaction, livability, environment, and accessibility, with 70 individual indicators among them. The top ten world cities are also ranked by subjective categories, including manager, researcher, artist, visitor and resident.


title: Global city

text: "The Wealth Report" (a global perspective on prime property and wealth) is made by the London-based estate agent Knight Frank LLP and the Citi Private Bank. The report includes a "Global Cities Survey", evaluating which cities are considered the most important to the world's HNWIs (high-net-worth individuals, having over $25 million of investable assets each). For the Global Cities Survey, Citi Private Bank's wealth advisors, and Knight Frank's luxury property specialists were asked to name the cities that they considered the most important to HNWIs, in regard to "economic activity", "political power", "knowledge and influence", and "quality of life".


title: Global city

text: A study by ING Media, a London-based built environment communications firm, has ranked 250 global cities by total online mentions across social media and online news for 2019. It found that a fifth of digital mentions were for Tokyo, New York City, London, and Paris, identifying these as the world's super brands. The Top 10 in the 2019 edition were:


title: Global city

text: The A.T. Kearney ranking most closely resembled the composite summary of rankings. Note that the Global Financial Centres Index rankings were not included in this summary of other rankings.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: Daniel César Martín Brühl González Domingo (; born 16 June 1978) is a Spanish-German actor and filmmaker. He received his first German Film Award for Best Actor for his roles in "Das Weisse Rauschen (The White Sound)" (2001), "Nichts Bereuen (No Regrets)" (2001), and "Vaya con Dios" (2002). His starring role in the German film "Good Bye, Lenin!" (2003) received widespread recognition and critical acclaim and garnered him the European Film Award for Best Actor and another German Film Award for Best Actor.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: He was introduced to mainstream U.S. audiences with his breakthrough role as Fredrick Zoller, a German war hero in Quentin Tarantino's "Inglourious Basterds" (2009), and appeared in films like "The Bourne Ultimatum" (2007), "The Fifth Estate" (2013), and "A Most Wanted Man" (2014). Brühl received widespread critical acclaim and further recognition for his portrayal of former Formula 1 driver Niki Lauda in the biographical film "Rush" (2013) for which he earned nominations including the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, the Critic's Choice Award for Best Supporting Actor, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Supporting Actor and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Brühl portrays Helmut Zemo in "" (2016) and the Disney+ series "The Falcon and the Winter Soldier" (2021). He also starred as Dr. László Kreizler in the Emmy- and Golden Globe-nominated period drama television series "The Alienist" (2018–2020) for which he earned a nomination for the Golden Globe Award as Best Actor in a Television Motion Picture.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: Brühl has worked in both European and American film productions in several languages (English, Catalan, Spanish, German, French, Polish, and Chinese) and played at least ten different nationalities, including Polish ("Ladies in Lavender"), Catalan ("Salvador"), Spanish ("7 Days in Havana"), French ("2 Days in Paris"), Hungarian ("The Countess"), German ("Inglourious Basterds", "Entebbe", and most German productions), Austrian ("Rush", "Woman in Gold"), English ("Burnt"), American ("The Alienist") and Sokovian (a fictional Eastern European country in "Captain America: Civil War").


title: Daniel Brühl

text: Daniel César Martín Brühl González was born on 16 June 1978 in Barcelona. His father was the German TV director and documentalist Hanno Brühl, who was born in São Paulo, Brazil. His mother is Marisa González Domingo, a Spanish teacher. He was born in Spain because his mother did not trust German doctors. Shortly after his birth, the family moved to Cologne, Germany, where he grew up. He has a brother, Oliver, and a sister, Miriam. They were raised speaking Spanish, German, Catalan, and French. He attended secondary school at the Dreikönigsgymnasium, the oldest school in Cologne.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: Brühl began acting at a young age despite not having any formal training as an actor. He participated in children's theater at school and first earned money at age 8 doing radio plays, followed by work in a dubbing studio leading to one of the dubbing actors to recommend the teenager to a talent agency. At age 15, Brühl landed a small part in the TV film "Svens Geheimnis", played the street kid Benji in the soap opera "Verbotene Liebe (Forbidden Love)"(1995), and continued to feature in television series in the following years. In 1999, he appeared in his film debut as Checo in "Paradise Mall" ("Schlaraffenland") and voiced Kom in the German version of "Le château des singes." In 2000, he starred in his first main role as Markus Baasweiler in "" ("Schule") and was cast as Jay in "Deeply".


title: Daniel Brühl

text: In 2001, he continued to play main roles as the schizophrenic Lukas in Hans Weingartner's critically acclaimed debut film "Das Weisse Rauschen" "(The White Sound)," as Daniel in "Nichts Bereuen (No Regrets)", and as Marek in "Honolulu". In 2002, he starred as Arbo in "Vaya con Dios" and as boxer Marko Stemper in "Elefantenherz (Elephant Heart)". He won the German Film Award (2002) for Best Actor, the Bavarian Film Award (2001) for Best New Actor, and the for Best Actor for his performance in "Das Weisse Rauschen", "Nichts Bereuen", and "Vaya con Dios". He won the German Film Critics Award (2003) for Best Actor for "Das Weisse Rauschen" and "Vaya con Dios." For "Das Weisse Rauschen", Brühl insisted on meeting someone with paranoid schizophrenia to avoid the risk of making the character look clichéd. Two decades later, he still considers it his most difficult character to portray and comments that "It was important for me to explore my own madness, to believe in what I was doing and to convince myself that I was suffering from that disease, so it was quite difficult." The film has been widely cited by the academic community in discussing and understanding schizophrenia due to its realistic portrayal.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: Brühl's international breakthrough role came in 2003 as Alex Kerner in Wolfgang Becker's German tragicomedy "Good Bye, Lenin!" which tells about a German family that lived during the unification of Germany. The film became one of the most successful German films to date, receiving nominations at the Golden Globe Awards and the BAFTA Awards and winning at the European Film Awards, German Film Awards, Cesar Awards, and London Film Critics' Circle among others. It was sold to more than 65 countries, reaching an estimated six million cinema-goers worldwide. In that year, Brühl won awards including the European Film Awards Peoples's Choice Award for Best European Actor and the European Film Award for Best Actor for the role. He also won his second German Film Award as Best Actor for both his performance in the film and in "Elefantenherz". He then voiced Kenai in the German version of "Brother Bear".


title: Daniel Brühl

text: Brühl reached further recognition in 2004 reuniting with filmmaker Hans Weingartner and starring as the anti-capitalist activist Jan in the internationally successful film "The Edukators (Die Fetten Jahre sind vorbei)". The film became a cult film as part of a "German New Wave" and received a 10-minute standing ovation at its premier at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival where it was nominated for the Palme d'Or. Brühl earned a nomination for the European Film Award for Best Actor for his role. At the same time, he won the European Film Awards Peoples's Choice Award for Best European Actor for his role as Paul in "Love in Thoughts" of which plot is based on the Steglitz student tragedy involving two teenagers who created a suicide club.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: In the same year, Brühl made his English-speaking film debut in "Ladies in Lavender", starring alongside English actresses Judi Dench and Maggie Smith as Andrea Marowski, and met Queen Elizabeth II who attended its premiere. He also played Frank in "Farland". Brühl featured as Lieutenant Horstmayer of the German 93rd Infantry Regiment, a central character in the 2005 film "Joyeux Noël", a trilingual World War I film based on the experiences of French, German and Scottish soldiers during the Christmas truce of 1914. The film shows Brühl's linguistic ability as he ably communicates in German, French and English throughout.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: In 2006, he was invited to be part of the short film and Cinéfondation juries of the Cannes Film Festival. He starred as Chris in "Cargo" and Karl in "A Friend of Mine", voiced Lightning McQueen in the German version of "Cars" and reprised his voice-over role as Kenai in the German version of "Brother Bear 2". In Cannes-nominated film "Salvador (Puig Antich)," he played Salvador Puig Antich, a Spanish anarchist executed during the Franco era, marking his first time acting in his second language. In 2007, Brühl made a cameo appearance in "2 Days in Paris", a romantic comedy film directed by French actress Julie Delpy. He appeared in a small role as Martin Kreutz in the film "The Bourne Ultimatum." In 2008, he starred in the British-Russian production "In Transit", in which he played a young Nazi soldier named Klaus opposite John Malkovich. He also played Tonda in "Krabat," which was based on a popular German children's story, and Marcos in "A Bit of Chocolate".


