title: Nissan GT-R

text: On December 8, 2017, in a test conducted by Nissan for the 50th anniversary of the GT-R, a 2018 model year GT-R Nismo, driven by Kazuo Shimizu, set a lap time of 1.00.293 minutes around the Tsukuba Circuit – making it the fastest production vehicle around the track at the time. On December 9, 2019, Nissan again broke its own lap record for a fastest production vehicle around the track, using an updated 2020 model year GT-R Nismo, driven by Tsugio Matsuda, set a lap time of 59.361 seconds. It was the first production car to lap the circuit under a minute.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: In 2018, Nissan Spain conducted a test around the INTA Circuit for a 2017 model year GT-R Nismo, GT-R Track Edition, and a standard GT-R, those three cars were driven by Marc Gené. The GT-R Nismo set a new production vehicle lap record around the track with a lap time of 1:05.83 minutes. The GT-R Track Edition lapped in 1:06.39 minutes and took second place, standard GT-R lapped in 1:06.93 minutes and took third place, for production vehicle lap times around the track.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: In a track battle conducted by "Best Motoring" at Maze Sea Circuit (also known as "Nihonkai Maze Circuit"), a 2017 model year GT-R Nismo set a new production car lap record around the track with a lap time of 1:03.448 minutes, driven by Keiichi Tsuchiya.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: The Nissan GT-R has been praised by various magazines, television programs, and automotive publications for its ultimate performance capabilities and practicality, continuing its predecessor's nicknames (such as "Godzilla" and "Supercar Killer") since its debut in 2007. The GT-R was known to boast a performance equalling or even exceeding its competitors at around half the price, and possesses extensive aftermarket modifications, tunability and reliability. It also brought highly notable Nürburgring lap times and new technologies to the automotive industry, such as being the first rear-mounted, independent transaxle vehicle, being one of the earliest vehicles to use a dual-clutch transmission and launch control. These led the GT-R to obtain its current recognition in the automotive industry.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: "Motor Trend" called the GT-R as, ""Godzilla"" in their reviews, tests and drag races. In the first acceleration test in 2009, they praised the GT-R's launch control, stating "BAM! The GT-R leaves the line like an arrow from a cross-bow. From the outside, the rear tyres spin for a little over a foot, the fronts never visibly slip. The acceleration screen on the centre dash confirms the test equipment's assertion that longitudinal acceleration of at least 1.0 g persists for almost two seconds. No wonder the forged-aluminium rims have little knurled ridges to keep the tyre beads from slipping." They've also stated that the GT-R "appears to dodge the laws of physics", while criticized for not being offered with a manual transmission and interior quality, they nevertheless named it the 2009 "Motor Trend Automobile of the Year".


title: Nissan GT-R

text: In "Car and Driver"'s first test, they've given the GT-R a positive verdict, claimed "Prejudged on its specs, the GT-R is winning on appeal", despite of its acceleration, handling, and practicality performance. "Edmunds" also have praised the GT-R, stating "the Nissan GT-R delivers true supercar performance in a user-friendly package for less coin than a base Porsche 911", also claiming "the GT-R can get you to 60 mph faster than any Ferrari or Lamborghini currently in production".


title: Nissan GT-R

text: "Top Gear" magazine praised the GT-R, stating "This car is the greatest performance bargain of this or any other century, and is one of the most incredible cars of any kind ever built. For the price of a BMW M3, you have a four-wheel-drive, super-high-tech, all-weather, 195mph supercar with tremendous ability on all roads and an almost impossibly cool image. And a boot".


title: Nissan GT-R

text: In the first test of "Road & Track", they've given a positive verdict for the GT-R, stating "The power from the GT-R's engine is phenomenal. Not because it has so much of it, but because it's delivered in such a smooth, naturally aspirated fashion. The smaller turbos of the GT-R spool up more quickly than the Porsche's, giving the effect of no lag. Its engine note, however, doesn't stir my sensibilities the way the Z06's and the 911 Turbo's do", and also "The GT-R responds best when thrown into corners with gusto. Under braking with a bit of turn to the steering wheel, the GT-R's back end will come into play to help you tighten the corner line a bit, but never so much as to make the car unstable. Steering effort is light, and the all-wheel-drive system takes much of the drama out of exiting corners". Regarding the practicality of the car, the magazine states, "There's plenty of room for a big guy and a back seat that can be used by shorter folks on the occasional run to lunch. The ride is on the harsh side, even with the suspension setting switched to full comfort. The various screens of the monitor are neat, though some of the materials here could be better. But could I spend all day in the car? You bet." In the end, the magazine's verdict about the GT-R was, "fact it wears a Nissan badge — the GT-R might well be considered the most exotic car on the planet".


title: Nissan GT-R

text: In the "Autocar" magazine, Chris Harris criticized the GT-R for having a harsh/uncomfortable ride quality, stating "with the three-way dampers set to hard, it is undriveable", but praised its performance and drivetrain, claimed "There is only one performance car with a better powertrain than the GT-R, and it is made by Bugatti at considerable cost. With the double-clutch gearbox set to automatic you only feel a slight judder from first to second and thereafter it is, for want of a less sickly phrase, seamless" and "there is real sophistication to the way it handles. And, unlike its predecessor, the R35 doesn't just spit you in to oversteer. It simply catapults you away from slow turns". In the end, the motor journalist stated "I want one now! If you can't wait for a UK car some time next year then you'll need to personally import one. But believe me: if you're after the ultimate performance weapon of the moment, there is every reason to. This is the best value performance car on the planet".


title: Nissan GT-R

text: In series 11 of the British motoring show "Top Gear", Jeremy Clarkson praised the GT-R's acceleration by stating, "I think they've put a million horsepower engine, because the acceleration is blistering, it's just savage!". Clarkson also complimented its cornering performance, claimed "they haven't built a new car here, they built a new yardstick" and "it corners faster than electricity". He was forced to end the test prematurely after the GT-R's cornering speed caused him to pull a muscle in his neck at Fuji Speedway.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: In another episode of "Top Gear", James May tested the GT-R's launch control. Following his first run using launch control, he stated "that's tremendous, I've never gone off the line that well in a car". Clarkson stated "there's no car that accelerates when you look from 30 yards like this one does". In addition, both presenters stated, "I want it".


title: Nissan GT-R

text: In an episode of "Fifth Gear", Jason Plato praised the GT-R's acceleration and cornering performance, stating "it's a great car, it's fantastic fun, it's great value for money, we like it, we like it a lot".


title: Nissan GT-R

text: Jay Leno, in his television show, praised the GT-R's performance and overall practicality as a sports car by stating "I'm starting to feel that I could get emotionally involved with this car... Let me drop it down a gear and see... Check the pull!... OK, I think I'm emotionally involved. Time to call my wife. Honey, I met something, another car. Not to take your place, just something different."


