title: Aaron Sorkin

text: In 2001, after completing the second season of "The West Wing", Sorkin had a drug relapse, and was arrested at Hollywood Burbank Airport for possession of hallucinogenic mushrooms, marijuana, and crack cocaine. He was ordered by a court to attend a drug diversion program. There was huge media interest but he did make a successful recovery. In 2002, Sorkin criticized NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw's television special about a day in the life of a president, "The Bush White House: Inside the Real West Wing", comparing it to the act of sending a valentine to President George W. Bush instead of real news reporting. "The West Wing" aired on the same network, and so at the request of NBC's Entertainment President Jeff Zucker, Sorkin apologized, but later said, "there should be a difference between what NBC News does and what "The West Wing" TV series does."


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: Sorkin wrote 87 screenplays for "The West Wing", which is nearly every episode during the show's first four Emmy-winning seasons. Sorkin described his role in the creative process as "not so much [that of] a showrunner or a producer. I'm really a writer." He admitted that this approach can have its drawbacks, saying "Out of 88 ["West Wing"] episodes that I did we were on time and on budget never, not once." In 2003, at the end of the fourth season, Sorkin and fellow executive producer Thomas Schlamme left the show due to internal conflicts at Warner Bros. Television, causing John Wells to serve as showrunner. Sorkin never watched any episodes beyond his writing tenure apart from a minute of the fifth season's first episode, describing the experience as "like watching somebody make out with my girlfriend." Sorkin later returned in the series finale for a cameo appearance as a guest at the inauguration of Matthew Santos.


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: In 2005, Sorkin returned to theatre; he revised his play "A Few Good Men" for a production at London's West End. The play opened at the Theatre Royal Haymarket in the fall of the same year and was directed by David Esbjornson, with Rob Lowe of "The West Wing" in the lead role. Sorkin told "The Charlie Rose Show" that he was developing a television series based on a late-night sketch comedy show similar to "Saturday Night Live". In October 2005, a pilot script dubbed "Studio 7 on the Sunset Strip", written by him and Schlamme as producer, started circulating in Hollywood and online. In that same month, NBC bought the rights from Warner Bros. Television to air the series on their network for a near-record license fee after a bidding war with CBS. The show's name was later changed to "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip". Sorkin described the show as having "autobiographical elements" to it and "characters that are based on actual people" but said that it departs from those beginnings to look at the backstage maneuverings at a late night sketch comedy show.


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: On September 18, 2006, the pilot for "Studio 60" aired on NBC, directed by Schlamme. The pilot was critically acclaimed and viewed by an audience of over 12 million, but the show experienced a significant drop in viewership mid-season. Even before the first episode aired, there was a large amount of thoughtful and scrupulous criticism in the press, as well as negative analysis from bloggers. In January 2007, Sorkin spoke out against the press for reporting heavily on the low ratings, and for using blogs and unemployed comedy writers as sources. After two months hiatus, "Studio 60" resumed airing the last episodes of season one, which would be its only season.


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: As early as 2003, Sorkin was writing a spec script about inventor Philo Farnsworth; he was approached by producer Fred Zollo in the 1990s about adapting Elma Farnsworth's memoir into a biographical film. The following year, he completed the film screenplay, "The Farnsworth Invention", which was acquired by New Line Cinema with Schlamme as director. The story is about the patent battle between Farnsworth and RCA tycoon David Sarnoff for the technology that allowed the first television transmissions in the United States. No additional details were released about the film. Shortly, Sorkin was contacted by Jocelyn Clarke of the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, requesting he write a play for them, a commission which he accepted. Sorkin decided to rewrite "The Farnsworth Invention" as a play. He delivered a first draft of the play to the Abbey Theatre in early 2005, and a production was planned for 2007 with La Jolla Playhouse deciding to stage a workshop production of the play in collaboration with the Abbey Theatre. In 2006, Abbey Theatre's new management quit involvement with "The Farnsworth Invention". Despite this, La Jolla Playhouse carried on with Steven Spielberg serving as a producer. The production opened under La Jolla's signature Page To Stage program which allowed Sorkin and director Des McAnuff to develop the play from show-to-show according to audience reactions and feedback; the play ran from February 20, 2007, through March 25, 2007. A Broadway production followed soon after, beginning in previews, and opening on November 14, 2007; however, the play was delayed by the 2007 Broadway stagehand strike. "The Farnsworth Invention" eventually opened at the Music Box Theatre on December 3, 2007, and closed on March 2, 2008.


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: In 2007, Sorkin was commissioned by Universal Pictures to adapt George Crile's non-fiction book "" for Tom Hanks' production company Playtone. The biographical comedy, "Charlie Wilson's War," is about the colorful Texas congressman Charlie Wilson who funded the CIA's secret war against the former Soviet Union in Afghanistan. Directed by Mike Nichols, and written by Sorkin, the film was released in 2007 and starred Tom Hanks, Julia Roberts and Philip Seymour Hoffman. The film earned five nominations at the Golden Globes, including Best Screenplay for Sorkin.


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: In August 2008, Sorkin announced that he had agreed to write a script for Sony Pictures and producer Scott Rudin about the beginnings of Facebook. David Fincher's "The Social Network", based on Ben Mezrich's novel "The Accidental Billionaires", was released on October 1, 2010. It was a critical and commercial success; Sorkin won an Academy Award, BAFTA and a Golden Globe for the screenplay.


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: A year later, Sorkin received nominations in the same award categories for co-writing "Moneyball". It is based on Michael Lewis's 2003 non-fiction book of the same name, an account of the Oakland Athletics baseball team's 2002 season and their general manager Billy Beane's attempts to assemble a competitive team. The film was directed by Bennett Miller, and starred Brad Pitt, Jonah Hill, and Philip Seymour Hoffman. Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" called the script "dynamite", in which Sorkin's "sharply witty touch is everywhere".


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: In 2011, Sorkin played himself on the series "30 Rock," episode "Plan B", where he did a "walk and talk" with Liz Lemon played by Tina Fey. While still working on the screenplay for "The Social Network", Sorkin was contemplating a television drama about the behind-the-scenes events at a cable news program. Talks had been ongoing between Sorkin and HBO since 2010. To research the news industry, Sorkin observed the production crew at MSNBC's "Countdown with Keith Olbermann", and quizzed "Parker Spitzer"s staff. He also spent time shadowing "Hardball with Chris Matthews," as well as other programs on Fox News and CNN. Sorkin told "TV Guide" that he intended to take a less cynical view of the media: "They're going to be trying to do well in a context where it's very difficult to do well when there are commercial concerns and political concerns and corporate concerns." Sorkin decided that rather than have his characters react to fictional news events as on his earlier series, it would be set in the recent past and track real-world stories largely as they unfolded, to give a greater sense of realism.HBO ordered a pilot episode in January 2011 with the working title "More as This Story Develops," with Scott Rudin serving as an executive producer. In September, HBO ordered a 10-episode series of "The Newsroom" with a premiere date of June 2012. A day after the second episode aired, HBO renewed the series for a second season. Sorkin said "The Newsroom" "is meant to be an idealistic, romantic, swashbuckling, sometimes comedic but very optimistic, upward-looking look at a group of people who are often looked at cynically. The same as with "The West Wing", where ordinarily in popular culture our leaders are portrayed either as Machiavellian or dumb; I wanted to do something different and show a highly competent group of people." The series concluded after its third season.


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: In 2015, Danny Boyle's biographical drama "Steve Jobs" was released. The screenplay by Sorkin was based on Walter Isaacson's biography of Steve Jobs, and starred Michael Fassbender as Jobs, Kate Winslet as Joanna Hoffman, Jeff Daniels as John Sculley, and Seth Rogen as Steve Wozniak. Sorkin expressed hesitation for tackling the film, saying "it was a little like writing about the Beatles—that there are so many people out there who know so much about him [Jobs] and who revere him that I just saw a minefield of disappointment. [...] Hopefully, when I'm done with my research, I'll be in the same ball park of knowledge about Steve Jobs". He won a Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay, although some journalists were surprised that he did not receive an Academy Award nomination in the same category.


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: In February 2016, it was announced that Sorkin would adapt Harper Lee's "To Kill a Mockingbird" for the stage, and work alongside Bartlett Sher. His Broadway adaptation opened on December 13, 2018, to positive reviews at the Shubert Theatre.


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: Next, Sorkin made his directorial debut with "Molly's Game", an adaptation of entrepreneur Molly Bloom's memoir. He also wrote the script for it, which starred Jessica Chastain and Idris Elba. Production began in 2016 and the film was released in December 2017 to mostly positive reviews; Sorkin received his third Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "Molly's Game" garnered an approval rating of 81% based on 297 reviews, with an average rating of 7.07/10.


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: Sorkin told "Vanity Fair" in July 2020 that Steven Spielberg offered him a job in 2006 about "a movie about the riots at the 1968 Chicago Democratic Convention and the trial that followed". However, after meeting at Spielberg's home, Sorkin said, "I left not knowing what the hell he was talking about." On July 12, 2007, "Variety" magazine reported that Sorkin had signed a deal with DreamWorks to write three scripts. The first was "The Trial of the Chicago 7", which Sorkin was already developing with Spielberg, and Walter Parkes and Laurie MacDonald. In March 2010, Sorkin's agent, Ari Emanuel, had stated that the project was proving "tough to get together". In late July 2013, it was announced that Paul Greengrass would be directing, but Sorkin eventually both wrote and directed the film. Focusing on the Chicago Seven (and Bobby Seale), the film began a limited release on September 25, 2020, before streaming on Netflix. At the 78th Golden Globes, Sorkin won Best Screenplay, and was nominated for Best Director.


