title: Bray Wyatt

text: At Fastlane on March 21, 2021, The Fiend returned as a tweener with a new grotesque look, charred skin, and attire, aiding Alexa Bliss during her intergender match against Randy Orton, attacking him with a "Sister Abigail" and allowing Bliss to win by pinfall. Another match between The Fiend and Orton was scheduled for WrestleMania 37. On the second night of the event on April 11, he returned as his old look without the charred skin and attire in the match, and Bliss appeared atop the box with black liquid pouring down her face, distracting The Fiend and allowing Orton to win with the "RKO". After a brief staredown between The Fiend and Bliss, the lights went out and the pair disappeared. On the following episode of "Raw", Bliss declared that she no longer needed him, while Wyatt's cheery Firefly Fun House persona returned in a "Firefly Fun House" segment, stating he was looking forward to a fresh start. This marked Wyatt's final appearance in this stint with WWE, as he was released on July 31, 2021.


title: Bray Wyatt

text: In September 2022, WWE began playing an "a cappella" version of "White Rabbit" by Jefferson Airplane at live events and during commercial breaks of televised shows, while QR codes were also hidden in various locations on episodes of "Raw" and "SmackDown". Each code led to special websites containing imagery, minigames, and riddles that were all seemingly connected to the upcoming Extreme Rules event on October 8. At the closure of the event, Bray Wyatt officially returned to WWE, accompanied by live-action versions of his Firefly Fun House characters and a new mask, revealing himself as the person behind the "White Rabbit" teases. On the October 14 episode of "SmackDown", Wyatt returned to the brand to address the crowd until he was interrupted by a video of a masked character. On the October 28 episode of "SmackDown", he was again interrupted by the masked character who dubbed himself "Uncle Howdy". On the November 11 episode of "SmackDown", Wyatt interrupted LA Knight's backstage interview and headbutted him, resulting in a feud between the two. In the coming weeks, the two would confront each other multiple times, including on the December 16 episode of "SmackDown", where Uncle Howdy appeared in person, interrupting Knight's in-ring attack on Wyatt.


title: Bray Wyatt

text: Wyatt's character from 2013 to 2018 was a villainous cult leader who believed himself to be the "nagging conscience of an immoral world". As the leader of The Wyatt Family, he had main subordinates in Luke Harper and Erick Rowan, as well as Braun Strowman for a brief time. He used a lantern to light the way in the dark arena during entrances, with entrance music by Mark Crozer. He would finish off most of his promos telling opponents and audiences to "follow the buzzards", his signature catchphrase. The character drew comparisons to Robert De Niro's portrayal of the character Max Cady from the 1991 film "Cape Fear" and fellow wrestler Waylon Mercy. He would use a swinging reverse STO as a finishing move that would be referred to as "Sister Abigail".


title: Bray Wyatt

text: Following a hiatus from summer 2018 to spring 2019, Wyatt returned with a change in character. He started hosting the "Firefly Fun House" where he would perform as a friendly-mannered children's television show host. Soon after, he debuted a masked alter-ego called The Fiend, who had supernatural characteristics and remembers all the wrongdoings that others had inflicted on Wyatt in the past. During The Fiend's entrance, he carries a severed head resembling Wyatt's old cult leader self with a lantern inside its mouth and uses a heavy metal cover of his old theme music by Code Orange. He also adopted the mandible claw as a finishing move. During in-ring bouts, The Fiend has been presented as having unnatural endurance and strength, being able to withstand multiple finishing moves, weapon attacks and more, before kicking out of pins at a one count. Several of The Fiend's matches have also been done under a red lighting. After returning in 2022, he debuted a new character called Uncle Howdy, based on Richard Kiel's portrayal of Captain Howdy in the 1983 film "Hysterical".


title: Bray Wyatt

text: Rotunda has been praised for his character work. Readers of the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" voted him as the Best Gimmick twice; winning the award in 2013 and 2019.


title: Bray Wyatt

text: While Rotunda's character work has been widely praised, the in-ring booking of his characters has received criticism. Journalist Dave Meltzer said that although his Fun House/Fiend character was "fantastic" and he is a "genius" as a performer, it doesn't "make his matches great". In particular, his Hell in a Cell match against Seth Rollins at the 2019 Hell in a Cell event was universally panned by fans and critics, due to its "horrid" booking and contentious ending that saw the match being stopped by the referee after Rollins attacked The Fiend with numerous weapons, despite Hell in a Cell matches usually ending via pinfall or submission. Some commentators stated that the match had significantly damaged the character of The Fiend. The match was named Worst Match of the Year by the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter". The Fiend was recognized as the Worst Gimmick of 2020 by readers of the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter", making Wyatt the only wrestler to have won both Best Gimmick and Worst Gimmick. Various critics also pointed out that Wyatt's constant losses were harmful to his character and mystique.