title: Nissan GT-R

text: The Nissan GT-R had momentous success in motor racing, as it have accomplished various championship wins, race wins and podium finishes in noteworthy competitions, such as in the FIA GT1 World Championship, GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup, GT World Challenge Europe Sprint Cup, GT World Challenge Asia, GT World Challenge America, GT World Challenge Australia and British GT Championship, along with the Super GT Series, Super Taikyu Series and also in highly competitive endurance races, such as in the Bathurst 12 Hour, Dubai 24 Hour, Nürburgring 24 Hours, Spa 24 Hours, Suzuka 10 Hours, Fuji 24 Hour and significantly more. The GT-R also have given assistance for tuning houses and companies to achieved success in individual motorsports all around the world.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: Nissan was the first Japanese automobile manufacturer to sell a Group GT3 race car, as the GT-R Nismo GT3 have sold for various customer racing teams. By the end of 2017, Nismo officially terminated competing in international GT championships, as in interest of entering Formula E, but they resumed providing technical support for customer racing teams, which were in racing with customer-spec GT-R Nismo GT3 race cars.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: Nismo, the motorsport arm of Nissan, entered the GT-R GT500 into the Super GT series in 2008, replacing the 350Z. In 2008, the GT500 version of the car had a completely different drivetrain compared to the production car. The race car was upgraded to the "VK45DE" 4.5-litre naturally aspirated V8 engine, instead of the "VR38DETT" engine. It used a 6-speed sequential manual gearbox and a rear-wheel-drive layout from its predecessor, the 350Z GT. A prototype was spotted testing around the Suzuka Circuit as well as at Fuji Speedway in Japan. The car went onto win the opening race of the 2008 season in Suzuka, scoring a one-two finish for Nissan. In the next race, the GT-R GT500 repeated its 1–2 result, won the drivers' championship by the end of the season, through the Xanavi Nismo GT-R GT500, driven by Satoshi Motoyama and Benoît Tréluyer, although they've only came third in the teams' championship. It also won 7 out of 9 races by 4 different teams using GT-R GT500 race cars.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: The GT500 version scored 4 victories in the 2009 Super GT Series. In 2010, the "VK45DE" 4.5-litre engine was replaced by a newly developed "VRH34A" 3.4-litre engine. In 2011 and 2012, Team Mola GT-R GT500 with drivers Ronnie Quintarelli and Masataka Yanagida got back to back championships in both teams' and drivers' classifications. In 2014, the Super GT regulations were aligned with those of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, and so the V8 engine was replaced with "NR20A" 2.0-litre, 4-cylinder turbocharged engine, the GT-R GT500 repeatedly won both 2014 and 2015 championships back to back. The GT-R GT500 was retired by the end of 2021 season, due to the regulation changes that made the car uncompetitive since the 2016 season. However, along with its 5 drivers' and 4 teams' championships, the GT-R GT500 has the most wins for a GT500 car in the Super GT history, with 41 race wins (including 2 Suzuka 10 Hours wins) and scored 55 podiums from 113 race starts, making it one of the most successful GT500 race cars of all time. The GT-R GT500 was replaced with the new Nissan Z GT500 for the 2022 season after the model's 15-year absence.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its Super GT Series debut in 2012 at Okayama International Circuit, with drivers Katsumasa Chiyo and Yuhi Sekiguchi. The car scored its first race win in the fourth round at Sportsland Sugo, and scored another podium finish in the following round at Suzuka International Racing Course. By the end of the season, the car was 4th in final standings. The car have won 2015 and 2020 championships. Currently in 2022 season, Kondo Racing GT-R Nismo GT3 leading the GT300 championship, with only 1 race to go.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: On February 27, 2009, Nismo announced a partnership with British racing team Gigawave Motorsports to enter a GT-R in four races in the 2009 FIA GT Championship season. The entry did not compete for championship points but was used by Nismo to refine the performance of the GT-R for future customer teams to use the car in the planned FIA GT1 World Championship in 2010. Nismo driver Michael Krumm and Gigawave driver Darren Turner would co-drive the GT1 GT-R. The Sumo Power GT-R won the 2010 RAC Tourist Trophy at Silverstone Circuit as part of the FIA GT1 World Championship on May 2, 2010.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: The 2011 season saw Swiss Racing Team switch to Lamborghini which left Sumo Power running four GT-Rs, two under the Sumo Power GT name and two under JR Motorsports. JR Motorsports with drivers Michael Krumm and Lucas Luhr won the Drivers Championship in the 2011 season, achieving 3 wins and 1 pole position in 10 races. The team got second place in the teams' championship, as in the last race the No.23 car retired due to a crash and the No.22 car served a penalty while leading the race and finished in 8th position. End of the race the team was just behind by 3 points than the team's champions.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: In 2018, GT-R Nismo GT3 was upgraded and changed compared to previous years, upgrades Includes; a different aerodynamic package; re-tuned suspension, with double-wishbone setup for rear; modified radiators, air inlets, air outlets and intercooler; optional air conditioning system to keep the driver in the perfect condition; re-designed steering wheel and a new center console switch panel. Changes over the previous specification includes; the engine was lowered by , thanks to a thin oil pan, implementing a dry sump oil system; entire drivetrain was lowered to the ground; the engine was slightly moved backwards; optimized air flow inside the engine compartment and the driver seating position was also lowered to the ground. These upgrades and changes led the GT-R Nismo GT3; to reduce its weight by around , which is now rated at around ; to lower its center of gravity, improving driving stability and handling; and also to improve downforce while reducing drag.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: The GT-R Nismo GT3 have competed in the largest GT championship of the world, the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup (previously known as the "Blancpain Endurance Series" and "Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup"). The GT-R Nismo GT3 achieved significant success and fame in this tremendously competitive GT championship.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: Despite making its debut in the 4th round of 2011 season at Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours, the car was not in the championship contention, as only have competed in 4th and 5th rounds of the season. But the car was successful in competition, as driven by Richard Westbrook and David Brabham, the GT-R Nismo GT3 scored an impressive Pro class 6th-place finish and the fastest lap of its debut race. 2012 season was also been similar to 2011, as the car have only competed in 1–4 rounds of the season.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: In 2013, the GT-R Nismo GT3 was proved to be successful, as Nissan GT Academy Team RJN's No.35 car was qualified in 4th position and led the first race of the season at Monza. Despite losing time during pit stops, it fell back couple of positions, but managed to finish the race in 6th position in Pro-Am class. In the second round at Silverstone, the GT-R Nismo GT3 scored its first GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup pole position and race win. The car was driven by Lucas Ordóñez, Peter Pyzera and Alex Buncombe, it managed to claim overall pole position and the race win in Pro-Am class, and was able to score a double-podium finish in the following round at Paul Ricard, as JRM Racing No.23 car finished the race in 3rd position in Pro class, while Nissan GT Academy Team RJN No.32 car finished the race 2nd in Pro-Am class, resulting in leading the Pro-Am championship. The fourth round of the season, the 24 Hours of Spa, saw Pro-Am championship leading GT-R Nismo GT3 scoring another podium finish, as the car finished the race in 3rd position. In the final round at Nürburgring, Nissan GT Academy Team RJN won the Pro-Am team's championship. Ordóñez won the Pro-Am driver's championship, Pyzera and Buncombe finished 3rd and 4th in the final standings respectively. The GT-R Nismo GT3 ended the season with a race win, pole position and 4 podium finishes.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: The team returned for the 2014 season in order to defend their title, while no GT-R Nismo GT3s were entered for Pro class. In the second round at Silverstone, the car No.80 qualified in 3rd position, driven by Buncombe, Nick McMillen and Florian Strauss, they managed to win the race in Pro-Am class after an intense battle with an Aston Martin Vantage GT3. In the third round at Paul Ricard, the car took Pro-Am pole position, but the lap time was deleted, as it was revealed that the car crossed the finish line under red flags, and got penalized to start from 32nd position, the car climbed up positions to finish in class 12th position. However No.35 car found itself on the podium, as it finished the race in 3rd position in Pro-Am class, despite starting 4th on the grid. In the final round at Nürburgring, car No.80 took Pro-Am pole position and led the race in early stages, despite a gearbox issue the car had to pit and lost several grid positions, and finished the race in 14th position, missing out the possible team's championship win. The GT-R Nismo GT3 ended the season 4th in team's championship, tied in points with team AF Corse and 7th in driver's championship, with a race win, pole position and 2 podium finishes.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: For 2015 season, GT-R Nismo GT3s were entered in both Pro and Pro-Am classes. In the second round at Silverstone, Nissan GT Academy Team RJN's No.23 car, took overall pole position, but finished the race in 13th position, despite making contact with a back marker car while leading the race. No.22 car scored a podium finish, as it finished the race in 2nd position in Pro-Am class. In the third round at Paul Ricard, the No.23 car, Buncombe, Katsumasa Chiyo and Wolfgang Reip, qualified in 2nd position, and won the overall race. In the final round at Nürburgring, the car qualified in 2nd position and finished the race in 3rd position to score another podium finish, and to win the driver's championship for Buncombe, Chiyo and Reip. Nissan GT Academy Team RJN finished 3rd in the team's championship. Car No.22 achieved pole position in Pro-Am class, but retired from the race due to an incident. The GT-R Nismo GT3 ended the season with a race win, 2 pole positions and 3 podium finishes.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: In 2016 season, championship defenders were failed to defend their championship, due to involving in unfortunate incidents at Silverstone, Paul Ricard and 24 Hours of Spa races. In the third round at Paul Ricard, after making contact with another car, the car spun around and dropped back to 31st position, but charged itself to finish the race in 5th position. The GT-R Nismo GT3 ended the season 7th in the team's championship and 9th in the driver's championship with a podium finish at Nürburgring, starting from 11th on the grid.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: In 2017 season, GT Academy did not enter for the championship, as Motul joined the team instead, No major achievements were followed in the season, as the car only managed to score points at Paul Ricard by finishing 5th. In the final round at Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya, the car made an impressive comeback, as it finished the race 13th, despite starting from 46th position. The GT-R Nismo GT3 finished the season 7th in the team's championship.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: Nissan did not enter for 2018 season, GT Sport entered instead with upgraded GT-R Nismo GT3s. The car scored a podium finish in Silver Cup class at Silverstone, starting from 7th on the grid. The GT-R Nismo GT3 ended the season 6th in Silver Cup driver's championship. 2019 was the last season that a GT-R Nismo GT3 was entered for the championship, GT Sport Motul Team RJN was replaced by the team KCMG, they wasn't in championship contention that year, as the car was only entered for the 24 Hours of Spa race, where it finished 16th in Pro class.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: In 2013, the GT1 Championship was replaced by the GT World Challenge Europe Sprint Cup (previously known as the "FIA GT Series" and "GT Sprint Series/Cup"), Nissan GT Academy Team RJN entered the championship with the GT-R Nismo GT3. In the inaugural 2013 season, the car entered in Pro-Am class, scored in class podium finishes in every race it was competed on. But, the car did not entered the final round at Baku World Challenge, as it had to enter for 2013 Dubai 24 Hour race, missing out a possible team's championship win. The GT-R Nismo GT3 ended the season 2nd in team's championship and 5th in driver's championship with 2 wins, 2 pole positions and 10 podium finishes.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: The GT-R Nismo GT3 did not enter for the championship in 2014, but entered in 2015, only for the fourth round at Moscow Raceway, Nissan GT Academy Team RJN scored a podium finish, at it finished the race in 2nd position in Pro-Am class. A customer racing team, called MRS GT-Racing/Always Involving Motorsport's GT-R Nismo GT3 finished the season 7th in team's championship and 14th in driver's championship with a podium finish in the second round of the season at Brands Hatch.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: In 2016 season, Nissan GT Academy Team RJN entered in both Pro and Silver classes. The car ended the season 4th in Silver class Driver's Championship with 2 podium finishes at Brand Hatch and Hungaroring. It was the last appearance for the GT-R Nismo GT3 in this championship, as the car was never entered by any team after the 2016 season.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: The GT-R Nismo GT3 only have competed in 2018 GT World Challenge Asia (previously known as "Blancpain GT World Challenge Asia"). KCMG entered the season in Pro-Am and Silver Cup classes. The car finished the season in 2nd position with 2 wins, 2 pole positions and 7 podium finishes, and in 4th position with a pole position and 5 podium finishes in Pro-Am and Silver Cup classes respectively. The GT-R Nismo GT3 have also finished 4th in overall Team's Championship.