title: Karla Homolka

text: Where other inmates might apply for parole at the first opportunity, Homolka refrained from doing so. "Because she was deemed a risk to reoffend, she was denied statutory release two-thirds of the way through her sentence," "Maclean's" reported in explaining what had exempted Homolka from the parole restrictions meant to ease an offender's integration into mainstream society. In 2004, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation noted that "The National Parole Board has ruled that Karla Homolka must stay in prison for her full sentence, warning that she remains a risk to commit another violent crime." While the NPB noted that she had made some progress toward rehabilitation, it expressed concern regarding her relationship with convicted murderer Jean-Paul Gerbet. The NPB reprimanded Homolka: "you have secretly undertaken an emotional relationship with another inmate, and evidence gathered seems to indicate that this relationship rapidly became sexual," the panel stated. As a result, it decided to keep her in prison.


title: Karla Homolka

text: A rumour that Homolka intended to settle in Alberta caused an uproar in that province. "Maclean's" weighed in with a series of possible scenarios: "The most educated speculation has Homolka staying in Quebec, where language and cultural differences supposedly muted the media coverage of her case, and where she'll be less recognizable. Another rumour suggests she might flee overseas, restarting in a country where her case is unknown. Or sneak into the United States, using an illegal identity to cross the border and living out her life under a pseudonym."


title: Karla Homolka

text: Michael Bryant, Ontario's Attorney General fought to get Homolka on the agenda at a meeting of Canada's justice ministers. "He wants the federal government to expand the category of dangerous offenders to catch those slipping between the cracks." "Bilingual and armed with a bachelor's degree in psychology from Queen's University, Homolka may choose to try to live a quiet life in Quebec, where her crimes are not as well known as they are in English-speaking Canada," reported CTV in May 2005.


title: Karla Homolka

text: On June 2, 2005, the network said, "the Ontario Crown will ask a Quebec judge to impose conditions under Section 810 of Criminal Code on Homolka's release." "The French and Mahaffy families want even tighter restrictions on Homolka, including asking that she submit to electronic monitoring or yearly psychological and psychiatric assessment," CTV said. These conditions are not allowed under Section 810 because they cross the line between preventive justice versus punitive measures, but "that's why [Toronto lawyer Tim Danson, acting on their behalf] believes the families want the government to amend the Section."


title: Karla Homolka

text: A two-day hearing was held before Judge Jean R. Beaulieu in June 2005. He ruled that Homolka, upon her release on July 4, 2005, would still pose a risk to the public-at-large. As a result, using section 810.2 of the Criminal Code, certain restrictions were placed on Homolka as a condition of her release:


title: Karla Homolka

text: There was a penalty of a maximum two-year prison term for violating such an order. While this reassured the public that Homolka would find it difficult to offend again, it was felt by the court that it might be detrimental to her as well, because public hostility and her high profile might endanger her upon release.


title: Karla Homolka

text: On June 10, 2005, Senator Michel Biron declared that the conditions placed on Homolka were "totalitarian", according to an interview with CTV Newsnet. Two weeks later, Biron apologized.


title: Karla Homolka

text: While at Joliette Institution, Homolka received death threats and was transferred to Ste-Anne-des-Plaines prison north of Montreal.


title: Karla Homolka

text: On July 4, 2005, Homolka was released from Ste-Anne-des-Plaines prison. She granted her first interview to Radio-Canada television, speaking entirely in French. Homolka told interviewer Joyce Napier that she chose Radio Canada because she had found it to be less sensationalist than the English-language media. She said that she had likewise found Quebec to be more accepting of her than Ontario. She affirmed that she would be living within the province but refused to say where. She said she had paid her debt to society legally, but not emotionally or socially. She refused to speak about her alleged relationship with Jean-Paul Gerbet, a convicted murderer serving a life sentence at Ste-Anne-des-Plaines. During the interview, her solicitor, Sylvie Bordelais, sat beside Homolka; however, she did not speak. Homolka's mother was also present but off-screen, and was acknowledged by Homolka.


title: Karla Homolka

text: Before her imprisonment, Homolka had been evaluated by numerous psychiatrists, psychologists, and other mental health and court officials. Homolka, reported one, "remains something of a diagnostic mystery. Despite her ability to present herself very well, there is a moral vacuity in her which is difficult, if not impossible, to explain."


title: Karla Homolka

text: Graham Glancy, a forensic psychiatrist hired by Bernardo's chief defence lawyer, John Rosen, had offered an alternative theory to explain Homolka's behaviour, noted Williams in "Invisible Darkness", his first book on the case. "She appears to be a classic example of hybristophilia, an individual who is sexually aroused by a partner's violent sexual behaviour, Glancy suggested."


title: Karla Homolka

text: Williams later reversed his opinion about her and began corresponding with her. This formed the basis for his second book, "Karla: A Pact with the Devil". In her letters Homolka also disparaged a number of the professionals who had examined her and said she did not care "what conditions I would receive upon release. I would spend three hours a day standing on my head should that be required."


title: Karla Homolka

text: The national media reported in July 2005 that Homolka had relocated to the Island of Montreal. On August 21, 2005, "Le Courrier du Sud" reported that she had been sighted in the South Shore community of Longueuil, across the St. Lawrence River from Montreal.


title: Karla Homolka

text: On November 30, 2005, Quebec Superior Court Judge James Brunton lifted all restrictions imposed on Homolka, saying there was not enough evidence to justify them. On December 6, 2005, the Quebec Court of Appeal upheld Brunton's decision. The Quebec Justice Department decided not to take the case to the Supreme Court, despite Ontario's urging.


title: Karla Homolka

text: TVA reported on June 8, 2006 that Homolka's request to have her name changed was rejected. She had attempted to change her name legally to Emily Chiara Tremblay (Tremblay being one of the most common surnames in Quebec).


title: Karla Homolka

text: "Sun Media" reported in 2007 that Homolka had given birth to a baby boy. Quebec Children's Aid said that despite Homolka's past, the new mother would not automatically be scrutinized. Several nurses had refused to care for Homolka before she gave birth. On December 14, 2007, "CityNews" reported that Homolka had left Canada for the Antilles so that her then one-year-old could lead a "more normal life."


title: Karla Homolka

text: On October 17, 2014, the jury in the first degree murder trial of Luka Magnotta heard that Homolka was living in Quebec; Magnotta had previously secretly disseminated false rumours of him dating Homolka which he would subsequently deny in interviews.


title: Karla Homolka

text: A poll of 9,521 voters concluded that 63.27% believed that the public had the right to know Homolka's location, 18.57% of voters believed that she deserved anonymity, and 18.16% believed that Homolka should be permitted to receive anonymity in about 50 years.


title: Karla Homolka

text: News reports as of April 20, 2016, placed Homolka as living with her children in Châteauguay, Quebec. Homolka was reportedly angry with reporters' attempts to speak with her. Parents of children attending the same school as Homolka's children expressed great concern, despite reassurances from the school and the school board. As of January 2020, she lives in Salaberry-de-Valleyfield without her husband or children.


title: Karla Homolka

text: On April 19, 2010, "The Vancouver Sun" reported that Homolka would be eligible to seek pardon for her crimes in the summer of 2010. Offenders convicted of first- or second-degree murder or with indeterminate sentences cannot apply for a pardon due to the fact that their sentences are for life, but Homolka was convicted of manslaughter, and received less than the maximum life sentence, making her eligible. If she had been successful her criminal record would not have been erased but would have been covered up in background checks, except those required for working with children or other vulnerable people. Partially in response to Homolka's case a bill to limit access to pardons for serious crimes was fast-tracked through the House of Commons and Senate in June 2010, taking only 12 days from first reading in the House of Commons to Royal assent.


title: Karla Homolka

text: In 1997, Lynn Crosbie, Canadian poet, novelist and cultural critic, published "Paul's Case", termed a "theoretical fiction". After analyzing the couple's crimes, it provided an examination of the cultural effects of the shocking revelations and controversy surrounding their trial.


title: Karla Homolka

text: The MSNBC documentary series "Dark Heart, Iron Hand" devoted an episode to the case, which was later rebroadcast as an episode of the series "MSNBC Investigates", retitled "To Love and To Kill".


title: Karla Homolka

text: In 2006, Quantum Entertainment released the film "Karla" (which had the working title "Deadly"), starring Laura Prepon as Homolka and Misha Collins as Bernardo. Tim Danson, lawyer for the French and Mahaffy families, was given a private screening, and announced that the families had no objection to the film's release. Nevertheless, Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty called for a boycott. The film was given a limited release in Canada by Christal Films.


title: Karla Homolka

text: Lynda Véronneau together with writer Christiane Desjardins, wrote "Lynda Véronneau: Dans L'Ombre de Karla", on the topic of her relationship with Homolka while in prison, published in 2005 by Les Éditions Voix Parallèles.


title: Karla Homolka

text: In 2017, Karen Kilgariff covered the case on the podcast My Favorite Murder in Episode 91, titled "Live at the Sony Centre in Toronto."


title: Karla Homolka

text: An episode of "Murder Made Me Famous" on the Reelz Television Network, airing December 8, 2018, chronicled the case.


title: Karla Homolka

text: Another documentary aired on the Discovery+ streaming service via the sub-channel Investigation Discovery entitled "The Ken & Barbie Killers: The Lost Tapes". It premiered on December 12, 2021, and consisted of 4 episodes.


title: Karla Homolka

text: The 2019 Netflix documentary miniseries "" featured a segment on Karla Homolka, who had been a fixation of Canadian murderer Luka Magnotta. Magnotta claimed that unnamed parties were trying to implicate him as being in a relationship with Homolka. The documentary dubbed Homolka "the most hated woman in Canada."


title: Matt Berry

text: Matthew Charles Berry (born 2 May 1974) is an English actor, comedian, musician, and writer. He is best known for his roles in comedy series such as "The IT Crowd", "Garth Marenghi's Darkplace", "The Mighty Boosh", "Snuff Box", "What We Do in the Shadows", and "Toast of London", the last of which he also co-created. The series earned him the 2015 BAFTA Award for Best Male Performance in a Comedy Programme. As a musician, he has released nine studio albums.