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: In September 2015, "Entertainment Weekly" reported that Sorkin was writing a biopic that will focus on the twenty-year marriage of Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, and their work on a comedy series, "I Love Lucy". Cate Blanchett was originally to star as Ball. In 2017, Amazon Studios acquired the rights to the film. In January 2021, it was announced that Blanchett had been replaced by Nicole Kidman, and Javier Bardem had been cast as Desi Arnaz. Titled "Being the Ricardos" (2021), it was directed by Sorkin and received a limited release on December 10, 2021, followed by a wide release on Prime Video on December 21. Paul Byrnes of "The Sydney Morning Herald" praised the film's dialogue, while the critic from "The Irish Times" opined that the film lacked "spark or insight".


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: It was announced that Sorkin would be reuniting with director Bartlett Sher to revive "Camelot" on Broadway. The musical was set to begin at Lincoln Center's Vivian Beaumont Theater on November 3, 2022, but was moved back to April 13, 2023.


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: In March 2007, it was reported that Sorkin had signed on to write a musical adaptation of the hit 2002 record "Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots" by psychedelic-rock band The Flaming Lips, collaborating with director Des McAnuff who had been developing the project. In August 2008, McAnuff announced that Sorkin had been commissioned by the Stratford Shakespeare Festival to write an adaptation of Chekhov's "The Cherry Orchard". In 2010, Sorkin reportedly obtained the film rights to Andrew Young's book "The Politician" (about Senator John Edwards), and announced that he would make his debut as a film director while adapting the book for the screen.


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: In November 2010, it was reported that Sorkin will write a musical based on the life of Houdini, with music by Danny Elfman. In January 2012, Stephen Schwartz was reported to be writing the music and lyrics, with Sorkin making his debut as a librettist. The musical was expected for release in 2013–14; Sorkin said: "The chance to collaborate with Stephen Schwartz [the director], Jack O'Brien, and Hugh Jackman on a new Broadway musical is a huge gift." In January 2013, he quit the project, citing film and television commitments.


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: In March 2016, it was announced that Sorkin would adapt "A Few Good Men" for a live production on NBC, originally slated to air in 2017; , "Sorkin is still mulling the project".


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: Sorkin has written for the theater, film, and television, and in each medium his level of collaboration with other creators has varied. He began in theater, which involved a largely solitary writing process, then moved into film, where he collaborated with director Rob Reiner and screenwriter William Goldman, and eventually worked in television, where he collaborated very closely with director Thomas Schlamme for nearly a decade on the shows "Sports Night", "The West Wing" and "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip"; he now moves between all three media. He has a habit of chain smoking while he spends countless hours cooped up in his office plotting out his next scripts. He describes his writing process as physical because he will often stand up and speak the dialogue he is developing.


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: A "New York Times" article by Peter de Jonge explained that ""The West Wing" is never plotted out for more than a few weeks ahead and has no major story lines", which De Jonge believed was because "with characters who have no flaws, it is impossible to give them significant arcs". Sorkin has stated: "I seldom plan ahead, not because I don't think it's good to plan ahead, there just isn't time." Sorkin has also said, "As a writer, I don't like to answer questions until the very moment that I have to." The "Seattle Post-Intelligencer" TV critic John Levesque has commented that Sorkin's writing process "can make for ill-advised plot developments". Further complicating the matter, in television, Sorkin will have a hand in writing every episode, rarely letting other writers earn full credit on a script. De Jonge reported that ex-writers of "The West Wing" have claimed that "even by the spotlight-hogging standards of Hollywood, Sorkin has been exceptionally ungenerous in his sharing of writing credit". In a comment to "GQ" magazine in 2008, Sorkin said, "I'm helped by a staff of people who have great ideas, but the scripts aren't written by committee."


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: Sorkin's long-term collaboration with Schlamme began in early 1998 when they found they shared common creative ground on the soon to be produced "Sports Night". Their successful partnership in television is one in which Sorkin focuses on writing the scripts while Schlamme executive produces and occasionally directs; they have worked together on "Sports Night", "The West Wing", and "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip". Schlamme will create the look of the shows, work with the other directors, discuss the scripts with Sorkin as soon as they are turned in, make design and casting decisions, and attend the budget meetings; Sorkin tends to stick strictly to writing. In response to what he perceived as unfair criticism of "The Newsroom", Jacob Drum of "Digital Americana" wrote, "The essential truth that the critics miss is that "The Newsroom" is Sorkin being Sorkin as he always has been and always will be: one part pioneer; one part self-conscious romantic; two parts actual Lewis & Clark-style pioneer, trapping his way across an old, old idea of an America that can always stand to raise its game—but most importantly, spinning a good yarn while he does so."


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: Sorkin is known for writing memorable lines and fast-paced dialogue, such as "You can't handle the truth!" from "A Few Good Men" and the partly Latin tirade against God in "The West Wing" episode "Two Cathedrals". For television, one hallmark of Sorkin's writer's voice is the repartee that his characters engage in as they small talk and banter about whimsical events taking place within an episode, and interject obscure popular culture references into conversation. Although his scripts are lauded for being literate, Sorkin has been criticized for often turning in scripts that are overwrought. His mentor William Goldman has commented that normally in visual media speeches are avoided, but that Sorkin has a talent for dialogue and gets away with breaking this rule. His portrayal of women has been criticized by several commentators, with female characters in his works often subordinate, written to support the main male characters, ditzy and incompetent or ostensibly professional while still being depicted as overly emotional and needing to be rescued by men.


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: Sorkin married Julia Bingham in 1996 and divorced in 2005, with his workaholic habits and drug abuse reported to be a partial cause. Sorkin and Bingham have one daughter, Roxy. He dated Kristin Chenoweth for several years, who played Annabeth Schott on "The West Wing" (after Sorkin had left the show). He has also reportedly dated columnist Maureen Dowd and actress Kristin Davis. In 2021, Sorkin and Paulina Porizkova dated for a few months.


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: A consistent supporter of the Democratic Party, Sorkin has made substantial political campaign contributions to candidates between 1999 and 2011, according to CampaignMoney.com. During the 2004 US presidential election campaign, the liberal advocacy group MoveOn's political action committee enlisted Sorkin and Rob Reiner to create one of their anti-Bush campaign advertisements. In August 2008, Sorkin was involved in a Generation Obama event at the Fine Arts Theater in Beverly Hills, California, participating in a panel discussion subsequent to a screening of Frank Capra's "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington". However, Sorkin does not consider himself a political activist: "I've met political activists, and they're for real. I've never marched anyplace or done anything that takes more effort than writing a check in terms of activism". In 2016, after President Donald Trump won the election, Sorkin wrote an open letter to his daughter Roxy and her mother Julia.


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: In 1987, Sorkin started using marijuana and cocaine. He said cocaine gave him relief from certain nervous tensions that occur on a regular basis. In 1995, he sought rehabilitation at the Hazelden Institute in Minnesota, on the advice of Bingham to combat his addiction. In early 2001, Sorkin and his colleagues John Spencer and Martin Sheen received the Phoenix Rising Award for overcoming their drug abuse. However, on April 15, 2001, Sorkin was arrested when security guards at Hollywood Burbank Airport found that he was in possession of hallucinogenic mushrooms, marijuana, crack cocaine, and a metal crack pipe. He was court-ordered to a drug diversion program, while still working on "The West Wing". In a commencement speech for Syracuse University on May 13, 2012, Sorkin said he has not used cocaine for eleven years.


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: Sorkin has been recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for the following films:


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: Sorkin has been nominated for ten Golden Globe Awards, winning three for Best Screenplay for: "The Social Network" (2011), "Steve Jobs" (2015), and "The Trial of the Chicago Seven" (2020). He has also received five British Academy Film Awards nominations, winning one for "The Social Network" (2010). He has also received fourteen Writers Guild of America Award nominations winning twice for "The West Wing", and "The Social Network" (2010). He has received seven Critics' Choice Movie Awards nominations winning consecutively for Best Screenplay for "The Social Network" and "Moneyball".


title: Aaron Sorkin

text: For his work on television Sorkin has received nine Primetime Emmy Award nominations winning four awards for Outstanding Drama Series for "The West Wing" in 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003. He also won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for "The West Wing" episode: "In Excelsis Deo" in 2000.


title: Trypophobia

text: Trypophobia is an aversion to the sight of irregular patterns or clusters of small holes or bumps. It is not officially recognized as a mental disorder, but may be diagnosed as a specific phobia if excessive fear and distress occur. Most affected people experience mainly disgust when they see trypophobic imagery. A minority of people experience the same level of fear and disgust, and a few express only disgust or fear.


title: Trypophobia

text: The scientific understanding of trypophobia is limited. Although few studies have been done on trypophobia, researchers hypothesize that it is the result of a biological revulsion that associates trypophobic shapes with danger or disease, and may therefore have an evolutionary basis. Exposure therapy is a possible treatment.


title: Trypophobia

text: The term "trypophobia" was coined by a participant in an online forum in 2005. It has since become a popular topic on social media.


title: Trypophobia

text: Trypophobia is not recognized by name as a mental disorder, and so is not a specific diagnosis in the American Psychiatric Association's "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual", Fifth Edition (DSM-5). However, it may fall under the broad category of specific phobia if it involves fear that is excessive, persistent, and associated with significant distress or impairment.


title: Trypophobia

text: Whether trypophobia can be accurately described as a specific phobia might depend on whether the person mainly responds with fear or with disgust. Because phobias involve fear, a response to trypophobic imagery that is based mostly or solely on disgust renders its status as a specific phobia questionable. In one study, most of the participants with trypophobia met the DSM-5 criteria for a specific phobia, even though they experienced disgust instead of fear when shown imagery of clusters of holes; however, they did not meet the distress or impairment criterion.


title: Trypophobia

text: Trypophobia often presents with an autonomic nervous system response. Shapes that elicit a trypophobic reaction include clustered holes in innocuous contexts, such as fruit and bubbles, and in contexts associated with danger, such as holes made by insects and holes in wounds and diseased tissue such as those caused by mango flies in animals, especially dogs. Upon seeing these shapes, some people said they shuddered, felt their skin crawl, experienced panic attacks, sweated, palpitated, or felt nauseated or itchy. Other reported symptoms include goose bumps, body shakes, feeling uncomfortable, and visual discomfort such as eyestrain, distortions, or illusions.