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: In 2015, Nissan officially entered for the GT World Challenge America (previously known as the "Pirelli Word Challenge") as the team AE Replay XD Nissan GT Academy. The car finished in the podium for 7 consecutive times from the Road America to Miller Motorsports Park rounds. Even though, the team only have entered two GT-R Nismo GT3s, the car was able to end the season 4th in driver's championship with 3 wins, a pole position and 8 podium finishes, and 5th in team's championship. The team returned for the 2016 season, and GT-R Nismo GT3 finished the season 5th in driver's championship and 4th in team's championship with 2 wins, a pole position and 7 podium finishes. The team did not enter for 2017 and beyond seasons. But In 2018, teams Nissan Motorsports North America and Always Involving Motorsport entered the championship, but only for the third round at Streets of Long Beach.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: Despite having only entered for small amount of races in previous years of GT World Challenge Australia (previously known as "Australian GT Championship"), Hobson Motorsport driver Brett Hobson entered for the 2021 GT World Challenge Australia, in order to fight for the championship. The entered GT-R Nismo GT3 was previously used by Nissan for the Bathurst 12 Hour race, and it entered the competition under GT Trophy class. In the opening first race at Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit, the car scored a podium finish, as it finished the race 3rd in class and 7th in overall positions. In the second race, the car scored its first in class race win of the season, finished 4th in overall positions. In the second round at Mount Panorama Circuit, the car finished on the podium, as it finished the race 3rd and 8th in overall positions, started from pole position in GT Trophy class. The car did not start the second race. In the following round at The Bend Motorsport Park, the car qualified 3rd and 6th in class and overall positions respectively. In the race, the car made enough positions to win the overall race with the fastest lap of the race. In the second race, the car retired after racing for 5 laps, due to a gearbox issue. The car was refreshed entirely and returned to the championship deciding final round at Mount Panorama, and it paid enough for the car, as it dominated the whole race weekend with back-to-back wins and pole positions. In the first race, the car took pole position and won in class, 3rd in overall positions. In the second and final race of the season, it took pole position again and won in class, 2nd in overall positions with the fastest lap of the race. Even though the car failed to start and retired from couple of races, it made an impressive comeback to finish 2nd in final standings, just 8 points behind the championship winning Audi R8 LMS ultra. The GT-R Nismo GT3 ended the season with 4 wins, 3 pole positions and finished evey race in the podium to score 6 podium finishes. The team returned for the 2022 season, only for the first round at Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit, where it took pole position under GT Trophy class and finished 2nd and 3rd positions in the first and second races respectively.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its British GT Championship debut in 2012, entered by RJN Motorsport with drivers Alex Buncombe and Jann Mardenborough. The car scored its first pole position and podium finish in the first round at Nürburgring. In the fourth round at Brands Hatch, the car scored its first race win after starting 10th on the grid. The car scored another podium at Snetterton Circuit, after finishing the race in 3rd position. The GT-R Nismo GT3 ended the season 6th in final standings with a win, pole position and 3 podium finishes. In 2013, JRM Motorsport entered the championship instead, only for the first and second rounds of the season. Nissan GT Academy Team RJN entered for the 2014 season, in the fifth round at Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, they finished the race in 2nd position to score a podium finish. Since then, 2018 was the first and final season, a GT-R Nismo GT3 was fully entered for a British GT Championship. RJN Motorsport entered the championship under Silver Cup class, Straun Moore won the championship after taking pole positions and wins in every race it competed on.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: The GT-R Nismo GT3 have proved to be the most successful Group GT3 car in the Super Taikyu Series (also known as the "Super Endurance Series"), as it have won the championship for 5 times out of the 11 times it was held. The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its Super Taikyu Series debut in the second round of 2012 season at Mobility Resort Motegi, entered by team Threebond Nissan Technical College for testing, it qualified in 3rd position, and returned to the pits after completed 5 laps in the race, driven by Tomonobu Fujii and Gamisan. The car scored its first Super Taikyu Series race win in the fourth round at Okayama International Circuit, driven by Fuji, Gamisan and Katsumasa Chiyo, it crossed the finish line by over 21 seconds ahead of the 2nd-placed BMW Z4 GT3. In the fifth round at Suzuka International Racing Course, the car was able to score 2 podium finishes in both races, as it finished in 2nd and 3rd positions in the first and second races respectively. In the final round at Autopolis, the car had to start the race from the back of the grid, despite some technical issues. In the race, it climbed up positions to score another podium by finishing 3rd. Even though it was not in championship contention, the GT-R Nismo GT3 ended the season with a race win and 5 podium finishes.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: The team returned for 2013 season in collaboration with Kondo Racing, additionally GT-R Nismo GT3s was entered by team GTNET Advan and Mach GoGoGo Syaken. In the opening round at Sportsland Sugo, GTNET Advan No.81 car secured pole position, while Threebond Nissan Technical College No.24 car qualified in 2nd position with new track record. The race was suspended, due to bad whether conditions. In the second round at Inje Speedium, the No.81 car scored a podium finish in the second race, as it finished the race in 2nd position. Another podium finish was followed in the third round at Motegi, the car finished the race in 3rd position. The No.24 car took pole position with a new track record, but finished the race 7th with the fastest lap, despite it had to start from the pit lane, due to technical issues. In the fourth round at Fuji Speedway, No.81 car took pole position, ahead of the 2nd-placed No.24 car. Both cars finished the 3rd and 4th respectively, with the fastest lap of the race. In the Okayama race, No.81 car secured pole position again, despite receiving a 30-second time penalty, as it left the pits in red light conditions, it finished the race in 8th position. The No.24 car scored a podium finish, by finishing the race in 2nd position, just 1.5 seconds behind the race winning car. In the sixth round at Suzuka, No.24 car took pole position, finished 2nd, scoring another podium finish in the first race of the weekend. The No.81 car had a successful weekend, as it managed to finish the first race in 3rd position, second race in 2nd position after taking pole position and third race in 3rd position. The GT-R Nismo GT3 scored a total of 4 podium finishes in that weekend. In the final round at Autopolis, the GT-R Nismo GT3 scored a 1–2 finish, as the Mach GoGoGo Syaken No.555 car, driven by Tetsuji Tamanaka and Naoya Yamano won the race and No.81 car finished in 2nd position. The GT-R Nismo GT3 ended the season 3rd in final standings with a win, 7 pole positions and 10 podium finishes.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: Starting from the 2014 season, the GT-R Nismo GT3 dominated the Super Taikyu Series for 3 consecutive years until 2017. In 2014 teams, Threebond Nissan Technical College in collaboration with Kondo Racing and GTNET Advan returned to compete in the championship. Team Threebond Nissan Technical College No.24 car, driven by Fujii, Gamisan and Daiki Sasaki, started the season on a high, as it won the opening round at Motegi, starting from pole position. GTNET Advan car No.81, driven by Kazuki Hoshino, Takayuki Aoki and Naofumi Omoto, did not enter for the first round, but still managed to win the second round at Sugo, starting from pole position. The car took pole position again in the third round at Fuji, scored a podium finish by finishing the race in 2nd position. The car took its third consecutive pole position of the season in the fourth round at Okayama, and scored its second win of the season, while the No.24 car scored podium finish, as it finished the race in 3rd position. In the fifth round at Suzuka, the GT-R Nismo GT3 scored a 1–2 finish, as the No.81 car scored its third win of the season, starting from pole position, and No.24 crossed the finish line in 2nd position. In the final round at Autopolis, the car continued in winning the race, it was the fourth win of the season for the No.81 car, starting from its fifth consecutive pole position, meaning it started every race it competed on from the front of the grid. These impressive performances from the No.81 car led Hoshino, Aoki and Omoto to win the 2014 Super Taikyu Series championship. The GT-R Nismo GT3 ended the season with 5 wins, 6 pole positions and 8 podium finishes.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: Both teams returned for 2015 season, additionally, Endless Sports and Team Mach also entered with GT-R Nismo GT3s. In the opening round at Motegi, it was a 1–2 finish for the GT-R Nismo GT3, as team Endless Sports No.3 car won the race and Threebond Nissan Technical College Kondo Racing No.24 car finished the race in 2nd position. In the following round at Sugo, No.3 car took pole position, but retired form the race due to an incident. In the third round at Fuji, saw the GT-R Nismo GT3 scoring a 1–2–3 finish, as No.3 car won its second race of the season, No.24 car finished the race in 2nd position and Team Mach No.5 car scored its first podium finish of the season, by finishing in 3rd position. In the following round at Autopolis, championship defending GTNET No.1 car took pole position, despite having a technical issue, it retired from the race. No.3 car scored its third win of the season, while No.24 car finished in 3rd position to score another podium finish. The GT-R Nismo GT3 scored another 1–2 finish in the following Okayama round, as the No.24 car took pole position, but finished the race in 7th position, despite making contact with another car during the race. No.5 car won its first race of the season, while No.3 car finished in 2nd position to score another podium. In the final round of the season, championship defending No.1 car scored its only win of the season, No.3 car scored a podium finish, as it finished the race in 3rd position, and also to win the 2015 Super Taikyu Series for drivers, Yukinori Taniguchi, Kyosuke Mineo and Yuya Motojima. Combined with all GT-R Nismo GT3s entered, the car have ended the season with 5 wins, 3 pole positions and 11 podium finishes.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: 2016 season was the most dominant season for the GT-R Nismo GT3, as it won every races of the season, and all three cars entered by the returned teams ended the season with a 1–2–3 finish in the final standings. The opening round at Motegi, saw a 1–2–3 finish for the GT-R Nismo GT3, as team Threebond Nissan Technical College Kondo Racing No.24 car won the race, GTNET No.5 car finished the race in 2nd position after taking pole position and the defending champions, in Endless Sports No.3 car took the 3rd place of the podium. A 1–2 finish was followed for the GT-R Nismo GT3 in the second round at Sugo, as No.24 car took pole position and won the race, while No.3 car finished the race in 2nd position to score another podium finish. In the third round at Suzuka, No.3 car won the race, while the No.24 car finished the race in 3rd after scoring its second consecutive pole position. Two consecutive 1–2 finishes were followed, as in the fourth round at Fuji, No.24 car scored its third win of the season, while No.3 car finished the race in 2nd position. In the fifth round at Okayama, No.24 won again after taking its third pole position of the season, while No.3 car finished in 2nd position. In the final round at Autopolis, it was another 1–2–3 finish for the GT-R Nismo GT3, No.3 car won the race, No.24 car took pole position and finished the race in 2nd position and No.5 car took 3rd place in the podium. No.24 GT-R Nismo GT3, driven by Yudai Uchida, Fuji and Kazuki Hiramine won the 2016 Super Taikyu Series. Combined with every GT-R Nismo GT3s entered, the car have ended the season with 6 consecutive wins, 5 pole positions and 15 podium finishes.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: The teams returned for 2017 season, in the opening round at Motegi, it was a 1–2–3 finish for the GT-R Nismo GT3, championship defending Kondo Racing No.1 car won the race with the fastest lap of the race, Endless Sports No.3 car finished 2nd and GTNET No.99 car took 3rd place of the podium. Two consecutive 1–2 finishes followed for the car, in the second round at Motegi, No.24 car won and No.3 car finished in 2nd position again with the fastest lap. In third round at Suzuka, No.99 car won the race and No.3 car finished the race in 2nd position. In the fifth round at Fuji, No.1 car scored another podium finish, as it finished the race in 3rd position. In the final round at Okayama, No.3 car finished the race in 2nd position, while No.99 car finished in 3rd position to score a double-podium finish. Kondo Racing No.1 car ended up in 2nd position in the championship. The GT-R Nismo GT3 ended the season with 3 wins and 10 podium finishes.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: For 2018 season, teams entered the championship with the upgraded GT-R Nismo GT3s. The car began the season with a 1–2 finish in the opening round at Suzuka, GTNET No.99 car won the race, Kondo Racing No.24 finished 2nd with the fastest lap of the race after starting from pole position. In the following round at Sugo, No.24 car scored another podium by finishing the race in 3rd position. In the third round at Fuji, No.3 car took pole position, No.99 car won the race. The car scored another 1–2 finish in fourth round at Autopolis, No.24 car won the race starting from pole position, No.99 car finished 2nd to score another podium finish. In Motegi, No.24 car took its second consecutive and third pole position of the season, while No.3 car won the race and No.99 car finished in 3rd to score another podium finish. It was another 1–2 finish for the GT-R Nismo GT3 in the final round at Okayama, as No.24 car won the race and No.99 scored its fourth consecutive podium finish of the season. GTNET No.99 car, driven by Teruhiko Hamano, Hoshino and Kiyoto Fujinami won the 2018 Super Taikyu Series, while Kondo Racing No.24 and Endless Sports No.3 car finished 2nd and 3rd positions in the final standings respectively. The GT-R Nismo GT3 ended the season with 5 wins, 3 pole positions and 10 podium finishes.