title: Daniel Brühl

text: In 2009, Brühl starred as Dr. Georg Rosen, a notable member of the International Safety Zone Committee in Nanking, China, in the German-Chinese-French biographical film "John Rabe". He played Amaro in "Las madres de Elna", István Thurzó in Julie Delpy's third directorial film "The Countess," Tobias Hardmann in "", and David Kern in "Lila, Lila". He was introduced to mainstream U.S. audiences in the role of Fredrick Zoller, a German war hero in Quentin Tarantino's "Inglourious Basterds," starring Brad Pitt, which premiered at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival to widespread acclaim. The film won multiple awards and nominations, among them 8 Academy Award nominations including Best Picture. He and his co-stars won ensemble cast awards including the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. In May, Brühl decided to become active in a different field of filmmaking by launching the production company Fouronfilm together with Film1.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: In 2010, he starred as Rupert in "King's Road" ("Kóngavegur 7") and as Hans Krämer in "The Coming Days" ("Die kommenden Tage"). In 2011, he starred as cybernetics engineer Álex Garel employed by his former university to design robot software in "Eva", a science fiction film set in the year 2041"." He portrayed English teacher Konrad Koch who introduced Britain's football to his students in late 19th century Germany in "Lessons of a Dream" ("Der ganz große Traum"). He played the Oak Fairy in "2 Days in New York" and starred as ethnology student Dirk whose thesis is on the aging population in "All Together" ("Et si on vivait tous ensemble?") alongside Jane Fonda and Geraldine Chaplin. He also co-starred as Father Antonio with Clive Owen in the horror thriller "Intruders". In 2012, he starred as Iván Pelayo in "Winning Streak" ("The Pelayos") and as Leonardo in "7 Days in Havana".


title: Daniel Brühl

text: In 2013, he co-starred in "The Fifth Estate", a film based on the founding of "WikiLeaks" in which Brühl played co-founder Daniel Domscheit-Berg alongside Benedict Cumberbatch as Julian Assange. In the same year, Brühl portrayed former Formula 1 driver Niki Lauda in the Ron Howard biographical film "Rush" opposite Chris Hemsworth. After he was cast, he took Formula Three lessons and later more lessons with Hemsworth. He came to Vienna to meet Lauda who also flew him to the Brazilian Grand Prix to feel the racing atmosphere where he watched in the pit with the Mercedes team, putting on an earpiece to listen to conversations, and spoke to Formula 1 drivers. He had to endure seven hours of prosthetics daily during taping as his face structure was altered to take on Lauda's features. Brühl added layers that are different from Lauda to find the right balance of not just imitating the person, but also being creative. The film was a commercial and critical success. For his authentic portrayal of Lauda in terms of accent and mannerisms, he received multiple award nominations including the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, the Critic's Choice Award for Best Supporting Actor, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Supporting Actor and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: In 2014, he starred in "A Most Wanted Man" as Maximilian alongside Philip Seymour Hoffman and Rachel McAdams, in "The Face of an Angel" as Thomas, and in the series "The Trip" as a patron at Terrace Bar. In 2015, Brühl was part of the Berlinale jury along with Darren Aronofsky, Audrey Tautou, and Bong Joon-ho among others. He reunited with director Wolfang Becker in one of his best performances as young writer Sebastian Zöllner in "Me and Kaminski" and played Austrian investigative journalist Hubertus Czernin in the biographical drama "Woman in Gold" alongside Helen Mirren and Ryan Reynolds. He co-starred with Emma Watson and Michael Nyqvist in "Colonia." He also played maître d'hôtel Tony Balerdi in "Burnt" alongside Bradley Cooper. In preparation for the role, he was trained as a maître d' in Marcus Wareing's Michelin-star restaurant in London. Brühl said that since he has done the film, he has much more respect and appreciation for food, taking his time while eating and tasting, imagining the incredible effort behind it. In the same year, Brühl became a partner at Berlin- and Hamburg-based production company Amusement Park Film as a producer.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: In 2016, Brühl starred as Escherich in "Alone in Berlin", and convicted murderer Jens Söring in "Killing for Love". Brühl played the Marvel comics supervillain Helmut Zemo alongside Chris Evans and Robert Downey Jr. in one of the most critically acclaimed films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, "" (2016). In Niki Caro's World War II film "The Zookeeper's Wife" (2017) about a married couple who saved hundreds of Jews, Brühl played Nazi zoologist Lutz Heck, who forced Jan and Antonina Żabiński to abandon the Warsaw Zoo. He starred as Ernst Schmidt in "The Cloverfield Paradox," an installment in the Cloverfield franchise, and as Wilfried Böse, a founding member of the German organization Revolutionary Cells, in the action thriller "Entebbe" "(7 Days in Entebbe)" which recounts the story of Operation Entebbe.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: From 2018 to 2020, he played the title role as Dr. Laszlo Kreizler in "The Alienist", an American period crime drama series based on the 1994 novel by Caleb Carr, alongside Luke Evans and Dakota Fanning. In his preparation, Brühl read about famous pioneering psychologists of the time (Sigmund Freud, Josef Breuer, and Carl Jung) and went to psychotherapy in Budapest just to get an understanding of the way they worked and thought. His wife Felicitas, a practicing psychotherapist, also put him in touch with criminal psychologists. In 2019, he received nominations for the Golden Globe Award as Best Actor in a Television Motion Picture and the Satellite Award for Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film for his role in the series which was nominated at the Primetime Emmy Awards as Outstanding Limited Series and the Golden Globe Awards as Best Television Motion Picture. In the same year, he played fertility physician Thomas in "My Zoe" (2019) which was his first foray into executive production.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: 2021 marked Brühl's directorial debut through his dark comedy film "Next Door" ("Nebenan"), which premiered in the "Berlinale Competition" section at the Berlin International Film Festival as a Golden Bear nominee, wherein he also acted as Daniel, a vain and mean version of himself. The film won as Best Film and Brühl won as Best Actor in the Taormina Film Festival. He reprised his role as Helmut Zemo in the Disney+ series "The Falcon and the Winter Soldier". His dancing which he improvised in "The Falcon and the Winter Soldier" became viral and was released in the Zemo Cut.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: The roles Brühl takes on are often morally complex characters, men who are suffering with a deep-seated darkness that threatens to weigh down their inherent humanity. He has utilized method acting since the beginning of his career. A German and Spanish national, he has played at least nine different nationalities (Polish, Spanish, French, Hungarian, German, Austrian, British, American, and a fictional Sokovian) and in his films has spoken English, Spanish, German, French, Polish, and Chinese (comfortably in the first four mentioned). Writing for "The Hollywood Reporter" in 2018, Katie Kilkenny said: "If Hollywood executives have a global, and particularly European, male part to cast, there's a good chance Bruhl will make the shortlist. How did Bruhl become Hollywood's answer to a global everyman? The answer, collaborators say, lies not only in Bruhl's multilingualism, but also his choice of collaborators and Hollywood's welcoming of an influx of German talent in the last two decades." In a 2017 interview with "Gentleman's Journal", Brühl attributed his success to finding his niche as an actor.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: On being typecast as a villain after taking on an increasing number of antagonistic roles, Brühl said that though it was a privilege to have made "Good Bye, Lenin!", it was also a "curse" because he "was always offered the part of the sympathetic nice guy" and was refreshed and relieved when offered villain roles outside of Germany. The "Hollywood Insider" noted his atypical career arc, "He went from consistently playing the love interest in European Cinema to playing the villain in Hollywood". Baron Zemo became one of the most iconic villains in the Marvel Cinematic Universe despite having no superpowers because of Brühl's performance. "Film School Rejects" remarks, "Even when embodying the role of a Nazi or another nefarious villain, Brühl manages to bring out the character's humanity — no matter how little of it there actually is". Brühl has also been described as having an "innate likability and charm". The "LA Times" deemed his openness as such that "even his irony sounds straightforward". He has also been lauded for his work ethic. He befriended activist Daniel Domscheit-Berg and racing driver Niki Lauda after meeting them in preparation for his roles.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: Brühl is referred to as the "golden boy of German film" and the "undisputed ruler of the European acting elite" by "The Gentleman's Journal" on its May/June 2017 cover. He is also regarded as the most recognizable German actor to emerge since the country's reunification. He graced the "GQ" "Germany" cover issue in December 2015 and was the recipient of the "GQ" Film National Award at the 2015 GQ Men of the Year Awards. He also headlined "Esquire" "Spain", "Esquire" "Germany", and "Men's" "Health" "Best Fashion" magazine, and featured in "Esquire" "UK". He shot a "Vogue" and "GQ" "Germany" advert with his wife too. He became a CUPRA ambassador in December 2020, launching the CUPRA Leon e-HYBRID as the brand's first plug-in hybrid model. In May 2021, he introduced its first 100% electric model— the CUPRA Born.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: In February 2017, he was honoured by the French government at the Berlin International Film Festival and awarded the Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres for his "'major contribution to the influence of film culture in France, Germany, Europe and the world"', making him a Knight of the Order of Arts and Literature. He was offered membership in the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in June 2017 to vote for the Oscars. In October 2018, Brühl accompanied Germany's Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier and his wife Elke Büdenbender during their visit to Spain.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: In 2006, Brühl separated from his longtime girlfriend and later fiancée, actress Jessica Schwarz, whom he had met on the set of the 2001 film "No Regrets". Since 2010, he has been in a relationship with practising psychotherapist, academician, and former model and Broadway actress Felicitas Rombold. Their first son was born in October 2016, and they married sometime between the child's birth and early 2018. The couple had a second son in 2020.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: His hobbies include running and hiking, and he likes playing and watching tennis, citing Rafael Nadal (who is left-handed like him) as his favourite player. He uses the sauna in his Berlin apartment, almost every day, to get into a meditative state.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: Since 2017, Brühl has been campaigning for the United Nations World Food Programme, the 2020 Nobel Peace Prize winner. In 2019, he supported the "Do something for Europe!" initiative to foster solidarity in Europe and The Global Fund's Step Up The Fight initiative to end AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. In the same year, he campaigned for Earth Alliance's emergency Amazon Forest Fund to support partners working on the ground to protect the Amazon. In 2020, he was one of the 25 personalities to donate a personal item for the Los Fuer Lesbos (Win for Lesvos) Leave No One Behind campaign in support of refugees, donating his antique walking stick from the set of "The Alienist".