title: Matt Berry

text: Matthew Charles Berry was born on 2 May 1974 in Bromham, Bedfordshire, the son of nurse Pauline (née Acreman) and taxi driver Charles Berry. He attended Nottingham Trent University, graduating in 1999 with a BA in contemporary arts.


title: Matt Berry

text: Berry began his career as a runner. Between 1998 and 1999, he appeared in the video game magazine show "Game Over" on BSkyB's computer and technology channel .tv. The episodes contained a large number of comedy sketches with Berry as the main performer.


title: Matt Berry

text: Berry's first prominent television role was Todd Rivers/Lucien Sanchez in the cult 2004 comedy series "Garth Marenghi's Darkplace" and its 2006 spin-off, "Man to Man with Dean Learner". He later appeared as eccentric, sinister tycoon Dixon Bainbridge in "The Mighty Boosh". He met "The Mighty Boosh" duo while performing at the Hen and Chickens Theatre, where they were resident in 2000. He can be seen in a cameo performance in "The Mighty Boosh Live" DVD.


title: Matt Berry

text: After meeting Rich Fulcher while filming "The Mighty Boosh", Berry wrote and starred in the comedy series "Snuff Box" with him on BBC Three. Fulcher had co-starred as Bainbridge's lackey, Bob Fossil in "The Mighty Boosh". Berry also starred with Fulcher and Simon Farnaby on E4's "The Golf War" in November 2007.


title: Matt Berry

text: In 2007, Berry joined "The IT Crowd" during its second series as Douglas Reynholm. He was nominated as Best Male Comedy Newcomer in the 2007 British Comedy Awards for the role.


title: Matt Berry

text: In 2010, Berry played journalist Michael Duffy in the BBC production "Five Daughters", about events surrounding the Ipswich murders of 2006. In 2011, he provided the voice of Allen in the "Aqua Teen Hunger Force" episode "Allen Part Two". He appeared in the British comedy panel game "Shooting Stars", portraying Vangelis. He also appeared as an antiques expert in the ITV sketch show "Monkey Trousers" with Vic and Bob and Steve Coogan.


title: Matt Berry

text: Berry also appeared in a number of films during this period, including "The Devil's Chair" (2006) and "Moon" (2009). He also starred in "The Search" (2009), a short film about "a lonely man's search for the existence of life outside our universe takes a remarkable turn when he connects with a recently bereaved family".


title: Matt Berry

text: In 2012, BBC Radio 4 aired his comedy series "I, Regress, where" he portrayed Dr. Berry, a brilliant but unorthodox regressive therapist. In each 15-minute episode, Berry explored the psyche of a guest patient, attempting to treat his or her problems in surreal dreamlike sequences. Berry appeared in the film adaptation of the David Nicholls novel "One Day as" Aaron, Dexter's agent. He was briefly featured in the closing ceremony of the London 2012 Olympics, introducing ELO's "Mr. Blue Sky" by way of a mock weather forecast.


title: Matt Berry

text: In July 2012, he appeared as vainglorious actor Steven Toast in the pilot episode of Channel 4 sitcom "Toast of London", co-written with Arthur Mathews. Notwithstanding mixed reviews, a series was commissioned, and the first episode was broadcast on 20 October 2013, and it brought Berry the 2015 BAFTA Award for Best Male Comedy Performance. In 2015, Berry and Arthur Mathews published "Toast on Toast: Cautionary Tales and Candid Advice", a spoof autobiography of Steven Toast. It was also released as an audiobook read by Berry.


title: Matt Berry

text: Berry played the title character in the 2013 "Portlandia" episode "Squiggleman". Co-creators Fred Armisen and Carrie Brownstein included the appearance on a list of their "proudest musical moments" from the show.


title: Matt Berry

text: From 2014 to 2015, Berry co-starred in the BBC 2 series "House of Fools", written by and starring Reeves and Mortimer. He portrayed Beef, "the highly sexual, flamboyant and blindly confident friend of Vic and Bob" who "will seduce anything in a skirt".


title: Matt Berry

text: Berry appeared in episode nine of the sixth season of Dan Harmon's television series "Community", released on Yahoo Screen on 5 May 2015. In December 2015, he played Professor Awfulshirt in "Harry Hill in Professor Branestawm Returns" on BBC One.


title: Matt Berry

text: Berry also took on a number of voice acting roles. He voiced Bubbles, an inter-dimensional dolphin, in the 2015 SpongeBob SquarePants film sequel, "". That year, he also voiced the main villainess, The Butt Witch, in "Twelve Forever", a series pilot created by Julia Vickerman for Cartoon Network that was released on their website on 18 May 2015. The show was moved to Netflix in December 2017. From 2015 to 2016, Berry narrated "Matt Berry Does ...", a series of comedy shorts for the BBC. He provided the voice of Prince Merkimer in Matt Groening's animated series "Disenchantment", which premiered in 2018 on Netflix.


title: Matt Berry

text: Since 2019, Berry has starred in the FX TV adaptation of the film "What We Do in the Shadows" as Laszlo, one of four vampires living in Staten Island. It was renewed for a second season in May 2019, and began airing in April 2020. The third season aired September 2021. In an interview with collider.com, Berry said, "It's different and it's very free. The scripts are starting points and then we go from there. That's how I like to work, anyway. So, for me, it was perfect. That's my background, improvisation. It was home for me in that department."


title: Matt Berry

text: In 2019, Berry also starred in the IFC/Channel 4 sitcom "Year of the Rabbit". Set in Victorian London, he plays the alcoholic Detective Inspector Rabbit. On 11 February 2020, the series was renewed for a second series of six episodes. Citing budget cuts caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Channel 4 reversed their decision in January 2021, casting doubt on the show's future. Layla Smith, chief executive of the show's production company OMG, stated, ""Year of the Rabbit" is a victim of the devastating effects of COVID. [...] IFC are very committed to the show, but we will need to find another partner — and we're working on that."


title: Matt Berry

text: In April 2020, BBC Two commissioned Berry for a mockumentary series titled "Squeamish About ..." The four quarter-hour specials will be co-written by Berry and Arthur Mathews, and star Berry as Michael Squeamish. The series uses a combination of archive footage and voiceover to produce a surreal perspective on the episodes' subject.


title: Matt Berry

text: In 2021, after the second series of "Year of the Rabbit" was axed, Berry was commissioned by the BBC to make a "Steven Toast in America" series for them. The show was a six-part television programme for BBC One, broadcast under the title "" and co-written by Berry and Arthur Mathews.


title: Matt Berry

text: Berry's distinctive voice has seen him providing many voiceovers for both radio and television advertising, including Absolute Radio, Müller Corner adverts and characters on several adverts for The Natural Confectionery Company. He has also been in the sketch show "The Wrong Door" as a recurring bit-part character who runs into a snooker hall and shouts "Stop playing snooker!" before whispering an implied impossible wager to one of the players and completing an unfeasible trick shot. In 2012, he worked with Team17 on their video game title "Worms Revolution", providing voiceover, as fictional wildlife documentary maker Don Keystone, for both the game and the video advertisements produced for it.


title: Matt Berry

text: In 2014, Berry read out the teamsheets at Luton Town before the game. In 2015, he provided the voice for an award-winning satirical anti-war film by the UK branch of Veterans for Peace called "Action Man: Battlefield Casualties".


title: Matt Berry

text: Since 2019, Berry has narrated adverts for Moneysupermarket.com and also voices inserts for "Absolute Radio".


title: Matt Berry

text: In 2019, Berry provided the voice of Moominpappa in the popular Finnish animated children's series "Moominvalley".


title: Matt Berry

text: Berry also provides the voice for the torture droid 8D8 in the 2021 "Star Wars" television series "The Book of Boba Fett", and provides the voice of Merkimer in adult animation "Disenchantment".


title: Matt Berry

text: Berry composed all the music for "Snuff Box" and "Toast of London", as well as the music for "", which he co-wrote with Richard Ayoade. "AD/BC" was a half-hour parody of overblown musicals in general and "Jesus Christ Superstar" in particular, telling the story of the innkeeper who allowed Mary, Joseph, and the baby Jesus to sleep in his manger. "AD/BC" was broadcast in December 2004 and featured Fulcher and "Mighty Boosh" stars Julian Barratt and Noel Fielding. Berry also performed a song for an episode of "Garth Marenghi's Darkplace," "One Track Lover", a spoof of cheesy romantic 1980s songs.


title: Matt Berry

text: Berry also wrote music for the BBC 2 Steve Coogan comedy "Saxondale" and appeared in the first and third episodes of the second series of the show. He composed the theme song for the Channel 4 sketch show "Blunder". He is also credited on "The Peter Serafinowicz Show".


title: Matt Berry

text: Berry is friends with musical composer Dan McGrath and contributed to the "Strictly Come Dancing" theme song by playing guitar and providing the audible "Hey".


title: Matt Berry

text: Berry has recorded nine studio albums: "Jackpot" (1995), "Opium" (self-released, 2008), "Witchazel" (2011), "Kill the Wolf" (2013), "Music for Insomniacs" (2014), "The Small Hours" (2016), "Television Themes" (2018), "Phantom Birds" (2020) and "The Blue Elephant" (2021). The most recent five have been released on Eddie Piller's Acid Jazz Records. In 2017, a "companion piece" to "The Small Hours" was released, "Night Terrors," featuring remixes by artists such as Saint Etienne. Berry stated in the first issue of "Bearded" Magazine in 2007 that he was producing and collaborating on new material with 1960s soul singer Geno Washington and would record a new album. It was "Witchazel", which Berry originally released as a one-day-only free download in March 2009. It was later released as a CD and paid-for digital download.


title: Matt Berry

text: Berry has toured with a number of bands including Jonas 3 and The Maypoles. The latter comprises former Bluetones singer Mark Morriss and singer/clarinettist Cecilia Fage. Rich Fulcher has joined Berry on stage for several appearances. Geno Washington has also joined him onstage at London gigs for encores of the "Snuff Box" theme.


title: Matt Berry

text: In October 2007, Berry provided a new track, "Cream Pie", to "Bearded" Magazine for readers to download free, followed by a cover of the Blur song "Sing" in November 2007. "Cream Pie" is still available to supporters of Beardaid.