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: For 2019 season, the reigning champions returned to defend their title, while team Kondo Racing and Endless Sports was replaced with MP Racing and Tairoku Racing. In the opening round at Suzuka, reigning champions' No.1 car took pole position, despite making contact with another car, it finished the race in 6th position with the fastest lap of the race, while MP Racing No.9 car scored a podium finish, by finishing the race in 3rd position. In the following round at Sugo, No.1 car won the race starting from pole position. It was a 1–2–3 finish for the car at Fuji 24 Hour race, as No.1 car won the race, No.9 car finished 2nd and Tairoku Racing No.300 car finished in 3rd position with the fastest lap of the season, starting from pole position. No.1 car scored its third consecutive race win at the fourth round at Autopolis. The No.1 car did not enter the following round at Motegi, as it was revealed that points they have already scored were enough to win the 2019 Super Taikyu Series. No.9 car scored a podium finish, as it finished the race in 2nd position. No.1 car returned for the final round at Okayama, it finished the race in 3rd position. GT-R Nismo GT3 ended the season with 3 wins, 2 pole positions and 8 podium finishes.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: Only two GT-R Nismo GT3s were competed in 2020 season, as Daishin GTNET and MP Racing were the only teams entered for the season. In the opening round at Fuji, GTNET No.81 car scored a podium finish, as it finished the race in 3rd position. In the following round at Sugo, MP Racing No.9 car finished the race in the 3rd place of the podium with the fastest lap of the race. 3 consecutive double-podium finishes continued for the GT-R Nismo GT3, as in the third and fourth rounds at Okayama and Motegi respectively, No.81 car finished 2nd and No.9 car finished those races in 3rd positions. In the final round at Autopolis, No.9 car finished 2nd, while No.81 car finished the race in 3rd position with the fastest lap. MP Racing was 2nd in the final standings. It was the first time that the GT-R Nismo GT3 did not win a race in a Super Taikyu Series since its debut in 2012. The car have ended the season with only 8 podium finishes.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: Both teams returned for the 2021 season, but did not compete in championship contention, as both teams did not enter for every race of the season. In the Fuji 24 Hour race, GTNET No.81 car won the race. In the following fourth round at Autopolis, MP Racing No.9 car finished in 2nd position to scored a podium finish. In the final round at Okayama, No.81 scored another podium finish, as it finished the race in 2nd position. Team Daishin GTNET was 4th in final standings. The GT-R Nismo GT3 ended the season with a win and 3 podium finishes.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: For the current 2022 season, both teams returned, additionally Helm Motorsports entered with a GT-R Nismo GT3. In the opening round at Suzuka, GTNET No.81 car won the race. In the following Fuji 24 Hour race, Helm Motorsports' No.62 car won the race, while No.81 car finished in 3rd position to score another podium finish. In the fourth round at Autopolis, No.62 car scored its second win of the season. In the fifth round at Motegi, No.81 car scored another podium finish, as it finished the race in 2nd position. Helm Motorsports currently 2nd position in championship standings with only two races to go, just 0.5 points behind the leading Mercedes AMG GT3.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: The Bathurst 12 Hour was one of the most successful endurance races for the GT-R Nismo GT3, as where its predecessor, Nissan Skyline GT-R R32 Group A also have earned its nickname "Godzilla", despite the standard GT-R made its debut in 2012, entered by team Donut King Racing and driven by Tony Alfred, Adam Breechey and Peter Leemhuis, it won the C class and finished the race 6th in overall positions. The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its Bathurst 12 Hour debut in 2014, entered by Nismo Athlete Global Team, it qualified in 5th position for the race. In the race, while battling for 3rd position, the car involved in an incident and retired from the race. The team returned for the 2015 race, with drivers Florian Strauss, Katsumasa Chiyo and Wolfgang Reip, the car crashed while on a flying for pole position, but managed to qualify in 3rd position. In the race after an intensive battle up front in the final 20 minutes of the race, the car charged itself from 3rd to 1st on the penultimate lap and won the 2015 Liquid Moly Bathurst 12 Hour. It was the first time won by a Nissan entered car since the 1992 race, as the Skyline GT-R R32 Group N won the race for the last time before it was banned. In the 2016 race, where after qualifying in a disappointing 13th position, Chiyo, Strauss and Nissan Australia's Rick Kelly finished the race in 2nd position, just 1.2 seconds behind the race-winning McLaren 650S GT3 from Tekno Autosports, however the car led the most laps in the race, having led for 107 out of the 297 laps run. The team did not returned for the 2017 race, instead Nissan Motorsport and Wall Racing entered the race each with two GT-R Nismo GT3s. Nissan Motorsport's No.24 car led the race in different scenarios, despite having a gearbox issue in the 6th hour of the race, the car pitted and rejoined the race in 10th position, but managed to finish the race 4th in class and 8th overall. No.23 car retired from the race due to technical errors, despite the car have competes 174 laps, it was classified as it finished the race 8th in class and 32nd in overall positions. Both Wall Racing entered cars were retired from the race, but No.38 car was classified as it finished the race in 31st position, despite having completed 200 laps. The car did not enter for the race in 2018. In 2019 KCMG entered the race with two GT-R Nismo GT3s, as a part of the 2019 Intercontinental GT Challenge. No.18 car finished the race in 7th position, while No.35 car finished 10th in class and 15th in overall positions. The team returned for the 2020 race, where No.18 car qualified in 4th position, while No.35 car withdrew the race due to a crash during the practice session. No.18 car finished the race 9th in class and 12th in overall positions. A GT-R Nismo GT3 entered by Hobson Motorsport, qualified 6th and 31st, finished the race 5th and 21st in class and overall positions respectively. Since then no GT-R Nismo GT3s were entered for the race.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: The GT-R Nismo GT3 also have competed in the Dubai 24 Hour race, making its debut in 2012, the car finished the race in 22nd position in A6 class. The car did not enter the race in 2013 and 2014, but in 2015, car No.23 entered by Nissan GT Academy Team RJN with GT Academy drivers, Florian Strauss, Ricardo Sanchez, Ahmed Bin Khanen, Nick Hammann and Gaetan Paletou, qualified on pole position in Pro-Am class and 14th in overall positions. Even though it received couple of drive through penalties, the car managed to score a podium finish, as it finished the race 2nd in Pro-Am class and 5th in overall positions. In 2016, a customer team, MRS GT-Racing entered a GT-R Nismo GT3 in Pro class, the car finished the race in 11th in Pro class and 23rd in overall positions, starting from 10th on the grid in Pro class. No GT-R Nismo GT3s were entered for the 2017 and 2018 races, but in 2019, KCMG entered the race with two cars, No.35 car qualified 10th and No.23 car qualified 12th in Pro class, No.35 car managed to finish the race 8th in Pro class and 29th in overall positions, but No.23 car retired from the race, as it involved in an incident during the race. Since then no GT-R Nismo GT3s were entered the race.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: Following the GT-R Club Track Edition's participation in SP8T class for couple of years, the GT-R Nismo GT3 made its Nürburgring 24 Hours debut in 2013, entered by team Schulze Motorsport, the car qualified 26th in overall positions. During the race, despite having some technical issues, the team had to replace its engine, and the car managed to finish the race in 134th position overall. The team returned for the 2014 race, where they finished 11th in SP9 GT3 class and 14th in overall positions. Nissan GT Academy Team RJN also entered the race with two cars, No.80 car finished the race 13th in SP9 class and 24th in overall positions. No.30 car retired from the race, despite making contact with a barrier during the race. Both teams returned for the 2015 race, but team GT Academy entered only with the No.35 car, which qualified in 31st position, missing out the top 30 pole position, despite receiving a penalty. In the race, driven by Lucas Ordóñez, Michael Krumm, Alex Buncombe and Kazuki Hoshino, the car charged itself to finish the race in 9th position in class and overall. Schulze Motorsport's GT-R Nismo GT3 was just behind the No.35 car until the last hour of the race, where the car had a gearbox issue and forced to retire from the race. Nissan GT Academy Team RJN returned for the 2016 race, the car qualified in 25th position and climbed up positions to finish the race in 11th position overall. A customer team, Team Zakspeed also have entered the race with a GT-R Nismo GT3, but retired from the race due to an incident. The car did not enter for the 2017 and 2018 races. In 2019, Kondo Racing entered the race with a GT-R Nismo GT3, as driven by Tom Coronel, Tomonobu Fuji, Tsugio Matsuda and Mitsunori Takaboshi, it qualified in 25th position overall, and finished the race 8th in SP9 class and 9th in overall positions. KCMG also have entered for the race with two GT-R Nismo GT3s, both cars retired from the race, due to incidents and technical errors. It was the last time that a GT-R Nismo GT3 was entered for a Nürburgring 24 Hours race.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: A production-based GT-R made its world motorsport debut in Australia's Targa Tasmania tarmac rally in April 2008, however it sustained damage early in the event and did not complete the rally. Later in 2008 a GT-R won the Competition Modern class in the Targa West before returning to Targa Tasmania in 2009 to take the outright win in the Modern class. In 2009 Nissan's GT-R won the One Lap of America competition. In 2010 the GT-R finished 2nd over all in the One Lap of America competition. During the 2010 SCCA World Challenge season, a pair of GT class GT-Rs were campaigned by Brass Monkey Racing and driven by Steve Ott and Tony Rivera.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: On June 4, 2010, Nismo introduced a Club Track Edition GT-R available via its Nissan supported Omori aftermarket factory. This domestic market trim is a non-street legal, race-ready variant equipped with a 6-point roll cage and upgraded with the Nismo race package developed through its Tokachi endurance racer program. On June 25 and 26, 2011, the No. 71 Schulze Motorsport Nissan GT-R took part in the 24 Hours of Nürburgring 2011 driven by Michael Schulze, Tobias Schulze, Kazunori Yamauchi and Yasuyoshi Yamamoto. The car finished the race in 36th place overall, achieving a victory in the SP 8T class after overcoming several technical problems. It was the first time a Nissan GT-R took part in the 24 Hours of Nürburgring. In 2013, Nissan participated the SP8T class with 2 Club Track Edition GT-Rs as a works team, which driven by Team Nissan and Team GT Academy, both cars completed a 1–2 finish in its class and 30th and 99th in overall driven by Lucas Ordonez, Kazunori Yamauchi, Yasukichi Yamamoto and Tobias Schulze and Michael Krumm, Toshio Suzuki, Kazuki Hoshino, Tetsuya Tanaka respectively.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: Despite early concerns about the difficulty of modifying the Nissan GT-R, many aftermarket tuning parts have become available. The previously reported "untunable" ECU has since been hacked by several tuning houses. COBB Tuning was the first company to access the GT-R's encrypted ECU. Mine's also has limited control of the ECU, and others (MCR, HKS, and Top Secret) have bypassed the unit. They have been seen testing modified GT-Rs with the former two having conducted tests at the Tsukuba Circuit.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: Ecutek tuning, on the other hand, was the first company to manipulate and change shift points on the GT-R in the TCM (Transmission Control Module) in automatic mode. This can be done at will by the driver. Ecutek also allows the driver to adjust launch control on the fly available with a wrap-around boost gauge that can read over 20 PSI. Like COBB Tuning, Ecutek offered engine tuning on the ECU and TCM with different launch control software from LC1 up to LC5. On January 16, 2013, Ecutek also became the first company to construct and offer Flex Fuel hardware and software capability for all GT-R models. This fuel kit requires the Ecutek specific TCM. The kit provides changes in the cold start cranking compensation, changes to the maximum target boost, changes in the ignition timing, changes to target airflow, changes in cam timing, and changes in the fuel economy gauge reading all based solely on ethanol content in the gas tank.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: Japan based tuner Mine's has created the "VR38DETT" super response engine which uses lightened engine internals like titanium rods, lightened pistons and many other components that allow the engine to rev more quickly, it makes . "AMS Performance", "Alpha Logic Performance", and "Extreme Turbo Systems" were the major turner companies for building drag cars and aftermarket tuner parts for the GT-R.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: In a review by "Motor Trend" editor Scott Kanemura, it was revealed that the GPS system fitted to the GT-R would remove the speed limiter when the car arrives at a race track, but only on tracks approved by Nissan. Aftermarket ECUs have been developed to bypass the speed limiter, in addition to stand-alone speed-limiter defeaters. The GPS check will not be implemented in American models. In August 2008, Nissan's official motorsport and tuning arm Nismo introduced the "Club Sport" tuning package for the GT-R. The package, which is also fitted to the SpecV, includes Bilstein Damptronic compatible dampers, 20" forged aluminium wheels from RAYS Engineering, Bridgestone run-flat tyres, Recaro carbon fibre-shelled bucket seats, a titanium exhaust, and a revised rear diffuser with an added cooling duct. The package is supported by a warranty and saves over .


