title: Tang dynasty

text: Woodblock printing made the written word available to vastly greater audiences. One of the world's oldest surviving printed documents is a miniature Buddhist "dharani" sutra unearthed at Xi'an in 1974 and dated roughly from 650 to 670. The "Diamond Sutra" is the first full-length book printed at regular size, complete with illustrations embedded with the text and dated precisely to 868. Among the earliest documents to be printed were Buddhist texts as well as calendars, the latter essential for calculating and marking which days were auspicious and which days were not. With so many books coming into circulation for the general public, literacy rates could improve, along with the lower classes being able to obtain cheaper sources of study. Therefore, there were more lower-class people seen entering the Imperial Examinations and passing them by the later Song dynasty. Although the later Bi Sheng's movable type printing in the 11th century was innovative for his period, woodblock printing that became widespread in the Tang would remain the dominant printing type in China until the more advanced printing press from Europe became widely accepted and used in East Asia. The first use of the playing card during the Tang dynasty was an auxiliary invention of the new age of printing.


title: Tang dynasty

text: In the realm of cartography, there were further advances beyond the map-makers of the Han dynasty. When the Tang chancellor Pei Ju (547–627) was working for the Sui dynasty as a Commercial Commissioner in 605, he created a well-known gridded map with a graduated scale in the tradition of Pei Xiu (224–271). The Tang chancellor Xu Jingzong (592–672) was also known for his map of China drawn in the year 658. In the year 785 the Emperor Dezong had the geographer and cartographer Jia Dan (730–805) complete a map of China and her former colonies in Central Asia. Upon its completion in 801, the map was 9.1 m (30 ft) in length and 10 m (33 ft) in height, mapped out on a grid scale of one inch equaling one hundred "li" (Chinese unit of measuring distance). A Chinese map of 1137 is similar in complexity to the one made by Jia Dan, carved on a stone stele with a grid scale of 100 li. However, the only type of map that has survived from the Tang period are star charts. Despite this, the earliest extant terrain maps of China come from the ancient State of Qin; maps from the 4th century BC that were excavated in 1986.


title: Tang dynasty

text: The Chinese of the Tang era were also very interested in the benefits of officially classifying all of the medicines used in pharmacology. In 657, Emperor Gaozong of Tang (r. 649–683) commissioned the literary project of publishing an official "materia medica", complete with text and illustrated drawings for 833 different medicinal substances taken from different stones, minerals, metals, plants, herbs, animals, vegetables, fruits, and cereal crops. In addition to compiling pharmacopeias, the Tang fostered learning in medicine by upholding imperial medical colleges, state examinations for doctors, and publishing forensic manuals for physicians. Authors of medicine in the Tang include Zhen Chuan (d. 643) and Sun Simiao (581–682), the former who first identified in writing that patients with diabetes had an excess of sugar in their urine, and the latter who was the first to recognize that diabetic patients should avoid consuming alcohol and starchy foods. As written by Zhen Chuan and others in the Tang, the thyroid glands of sheep and pigs were successfully used to treat goiters; thyroid extracts were not used to treat patients with goiter in the West until 1890. The use of the dental amalgam, manufactured from tin and silver, was first introduced in the medical text "Xinxiu bencao" written by Su Gong in 659.


title: Tang dynasty

text: Chinese scientists of the Tang period employed complex chemical formulas for an array of different purposes, often found through experiments of alchemy. These included a waterproof and dust-repelling cream or varnish for clothes and weapons, fireproof cement for glass and porcelain wares, a waterproof cream applied to silk clothes of underwater divers, a cream designated for polishing bronze mirrors, and many other useful formulas. The vitrified, translucent ceramic known as porcelain was invented in China during the Tang, although many types of glazed ceramics preceded it.


title: Tang dynasty

text: Ever since the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD), the Chinese had drilled deep boreholes to transport natural gas from bamboo pipelines to stoves where cast iron evaporation pans boiled brine to extract salt. During the Tang dynasty, a gazetteer of Sichuan province stated that at one of these 182 m (600 ft) 'fire wells', men collected natural gas into portable bamboo tubes which could be carried around for dozens of km (mi) and still produce a flame. These were essentially the first gas cylinders; Robert Temple assumes some sort of tap was used for this device.


title: Tang dynasty

text: The inventor Ding Huan (fl. 180 AD) of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered. In 747, Emperor Xuanzong had a "Cool Hall" built in the imperial palace, which the "Tang Yulin" () describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty, written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.


title: Tang dynasty

text: The first classic work about the Tang is the "Old Book of Tang" by Liu Xu (887–946) et al. of the Later Jin, who redacted it during the last years of his life. This was edited into another history (labeled the "New Book of Tang") in order to distinguish it, which was a work by the Song historians Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072), Song Qi (998–1061), et al. of the Song dynasty (between the years 1044 and 1060). Both of them were based upon earlier annals, yet those are now lost. Both of them also rank among the "Twenty-Four Histories" of China. One of the surviving sources of the "Old Book of Tang", primarily covering up to 756, is the "Tongdian", which Du You presented to the emperor in 801. The Tang period was again placed into the enormous universal history text of the "Zizhi Tongjian", edited, compiled, and completed in 1084 by a team of scholars under the Song dynasty Chancellor Sima Guang (1019–1086). This historical text, written with three million Chinese characters in 294 volumes, covered the history of China from the beginning of the Warring States (403 BC) until the beginning of the Song dynasty (960).


title: The Last Samurai

text: The Last Samurai is a 2003 epic period action drama film directed and co-produced by Edward Zwick, who also co-wrote the screenplay with John Logan and Marshall Herskovitz from a story devised by Logan. The film stars Ken Watanabe in the title role, with Tom Cruise, who also co-produced, as a soldier-turned-samurai who befriends him, and Timothy Spall, Billy Connolly, Tony Goldwyn, Hiroyuki Sanada, Koyuki, and Shin Koyamada in supporting roles.


title: The Last Samurai

text: Tom Cruise portrays an American captain of the 7th Cavalry Regiment, whose personal and emotional conflicts bring him into contact with samurai warriors in the wake of the Meiji Restoration in 19th century Japan. The film's plot was inspired by the 1877 Satsuma Rebellion led by Saigō Takamori, and the Westernization of Japan by foreign powers, though in the film the United States is portrayed as the primary force behind the push for Westernization. It is also influenced by the stories of Jules Brunet, a French Imperial Guard sub-lieutenant who fought alongside Enomoto Takeaki in the earlier Boshin War; Philip Kearny, a United States Army (Union Army) major general and French Imperial Guard soldier, notable for his leadership in the American Civil War, who fought against the Tututni tribe in the Rogue River Wars in Oregon; and, to a lesser extent, by Frederick Townsend Ward, an American mercenary who helped Westernize the Chinese army by forming the Ever Victorious Army.


title: The Last Samurai

text: "The Last Samurai" grossed a total of $456 million at the box office and received positive reviews, with praise for the acting, visuals and score but criticism for some of its portrayals. It was nominated for several awards, including four Academy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, and two National Board of Review Awards.


title: The Last Samurai

text: In 1876, former U.S. Army Captain Nathan Algren, a bitter alcoholic traumatized by the atrocities he committed during the American Indian Wars, is approached by his former commanding officer Colonel Bagley to train the newly created Imperial Japanese Army for a forward-thinking Japanese businessman, Omura, who intends to use the army to suppress a Samurai-headed rebellion against Japan's new emperor. Despite his hatred of Bagley for his role in the Indian Wars, an impoverished Algren takes the job for the money, and is accompanied to Japan by his old friend, Sergeant Zebulon Gant. Upon arriving, Algren meets Simon Graham, a British translator knowledgeable about the samurai.


title: The Last Samurai

text: Algren finds the Imperial soldiers are little more than conscripted peasants with no discipline and shoddy training. While teaching them to shoot, Algren is informed that the samurai are attacking one of Omura's railroads; Omura sends the army there, despite Algren's protests that they are not ready. The battle is a disaster; the undisciplined conscripts are routed, and Gant is killed. Algren fights to the last before he is surrounded; expecting to die, he is taken prisoner when samurai leader Katsumoto decides to spare him. Algren is taken to Katsumoto's village. While he is poorly treated at first, he eventually gains the samurai's respect and grows close to Katsumoto. Algren overcomes his alcoholism and guilt, learns the Japanese language and culture, and is trained in the art of kenjutsu. He develops sympathy for the samurai, who are upset that the pace of modern technology has eroded the traditions of their society. Algren and Taka, Katsumoto's sister and the widow of a samurai killed by Algren, develop an unspoken affection for each other.


title: The Last Samurai

text: One night, a group of ninja infiltrate the village and attempt to assassinate Katsumoto. Algren saves Katsumoto's life, and then helps defend the village, concluding Omura hired the ninjas. Katsumoto requests a meeting with Emperor Meiji and is given safe passage to Tokyo. He brings Algren, intending to release him. Upon arriving in Tokyo, Algren finds the Imperial Army is now a well-trained and fully equipped fighting force. Katsumoto, to his dismay, discovers that the young and inexperienced Emperor has essentially become a puppet of Omura. At a government meeting, Omura orders Katsumoto's arrest for carrying a sword in public and asks him to perform "seppuku" to redeem his honor. When Algren refuses an offer to assume command of the army, Omura sends a party of assassins after him, but Algren kills them. Algren assists the samurai in freeing Katsumoto; in the process, Katsumoto's son Nobutada is mortally wounded, sacrificing himself to allow the others to escape.


title: The Last Samurai

text: As the Imperial Army marches to crush the rebellion, a grieving Katsumoto contemplates "seppuku", but Algren convinces him to fight until the end, and joins the samurai in battle. The samurai use the Imperial Army's overconfidence to lure them into a trap; the ensuing battle inflicts massive casualties on both sides and forces the Imperial soldiers to retreat. Knowing that Imperial reinforcements are coming, and defeat is inevitable, Katsumoto orders a suicidal cavalry charge on horseback. The samurai withstand an artillery barrage and break through Bagley's line. Bagley is killed by Algren, but the samurai are quickly mowed down by Gatling guns. The Imperial captain, previously trained by Algren and horrified by the sight of the dying samurai, orders all of the guns to cease fire, disregarding Omura's orders. A mortally wounded Katsumoto commits "seppuku" with Algren's help as the soldiers at the scene kneel in respect.