title: Matt Berry

text: Berry voiced his appreciation of the television themes of Ronnie Hazlehurst in an episode of "Charlie Brooker's Screenwipe", and his band played out the "Screenwipe" Christmas special with a rendition of Hazlehurst's theme tune for 1980s British sitcom "Sorry!"


title: Matt Berry

text: Until 2010, Berry presented a show on Absolute Radio, where he still performs various voiceovers and was described as "the voice of Absolute Radio". The now-defunct Matt Berry Podcast regularly featured in the Top Ten of the iTunes podcast chart, and its producer Vince Lynch was nominated for Best Online Producer at the Radio Production Awards.


title: Matt Berry

text: In 2012, part of the "Snuff Box" theme appeared briefly in the film "Dredd", with the line "but it was bronze" playing from a computer terminal in the Grand Hall of Justice in the latter half of the film.


title: Matt Berry

text: In July 2018, Berry released the album "Television Themes" on Acid Jazz Records, featuring covers of famous retro TV themes such as "Sorry!", "Doctor Who" and "Rainbow." It became his first UK Top 40 album chart hit.


title: Matt Berry

text: In 2019, Berry was revealed as one of the contributing artists on the Desert Sessions album "Vols. 11 & 12". He co-wrote, narrated, and played the organ on the track "Chic Tweetz".


title: Matt Berry

text: In October 2020, Berry's album "Phantom Birds" (also issued by Acid Jazz) made the UK albums chart and eclipsed the number 38 peak of "Television Themes" by reaching number 31. In December 2020, he appeared in Gorillaz's livestreamed concert "Song Machine Live", performing the narration for the spoken-word song "Fire Coming Out of the Monkey's Head".


title: Matt Berry

text: On 14 May 2021, Berry released his ninth studio album, "The Blue Elephant," distributed by Acid Jazz.


title: Matt Berry

text: Berry has appeared in several music videos. He starred in the video for the Super Furry Animals song "Run-Away" (2007), directed by Richard Ayoade. Other appearances include the videos for "Reset" (2011) by London-based experimental band Three Trapped Tigers and "What Are You Like" (2017) by Irish band Pugwash.


title: Cloverfield

text: Cloverfield is a 2008 American found footage monster film directed by Matt Reeves, produced by J. J. Abrams, and written by Drew Goddard. It stars Lizzy Caplan, Jessica Lucas, T.J. Miller, Michael Stahl-David, Mike Vogel and Odette Yustman. The plot follows six young New York City residents fleeing from a massive monster and various other smaller creatures that attack the city during a farewell party.


title: Cloverfield

text: Development began when producer J. J. Abrams started conceptualizing a new monster and enlisted Neville Page to design the creature, called Clover. In February 2007, the project was secretly greenlit by Paramount Pictures and produced by Abrams's Bad Robot Productions. Principal photography took place in Los Angeles and New York City in 2007. The project had several working titles, including "Slusho", "Cheese", and "Greyshot". As part of a viral marketing campaign, a teaser trailer was released ahead of screenings of "Transformers" (2007) without a title. The final title was revealed in a second teaser trailer attached to screenings of "Beowulf" (2007). With limited pre-release details, it garnered online speculation, including forums and websites dedicated to uncovering hidden information about the film. Several tie-ins, including a prequel manga series, were released as part of the marketing campaign.


title: Cloverfield

text: "Cloverfield" was released on January 18, 2008, and received positive reviews from critics, who praised Reeves's direction and the cinéma vérité style narrative. It earned $172 million worldwide at the box office against a $25 million budget. It is the first installment of the "Cloverfield" franchise, followed by "10 Cloverfield Lane" in 2016 and "The Cloverfield Paradox" in 2018. A direct sequel is in development.


title: Cloverfield

text: The film is presented as footage from a personal camcorder recovered by the United States Department of Defense in the area "formerly known as Central Park", bearing a disclaimer stating multiple sightings of a case designated "Cloverfield".


title: Cloverfield

text: This earlier footage, from April 27, shows Robert "Rob" Hawkins waking up with Elizabeth "Beth" McIntyre in her father's apartment above Columbus Circle before sharing a special day across New York City and Coney Island. Fragments of this overwritten footage appear during the course of the film.


title: Cloverfield

text: Rob has a farewell party on May 22, thrown by his brother Jason and Jason's girlfriend Lily, celebrating Rob's new job as vice-president for a company in Japan. Jason gets Rob’s best friend Hudson "Hud" Platt to film testimonials for Rob during the party. Beth, who Rob has now broken up with, brings a new man to the party. Beth and Rob argue over her guest, and Beth leaves shortly before a massive earthquake occurs, causing a brief citywide power outage; the local news reports a capsized oil tanker near Liberty Island. From the roof, the party-goers witness an explosion in the distance and flee as flaming debris flies in their direction.


title: Cloverfield

text: As the party-goers leave the building, the severed head of the Statue of Liberty is hurled into the street in front of them. In the chaos, Hud records an enormous creature several blocks away collapsing the Woolworth Building. During the group's planned evacuation of Manhattan, the creature's tail destroys the Brooklyn Bridge, killing Jason and dozens of other people. News reports show the Army National Guard's 42nd Infantry Division attacking the monster. Smaller parasite creatures fall off its body and attack nearby pedestrians and soldiers.


title: Cloverfield

text: Rob listens to a phone message from Beth, in which she indicates she is trapped in her apartment at the Time Warner Center and unable to move. Going against the crowd, Rob, Hud, Lily, and Hud’s crush, Marlena Diamond, venture into Midtown Manhattan to rescue Beth. By 3:17 a.m., they get caught in a battle between the creature and the Army National Guard, run into the subway, and are attacked by several of the parasites. While saving Hud, Marlena is bitten by one of the creatures. The four escape the subway and enter a below ground mall where she begins to feel unwell. They are found by military and taken to a command center and field hospital nearby. In reaction to being bitten, Marlena begins bleeding from her eyes. She is forcibly taken into a tent, where she appears to explode. Rob, still intending on saving Beth, persuades one of the military leaders to let them go. He is then informed when the last evacuation helicopter will depart before the military executes its "Hammer Down Protocol", which will destroy Manhattan in its entirety in order to kill the monster.


title: Cloverfield

text: They travel to Beth's apartment building to discover it toppled on its side. After crossing roofs from the opposite building, the group finds her impaled on exposed rebar. They free her and make their way to the evacuation site at Grand Central Terminal, where they encounter the creature again. Lily is first rushed into a departing Marine Corps helicopter to escape before the terminal is destroyed. Moments later, Rob, Beth, and Hud are taken away in a second helicopter and witness the creature being bombed. The bombing causes the creature to fall and success is assumed, but then it lunges out of the smoke, hitting the helicopter and causing it to crash in Central Park, killing the pilot and everyone inside except Rob, Beth, and Hud.


title: Cloverfield

text: Less than an hour later, a voice on the crashed helicopter's radio warns that the Hammer Down protocol will begin in fifteen minutes. The three friends regain consciousness, and attempt to flee; Hud turns back to retrieve the camera when the creature suddenly appears and kills him. Rob and Beth grab the camera and take shelter under an arch as sirens blare, and the bombing starts. Rob and Beth each provide their last testimony of the day's events. The bridge begins to crumble, and the camera is knocked out of Rob's hand and buried beneath rubble. Rob and Beth proclaim their love for each other just as the bomb explodes, the camera freezing up before the footage cuts.


title: Cloverfield

text: The film ends with the finale of Rob and Beth's trip to Coney Island on a Ferris wheel. Unseen by them, an indiscernible object falls from the sky into the ocean. Just before the camera cuts out, Beth states, "I had a good day."


title: Cloverfield

text: After the credits, a voice can be heard saying, "Help us..." When played in reverse, it says, "It's still alive."


title: Cloverfield

text: In addition, NY1 TV journalist Roma Torre has a cameo as herself, reporting on a television screen watched by the party-goers. The film's director, Matt Reeves, provides the uncredited voice for the two brief phrases (one normal, one in reversed audio) after the credits.


title: Cloverfield

text: J. J. Abrams conceived a new monster after he and his son visited a toy store in Japan while promoting "". He explained, "We saw all these Godzilla toys, and I thought, we need our own American monster, and not like King Kong. I love King Kong. King Kong is adorable. And Godzilla is a charming monster. We love Godzilla, but I wanted something that was just insane and intense."


title: Cloverfield

text: In February 2007, Paramount Pictures secretly greenlit "Cloverfield", to be produced by Abrams, directed by Matt Reeves, and written by Drew Goddard. The project was produced by Abrams's company, Bad Robot Productions.


title: Cloverfield

text: The severed head of the Statue of Liberty was inspired by the poster of the 1981 film "Escape from New York", in which the head lies on a street in New York. Reeves explained, "It's an incredibly provocative image. And that was the source that inspired producer J. J. Abrams to say, 'Now this would be an interesting idea for a movie'."


title: Cloverfield

text: The film was initially titled "Cloverfield", changed several times throughout production, and was reverted. Matt Reeves explained this was due to the hype caused by the teaser trailer. "That excitement spread to such a degree that we suddenly couldn't use the name anymore. So we started using all these names like "Slusho" and "Cheese". And people always found out what we were doing!" He said that "Cloverfield" was the government's case designation for the events caused by the monster, comparing the titling to that of the real Manhattan Project, though the government did not originate this. Cloverfield Blvd is the highway exit Abrams takes to his Santa Monica office, and which used to lead to the Santa Monica Airport, which originally bore the name Clover Field.


title: Cloverfield

text: The final title "Greyshot" was proposed, taken from the archway that the two survivors take shelter under at the end of the movie, but Director Reeves said this was rejected because the film was already so well known as "Cloverfield".


title: Cloverfield

text: The film received a subtitle in Japan, where it was released as . The subtitle "Destroyer" was chosen by Abrams and was translated into Japanese as by Paramount Japan at his request. The subtitle was chosen for the manga spin-off, "Cloverfield/Kishin", released exclusively in Japan.


title: Cloverfield

text: Casting was done in secret, with no script sent to candidates. To prevent the leaking of plot information, instead of auditioning the actors with scenes from the film, scripts from Abrams's previous productions were used, such as the television series "Alias" and "Lost". Some scenes were also written specifically for the audition process, not intended for use in the film. Lizzy Caplan stated that she accepted a role in "Cloverfield" without knowing the premise, solely because she was a fan of the Abrams-produced "Lost", and her experience of discovering its true nature initially caused her to state that she would not sign on for a film in the future "without knowing full well what it is". She indicated that her character was a sarcastic outsider, and that her role was "physically demanding".