title: Nissan GT-R

text: "AMS Performance", based in West Chicago, Illinois, has set record power levels and performance numbers for the GT-R. Their "Alpha Omega GT-R" as well as the first GT-R to reach the 9's, 8's, 7's and 6's. In June 2013, "Omega" broke into the 7s when it ran a 7.98 at 299.56 km/h (186.14 mph). During the evening of the 7-second pass, "Omega" broke a couple of other records. "Omega" bested its previous 97–209 km/h (60–130 mph) time with 2.67 seconds. "Omega" also broke the 161–241 km/h (100–150 mph) record which was previously held by an "Underground Racing TT Gallardo" (2.58 seconds) with 2.45 seconds. But in June 2015, the "Alpha Omega" GT-R was generating over 2050 horsepower and boasts 0–60 mph time of 1.49 seconds. "Omega" set multiple world records at the "WannaGoFast" 1/2 Mile Shootout at Built Field Airport in Monee, Illinois which included: 361.8 km/h (224.91 mph) in a standing 1/2 mile; 97–209 km/h (60–130 mph) time in 2.28 seconds; 0–161 km/h (0–100 mph) in 2.78 seconds; 0–300 km/h (0–186 mph) in 7.07 seconds; 0–322 km/h (0–200 mph) in 10.49 seconds. the "Alpha Omega" GT-R did its best quarter-mile time in 7.49 seconds at 310 km/h (193 mph). making it the quickest and fastest GT-R and road-legal vehicle in the world. and the car won the "King Of The Streets" competition two times in a row. The "AMS Performance" "Alpha Omega" package functions more as a shop/research and development vehicle which is the reason why it is not available to the general public. However, anybody can purchase the "Alpha 6", "Alpha 9", "Alpha 10", "Alpha 12", "Alpha 14", "Alpha 16", and "Alpha X" packages; each respectively with approximately , , , , , , when installed and tuned.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: In 2017, "AMS Performance" built "Alpha-G" GT-R became the first GT-R to run a quarter-mile in 6 seconds. The car completed the run in 6.937 seconds driven by Gidi Chamdi with a trap speed of 315.36 km/h (196 mph) and held the fastest all-wheel-drive record. Later, "ETS (Extreme Turbo Systems)" GT-R broke the record with a 6.88 seconds of a quarter-mile run at 358.80 km/h (223 mph), also set the record for fastest standing half-mile with a trap speed of 410.29 km/h (255 mph). In December 2018, the "Alpha Logic Performance" from Dubai set the quarter-mile record for fastest GT-R and fastest all-wheel-drive using their ""Panda"" GT-R in 6.582 seconds at . In 2019 "Import vs Domestic" finals, the and 100 PSI of boost "ETS-G" GT-R broke the quickest and fastest GT-R, all-wheel-drive and stock unibody world record, as it completed a 1/4 mile run in 6.56 seconds at trap speed of 362.02 km/h (225 mph), winning the competition by beating the "AMS Performance"'s "Alpha Queen" GT-R, which is completed a 6.87 second quarter mile run.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: At the "Dragtimes" Competition in Russia, the "AMS Alpha 12" GT-R broke the fastest road-legal standing 1 mile record, driven by Jury with a trap speed of 382 km/h (237 mph), later the record was broken by a Ford GT. Later in the same competition, "Switzer Goliath" GT-R broke the quickest road-legal standing 1 mile record in 22.602 seconds at a trap speed of 402 km/h (250 mph).


title: Nissan GT-R

text: Modified GT-Rs have competed in several time attack challenges, especially in "WTAC (World Time Attack Challenge)". Time attack GT-Rs have been fielded by "HKS", "Precision Automotive Racing" and "LYFE". In 2015, the "HKS" GT-R became the fastest time attack GT-R, which had the same "VR38DETT" engine with generating over . It was became the fastest vehicle at Fontana, California, Fuji Speedway (achieving a peak speed of over 322 km/h (200 mph) in the main start/finish straight) and in Sydney Motorsport Park. The car competed at 2015 "WTAC" and won the GT-R R35 class with the fastest lap time of 1:30.838 minutes. But in 2017, "LYFE"'s GT-R broke all "HKS"'s records and won the title for the fastest time attack GT-R in the "WTAC". In 2017 "WTAC", "Precision Automotive Racing"'s GT-R, driven by Aaron McGranahan, set a peak speed of 269 km/h (167 mph) and won the "Flying 500" class title.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: The GT-R have competed in both stock and modified forms in many hill climbing competitions, notably in the "Jaguar Simola Hill Climb" in South Africa. In 2019 "Jaguar Simola Hill Climb", the GT-R was named the most successful supercar, as it won the final "Top 10 Shootout" event, with Kyle Mitchell driving, setting a time of 40.862 seconds and becoming the fastest road-legal vehicle.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: In February 2016, using a modified 2016 model year GT-R, Masato Kawabata set a new world record for the fastest 30-degree drift at approximately 304 km/h at the Fujairah International Airport.


title: Nissan GT-R

text: On August 13, 2014, Mike Newman set a Guinness world record for the "Fastest speed for a car driven blindfolded" in a GT-R modified by "Litchfield Motors (UK)".


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: Revolver is the seventh studio album by the English rock band the Beatles. It was released on 5 August 1966, accompanied by the double A-side single "Eleanor Rigby" / "Yellow Submarine". The album was the Beatles' final recording project before their retirement as live performers and marked the group's most overt use of studio technology to date, building on the advances of their late 1965 release "Rubber Soul". It has since become regarded as one of the greatest and most innovative albums in the history of popular music, with recognition centred on its range of musical styles, diverse sounds, and lyrical content.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: The Beatles recorded "Revolver" after taking a three-month break at the start of 1966, and during a period when London was feted as the era's cultural capital. Regarded by some commentators as the start of the group's psychedelic period, the songs reflect their interest in the drug LSD, Eastern philosophy and the avant-garde while addressing themes such as death and transcendence from material concerns. With no plans to reproduce their new material in concert, the band made liberal use of automatic double tracking, varispeed, reversed tapes, close audio miking, and instruments outside of their standard live set-up. Among its tracks are "Tomorrow Never Knows", incorporating heavy Indian drone and a collage of tape loops; "Eleanor Rigby", a song about loneliness featuring a string octet as its only musical backing; and "Love You To", a foray into Hindustani classical music. The sessions also produced a non-album single, "Paperback Writer" backed with "Rain".