title: The Last Samurai

text: Days later, as trade negotiations conclude, Algren, though injured, arrives and interrupts the proceedings. He presents the Emperor with Katsumoto's sword and asks him to remember the traditions for which Katsumoto and his fellow Samurai died. The Emperor realizes that while Japan should modernize, it cannot forget its own culture and history; he promptly rejects the trade offer. When Omura attempts to protest, the Emperor silences him by threatening to seize the Omura family assets and distribute them among the populace. Omura claims to be disgraced, but the Emperor responds by holding Katsumoto's sword and suggests that if the shame is too great, Omura should commit "seppuku". Omura relents and leaves.


title: The Last Samurai

text: While various rumours regarding Algren's fate circulate, Graham concludes that Algren had returned to the village to reunite with Taka.


title: The Last Samurai

text: Filming took place in New Zealand, mostly in the Taranaki region, with Japanese cast members and an American production crew. This location was chosen due to the fact that Egmont/Mount Taranaki resembles Mount Fuji, and also because there is a lot of forest and farmland in the Taranaki region. American Location Manager Charlie Harrington saw the mountain in a travel book and encouraged the producers to send him to Taranaki to scout the locations. This acted as a backdrop for many scenes, as opposed to the built up cities of Japan. Several of the village scenes were shot on the Warner Bros. Studios backlot in Burbank, California. Some scenes were shot in Kyoto and Himeji, Japan. There were 13 filming locations altogether. Tom Cruise did his own stunts for the film.


title: The Last Samurai

text: The film is based on an original screenplay entitled "The Last Samurai", from a story by John Logan. The project itself was inspired by writer and director Vincent Ward. Ward became executive producer on the film – working in development on it for nearly four years and after approaching several directors (Francis Ford Coppola, Peter Weir), until he became interested with Edward Zwick. The film production went ahead with Zwick and was shot in Ward's native New Zealand.


title: The Last Samurai

text: The film was based on the stories of Jules Brunet, a French Imperial Guard sub-lieutenant who fought alongside Enomoto Takeaki in the earlier Boshin War; Philip Kearny, a United States Army (Union Army) and French Imperial Guard soldier, notable for his leadership in the American Civil War, who fought against the Tututni tribe in the Rogue River Wars in Oregon; and Frederick Townsend Ward, an American mercenary who helped Westernize the Qing army by forming the Ever Victorious Army. The historical roles of other European nations who were involved in the westernization of Japan are largely attributed to the United States in the film, although the film references European involvement as well.


title: The Last Samurai

text: The Last Samurai: Original Motion Picture Score was released on November 25, 2003, by Warner Sunset Records. All music on the soundtrack was composed, arranged, and produced by Hans Zimmer, performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony, and conducted by Blake Neely. It peaked at number 24 on the US Top Soundtracks chart.


title: The Last Samurai

text: The film achieved higher box office receipts in Japan than in the United States. Critical reception in Japan was generally positive. Tomomi Katsuta of The "Mainichi Shinbun" thought that the film was "a vast improvement over previous American attempts to portray Japan", noting that director Edward Zwick "had researched Japanese history, cast well-known Japanese actors and consulted dialogue coaches to make sure he didn't confuse the casual and formal categories of Japanese speech." Katsuta still found fault with the film's idealistic, "storybook" portrayal of the samurai, stating: "Our image of samurai is that they were more corrupt." As such, he said, the noble samurai leader Katsumoto "set my teeth on edge."


title: The Last Samurai

text: In the United States, review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 66% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 223 reviews, with an average score of 6.40/10. The site's consensus states: "With high production values and thrilling battle scenes, "The Last Samurai" is a satisfying epic." At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 55, based on reviews from 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: The Last Samurai

text: Roger Ebert of "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying "beautifully designed, intelligently written, acted with conviction, it's an uncommonly thoughtful epic."


title: The Last Samurai

text: One online analyst compares the movie favorably to "Dances with Wolves" in that each protagonist meets and combats a "technologically backward people". Both Costner's and Cruise's characters have suffered through a series of traumatic and brutal battles. Each ultimately uses his experiences to later assist his new friends. Each comes to respect his newly adopted culture. Each even fights with his new community against the people and traditions from which he came.


title: The Last Samurai

text: As of January 1, 2016, the film had grossed $456.8 million against a production budget of $140 million. It grossed $111,127,263 in the United States and Canada, and $345,631,718 in other countries. It was one of the most successful box office hits in Japan, where it grossed ().,


title: The Last Samurai

text: Motoko Rich of "The New York Times" observed that the film has opened up a debate, "particularly among Asian-Americans and Japanese," about whether the film and others like it were "racist, naïve, well-intentioned, accurate – or all of the above."


title: The Last Samurai

text: Todd McCarthy, a film critic for the "Variety" magazine, wrote: "Clearly enamored of the culture it examines while resolutely remaining an outsider's romanticization of it, yarn is disappointingly content to recycle familiar attitudes about the nobility of ancient cultures, Western despoilment of them, liberal historical guilt, the unrestrainable greed of capitalists and the irreducible primacy of Hollywood movie stars."


title: The Last Samurai

text: According to the history professor Cathy Schultz, "Many samurai fought Meiji modernization not for altruistic reasons but because it challenged their status as the privileged warrior caste. Meiji reformers proposed the radical idea that all men essentially being equal... The film also misses the historical reality that many Meiji policy advisors were former samurai, who had voluntarily given up their traditional privileges to follow a course they believed would strengthen Japan."


title: The Last Samurai

text: The fictional character of Katsumoto bears a striking resemblance to the historical figure of Saigō Takamori, a hero of the Meiji Restoration and the leader of the ineffective Satsuma Rebellion, who appears in the histories and legends of modern Japan as a hero against the corruption, extravagance, and unprincipled politics of his contemporaries. "Though he had agreed to become a member of the new government," wrote the translator and historian Ivan Morris, "it was clear from his writings and statements that he believed the ideals of the civil war were being vitiated. He was opposed to the excessively rapid changes in Japanese society and was particularly disturbed by the shabby treatment of the warrior class." Suspicious of the new bureaucracy, he wanted power to remain in the hands of the samurai class and the Emperor, and for those reasons, he had joined the central government. "Edicts like the interdiction against carrying swords and wearing the traditional topknot seemed like a series of gratuitous provocations; and, though Saigō realized that Japan needed an effective standing army to resist pressure from the West, he could not countenance the social implications of the military reforms. For this reason Saigō, although participating in the Okinoerabu government, continued to exercise a powerful appeal among disgruntled ex-samurai in Satsuma and elsewhere." Saigō fought for a moral revolution, not a material one, and he described his revolt as a check on the declining morality of a new, Westernizing materialism.


title: The Last Samurai

text: In 2014, the movie was one of several discussed by Keli Goff in "The Daily Beast" in an article on white savior narratives in film, a cinematic trope studied in sociology, for which "The Last Samurai" has been analyzed. David Sirota at "Salon" saw the film as "yet another film presenting the white Union army official as personally embodying the North's Civil War effort to liberate people of color" and criticizing the release poster as "a not-so-subtle message encouraging audiences to (wrongly) perceive the white guy -- and not a Japanese person -- as the last great leader of the ancient Japanese culture."


title: The Last Samurai

text: In a 2022 interview with "The Guardian", Ken Watanabe stated that he didn't think of "The Last Samurai" as a white savior narrative and that it was a turning point for Asian representation in Hollywood. Watanabe also stated, “Before "The Last Samurai", there was this stereotype of Asian people with glasses, bucked teeth and a camera,” [...] It was stupid, but after "The Last Samurai" came out, Hollywood tried to be more authentic when it came to Asian stories.”


title: Mahesh Babu filmography

text: Mahesh Babu is an Indian actor, producer, narrator known for his work in Telugu cinema. He first appeared in the 1979 film "Needa" when he was four years old. He continued to perform as a child actor in several films, most of which featured his father Krishna. Following his role as the titular protagonist in "Balachandrudu" (1990) while still a child, his career went on hiatus so he could concentrate on his education until taking on his first lead role as an adult in the 1999 film "Raja Kumarudu", for which he won the Nandi Award for Best Male Debut. Afterwards, his career stagnated until successes like "Murari" (2001), "Okkadu" (2003) and "Athadu" (2005) brought him fame. In 2006, he played a gangster in the Puri Jagannadh-directed action-thriller "Pokiri". The film became the highest-grossing Telugu film of all time, and according to "Vogue India", cemented Babu's reputation as a "superstar".


title: Mahesh Babu filmography

text: In the wake of the failures of "Sainikudu" (2006) and "Athidhi" (2007), Babu took a long-term break from cinema for personal reasons. His next project, the fantasy action film "Khaleja", was released in 2010 after significant delays. In 2011, he starred in "Dookudu", which became the first Telugu film to gross over 1 billion. "Businessman" (2012), his next film, was well received and became one of the year's highest grossing Telugu films at a time that was particularly harsh on other big-budget productions. The following year, Babu co-starred alongside Venkatesh in the critically and commercially acclaimed drama film "Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu", which was considered the first Telugu multi-starrer in decades. He then featured in Sukumar's 2014 psychological thriller film "". Although Babu's performance as a schizophrenic rock star was lauded by critics, the film itself received mixed reviews and failed to recover its budget. "Aagadu", his next release that year, suffered a similar fate, despite the film's opening gross being his highest at the time.


title: Mahesh Babu filmography

text: His 2015 action-drama "Srimanthudu" was a commercial success and earned Babu his fifth Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu as well as his eighth Nandi Award in any category, the most by any individual. The film was also his first as a producer. His subsequent film "Brahmotsavam" (2016) and his first bilingual film "Spyder" (2017) under-performed at the box office. The actor's next role was as an inexperienced chief minister in Koratala Siva's "Bharat Ane Nenu" (2018). The film was the year's second highest-grossing Telugu production and critics praised Babu's performance. His following two films, Vamshi Paidipally's action-drama "Maharshi" (2019) and Anil Ravipudi's action-comedy "Sarileru Neekevvaru" (2020), also made substantial profits despite receiving mixed reception. Babu's 2022 film "Sarkaru Vaari Paata" also received a mixed response, however, his performance was appreciated by critics.