title: Cloverfield

text: With an estimated production budget of $30 million, principal photography began in mid-June 2007 in New York. One cast member said that the film would look like it cost $150 million, though without recognizable and expensive actors. Filmmakers used the Panasonic HVX200 for most of the interior scenes, and the Sony CineAlta F23 high-definition video camera to record nearly all of the New York exterior scenes. Filming took place on Coney Island, with scenes shot at Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park and the B&B Carousel. The scenes of tanks firing at the creature while the main characters hide in a stairwell were filmed on Hennesy Street on Warner Bros. Studios backlot in Burbank, California. Some interior shots were taped on a soundstage at Downey, California. Bloomingdale's in the movie was actually shot in an emptied Robinsons-May store that was under reconstruction in Arcadia, California. The outside scenes of Sephora and the electronics store were taped in Downtown Los Angeles.


title: Cloverfield

text: The film was shot and edited in a cinéma vérité style, to look like it was taped with one hand-held camera, including jump cuts similar to ones found in home movies. T.J. Miller, who plays Hud, has said in various interviews that he taped a third of the movie and almost half of it made it into the film. Director Matt Reeves described the presentation, "We wanted this to be as if someone found a Handicam, took out the tape and put it in the player to watch it. What you're watching is a home movie that then turns into something else." Reeves explained that the pedestrians documenting the severed head of the Statue of Liberty with the camera phones was reflective of the contemporary period. According to him: ""Cloverfield" very much speaks to the fear and anxieties of our time, how we live our lives. Constantly documenting things and putting them up on YouTube, sending people videos through e-mail – we felt it was very applicable to the way people feel now."


title: Cloverfield

text: Several of the filmmakers are heard but not seen in the film. The man yelling "Oh my God!" repeatedly when the head of the Statue of Liberty lands in the street is producer Bryan Burk, and director Matt Reeves voiced the whispered radio broadcast at the end of the credits. After viewing a cut of the film, Steven Spielberg suggested giving the audience a hint at the fate of the monster during the climax, which resulted in the addition of a countdown overheard on the helicopter's radio and the sounding of air raid sirens to signal the forthcoming Hammer Down bombing.


title: Cloverfield

text: The film's shaky camera style of cinematography, dubbed "La Shakily Queasy-Cam" by Roger Ebert, caused some viewers (particularly in darkened movie theaters) to experience motion sickness, including nausea and a temporary loss of balance. Audience members prone to migraines have cited the film as a trigger. Some theaters showing the film, such as AMC Theatres, provided poster and verbal warnings, informing viewers about the filming style of "Cloverfield", while other theatres like Pacific Theatres just verbally warned customers in detail at the box office about experiencing motion sickness upon viewing the film and what to do if they had to step out and vomit.


title: Cloverfield

text: The cinematography affects the encoding of the video and can cause compression artifacts due to fast motion across the field of view.


title: Cloverfield

text: Visual main effects supervisor Nick Tom and Phil Tippett's "Tippett Studio" were enlisted to develop the visual effects for "Cloverfield". Because the visual effects were incorporated after filming, cast members were only familiar with early conceptual renderings of the beast and had to react to an unseen creature during their scenes. Artist Neville Page designed the monster, creating a biological rationale for it, though many of his ideas, including an "elongated, articulated external esophagus," would not show up on screen. His central concept was that of an immature creature suffering from "separation anxiety." This recalls real-life circus elephants who get frightened and lash out. The director stated that "there's nothing scarier than something huge that's spooked."


title: Cloverfield

text: Before the film's release, Paramount carried out a viral marketing campaign to promote the film which included viral tie-ins similar to "Lost Experience". Filmmakers decided to create a teaser trailer that would be a surprise in the light of commonplace media saturation. Rather than edit the teaser from footage taken from the finished film, footage was captured during the preparation stages solely for creation of the teaser. Ernest Holzman, who would later be replaced with "Lost" cinematographer Michael Bonvillain, utilized the Thomson Viper FilmStream Camera for the shoot. The teaser was then used as a basis for the film itself. Paramount Pictures encouraged the teaser to be released without a title attached, and the Motion Picture Association of America approved the move. As "Transformers" showed high tracking numbers before its release in July 2007, the studio attached the teaser trailer for "Cloverfield" that showed the release date of January 18, 2008, but not the title. A second trailer was released on November 16, 2007, which was attached to "Beowulf", confirming the title.


title: Cloverfield

text: The studio had kept knowledge of the project secret from the online community, a cited rarity due to the presence of scoopers that follow upcoming films. The controlled release of information on the film has been observed as a risky strategy, which could succeed like "The Blair Witch Project" (1999) or disappoint like "Snakes on a Plane" (2006), the latter of which had generated online hype but failed to attract large audiences.


title: Cloverfield

text: The sudden appearance of the untitled teaser for "Cloverfield", and limited details available in the lead up to the film's release fueled wide media speculation over the film's plot, with many expecting it to be an adaptation of an existing property. Among the possibilities reported on, "The Star Ledger" suggested that the film could be based on the works of H. P. Lovecraft, or a new entry in the "Godzilla" series. "The Guardian" reported the possibility of a spin-off to Abrams' television show "Lost", and a misinterpretation of the trailer's line "It's alive!" as "It's a lion!" led "USA Today" to speculate on a live-action adaptation of Japanese animated series "Voltron". "IGN" and "Time Out" suggested that the film would feature an alien called ""The Parasite"", with that rumored to be the working title of the film. Elsewhere online, "Slusho" and "Colossus" had been discussed as other possible titles, as well as "Monstrous", although this was dispelled by Abrams at ComicCon.


title: Cloverfield

text: The viral marketing campaign drew the attention of alternate reality game enthusiasts, hoping to uncover information about the film hidden online. Members of the forums at argn.com and unfiction.com have investigated the background of the film, with the "1-18-08" section at Unfiction generating over 7,700 posts in August 2007. The members have studied photographs on the film's official site, potentially related MySpace profiles, and the Comic-Con teaser poster for the film. A popular piece of fan art posited that the monster was a mutated humpback whale.


title: Cloverfield

text: All of the major characters received a personal Myspace page, all of which are accessible and featuring available photos, though blog posts have been removed.


title: Cloverfield

text: Unlike most viral marketing campaigns, this one had virtually nothing to do with the film's plot or characters. Instead it focused mainly on the fictional drink Slusho! and the fictional company Tagruato, slowly giving clues of the secret origin of the monster that isn't addressed properly in the film. Following various clues, players discovered that the monster is an ancient amphibious organism discovered during the construction of Chuai Station, an oil platform of the coast of Connecticut belonging to the Japanese company Tagruato, which had the purpose of extracting a substance called Sea Bed Nectar that would become the secret ingredient of a drink created by its founder Ganu Yoshida, named Slusho. Tagurato Repurposes Chuai Station after said discovery (and pulling a coverup involving the ordered assassination of the employee who originally made the discovery) using the front as an oil drilling platform also for surveillance of the monster and its parasites, who are using Sea Bed's nectar as a means of nourishment for their host, applying the substance on its back. Eventually, the monster awakens and destroys the station, before finding its way to the shores of New York at the beginning of the film.


title: Cloverfield

text: Puzzle websites containing Lovecraftian elements, such as "Ethan Haas Was Right", were originally reported to be connected to the film. On July 9, 2007, producer J. J. Abrams stated that, while a number of websites were being developed to market the film, the only official site that had been found was 1-18-08.com. At the site, which now redirects to the Paramount Pictures home page, a collection of time-coded photos were available to piece together a series of events and interpret their meanings. The pictures could also be flipped over by repeatedly and rapidly moving the mouse side to side. Also, if the page was left open for six minutes, the monster's roar could be heard. Eventually, Cloverfield Movie.com was created. The site provided both a trailer and a number, 33287, which, when texted from a mobile phone, provided a ringtone of the monster's roar and a wallpaper of a decimated Manhattan. This eventually turns out to be a Paramount number (people later received material on "Iron Man", "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull", "Kung Fu Panda", and "The Love Guru").


title: Cloverfield

text: The drink Slusho! served as part of the viral marketing campaign. The drink had already appeared in producer Abrams' previous creation, the TV series "Alias". Websites for Slusho! and Taguruato were launched to add to the mythology of "Cloverfield". The Japanese phone number in the Tagruato website did work, but only played recorded messages. For example, one of the messages was: ""Thank you for calling Tagruato. Due to high call volumes, your call has been transferred to an automated answering service. There are no updates at this time. After the tone, please leave a message, and one of our associates will find you as soon as possible"". A building bearing the company logo for Tagruato can also be seen in the TV spot of the 2009 "Star Trek" film, and Uhura orders a Slusho! during the bar scene. When "Cloverfield" was hosted at Comic-Con 2007, gray Slusho! T-shirts were distributed to attendees. Fans who had registered at the Slusho! website received e-mails of fictional sonar images before the film's release that showed a deep-sea creature heading toward Manhattan. Fans who ordered merchandise received pieces of torn Tagruato documents and Japanese newspapers along with their products. A cup of Slusho! appears briefly in "The Cloverfield Paradox", and it has also appeared in "Fringe" and "Heroes". A Slusho! bobblehead figure also appears shaking in "The Cloverfield Paradox" trailer and film.


title: Cloverfield

text: Producer Burk explained the viral tie-in, "It was all done in conjunction with the studio... The whole experience in making this movie is very reminiscent of how we did "Lost"." Director Reeves described Slusho! as "part of the involved connectivity" with Abrams' "Alias" and that the drink represented a "meta-story" for "Cloverfield". The director explained, "It's almost like tentacles that grow out of the film and lead, also, to the ideas in the film. And there's this weird way where you can go see the movie and it's one experience... But there's also this other place where you can get engaged where there's this other sort of aspect for all those people who are into that. All the stories kind of bounce off one another and inform each other. But, at the end of the day, this movie stands on its own to be a movie... The Internet sort of stories and connections and clues are, in a way, a prism and they're another way of looking at the same thing. To us, it's just another exciting aspect of the storytelling."