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: In the United Kingdom, the album's 14 tracks were gradually distributed to radio stations in the weeks before its release. In North America, "Revolver" was reduced to 11 songs by Capitol Records, with the omitted three appearing on the June 1966 LP "Yesterday and Today". The release there coincided with the Beatles' final concert tour and the controversy surrounding John Lennon's remark that the band had become "more popular than Jesus". The album topped the "Record Retailer" chart in the UK for seven weeks and the US "Billboard" Top LPs list for six weeks. Critical reaction was highly favourable in the UK but less so in the US amid the press's unease at the band's outspokenness on contemporary issues.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: "Revolver" expanded the boundaries of pop music, revolutionised standard practices in studio recording, advanced principles espoused by the 1960s counterculture, and inspired the development of psychedelic rock, electronica, progressive rock and world music. The album cover, designed by Klaus Voormann, combined Aubrey Beardsley-inspired line drawing with photo collage and won the 1967 Grammy Award for Best Album Cover, Graphic Arts. Aided by the 1987 international CD release, which standardised its content to the original Parlophone version, "Revolver" has surpassed "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" in many critics' estimation as the Beatles' best album. It was ranked first in the 1998 and 2000 editions of Colin Larkin's book "All Time Top 1000 Albums" and third in the 2003 and 2012 editions of "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". It has been certified double platinum by the BPI and 5× platinum by the RIAA. A of the album was released in 2022.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: In December 1965, the Beatles' "Rubber Soul" album was released to wide critical acclaim. According to author David Howard, the limits of pop music "had been raised into the stratosphere" by the release, resulting in a shift in focus away from singles to creating albums of consistently high quality. The following January, the Beatles carried out overdubs on live recordings taken from their 1965 US tour, for inclusion in the concert film "The Beatles at Shea Stadium". The group's manager, Brian Epstein, had intended that 1966 would then follow the pattern of the previous two years, in terms of the band making a feature film and an accompanying album, followed by concert tours during the summer months. After the Beatles vetoed the proposed film project, the time allocated for filming became a further three months free of professional engagements. This was the longest period the band members had experienced outside the group collective since 1962, and it defied convention that pop acts should be almost permanently working. The group thereby had an unprecedented amount of time to prepare for a new album.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: Beatles biographer Nicholas Schaffner cites 1966 as the start of the band's "psychedelic period", as do musicologists Russell Reising and Jim LeBlanc. Schaffner adds: "That adjective [psychedelic] implies not only the influence of certain mind-altering chemicals, but also the freewheeling spectrum of wide-ranging colors that their new music seemed to evoke." Music journalist Carol Clerk describes "Revolver" as having been "decisively informed by acid", following John Lennon and George Harrison's continued experimentation with the drug LSD since the spring of 1965.<ref name="Clerk/Uncut"> Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).</ref> Through these experiences, the two musicians developed a fascination for Eastern philosophical concepts, particularly regarding the illusory nature of human existence. Despite his bandmates' urging, after Ringo Starr had also partaken of the drug, Paul McCartney refused to try LSD. Intent on self-improvement, McCartney drew inspiration from the intellectual stimulation he experienced among London's arts scene, particularly its thriving avant-garde community. With Barry Miles as his guide, he became immersed in the nascent British counterculture movement, which soon emerged as the underground.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: While arranging dates for the band's world tour, Epstein agreed to a proposal by journalist Maureen Cleave for the Beatles to be interviewed separately for a series of articles that would explore each of the band members' personality and lifestyle beyond his identity as a Beatle. The articles were published in weekly instalments in London's "Evening Standard" newspaper throughout March 1966, and reflected the transformation that was underway during the group's months of inactivity. Of the two principal songwriters, Cleave found Lennon to be intuitive, lazy and dissatisfied with fame and his surroundings in the Surrey countryside, while McCartney conveyed confidence and a hunger for knowledge and new creative possibilities. In his book "Revolver: How the Beatles Reimagined Rock 'n' Roll", Robert Rodriguez writes that, whereas Lennon had been the Beatles' dominant creative force before "Revolver", McCartney now attained an approximately equal position with him. In a further development, Harrison's interest in the music and culture of India, and his study of the Indian sitar, had inspired him as a composer. According to author Ian Inglis, "Revolver" is widely viewed as "the album on which Harrison came of age as a songwriter".


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: The Beatles had hoped to work in a more modern facility than EMI's London studios at Abbey Road and were impressed with the sound on records created at Stax Studio in Memphis. In March 1966, Epstein investigated the possibility of their recording the new album at Stax, where, according to a letter written by Harrison two months later, the group intended to work with producer Jim Stewart. The idea was abandoned after locals began descending on the Stax building, as were alternative plans to use either Atlantic Studios in New York or Motown's Hitsville USA facility in Detroit.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: Recording for the album instead began at EMI Studio 3 in London on 6 April, with George Martin again serving as producer. The first track attempted was Lennon's "Tomorrow Never Knows", the arrangement for which changed considerably between the initial take that day and the subsequent remake. This first version of "Tomorrow Never Knows", along with several other outtakes from the album sessions, was included on the 1996 compilation "Anthology 2". Also recorded during the "Revolver" sessions were "Paperback Writer" and "Rain", which were issued as the A- and B-side of a non-album single in late May.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: The band had worked on ten songs, including both sides of the upcoming single, by 1 May, when they interrupted the sessions to perform at the "NME" annual Poll-Winners Concert. At a time when "Time" magazine dubbed London "the Swinging City", belatedly recognising its ascendance as the era's cultural capital, the Beatles drew inspiration from attending concerts by visiting artists, as well as film premieres, plays and other cultural events. From February through June, these musical acts included Stevie Wonder, Roy Orbison, the Lovin' Spoonful, the Mamas & the Papas, Bob Dylan (with whom they socialised extensively), Luciano Berio and Ravi Shankar. During mid-May, Lennon and McCartney attended a private listening party for the Beach Boys' "Pet Sounds" album, and McCartney met Italian director Michelangelo Antonioni, who filmed "Blowup" in London, inspired by the contemporary fashion scene.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: On 16 May, Epstein responded to a request from Capitol Records, EMI's North American counterpart, to supply three new songs for an upcoming US release, titled "Yesterday and Today". Issued on 20 June, this album combined tracks that Capitol had omitted from the Beatles' previous US releases with songs that the band had originally issued on non-album singles. From the six completed recordings for "Revolver", Martin selected three Lennon-written songs, since the sessions had favoured his compositions thus far. Keen to limit the interruption to recording that multiple television appearances would create, the Beatles spent two days making promotional films for the "Paperback Writer" single. The first set of clips was filmed at EMI Studio 1 on 19 May by Michael Lindsay-Hogg, director of the popular TV show "Ready Steady Go!" The following day, the group shot further clips for the two songs in the grounds of Chiswick House, in west London. In the face of fans' complaints of an aloofness in their new work, however, the band conceded to making a live appearance on "Top of the Pops" on 16 June.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: The camaraderie among the four Beatles was at its highest throughout this period. A disagreement between McCartney and his bandmates nevertheless resulted in McCartney walking out of the studio during the final session, for Lennon's "She Said She Said", on 21 June, two days before the band were due to fly to West Germany for the first leg of their world tour. The Beatles spent over 220 hours recording "Revolver" – a figure that excludes mixing sessions, and compares with less than 80 hours for "Rubber Soul". Final mixing of the album took place on 22 June. The Beatles celebrated the project's completion by attending the opening of Sibylla's, a nightclub in which Harrison had a financial stake.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: The sessions for "Revolver" furthered the spirit of studio experimentation evident on "Rubber Soul". With the Beatles increasingly involved in the production of their music, Martin's role as producer had changed to one of a facilitator and collaborator, whereby the band now relied on him to make their ideas a reality.<ref name="Sheffield/RS 50th"></ref> According to Rodriguez, "Revolver" marked the first time the Beatles integrated studio technology into the "conception of the recordings they made". He views this approach as reflective of the group's waning interest in live performance before crowds of screaming fans, "in favor of creating soundscapes without limitation" in a studio environment. For the first time at EMI Studios, the company's four-track tape machines were placed in the studio's control room, alongside the producer and balance engineer, rather than in a dedicated machine room. The Beatles' new recording engineer on the project was nineteen-year-old Geoff Emerick, whom author and critic Ian MacDonald describes as an "English audio experimentalist" in the tradition of Joe Meek. Emerick recalled that no preproduction or rehearsal process took place for "Revolver"; instead, the band used the studio to create each song from what was often just an outline of a composition. Speaking shortly before the start of the sessions, Lennon said that they had considered making the album a continuous flow of tracks, without gaps to differentiate between each song.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: The group's willingness to experiment was also evident in their dedication to finding or inventing sounds that captured the heightened perception they experienced through hallucinogenic drugs. The album made liberal use of compression and tonal equalisation. Emerick said that the Beatles encouraged the studio staff to break from standard recording practices, adding: "It was implanted when we started "Revolver" that every instrument should sound unlike itself: a piano shouldn't sound like a piano, a guitar shouldn't sound like a guitar."<ref name="Irvin/Tomorrow">Irvin, Jim. "Into Tomorrow". In: .</ref>


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: In their search for new sounds, the band incorporated musical instruments such as the Indian tambura and tabla, and clavichord, vibraphone and tack piano into their work for the first time. The guitar sound on the album was more robust than before, through the use of new Fender amplifiers; the choice of guitars, which included Harrison using a Gibson SG as his preferred instrument; and the introduction of Fairchild 660 limiters for recording.<ref name="Scapelliti/GW"></ref> With no expectations of being able to re-create their new music within the confines of their live shows, the Beatles increasingly used outside contributors while making the album. This included the band's first use of a horn section, on "Got to Get You into My Life", and the first time they incorporated sound effects extensively, during a party-style overdubbing session for "Yellow Submarine".