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: Dominic Bernard Patrick Luke Monaghan (born 8 December 1976) is a British actor. He is best known for playing Meriadoc "Merry" Brandybuck in Peter Jackson's film trilogy "The Lord of the Rings" (2001–2003), and Charlie Pace on J. J. Abrams' television show "Lost" (2004–2010).


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: Monaghan first gained fame as Hetty Wainthropp's sidekick Geoffrey in "Hetty Wainthropp Investigates" (1996–1998). His first film role was as Sasha in the television film "Hostile Waters" (1997) based on the true story of a Russian and an American submarine colliding in the Cold War. His other film roles include playing the young mutant Chris Bradley formerly known as Maverick in the superhero film "" (2009) and playing Beaumont Kin in "" (2019), reuniting with J.J. Abrams, the co-creator of "Lost." He also has hosted the nature programme "Wild Things with Dominic Monaghan" (2012–2016).


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: Monaghan was born in West Berlin, West Germany, to British parents: Maureen, a nurse, and Austin Monaghan, who was of Irish descent, a science teacher. His older brother Matthew is the main songwriter and co-lead vocalist of the indie band Radiosepia and is a science teacher. Monaghan's family lived in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Stuttgart and Münster, moving about every four years. When he was about 11 years old, his family moved from Germany to Heaton Moor in Stockport, England. In Stockport, he attended St Anne's Roman Catholic High School (where his uncle taught and later became head teacher) and Aquinas College, where he studied English literature, drama and geography.


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: Although Monaghan held many occupations when he was younger, he always wanted to be an actor. After his second year at St. Anne's, Monaghan became a regular in school plays such as "Oliver Twist", "A Christmas Carol" and "Bugsy Malone" before joining the Manchester Youth Theatre. There, he was scouted for "Hetty Wainthropp Investigates", in which he starred alongside Patricia Routledge and Derek Benfield as Hetty's under-aged sidekick, Geoffrey Shawcross, for four series. Monaghan has since credited Routledge as "an amazing teacher" who taught him some "very valuable lessons" that have influenced his acting career. He made his feature-film debut as Russian sailor Sasha in the TV film "Hostile Waters".


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: Monaghan later starred in "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy as Meriadoc Brandybuck, for which he achieved international acclaim and success. Monaghan narrated "", a documentary about "The Lord of the Rings" fandom. He also provided the narration for The Discovery Channel's documentary "Devil's Bible" in 2008. He also appeared in "Soldiers of Fortune" alongside Sean Bean and Christian Slater.


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: He was a regular cast member on the ABC series "Lost" from 2004 to 2007, playing English ex-rockstar and drug addict Charlie Pace. Monaghan originally auditioned for the role of Sawyer. The role of Charlie was then changed from an old, washed up rocker from the 1980s, to a young one-hit wonder to accommodate Monaghan's age. Monaghan returned to the series as a special guest star after departing from the main cast.


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: In 2009, Monaghan starred as Chris Bradley / Bolt in "". On 15 July 2009, it was confirmed that he would join the cast of ABC Studios' science fiction television series "FlashForward" as the character Simon. The series premiered on 24 September 2009. It was cancelled after its first season.


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: On 18 March 2010, Monaghan was spotted at the Universal Sheraton filming a short called "Gloria". It was part of a programme called REESES Puff's Extraordinary Cinema (where the teens replace the pros). He played the part of Caleb Reese.


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: In 2010, Monaghan and Megan Fox made an appearance as a couple in an abusive relationship in the music video for rapper Eminem's song "Love the Way You Lie". Scenes include the celebrities on top of a liquor store. Fox and Monaghan also filmed inside the store and "at a seedy dive bar next door" to the store.


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: In November 2012, a new show on Channel 5 titled "Wild Things with Dominic Monaghan" began airing in the UK. The documentary shows Monaghan travelling to various locations such as Venezuela and Ecuador to film and interact with the exotic and often dangerous local wildlife.


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: During the summer of 2013, Monaghan appeared in several live-action teasers for 2K Marin's science fiction video game "".


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: Monaghan is a fan of and has appeared as a guest in both April and November 2016 and May 2018, as well as submitting several audio questions which are played on the podcast. While appearing as a guest, Monaghan stated "It's the best fantasy football podcast out there".


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: Monaghan is a contributing writer for the music and culture magazine "Paste", primarily writing articles about Premier League football.


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: Since August 2018, he has been starring as a serial killer in Channel 9 Australia's Murder Mystery Drama show "Bite Club", which is filmed in and around Sydney.


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: He was named as part of the cast for the last film in the sequel trilogy which is "", reuniting with J.J. Abrams, the co-creator of "Lost". He appeared as Beaumont.


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: In May 2020, Monaghan joined together with fellow Lord of the Rings castmates Sean Astin, Sean Bean, Orlando Bloom, Billy Boyd, Ian McKellen, Viggo Mortensen, Miranda Otto, John Rhys-Davies, Andy Serkis, Liv Tyler, Karl Urban, and Elijah Wood, plus writer Philippa Boyens and director Peter Jackson, to appear on Josh Gad's YouTube series "Reunited Apart," which reunites the cast of popular movies through video-conferencing, and promotes donations to non-profit charities. Monaghan and castmate Billy Boyd started the podcast "The Friendship Onion" where they talk about their time filming "The Lord of the Rings".


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: Monaghan is a nature lover and has been active in the planting of trees and cacti. He bought a mango-tree forest in India. Monaghan has a great love for insects and reptiles that he developed during his childhood, and has kept an exotic assortment of pets, including a leaf-mantis named Gizmo, a black widow spider named Witchitar and an albino snake named Blink. The newly discovered species of spider "Ctenus monaghani" () is named after him.


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: An avid outdoorsman, Monaghan enjoys activities such as surfing, kayaking, snowboarding, football, basketball and hiking. He has also stated that he likes hunting for insects and reptiles outdoors. He learned karate as a child, used to practise yoga and often goes to the gym for strength and weight training. He is a longtime fan of hometown English Premier League football team Manchester United since his childhood.


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: Monaghan loves to play various games and has hosted game nights for fellow cast members in the past, and is also fond of "The New York Times" crossword puzzle. He enjoys playing "League of Legends" with fellow "Lord of the Rings" cast member Billy Boyd. Although English is his first language and the language of his higher education, he is fluent in German as well.


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: On his right arm he has a tattoo of the English word "nine" written in the artificial script of Tengwar, a reference to his involvement in "The Lord of the Rings" and the fact that his character was one of the nine members of the Fellowship of the Ring. Seven other cast members and John Rhys-Davies' stunt double also got matching tattoos during the film's production, at Monaghan's instigation. Below that tattoo is another that reads, "Life imitates art", an Oscar Wilde quote. On his left arm is a tattoo, "Living is easy with eyes closed", a line from The Beatles' "Strawberry Fields Forever". He also has two stars tattooed on his left foot: one black, and one white. In 2010, Monaghan got two more tattoos, one on the upper side of the back ("Love you take is equal to the love you make", taken from the song "The End" by The Beatles). The other, done by Kat Von D on the television show "LA Ink", is located on his lower right arm and reads "Luminous beings are we, not this crude matter", a quote from Yoda.


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: He resides in Los Angeles, California. In 2008, Monaghan held a photographic exhibition in Los Angeles in which he sold prints of his own works. A portion of the proceeds from the exhibition were given to an orangutan rescue organisation.


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: In June 2008, Monaghan travelled to Argentina with Lilly to film the pilot of the American version of "CQC".


title: Dominic Monaghan

text: Monaghan provided the inspiration for the naming of Billy Boyd's band Beecake after he sent his friend a picture of a cake covered in bees.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: Manchester by the Sea is a 2016 American drama film written and directed by Kenneth Lonergan that stars Casey Affleck, Michelle Williams, Kyle Chandler, and Lucas Hedges. Centered around the themes of depression, guilt, grief, responsibility, dysfunctional families, and post-traumatic stress disorder, the plot follows a depressed and grief-stricken man who was accidentally responsible for the deaths of his three children and must care for his teenage nephew after the death of his brother.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2016, and was picked up by Amazon Studios for distribution. "Manchester by the Sea" was filmed during March and April 2015 in the eponymous Massachusetts town and other towns in the state, such as Beverly, Essex, Gloucester, Swampscott, Lynn, Middleton, Tewksbury, and Salem. It began a limited release on November 18, 2016, before a wide release on December 16, 2016. It grossed $79million worldwide against a budget of $9million.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: The film received critical acclaim and was widely counted among the best films of 2016; the National Board of Review listed it as the top film of 2016. Critics complimented the performances of Affleck, Hedges, and Williams, as well as Lonergan's screenplay and direction. At the 89th Academy Awards, "Manchester by the Sea" won awards for Best Actor for Affleck and Best Original Screenplay, and additional nominations for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Supporting Actor (Hedges), and Best Supporting Actress (Williams). Affleck also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama; the film was also nominated in four other categories. The British Academy Film Awards nominated the picture for six awards, of which it won Best Actor in a Leading Role for Affleck and Best Original Screenplay.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: Lee Chandler is a depressed and asocial janitor who lives alone in a basement apartment in Quincy, Massachusetts. One day, he receives a phone call informing that his brother Joe, a fisherman who lives in Manchester-by-the-Sea, has suffered cardiac arrest; Joe dies before Lee can make it to the hospital.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: Lee insists on being the one to tell Joe's teenage son Patrick about his father's death. While making funeral arrangements, they are reminded Joe's body cannot be buried until spring as the ground is frozen. Lee makes plans to remain in Manchester, living in Joe's house until the delayed burial.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: When Lee meets with Joe's attorney he is shocked to discover Joe named him as Patrick's legal guardian. Flashbacks reveal that Lee once lived in Manchester with his then-wife Randi and their three small children. While intoxicated one night, Lee forgot to put the guard in front of the fireplace, leading to the house fire that killed his children. No criminal charges were filed against him, as the police ruled it a tragic accident. However, at the station, a guilt-ridden Lee stole an officer's gun, attempting to shoot himself dead. He and Randi subsequently divorced, and Lee left town. He is reluctant to commit to the guardianship, as it would require him to move back to Manchester.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: Plans are begun for Patrick to move to Boston with Lee but Patrick has strong ties to the Manchester community and stubbornly objects. Lee commits to staying until the end of the school year. Patrick wants to live with his estranged mother Elise, who still lives in the area. Lee is opposed to this as her history with alcoholism led her to abandon her family, but Patrick decides to reconnect with her over lunch.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: Elise has committed to Christianity and sobriety with her fiancé Jeffrey, but during an awkward meal with them, Patrick finds he is unable to connect with her. He is further unsettled when Jeffrey emails him and insists on being an intermediary in any future communication between them. Lee's positive comments about Elise's sobriety lead Patrick to believe his uncle is trying to get rid of him, assertions Lee denies.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: In response to this strain in their relationship, Lee takes steps to possibly extend his stay in Manchester and seeks to spend more time with Patrick. Over time, they re-establish their bond, despite conflicts over Joe's boat, Patrick's girlfriends, and their future living arrangements.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: However, staying in Manchester is still painful for Lee, as he is surrounded by reminders of his past. One day, Lee runs into Randi with her newborn child. A sobbing Randi expresses remorse for her treatment of him during their divorce and asks him to have lunch. Lee deflects her apology, feeling that he does not deserve it. When she insists they reconnect and pleads with him not to "just die", Lee is overwhelmed with emotion and has to leave before he breaks down.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: Distraught, Lee gets drunk at a bar, picks a fight with strangers, and is knocked out. He awakens in the living room of Joe's friend George and breaks down in tears. At home, Patrick shows his uncle deference after seeing his battered state and pictures of his deceased children. Lee arranges for George and his wife to adopt Patrick so that he can remain in Manchester while Lee takes a job in Boston. When Patrick asks Lee why he cannot remain in Manchester, Lee says that he "can't beat it."