title: Bray Wyatt

text: Rotunda married a woman named Samantha. They have two daughters. She filed for divorce in 2017. During the divorce proceedings, she demanded that he pay her $15,000 per month in spousal and child support. They were eventually forced into mediation at a family practice in Tampa, Florida. Rotunda and JoJo Offerman were later revealed to be together, and have two children: a son named Knash (born May 18, 2019), whose godfather is wrestler Braun Strowman, and a daughter named Hyrie (born May 28, 2020). On April 28, 2022, Offerman revealed that she and Rotunda were engaged.


title: Bray Wyatt

text: Rotunda made his video game debut in "WWE '12" (as Husky Harris) and later returned, as Bray Wyatt, in "WWE 2K15", "WWE 2K16", "WWE 2K17", "WWE 2K18", and "WWE 2K19". His alternate persona The Fiend was a pre-order bonus for "WWE 2K20".


title: Kitsune

text: In Japanese folklore, , are foxes that possess paranormal abilities that increase as they get older and wiser. According to "yōkai" folklore, all foxes have the ability to shapeshift into human form. While some folktales speak of employing this ability to trick others—as foxes in folklore often do—other stories portray them as faithful guardians, friends, and lovers.


title: Kitsune

text: Foxes and humans lived close together in ancient Japan; this companionship gave rise to legends about the creatures. have become closely associated with Inari, a Shinto or spirit, and serve as its messengers. This role has reinforced the fox's supernatural significance. The more tails a has—they may have as many as nine—the older, wiser, and more powerful it is. Because of their potential power and influence, some people make sacrifices to them as to a deity.


title: Kitsune

text: Edo period (1603–1867), and were thought of as goblins who could not be trusted (similar to some badgers and cats).


title: Kitsune

text: The oldest relationship between the Japanese people and the fox dates back to the Jomon period necklace made by piercing the canine teeth and jawbone of the fox.


title: Kitsune

text: In "Nihon Shoki", which was compiled in 720 and is one of the oldest history books in Japan, foxes appeared for the first time as supernatural beings that let people know good omens and bad omens. Various legends about foxes with human personality were first described in "Nihon Ryōiki" which was compiled around 822. In this story, a man from Mino Province and a having a female personality get married and have a child, and the as the wife is described as a person who has a deep resentment against dogs. Also, their descendants are depicted as doing evil things by taking advantage of their power.


title: Kitsune

text: According to Hiroshi Moriyama, a professor at the Tokyo University of Agriculture, foxes have come to be regarded as sacred by the Japanese because they are the natural enemies of rats that eat up rice or burrow into rice paddies. Because fox urine has a rat-repelling effect, Japanese people placed a stone with fox urine on a "hokora" of a Shinto shrine set up near a rice field. In this way, it is assumed that people in Japan acquired the culture of respecting as messengers of Inari Okami.


title: Kitsune

text: Folktales from China tell of fox spirits called () that may have up to nine tails. These fox spirits were adopted to Japanese culture through merchants as . Many of the earliest surviving stories are recorded in the , an 11th-century Japanese collection of Japanese, Chinese, and Indian literary narratives.


title: Kitsune

text: Smyers (1999) notes that the idea of the fox as seductress and the connection of the fox myths to Buddhism were introduced into Japanese folklore through similar Chinese stories, but she maintains that some fox stories contain elements unique to Japan.


title: Kitsune

text: The full etymology is unknown. The oldest known usage of the word is in text "Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki", dating to 794. Other old sources include Nihon Ryōiki (810–824) and Wamyō Ruijushō (c. 934). These old sources are written in Man'yōgana, which clearly identifies the historical form of the word (when rendered into a Latin-alphabet transliteration) as . Following several diachronic phonological changes, this became .


title: Kitsune

text: A widely known folk etymology of the word relates to sleeping and returning home: in classical Japanese, means 'come and sleep', and means 'always comes'. This appears to be tied to a specific story; it is one of the oldest surviving tales, and unlike most of those in which a takes the form of a human woman and marries men, this one does not end tragically. From Hamel's translation:


title: Kitsune

text: The folk etymology would have it that because the fox returns to her husband each night as a woman but leaves each morning as a fox she is called .


title: Kitsune

text: are believed to possess superior intelligence, long life, and magical powers. They are a type of . The word is sometimes translated as 'fox spirit', which is actually a broader folkloric category. This does not mean that are ghosts, nor that they are fundamentally different from regular foxes. Because the word "spirit" is used to reflect a state of knowledge or enlightenment, all long-lived foxes were believed to gain supernatural abilities.


title: Kitsune

text: Local traditions add further types. For example, a is an invisible fox spirit that human beings can only perceive when it possesses them.