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: Author Mark Brend writes that, with "Revolver", the Beatles advanced Meek's strategy of employing the recording studio as a musical instrument and "formalized this approach into what is now an accepted option for pop music making". A key production technique they used was automatic double tracking (ADT), which EMI technical engineer Ken Townsend invented on 6 April. This technique employed two linked tape recorders to automatically create a doubled vocal track. The standard method had been to double the vocal by singing the same piece twice onto a multitrack tape, a task Lennon particularly disliked. The Beatles were delighted with the invention, and used it extensively on "Revolver". ADT soon became a standard pop production technique, and led to related developments such as the artificial chorus effect.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: The band's most experimental work during the sessions was channelled into the first song they attempted, "Tomorrow Never Knows". Lennon sang his vocal for the song through the twin revolving speakers inside a Leslie cabinet, which was designed for use with a Hammond organ. The effect was employed throughout the initial take of the song but only during the second half of the remake. According to author Andy Babiuk, "Tomorrow Never Knows" marked the first time that a vocal was recorded using a microphone wired into the input of a Leslie speaker. Much of the backing track for the song consists of a series of prepared tape loops, an idea that originated from McCartney, who, influenced by the work of avant-garde artists such as Karlheinz Stockhausen, regularly experimented with magnetic tape and musique concrète techniques. The Beatles each prepared loops at home, and a selection of these sounds were then added to the musical backing of "Tomorrow Never Knows". The process was carried out live, with multiple tape recorders running simultaneously, and some of the longer loops extending out of the control room and down the corridor.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: The inclusion of reversed tape sounds on "Rain" (specifically, a portion of Lennon's vocal part) marked the first pop release to use this technique, although the Beatles had first used it, in some of the tape loops and the overdubbed guitar solo, on "Tomorrow Never Knows". The backwards (or backmasked) guitar solo on "I'm Only Sleeping" was similarly unprecedented in pop music, in that Harrison deliberately composed and recorded his guitar parts with a view to how the notes would sound when the tape direction was corrected. Experimentation with backwards sounds was a key aspect of the "Revolver" sessions, as was the use of the Leslie speaker effect. The band's interest in the tones that resulted from varying tape speed (or varispeeding) extended to recording a basic track at a faster tempo than they intended the song to sound on disc.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: During the sessions, Emerick recorded McCartney's bass guitar amplifier via a loudspeaker, which Townsend had reconfigured to serve as a microphone, in order to give the bass more prominence than on previous Beatles releases. Although this particular technique was used only on the two songs selected for the May 1966 single, an enhanced bass sound was a feature of much of the album. Emerick also ensured a greater presence for Starr's bass drum, by inserting an item of clothing inside the structure, to dampen the sound, and then moving the microphone to just 3 inches from the drumhead and compressing the signal through a Fairchild limiter. MacDonald writes that, despite EMI Studios being technically inferior to many recording facilities in the United States, Starr's drumming on the album soon led to studios there "being torn apart and put back together again", as engineers sought to replicate the innovative sounds achieved by the Beatles. The preference for close-miking instruments extended to the orchestral strings used on "Eleanor Rigby", to achieve McCartney's request for a "really biting" sound, and the horns on "Got to Get You into My Life". This was another break from convention, and the cause for alarm among the classically trained string players.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: According to authors Kevin Ryan and Brian Kehew, ADT, backwards recording and close-miked drums were among the nine techniques that the "Revolver" sessions introduced into the recording world for the first time. Ryan and Kehew quote Emerick as saying: "I know for a fact that, from the day it came out, "Revolver" changed the way that everyone else made records."


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: Author Steve Turner writes that "Revolver" encapsulates not only "the spirit of the times" but the network of progressive social and cultural thinkers in which the Beatles had recently become immersed in London. According to Reising and LeBlanc, along with "Rain", it marks the start of the band's body of work embracing psychedelia, which continued through "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", "Magical Mystery Tour" and the new songs recorded in 1967 for the animated film "Yellow Submarine", together with their singles over those two years. The authors view Lennon and Harrison's compositions as the most overtly psychedelic and find the genre's traits evident in the album's instrumentation and soundscapes, and in its lyrical imagery. Music critic Jim DeRogatis views the LP as an early work in the psychedelic rock genre, which accompanied the emergence of counterculture ideology in the 1960s.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: Through its individual tracks, "Revolver" covers a wide range of styles, including acid rock, chamber music, R&B, raga rock, musique concrète, as well as standard contemporary rock and pop. In Rodriguez's view, the influence of Indian music permeates the album. Aside from the sounds and vocal styling used on much of the recording, this influence is evident in the limited chord changes in some of the songs, suggesting an Indian-style drone. According to cultural historian Simon Philo, "Revolver" contained "[the] most sustained deployment of Indian instruments, musical form and even religious philosophy" heard in popular music up to that time. Writing for "Slate", Jack Hamilton calls the album's music "avante-garde R&B", showcasing the musicians' debt to African-American music.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: In its lyrical themes, the album marks a radical departure from the Beatles' past work, as a large majority of the songs avoid the subject of love. According to Reising and LeBlanc, the lyrics on this and the band's later psychedelic records capture the psychedelic culture's belief in the truth-revealing qualities of LSD over the illusions of bourgeois thinking; reject materialism in favour of Asian-inspired spirituality; and explore the overlap in meaning between a "trip" and travelling, resulting in narratives in which time and space become blurred. Where the songs do present as love songs, the authors continue, love is often conveyed as a unifying force among many, rather than between two individuals, or as a "way of life".


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: Author and critic Kenneth Womack writes of the Beatles exploring "phenomenologies of consciousness" on "Revolver", and he cites as examples "I'm Only Sleeping" preoccupation with dreams and the references to death in the lyrics to "Tomorrow Never Knows". In Womack's estimation, the songs represent two important elements of the human life cycle that are "philosophical opposites". Echoing this point, music critic Tim Riley writes that, just as "embracing life means accepting death", the fourteen tracks "link a disillusioned view of the modern world... with a belief in metaphysical transcendence". Philo finds the Beatles' "countercultural engagement" evident on even the songs that present as standard pop. In Reising's view, all the songs on "Revolver" are linked, in that each line in "Tomorrow Never Knows", the closing track, is alluded to or explored in the lyrics to one or more of the tracks that precede it.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: Harrison wrote "Taxman" as a protest against the high marginal tax rates paid by top earners like the Beatles, which, under Harold Wilson's Labour government, amounted to 95 per cent of unearned income (i.e. interest on savings and investments) above the top threshold. The song's spoken count-in is out of tempo with the performance that follows, a device that Riley credits with establishing the "new studio aesthetic of "Revolver"". Harrison's vocals on the track were treated with heavy compression and ADT. In addition to playing a glissandi-inflected bass part reminiscent of Motown James Jamerson, McCartney performed the song's Indian-style guitar solo. The latter section was also edited onto the end of the original recording, ensuring that the track closed with the solo reprised over a fadeout. Rodriguez recognises "Taxman" as the first Beatles song written about "topical concerns"; he also cites its "abrasive sneer" as a precursor to the 1970s punk rock movement. Completed with input from Lennon, the lyrics refer by name to Wilson, who had just been re-elected as prime minister in the 1966 general election, and Edward Heath, the Conservative Leader of the Opposition.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: Womack describes McCartney's "Eleanor Rigby" as a "narrative about the perils of loneliness". The story involves the title character, who is an ageing spinster, and a lonely priest named Father McKenzie who writes "sermon[s] that no one will hear". He presides over Rigby's funeral and acknowledges that despite his efforts, "no one was saved". The first McCartney composition to depart from the themes of a standard love song, its lyrics were the product of a group effort, with Harrison, Starr, Lennon and the latter's friend Pete Shotton all contributing. While Lennon and Harrison supplied harmonies beside McCartney's lead vocal, no Beatle played on the recording; instead, Martin arranged the track for a string octet, drawing inspiration from Bernard Herrmann's 1960 film score for Alfred Hitchcock's "Psycho". In Riley's opinion, "the corruption of 'Taxman' and the utter finality of Eleanor's fate makes the world of "Revolver" more ominous than any other pair of opening songs could."


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: Author Peter Doggett describes "I'm Only Sleeping" as "Half acid dream, half latent Lennon laziness personified." As with "Rain", the basic track was recorded at a faster tempo before being subjected to varispeeding. The latter treatment, along with ADT, was also applied to Lennon's vocal as he sought to replicate, in MacDonald's description, a "papery old man's voice". For the guitar solo, Harrison recorded two separate lines: the first with a clean sound, while on the second, he played his Gibson SG through a fuzzbox. Beatles biographer Jonathan Gould views the solo as appearing to "suspend the laws of time and motion to simulate the half-coherence of the state between wakefulness and sleep". Musicologist Walter Everett likens the song to a "particularly expressive text painting".


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: "Love You To" marked Harrison's first foray into Hindustani classical music as a composer, following his introduction of the sitar on "Norwegian Wood" in 1965. He recorded the track with only minimal contributions from Starr and McCartney, and no input from Lennon; Indian musicians from the Asian Music Circle provided instrumentation such as tabla, tambura and sitar. Author Peter Lavezzoli recognises the song as "the first conscious attempt in pop to emulate a non-Western form of music in structure and instrumentation". Aside from playing sitar on the track, Harrison's contributions included fuzztone-effected electric guitar. Everett identifies the song's change of metre as unprecedented in the Beatles' work and a characteristic that would go on to feature prominently on "Sgt. Pepper". Partly influenced by Harrison's experimentation with LSD, the lyrics address the singer's desire for "immediate sexual gratification", according to Womack, and serve as a "rallying call to accept our inner hedonism and release our worldly inhibitions".


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: "Here, There and Everywhere" is a ballad that McCartney wrote towards the end of the "Revolver" sessions. His inspiration for the song was the Beach Boys' "Pet Sounds" track "God Only Knows", which, in turn, Brian Wilson had been inspired to write after repeatedly listening to "Rubber Soul". McCartney's double-tracked vocal was treated with varispeeding, resulting in a higher pitch at playback. The song's opening lines are sung in free time before its 4/4 time signature is established; according to Everett, "nowhere else does a Beatles introduction so well prepare a listener for the most striking and expressive tonal events that lie ahead." Womack characterises the song as a romantic ballad "about living in the here and now" and "fully experiencing the conscious moment". He notes that, with the preceding track, "Love You To", the album expresses "corresponding examinations of the human experience of physical and romantic love".


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: McCartney and Lennon wrote "Yellow Submarine" as a children's song and for Starr's vocal spot on the album. The lyrics were written with assistance from Scottish singer Donovan and tell of life on a sea voyage accompanied by friends. Gould considers the song's childlike qualities to be "deceptive" and that, once in the studio, it became "a sophisticated sonic pastiche".


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: On 1 June, the Beatles and some of their friends enhanced the festive nautical atmosphere by adding sounds such as chains, bells, whistles, tubs of water and clinking glasses, all sourced from Studio 2's trap room. To fill the portion after the lyrics refer to a brass band playing, Martin and Emerick used a recording from EMI's library, splicing up the taped copy and rearranging the melody. Lennon shouted part of the mid-song ship's orders in an echo chamber. In the final verse, he repeats Starr's vocal lines in a manner that Gould likens to "an old vaudevillian with the crowd in the palm of his hand". Riley recognises the song as mixing the comedy of "The Goon Show" with the satire of Spike Jones. Donovan later said that "Yellow Submarine" represented the Beatles' predicament as prisoners of their international fame, to which they reacted by singing an uplifting, communal song.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: The light atmosphere of "Yellow Submarine" is broken by what Riley terms "the outwardly harnessed, but inwardly raging guitar" that introduces Lennon's "She Said She Said". The song marks the second time that a Beatles arrangement used a shifting metre, after "Love You To", as the foundation of 4/4 briefly switches to 3/4. Harrison recalled that he helped Lennon finish the composition, which involved joining three separate fragments of song. Having walked out of the session, McCartney may or may not have contributed bass guitar to the recording. In addition to lead guitar and harmony vocals, Harrison possibly performed the bass guitar part.<ref name="Howlett/Revolver"></ref> The lyric was inspired in part by a conversation that Lennon and Harrison had with actor Peter Fonda in Los Angeles in August 1965, while all three, along with Starr and members of the Byrds, were under the influence of LSD. During the conversation, Fonda commented, "I know what it's like to be dead", because as a child he had technically died during an operation.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: "Good Day Sunshine" was written by McCartney, whose piano playing dominates the recording. The track was one of several contemporary songs that evoked the unusually hot and sunny English summer of 1966. Music critic Richie Unterberger describes it as a song that conveys "one of the first fine days of spring, just after you've fallen in love or started a vacation". The verses reflect aspects of vaudeville, while McCartney also acknowledged the influence of the Lovin' Spoonful on the composition.<ref name="Unterberger/AM"></ref> Overdubbed by Martin, the piano solo on the track recalls the ragtime style of Scott Joplin. The song ends with group harmonies repeating the title phrase, creating an effect that Riley likens to a "cascade" of voices "enter[ing] from different directions, like sun peeping through the trees".