title: Cloverfield

text: A four-installment prequel manga series by Yoshiki Togawa titled was released by Japanese publisher Kadokawa Shoten. The story focuses on a Japanese high school student named Kishin Aiba, who somehow bears a connection to the monster.


title: Cloverfield

text: Based on the film's successful opening weekend, Hasbro began accepting orders for a collectible toy figure of the monster with authentic sound and its parasites that were shipped to fans by December 24, 2008.


title: Cloverfield

text: Due to its presentation as footage from a consumer digital recorder, "Cloverfield" has no film score, with the exception of the composition "Roar! ("Cloverfield" Overture)" by Michael Giacchino that plays over the end credits. Similarities between "Roar!" and the music of "Godzilla" composer Akira Ifukube have been noted, and it has been suggested that Giacchino's overture is a tribute to Ifukube's work, which was confirmed by Matt Reeves in the DVD's commentary track. The sound track was supervised by William Files and Douglas Murray at Skywalker Sound.


title: Cloverfield

text: "Rob's Party Mix" or "Cloverfield Mix" is a collection of the music played in the opening party sequences of the film that was released exclusively on Apple's iTunes Store on January 22, 2008, in lieu of a traditional soundtrack album. The "Cloverfield" score, "Roar! ("Cloverfield" Overture)" by Michael Giacchino that plays over the end credits is not featured on the album, as it is the mixtape played at the party and is not the official soundtrack of the film. This album was distributed to guests at a "Cloverfield" premiere party held at the Dark Room in New York City on January 17, 2008.


title: Cloverfield

text: A complete soundtrack release of all the music in the film, including Giacchino's "Roar!" end title piece, has now also been released exclusively on iTunes; it has not been officially released in retail stores. A CD entitled "Rob's Party Mix" comes packaged in a special edition of "Cloverfield" made available for sale in Canadian Wal-Mart stores beginning on April 22, 2008.


title: Cloverfield

text: First publicized in a teaser trailer in screenings of "Transformers", the film was released on January 17 in New Zealand, Russia and Australia; January 18 in North America; January 24 in South Korea; January 25 in Taiwan; January 31 in Germany; and February 1 in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Italy. In Japan, the film was released on April 5.


title: Cloverfield

text: The DVD was released on April 22, 2008, in two versions: the standard single-disc edition and an exclusive "steel-book" special edition that was sold at Suncoast and FYE retailers in the US and Future Shop in Canada. Other store exclusives include an exclusive bonus disc titled "T.J. Miller's Video Diary" with the DVD at all Best Buy retailers, an exclusive mix CD titled "Rob's Goin' to Japan Party Mix" with the DVD at all Target and Wal-Mart retailers and an exclusive ringtone with the DVD at all Kmart and Sears retailers. Borders also has an exclusive booklet encased with their DVD.


title: Cloverfield

text: The Region 2 DVD was released on June 9 in both one-disc and two-disc editions. The limited steel-book edition is only available from HMV, while Play.com offers exclusive cover artwork. The HMV-exclusive steel-book contains two discs.


title: Cloverfield

text: The DVD includes two alternative endings, which vary only slightly. The first alternative ending shows Rob and Beth exiting the Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station instead of on the Ferris wheel and features different sirens in the background as Rob talks to the camera. In the second alternative ending, just after the final explosion, Beth can be heard screaming "Rob!", followed by a very brief clip of an unknown person looking at the camera (in the commentary, Reeves said that it was one of the crew members) and brushing rubble off the lens. The film then ends with the original final clip of Rob and Beth on their Coney Island date recording themselves on the Ferris Wheel as the camera tape runs out, with two differences: there is no timestamp in the lower left-hand corner of the screen, and there is an additional beeping tone indicating the end of the tape.


title: Cloverfield

text: A Blu-ray edition was released on June 3, 2008. It includes a "Special Investigation Mode," as well as all the bonus features of the 2-disc DVD in HD.


title: Cloverfield

text: On the film's 10th anniversary, Paramount issued a 4k UHD Blu-ray version of the film, accompanied by the standard Blu-ray and bonus extras, it was released on January 23, 2018.


title: Cloverfield

text: "Cloverfield" opened in 3,411 theaters on January 18, 2008, and grossed a total of $16,930,000 on its opening day in the United States and Canada. It made $40.1 million on its opening weekend, which at the time was the most successful January release (record then taken by "Ride Along" in 2014 with a weekend gross of $41.5 million). Moreover, the film simultaneously beat "Titanic" and "Black Hawk Down" to have the biggest Martin Luther King Jr. Day weekend and opening weekend grosses. Worldwide, it has grossed $170,602,318, making it the first movie in 2008 to gross over $100 million. In Japan, the film held the top spot in the box office rankings for one week before the release of "" took the top spot in its first weekend.


title: Cloverfield

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 212 reviews, with an average rating of 6.80/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A sort of "Blair Witch Project" crossed with "Godzilla", "Cloverfield" is economically paced, stylistically clever, and filled with scares". According to Metacritic, the film has received an average score of 64 out of 100 based on 37 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Cloverfield

text: Marc Savlov of "The Austin Chronicle" called the film "the most intense and original creature feature I've seen in my adult moviegoing life [...] a pure-blood, grade A, exhilarating monster movie". He cites Matt Reeves' direction, the "whip-smart, stylistically invisible" script and the "nearly subconscious evocation of our current paranoid, terror-phobic times" as the keys to the film's success, saying that telling the story through the lens of one character's camera "works fantastically well". Michael Rechtshaffen of "The Hollywood Reporter" called it "chillingly effective", generally praising the effects and the film's "claustrophobic intensity". He said that though the characters "aren't particularly interesting or developed", there was "something refreshing about a monster movie that isn't filled with the usual suspects". Lisa Schwarzbaum of "Entertainment Weekly" said that the film was "surreptitiously subversive, [a] stylistically clever little gem", and that while the characters were "vapid, twenty-something nincompoops" and the acting "appropriately unmemorable", the decision to tell the story through amateur footage was "brilliant". Roger Ebert in the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three stars out of four and wrote that it is "pretty scary at times" and cites "unmistakable evocations of 9/11". He concludes that "all in all, it is an effective film, deploying its special effects well and never breaking the illusion that it is all happening as we see it".


title: Cloverfield

text: Todd McCarthy of "Variety" called the film an "old-fashioned monster movie dressed up in trendy new threads", praising the special effects, "nihilistic attitude" and "post-9/11 anxiety overlay." but said, "In the end, [it's] not much different from all the marauding creature features that have come before it". Scott Foundas of "LA Weekly" was critical of the film's use of scenes reminiscent of the September 11 attacks in New York City and called it "cheap and opportunistic". He suggested that the film was engaging in "stealth" attempts at social commentary and compared this unfavorably to the films of Don Siegel, George A. Romero and Steven Spielberg, saying, "Where those filmmakers all had something meaningful to say about the state of the world and [...] human nature, Abrams doesn't have much to say about anything". Manohla Dargis in the "New York Times" called the allusions "tacky", saying, "[The images] may make you think of the attack, and you may curse the filmmakers for their vulgarity, insensitivity or lack of imagination", but that "the film is too dumb to offend anything except your intelligence". She concludes that the film "works as a showcase for impressively realistic-looking special effects, a realism that fails to extend to the scurrying humans whose fates are meant to invoke pity and fear but instead inspire yawns and contempt". Stephanie Zacharek of "Salon.com" calls the film "badly constructed, humorless and emotionally sadistic", and sums up by saying that the film "takes the trauma of 9/11 and turns it into just another random spectacle at which to point and shoot". Michael Phillips of the "Chicago Tribune" warned that the viewer may feel "queasy" at the references to September 11, but that "other sequences [...] carry a real jolt" and that such tactics were "crude, but undeniably gripping." He called the film "dumb", but "quick and dirty and effectively brusque", concluding that despite it being "a harsher, more demographically calculating brand of fun", he enjoyed the film. Bruce Paterson of "Cinephilia" described the film as "a successful experiment in style but not necessarily a successful story for those who want dramatic closure". Some critics also pointed out the similarity to the "Half-Life" video game series, in particular the "Ant-lion" monsters from "Half-Life 2", and the constant first-person perspective.


title: Cloverfield

text: "Empire" magazine named it the fifth best film of 2008. The French film journal "Cahiers du Cinéma" named the film as the third best of 2008. Bloody Disgusting ranked the film number twenty in their list of the "Top 20 Horror Films of the Decade", with the article calling the film "A brilliant conceit, to be sure, backed by a genius early marketing campaign that followed the less-is-more philosophy to tantalizing effect...much like "Blair Witch" nearly ten years earlier, "Cloverfield" helped prove, particularly in its first half hour, that what you don't see can be the scariest thing of all". In 2022, Aedan Juvet of "Screen Rant" revisited the original film, labeling it as an "influential" found footage, sci-fi hybrid.


title: Cloverfield

text: At the "Cloverfield" premiere, director Matt Reeves talked about possibilities of what a sequel will look like if the film succeeds. According to Reeves:


title: Cloverfield

text: Reeves also pointed out that the final scene on Coney Island shows something falling into the ocean in the background without an explanation. This may have been either the satellite owned by the fictional Japanese media company, Tagruato, or the creature itself. A company news piece on the Tagruato website mentions that a piece of the Japanese Government's ChimpanzII satellite fell off into the Atlantic. Producers Bryan Burk and J. J. Abrams also revealed their thoughts on possible sequels to "Entertainment Weekly". According to Burk, "The creative team has fleshed out an entire backstory which, if we're lucky, we might get to explore in future films". Abrams stated that he does not want to rush into the development of the sequel merely because the first film has been a success; he explained that he would rather create a sequel that is true to the previous film.


title: Cloverfield

text: At the end of January 2008, Reeves entered early talks with Paramount to direct a sequel, which would likely be filmed before Reeves's other project, "The Invisible Woman". Reeves said:


title: Cloverfield

text: In September 2008, when asked by CraveOnline what the current status is on "Cloverfield 2", Abrams stated that at this point, they were still discussing it; however, he still feels reluctant to work on a sequel. In the same interview, Abrams said that they were working on something that "could be kind of cool." When asked if it would take place in a different location, Abrams replied by saying that "it would be a totally different kind of thing but it's too early to talk about." In a 2010 interview with "Attack of the Show!", Abrams stated that they might abandon the filming style, stating that he and the rest of the crew would like to try something new.