title: Trypophobia

text: Trypophobia may manifest as a reaction of fear, disgust, or both. Disgust is usually the stronger emotion in those with trypophobia.


title: Trypophobia

text: The understanding of trypophobia is limited. Several possible causes have been proposed. Geoff Cole and Arnold Wilkins believe the reaction is an "unconscious reflex reaction" based on a biological revulsion, rather than a learned cultural fear. Imagery of various venomous animals (for example, certain types of snakes, insects, and spiders) have visual characteristics similar to trypophobic imagery. Furthermore, other animals such as the frog Pipa pipa have been known to be a trypophobia trigger. Because of this, it is hypothesized that trypophobia has an evolutionary basis meant to alert humans of dangerous organisms. Can "et al.", however, believe the connection between trypophobia and evolution as a result of a threat from deadly creatures to be weak and that, if a connection does exist, it manifests later in life rather than in childhood.


title: Trypophobia

text: Martínez-Aguayo "et al." described trypophobia as usually involving "an intense and disproportionate fear towards holes, repetitive patterns, protrusions, etc., and, in general, images that present high-contrast energy at low and midrange spatial frequencies." Cole and Wilkins also stated the imagery has high spatial frequency with greater energy at midrange. Whether together or separate, it appears that low and midrange spatial frequencies are necessary for inducing trypophobic reactions. Based on the imagery's visual cues, An Trong Dinh Le, Cole, and Wilkins developed a symptom questionnaire that they believe can be used to identify trypophobia.


title: Trypophobia

text: Researchers have also speculated that trypophobic reactions could be perceived as cues to infectious disease, which could be alerts that give one a survival advantage. In a study by Kupfer and Le, trypophobic and non-trypophobic participants showed significant aversion to disease-relevant cluster images, but only trypophobic participants displayed a significant aversion to disease-irrelevant cluster images. Martínez-Aguayo "et al." stated that, because the reactions could not be attributed to different sensitivity levels or neuroticism differences, Kupfer and Le believe it supports their hypothesis that trypophobia is "an overgeneralized aversion towards cluster stimuli that indicates a parasitic and infectious disease threat". Yamada and Sasaki also propose that trypophobic reactions are due to the imagery's visual similarities to skin diseases.


title: Trypophobia

text: Whether trypophobia is associated with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) has also been studied. A significant minority of those with trypophobia meet the DSM-5 criteria for an obsessive-compulsive disorder. Martínez-Aguayo "et al." stated that other findings refer to trypophobia having common comorbid psychiatric diagnosis, such as major depressive disorder or generalized anxiety disorder, although Le "et al." felt that general anxiety does not cause trypophobia.


title: Trypophobia

text: There are no known treatments for trypophobia, but exposure therapy, which has been used to treat phobias, is likely to be an effective treatment.


title: Trypophobia

text: The extent to which trypophobia exists is unknown, but the available data suggests that having an aversion to trypophobic imagery is relatively common. 16% of a sample of 286 participants in a 2013 study reported discomfort or repulsion when presented with an image of a lotus seed pod and its authors found that non-trypophobic individuals also experienced more discomfort when viewing trypophobic imagery than when viewing neutral images. Trypophobia appears to be more prevalent in women.


title: Trypophobia

text: The term "trypophobia" is believed to have been coined by a participant in an online forum in 2005. The word is from the , ', meaning "hole" and , ', meaning "fear". Groups on social media sites such as Facebook and Instagram exist for self-identified trypophobics to share and discuss images that they say induce the reaction.


title: Trypophobia

text: Because trypophobia is not well known to the general public, many people with the condition do not know the name for it and believe that they are alone in their trypophobic reactions and thoughts until they find an online community to share them with. This has led to an increase in trypophobic images on social media; in some cases, people seek to intentionally induce trypophobia in those who have it by showing them trypophobic images, with the most trypophobic-inducing images being holes and clusters (especially the lotus seedhead) photoshopped onto human skin. Cole and Wilkins also stated that the level of disgust with trypophobia increases if the holes are on human skin. Writing in "Popular Science", Jennifer Abbasi argues that emotional contagion within such social media groups may be responsible for some of the aversive reactions to such images.


title: Trypophobia

text: In 2017, trypophobia received media attention when "American Horror Story" featured a trypophobic character and trypophobia-inducing advertisements promoting the storyline; some people were disturbed by the imagery, and criticized the show for "insensitivity towards sufferers of trypophobia". Although there was sentiment that the increased media attention could lead to people trying to induce trypophobia, there were also opinions that it might help people understand trypophobia and encourage more research on the matter. Some users responded to the September 2019 release of Apple's iPhone 11 Pro, which features three closely spaced camera lenses, with comments that it triggered their trypophobia.


title: Trypophobia

text: Writer and editor Kathleen McAuliffe suggested that trypophobia is yet to be extensively studied because researchers have not given as much attention to topics of disgust as they have to other areas of research, and because of the revulsion viewing the images could incite in researchers.


title: Steam Deck

text: The Steam Deck is a handheld gaming computer developed by Valve Corporation. Released on February 25, 2022, the Steam Deck can be played as a handheld or connected to a monitor in the same manner as the Nintendo Switch. It is an x86-64-v3 device with integrated gaming inputs designed to play the full Steam library, including Windows PC games via the Linux-based Proton compatibility layer. The system is an open platform, allowing users to install other compatible games on the device or other operating systems.


title: Steam Deck

text: Valve's first foray into hardware was with the Steam Machine, a computer specification based on the Linux-derived SteamOS that could be adopted by any computer manufacturer to make systems optimized for running Steam and games from it. Introduced in 2015, the platform did not sell well and Valve quietly pulled back on it by April 2018, but stated they remained committed to providing some type of open-hardware platform. Steam Deck designer Scott Dalton said "there was always kind of this classic chicken and egg problem with the Steam Machine", as it required the adoption of Linux by both gamers and game developers to reach a critical interest in the machines to draw manufacturers in making them. The lack of Linux game availability during the lifetime of Steam Machines led Valve to invest development into Proton, a Linux-based compatibility layer to allow most Windows–based applications and games to be run on Linux without modification.


title: Steam Deck

text: Other factors from the Steam Machine line worked their way into the conception of the Steam Deck. The Steam Controller was developed by Valve as part of the Steam Machine line. Some of the early prototypes of the controller included a small LCD screen within the middle of the controller which could be programmed as a second screen alongside the game that the user was playing. One idea from this prototype was to include the Steam Link, a hardware device capable of streaming game content from a computer running Steam to a different monitor, here routing that output to the small LCD on the controller. This was later considered by Valve a very early concept behind the Steam Deck. Further, their experience with trying to convince other manufacturers to produce Steam Machines led Valve to realize that it was better to develop all their hardware internally. Dalton said, "More and more it just became kind of clear, the more of this we are doing internally, the more we can kind of make a complete package."


title: Steam Deck

text: Rumors that Valve was working on a portable gaming unit had emerged in May 2021, based on updates made within the Steam code pointing towards a new "SteamPal" device, and comments made by Gabe Newell related to Valve developing games for consoles. "Ars Technica" had been able to confirm that new hardware was in development at Valve.


title: Steam Deck

text: Valve revealed the Steam Deck on July 15, 2021. The Deck, existing in three different models based on internal storage options, was shipped starting in February 2022 in North America and Europe, with other regions to follow throughout the year. However, due to its popularity, some pre-order purchasers were informed that later shipments of the 64 GB model and 256 GB NVMe models would be in Q2 2022 and the 512 GB NVMe model by Q3 2022. Valve informed pre-purchasers in November 2021 that due to the ongoing global chip shortage, the device would fail to ship by December and instead would ship in February 2022, retaining the same order for delivery based on pre-order placement.


title: Steam Deck

text: Valve's CEO, Gabe Newell, said of the Steam Deck's approach, "As a gamer, this is a product I've always wanted. And as a game developer, it's the mobile device I've always wanted for our partners." According to Newell, they wanted to be "very aggressive" on the release and pricing strategy as they considered the mobile market as their primary competitor for the Deck. However, their focus was on the unit's performance; Newell stated, "But the first thing was the performance and the experience, [that] was the biggest and most fundamental constraint that was driving this." Newell recognized that the base pricing was somewhat lower than expected and "painful", but necessary to meet the expectation of gamers that would want the Deck. Newell continued that he believed this was a new product category of personal computer hardware that Valve and other computer manufacturers would continue to participate in if the Steam Deck proved successful, and thus it was necessary to keep the unit's price point reasonable to demonstrate viability. The openness of the system was also a key feature according to Newell, as that is a defining "superpower" of the personal computer space over typical console systems. Newell did not want to have any limitations on what the end user could do with the hardware, such as installing alternate non-Steam software on it.


title: Steam Deck

text: Pre-orders for the Steam Deck were opened a day after its announcement. Pre-orders were limited to those with Steam accounts opened before June 2021, to prevent resellers from depleting stock and making the device more difficult to purchase. First-day pre-order reservations through the Steam storefront briefly crashed the servers due to the demand. By September 2021, development kits for the Steam Deck were shipping to developers. The device was released on February 25, 2022.


title: Steam Deck

text: For the planned release in Asian regions, Valve worked with Komodo to help with local production, localization, and distribution support.


title: Steam Deck

text: By June 2022, Valve stated they were able to double the number Steam Decks shipping out each week, helping to meet the initial reservations, and by August 2022, Valve's production was outpacing expectations, allowing them to send out Steam Decks to consumers that were originally anticipated to ship in the final quarter of the year. Valve was able to fulfill all reservations by October 2022, opening the Steam Deck to purchase without reservation, though Valve tentatively will return to a reservation system should demand be too high.