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: During a walk after Joe's burial service, Lee tells Patrick he is searching for a residence in Boston with an extra room so Patrick can visit whenever he wants. In the final scene, Lee and Patrick go fishing on Joe's refurbished boat, which Patrick has inherited.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: "Manchester by the Sea" is a treatment of profound grief from which it is difficult or impossible to recover. In an essay in "Cineaste", Colin Fleming writes that "the question Lonergan invites us to ask ourselves is how on earth would we be able to carry on after an event so tragically full of loss and guilt." Speaking to the persistence of grief, "Film Comment" magazine says that "Lonergan is telling us that Lee's grief cannot be contained or subdued because his past lives on wherever he goes." Remarking on the way flash-backs appear suddenly during the movie, critic Anthony Lane says that Lonergan "proceeds on the assumption that things are hard, some irreparably so, and that it's the job of a film not to smooth them over." He also noted the tragedy is juxtaposed with "the harsh comedy that colors much of the dialogue, and the near-farcical frequency with which things go wrong." Along those same lines, critic Steven Mears called the film "a study of grief and reticence that finds droll humor in those very sources," and Richard Alleva says the loving but tense relationship between Lee and Patrick "keeps the story nicely balanced between rough hewn comedy and delicate pathos." Explaining his objective, Lonergan said,


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: I don't like the fact that, nowadays, it feels like it's not permissible to leave something unresolved... Some people live with their trauma for years. I'm not interested in rubbing people's faces in suffering... But I don't like this lie that everybody gets over things that easily. Some people can't get over something major that's happened to them at all; why can’t they have a movie too?


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: The film's events take place through the cultural filter of a blue-collar, New England community. John Krasinski and Matt Damon initially approached Lonergan about developing the story in New England. As Lonergan researched the areas surrounding Manchester-by-the-Sea, he sought to include details specific to the area, such as its distance from Quincy, the delayed burial because of the frozen ground in a historical cemetery, and the realities of fishing life. Critic Sam Lansky said the lead character's New England roots make him "disinclined to emote", and Tom Shone said Lonergan's dialog forces "the story’s heartbreak to peep from behind these tough, flinty New England exteriors."


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: Matt Damon and John Krasinski brainstormed a film about an "emotionally crippled" handyman, and took the idea to Lonergan for his input, thinking Krasinski would star and Damon would direct. Damon had worked with Lonergan on the 2011 film "Margaret". Both actors became occupied with other projects while Lonergan worked on the screenplay for three years. After Damon read a rough draft of the script, he insisted Lonergan should direct the project and that Damon would star in it. They announced they would collaborate on the project on September 6, 2014, and pre-production began two days later. However, Damon would not have a break in his schedule for another year. In early December 2014, while filming "The Finest Hours", Casey Affleck told "The Boston Globe" he would replace Damon in the lead role. Damon said he "wouldn't give this role up to anybody but Casey Affleck."


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: Affleck officially replaced Damon on January 5, 2015. On January 9, Michelle Williams was selected to play the lead character's former wife


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: and Kyle Chandler was cast as Affleck's character's older brother on February 24. In April 2015, Lucas Hedges joined the cast of the film. Lonergan has said Hedges' audition was "special" but that he was unsure how the young actor would perform "because his background is so different [from that of the character]. Ultimately he did a beautiful job." It was later revealed Erica McDermott had also been cast. Coming from a theater background, Lonergan had the actors rehearse table read-style for two weeks before filming.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: Principal photography began on March 23, 2015, with scenes filmed in the town Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts, and the North Shore at locations in Beverly, Essex, Gloucester, Swampscott, Lynn, Middleton, Tewksbury, and Salem. Filming wrapped on April 30, 2015. In October 2018, Damon said in an interview with "The Bill Simmons Podcast" Lonergan had originally planned to film a different ending to the film that would have been a retreating drone shot of a flashback of Affleck's and Williams' characters, their children and extended family, on his brother's boat. The scene was determined to be too expensive to film, although Damon said the film's unexpected financial success meant it could have been filmed after all.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: Initially, Gigi Pritzker was due to produce and finance the film through her company Odd Lot Entertainment. In March 2015, however, it was reported Kimberly Steward, through her company K Period Media, would produce and finance the film with Damon (through his company Pearl Street Films), Chris Moore (through CMP), Kevin J. Walsh (through his company B Story), and Lauren Beck, along with additional financing from Sierra/Affinity. The executive producers were Josh Godfrey, John Krasinski, Declan Baldwin, and Bill Migliore.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: Lesley Barber was selected to score the film, as she had previously worked on Lonergan's 2000 film "You Can Count on Me". She developed the first musical themes after reading the script. Once she established the themes, Barber worked with the orchestra to create a sound that emoted the sound of the ocean with "underlying tension" with lightness, for exterior scenes. Early in the scoring process, Barber took inspiration from New England church music from the 1700s, including Calvinist hymns and other music of the Pilgrims and Colonial era, with its emphasis on a cappella vocals. Barber developed the music to complement her understanding of the essence of the film's scenes based on emails and conversations with Lonergan.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: To score scenes that reflect Lee's "interior landscape," she sent the music to her daughter Jacoba Barber-Rozema, an opera major, then recorded her singing in her dorm room via Skype. Barber said the confined space made for a "perfect sound." Orchestration was later added to the track. For the opening flashback of Lee in happier times, Barber recorded her daughter's vocals in a large, spacious auditorium. Instead of giving Lonergan demos, Barber provided him with more-finished pieces earlier in the editing process to allow the director to have a better sense of the music while editing. The film was cut down after the Sundance screening, requiring Barber to rework and simplify some of the music.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: Critic Steven Mears says the film's score "gives form" to the feelings of blue-collar Americans. Bobby Finger, writing for "Jezebel", called it "an elegant white noise... a hypnotic soundtrack to focused thought." Caitlin Warren of "Spindle Magazine" said the score adds perfectly "to the raw emotion of the film without ever overwhelming it to the point of feeling contrived or cheesy." Film score critic Jonathan Broxton said the music "dwells in the bitterness of regret" and that it has "a captivating, dream-like quality that is... dramatically appropriate for the film it accompanies."


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: The use of "Adagio in G minor" to accompany the revelation of Lee's tragedy received mixed reviews. "The New Yorker" said, "Any piece of music that has been used for "Rollerball", "Gallipoli", and "Flashdance" has, by definition, been squeezed dry." Mark Kermode of the BBC said the piece "has been overused so much in popular entertainment that when it turns up, it's distracting." According to Koresky, in the montage, "Lonergan thickly lays on the Handel, Bach, and Albinoni, making this sequence almost surreally operatic in its horror." In an interview, Lonergan said he originally used the piece as a stand-in track while editing and decided to keep it in. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ruled the film's score ineligible for Oscar consideration due to the volume of music from classical composers in the soundtrack. In a statement Barber released to "Variety", she said, "While I accept the Academy’s decision, I also support my director's decision to use these pieces and I'm also very proud of the substantial contribution that the original score made to the film as well."


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: All music was written by Lesley Barber unless otherwise noted. The orchestra was conducted by James Shearman. Jacoba Barber-Rozema, Barber's daughter, provided additional vocals. The album was recorded and mixed by XXX and edited by Mick Gormley. The album was produced by Barber and Stefan Karrer.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: "Manchester by the Sea" had its world premiere on January 23, 2016, at the Sundance Film Festival. Shortly afterward, Amazon Studios acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film for $10million, beating Sony Pictures Classics, Universal Pictures, Lionsgate, and Fox Searchlight. This was the second-largest disclosed purchase at the Sundance Film Festival after "The Birth of a Nation" at $17.5million. Roadside Attractions, of which Lionsgate owns 45%, later became co-distributor of the film with Amazon.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: The film was screened at the Telluride Film Festival and the Toronto International Film Festival, both of which took place in September 2016. The 2016 New York Film Festival, which ran from September 30 to October 16, included "Manchester by the Sea" in its "main slate" and invited Longergan to participate in audience question-and-answer sessions after the October 2 and 11 screenings of the film. It was also shown at the BFI London Film Festival on October 8, 2016. The film was theatrically released on November 18, 2016.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: "Manchester by the Sea" was made available to stream on Amazon and for digital download in the U.S. on February 7, 2017, and on Amazon Prime on May 5 of that year. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 21, 2017. In the UK, the film became available for digital download on May 8, 2017, and on Blu-ray, DVD, and On Demand on May 15 the same year.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: "Manchester by the Sea" grossed $47.7million in the United States and Canada, and $31.3million in other territories, grossing $79million worldwide against a production budget of $9million. The film began a limited theatrical release on November 18, 2016, and grossed $256,498 from four theaters that weekend, making for a per-theater average of $64,125. It began a U.S.-wide release on December 16, 2016, opening against "Rogue One" and "Collateral Beauty", grossing $4.2million, and finishing sixth in terms of revenue at the box office.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: "Manchester by the Sea" received critical acclaim and praise for Lonergan's screenplay and direction, and the performances of Affleck, Hedges, and Williams. After an early screening at the Sundance Film Festival, "Rolling Stone" called it the "must-see film" of 2016. As more critic reviews were published, Rotten Tomatoes assigned the film an approval rating of 96% based on 357 reviews with an average rating of 8.80/10. According to the website's critical consensus, ""Manchester by the Sea" delivers affecting drama populated by full-bodied characters, marking another strong step forward for writer-director Kenneth Lonergan." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 96 out of 100 based on 53 critics—the third highest of the year—indicating "universal acclaim." According to Metacritic data, critics counted the film among the best films of 2016.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: Giving the film five stars out of five, Phil de Semlyen of "Empire" called the film "masterfully told and beautifully acted", and favorably compared Affleck's performance to that of Marlon Brando in "On the Waterfront", and saying, "there's not much higher praise than that." "Variety"s Justin Chang said the film is a "beautifully textured, richly enveloping drama" and, while he noted that the film "may be too sprawling a vision for all arthouse tastes," he asserted that "Lonergan's many champions are scarcely the only viewers who will be stirred by this superbly grounded and acted third effort." Critic Peter Travers said the movie "ranks with the year's very best films" and that "it takes a piece out of you." RogerEbert.com's Matt Zoller Seitz gave the film four stars out of four, stating it is "the kind of movie you'll want to see a second time with someone who hasn't seen it yet, to remember what it was like to watch it for the first time." Anthony Lane of "The New Yorker" called the film "carefully constructed, compellingly acted, and often hard to watch."