title: Cloverfield

text: The film "Super 8" was initially speculated to be either a sequel or prequel to "Cloverfield", but this was quickly denied by Abrams.


title: Cloverfield

text: In January 2011, horror film fan site BloodyDisgusting.com stated that a "Cloverfield" sequel may in fact never happen. They talked to director Reeves and he said that if he can ever get the time to sit down and talk with Drew Goddard and J. J. Abrams about sequel possibilities they will certainly make a sequel, but due to all three's busy schedules Reeves does not see this happening any time soon. In a 2011 interview, Matt Reeves gave an update on the status of "Cloverfield 2", saying:


title: Cloverfield

text: When asked if the sequel will be shot in real time, Reeves stated, "You see, that's a difficult part: we want it to be shot like the first but how can you continue that idea successfully for a second time? ... We have a lot of affection for the original and the sequel can't just be the same thing. But that is tricky when you need to have a monster destroying stuff once again."


title: Cloverfield

text: In a 2012 interview, screenwriter Goddard gave an update saying, "I'm in, I'm ready to do it...someone call J. J. and tell him to get moving, but because Matt and J. J. and I have been fortunate enough to be busy, it's hard syncing our schedules up. We're all very passionate about returning to that world." When asked if an idea is on paper, he responded, "If you asked each of us what we wanted to do, you'll get three different answers, which is how the first film was. The aesthetic of "Cloverfield" benefits from that. Three voices pulling it. Look, nothing would make me happier than to get the three of us in the room to get started." In a later interview in April of that same year, Goddard said:


title: Cloverfield

text: On January 14, 2016, "10 Cloverfield Lane" was revealed by Bad Robot Productions, with Abrams as a producer and Reeves and Goddard credited as executive producers. The film is described as "a blood relative" but not "a literal sequel" to "Cloverfield" by Abrams, who produces the film. The film was released on March 11, 2016, and it marks the theatrical feature film directorial debut of Dan Trachtenberg.


title: Cloverfield

text: During an interview with Abrams to promote "10 Cloverfield Lane", he said the creative team behind the original had some ideas on developing "Cloverfield 2", but the release of movies such as "Godzilla" and "Pacific Rim" led them to abandon them as they found the concept of kaiju movies had played out. However, Abrams also suggested that he has thought of something that if they are lucky enough to get it made "could be really cool that [it] connects some stories" in a future film, even teasing a larger "Cloverfield" universe. Interviews with Dan Trachtenberg and Mary Elizabeth Winstead, director and actress of "10 Cloverfield Lane", respectively, confirm that the movie is, and always was intended to be, an expansion of the first film, with Trachtenberg calling it the "Cloververse".


title: Cloverfield

text: In October 2016, it was reported that an Abrams-produced project, tentatively titled "God Particle", would be the next film set in the "Cloverfield" universe. The sequel was originally announced as a February 2017 release but has since seen its release date pushed back, most recently to a tentative April 2018 date, with the "God Particle" title having been dropped and the film now being referred to as "Untitled Cloverfield Sequel". It has also been suggested that the original plot device of a god particle may have been completely removed from the script. On February 4, 2018, during Super Bowl LII, a TV commercial aired announcing the film would be entitled "The Cloverfield Paradox" and would have a surprise release on Netflix after the game.


title: Cloverfield

text: In an April 2018 conference at CinemaCon, Abrams stated that "we're actually developing a true, dedicated "Cloverfield" sequel." He also said that the sequel would be released theatrically, a departure from the previous installment, "The Cloverfield Paradox", which was only released on Netflix. Abrams went on to say that the "Cloverfield" sequel is coming "very soon."


title: Cloverfield

text: In June 2019, Michael Stahl-David produced and starred in "The Cloverfield Files", an unofficial short film sequel in which he reprised his role as Robert "Rob" Hawkins from "Cloverfield".


title: Cloverfield

text: In January 2021, it was announced that Joe Barton was selected to write the script for a new "Cloverfield" film and direct sequel to the 2008 film, produced by Abrams.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Gloria Marie Steinem (; born March 25, 1934) is an American journalist and social-political activist who emerged as a nationally recognized leader of second-wave feminism in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Steinem was a columnist for "New York" magazine and a co-founder of "Ms." magazine. In 1969, Steinem published an article, "After Black Power, Women's Liberation", which brought her national attention and positioned her as a feminist leader. In 1971, she co-founded the National Women's Political Caucus which provides training and support for women who seek elected and appointed offices in government. Also in 1971, she co-founded the Women's Action Alliance which, until 1997, provided support to a network of feminist activists and worked to advance feminist causes and legislation. In the 1990s, Steinem helped establish Take Our Daughters to Work Day, an occasion for young girls to learn about future career opportunities. In 2005, Steinem, Jane Fonda, and Robin Morgan co-founded the Women's Media Center, an organization that "works to make women visible and powerful in the media".


title: Gloria Steinem

text: , Steinem was traveling internationally as an organizer and lecturer, and was a media spokeswoman on issues of equality.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 2015, Steinem, alongside two Nobel Peace Laureates, Abigail Disney, and other prominent women peace activists, undertook a journey from the capital of North Korea, Pyongyang to South Korea, crossing the most heavily militarized zone in the world between the two Koreas.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Steinem was born on March 25, 1934, in Toledo, Ohio, the daughter of Ruth (née Nuneviller) and Leo Steinem. Her mother was Presbyterian, mostly of German (including Prussian) and some Scottish descent. Her father was Jewish, the son of immigrants from Württemberg, Germany, and Radziejów, Poland. Her paternal grandmother, Pauline Perlmutter Steinem, was chairwoman of the educational committee of the National Woman Suffrage Association, a delegate to the 1908 International Council of Women, and the first woman to be elected to the Toledo Board of Education, as well as a leader in the movement for vocational education. Pauline also rescued many members of her family from the Holocaust.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: The Steinems lived and traveled about in a trailer, from which Leo carried out his trade as a roaming antiques dealer. Before Gloria was born, her mother, Ruth, then age 34, had a "nervous breakdown," which left her an invalid, trapped in delusional fantasies that occasionally turned violent. She changed "from an energetic, fun-loving, book-loving" woman into "someone who was afraid to be alone, who could not hang on to reality long enough to hold a job, and who could rarely concentrate enough to read a book". Ruth spent long periods in and out of sanatoriums for the mentally ill. Steinem was ten years old when her parents separated in 1944. Her father went to California to find work, while she and her mother continued to live together in Toledo.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: While her parents divorced under the stress of her mother's illness, Steinem did not attribute it at all to male chauvinism on the father's part—she claims to have "understood and never blamed him for the breakup". Nevertheless, the impact of these events had a formative effect on her personality: while her father, a traveling salesman, had never provided much financial stability to the family, his exit aggravated their situation. Steinem concluded that her mother's inability to hold on to a job was evidence of general hostility towards working women. She also concluded that the general apathy of doctors towards her mother emerged from a similar anti-woman animus. Years later, Steinem described her mother's experience as pivotal to her understanding of social injustices. These perspectives convinced Steinem that women lacked social and political equality.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Steinem attended Waite High School in Toledo and Western High School in Washington, D.C., graduating from the latter while living with her older sister Susanne Steinem Patch. She then attended Smith College, an institution with which she continues to remain engaged, from which she received her A.B. "magna cum laude" and graduated as a member of Phi Beta Kappa.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 1957, Steinem had an abortion. The procedure was performed by Dr. John Sharpe, a British physician, when abortion was still illegal. Years later, Steinem dedicated her memoir "My Life on the Road" (2015) to him. She wrote: "Dr. John Sharpe of London, who in 1957, a decade before physicians in England could legally perform an abortion for any reason other than the health of the woman, took the considerable risk of referring for an abortion a twenty-two-year-old American on her way to India. Knowing only that she had broken an engagement at home to seek an unknown fate, he said, 'You must promise me two things. First, you will not tell anyone my name. Second, you will do what you want to do with your life.'"


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In the late 1950s, Steinem spent two years in India as a Chester Bowles Asian Fellow. After returning to the United States, she served as director of the Independent Research Service, an organization funded in secret by a donor that turned out to be the CIA. She worked to send non-Communist American students to the 1959 World Youth Festival. In 1960, she was hired by Warren Publishing as the first employee of "Help!" magazine.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: "Esquire" magazine features editor Clay Felker gave freelance writer Steinem what she later called her first "serious assignment", regarding contraception; he didn't like her first draft and had her re-write the article. Her resulting 1962 article about the way in which women are forced to choose between a career and marriage preceded Betty Friedan's book "The Feminine Mystique" by one year.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 1963, while working on an article for Huntington Hartford's "Show" magazine, Steinem was employed as a Playboy Bunny at the New York Playboy Club. The article, published in 1963 as "A Bunny's Tale", featured a photo of Steinem in Bunny uniform and detailed how women were treated at those clubs. Steinem has maintained that she is proud of the work she did publicizing the exploitative working conditions of the bunnies and especially the sexual demands made of them, which skirted the edge of the law. However, for a brief period after the article was published, Steinem was unable to land other assignments; in her words, this was "because I had now become a Bunny—and it didn't matter why."


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In the interim, she conducted an interview with John Lennon for "Cosmopolitan" magazine in 1964. In 1965, she wrote for NBC-TV's weekly satirical revue, "That Was The Week That Was (TW3)", contributing a regular segment entitled "Surrealism in Everyday Life". Steinem eventually landed a job at Felker's newly founded "New York" magazine in 1968.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 1969, she covered an abortion speak-out for "New York Magazine", which was held in a church basement in Greenwich Village, New York. Steinem had had an abortion herself in London at the age of 22. She felt what she called a "big click" at the speak-out, and later said she didn't "begin my life as an active feminist" until that day. As she recalled, "It [abortion] is supposed to make us a bad person. But I must say, I never felt that. I used to sit and try and figure out how old the child would be, trying to make myself feel guilty. But I never could! I think the person who said: 'Honey, if men could get pregnant, abortion would be a sacrament' was right. Speaking for myself, I knew it was the first time I had taken responsibility for my own life. I wasn't going to let things happen to me. I was going to direct my life, and therefore it felt positive. But still, I didn't tell anyone. Because I knew that out there it wasn't [positive]." She also said, "In later years, if I'm remembered at all it will be for inventing a phrase like 'reproductive freedom'  ... as a phrase it includes the freedom to have children or not to. So it makes it possible for us to make a coalition."