title: Steam Deck

text: As of December 2022, Valve is pursuing improvements on the current Steam Deck design, including an audio mixer, per-game "power profiles", and some other performance improvements, as well as evaluating a second generation Steam Deck. Valve is also considering bring some of the Steam Deck technology into a new Steam Controller 2.


title: Steam Deck

text: The Steam Deck includes a custom accelerated processing unit (APU) built by AMD based on their Zen 2 and RDNA 2 architectures, named Aerith, after the "Final Fantasy VII" character Aerith Gainsborough. The CPU runs a four-core/eight-thread unit and the GPU runs on eight compute units with a total estimated performance of 1.6 TFLOPS. Both the CPU and GPU use variable timing frequencies, with the CPU running between 2.4 and 3.5 GHz and the GPU between 1.0 and 1.6 GHz based on current processor needs. Valve stated that the CPU has comparable performance to Ryzen 3000 desktop computer processors and the GPU performance to the Radeon RX 6000 series. The Deck includes 16 GB of LPDDR5 RAM in a quad-channel configuration, with a total bandwidth of 88 GB/s.


title: Steam Deck

text: The Deck's main unit is designed for handheld use. It includes a touchscreen LCD display with a 1280×800 pixel resolution with a fixed 60 Hz refresh rate; games are configured to use vertical synchronization where possible. The unit's input set features two thumbsticks, a directional pad, ABXY buttons, two shoulder buttons on each side of the unit, four additional buttons on the rear of the unit, as well as two trackpads under each thumbstick. The thumbsticks and trackpads use capacitive sensing, and the unit further includes a gyroscope to allow for more specialized controls on the handheld mode. The unit also includes haptic feedback.


title: Steam Deck

text: The unit shipped in three models based on internal storage options. The base model includes a 64 GB eMMC internal storage unit, running over PCI Express 2.0 x1. A mid-tier model includes 256 GB of storage through an NVMe SSD device, while the high-end unit includes a 512 GB NVMe SSD storage unit, with the latter two both shipping with drives that run PCI Express 3.0 x4. All 3 SKUs utilize the same M.2 2230 interface for internal storage. Valve stated that the built-in storage is not meant to be replaceable by end-users, though can be replaced as necessary for repair. Additional storage space is available through a microSD card slot, which also supports microSDXC and microSDHC formats.


title: Steam Deck

text: The Deck supports Bluetooth connectivity for input devices, including common game controllers, and includes integrated WiFi network support to meet IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac standards, stereo sound out via a digital signal processor, an integrated microphone and a headphone jack, a 40 watt-hour battery, which Valve estimates that for "lighter use cases like game streaming, smaller 2D games, or web browsing" can last between seven and eight hours. Valve also estimated that by keeping frame rates to around 30 frames per second (FPS) more intensive games such as "Portal 2" could be played for five to six hours. The system's software includes an optional FPS limiter that balance a game's performance to optimize battery life.


title: Steam Deck

text: At release, Steam Decks were only manufactured in a black casing to reduce the complexity of production, though Valve stated that they have considered introducing other case colors or themes in the future. Valve partnered with iFixit to provide replacement parts for users.


title: Steam Deck

text: A dock unit was released on October 6, 2022. The dock unit can be connected to an external power source to power the Deck, and to an external monitor via either HDMI or DisplayPort protocols to route output from the Deck to that monitor. Though limited by the processor speed, the display output from the Deck via the dock can reach as high as 8k resolution at 60 Hz or 4k resolution at 120 Hz; this resolution boost can also be achieved by attaching the Deck directly through a USB to HDMI adapter without the use of the docking station. There is no other change in performance of the Steam Deck whether docked or when used in portable mode. The dock also supports Ethernet network connectivity and support for USB connections for controllers or other input devices. The Deck can also work with any third-party docking station that supports similar types of interfacing for portable devices. External GPUs are not officially supported, although testing via the M2 slot has demonstrated that eGPUs are capable of running when connected to the Deck.


title: Steam Deck

text: As Valve considered options for bringing a handheld device to market, they set a priority that the device had to be able to play nearly the entirety of the Steam game library, and rejected possible hardware that moved away from the standard x86-based processing structure that would have been easier to implement in handheld form but would have limited what games would be available. Only through recent discussions with AMD and their current product lines was Valve able to identify a technical approach that would meet the goal of a handheld device capable of playing all Steam games without overtaxing the processor unit. The developers considered the Steam Deck to be future-proof. While the specifications are modest compared to high-end gaming computers, they felt that the performance was at a good place that would be acceptable for many years, while still looking at newer software improvements, such as the addition of AMD's FidelityFX Super Resolution (FSR). Though they do not have any current designs for a successor, Valve stated that there would likely be future iterations of the hardware in years to come, but the company expects the timing of releases to depend on the current state of processor technology and handheld device limitations rather than a regular upgrade cycle.


title: Steam Deck

text: Steam Deck runs a modified Arch Linux operating system called SteamOS v3.3. While SteamOS had been previously developed for Steam Machines using Debian Linux, Valve stated that they wanted to use a rolling upgrade approach for the Deck's system software, a function Debian was not designed for but was a feature of Arch Linux. An application programming interface (API) specific for the Steam Deck is available to game developers, allowing a game to specify certain settings if it is being run on a Steam Deck compared to a normal computer. Within the Steam storefront, developers can populate a special file depot for their game with lower-resolution textures and other reduced elements to allow their game to perform better on the Steam Deck; Steam automatically detects and downloads the appropriate files for the system (whether on a computer or Steam Deck) when the user installs the game.


title: Steam Deck

text: Linux-native games can be played directly on SteamOS. The SteamOS software includes support for Proton, a compatibility layer that allows most games developed for Windows to be played on the Linux-based SteamOS. According to ProtonDB, a user-run database that compiles information on game compatibility of Steam games within Linux using Proton, several of Steam's more popular game releases were not yet compatible with Proton primarily due to anti-circumvention and anti-cheat controls or digital rights management (DRM). Valve stated they were working with vendors of these middleware solutions to improve Proton support while also encouraging Linux-specific versions to be developed. Epic Games' Easy Anti-Cheat, one of the more popular anti-cheat options for developers, was made available for MacOS and Linux systems in September 2021, which Epic stated that developers could easily transition for the Proton layer. Valve worked with Epic over the end of 2021 to make the transition of Easy Anti-Cheat to Proton simple for developers. Another popular anti-cheat solution, BattlEye, also affirmed their software was ready to work with the Proton layer and only required developers to opt-in to enable it. Valve stated that in testing games otherwise currently available on Linux or compatible with the Proton layer, they had yet to find a game that failed to meet a minimum 30 frames-per-second performance on the handheld, a performance metric comparable to the consoles of the eighth generation. The Proton layer includes support for AMD's upscaling technology FidelityFX Super Resolution (FSR); while Proton also supports Nvidia's DLSS upscaling solution, this was not included in the Deck.


title: Steam Deck

text: Due to potential confusion on game compatibility, Valve introduced a process in October 2021 by which they brought in additional staff to review games on Steam in order to make sure a game is fully playable on the Steam Deck. Games that are confirmed to be compatible with the Steam Deck, including those with Proton and any middleware DRM solutions, that by default meet minimum performance specifications, are marked as "Verified". Games that may require some user tinkering with settings, such as having to use a system control to bring up the on-screen keyboard, are tagged as "Playable". Another category, "Unsupported", are games that Valve has tested to not be fully compatible with the Steam Deck, such as VR games or games using Windows-specific codecs that have not yet been made compatible with Proton. These ratings are to change over time as both the Steam Deck software improves as well as updates made by developers to games to improve compatibility with the Steam Deck software.


title: Steam Deck

text: The Steam client on the Deck runs a revised version of the Steam client for desktops. Unlike Steam's Big Picture mode which was designed for use on television screens, which was treated as a separate software branch within Valve, the Deck version of the Steam client stays consistent with the desktop version, adding functions and interface elements to make navigating through Steam easier with controller input, and indicators typical for portable systems such as battery life and wireless connectivity. Valve anticipates phasing out the Big Picture mode in Steam with the Steam Deck user interface in the future. The version of Steam on the Deck otherwise supports all other functions of Steam, including user profiles and friends lists, access to game communities, cloud saving, Steam Workshop support, and the Remote Play feature. Remote Play also allows the Steam Deck to be used as a controller for a game running on a computer, providing additional control options beyond traditional keyboard and mouse or common controller systems. The Steam software on the Deck also supports suspending a game in progress, a feature considered by Valve to be core to the Deck. Otherwise, games that do not take advantage of the Steam Deck API have the handheld's controller input automatically converted for them. For example, the touch-sensitive controllers on the Deck translate input appropriately for games that typically rely on keyboard and mouse controls. Valve added to Steam's current approach to cloud saving with the introduction of Dynamic Cloud Sync in January 2022. Prior cloud functionality only synchronized game saves after the user has exited a game; developers can enable Dynamic Cloud Sync to use cloud saving while the game is running, making this feature more amenable for portable use on the Steam Deck.


title: Steam Deck

text: Users download games onto the Steam Deck to store on either the internal storage or SD card, each storage device treated as a separate Steam Library for games. This allows SD cards with different Steam Libraries to be swapped in and out. Valve is exploring the ability to pre-load games on an SD card outside of the Deck, such as through a personal computer.


title: Steam Deck

text: While the Deck was designed for playing Steam-based games, it can be loaded with third-party software, such as alternative storefronts like Epic Games Store, Ubisoft Connect, or Origin. The user can also choose to replace SteamOS with a different operating system entirely, as it supports multi-booting. The device's built-in browser supports Xbox Cloud Gaming, allowing those with Xbox Game Pass subscriptions access to that library of games. Microsoft released a version of Microsoft Edge for Linux which improved support for Xbox Cloud Gaming as well as Google Stadia. Newell stated that Valve would support Microsoft in bringing Xbox Game Pass to Steam and Steam Deck if they want that route.