title: Daniel Brühl

text: Brühl's book "Ein Tag in Barcelona (Ullstein Verlag)" follows him on a one-day journey through Barcelona. His book "Tapas!", co-authored with Atilano González, recreates the best dishes served at the "Bar Raval" in Berlin.


title: Daniel Brühl

text: Since 2011, Brühl has been the joint operator of a tapas bar in the Kreuzberg district of Berlin called Bar Raval. It opened during the first weekend of the 2011 Berlinale. From February to October 2017, he was joint operator of a similar bar in Prenzlauer Berg, named "Bar Gracia" after Barcelona's nightlife district Gràcia, which closed due to lack of financial success.


title: Coronavirus

text: Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, they cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses), while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19, which is causing the ongoing pandemic. In cows and pigs they cause diarrhea, while in mice they cause hepatitis and encephalomyelitis.


title: Coronavirus

text: Coronaviruses constitute the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, in the family "Coronaviridae", order "Nidovirales" and realm "Riboviria". They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genome size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases, one of the largest among RNA viruses. They have characteristic club-shaped spikes that project from their surface, which in electron micrographs create an image reminiscent of the stellar corona, from which their name derives.


title: Coronavirus

text: The name "coronavirus" is derived from Latin "corona", meaning "crown" or "wreath", itself a borrowing from Greek "korṓnē", "garland, wreath". The name was coined by June Almeida and David Tyrrell who first observed and studied human coronaviruses. The word was first used in print in 1968 by an informal group of virologists in the journal "Nature" to designate the new family of viruses. The name refers to the characteristic appearance of virions (the infective form of the virus) by electron microscopy, which have a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of the solar corona or halo. This morphology is created by the viral spike peplomers, which are proteins on the surface of the virus.


title: Coronavirus

text: The scientific name "Coronavirus" was accepted as a genus name by the International Committee for the Nomenclature of Viruses (later renamed International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses) in 1971. As the number of new species increased, the genus was split into four genera, namely "Alphacoronavirus", "Betacoronavirus", "Deltacoronavirus", and "Gammacoronavirus" in 2009. The common name coronavirus is used to refer to any member of the subfamily "Orthocoronavirinae". As of 2020, 45 species are officially recognised.


title: Coronavirus

text: The earliest reports of a coronavirus infection in animals occurred in the late 1920s, when an acute respiratory infection of domesticated chickens emerged in North America. Arthur Schalk and M.C. Hawn in 1931 made the first detailed report which described a new respiratory infection of chickens in North Dakota. The infection of new-born chicks was characterized by gasping and listlessness with high mortality rates of 40–90%. Leland David Bushnell and Carl Alfred Brandly isolated the virus that caused the infection in 1933. The virus was then known as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Charles D. Hudson and Fred Robert Beaudette cultivated the virus for the first time in 1937. The specimen came to be known as the Beaudette strain. In the late 1940s, two more animal coronaviruses, JHM that causes brain disease (murine encephalitis) and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) that causes hepatitis in mice were discovered. It was not realized at the time that these three different viruses were related.


title: Coronavirus

text: Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s using two different methods in the United Kingdom and the United States. E.C. Kendall, Malcolm Bynoe, and David Tyrrell working at the Common Cold Unit of the British Medical Research Council collected a unique common cold virus designated B814 in 1961. The virus could not be cultivated using standard techniques which had successfully cultivated rhinoviruses, adenoviruses and other known common cold viruses. In 1965, Tyrrell and Bynoe successfully cultivated the novel virus by serially passing it through organ culture of human embryonic trachea. The new cultivating method was introduced to the lab by Bertil Hoorn. The isolated virus when intranasally inoculated into volunteers caused a cold and was inactivated by ether which indicated it had a lipid envelope. Dorothy Hamre and John Procknow at the University of Chicago isolated a novel cold from medical students in 1962. They isolated and grew the virus in kidney tissue culture, designating it 229E. The novel virus caused a cold in volunteers and, like B814, was inactivated by ether.


title: Coronavirus

text: Scottish virologist June Almeida at St Thomas' Hospital in London, collaborating with Tyrrell, compared the structures of IBV, B814 and 229E in 1967. Using electron microscopy the three viruses were shown to be morphologically related by their general shape and distinctive club-like spikes. A research group at the National Institute of Health the same year was able to isolate another member of this new group of viruses using organ culture and named one of the samples OC43 (OC for organ culture). Like B814, 229E, and IBV, the novel cold virus OC43 had distinctive club-like spikes when observed with the electron microscope.