title: Kitsune

text: A may take on human form, an ability learned when it reaches a certain age—usually 100 years, although some tales say 50. As a common prerequisite for the transformation, the fox must place reeds, a leaf, or a skull over its head. Common forms assumed by include beautiful women, young girls, elderly men, and less often young boys. These shapes are not limited by the fox's own age or gender, and a can duplicate the appearance of a specific person. are particularly renowned for impersonating beautiful women. Common belief in medieval Japan was that any woman encountered alone, especially at dusk or night, could be a . ('fox-faced') refers to human females who have a narrow face with close-set eyes, thin eyebrows, and high cheekbones. Traditionally, this facial structure is considered attractive, and some tales ascribe it to foxes in human form. Variants on the theme have the retain other foxy traits, such as a coating of fine hair, a fox-shaped shadow, or a reflection that shows its true form.


title: Kitsune

text: In some stories, retain—and have difficulty hiding—their tails when they take human form; looking for the tail, perhaps when the fox gets drunk or careless, is a common method of discerning the creature's true nature. A particularly devout individual may even be able to see through a fox's disguise merely by perceiving them. can also be exposed while in human form by their fear and hatred of dogs, and some become so rattled by their presence that they revert to the form of a fox and flee.


title: Kitsune

text: One folktale illustrating these imperfections in the 's human shape concerns Koan, a historical person later credited with legendary wisdom and magical powers of divination. According to the story, he was staying at the home of one of his devotees when he scalded his foot entering a bath because the water had been drawn too hot. Then, "in his pain, he ran out of the bathroom naked. When the people of the household saw him, they were astonished to see that Koan had fur covering much of his body, along with a fox's tail. Then Koan transformed in front of them, becoming an elderly fox and running away."


title: Kitsune

text: Other supernatural abilities commonly attributed to include possession, generating fire or lightning, willful manifestation in the dreams of others, flight, invisibility, and the creation of illusions so elaborate as to be almost indistinguishable from reality. Some tales speak of with even greater powers, able to bend time and space, drive people mad, or take fantastic shapes such as an incredibly tall tree or a second moon in the sky. Other have characteristics reminiscent of vampires or succubi, and feed on the life or spirit of human beings, generally through sexual contact.


title: Kitsune

text: , also written , literally means 'the state of being possessed by a fox'. The victim is usually said to be a young woman, whom the fox enters beneath her fingernails or through her breasts. In some cases, the victims' facial expressions are said to change in such a way that they resemble those of a fox. Japanese tradition holds that fox possession can cause illiterate victims to temporarily gain the ability to read. Though foxes in folklore can possess a person of their own will, is often attributed to the malign intents of hereditary fox employers.


title: Kitsune

text: He goes on to note that, once freed from the possession, the victim would never again be able to eat tofu, , or other foods favored by foxes.


title: Kitsune

text: Attempting to rid someone of a fox spirit was done via an exorcism, often at an Inari shrine. If a priest was not available or if the exorcism failed, alleged victims of might be badly burned or beaten in hopes of driving out the fox spirits. The whole family of someone thought to be possessed might be ostracized by their community.


title: Kitsune

text: In Japan, was described as a disease as early as the Heian period and remained a common diagnosis for mental illness until the early 20th century. Possession was the explanation for the abnormal behavior displayed by the afflicted individuals. In the late 19th century, Shunichi Shimamura noted that physical diseases that caused fever were often considered . The superstition has lost favor, but stories of fox possession still occur, such as allegations that members of the Aum Shinrikyo cult had been possessed.


title: Kitsune

text: In modern psychiatry, the term refers to a culture-bound syndrome unique to Japanese culture. Those who suffer from the condition believe they are possessed by a fox. Symptoms include cravings for rice or sweet adzuki beans, listlessness, restlessness, and aversion to eye contact. This sense of is similar to but distinct from clinical lycanthropy.


title: Kitsune

text: In folk religion, stories of fox possession can be found in all lands of Japan. Those possessed by a fox are thought to suffer from a mental illness or similar condition.


title: Kitsune

text: There are families that tell of protective fox spirits, and in certain regions, possession by a , , , and hito-gitsune are also called . These families are said to have been able to use their fox to gain fortune, but marriage into such a family was considered forbidden as it would enlarge the family. They are also said to be able to bring about illness and curse the possessions, crops, and livestock of ones that they hate, and as a result of being considered taboo by the other families, it has led to societal problems.


title: Kitsune

text: The great amount of faith given to foxes can be seen in how, as a result of the Inari belief where foxes were believed to be Inari no Kami or its servant, they were employed in practices of by and practitioners and in the oracles of ; the customs related to can be seen as having developed in such a religious background.