title: Steam Deck

text: As part of the Steam Deck's launch, Valve released "Aperture Desk Job", a spinoff game in the "Portal" series, for free on March 1, 2022, available to all Windows and Linux/SteamOS users. The game is designed to demonstrate the various features of the Steam Deck, though is still playable with a controller for other systems.


title: Steam Deck

text: To assist in developing and testing software for the Steam Deck, Valve released SteamOS Devkit Client and Server under open-source licenses.


title: Steam Deck

text: The initial reaction to the announcement of the Steam Deck was positive. Epic Games' Tim Sweeney and Xbox Game Studios' Phil Spencer complimented Valve on the Steam Deck, with Sweeney calling it an "amazing move by Valve!" Spencer congratulated Valve "on getting so many of us excited to be able to take our games with us wherever we decide to play".


title: Steam Deck

text: Many outlets compared the unit to that of the Nintendo Switch, generally recognized as the first true hybrid video game console. Valve stated that they did not really consider the Switch in designing the Deck, as they "tried to make all the decisions really in Steam Deck that targeted that audience and that served the customers that were already having a good time interacting with the games that are on that platform, on our platform", and that by happenstance, came out with a device that was similar in function to the Switch. "The Verge" stated that generally, the Steam Deck was a more powerful machine compared to the Switch, but that power came with a tradeoff in battery life which was greater with the Switch. Further, "The Verge" recognized that the specifications of the Deck were more comparable to the power of the consoles of the eighth generation like the Xbox One and PlayStation 4, though using more recent compute/micro- and graphics architectures than that which powered those older systems. "Kotaku" stated that while the Deck and Switch may be similar in concept, the two were not competing devices due to their target demographics, with the Switch aimed more at a broad audience machine, while the Deck was geared towards more "hardcore" gamers. "Digital Foundry" noted that while the Deck's hardware may be more powerful, non-Linux developers are not necessarily able to get low-level access to the CPU/GPU as developers working on the Switch due to the Proton emulation layer.


title: Steam Deck

text: One of the main criticisms of the Steam Deck highlighted by multiple reviewers has been its battery life. Matt Hanson writing for "TechRadar" stated, "Less welcome is the fact that the battery life of the Steam Deck is pretty poor, with it just about managing one and a half hours while playing "God of War"" and that "Unfortunately during our time with the Steam Deck, battery life is an issue." He expanded by saying "That’s going to upset a lot of people who may have been planning on using the Steam Deck for long flights, for example" and that "it certainly makes this portable gaming system feel less… well, portable." Matt Miller writing for "Game Informer" said that "Battery life is a significant problem" and that the device's battery life was "Punishingly low". Steve Hogarty writing for "The Independent" said "The battery life is by far the Steam deck’s biggest weakness. The handheld PC chugs through juice like it’s going out of fashion, with some graphically demanding games draining a full charge in as little as two hours of playtime." Seth G. Macy writing for IGN wrote in very similar terms, saying, "Beyond that limitation, the biggest, most deflating issue I’ve had has been battery life. It’s all over the place and probably the biggest reality check when it comes to realizing the dream of truly untethered PC gaming." In terms of resolving this problem Richard Leadbetter writing for "Eurogamer" said they "can't help feel that elements like fan noise and battery life can only be resolved with a revised processor on a more efficient process node."


title: Steam Deck

text: Following the February 2022 launch, the Steam Deck has fostered notable support from the third-party developer community with various third-party tools and applications compiled or ported for use on the Steam Deck or adapted for use on the Deck, including software and performance management, emulation and media management.


title: 8 Mile (film)

text: 8 Mile is a 2002 American drama film written by Scott Silver and directed by Curtis Hanson. It stars Eminem in his film debut, alongside Mekhi Phifer, Brittany Murphy, Michael Shannon, Anthony Mackie, and Kim Basinger. The film, which contains autobiographical elements from Eminem's life, follows white rapper Jimmy Smith Jr. aka B-Rabbit (Eminem) and his attempt to launch a career in hip hop, a music genre dominated by African-Americans. The title is derived from 8 Mile Road, the highway between the predominantly African-American city of Detroit and the largely white suburban communities to the north that Eminem originally lived in.


title: 8 Mile (film)

text: "8 Mile" was a critical and box office success. It opened at in the US with $51.3 million grossed in its opening weekend and an eventual total of $242.9 million worldwide. The album's accompanying was also a commercial success, being certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The film garnered numerous award nominations and wins, including an Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Lose Yourself" win for Eminem, Luis Resto and Jeff Bass at the 75th Academy Awards. "8 Mile" was named one of the best films of 2002 by several publications.


title: 8 Mile (film)

text: In 1995, Jimmy is aspiring rapper who performs under the stage name B-Rabbit. Jimmy is a blue-collar worker from a poor family who now are residing in a trailer park in Detroit. Jimmy has moved to the run-down trailer home of his alcoholic mother Stephanie, his daughter Lily, and Stephanie's abusive live-in boyfriend Greg. Although encouraged by his friends, Jimmy worries about his potential as a rapper. One night, Jimmy chokes during a rap battle at a local venue, the Shelter, and he leaves the stage humiliated.


title: 8 Mile (film)

text: During the day, Jimmy works at a car factory. Desperate for money, he asks for extra shifts, but his supervisor bluntly dismisses his request because of his habitual tardiness. Later on, Jimmy befriends a woman named Alex and he begins to take more responsibility for the direction of his life.


title: 8 Mile (film)

text: Stephanie discovers an eviction notice as Jimmy is getting ready for work. Despite her best attempts to keep the eviction notice a secret, Greg discovers it and confronts Stephanie. When Jimmy punches Greg for pushing his mother to the ground, they fight, ending in Greg leaving Stephanie for good.


title: 8 Mile (film)

text: Jimmy's friendship with Wink who has ties to a record label promoter, becomes strained after he discovers that Wink does promotional work for Jimmy's rivals, a rap group known as the "Leaders of the Free World". At one point, Jimmy and his friends get into a violent brawl with the Free World crew, which is disrupted when Jimmy's friend Cheddar pulls out a gun and accidentally shoots himself in the leg; he survives after being rushed to the hospital.


title: 8 Mile (film)

text: During a lunch break at work, one of Jimmy's co-workers performs a freestyle rap insulting a gay co-worker, Paul. Jimmy raps a freestyle defending Paul. Alex arrives and is impressed by Jimmy's actions and they have sex. Wink arranges for Jimmy to meet with producers at a recording studio, but Jimmy finds Wink and Alex having sex. Enraged, Jimmy attacks Wink as Alex tries to break them up. In retaliation, Wink and the Leaders of the Free World assault Jimmy outside his trailer. The leader of the gang, Papa Doc, holds Jimmy at gunpoint and threatens to kill him, but Wink convinces him not to do it. After the group has left Jimmy alone, his mother arrives with enough money to pay to avoid eviction, having won $3,200 at a bingo tournament.


title: 8 Mile (film)

text: Jimmy's best friend and battle host, Future, pushes him to get revenge by competing against the Leaders of the Free World at the next rap battle. Jimmy agrees, but his boss, having noticed improved effort at work, asks Jimmy to do a late-night shift. He agrees, but it conflicts with the battle at the Shelter. Alex unexpectedly visits Jimmy at work. She says goodbye, as she is going to New York, and she is hoping to see Jimmy at the Shelter later. This motivates Jimmy to do the battle. He asks Paul to cover the start of his shift as a favor while Jimmy goes to the battle.


title: 8 Mile (film)

text: In all rounds of the rap battle, Jimmy has to compete against one member of the Free World crew. After handily winning the first two rounds against Lickety-Split and Lotto, he faces Papa Doc. Going first, Jimmy pre-empts Papa Doc's potential insults, acknowledging his own "white trash" roots and difficult life. He ends his battle repudiating Papa Doc's image as a thug by exposing his privileged background; having attended a private school in wealthy suburb and living in a stable, two-parent household. Embarrassed and with nothing to say in rebuttal, Papa Doc hands the microphone back to Future, conceding the battle.


title: 8 Mile (film)

text: After being congratulated by Alex and her friends, Jimmy is offered a position by Future co-hosting battles at the Shelter. Jimmy declines, saying that hosting is Future's thing and he needs to do his own, and leaves alone to return to work.


title: 8 Mile (film)

text: The film started production in 2000. Shooting began in September 2001 in Highland Park, Michigan. Eminem was linked to both Brittany Murphy and Kim Basinger during filming. He denied being romantically involved with Basinger, while Murphy confirmed reports that she dated him.


title: 8 Mile (film)

text: "Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture 8 Mile" is the soundtrack to "8 Mile". Eminem features on five tracks from the album. It was released under the Shady/Interscope label and spawned Eminem's first number 1 US single "Lose Yourself". The album debuted at number one on the U.S. "Billboard" 200 Albums Chart that year, with over 702,000 copies sold, and a further 507,000 copies were sold in the second week, also finishing the year as the fifth-best-selling album of 2002, with US sales of 3.2 million despite being on the market for only two months.


title: 8 Mile (film)

text: "8 Mile" opened with $51,240,555 in its opening weekend, the then second-highest opening for an R-rated movie in the U.S, after "Hannibal". It topped the box office upon opening, beating "The Santa Clause 2". During its second weekend, the film dropped into second place behind "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", making $21.3 million. The film would go on to gross $116,750,901 domestically and $126,124,177 overseas, for a total of $242,875,078 worldwide. The film's final domestic gross would hold the film at in Box Office Mojo's "Pop Star Debuts" list, behind "Austin Powers in Goldmember" (Beyoncé) and "The Bodyguard" (Whitney Houston).


title: 8 Mile (film)

text: The "8 Mile" DVD, which was released on March 18, 2003, generated $75 million in sales and rentals in its first week, making it the biggest DVD debut ever for an R-rated movie and putting it in the all-time Top 10 for first week home video sales for a movie.