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: "And Your Bird Can Sing" was written primarily by Lennon, with McCartney saying he helped on the lyric and estimating the song as "80–20" to Lennon. Harrison and McCartney played dual lead-guitar parts on the recording, including an ascending riff that Riley terms "magnetic ... everything sticks to it". Riley describes the composition as a "shaded putdown" in the style of Dylan's "Positively 4th Street", whereby Lennon sings to someone who has seen "seven wonders" yet is unable to empathise with him and his feelings of isolation. According to Gould, the song was directed at Frank Sinatra after Lennon had read a hagiographic article on the singer, in "Esquire" magazine, in which Sinatra was lauded as "the fully emancipated male ... the man who can have he wants".


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: "For No One" was inspired by McCartney's relationship with English actress Jane Asher. Along with "Good Day Sunshine", which similarly dispensed with guitar parts for Harrison and Lennon, Rodriguez cites the track as an example of McCartney eschewing the group dynamic when recording his songs, a trend that would prove unpopular with his bandmates in later years. The recording features McCartney playing piano, bass and clavichord, accompanied by Starr on drums and percussion. The French horn solo was added by Alan Civil, the principal horn player for the Philharmonia Orchestra, who recalled having to "busk" his part, with little guidance from McCartney or Martin at the overdubbing session. While recognising McCartney's "customary logic" in the song's musical structure, MacDonald comments on the sense of detachment conveyed in the lyrics to this "curiously phlegmatic account of the end of an affair". MacDonald suggests that McCartney was attempting to employ the same "dry cinematic eye" that director John Schlesinger had adopted in his 1965 film "Darling".


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: "Doctor Robert" was written by Lennon, although McCartney has since stated he co-authored it. A guitar-based rock song in the style of "And Your Bird Can Sing", its lyrics celebrate a New York physician known for dispensing amphetamine injections to his patients. On the recording, the hard-driving performance is interrupted by two bridge sections where, over harmonium and chiming guitar chords, the group vocals suggest a choir praising the doctor for his services.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: Harrison said he wrote "I Want to Tell You" about "the avalanche of thoughts" that he found hard to express in words. Supporting the lyrics, his stammering guitar riff, combined with the dissonance employed in the song's melody, conveys the difficulties of achieving meaningful communication. The prominent backing vocals from Lennon and McCartney include Indian-style gamak ornamentation in McCartney's high harmony, similar to the melisma effect used in "Love You To". Reising and LeBlanc cite the song as an early example of how from 1966 onwards the Beatles' lyrics "adopted an urgent tone, intent on channeling some essential knowledge, the psychological and/or philosophical epiphanies of LSD experience" to their increasingly aware audience. According to author and academic Nick Bromell, "I Want to Tell You" and the next two tracks on "Revolver" are the first examples of pop music "giving voice to the complexities of the breakthrough experience" afforded by LSD and other psychedelic drugs.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: Described by Riley as the album's "most derivative cut", "Got to Get You into My Life" was influenced by the Motown Sound and written by McCartney after he had seen Stevie Wonder perform at the Scotch of St James nightclub in February. The horn players on the track included members of Georgie Fame's group, the Blue Flames. To capture the desired sound, microphones were placed in the bells of the brass instruments, and the signals were heavily limited. A month later, a tape copy of these horn parts was superimposed with a slight delay, thereby doubling the presence of the brass contributions. Rodriguez terms the completed track "an R&B-styled shouter". Although cast in the form of a love song, McCartney described the lyric as "an ode to pot, like someone else might write an ode to chocolate or a good claret". The initial version of the song, as issued on "Anthology 2", featured acoustic backing and organ, and a harmonised refrain of "I need your love", which was replaced by Harrison's guitar break on the more uptempo remake.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: Rodriguez describes Lennon's "Tomorrow Never Knows" as "the greatest leap into the future" of the Beatles' recording career up to this point. The recording includes reverse guitar, processed vocals, and looped tape effects, accompanying a strongly syncopated, repetitive drum-beat. Lennon adapted the lyrics from Timothy Leary's book "The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on The Tibetan Book of the Dead", which equates the realisations brought about through LSD with the spiritually enlightened state achieved through meditation. Originally known as "Mark I", and then briefly "The Void", the eventual title came via one of Starr's malapropisms.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: Lennon intended the track as an evocation of a Tibetan Buddhist ceremony. The song's harmonic structure is derived from Indian music and is based on a high-volume C drone played by Harrison on a tambura. Over the foundation of tambura, bass and drums, the five tape loops comprise various manipulated sounds: two separate sitar passages, played backwards and sped up; an orchestra sounding a B chord; McCartney's laughter, sped up to resemble a seagull's cry; and a Mellotron played on either its flute, string or brass setting. The Leslie speaker treatment applied to Lennon's vocal originated from his request that Martin make him sound like he was the Dalai Lama singing from the top of a high mountain. Reising describes "Tomorrow Never Knows" as the inspiration for an album that "illuminates a path dedicated to personal freedom and mind expansion". He views the song's message as a precursor to the more explicitly political statements the Beatles would make over the next two years, in "All You Need Is Love" and "Revolution".


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: "I'm Only Sleeping", "And Your Bird Can Sing" and "Doctor Robert" were the tracks omitted from Capitol's version of "Revolver". In the case of "I'm Only Sleeping", the version issued on "Yesterday and Today" was a different mix from that included on EMI's "Revolver". Due to the exclusion of the three Lennon tracks, there were only two songs on the Capitol release for which he was the principal writer, compared with three by Harrison and six by McCartney. In Riley's opinion, aside from underplaying Lennon's contribution, his voice is thereby confined to a "sudden swing to the surreal" at the end of each LP side, which distorts the intended mood across the album.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: The eleven-song North American LP was the band's tenth album on Capitol Records and twelfth US album in total. The release of "Revolver" marked the last time that Capitol issued an altered UK Beatles album for the North American market. When the Beatles re-signed with EMI in January 1967, their contract stipulated that Capitol could no longer alter the track listings of their albums.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: The cover for "Revolver" was created by German-born bassist and artist Klaus Voormann, one of the Beatles' oldest friends from their time in Hamburg during the early 1960s. Voormann's artwork was part line drawing and part collage, using photographs mostly taken over 1964–65 by Robert Freeman. In his line drawings of the four Beatles, Voormann drew inspiration from the work of the nineteenth-century illustrator Aubrey Beardsley, who was the subject of a long-running exhibition at London's Victoria and Albert Museum in 1966 and highly influential on fashion and design themes of the time. Voormann placed the various photos within the tangle of hair that connects the four faces. Turner writes that the drawings show each Beatle "in another state of consciousness", such that the older images appear to be tumbling out from them.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: Voormann's aim was to reflect the radical departure in sound represented, particularly by "Tomorrow Never Knows",<ref name="Stummer/Guardian">Stummer, Robin (23 July 2016). "How I drew a pop art masterpiece for the Beatles – a snip at just £50" . "The Observer"/theguardian.com. Retrieved 26 June 2017.</ref> and his choice of a black-and-white cover was in deliberate defiance of the preference for vivid colour. When he submitted his work to the Beatles, Epstein wept, overjoyed that Voormann had managed to capture the experimental tone of the Beatles' new music. Voormann also designed a series of four images, titled "Wood Face", "Wool Face", "Triangle Face" and "Sun Face", which appeared on the front of the Northern Songs sheet music for each of the album's songs.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: The LP's back cover included a photograph of the Beatles, in Riley's description, "shaded by the hip modesty of sunglasses and cigarette smoke". The photo was part of a series taken by Robert Whitaker during the filming at Abbey Road on 19 May and demonstrated the Beatles' adoption of fashions from boutiques that had recently opened in Chelsea, rather than the Carnaby Street designers they had favoured previously. From these Chelsea boutiques, Lennon wore a long-collared paisley shirt from Granny Takes a Trip, while Harrison was dressed in a wide-lapelled velvet jacket designed by Hung on You. Turner views the selection of attire as reflective of the Beatles "still dressing similarly yet with an individual stamp"; he identifies the choice of sunglasses as another example of a unified yet personalised look, whereby the styles ranged from oblong-shaped lenses, for Lennon, to an oval-shaped pair worn by Starr. Gould, who describes Starr's glasses as "ludicrously bug-eyed", considers the cover design to be consistent with the "break with the past" ethos that had guided the album's creation.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: During the same photo shoot, Whitaker took pictures of the Beatles examining orange transparencies of his "butcher cover" design for "Yesterday and Today". The latter image proved instantly controversial in America due to its depiction of dismembered baby dolls and raw meat.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: The album's title, like that of "Rubber Soul", is a pun, referring to both a kind of handgun and the "revolving" motion of a record as it plays on a turntable. Gould views the title as a "McLuhanesque pun", since, more so than on their previous albums, the focus of "Revolver" appears to rotate from one Beatle to another with each song.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

text: The group had originally wanted to call the album "Abracadabra", until they discovered that another band had already used it. When discussing possible alternatives, during their German tour, Lennon opted for "Four Sides to the Circle" in response to McCartney's "Magic Circle", and Starr jokingly suggested "After Geography", a play on the title of the Rolling Stones' recently released "Aftermath" LP. Other suggestions included "Bubble and Squeak", "Beatles on Safari", "Freewheelin' Beatles" and "Pendulum" before the band settled on "Revolver". They confirmed their choice in a telegram to EMI, sent from the Tokyo Hilton on 2 July.