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: "Entertainment Weekly"s Leah Greenblatt said "the exquisitely crafted, emotionally ragged "Manchester" doesn't just ask for time and effort; it earns it." In a mixed review, Lanre Bakare of "The Guardian" gave the film three stars out of five, saying the "impact of this impressive drama is suffocated by the silence and suffering of its central character." The film was included on many end-of-year lists, including those of the American Film Institute, "Rolling Stone", BBC, "The New York Times", "Los Angeles Times", and "The Washington Post".


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: The scene that drew the most critical praise depicts the characters Randi and Lee speaking again years after their divorce; Anthony Lane called it the "highlight" of the movie. Tom Shone said of Williams' performance, "if this actress were put on earth to do one thing only, it would be this scene." According to Chang, Williams "has one astonishing scene that rises from the movie like a small aria of heartbreak." Zoller called the scene "a duet of mortification and mercy that stacks up with the best of Mike Leigh ("Secrets and Lies")." Affleck said he strove to show restraint while acting the scene, adding, "The challenge was to have all of those feelings and hold it without weeping and wailing and gnashing your teeth. To be there, and not be there."


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: In 2018, IndieWire writers ranked the script the fifth best American screenplay of the 21st century, with Michael Nordine arguing that "Lonergan's screenplay balances almost every heartbreaking scene with a moment of levity [...]; this proves crucial, as the movie might otherwise have simply been too sad for most people to get through."


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: "Manchester by the Sea" received six nominations at the 89th Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor (Affleck), Best Supporting Actor (Hedges), Best Supporting Actress (Williams) and Best Original Screenplay, winning two for Best Original Screenplay for Lonergan and Best Actor for Affleck. It was the first film released by a digital streaming service to be nominated for Best Picture. Affleck won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama, and the film was nominated for four additional awards at the 74th ceremony: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Supporting Actress (for Williams) and Best Screenplay.


title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: The film received six nominations at the 70th British Academy Film Awards: Best Film, Best Direction, Best Editing, Best Actor in a Leading Role (Affleck), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Williams), and Best Original Screenplay (Lonergan). Affleck won Best Actor in a Leading Role and Lonergan won Best Original Screenplay. The National Board of Review listed "Manchester by the Sea" as its top film of 2016.


title: Michael Mann

text: Michael Kenneth Mann (born February 5, 1943) is an American director, screenwriter, and producer of film and television who is best known for his distinctive style of crime drama. His most acclaimed works include the films "Thief" (1981), "Manhunter" (1986), "The Last of the Mohicans" (1992), "Heat" (1995), "The Insider" (1999), "Collateral" (2004), and "Public Enemies" (2009). He is also known for his role as executive producer on the popular TV series "Miami Vice" (1984–89), which he adapted into a 2006 feature film.


title: Michael Mann

text: For his work, he has received nominations from international organizations and juries, including the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, Cannes, and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. As a producer, Mann has twice received nominations for the Academy Award for Best Picture, first for "The Insider" and then "The Aviator" (2004), which Mann had been hired to direct before the project was transferred to Martin Scorsese. "Total Film" ranked Mann No. 28 on its 2007 list of the 100 Greatest Directors Ever, and "Sight and Sound" ranked him No. 5 on their list of the 10 Best Directors of the Last 25 Years (for the years 1977–2002).


title: Michael Mann

text: Mann was born February 5, 1943, in Chicago, Illinois. He is the son of Jewish grocers Esther and Jack Mann.


title: Michael Mann

text: Mann studied English literature at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. While a student, he saw Stanley Kubrick's "Dr. Strangelove" and fell in love with movies. In an "L.A. Weekly" interview, he described the film's impact on him:


title: Michael Mann

text: Mann graduated from Wisconsin with a B.A. in 1965. In 1967 he earned an M.A. from the London Film School.


title: Michael Mann

text: Mann later moved to London in the mid 1960s to go to graduate school in cinema. He went on to receive a graduate degree at the London Film School in 1967. He spent seven years in the United Kingdom going to film school and then working on commercials along with contemporaries Alan Parker, Ridley Scott and Adrian Lyne. In 1968, footage he shot of the Paris student revolt for a documentary, "Insurrection", aired on NBC's "First Tuesday" news program and he developed his '68 experiences into the short film "Jaunpuri" which won the Jury Prize at Cannes in 1970.


title: Michael Mann

text: Mann returned to United States after divorcing his first wife in 1971. He went on to direct a road trip documentary, "17 Days Down the Line". Three years later, "Hawaii Five-O" veteran Robert Lewin gave Mann a shot and a crash course on television writing and story structure. Mann wrote four episodes of "Starsky and Hutch" (three in the first season and one in the second) and the pilot episode for "Vega$". Around this time, he worked on a show called "Police Story" with cop-turned-novelist Joseph Wambaugh. "Police Story" concentrated on the detailed realism of a real cop's life and taught Mann that first-hand research was essential to bring authenticity to his work. Mann also wrote an early draft of the 1978 film "Straight Time".


title: Michael Mann

text: His first feature movie was a television special called "The Jericho Mile", which was released theatrically in Europe. It won the Emmy for Outstanding Writing in a Limited Series or a Special in 1979 and the DGA Best Director award.


title: Michael Mann

text: His television work also includes being the executive producer on "Miami Vice" and "Crime Story". Contrary to popular belief, he was not the creator of these shows, but the executive producer and showrunner, produced by his production company.


title: Michael Mann

text: Mann's debut feature in cinema as director was "Thief" (1981) starring James Caan, a relatively accurate depiction of thieves that operated in New York City and Chicago at that time. Mann used actual former professional burglars to keep the technical scenes as genuine as possible. His next film was "The Keep" (1983), a supernatural thriller set in Nazi-occupied Romania. Though it was a commercial flop, the film has since attained cult status amongst fans.


title: Michael Mann

text: In 1986, Mann was the first to bring Thomas Harris' character of serial killer Hannibal Lecter to the screen with "Manhunter", his adaptation of the novel "Red Dragon", which starred Brian Cox as Hannibal. In an interview on the "Manhunter" DVD, star William Petersen comments that because Mann is so focused on his creations, it takes several years for him to complete a film; Petersen believes that this is why Mann does not make films very often.


title: Michael Mann

text: Mann gained widespread recognition in 1992 for his film adaptation of James Fenimore Cooper's novel into the epic historical drama "The Last of the Mohicans" starring Daniel Day-Lewis. The film is set during the French and Indian War. Film critic Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" described Mann's directorial style writing, "Mann, at his best, is a master of violence and lyrical anxiety". Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" praised Mann's directing writing, "the action is richly detailed and thrillingly staged."


title: Michael Mann

text: This was followed by crime drama "Heat" (1995) starring Al Pacino, Robert De Niro, and Val Kilmer. The film, a remake of his TV movie "L.A. Takedown", was a critical success with Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" calling the film a "sleek, accomplished piece of work, meticulously controlled and completely involving. The dark end of the street doesn't get much more inviting than this." Todd McCarthy of "Variety" wrote, "Stunningly made and incisively acted by a large and terrific cast, Michael Mann's ambitious study of the relativity of good and evil stands apart from other films of its type by virtue of its extraordinarily rich characterizations and its thoughtful, deeply melancholy take on modern life."


title: Michael Mann

text: In 1999, Mann filmed "The Insider" about the "60 Minutes" segment about Jeffrey Wigand, a whistleblower in the tobacco industry. Russell Crowe portrayed Wigand, with Al Pacino playing Lowell Bergman, and Christopher Plummer as Mike Wallace. The film showcased Mann's cinematic style and garnered the most critical recognition of his career up to this point. "The Insider" was nominated for seven Academy Awards as a result, including a nomination for Mann's direction. Critic Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" praised the film writing, ""The Insider" had a greater impact on me than "All the President's Men", because you know what? Watergate didn't kill my parents. Cigarettes did."


title: Michael Mann

text: With his next film, "Ali" (2001), starring Will Smith, Mann started experimenting with digital cameras. For his action thriller film "Collateral", which cast Tom Cruise against type by giving him the role of a hitman, Mann shot all of the exterior scenes digitally so that he could achieve more depth and detail during the night scenes while shooting most of the interiors on film stock. Jamie Foxx was nominated for an Academy Award for his performance in "Collateral". In 2004, Mann produced "The Aviator", based on the life of Howard Hughes, which he had developed with Leonardo DiCaprio. "The Aviator" was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture but lost to "Million Dollar Baby". After "Collateral", Mann directed the film adaptation of "Miami Vice" which he also executive produced. It stars a completely new cast with Colin Farrell as Don Johnson's character Sonny Crockett, and Jamie Foxx filling Philip Michael Thomas' shoes.