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 1972, she co-founded the feminist-themed magazine "Ms." alongside founding editors Letty Cottin Pogrebin, Mary Thom, Patricia Carbine, Joanne Edgar, Nina Finkelstein, Dorothy Pitman Hughes, and Mary Peacock; it began as a special edition of "New York", and Clay Felker funded the first issue. Its 300,000 test copies sold out nationwide in eight days. Within weeks, "Ms." had received 26,000 subscription orders and more than 20,000 reader letters. In 1974, "Ms." collaborated with public television to produce the television program "Woman Alive!", and Steinem was featured in the first episode in her role as co-founder of "Ms." magazine. The magazine was sold to the Feminist Majority Foundation in 2001; Steinem remains on the masthead as one of six founding editors and serves on the advisory board.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In November 1977, Steinem spoke at the 1977 National Women's Conference among other speakers including Rosalynn Carter, Betty Ford, Lady Bird Johnson, Bella Abzug, Barbara Jordan, Cecilia Burciaga, Lenore Hershey, and Jean O'Leary.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 1978, Steinem wrote a semi-satirical essay for "Cosmopolitan" titled "If Men Could Menstruate" in which she imagined a world where men menstruate instead of women. She concludes in the essay that in such a world, menstruation would become a badge of honor with men comparing their relative sufferings, rather than the source of shame that it had been for women.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: On March 22, 1998, Steinem published an op-ed in "The New York Times" ("Feminists and the Clinton Question") in which she claimed that Bill Clinton's alleged behavior did not constitute sexual harassment, although she did not actually challenge the accounts by his accusers. The op-ed was criticized by various writers, as in the Harvard Crimson and in the "Times" itself. In 2017, Steinem, in an interview with the British newspaper "The Guardian", stood by her 1998 "New York Times" op-ed, but also said: "I wouldn’t write the same thing now."


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 1959, Steinem led a group of activists in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to organize the Independent Service for Information on the Vienna festival, to advocate for American participation in the World Youth Festival, a Soviet-sponsored youth event.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 1968, Steinem signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 1969, she published an article, "After Black Power, Women's Liberation" which brought her to national fame as a feminist leader. As such she campaigned for the Equal Rights Amendment, testifying before the Senate Judiciary Committee in its favor in 1970. That same year she published her essay on a utopia of gender equality, "What It Would Be Like If Women Win", in "Time" magazine.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: On July 10, 1971, Steinem was one of more than three hundred women who founded the National Women's Political Caucus (NWPC), including such notables as Bella Abzug, Betty Friedan, Shirley Chisholm, and Myrlie Evers-Williams. As a co-convener of the Caucus, she delivered the speech "Address to the Women of America", stating in part:


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In March 1973, she addressed the first national conference of Stewardesses for Women's Rights, which she continued to support throughout its existence. Stewardesses for Women's Rights folded in the spring of 1976.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Despite her influence in the feminist movement, Steinem also earned criticism from some feminists as well, who questioned whether she was committed to the movement or using it to promote her glamorous image. The Redstockings also singled her out for agreeing to cooperate with the CIA-backed Independent Research Service. It was also acknowledged that Steinem worked as a CIA agent when this operation was taking place.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Steinem, who grew up reading Wonder Woman comics, was also a key player in the restoration of Wonder Woman's powers and traditional costume, which were restored in issue #204 (January–February 1973). Steinem, offended that the most famous female superhero had been depowered, had placed Wonder Woman (in costume) on the cover of the first issue of "Ms." (1972)—Warner Communications, DC Comics' owner, was an investor—which also contained an appreciative essay about the character. In doing so, however, Steinem forced the firing of Samuel R. Delany who had taken over scripting duties with issue #202. Delany was supposed to write a six-issue story arc, which would culminate in a battle over an abortion clinic where Wonder Woman was to defend women trying to use their services, a critical feminist issue at the time. The story outlines and the work already done on the issues was scrapped, something that Steinem was not aware of and made no attempt to rectify.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 1976, the first women-only Passover seder was held in Esther M. Broner's New York City apartment and led by Broner, with 13 women attending, including Steinem.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 1977, Steinem became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP). WIFP is an American nonprofit publishing organization. The organization works to increase communication between women and connect the public with forms of women-based media.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 1984, Steinem was arrested along with a number of members of Congress and civil rights activists for disorderly conduct outside the South African embassy while protesting against the South African apartheid system.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: At the outset of the Gulf War in 1991, Steinem, along with prominent feminists Robin Morgan and Kate Millett, publicly opposed an incursion into the Middle East and asserted that ostensible goal of "defending democracy" was a pretense.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: During the Clarence Thomas sexual harassment scandal in 1991, Steinem voiced strong support for Anita Hill and suggested that one day Hill herself would sit on the Supreme Court.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 1992, Steinem co-founded Choice USA, a non-profit organization that mobilizes and provides ongoing support to a younger generation that lobbies for reproductive choice.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 1993, Steinem co-produced and narrated an Emmy Award-winning TV documentary for HBO about child abuse, called, "Multiple Personalities: The Search for Deadly Memories". Also in 1993, she and Rosilyn Heller co-produced an original TV movie for Lifetime, "Better Off Dead," which examined the parallel forces that both oppose abortion and support the death penalty.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: She contributed the piece "The Media and the Movement: A User's Guide" to the 2003 anthology "", edited by Robin Morgan.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: On June 1, 2013, Steinem performed on stage at the "Chime For Change: The Sound Of Change Live" Concert at Twickenham Stadium in London, England. Later in 2014, UN Women began its commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women, and as part of that campaign Steinem (and others) spoke at the Apollo Theater in New York City. Chime For Change was funded by Gucci, focusing on using innovative approaches to raise funds and awareness especially regarding girls and women.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Steinem has stated, "I think the fact that I've become a symbol for the women's movement is somewhat accidental. A woman member of Congress, for example, might be identified as a member of Congress; it doesn't mean she's any less of a feminist but she's identified by her nearest male analog. Well, I don't have a male analog so the press has to identify me with the movement. I suppose I could be referred to as a journalist, but because "Ms." is part of a movement and not just a typical magazine, I'm more likely to be identified with the movement. There's no other slot to put me in."


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Contrary to popular belief, Steinem did not coin the feminist slogan "A woman needs a man like a fish needs a bicycle." Although she helped popularize it, the phrase is actually attributable to Irina Dunn. When "Time" magazine published an article attributing the saying to Steinem, Steinem wrote a letter saying the phrase had been coined by Dunn.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Another phrase sometimes wrongly attributed to Steinem is: "If men could get pregnant, abortion would be a sacrament." Steinem herself attributed it to "an old Irish woman taxi driver in Boston," whom she said she and Florynce Kennedy met.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: On May 24, 2015, International Women's Day for Disarmament, thirty women— including two Nobel Peace laureates and retired Colonel Ann Wright— from 15 countries linked arms with 10,000 Korean women, stationing themselves on both sides of the DMZ to urge a formal end to the Korean War (1950-1953), the reunification of families divided during the war, and a peace building process with women in leadership positions to resolve seventy years of hostility following WWII. It was unusual for South Korea and North Korea to reach consensus on allowing peace activists to enter the tense border area, one of the world's most dangerous places, where hundreds of thousands of troops are stationed in a heavily mined zone that divides South Korea from nuclear North Korea.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In addition to Steinem, participants in crossing the DMZ included organizer Christine Ahn from Hawaii; feminist Suzuyo Takazato from Okinawa; Amnesty International human rights lawyer Erika Guevara of Mexico; Liberian peace and reconciliation advocate Leymah Gbowee; Philippines lawmaker Liza Maza; Northern Ireland peace activist Mairead Maguire and Colonel Ann Wright, a retired officer who resigned from the U.S. military to protest the US invasion of Iraq.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Steinem was the honorary co-chairwoman of 2015 Women's Walk For Peace In Korea with Mairead Maguire, and in the weeks leading up to the walk Steinem told the press, “It’s hard to imagine any more physical symbol of the insanity of dividing human beings." The group's main goal is to advocate disarmament and seek Korea's reunification. It will be holding international peace symposiums both in Pyongyang and Seoul in which women from both North Korea and South Korea can share experiences and ideas of mobilizing women to stop the Korean crisis. It is especially believed that the role of women in this act would help and support the reunification of family members divided by the split prolonged for 70 years.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: She is also the chair of the advisory board of Apne Aap Women Worldwide, an organization fighting sex trafficking and inter-generational prostitution in India, founded by Ruchira Gupta. She has also written extensively on her travels, experiences with women and the Indian feminist movement with her colleague and friend, Ruchira Gupta.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 2014, Steinem and Gupta traveled through India to meet the country's young feminists, writers, and thought leaders. A diary was kept documenting their travels, "Notes on A Tour of the Indian Women's Movement".


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Steinem's involvement in presidential campaigns stretches back to her support of Adlai Stevenson in the 1952 presidential campaign.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: A proponent of civil rights and fierce critic of the Vietnam War, Steinem was initially drawn to Senator Eugene McCarthy because of his "admirable record" on those issues, but after meeting him and hearing him speak, she found him "cautious, uninspired, and dry". As the campaign progressed, Steinem became baffled at "personally vicious" attacks that McCarthy leveled against his primary opponent Robert F. Kennedy, even as "his real opponent, Hubert Humphrey, went free".


title: Gloria Steinem

text: On a late-night radio show, Steinem garnered attention for declaring "George McGovern is the real Eugene McCarthy." In 1968, Steinem was chosen to pitch the arguments to McGovern as to why he should enter the presidential race that year; he agreed, and Steinem "consecutively or simultaneously served as pamphlet writer, advance 'man', fund raiser, lobbyist of delegates, errand runner, and press secretary".


title: Gloria Steinem

text: McGovern lost the nomination at the 1968 Democratic National Convention, and Steinem later wrote of her astonishment at Hubert Humphrey's "refusal even to suggest to Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley that he control the rampaging police and the bloodshed in the streets".