title: 8 Mile (film)

text: "8 Mile" received positive reviews, with critics praising the music and Eminem's performance. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports the film is "Certified Fresh", with 75% of 214 professional critics giving the film a positive review and a rating average of 6.70/10. The site's consensus is that "Even though the story is overly familiar, there's enough here for an engaging ride." On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics, the film has a rating score of 77 based on 38 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews". CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave "8 Mile" was B+ on an A+ to F scale, with the core under-21 demographics giving it an A.


title: 8 Mile (film)

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars. He said that we "are hardly started in "8 Mile", and already we see that this movie stands aside from routine debut films by pop stars" and that it is "a faithful reflection of his myth". He said that Eminem, as an actor, is "convincing without being too electric" and "survives the X-ray truth-telling of the movie camera" In the "At the Movies with Ebert and Roeper" review, both Ebert and Richard Roeper gave the film a thumbs up; Roeper said that Eminem has a "winning screen presence" and "raw magic" to him. He was happy with Rabbit's "tender side" presented through his relationship with the "adorable" Greenfield as his sister, but felt that Basinger was "really miscast". Roeper said: "8 Mile probably won't win converts to rap, but it should thrill Eminem fans."


title: 8 Mile (film)

text: Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars. He said that "8 Mile" "is a real movie, not a fast-buck package to exploit the fan base of a rap nonentity" that "qualifies as a cinematic event by tapping into the roots of Eminem and the fury and feeling that inform his rap." He praised Hanson's directing and the performances and compared the final battle with Papa Doc to the fight between Rocky Balboa and Apollo Creed in "Rocky".


title: 8 Mile (film)

text: In 2003, Eminem won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 75th Academy Awards, for his single "Lose Yourself" from the soundtrack of "8 Mile", becoming the first hip hop artist ever to win an Academy Award. He was not present at the ceremony, but co-writer Luis Resto accepted the award. The film has been nominated for 32 awards, winning 11. 17 years later, Eminem performed the song in a surprise appearance at the 2020 Academy Awards.


title: 8 Mile (film)

text: "8 Mile" was first released on VHS and DVD on March 18, 2003. The DVD was released in four different versions in Widescreen (2.39:1) and Full Screen (1.33:1) formats with either censored or uncensored bonus materials. It was later released on Blu-ray on April 14, 2009. A physical and digital 4K release was released on November 7, 2022, for the 20 year anniversary of the release; the 4K SteelBook will come with a 4K disc, a Blu-ray disc, and a 4K digital download code.


title: After We Collided

text: After We Collided is a 2020 American romantic drama film directed by Roger Kumble, and written by Anna Todd and Mario Celaya. Based on the 2014 novel of the same name by Todd, it is the sequel to "After" (2019) and the second overall installment in the "After" film series. The film stars Josephine Langford and Hero Fiennes Tiffin reprising their roles as Tessa Young and Hardin Scott, respectively, with Dylan Sprouse, Shane Paul McGhie, Candice King, Khadijha Red Thunder, Inanna Sarkis, Samuel Larsen, and Selma Blair in supporting roles.


title: After We Collided

text: "After We Collided" premiered in select territories on September 2, 2020, before being released simultaneously in theaters and video-on-demand in the United States on October 23, 2020, by Open Road Films. Like its predecessor, the film received overwhelmingly negative reviews from critics, with many criticizing the plot, characters, acting and glamourized portrayal of toxic relationships. Despite this, it was a box-office success, grossing $48 million worldwide.


title: After We Collided

text: The film was followed by a number of sequels including, "After We Fell" in September 2021, and "After Ever Happy" in September 2022. A fifth installment titled "After Everything" is currently in post-production, while a prequel and additional sequel centered around the children of the series' main characters are also in development.


title: After We Collided

text: One month after his breakup with Tessa Young, Hardin Scott meets an unknown homeless man, whom he rebuffs after the man tries to ask him a question. On her first day as an intern at Vance Publishing, Tessa shares an awkward encounter with coworker Trevor Matthews. Impressed with her work, Vance's owner Christian Vance takes Tessa, Trevor, and his secretary and girlfriend Kimberly to a Seattle-area work event. At a nightclub, Tessa and Trevor network with and impress a businessman considering an investment in Vance. Tessa drunk-dials Hardin, compelling him to track her down. He arrives at her hotel room to find a half-dressed Trevor (whose clothes were drying after Tessa accidentally spilt wine on them). Hardin kicks Trevor out of the room, and Tessa fights with Hardin before the two have sex.


title: After We Collided

text: The next morning, Hardin and Tessa fight again before Tessa and Trevor leave with Vance, who informs his interns that he has secured financing from the businessman. Tessa and Hardin each come to regret their decision to end their relationship. When Tessa returns to the apartment she shared with Hardin to retrieve some belongings, Hardin steps into the apartment with his mother Trish, who assumes the two are still dating. Tessa plays along and finds that she enjoys spending time with Hardin and Trish, who reveals to Tessa the source of Hardin's personality issues: he is traumatized after watching Trish get violently raped by men to whom his father Ken owed money. On the following day, her birthday, Tessa visits her mother Carol's house and encounters her ex-boyfriend Noah. The two accidentally reveal that Tessa's long-lost father had visited the home in an attempt to see her. Feeling betrayed, Tessa returns to Hardin's apartment and resumes a relationship with him.


title: After We Collided

text: On Christmas Day, Hardin, Tessa, and Trish attend a holiday party at Hardin's dad, Ken. Furious at Ken's apparent willingness to forgive himself for his role in the attack on Trish, Hardin gets drunk and attacks Ken. Tessa describes the incident to Trevor, who warns her that her relationship with Hardin will not end well. Vance contacts Tessa to inform her that his company is expanding and moving to Seattle, and offers her a job there. On New Year's Eve, Tessa and Hardin attend a party hosted at a university frat house, where they reconnect with a number of their former college friends. Each misinterprets a conversation held by the other: Tessa assumes Hardin is cheating on her when she sees him asking for the forgiveness of another girl with whom he had previously been involved, and Hardin accidentally learns of Vance's offer and concludes that Tessa will leave him for Trevor. Tessa and Hardin fight, and Tessa storms off. Hardin only sees apologetic texts sent by Tessa the next day after charging his phone. He calls Tessa, and she reaches for her phone while driving and is involved in a car accident that leaves her injured.


title: After We Collided

text: Devastated by his indirect responsibility for the accident, Hardin decides ending the relationship, but Trish talks him out of it. He races to Vance's farewell party, where Vance proposes to Kimberly. Tessa fights with Hardin once more before deciding to continue dating him. One night sometime afterwards, the homeless man who spoke to Hardin earlier confronts the two and reveals his identity: he is Tessa's father.


title: After We Collided

text: In addition, Anna Todd, the writer of the source novel and co-writer of the film's screenplay, has a brief cameo as club patron.


title: After We Collided

text: In May 2019, it was confirmed that a sequel to the film "After" was planned with Josephine Langford and Hero Fiennes Tiffin reprising their roles as Tessa Young and Hardin Scott respectively.


title: After We Collided

text: On August 4, it was announced that Roger Kumble would direct the sequel. On August 5, it was announced that Dylan Sprouse was cast as Trevor, Tessa's coworker. On August 15, Charlie Weber, Rob Estes, Louise Lombard, Candice King, Karimah Westbrook and Max Ragone were announced to play Christian Vance, Ken Scott, Trish, Kim, Karen, and Smith, respectively. Estes and Westbrook replaced Peter Gallagher and Jennifer Beals as Ken and Karen Scott respectively.


title: After We Collided

text: "After We Collided" was theatrically released in Italy, Ireland, Portugal and the United Kingdom on September 2, 2020. On September 3, 2020, the film was released in Austria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, and Ukraine. It was then released in Sweden on September 9, in Australia, Denmark, the Middle East and New Zealand on September 10, and in Canada, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, and Romania on September 11. It was released simultaneously to theaters and on-demand in the United States on October 23, 2020, by Open Road Films. In selected regions, it was released on Netflix on December 22, 2020.


title: After We Collided

text: The film debuted to $10 million from 16 countries, with Italy ($2.6 million) being the largest market. In its second weekend, the film grossed $4.2 million from 21 countries, for a 10-day running total of $21 million. In Sweden, the film grossed $295,567 from 122 theaters during the first five days of its theatrical release, beginning on September 9. Following the strong sophomore numbers, it was announced the film would have an increase in the theater totals in several countries, including the United Kingdom where its gross jumped 18% in the second weekend and was being distributed by Shear Entertainment would increase from 59 theaters to 360. In its third weekend the film made $4.1 million from 31 countries. In its fourth weekend, the film earned $3.25 million from 32 countries. In Spain the film earned (€3.2 million) $3.7 million.


title: After We Collided

text: In "After We Collided"s domestic debut, it grossed $422,899 from 460 theaters. Over that same period, it was the number one most rented film on Google Play and Apple TV, and second at FandangoNow. The following weekend it remained first at Google and Apple, while finishing third at both Fandango and Spectrum.


title: After We Collided

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 14 out of 100, based on four critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike."


title: After We Collided

text: In September 2020 it was announced that two sequels, "After We Fell" and "After Ever Happy", were greenlit to go into back-to-back production, with Castille Landon directing both films. "After We Fell" was theatrically released on September 30, 2021. "After Ever Happy" was theatrically released on September 7, 2022.


title: After We Collided

text: On August 24, 2022, it was announced that another sequel, titled "After Everything," has finished filming. Langford and Fiennes Tiffin are both set to reprise their roles. It will be the fifth and final movie in the "After" film series. It will also be the only film that will not be based on a book in the series.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: The Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 was a chartered flight from Montevideo, Uruguay, bound for Santiago, Chile, that crashed in the Andes mountains on 13 October 1972. The accident and subsequent survival became known as the Andes flight disaster () and the Miracle of the Andes ().