title: Michael Mann

text: Mann was producer with Peter Berg as director for "The Kingdom" and "Hancock". "Hancock" stars Will Smith as a hard-drinking superhero who has fallen out of favor with the public and who begins to have a relationship with the wife (Charlize Theron) of a public relations expert (Jason Bateman), who is helping him to repair his image. Mann also makes a cameo appearance in the film as an executive.


title: Michael Mann

text: In 2009, Mann wrote and directed "Public Enemies" for Universal Pictures, about the Depression-era crime wave, based on Bryan Burrough's nonfiction book, "Public Enemies: America's Greatest Crime Wave and the Birth of the FBI, 1933–34". It starred Johnny Depp and Christian Bale. Depp played John Dillinger in the film, and Bale played Melvin Purvis, the FBI agent in charge of capturing Dillinger.


title: Michael Mann

text: Mann signed a petition in support of film director Roman Polanski in 2009, calling for his release after Polanski was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl.


title: Michael Mann

text: In January 2010, it was reported by "Variety" that Mann, alongside David Milch, would serve as co-executive producer of new TV series "Luck". The series was an hour-long HBO production, and Mann directed the series' pilot. Although initially renewed for a second season after the airing of the pilot, it was eventually cancelled due to the death of three horses during production.


title: Michael Mann

text: On February 14, 2013, it was announced that Mann had been developing an untitled thriller film with screenwriter Morgan Davis Foehl for over a year, for Legendary Pictures. In May 2013, Mann started filming the action thriller, named "Blackhat", in Los Angeles, Kuala Lumpur, Hong Kong and Jakarta. The film, starring Chris Hemsworth as a hacker who gets released from prison to pursue a cyberterrorist across the globe, was released on January 16, 2015 by Universal. It received mixed reviews and was a commercial disaster, although several critics included it in their year-end "best-of" lists.


title: Michael Mann

text: In August 2022, Mann released "Heat 2, a" novel he had co-written with Meg Gardiner. The book takes place from 1988 to 2000, covering events that happen before and after the 1995 film.


title: Michael Mann

text: The same month, Mann began shooting his upcoming film "Ferrari" starring Adam Driver and Penélope Cruz in Modena.


title: Michael Mann

text: His trademarks include powerfully-lit nighttime scenes and unusual scores, such as Tangerine Dream in "Thief" and the new-age score to "Manhunter". A common stylistic device in several films ("Last of the Mohicans, Heat, Manhunter, The Insider, Miami Vice") is to show principal characters being forced to make critical decisions affecting the plot while overlooking large bodies of water.


title: Michael Mann

text: F.X. Feeney describes Mann's body of work in "DGA Quarterly" as "abundantly energetic in its precision and variety" and "psychologically layered".


title: Michael Mann

text: "Indiewire"'s 2014 retrospective of the director's filmography focused on the intensity of Mann's ongoing interest in "stories pitting criminals against those who seek to put them behind bars ("Heat, Public Enemies, Thief, Collateral, Miami Vice"). His films frequently suggest that in fact, at the top of their respective games, crooks and cops are not so dissimilar as men: they each live and die by their own codes and they each recognize themselves in the other."


title: Michael Mann

text: Mann's films have been noted for their realism when it comes to capturing the sounds of gunfire, with him preferring to use raw audio captured from the scene, rather than a sound mix. Many of his films feature practical effects to produce the action scenes, with actors attending boot camps for weapons handling and firing 'full load' blanks in scenes to accurately represent the sound of live ammunition.


title: Michael Mann

text: Mann directed the 2002 "Lucky Star" advertisement for Mercedes-Benz, which took the form of a film trailer for a purported thriller featuring Benicio del Toro. In the fall of 2007, Mann directed two commercials for Nike. The ad campaign "Leave Nothing" features football action scenes with former NFL players Shawne Merriman and Steven Jackson, as well as using the score "Promontory" from the soundtrack of "The Last of the Mohicans". Mann also directed the 2008 promotional video for Ferrari's California sports car.


title: Michael Mann

text: In 2012, Mann participated in the "Sight & Sound" film polls of that year. Held every ten years to select the greatest films of all time, contemporary directors were asked to select ten films of their choice. Mann gave the following ten in alphabetical order.


title: Nate Dogg

text: Nathaniel Dwayne Hale (August 19, 1969 – March 15, 2011), known professionally as Nate Dogg, was an American singer and rapper. He gained recognition for providing guest vocals for a multitude of hit rap songs between 1992 and 2007, earning the nickname "King of Hooks".


title: Nate Dogg

text: Hale began his career in the early 1990s as a member of 213, a trio formed in 1990 with his cousin Snoop Dogg and friend Warren G. In 1994, he co-wrote and sang as the featured performer on Warren G's hit single "Regulate", which reached number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and served as a breakout success for both artists. Nate Dogg would soon become a fixture in the West Coast hip hop genre, regularly working with Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg and Xzibit in the 1990s; his deep vocals became sought after for hooks, and he would expand to work with a larger variety of artists in the 2000s, such as Eminem, 50 Cent, Fabolous, Mos Def and Ludacris. As a featured artist, Nate charted 16 times on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and in 2003 reached number one via 50 Cent's "21 Questions". Nate Dogg also was notably featured on Dr. Dre's "The Next Episode" and Eminem's "'Till I Collapse". In addition to his guest work, Nate Dogg released three studio albums, as well as a string of moderately successful singles of his own in the 1990s.


title: Nate Dogg

text: In December 2007, Hale suffered a stroke, weakening his body's left side, while his cognition and voice remained intact. Several months later, he had another stroke. In 2011, he died of heart failure at age 41 as a result of multiple stroke complications.


title: Nate Dogg

text: Nathaniel Dwayne Hale was born on August 19, 1969, in Long Beach, California. (Some sources say he was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi, eventually moving to Long Beach in his teens.) Hale met Warren G at Long Beach Polytechnic High School. As a youth, he sang at Long Beach's New Hope Baptist Church, where his father was a pastor. He also sang at Life Line Baptist Church in Clarksdale, Mississippi.


title: Nate Dogg

text: At age 17, Hale dropped out of high school, left home, and 30 days later enlisted in the Marines. He was stationed at Camp Schwab in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, in the Materiel Readiness Battalion of the 3rd Force Service Support Group, which supplied ammunition to most of the Pacific. After three years as an ammunition specialist, he was discharged in 1989. Hale would recall that he joined the military because he "wanted to see if he was a man".


title: Nate Dogg

text: In 1990, Nate Dogg, Snoop Dogg, and Warren G, formed a rap trio called 213. They recorded their first demo tape in the back of record store V.I.P. in Long Beach. The demo was later heard by Dr. Dre at a bachelor party.


title: Nate Dogg

text: Nate Dogg debuted on Dr. Dre's first solo album, "The Chronic", in 1992. Nate's trademark singing, complementing the new gangsta rap sound G-funk, was well received by critics. He signed to Dr. Dre's label, Death Row Records, in 1993. Nate Dogg also featured on Snoop Dogg's debut solo album, "Doggystyle", in 1993, his singing prominent on the track "Ain't No Fun (If the Homies Can't Have None)".


title: Nate Dogg

text: In 1994, Nate Dogg cowrote his duet with Warren G, the single "Regulate". Nate was also featured on 2Pac releases, including his group's "", also released in 1994. In July 1998, amid his departure from Death Row Records, the label released his double album, delayed about two years, "G-Funk Classics, Vol. 1 & 2". In 2001, his Elektra Records follow-up, "Music & Me", peaked at No. 3 on the "Billboard" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. He also had an eponymous album that saw unauthorized release in 2003.


title: Nate Dogg

text: Nate Dogg was often sought to sing on other artists' tracks, usually to sing the hook. As a featured artist, he charted 16 times on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and in 2003 reached No. 1 via 50 Cent's "21 Questions".


title: Nate Dogg

text: Otherwise, his successful collaborations are numerous, including 2Pac's "All Bout U", Dr. Dre's "The Next Episode", Westside Connection's "Gangsta Nation", Mos Def's "Oh No", Fabolous' "Can't Deny It", Ludacris's "Area Codes", Kurupt's "Behind the Walls", Mark Ronson's "Ooh Wee", Houston's "I Like That", Eminem's "'Till I Collapse", "Never Enough" and "Shake That", and Mobb Deep's "Have a Party".


title: Nate Dogg

text: Further, in 2002, appearing on television, Nate Dogg was on a celebrity episode of "Weakest Link", where, finally eliminated by Xzibit and Young MC, he was among the final three.


title: Nate Dogg

text: Hale was known for his deep, melodic vocals, with his music often described as a mix between hip hop and R&B, and his vocal range between tenor and baritone. Hale himself considered his voice and style to be mostly influenced by the gospel music he performed in the church choir as a child, though he also grew up listening to soul and cited Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder and Maurice White of Earth, Wind & Fire as some of his biggest musical influences.


title: Nate Dogg

text: He's considered to be the inventor of "gangsta singing", a singing style that consisted in the blend of R&B/soul vocals with gangsta rap lyrics. The style was heavily influential to urban culture, with major R&B artists like R. Kelly and Chris Brown later using it.


title: Nate Dogg

text: Hale was charged for a 1991 robbery of a Check Changers shop and for a 1994 robbery of Taco Bell in San Pedro, but was acquitted.


title: Nate Dogg

text: On June 17, 2000, for allegedly assaulting his former girlfriend and setting her mother's car on fire in Lakewood, Hale was charged with kidnapping, domestic violence, terrorist threats, and arson. Dr. Dre posted a $1 million bond. The charges were dismissed while he pleaded no contest to illegal gun possession by a felon, and received a $1,000 fine and three years' probation.


title: Nate Dogg

text: On April 12, 2002, a tour bus carrying Hale, while outside of Kingman, Arizona, was found with two pistols and four ounces of cannabis, whereby he was booked and then released on $3,500 bond. The next month, the weapon charges were dropped for his guilty plea on a drug charge, and he was sentenced to probation, community service, and drug counseling.


title: Nate Dogg

text: In July 2006, Hale was charged with misdemeanor aggravated trespassing, telephone harassment, battery assault, dissuading a witness from reporting a crime, and breaking a restraining order. On March 20, 2008, pleading guilty to trespassing and battery, he lost gun-ownership rights for 10 years, received three years' probation, and was ordered to a domestic-violence intervention program.