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Steinem was reluctant to re-join the McGovern campaign, as although she had brought in McGovern's single largest campaign contributor in 1968, she ""still" had been treated like a frivolous pariah by much of McGovern's campaign staff". In April 1972, Steinem remarked that he "still doesn't understand the Women's Movement".


title: Gloria Steinem

text: McGovern ultimately excised the abortion issue from the party's platform, and recent publications show McGovern was deeply conflicted on the issue. Steinem later wrote this description of the events:


title: Gloria Steinem

text: However, Germaine Greer flatly contradicted Steinem's account, reporting, "Jacqui Ceballos called from the crowd to demand abortion rights on the Democratic platform, but Bella [Abzug] and Gloria stared glassily out into the room," thus killing the abortion rights platform," and asking "Why had Bella and Gloria not helped Jacqui to nail him on abortion? What reticence, what loserism had afflicted them?" Steinem later recalled that the 1972 Convention was the only time Greer and Steinem ever met.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: The cover of "Harper"'s that month read, "Womanlike, they did not want to get tough with their man, and so, womanlike, they got screwed."


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In the run-up to the 2004 election, Steinem voiced fierce criticism of the Bush administration, asserting, "There has never been an administration that has been more hostile to women's equality, to reproductive freedom as a fundamental human right, and has acted on that hostility," adding, "If he is elected in 2004, abortion will be criminalized in this country." At a Planned Parenthood event in Boston, Steinem declared Bush "a danger to health and safety," citing his antagonism to the Clean Water Act, reproductive freedom, sex education, and AIDS relief.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Steinem was an active participant in the 2008 presidential campaign, and praised both the Democratic front-runners, commenting,


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Nevertheless, Steinem endorsed Senator Hillary Clinton, citing her broader experience, and saying that the nation was in such bad shape it might require two terms of Clinton and two of Obama to fix it.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: She also made headlines for a "New York Times" op-ed in which she cited gender and not race as "probably the most restricting force in American life". She elaborated, "Black men were given the vote a half-century before women of any race were allowed to mark a ballot, and generally have ascended to positions of power, from the military to the boardroom, before any women."


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Steinem again drew attention for, according to the "New York Observer", seeming "to denigrate the importance of John McCain's time as a prisoner of war in Vietnam"; Steinem's broader argument "was that the media and the political world are too admiring of militarism in all its guises".


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Following McCain's selection of Sarah Palin as his running mate, Steinem penned an op-ed in which she labeled Palin an "unqualified woman" who "opposes everything most other women want and need," described her nomination speech as "divisive and deceptive", called for a more inclusive Republican Party, and concluded that Palin resembled "Phyllis Schlafly, only younger".


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In an HBO interview with Bill Maher, Steinem, when asked to explain the broad support for Bernie Sanders among young Democratic women, responded, "When you're young, you're thinking, 'Where are the boys? The boys are with Bernie.'" Her comments triggered widespread criticism, and Steinem later issued an apology and said her comments had been "misinterpreted".


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Steinem endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the run-up for the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Steinem was an honorary co-chair of and speaker at the Women's March on Washington on January 21, 2017, the day after the inauguration of Donald Trump as president.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 1967, Steinem revealed in an interview with "The New York Times" that she worked full time from 1958 until 1962 at the Independent Research Service, which was largely financed by the CIA. In May 1975, Redstockings, a radical feminist group, published a report that Steinem and others put together on the Vienna Youth Festival and its attendees for the Independent Research Service. Redstockings raised the question of whether Steinem had continuing ties with the CIA, which Steinem denied. Steinem defended her relationship to the CIA, saying: "In my experience The Agency was completely different from its image; it was liberal, nonviolent and honorable."


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Steinem had a four-year relationship with the publisher Mortimer Zuckerman.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: On September 3, 2000, at age 66, Steinem married David Bale, father of actor Christian Bale. The wedding was performed at the home of her friend Wilma Mankiller, the first female Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation. Steinem technically became stepmother to Bale's four adult children; she has no biological children. Steinem and Bale were married for only three years before he died of brain lymphoma on December 30, 2003, at age 62.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Commenting on aging, Steinem says that as she approached 60 she felt like she entered a new phase in life that was free of the "demands of gender" that she faced from adolescence onward.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Steinem lives alone in New York's Upper East Side, where she owns the first three floors of her historic brownstone apartment. In 2021, on her 87th birthday, Google Arts & Culture launched a virtual tour of her home, where she has lived since 1966.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Although most frequently considered a liberal feminist, Steinem has repeatedly characterized herself as a radical feminist. More importantly, she has repudiated categorization within feminism as "nonconstructive to specific problems," saying: "I've turned up in every category. So it makes it harder for me to take the divisions with great seriousness." Nevertheless, on concrete issues, Steinem has staked several firm positions.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 1979, Steinem wrote the article on female genital mutilation that brought it into the American public's consciousness; the article, "The International Crime of Female Genital Mutilation," was published in the March 1979 issue of "Ms." The article reported on the "75 million women suffering with the results of genital mutilation". According to Steinem, "The real reasons for genital mutilation can only be understood in the context of the "patriarchy": men must control women's bodies as the means of production, and thus repress the independent power of women's sexuality."


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Steinem's article contains the basic arguments that would later be developed by philosopher Martha Nussbaum.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Steinem has frequently voiced her disapproval of the obscurantism and abstractions some claim to be prevalent in feminist academic theorizing. She said, "Nobody cares about feminist academic writing. That's careerism. These poor women in academia have to talk this silly language that nobody can understand in order to be accepted[...] But I recognize the fact that we have this ridiculous system of tenure, that the whole thrust of academia is one that values education, in my opinion, in inverse ratio to its usefulness—and what you write in inverse relationship to its understandability." Steinem later singled out deconstructionists like Judith Butler for criticism, saying, "I always wanted to put a sign up on the road to Yale saying, 'Beware: Deconstruction Ahead'. Academics are forced to write in language no one can understand so that they get tenure. They have to say 'discourse', not 'talk'. Knowledge that is not accessible is not helpful. It becomes aerialised—and I think it's important that women's experiences be given a narrative."


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In addition to feminism, Steinem has also been a prominent advocate for analyzing the Kinsey Reports.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Steinem has criticized pornography, which she distinguishes from erotica, writing: "Erotica is as different from pornography as love is from rape, as dignity is from humiliation, as partnership is from slavery, as pleasure is from pain." Steinem's argument hinges on the distinction between reciprocity versus domination, as she writes, "Blatant or subtle, pornography involves no equal power or mutuality. In fact, much of the tension and drama comes from the clear idea that one person is dominating the other."


title: Gloria Steinem

text: On the issue of same-sex pornography, Steinem asserts, "Whatever the gender of the participants, all pornography including male-male gay pornography is an imitation of the male-female, conqueror-victim paradigm, and almost all of it actually portrays or implies enslaved women and master." Steinem has also cited "snuff films" as a serious threat to women.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In an essay published in "Time" magazine on August 31, 1970, "What Would It Be Like If Women Win," Steinem wrote about same-sex marriage in the context of the "Utopian" future she envisioned, writing:


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Although Steinem did not mention or advocate same-sex marriage in any published works or interviews for more than three decades, she again expressed support for same-sex marriage in the early 2000s, stating in 2004 that "[the] idea that sexuality is only okay if it ends in reproduction oppresses women—whose health depends on separating sexuality from reproduction—as well as gay men and lesbians." Steinem is also a signatory of the 2008 manifesto, "Beyond Same-Sex Marriage: A New Strategic Vision For All Our Families and Relationships", which advocates extending legal rights and privileges to a wide range of relationships, households, and families.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 1977, Steinem expressed disapproval that the heavily publicized sex reassignment surgery of tennis player Renée Richards had been in her opinion characterized as either a frightening look at what feminism could cause or as proof that feminism was no longer necessary. Steinem wrote that the issue was at minimum "a diversion from the widespread problems of sexual inequality." She also wrote that, while she supported the right of individuals to identify as they choose, she believed some transsexuals "surgically mutilate their own bodies" in order to conform to a gender role that is inexorably tied to physical body parts. She claimed that "feminists are right to feel uncomfortable about the need for and uses of transsexualism."


title: Gloria Steinem

text: On October 2, 2013, Steinem clarified her remarks on transgender people in an op-ed for "The Advocate", writing that critics failed to consider that her 1977 essay was "written in the context of global protests against routine surgical assaults, called female genital mutilation by some survivors." Steinem later in the piece expressed unequivocal support for transgender people, saying that transgender people "including those who have transitioned, are living out real, authentic lives. Those lives should be celebrated, not questioned." She also apologized for any pain her words might have caused.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: On June 15, 2020, Steinem co-wrote a letter with Mona Sinha to the editor of "The New York Times", in which they opposed the elimination of civil rights protections for transgender healthcare by the Trump administration. In it, they made note of precolonial American traditions of gender variance and claimed that "the health of any of us affects the health of all of us, and excluding trans people endangers us all."


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 1997, "Gloria Steinem: Her Passions, Politics, and Mystique," by Sydney Ladensohn Stern, was published.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In the musical "Legally Blonde," which premiered in 2007, Steinem is mentioned in the scene where Elle Woods wears a flashy Bunny costume to a party, and must pretend to be dressed as Gloria Steinem "researching her feminist manifesto 'I Was A Playboy Bunny. (The actual name of the piece by Steinem being referred to here is "A Bunny's Tale".)


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In 2016, Steinem was featured in the catalog of clothing retailer Lands' End. After an outcry from anti-abortion customers, the company removed Steinem from their website, stating on their Facebook page: "It was never our intention to raise a divisive political or religious issue, so when some of our customers saw the recent promotion that way, we heard them. We sincerely apologize for any offense." The company then faced further criticism online, this time both from customers who were still unhappy that Steinem had been featured in the first place, and customers who were unhappy that Steinem had been removed.


title: Gloria Steinem

text: In Jennifer Lopez's 2016 music video for her song "Ain't Your Mama", Steinem can be heard saying part of her "Address to the Women of America" speech, specifically, "This is no simple reform. It really is a revolution."


title: Gloria Steinem

text: Also in 2016, the television series "Woman" premiered, featuring Steinem as producer and host; it is a documentary series concerning sexist injustice and violence worldwide.