title: Coronavirus

text: The IBV-like novel cold viruses were soon shown to be also morphologically related to the mouse hepatitis virus. This new group of viruses were named coronaviruses after their distinctive morphological appearance. Human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43 continued to be studied in subsequent decades. The coronavirus strain B814 was lost. It is not known which present human coronavirus it was. Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2003, HCoV HKU1 in 2004, MERS-CoV in 2013, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. There have also been a large number of animal coronaviruses identified since the 1960s.""


title: Coronavirus

text: Coronaviruses are large, roughly spherical particles with unique surface projections. Their size is highly variable with average diameters of 80 to 120 nm. Extreme sizes are known from 50 to 200 nm in diameter. The total molecular mass is on average 40,000 kDa. They are enclosed in an envelope embedded with a number of protein molecules. The lipid bilayer envelope, membrane proteins, and nucleocapsid protect the virus when it is outside the host cell.


title: Coronavirus

text: The viral envelope is made up of a lipid bilayer in which the membrane (M), envelope (E) and spike (S) structural proteins are anchored. The molar ratio of E:S:M in the lipid bilayer is approximately 1:20:300. The E and M protein are the structural proteins that combined with the lipid bilayer to shape the viral envelope and maintain its size. S proteins are needed for interaction with the host cells. But human coronavirus NL63 is peculiar in that its M protein has the binding site for the host cell, and not its S protein. The diameter of the envelope is 85 nm. The envelope of the virus in electron micrographs appears as a distinct pair of electron-dense shells (shells that are relatively opaque to the electron beam used to scan the virus particle).


title: Coronavirus

text: The M protein is the main structural protein of the envelope that provides the overall shape and is a type III membrane protein. It consists of 218 to 263 Amino acid residues and forms a layer 7.8 nm thick. It has three domains, a short N-terminal ectodomain, a triple-spanning transmembrane domain, and a C-terminal endodomain. The C-terminal domain forms a matrix-like lattice that adds to the extra-thickness of the envelope. Different species can have either "N"- or "O"-linked glycans in their protein amino-terminal domain. The M protein is crucial during the assembly, budding, envelope formation, and pathogenesis stages of the virus lifecycle.


title: Coronavirus

text: The E proteins are minor structural proteins and highly variable in different species. There are only about 20 copies of the E protein molecule in a coronavirus particle. They are 8.4 to 12 kDa in size and are composed of 76 to 109 amino acids. They are integral proteins (i.e. embedded in the lipid layer) and have two domains namely a transmembrane domain and an extramembrane C-terminal domain. They are almost fully α-helical, with a single α-helical transmembrane domain, and form pentameric (five-molecular) ion channels in the lipid bilayer. They are responsible for virion assembly, intracellular trafficking and morphogenesis (budding).


title: Coronavirus

text: The spikes are the most distinguishing feature of coronaviruses and are responsible for the corona- or halo-like surface. On average a coronavirus particle has 74 surface spikes. Each spike is about 20 nm long and is composed of a trimer of the Sprotein. The S protein is in turn composed of an S1 and S2 subunit. The homotrimeric Sprotein is a class I fusion protein which mediates the receptor binding and membrane fusion between the virus and host cell. The S1 subunit forms the head of the spike and has the receptor-binding domain (RBD). The S2 subunit forms the stem which anchors the spike in the viral envelope and on protease activation enables fusion. The two subunits remain noncovalently linked as they are exposed on the viral surface until they attach to the host cell membrane. In a functionally active state, three S1 are attached to two S2 subunits. The subunit complex is split into individual subunits when the virus binds and fuses with the host cell under the action of proteases such as cathepsin family and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) of the host cell.


title: Coronavirus

text: S1 proteins are the most critical components in terms of infection. They are also the most variable components as they are responsible for host cell specificity. They possess two major domains named N-terminal domain (S1-NTD) and C-terminal domain (S1-CTD), both of which serve as the receptor-binding domains. The NTDs recognize and bind sugars on the surface of the host cell. An exception is the MHV NTD that binds to a protein receptor carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1). S1-CTDs are responsible for recognizing different protein receptors such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), aminopeptidase N (APN), and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4).


title: Coronavirus

text: A subset of coronaviruses (specifically the members of betacoronavirus subgroup A) also has a shorter spike-like surface protein called hemagglutinin esterase (HE). The HE proteins occur as homodimers composed of about 400 amino acid residues and are 40 to 50 kDa in size. They appear as tiny surface projections of 5 to 7 nm long embedded in between the spikes. They help in the attachment to and detachment from the host cell.


title: Coronavirus

text: Inside the envelope, there is the nucleocapsid, which is formed from multiple copies of the nucleocapsid (N) protein, which are bound to the positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome in a continuous Beads-on-a-string type conformation. N protein is a phosphoprotein of 43 to 50 kDa in size, and is divided into three conserved domains. The majority of the protein is made up of domains 1 and 2, which are typically rich in arginines and lysines. Domain 3 has a short carboxy terminal end and has a net negative charge due to excess of acidic over basic amino acid residues.


title: Coronavirus

text: Coronaviruses contain a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. The genome size for coronaviruses ranges from 26.4 to 31.7 kilobases. The genome size is one of the largest among RNA viruses. The genome has a 5′ methylated cap and a 3′ polyadenylated tail.


title: Coronavirus

text: The genome organization for a coronavirus is 5′-leader-UTR-replicase (ORF1ab)-spike (S)-envelope (E)-membrane (M)-nucleocapsid (N)-3′UTR-poly (A) tail. The open reading frames 1a and 1b, which occupy the first two-thirds of the genome, encode the replicase polyprotein (pp1ab). The replicase polyprotein self cleaves to form 16 nonstructural proteins (nsp1–nsp16).


title: Coronavirus

text: The later reading frames encode the four major structural proteins: spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid. Interspersed between these reading frames are the reading frames for the accessory proteins. The number of accessory proteins and their function is unique depending on the specific coronavirus.


title: Coronavirus

text: Infection begins when the viral spike protein attaches to its complementary host cell receptor. After attachment, a protease of the host cell cleaves and activates the receptor-attached spike protein. Depending on the host cell protease available, cleavage and activation allows the virus to enter the host cell by endocytosis or direct fusion of the viral envelope with the host membrane.


title: Coronavirus

text: On entry into the host cell, the virus particle is uncoated, and its genome enters the cell cytoplasm. The coronavirus RNA genome has a 5′ methylated cap and a 3′ polyadenylated tail, which allows it to act like a messenger RNA and be directly translated by the host cell's ribosomes. The host ribosomes translate the initial overlapping open reading frames ORF1a and ORF1b of the virus genome into two large overlapping polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab.


title: Coronavirus

text: The larger polyprotein pp1ab is a result of a -1 ribosomal frameshift caused by a slippery sequence (UUUAAAC) and a downstream RNA pseudoknot at the end of open reading frame ORF1a. The ribosomal frameshift allows for the continuous translation of ORF1a followed by ORF1b.


title: Coronavirus

text: The polyproteins have their own proteases, PLpro (nsp3) and 3CLpro (nsp5), which cleave the polyproteins at different specific sites. The cleavage of polyprotein pp1ab yields 16 nonstructural proteins (nsp1 to nsp16). Product proteins include various replication proteins such as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (nsp12), RNA helicase (nsp13), and exoribonuclease (nsp14).


title: Coronavirus

text: A number of the nonstructural proteins coalesce to form a multi-protein replicase-transcriptase complex (RTC). The main replicase-transcriptase protein is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). It is directly involved in the replication and transcription of RNA from an RNA strand. The other nonstructural proteins in the complex assist in the replication and transcription process. The exoribonuclease nonstructural protein, for instance, provides extra fidelity to replication by providing a proofreading function which the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lacks.


title: Coronavirus

text: "Replication" – One of the main functions of the complex is to replicate the viral genome. RdRp directly mediates the synthesis of negative-sense genomic RNA from the positive-sense genomic RNA. This is followed by the replication of positive-sense genomic RNA from the negative-sense genomic RNA.