title: Nate Dogg

text: On June 23, 2008, after allegedly threatening his estranged wife by emails and chasing her on Interstate 405, Hale was charged with two felony counts of criminal threats and one count of stalking. He pleaded not guilty. In April 2009, as the alleged victim had failed to contact prosecutors, the charges were dropped. Incidentally, he was also convicted of driving under the influence of drugs.


title: Nate Dogg

text: On December 19, 2007, Hale suffered a stroke. After a week in Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center, he entered a rehabilitation facility. Although his body's left side was weakened, neither his cognition nor voice were affected and a full recovery was expected.


title: Nate Dogg

text: Hale suffered another stroke on September 12, 2008. On March 15, 2011, Hale died at age 41 in Long Beach, California, of complications of multiple strokes, or by congestive heart failure. He was interred in Long Beach at Forest Lawn Memorial Park.


title: Nate Dogg

text: In 2013, Nate Dogg's son Naijiel Hale was committed to play football at the University of Washington. A couple of years later, in 2015, Nate's other son, Nathaniel Jr., having adopted the stage name Lil Nate Dogg, released his own album, "Son of a G". Naijiel would also begin to create music, adopting the stage name NHale, and released his debut studio album, "Young OG", in 2020.


title: Nate Dogg

text: It was reported a posthumous and final studio album entitled "Nate Dogg: It's a Wonderful Life" was announced in 2012, with a late spring or early summer 2013 release from Seven Arts Music and United Media & Music Group. As of 2022, the album has not been released—with no further announcements given—and it was quietly shelved.


title: Carolyn Jones

text: Carolyn Sue Jones (April 28, 1930 – August 3, 1983) was an American actress of television and film. Jones began her film career in the early 1950s, and by the end of the decade had achieved recognition with a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for "The Bachelor Party" (1957) and a Golden Globe Award as one of the most promising new actresses of 1959. Her film career continued for another 20 years. In 1964, she began playing the role of matriarch Morticia Addams in the original 1964 black and white television series "The Addams Family".


title: Carolyn Jones

text: Carolyn Jones was born in Amarillo, Texas, the daughter of Chloe Jeanette Southern, a housewife, and Julius Alfred Jones, a barber. After their father abandoned the family in 1934, Carolyn and her younger sister, Bette Rhea Jones, moved with their mother into her parents' Amarillo home. Jones suffered from severe asthma that often restricted her childhood activities, and when her condition prevented her from going to the movies, she became an avid reader of Hollywood fan magazines and aspired to become an actress. She enrolled at the Pasadena Playhouse in California at age 17, with her grandfather, Charles W. Baker, paying her tuition.


title: Carolyn Jones

text: After being spotted by a talent scout at the Playhouse, Jones secured a contract with Paramount Pictures and made her first film, an uncredited part in "The Turning Point" (1952); had an uncredited bit part as a nightclub hostess in "The Big Heat" (1953); and a role in "House of Wax" (also 1953) as the woman who is converted by Vincent Price's character into a Joan of Arc statue. She played Beth in "Shield for Murder" (1954), earning $500 per day for playing the role.


title: Carolyn Jones

text: Jones was cast in the film "From Here to Eternity" (1953) in the role of Alma "Lorene" Burke. A bout of pneumonia forced her to withdraw; the role earned Donna Reed the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Carolyn Jones

text: She appeared in "Invasion of the Body Snatchers" and in the Alfred Hitchcock film, "The Man Who Knew Too Much" (both 1956), a remake of one of the director's earlier films.


title: Carolyn Jones

text: In 1958, Jones was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for "The Bachelor Party" (1957), and she also shared the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress with Sandra Dee and Diane Varsi, and appeared with Elvis Presley in "King Creole" (1958).


title: Carolyn Jones

text: Jones played opposite Frank Sinatra in Frank Capra's "A Hole in the Head", Dean Martin in "Career", and Anthony Quinn and Kirk Douglas in "Last Train from Gun Hill" (all 1959).


title: Carolyn Jones

text: In the epic Western, "How the West Was Won" (1963), she played the role of Sheriff Jeb Rawlings' (George Peppard) wife. She appears with Peppard and Debbie Reynolds in the final speaking/singing scenes of the film.


title: Carolyn Jones

text: Jones made her television debut on the DuMont series "Gruen Playhouse" in 1952. She appeared in two Rod Cameron syndicated series, "City Detective" and "State Trooper", as Betty Fowler in the 1956 episode, "The Paperhanger of Pioche". She made five appearances on the crime drama series "Dragnet", starring Jack Webb, between 1953 and 1955. Jones appeared on the CBS anthology series "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" in the episode "The Cheney Vase" (1955), as a secretary assisting her scheming boyfriend Darren McGavin in attempting an art theft, and opposite Ruta Lee.


title: Carolyn Jones

text: In 1957, she had the lead in the episode "The Girl in the Grass" on CBS's "Schlitz Playhouse", with once again Ray Milland and Nora Marlowe.


title: Carolyn Jones

text: Jones guest starred three times on the television series "Wagon Train": in first-season episode "The John Cameron Story" (1957) and in later color episodes "The Jenna Douglas Story" (1961) and "The Molly Kincaid Story" (1963). Also in 1963 she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best TV Star - Female for portraying quadruplets—one the murder victim and the others suspects—in the "Burke's Law" episode "Who Killed Sweet Betsy?"


title: Carolyn Jones

text: She guest-starred in CBS's "The DuPont Show with June Allyson", with James Best and Jack Mullaney, in the episode "Love on Credit" (1960).


title: Carolyn Jones

text: In the 1962–1963 season, Jones guest-starred on CBS's "The Lloyd Bridges Show", which Spelling created. While married to Spelling, she appeared on the NBC program "Here's Hollywood".


title: Carolyn Jones

text: In 1964, using a long coal-black wig, Jones began playing Morticia Addams on the television series "The Addams Family", a role which brought her success as a comedian and a Golden Globe Award nomination. She guest-starred on the 1960s TV series "Batman", playing Marsha, the Queen of Diamonds, and in 1976 appeared as the title character's mother, Hippolyta, in the "Wonder Woman" TV series. In Tobe Hooper's movie "Eaten Alive" (1976), she played a madam running a rural whorehouse. The film also featured Neville Brand, Roberta Collins, and Robert Englund. Her last role was that of Myrna, the scheming matriarch of the Clegg clan, on the soap opera "Capitol" from the first episode in March 1982 until March 1983, though she already knew that she was dying of cancer. During her occasional absences, veteran actress Marla Adams subbed for her.


title: Carolyn Jones

text: Her acting career declined after "The Addams Family" ended in 1966. Sporadic roles in the 1970s included that of Mrs. Moore, the wife of the plantation owner in the miniseries "Roots".


title: Carolyn Jones

text: Jones was married four times and had no children. While studying at the Pasadena Playhouse, Jones married Don Donaldson, a 28-year-old fellow student. The couple soon divorced.


title: Carolyn Jones

text: Jones converted to Judaism upon being married to television producer Aaron Spelling from 1953 until their 1964 separation and divorce.


title: Carolyn Jones

text: Her third marriage, in 1968, was to Tony Award-winning Broadway musical director, vocal arranger and co-producer Herbert Greene (who was her vocal coach); she left him in 1977. She married actor Peter Bailey-Britton in September 1982.


title: Carolyn Jones

text: Jones gained the role of the power-driven political matriarch Myrna Clegg in the CBS daytime soap opera "Capitol" in 1981. The following year, shortly after "Capitol" debuted, she was diagnosed with colon cancer, and played many of her scenes in a wheelchair. The cancer spread quickly to her liver and stomach. Despite the pain, Jones finished the first season.


title: Carolyn Jones

text: Even after being diagnosed with colon cancer Jones continued to work while telling colleagues she was being treated for ulcers. After a period of apparent remission, the cancer returned in 1982. In September 1982, realizing she was dying, Jones married her boyfriend of five years, actor Peter Bailey-Britton. She wore a lace and ribbon cap to hide the loss of her hair from chemotherapy.


title: Carolyn Jones

text: In July 1983, she fell into a coma at her home in West Hollywood, California, where she died on August 3, 1983. Her body was cremated on August 4 and a memorial service was held at Glasband-Willen Mortuary in Altadena, California, on August 5, 1983. Her ashes were interred in her mother's crypt at Melrose Abbey Memorial Park & Mortuary in Anaheim. She donated her Morticia costume and wig to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, while a collection of "The Addams Family" scripts were donated by Bailey-Britton to UCLA.


title: Time 100

text: Time" 100 (often stylized as TIME" 100) is an annual listicle of the 100 most influential people in the world, assembled by the American news magazine "Time". First published in 1999 as the result of a debate among American academics, politicians, and journalists, the list is now a highly publicized annual event. Appearing on the list is often seen as an honor, and "Time" makes it clear that entrants are recognized for changing the world, regardless of the consequences of their actions. The final list of influential individuals is exclusively chosen by "Time" editors, with nominations coming from the "Time" 100 alumni and the magazine's international writing staff. Only the winner of the Reader's Poll, conducted days before the official list is revealed, is chosen by the general public. The corresponding commemorative gala is held annually in Manhattan.


title: Time 100

text: In 2019, Time began publishing the "Time" 100 Next list, which "spotlights 100 rising stars who are shaping the future of business, entertainment, sports, politics, science, health and more."


title: Time 100

text: In 2004, "Time" editors identified "three rather distinct qualities" when choosing people to be listed. "Time" editor-at-large Michael Elliott wrote:


title: Time 100

text: First, there were those who came to their status by means of a very public possession of power; President George W. Bush is the pre-eminent example. Others, though rarely heard from in public, nonetheless have a real influence on the great events of our time. Think of Ali Husaini Sistani, the Grand Ayatullah of Iraq's Shi'ites. Still others affect our lives through their moral example. Consider Nelson Mandela's forgiveness of his captors and his willingness to walk away from the South African presidency after a single term.