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: While crossing the Andes during poor weather, the inexperienced co-pilot Lagurara was at the controls of the Fairchild FH-227D. He mistakenly believed the aircraft had reached Curicó where the flight would turn to descend into Pudahuel Airport. He failed to notice that instrument readings indicated he was still from Curicó. He began descending and the aircraft struck a mountain, shearing off both wings and the tail section. The remaining portion of the fuselage slid down a glacier at an estimated and descended about before crashing into ice and snow.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: The flight was carrying 45 passengers and crew, including 19 members of the Old Christians Club rugby union team, along with their families, supporters, and friends. Three crew members and nine passengers died immediately; several more died soon afterward due to the frigid temperatures and the severity of their injuries. The wreck was located at an elevation of in the remote Andes of far western Argentina, just east of the border with Chile. Authorities flew over the crash site several times during the following days, searching for the aircraft, but could not see the white fuselage against the snow. Search efforts were canceled after eight days.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: During the following 72 days, the survivors suffered extreme hardships, including exposure, starvation, and an avalanche, which led to the deaths of thirteen more passengers. The remaining passengers resorted to cannibalism. As the weather improved with the arrival of late spring, two survivors, Nando Parrado and Roberto Canessa, climbed a mountain peak without gear and hiked for 10 days into Chile to seek help, traveling 61 km (38 miles). On 23 December 1972, two months after the crash, the last of the 16 survivors were rescued. The news of their miraculous survival drew world-wide headlines that grew into a media circus.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: Members of the amateur Old Christians Club rugby union team from Montevideo, Uruguay, were scheduled to play a match against the Old Boys Club, an English rugby team in Santiago, Chile. Club president Daniel Juan chartered a Uruguayan Air Force twin turboprop Fairchild FH-227D to fly the team over the Andes to Santiago. The aircraft carried 40 passengers and five crew members. Colonel Julio César Ferradas was an experienced Air Force pilot who had a total of 5,117 flying hours. He was accompanied by co-pilot Lieutenant-Colonel Dante Héctor Lagurara. There were 10 extra seats and the team members invited a few friends and family members to accompany them. When someone cancelled at the last minute, Graziela Mariani bought the seat so she could attend her oldest daughter's wedding.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: The aircraft departed Carrasco International Airport on 12 October 1972, but a storm front over the Andes forced them to stop overnight in Mendoza, Argentina. Although there is a direct route from Mendoza to Santiago to the west, the high mountains require an altitude of , very close to the FH-227D's maximum operational ceiling of . Given that the FH-227 aircraft was fully loaded, this route would have required the pilot to very carefully calculate fuel consumption and to avoid the mountains. Instead, it was customary for this type of aircraft to fly a longer , 90-minute U-shaped route from Mendoza south to Malargüe using the A7 airway (known today as UW44). From there, aircraft flew west via the G-17 (UB684) airway, crossing Planchón to the Curicó radiobeacon in Chile, and from there north to Santiago.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: The weather on 13 October also affected the flight. On that morning conditions over the Andes had not improved but changes were expected by the early afternoon. The pilot waited and took off at 2:18p.m. on Friday 13 October from Mendoza. He flew south from Mendoza towards Malargüe radiobeacon at flight level 180 (FL180, ). Lagurara radioed the Malargüe airport with their position and told them they would reach high Planchón Pass at 3:21p.m. Planchón Pass is the air traffic control hand-off point from one side of the Andes to the other, with controllers in Mendoza transferring flight tracking duties over to Pudahuel air traffic control in Santiago, Chile. Once across the mountains in Chile, south of Curicó, the aircraft was supposed to turn north and initiate a descent into Pudahuel Airport in Santiago.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: Pilot Ferradas had flown across the Andes 29 times previously. On this flight he was training co-pilot Lagurara, who was at the controls. As they flew through the Andes, clouds obscured the mountains. The aircraft, FAU 571, was four years old and had 792 airframe hours. The aircraft was regarded by some pilots as underpowered, and had been nicknamed by them as the "lead-sled".


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: Given the cloud cover, the pilots were flying under instrument meteorological conditions at an altitude of (FL180), and could not visually confirm their location. While some reports state the pilot incorrectly estimated his position using dead reckoning, the pilot was relying on radio navigation. The aircraft's VOR/DME instrument displayed to the pilot a digital reading of the distance to the next radio beacon in Curicó. At Planchón Pass, the aircraft still had to travel to reach Curicó.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: Regardless, at 3:21p.m., shortly after transiting the pass, Lagurara contacted Santiago and notified air traffic controllers that he expected to reach Curicó a minute later. The flight time from the pass to Curicó is normally 11 minutes, but only three minutes later the pilot told Santiago that they were passing Curicó and turning north. He requested permission from air traffic control to descend. The controller in Santiago, unaware the flight was still over the Andes, authorized him to descend to (FL115). Later analysis of their flight path found the pilot had not only turned too early, but turned on a heading of 014 degrees, when he should have turned to 030 degrees.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: As the aircraft descended, severe turbulence tossed the aircraft up and down. Nando Parrado recalled hitting a downdraft, causing the plane to drop several hundred feet and out of the clouds. The rugby players joked about the turbulence at first, until some passengers saw that the aircraft was very close to the mountain. "That was probably the moment when the pilots saw the black ridge rising dead ahead."


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: Roberto Canessa later said that he thought the pilot turned north too soon, and began the descent to Santiago while the aircraft was still high in the Andes. Then, "he began to climb, until the plane was nearly vertical and it began to stall and shake." The aircraft ground collision alarm sounded, alarming all of the passengers.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: The pilot applied maximum power in an attempt to gain altitude. Witness accounts and evidence at the scene indicated the plane struck the mountain either two or three times. The pilot was able to bring the aircraft nose over the ridge, but at 3:34p.m., the lower part of the tail-cone may have clipped the ridge at . The next collision severed the right wing. Some evidence indicates it was thrown back with such force that it tore off the vertical stabilizer and the tail-cone. When the tail-cone was detached, it took with it the rear portion of the fuselage, including two rows of seats in the rear section of the passenger cabin, the galley, baggage hold, vertical stabilizer, and horizontal stabilizers, leaving a gaping hole in the rear of the fuselage. Three passengers, the navigator, and the steward were lost with the tail section.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: The aircraft continued forward and upward another for a few more seconds when the left wing struck an outcropping at , tearing off the wing. One of the propellers sliced through the fuselage as the wing it was attached to was severed. Two more passengers fell out of the open rear of the fuselage. The front portion of the fuselage flew straight through the air before sliding down the steep glacier at like a high-speed toboggan and descended about . When the fuselage collided with a snow bank, the seats were torn from their base and thrown against the forward bulkhead and each other. The impact crushed the cockpit with the two pilots inside, killing Ferradas immediately.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: The official investigation concluded that the crash was caused by controlled flight into terrain due to pilot error.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: The plane fuselage came to rest on a glacier at at an elevation of in the Malargüe Department, Mendoza Province. The unnamed glacier (later named "Glaciar de las Lágrimas" or "Glacier of Tears") is between Mount Sosneado and high Volcán Tinguiririca, straddling the remote mountainous border between Chile and Argentina. It is south of the high Mount Seler, the mountain they later climbed and which Nando Parrado named after his father. The aircraft was east of its planned route.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: Of the 45 people on the aircraft, three passengers and two crew members in the tail section were killed when it broke apart: Lt. Ramón Saúl Martínez, Orvido Ramírez (plane steward), Gaston Costemalle, Alejo Hounié, and Guido Magri. A few seconds later, Daniel Shaw and Carlos Valeta fell out of the rear fuselage. Valeta survived his fall, but stumbled down the snow-covered glacier, fell into deep snow, and was asphyxiated. His body was found by fellow passengers on 14 December.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: At least four died from the impact of the fuselage hitting the snow bank, which ripped the remaining seats from their anchors and hurled them to the front of the plane: team physician Dr. Francisco Nicola and his wife Esther Nicola; Eugenia Parrado and Fernando Vazquez (medical student). Pilot Ferradas died instantly when the nose gear compressed the instrument panel against his chest, forcing his head out of the window; co-pilot Lagurara was critically injured and trapped in the crushed cockpit. He asked one of the passengers to find his pistol and shoot him, but the passenger declined.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: Thirty-three remained alive, although many were seriously or critically injured, with wounds including broken legs which had resulted from the aircraft's seats collapsing forward against the luggage partition and the pilot's cabin.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: Canessa and Gustavo Zerbino, both medical students, acted quickly to assess the severity of people's wounds and treat those they could help most. Nando Parrado had a skull fracture and remained in a coma for three days. Enrique Platero had a piece of metal stuck in his abdomen that when removed brought a few inches of intestine with it, but he immediately began helping others. Both of Arturo Nogueira's legs were broken in several places. None of the passengers with compound fractures survived.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: The Chilean Air Search and Rescue Service (SARS) was notified within the hour that the flight was missing. Four planes searched that afternoon until dark. The news of the missing flight reached Uruguayan media about 6:00p.m. that evening. Officers of the Chilean SARS listened to the radio transmissions and concluded the aircraft had come down in one of the most remote and inaccessible areas of the Andes. They called on the Andes Rescue Group of Chile (CSA). Unknown to the people on board, or the rescuers, the flight had crashed about from the former Hotel Termas el Sosneado, an abandoned resort and hot springs that might have provided limited shelter.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: On the second day, 11 aircraft from Argentina, Chile and Uruguay searched for the downed flight. The search area included their location and a few aircraft flew near the crash site. The survivors tried to use lipstick recovered from the luggage to write an SOS on the roof of the aircraft, but they quit after realizing that they lacked enough lipstick to make letters visible from the air. They also built a cross in the snow using luggage, but it was unseen by the search and rescue aircraft. They saw three aircraft fly overhead, but were unable to attract their attention, and none of the aircraft crews spotted the white fuselage against the snow. The harsh conditions gave searchers little hope that they would find anyone alive. Search efforts were cancelled after eight days. On 21 October, after searching a total of 142 hours and 30 minutes, the searchers concluded that there was no hope and terminated the search. The snow had not melted at this time in the southern hemisphere spring; they hoped to find the bodies in December, when the snow melted in the summer.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: During the first night, five more people died: co-pilot Lagurara, Francisco Abal, Graziela Mariani, Felipe Maquirriain, and Julio Martinez-Lamas.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: The passengers removed the broken seats and other debris from the aircraft and fashioned a crude shelter. The 28 people crammed themselves into the broken fuselage in a space about . To try to keep out some of the cold, they used luggage, seats, and snow to close off the open end of the fuselage. They improvised in other ways. Fito Strauch devised a way to obtain water in freezing conditions by using sheet metal from under the seats and placing snow on it. The solar collector melted snow which dripped into empty wine bottles. To prevent snow blindness, he improvised sunglasses using the sun visors in the pilot's cabin, wire, and a bra strap. They removed the seat covers, which were partially made of wool, to use against the cold. They used the seat cushions as snow shoes. Marcelo Perez, captain of the rugby team, assumed leadership.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: Nando Parrado woke from his coma after three days to learn that his mother had died and that his 19-year-old sister Susana Parrado was severely injured. He attempted to keep her alive without success, as during the eighth day she succumbed to her injuries. The remaining 27 faced severe difficulties surviving the nights when temperatures dropped to . All had lived near the sea; some of the team members had never seen snow before, and none had experience at high altitude. The survivors lacked medical supplies, cold-weather clothing and equipment or food, and only had three pairs of sunglasses among them to help prevent snow blindness.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: The survivors found a small transistor radio jammed between seats on the aircraft, and Roy Harley improvised a very long antenna using electrical cable from the plane. He heard the news that the search was cancelled on their 11th day on the mountain. Piers Paul Read's book "" described the moments after this discovery:


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: The survivors had very little food: eight chocolate bars, a tin of mussels, three small jars of jam, a tin of almonds, a few dates, candies, dried plums, and several bottles of wine. During the days following the crash, they divided this into small amounts to make their meager supply last as long as possible. Parrado ate a single chocolate-covered peanut over three days.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: Even with this strict rationing, their food stock dwindled quickly. There was no natural vegetation and there were no animals on either the glacier or nearby snow-covered mountain. The food ran out after a week, and the group tried to eat parts of the airplane, such as the cotton inside the seats and leather. They became sicker from eating these.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: Knowing that rescue efforts had been called off and faced with starvation and death, those still alive agreed that, should they die, the others might consume their bodies to live. With no choice, the survivors ate the bodies of their dead friends.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: Survivor Roberto Canessa described the decision to eat the pilots and their dead friends and family members:


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: The group survived by collectively deciding to eat flesh from the bodies of their dead comrades. This decision was not taken lightly, as most of the dead were classmates, close friends, or relatives. Canessa used broken glass from the aircraft windshield as a cutting tool. He set the example by swallowing the first matchstick-sized strip of frozen flesh. Later on, several others did the same. The next day, more survivors ate the meat offered to them, but a few refused or could not keep it down.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: Parrado protected the corpses of his sister and mother, and they were never eaten. They dried the meat in the sun, which made it more palatable. They were initially so revolted by the experience that they could eat only skin, muscle and fat. When the supply of flesh was diminished, they also ate hearts, lungs and even brains.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: All of the passengers were Roman Catholic. Some feared eternal damnation. According to Read, some rationalized the act of cannibalism as equivalent to the Eucharist, the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ under the appearances of bread and wine. Others justified it according to a Bible verse found in John 15:13: 'No man hath greater love than this: that he lay down his life for his friends.'


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: In the end, all of those who had survived as of the decision to eat the bodies did so, though not all without reservations. Javier Methol and his wife Liliana, the only surviving female passenger, were the last survivors to eat human flesh. She had strong religious convictions, and only reluctantly agreed to partake of the flesh after she was told to view it as "like Holy Communion".


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: Seventeen days after the crash, near midnight on 29 October, an avalanche struck the aircraft containing the survivors as they slept. It filled the fuselage and killed eight people: Enrique Platero, Liliana Methol, Gustavo Nicolich, Daniel Maspons, Juan Menendez, Diego Storm, Carlos Roque, and Marcelo Perez. The death of Perez, the team captain and leader of the survivors, along with the loss of Liliana Methol, who had nursed the survivors "like a mother and a saint", were extremely discouraging to those remaining alive.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: The avalanche completely buried the fuselage and filled the interior to within of the roof. The survivors trapped inside soon realized they were running out of air. Nando Parrado found a metal pole from the luggage racks and was able to poke a hole in the fuselage roof, providing ventilation. With considerable difficulty, on the morning of 31 October, they dug a tunnel from the cockpit to the surface, only to encounter a furious blizzard that left them no choice but to stay inside the fuselage.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: For three days, the remaining survivors were trapped in the extremely cramped space within the buried fuselage with about headroom, together with the corpses of those who had died in the avalanche. With no other choice, on the third day they began to eat the raw flesh of their newly dead friends. Prando later said, "It was soft and greasy, streaked with blood and bits of wet gristle. I gagged hard when I placed it in my mouth."


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: With Perez dead, cousins Eduardo and Fito Strauch and Daniel Fernández assumed leadership. They took over harvesting flesh from their deceased friends and distributing it to the others.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: Before the avalanche, a few of the survivors became insistent that their only way of survival would be to climb over the mountains and search for help. Because of the co-pilot's dying statement that the aircraft had passed Curicó, the group believed the Chilean countryside was just a few kilometres away to the west. They were actually more than to the east, deep in the Andes. The snow that had buried the fuselage gradually melted as summer arrived. Survivors made several brief expeditions in the immediate vicinity of the aircraft in the first few weeks after the crash, but they found that altitude sickness, dehydration, snow blindness, malnourishment, and the extreme cold during the nights made traveling any significant distance an impossible task.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: The passengers decided that a few members would seek help. Several survivors were determined to join the expedition team, including Roberto Canessa, one of the two medical students, but others were less willing or unsure of their ability to withstand such a physically exhausting ordeal. Numa Turcatti and Antonio Vizintin were chosen to accompany Canessa and Parrado; however, Turcatti's leg was stepped on and the bruise had become septic, so he was unable to join the expedition. Canessa, Parrado, and Vizintín were among the strongest boys and were allocated larger rations of food and the warmest clothes. They were also spared the daily manual labor around the crash site that was essential for the group's survival, so they could build their strength. At Canessa's urging, they waited nearly seven days to allow for higher temperatures.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: They hoped to get to Chile to the west, but a large mountain lay west of the crash site, persuading them to try heading east first. They hoped that the valley they were in would make a U-turn and allow them to start walking west to Chile. On 15 November, after several hours of walking east, the trio found the largely intact tail section of the aircraft containing the galley about east and downhill of the fuselage. Inside and nearby, they found luggage containing a box of chocolates, three meat patties, a bottle of rum, cigarettes, extra clothes, comic books, and a little medicine. They also found the aircraft's two-way radio. The group decided to camp that night inside the tail section. They built a fire and stayed up late reading comic books.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: They continued east the next morning. On the second night of the expedition, which was their first night sleeping outside, they nearly froze to death. After some debate the next morning, they decided that it would be wiser to return to the tail, remove the aircraft's batteries, and take them back to the fuselage so they might power up the radio and make an SOS call to Santiago for help.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: Upon returning to the tail, the trio found that the batteries were too heavy to take back to the fuselage, which lay uphill from the tail section. They decided instead that it would be more effective to return to the fuselage and disconnect the radio system from the aircraft's frame, take it back to the tail, and connect it to the batteries. One of the team members, Roy Harley, was an amateur electronics enthusiast, and they recruited his help in the endeavour. Unknown to any of the team members, the aircraft's electrical system used 115 volts AC, while the battery they had located produced 24 volts DC, making the plan futile from the beginning.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: After several days of trying to make the radio work, they gave up and returned to the fuselage with the knowledge that they would have to climb out of the mountains if they were to have any hope of being rescued. On the return trip, they were struck by a blizzard. Harley lay down to die, but Parrado would not let him stop and took him back to the fuselage.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: On 15 November, Arturo Nogueira died, and three days later, Rafael Echavarren died, both from gangrene due to their infected wounds. Numa Turcatti, whose extreme revulsion for eating the meat dramatically accelerated his physical decline, died on day 60 (11 December) weighing only 25 kg (55 pounds). Those left knew that they would die if they did not find help. The survivors heard on the transistor radio that the Uruguayan Air Force had resumed searching for them.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: It was now apparent that the only way out was to climb over the mountains to the west. They also realized that unless they found a way to survive the freezing temperature of the nights, a trek was impossible. The survivors who had found the rear of the fuselage came up with an idea to use insulation from the rear of the fuselage, copper wire, and waterproof fabric that covered the air conditioning of the plane to fashion a sleeping bag.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: Nando Parrado described in his book, "Miracle in the Andes: 72 Days on the Mountain and My Long Trek Home", how they came up with the idea of making a sleeping bag:


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: After the sleeping bag was completed and Numa Turcatti died, Canessa was still hesitant. While others encouraged Parrado, none would volunteer to go with him. Parrado finally persuaded Canessa to set out, and joined by Vizintín, the three men took to the mountain on 12 December.


title: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

text: On 12 December 1972, Parrado, Canessa, and Vizintín, lacking mountaineering gear of any kind, began to climb the glacier at to the peak blocking their way west. They trekked for over ten days, traveling 61 km (38 miles). seeking help. Based on the aircraft's altimeter, they thought they were at , when they were actually at about . Given the pilot's dying statement that they were near Curicó, they believed that they were near the western edge of the Andes, and that the closest help lay in that direction. As a result, they brought only a three-day supply of meat.