title: Coronavirus

text: "Transcription" – The other important function of the complex is to transcribe the viral genome. RdRp directly mediates the synthesis of negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules from the positive-sense genomic RNA. This process is followed by the transcription of these negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules to their corresponding positive-sense mRNAs. The subgenomic mRNAs form a "nested set" which have a common 5'-head and partially duplicate 3'-end.


title: Coronavirus

text: "Recombination" – The replicase-transcriptase complex is also capable of genetic recombination when at least two viral genomes are present in the same infected cell. RNA recombination appears to be a major driving force in determining genetic variability within a coronavirus species, the capability of a coronavirus species to jump from one host to another and, infrequently, in determining the emergence of novel coronaviruses. The exact mechanism of recombination in coronaviruses is unclear, but likely involves template switching during genome replication.


title: Coronavirus

text: The replicated positive-sense genomic RNA becomes the genome of the progeny viruses. The mRNAs are gene transcripts of the last third of the virus genome after the initial overlapping reading frame. These mRNAs are translated by the host's ribosomes into the structural proteins and many accessory proteins. RNA translation occurs inside the endoplasmic reticulum. The viral structural proteins S, E, and M move along the secretory pathway into the Golgi intermediate compartment. There, the Mproteins direct most protein-protein interactions required for the assembly of viruses following its binding to the nucleocapsid. Progeny viruses are then released from the host cell by exocytosis through secretory vesicles. Once released the viruses can infect other host cells.


title: Coronavirus

text: Infected carriers are able to shed viruses into the environment. The interaction of the coronavirus spike protein with its complementary cell receptor is central in determining the tissue tropism, infectivity, and species range of the released virus. Coronaviruses mainly target epithelial cells."" They are transmitted from one host to another host, depending on the coronavirus species, by either an aerosol, fomite, or fecal-oral route.


title: Coronavirus

text: Human coronaviruses infect the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, while animal coronaviruses generally infect the epithelial cells of the digestive tract."" SARS coronavirus, for example, infects the human epithelial cells of the lungs via an aerosol route by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) infects the pig epithelial cells of the digestive tract via a fecal-oral route by binding to the Alanine aminopeptidase (APN) receptor.


title: Coronavirus

text: Coronaviruses form the subfamily "Orthocoronavirinae," which is one of two sub-families in the family "Coronaviridae," order "Nidovirales," and realm "Riboviria." They are divided into the four genera: "Alphacoronavirus", "Betacoronavirus", "Gammacoronavirus" and "Deltacoronavirus". Alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses infect mammals, while gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses primarily infect birds.""


title: Coronavirus

text: The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all coronaviruses is estimated to have existed as recently as 8000 BCE, although some models place the common ancestor as far back as 55 million years or more, implying long term coevolution with bat and avian species. The most recent common ancestor of the alphacoronavirus line has been placed at about 2400 BCE, of the betacoronavirus line at 3300 BCE, of the gammacoronavirus line at 2800 BCE, and the deltacoronavirus line at about 3000 BCE. Bats and birds, as warm-blooded flying vertebrates, are an ideal natural reservoir for the coronavirus gene pool (with bats the reservoir for alphacoronaviruses and betacoronavirusand birds the reservoir for gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses). The large number and global range of bat and avian species that host viruses have enabled extensive evolution and dissemination of coronaviruses.


title: Coronavirus

text: Many human coronaviruses have their origin in bats. The human coronavirus NL63 shared a common ancestor with a bat coronavirus (ARCoV.2) between 1190 and 1449 CE. The human coronavirus 229E shared a common ancestor with a bat coronavirus (GhanaGrp1 Bt CoV) between 1686 and 1800 CE. More recently, alpaca coronavirus and human coronavirus 229E diverged sometime before 1960. MERS-CoV emerged in humans from bats through the intermediate host of camels. MERS-CoV, although related to several bat coronavirus species, appears to have diverged from these several centuries ago. The most closely related bat coronavirus and SARS-CoV diverged in 1986. The ancestors of SARS-CoV first infected leaf-nose bats of the genus "Hipposideridae"; subsequently, they spread to horseshoe bats in the species "Rhinolophidae", then to Asian palm civets, and finally to humans.


title: Coronavirus

text: Unlike other betacoronaviruses, bovine coronavirus of the species "Betacoronavirus 1" and subgenus "Embecovirus" is thought to have originated in rodents and not in bats. In the 1790s, equine coronavirus diverged from the bovine coronavirus after a cross-species jump. Later in the 1890s, human coronavirus OC43 diverged from bovine coronavirus after another cross-species spillover event. It is speculated that the flu pandemic of 1890 may have been caused by this spillover event, and not by the influenza virus, because of the related timing, neurological symptoms, and unknown causative agent of the pandemic. Besides causing respiratory infections, human coronavirus OC43 is also suspected of playing a role in neurological diseases. In the 1950s, the human coronavirus OC43 began to diverge into its present genotypes. Phylogenetically, mouse hepatitis virus ("Murine coronavirus"), which infects the mouse's liver and central nervous system, is related to human coronavirus OC43 and bovine coronavirus. Human coronavirus HKU1, like the aforementioned viruses, also has its origins in rodents.


title: Coronavirus

text: Coronaviruses vary significantly in risk factor. Some can kill more than 30% of those infected, such as MERS-CoV, and some are relatively harmless, such as the common cold. Coronaviruses can cause colds with major symptoms, such as fever, and a sore throat from swollen adenoids. Coronaviruses can cause pneumonia (either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia) and bronchitis (either direct viral bronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis). The human coronavirus discovered in 2003, SARS-CoV, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), has a unique pathogenesis because it causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infections.


title: Coronavirus

text: Six species of human coronaviruses are known, with one species subdivided into two different strains, making seven strains of human coronaviruses altogether.


title: Coronavirus

text: Four human coronaviruses produce symptoms that are generally mild, even though it is contended they might have been more aggressive in the past:


title: Coronavirus

text: Although the common cold is usually caused by rhinoviruses, in about 15% of cases the cause is a coronavirus. The human coronaviruses HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-NL63 continually circulate in the human population in adults and children worldwide and produce the generally mild symptoms of the common cold. The four mild coronaviruses have a seasonal incidence occurring in the winter months in temperate climates. There is no preponderance in any season in tropical climates.


title: Coronavirus

text: In 2003, following the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) which had begun the prior year in Asia, and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a press release stating that a novel coronavirus identified by several laboratories was the causative agent for SARS. The virus was officially named the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). More than 8,000 people from 29 countries and territories were infected, and at least 774 died.


title: Coronavirus

text: In September 2012, a new type of coronavirus was identified, initially called Novel Coronavirus 2012, and now officially named Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The World Health Organization issued a global alert soon after. The WHO update on 28 September 2012 said the virus did not seem to pass easily from person to person. However, on 12 May 2013, a case of human-to-human transmission in France was confirmed by the French Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. In addition, cases of human-to-human transmission were reported by the Ministry of Health in Tunisia. Two confirmed cases involved people who seemed to have caught the disease from their late father, who became ill after a visit to Qatar and Saudi Arabia. Despite this, it appears the virus had trouble spreading from human to human, as most individuals who are infected do not transmit the virus. By 30 October 2013, there were 124 cases and 52 deaths in Saudi Arabia.


title: Coronavirus

text: After the Dutch Erasmus Medical Centre sequenced the virus, the virus was given a new name, Human Coronavirus–Erasmus Medical Centre (HCoV-EMC). The final name for the virus is Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The only U.S. cases (both survived) were recorded in May 2014.


title: Coronavirus

text: In May 2015, an outbreak of MERS-CoV occurred in the Republic of Korea, when a man who had traveled to the Middle East, visited four hospitals in the Seoul area to treat his illness. This caused one of the largest outbreaks of MERS-CoV outside the Middle East. As of December 2019, 2,468 cases of MERS-CoV infection had been confirmed by laboratory tests, 851 of which were fatal, a mortality rate of approximately 34.5%.