title: Time 100

text: For the 2007 list, managing editor Richard Stengel clarified that the "Time" 100 focused on the most influential people rather than the hottest, most popular, or most powerful people. He said:


title: Time 100

text: Influence is hard to measure, and what we look for is people whose ideas, whose example, whose talent, whose discoveries transform the world we live in. Influence is less about the hard power of force than the soft power of ideas and example. Yes, there are Presidents and dictators who can change the world through fiat, but we're more interested in innovators like Monty Jones, the Sierra Leone scientist who has developed a strain of rice that can save African agriculture. Or heroes like the great chess master Garry Kasparov, who is leading the lonely fight for greater democracy in Russia. Or Academy Award-winning actor George Clooney who has leveraged his celebrity to bring attention to the tragedy in Darfur.


title: Time 100

text: From 2005 to 2008, "Time" magazine awarded one of Darko Mladenovic's Ray crystal sculptures to each "Time" 100 honoree. These sculptures were produced by Swarovski.


title: Time 100

text: In 2009, the winner of the online poll was 4chan founder Christopher Poole, who received 16,794,368 votes. "Time" claimed that their technical team "did detect and extinguish several attempts to hack the vote". However, it was shown weeks before the poll ended that the results had been heavily influenced by hackers. The first letters of the top 21 names spell out "marblecake also the game". Marblecake was an obscene 4chan meme, and #marblecake was the name of the Internet Relay Chat channel used for communication by some of the participants in rigging the poll.


title: Time 100

text: In its online presentation, "Time" introduced the 2010 list as follows: "In our annual "Time" 100 issue, we name the people who most affect our world". The overall list was organized with four main sub-lists: Leaders, Heroes, Artists, and Thinkers. Oprah Winfrey continued her streak of having been included on every "Time" 100 list, and was one of 31 women on the list. The list included many expected names and some surprises such as Scott Brown, who "HuffPost" described as a premature selection at that point in his career.


title: Time 100

text: The list included 10 Indians, but according to a local news station in India, "Time" faced criticism when they excluded Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan from the list, even though he was supposedly "in the race". According to Rob Cain of "Forbes", "Khan is the biggest and most revered figure [in India]", and Khan's fan following is one of the largest in Bollywood.


title: Time 100

text: The announcement of the list was celebrated by a black tie gala at the Time Warner Center in New York City on May 4, 2010. "Time" readers contributed to the selection through an online vote of over 200 finalists.


title: Time 100

text: "Time" introduced the 2011 list as follows: "Meet the most influential people in the world. They are artists and activists, reformers and researchers, heads of state, and captains of industry. Their ideas spark dialogue and dissent and sometimes even revolution. Welcome to this year's "Time" 100." The announcement was celebrated with a black tie event in New York City on April 26, 2011. The honorees were joined by A-list celebrities at the Jazz at Lincoln Center for the event. "Time" readers contributed to the selection through an online vote of over 200 finalists.


title: Time 100

text: The list included familiar leaders including U.S. President Barack Obama and Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel, as well as "newcomers" to the global press. The list included numerous figures representing the Arab Spring in the Middle East, including rebels, political leaders, and news correspondents. Media figures unrelated to the Arab Spring were also listed. Additionally, Prince William and Kate Middleton were part of the list during the week before their wedding. The list also included Katsunobu Sakurai, the mayor of Minamisōma, Fukushima, which was the city most affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.


title: Time 100

text: Revealed on April 24, 2014, the 2014 list featured Beyoncé on the U.S. cover and Robert Redford, Jason Collins, and Mary Barra on international covers. The list included 41 women, the most in the list's history. The gala was held on April 29, 2014, in New York City.


title: Time 100

text: At age 14, Spanish-British born actress Millie Bobby Brown became the youngest person to be listed on the 2018 list, when "Stranger Things" was in its third season.


title: Time 100

text: In the 2019 list, "Time" chose authors to write the honorees' blurbs. Some of the pairings include Gal Gadot writing about Dwayne Johnson, Shawn Mendes writing about Taylor Swift, Shonda Rhimes writing about Sandra Oh, Ava DuVernay writing about Gayle King, and Beyoncé writing about Michelle Obama.


title: Time 100

text: The 2020 list included Bollywood Actor Ayushmann Khurrana, rapper Megan Thee Stallion, comedian Phoebe Waller-Bridge, tennis champion Naomi Osaka (her second time being included), Formula 1 driver Lewis Hamilton, attorney Nury Turkel, American football player Patrick Mahomes, and environmental justice advocate Cecilia Martinez.


title: Time 100

text: On September 15, "Time" revealed the 2021 list, distributed into the categories "Icons", "Pioneers", "Titans", "Artists", "Leaders" and "Innovators". Each category has a highlighted section of personalities being featured on the "Time" magazine cover, naming Prince Harry and Meghan Markle as "Icons", Billie Eilish as "Pioneer", Simone Biles as "Titan", Kate Winslet as "Artist", Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala as "Leader" and Jensen Huang as "Innovator". Furthermore, "Time" held a readers poll prior to the reveal of the editors list, asking whether certain personalities should be included in this year's annual list. Nearly 1.8 million votes were cast, with Britney Spears claiming the top spot, while also being featured as an "Icon".


title: Time 100

text: Editor-in-chief Edward Felsenthal commented on the current working circumstances at "Time" and the effects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on their annual gala:


title: Time 100

text: Each category is given equal weight every year, but some people are more likely to make repeat appearances over time.


title: Time 100

text: The following list includes individuals who have appeared at least three times. The order is based on the number of times each person has been listed in "Time" 100. Those who are tied are listed alphabetically. Some individuals, such as Nelson Mandela, have also been listed in the one-off "Time"'s list of "". They are listed in bold.


title: Time 100

text: The exclusion of then-British Prime Minister Tony Blair from the 2004 list caused mild controversy. "Time" editor-at-large Michael J. Elliott defended the decision to consistently exclude Blair, saying that "Gerhard Schröder and Jacques Chirac are not there either. This is a worldwide list. There are no Western European political leaders on it because they are not that powerful or influential at this time". Although George W. Bush has been on the list several times, controversy emerged when he was dropped from the list in 2007 in part because of the Democratic victory in the 2006 congressional election. Former Senator Rick Santorum (R–PA) said on Fox News:The fact of the matter is, the president of the United States, I don't care who's in that office, is the most powerful man on the face of the Earth and has more influence over various aspects of lives, not just in this country, but around the world. And for "Time" magazine to dismiss that just shows you how biased and, I would argue, hateful they are.


title: Time 100

text: Adi Ignatius, "Time"s deputy managing editor who oversaw the list at the time, explained that "any U.S. president has a certain built-in influence ... Bush had actually squandered some of that built-in influence. His position on Iraq has cost him support in his own party. ... To a certain point, he sort of reached a lame-duck status".


title: Time 100

text: The list has also generated controversy over inclusions. In 2005, conservative commentator Ann Coulter was listed, which led "Salon" to observe:


title: Time 100

text: When "Time" magazine named Ann Coulter among its 100 "most influential people" last week, alongside such heavyweights as Ariel Sharon, Bill Clinton, Nelson Mandela, Kim Jong-il, and the Dalai Lama, the choice produced guffaws online. Plugging the issue on Fox News last week, "Time" executive editor "Priscilla Painton" insisted it was Coulter's use of "humor" that made her so influential, stopping just short of suggesting that Coulter is the conservative Jon Stewart. But even Fox's Bill O'Reilly wasn't buying it. He pressed Painton: "Do you think people, Americans, listen to Ann Coulter? Do you think she has influence in public opinion?"


title: Time 100

text: "Time" magazine defended Coulter as a bestselling author whose controversial commentary strongly affected political debates in the U.S. Coulter did not, however, make additional appearances on the list.


title: Time 100

text: In February 2016, "Time" included the male British author Evelyn Waugh on its "100 Most Read Female Writers in College Classes" list, generating media attention and concerns regarding fact-checking at the magazine. "Time" later issued a retraction. In a BBC interview with Justin Webb, Oxford professor Valentine Cunningham said the mistake was "a piece of profound ignorance on the part of "Time" magazine".


title: Time 100

text: Since 2014, in partnership with Rolex, "Time" has published a class of young pioneers "in politics, business, culture, science and sports" who are reshaping the world around them. It is, per the magazine's editor-in-chief Edward Felsenthal, "an opportunity to elevate" the trailblazers "who are building a better future".


title: Time 100

text: Since 2015, "Time" has also published a list titled "The 25 Most Influential People on the Internet", which features people whose influence and dominance may have changed Internet culture; who have support, position, and prominence in various sections of social media; or who use and/or rely on the Internet as a platform for change. People who have been listed range from political figures, such as Donald Trump and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, to teenage YouTubers, such as JoJo Siwa and Emma Chamberlain.


title: Time 100

text: Others who have been listed include Lil Nas X, whose debut hit broke the record for most weeks spent atop the "Billboard" Hot 100 after being created and distributed on the Internet, and actress and presenter Jameela Jamil, who is known widely beyond her profession for her online activism.


title: Time 100

text: In 2019, "Time" began publishing the "Time" 100 Next list, which "spotlights 100 rising stars who are shaping the future of business, entertainment, sports, politics, science, health and more." It is considered an expansion of the current "Time" 100 list. Although the list has no explicit age cap, it is more focused on up-and-coming figures and "rising stars". The Next list features profiles written by established "Time" 100 alumni.


title: Godzilla

text: Godzilla is an enormous, destructive, prehistoric sea monster awakened and empowered by nuclear radiation. With the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the "Lucky Dragon 5" incident still fresh in the Japanese consciousness, Godzilla was conceived as a metaphor for nuclear weapons. Others have suggested that Godzilla is a metaphor for the United States, a giant beast woken from its slumber which then takes terrible vengeance on Japan. As the film series expanded, some stories took on less serious undertones, portraying Godzilla as an antihero, or a lesser threat who defends humanity. Later films address themes including Japan's forgetfulness over its imperial past, natural disasters, and the human condition.


title: Godzilla

text: Godzilla has featured alongside many supporting characters. It has faced human opponents such as the JSDF, or other monsters, including King Ghidorah, Mechagodzilla and Gigan. Godzilla sometimes has allies, such as Rodan, Mothra and Anguirus, and offspring, such as Minilla and Godzilla Junior. Godzilla has also fought characters from other franchises in crossover media, such as the RKO Pictures/Universal Studios movie monster King Kong, as well as various Marvel Comics characters, including S.H.I.E.L.D., the Fantastic Four and the Avengers.