title: Coronavirus

text: In December 2019, a pneumonia outbreak was reported in Wuhan, China. On 31 December 2019, the outbreak was traced to a novel strain of coronavirus, which was given the interim name 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization, later renamed SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.


title: Coronavirus

text: As of , there have been at least confirmed deaths and more than confirmed cases in the COVID-19 pandemic. The Wuhan strain has been identified as a new strain of Betacoronavirus from group 2B with approximately 70% genetic similarity to the SARS-CoV. The virus has a 96% similarity to a bat coronavirus, so it is widely suspected to originate from bats as well.


title: Coronavirus

text: During a surveillance study of archived samples of Malaysian viral pneumonia patients, virologists identified a strain of canine coronavirus which has infected humans in 2018.


title: Coronavirus

text: Coronaviruses have been recognized as causing pathological conditions in veterinary medicine since the 1930s. They infect a range of animals including swine, cattle, horses, camels, cats, dogs, rodents, birds and bats. The majority of animal related coronaviruses infect the intestinal tract and are transmitted by a fecal-oral route. Significant research efforts have been focused on elucidating the viral pathogenesis of these animal coronaviruses, especially by virologists interested in veterinary and zoonotic diseases.


title: Coronavirus

text: Coronaviruses infect domesticated birds. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a type of coronavirus, causes avian infectious bronchitis. The virus is of concern to the poultry industry because of the high mortality from infection, its rapid spread, and its effect on production. The virus affects both meat production and egg production and causes substantial economic loss. In chickens, infectious bronchitis virus targets not only the respiratory tract but also the urogenital tract. The virus can spread to different organs throughout the chicken. The virus is transmitted by aerosol and food contaminated by feces. Different vaccines against IBV exist and have helped to limit the spread of the virus and its variants. Infectious bronchitis virus is one of a number of strains of the species "Avian coronavirus". Another strain of avian coronavirus is turkey coronavirus (TCV) which causes enteritis in turkeys.


title: Coronavirus

text: Coronaviruses also affect other branches of animal husbandry such as pig farming and the Cattle raising. Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), which is related to bat coronavirus HKU2, causes diarrhea in pigs. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a coronavirus that has recently emerged and similarly causes diarrhea in pigs. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), which is a member of the species "Alphacoronavirus 1", is another coronavirus that causes diarrhea in young pigs. In the cattle industry bovine coronavirus (BCV), which is a member of the species "Betacoronavirus 1" and related to HCoV-OC43, is responsible for severe profuse enteritis in young calves.


title: Coronavirus

text: Coronaviruses infect domestic pets such as cats, dogs, and ferrets. There are two forms of feline coronavirus which are both members of the species "Alphacoronavirus 1". Feline enteric coronavirus is a pathogen of minor clinical significance, but spontaneous mutation of this virus can result in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a disease with high mortality. There are two different coronaviruses that infect dogs. Canine coronavirus (CCoV), which is a member of the species "Alphacoronavirus 1", causes mild gastrointestinal disease. Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), which is a member of the species "Betacoronavirus 1" and related to HCoV-OC43, cause respiratory disease. Similarly, there are two types of coronavirus that infect ferrets. Ferret enteric coronavirus causes a gastrointestinal syndrome known as epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ECE), and a more lethal systemic version of the virus (like FIP in cats) known as ferret systemic coronavirus (FSC).


title: Coronavirus

text: Coronaviruses infect laboratory animals. Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), which is a member of the species "Murine coronavirus", causes an epidemic murine illness with high mortality, especially among colonies of laboratory mice. Prior to the discovery of SARS-CoV, MHV was the best-studied coronavirus both "in vivo" and "in vitro" as well as at the molecular level. Some strains of MHV cause a progressive demyelinating encephalitis in mice which has been used as a murine model for multiple sclerosis. Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV), which is a strain of the species "Murine coronavirus", is highly infectious coronavirus of laboratory rats, which can be transmitted between individuals by direct contact and indirectly by aerosol. Rabbit enteric coronavirus causes acute gastrointestinal disease and diarrhea in young European rabbits. Mortality rates are high.


title: Coronavirus

text: A number of vaccines using different methods have been developed against human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral targets against human coronaviruses have also been identified such as viral proteases, polymerases, and entry proteins. Drugs are in development which target these proteins and the different steps of viral replication.


title: Coronavirus

text: Vaccines are available for animal coronaviruses IBV, TGEV, and Canine CoV, although their effectiveness is limited. In the case of outbreaks of highly contagious animal coronaviruses, such as PEDV, measures such as destruction of entire herds of pigs may be used to prevent transmission to other herds.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: Etharkkum Thunindhavan (), also known under the initialism ET, is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film written and directed by Pandiraj and produced by Sun Pictures. The film stars Suriya, Priyanka Arul Mohan, and Vinay Rai. The music is composed by D. Imman, with cinematography and editing being handled by R. Rathnavelu and Ruben respectively. The film revolves around a lawyer who turns into an executioner against woman trafficking.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: The project was officially announced during October 2020, under the tentative title "Suriya 40". It also marked the production's first venture with Suriya, as the company had previously distributed the actor's films "Ayan" (2009) and "Singam" (2010). Filming began on 15 February 2021 and was completed within mid-November, despite losing out three months of filming due to the COVID-19 lockdown restrictions. It was primarily shot at various locations in Chennai, Madurai, Karaikudi and Courtallam, with a song sequence being shot in Goa.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: The film released in theatres worldwide on 10 March 2022, along with dubbed versions in Telugu, Hindi, Malayalam and Kannada languages. It received mixed to positive reviews from critics and audience with praise for Suriya's performance, background score, cinematography, action sequences and the social message conveyed in the film.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: Kannabiran is a lawyer at the Madras High Court who lives with his family consisting of his father Aadhirayar and mother Kosalai, in Thennaadu. Their neighboring village is Vadanaadu. Residents of both villages believe that god and goddess Shiva and Shakti originated in these villages and hold a grand festival celebrating their togetherness. Women in Thennaadu are married to men in Vadanaadu and vice-versa. However, when a woman from Thennaadu, who is married to a man from Vadanaadu, commits suicide, both the villages engage in rivalry. Kannabiran falls in love with Aadhini from Vadanaadu, and the two of them get married. Aadhini's friend Yazhnila is in love with Nithin. Nithin, who is Inba's henchman, cheats her by asking her to sleep with a man. Yazhnila tries to escape from Nithin's clutches but is chased and beaten badly by Inba's men.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: Kannabiran comes to her rescue in the nick of time and warns both Inba and his men. Previously, Inba was responsible for killing his pregnant wife and a girl named Monika, who was killed and made it look like a car accident. After Kannabiran and Aadhini's marriage, Kannabiran gives shelter to Yazhnila and motivates her by standing beside her in the fight against the pornography racket run by Inba. However, when Kannabiran and Aadhini get intimate, their video is secretly shot by Inba, who also shoots a video of Aadhini bathing. When they receive the videos, they are both shocked and devastated. Despite all of the happenings, Kannabiran remains headstrong and requests Aadhini to stay strong and fight with him. Soon, he gathers all the victims of Inba's racket and files a petition against Inba and his men.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: However, Inba's advocate produces false evidence, showing that he is a philanthropist and educationalist. As a result, the judge dismisses the case and orders the arrests of Kannabiran and Aadhirayar. After spending two months in prison, Aadhirayar motivates his son to turn into an executioner and to see beyond his initial beliefs in the law of India and order to deliver justice. Kannabiran readily accepts and kidnaps all the men working for Inba and locks them up in a factory. After a deadly and intense cat-and-mouse chase between Kannabiran and Inba, Kannabiran is able to get access to the systems that Inba and his men use for creating pornographic content and destroys them. Kannabiran ruthlessly beats Inba's men and lectures their parents on men respecting women and their privacy.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: Kannabiran is able to prove that Inba and his men have intimate recordings of 500 women belonging to their village and are committed to spoiling the lives of those women by not letting them get married and driving off their dignity in society. Kannabiran also recollects his past when he was nine years old, his younger sister was taken by some people and brutally assaulted to death. The relatives of Inba's henchmen are now ashamed of them and kill them for their actions. Nithin is killed by his sister. Alagunambi, a professor who won the best teacher award, is shot dead by his wife. Aaron, another henchman, is killed by corrupt Police Inspector Faraday. Subsequently, Faraday is killed by Yazhnila's father, who earlier wanted to get justice for his daughter but was met with apathy by Faraday. As for Inba, he is killed by his father-in-law after Inba killed the latter's daughter and spread rumors after her death.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: Kannabiran surrenders himself before the police and admits that he committed all the murders. Kosalai berates him for turning into a ruthless murderer even after witnessing his family's struggles and public humiliation. Kannabiran reminds her that he did not commit the murders, but simply removed the weeds that are harmful to society. He is arrested for the judicial killings, but the women of the village, knowing that he did the right thing demands his release.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: During May 2019, Suriya was reported to work on a project backed by Sun Pictures, in his third collaboration with them after "Ayan" (2009) and "Singam" (2010). The film was speculated to be directed by Hari, who had previously worked with Suriya in "Aaru" (2005), "Vel" (2007) and the "Singam" franchise, but he eventually exited the project without revealing the actual reasons. They later collaborated on another film titled "Aruvaa", which was produced by Studio Green. But this project was also shelved and Suriya chose to do a film with Pandiraj instead of a project with either "Adanga Maru" director Karthik Thangavel or an unnamed Telugu director. Pandiraj earlier worked with Suriya, whose production company 2D Entertainment had backed his projects "Pasanga 2", which had the latter playing a supporting character and Karthi's "Kadaikutty Singam".


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: On the occasion of Dusshera (25 October 2020), Sun Pictures confirmed the project under the title "Suriya 40", which deciphers to Suriya's 40th film as a lead actor; it also marked Pandiraj's second film with the production house after their collaboration with Sivakarthikeyan starrer "Namma Veettu Pillai". Unlike Pandiraj's earlier films, which were based on family emotions and sentiments, such as "Kadaikutty Singam" and "Namma Veettu Pillai", this film is touted to be an action-drama film, with space for commercial elements. This is known to be Pandiraj's second action-based film, after "Kathakali".


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: Pandiraj reportedly wrote the story, which is based on the 2019 Pollachi sexual assault case. The film's title "Etharkkum Thunindhavan" was officially announced on the eve of Suriya's birthday (22 July 2021), which refers to the 1976 film of the same name, that starred his father Sivakumar in the lead role.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: In November 2020, Rashmika Mandanna was reported to play the female lead, but Pandiraj refuted the rumours about the casting process. In January 2021, the production house announced that D. Imman would compose music for the film, following successive collaborations with Pandiraj in "Kadaikkutty Singam" and "Namma Veettu Pillai". The film marks Imman's maiden collaboration with Suriya. The same month, Priyanka Arul Mohan was announced as the female lead, bagging her second Tamil film, following Sivakarthikeyan's "Doctor" (2021). Her character is revealed to be Aadhini, and she will essay Suriya's love interest in the film. Sathyaraj too joined the film in a supporting role.Rajkiran was also announced a part of the film, working with Suriya after two decades; they were last seen in "Nandha" (2001), but did not form a part of the cast in this film. Vadivelu was reported to work with Suriya after their last collaboration in "Aadhavan" (2009), but Soori was eventually announced as a part of the cast. He will reportedly essay the role of the heroine's uncle in the film. Despite rumours of Sarathkumar and Prasanna being offered to play the antagonist in the film, the role eventually went to Vinay Rai. Saran Shakthi essayed a character with negative shades in the film. It has been reported that the film has 40 significant characters being present in the film, including Jayaprakash, Saranya Ponvannan, and Devadarshini, amongst others. Director-actor K. P. Jagan announced being a part of the film and also joined the second schedule in early-September 2021.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: The film was launched on 15 February 2021, with the attendance of the principal cast and crew members, excluding Suriya as he was diagnosed with COVID-19. The makers filmed few scenes with the ensemble cast without Suriya. After recovering from COVID-19, Suriya joined the film's shooting on 18 March 2021. He shared the shooting still from the film at Binny Mills in Chennai on social media handles, confirming his presence. Following a brief schedule for 21 days, the team headed to Madurai for filming major sequences during April 2021. An action sequence with a huge crowd was planned to be filmed, but due to the restrictions imposed by the Tamil Nadu government due to the second wave of COVID-19, the plan was dropped considering the safety of the crew members working on the film. By late April 2021, 35% of the film's shooting had been completed before the


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: Shooting of the film resumed on 12 July 2021, following the relaxations of COVID-19 lockdown. The team filmed few scenes in Chennai instead of Karaikudi. During the shooting schedule, Victor, who worked as an assistant to Pandiraj, was detained by the police in Koyambedu and seized the rifles and pistols used in the film, which were later found out to be dummies. He was detained as he did not have proper documents for licensing. In mid-July 2021, the team headed to Karaikkudi for shooting a 51-day long schedule with crucial sequences, and that was completed within September 2021. The team then headed to Courtallam for the final and brief schedule of the film in mid-September 2021.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: At the end of the month, it was reported that two of the songs will be shot in Chennai and Goa, by October 2021, and upon completion of that, the team may wrap up filming. However, one song which was directed by Jani Master was delayed, as the track had to be shot in a grand manner, with a huge star cast and also included extensive dance steps. As a result, the cast needed more time to prepare. With the completion of patchwork scenes, the makers wrapped the shooting of the film on 10 November 2021, and Pandiraj shared the news through Twitter. Post wrap-up, Suriya had gifted gold coins worth to the actors and technicians who worked in the film to make it a memorable experience for the team.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: Post-production works began during mid-November 2021, after completion of the film's production. Suriya began dubbing for the film on 17 November. Vinay Rai completed dubbing for his role on 24 December 2021. Post-production works were completed within late-December 2021, and the final copy was ready by January 2022. The film was submitted to the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) where the film received U/A certificate. Several scenes featuring excessive violence were edited from the film, with the exception of a few action sequences. The film's final runtime was 151 minutes. In February 2022, Sun Pictures released a still featuring Suriya who gave his voice-over for the film's dubbed-Telugu version. It is the second time he dubbed in Telugu, after previously doing the same for "Gang", the Telugu dubbed version of "Thaanaa Serndha Koottam".


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: The music of the film is composed by D. Imman in his second collaboration with Pandiraj, following "Kadaikutty Singam" (2018) and "Namma Veettu Pillai" (2019). Imman was initially roped in for the untitled film with Suriya, which was directed by Siva, and also for "Aruvaa", which was directed by Hari. As the projects did not materialise, this film marked his first collaboration with the actor. Yugabharathi and Vignesh Shivan were initially hired for writing lyrics. In November 2021, actor Sivakarthikeyan was also announced to pen lyrics for one of the songs in the film.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: The composer had worked with an ensemble musical team of 100 musicians to work on the film's soundtrack and background music. In early-December, reports surfaced that G. V. Prakash Kumar would record the introductory track for the film, and Anirudh Ravichander was also roped in to croon for another track in the album, of a different genre. Later, the team officially announced that both the composers had recorded vocals for the same track "Vaada Thambi", which was written by Vignesh Shivan. Carnatic musician Brinda Manickavasakan made her debut as a playback singer in feature film, with the track "Ullam Urugudhaiya".


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: On 30 January, the makers unveiled the film's theme music and original background score through YouTube, a month before the film's release in March 2022. The tracks were later bundled into the film's soundtrack album and was released separately into music platforms, the following day (31 January 2022). The soundtracks for the dubbed versions were released on 4 March 2022.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: On 22 July 2021, the makers unveiled the first look poster for the film, coinciding on the eve of Suriya's 46th birthday. The teaser of the film was released on 18 February 2022. Both the first look as well as the teaser received a positive feedback from the audience. The teaser also has garnered over four million views with over seven lakh YouTube likes from the users and Suriya's fans within a day of the teaser having been released on YouTube.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: On Twitter, the makers released a new poster of the film on 1 February 2022 with the release date of the film mentioned. The poster features Suriya holding a sword as he looks directly into the lens. The trailer of the film was released on 2 March 2022. The trailer of the film which was released in Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, Malayalam and Kannada languages crossed over 5 million views from audiences.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: "Times of India" reviewing the trailer of the film stated that "This film is one of the most awaited films, which has been in a production for over a year now ".


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: To launch the trailer of the film, a pre release event was held in three different states:- in Tamil Nadu (Tamil), Hyderabad (Telugu) and Kerala (Malayalam) . On 2 March a pre release event was held in Chennai with all the cast and crew participating in the event. To promote the film's Telugu version, another pre release event was held on 3 March, at Daspalla Convention city in Hyderabad. The event was organized by Shreyas Media. Telugu actors and directors Rana Daggubati, directors Gopichand Malineni and Boyapati Srinu graced the event as chief guests, apart from the film's cast and crew. The third pre release event was held in Kochi, Kerala, to promote the film's Malayalam version.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: "Etharkkum Thunindhavan" released in theatres on 10 March 2022. The film was released in Tamil along with dubbed versions in Telugu, Malayalam, Hindi, and Kannada languages. This was also Suriya's first release in theatres in three years as his previous films "Soorarai Pottru" and " Jai Bhim" were released through over-the-top platform Amazon Prime Video.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: The film was initially scheduled for theatrical release on 24 December 2021, coinciding with the Christmas weekend. However, in mid-October, reports surfaced that the film will be released a week prior to the originally slated date (17 December), which would clash with Allu Arjun starrer "" and Tom Holland starrer "". As Sun Pictures' other production, the Vijay-starrer "Beast" (2022), which was originally scheduled to release on Pongal (14 January 2022), was postponed to April 2022 citing production delays, the makers planned for a release on that festival, since the difficulties in post-production meant that the film would not be released within Christmas. However, on 19 November 2021, it was announced that the film would be theatrically released on 4 February 2022. "Etharkkum Thunindhavan" was postponed from that date due to increase in COVID-19 cases.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: The distribution rights of the film in Tamil Nadu were acquired by Udhayanidhi Stalin under the banner of Red Giant Movies. Asian Multiplexes Pvt Ltd acquired the distribution rights of the film in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states. UFO Moviez India Limited acquired the distribution rights in North India.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: The satellite rights of the film were acquired by Sun TV Network, while the digital rights were acquired jointly by Sun NXT and Netflix. The film was released on both platforms on 7 April 2022.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: The film entered the ₹100 crore club on its fifth day. The film reportedly entered the 200 crore club in 21 days. The film grossed around 179–200 crore and became one of the highest grossing Tamil films of the year.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: There were reports which suggested that the film fetched about in the state of Tamil Nadu and from North India in its advance bookings for the opening day prior to release.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: M Suganth of "The Times of India", after reviewing the film gave 3 out of 5 stars stating that "The film is also aware about the greyness of vigilantism and extra-judicial killings. It shows us Kannabiran using the judicial route to get justice and only when all doors are closed does he take up the law in his own hands. We even get a line with Kannabiran stating that he knows the value of a life." Ashameera Aiyappan of "Firstpost" after reviewing the film gave a rating of 3 out of 5 stating that "The film is also careful to not paint an idealistic, utopian dream. It acknowledges the deep personal trauma women face in such situations, the cruel judgements they are subjected to, and also how legal justice is almost inaccessible to most victims." Manoj Kumar R. of "The Indian Express" gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 stars stating that "At best, Etharkkum Thunindhavan feels like a rush job that whittles down a terrible real-life crime to the lowest common denominator." Bhavana Sharma of "Pinkvilla" who gave a rating 2.5 out of 5 stars stated that "Surya’s acting, action scenes and mass elevations, D.Imman’s music are the assets of the film as a whole. So, only the audience who enjoys the peak with Surya fans & sentiments will like this movie. On the whole, for Surya Sivakumar , who always wins hearts, this film is worth a watch this weekend."


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: Ashwin Ram of "Moviecrow" gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating that "Etharkkum Thuninthavan has its engaging moments, but there’s an equal amount of weak elements too. With a strong subject in hand, what could have been an enjoyable family entertainer with thrills is drained down to a mixed bag due to its mediocre packaging." Srinivasan Ramanujam of "The Hindu" after reviewing the film, stated that "The combination of Sathyaraj and Suriya, for the first time on the big screen, is charming no doubt, but there's little that comes out of those sequences. While Saranya breezes through the mother's role, Priyanka Mohan gets just one solid sequence. Vinay, who impressed in Sivakarthikeyan's "Doctor", gets another similar role but doesn't have much to do beyond appearing on screen with villanous laughs. The final face-off has little sparkle. The comedy has little flavour. And the edit seems to have been done in a tearing hurry."


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: Mirchi9 who gave 2 out of 5 stars after reviewing the film stated that "Overall, ET has a below-par cringy first half and a decent second hour before losing again with a prolonged climax. At best, the message and the crime drama element make it a passable watch. Give it a try if you like Suriya and don’t mind the routineness." "Behindwoods" gave the film's rating 2.75 out of 5 stating that "Suriya's "Etharkkum Thunindhavan" voices an important issue in a commercial family drama template." "Hindustan Times" praised the film, saying that "Suriya holds the film together with a very strong performance. If Jai Bhim saw Suriya deliver a restrained performance, he goes all out to in Etharkkum Thunindhavan to pander to the masses."


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: Soumya Rajendran of "The News Minute" gave 2 out of 5 stars stating that "Etharkkum Thunindhavan means the daredevil who is ready for anything. Is Suriya ready to lend a ear to this criticism and perhaps change his approach to cinema? Less preaching, more craft? Less saving, more listening?"


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: Shubham Kulkarni of "Koimoi" gave the film’s rating 2.5 out of 5 and wrote that "People have a lot of expectations from Suriya who was almost in the race for the Oscars this year. But this is definitely not even close to the least expected things. Etharkkum Thunindhavan looks like a wannabe half baked movie that got lucky with the casting." "Indiaglitz" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stating that "Go for this message driven heroic effort from Suriya and Pandiraj". Ranjani Krishnakumar of "Film Companion" stated that "It doesn’t help that Suriya feels miscast as Kannabiran. The speech, body language, mannerisms, and naughtiness feel more like Karthi’s zone. Suriya is too stiff to be goofy, too upright to be shady, too clear-headed to be vulnerable. He is at his best when he’s being the morally unambiguous vigilante, but can barely be convincing as the horny young man rushing to a song-and-dance show. This makes it appear like Suriya is walking in and out of character, making Etharkkum Thunindhavan an overall tough watch."


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: A few functionaries of the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) wrote to the cinema owners associations in some locations, including Cuddalore and Mayiladuthurai districts asking them not to screen the film. The dispute between the PMK and Suriya raged since the premiere of his film "Jai Bhim", in which the PMK claimed the film insulted the Vanniyar caste. He also claimed that they will allow to screen the film only if Suriya publicly apologizes to the Vanniyar Caste.


title: Etharkkum Thunindhavan

text: Owing to the film’s success, there were speculations about the possibility of a sequel. However, the makers have reportedly not made a decision about it.