title: Kitsune

text: Depictions of or people possessed by them may feature round white balls known as . Tales describe these as glowing with . Some stories identify them as magical jewels or pearls. When not in human form or possessing a human, a kitsune keeps the ball in its mouth or carries it on its tail. Jewels are a common symbol of Inari and representations of sacred Inari foxes without them are rare.


title: Kitsune

text: One belief is that when a changes shape, its holds a portion of its magical power. Another tradition is that the pearl represents the kitsune's soul; the kitsune will die if separated from it for too long. Those who obtain the ball may be able to extract a promise from the to help them in exchange for its return. For example, a 12th-century tale describes a man using a fox's to secure a favor;


title: Kitsune

text: Embedded in Japanese folklore as they are, kitsune appear in numerous Japanese works. Noh, kyogen, bunraku, and kabuki plays derived from folk tales feature them, as do contemporary works such as native animations, comic books and video games. Japanese metal idol band Babymetal refer to the kitsune myth in their lyrics and include the use of fox masks, hand signs, and animation interludes during live shows. Western authors of fiction have also made use of the kitsune legends although not in extensive detail.


title: Kitsune

text: Kitsune are associated with Inari, the Shinto deity of rice. This association has reinforced the fox's supernatural significance. Originally, kitsune were Inari's messengers, but the line between the two is now blurred so that Inari Ōkami may be depicted as a fox. Likewise, entire shrines are dedicated to kitsune, where devotees can leave offerings. Fox spirits are said to be particularly fond of a fried slice of tofu called "abura-age", which is accordingly found in the noodle-based dishes kitsune udon and kitsune soba. Similarly, "Inari-zushi" is a type of sushi named for Inari Ōkami that consists of rice-filled pouches of fried tofu. There is speculation among folklorists as to whether another Shinto fox deity existed in the past. Foxes have long been worshipped as "kami".


title: Kitsune

text: Inari's kitsune are white, a color of a good omen. They possess the power to ward off evil, and they sometimes serve as guardian spirits. In addition to protecting Inari shrines, they are petitioned to intervene on behalf of the locals and particularly to aid against troublesome "nogitsune", those spirit foxes who do not serve Inari. Black foxes and nine-tailed foxes are likewise considered good omens.


title: Kitsune

text: According to beliefs derived from "fusui" ("feng shui"), the fox's power over evil is such that a mere statue of a fox can dispel the evil "kimon", or energy, that flows from the northeast. Many Inari shrines, such as the famous Fushimi Inari shrine in Kyoto, feature such statues, sometimes large numbers of them.


title: Kitsune

text: Kitsune are connected to the Buddhist religion through the Dakiniten, goddesses conflated with Inari's female aspect. Dakiniten is depicted as a female boddhisattva wielding a sword and riding a flying white fox.


title: Kitsune

text: Kitsune are often presented as tricksters, with motives that vary from mischief to malevolence. Stories tell of kitsune playing tricks on overly proud samurai, greedy merchants, and boastful commoners, while the crueler ones abuse poor tradesmen and farmers or devout Buddhist monks. Their victims are usually men; women are possessed instead. For example, kitsune are thought to employ their kitsunebi to lead travelers astray in the manner of a will-o'-the-wisp. Another tactic is for the kitsune to confuse its target with illusions or visions. Other common goals of trickster kitsune include seduction, theft of food, humiliation of the prideful, or vengeance for a perceived slight.


title: Kitsune

text: A traditional game called "kitsune-ken" ('fox-fist') references the kitsune's powers over human beings. The game is similar to rock paper scissors, but the three hand positions signify a fox, a hunter, and a village headman. The headman beats the hunter, whom he outranks; the hunter beats the fox, whom he shoots; the fox beats the headman, whom he bewitches.


title: Kitsune

text: This ambiguous portrayal, coupled with their reputation for vengefulness, leads people to try to discover a troublesome fox's motives. In one case, the 16th-century leader Toyotomi Hideyoshi wrote a letter to the "kami" Inari:


title: Kitsune

text: Kitsune keep their promises and strive to repay any favor. Occasionally a kitsune attaches itself to a person or household, where they can cause all sorts of mischief. In one story from the 12th century, only the homeowner's threat to exterminate the foxes convinces them to behave. The kitsune patriarch appears in the man's dreams:


title: Kitsune

text: Other kitsune use their magic for the benefit of their companion or hosts as long as the humans treat them with respect. As "yōkai", however, kitsune do not share human morality, and a kitsune who has adopted a house in this manner may, for example, bring its host money or items that it has stolen from the neighbors. Accordingly, common households thought to harbor kitsune are treated with suspicion. Oddly, samurai families were often reputed to share similar arrangements with kitsune, but these foxes were considered "zenko" and the use of their magic a sign of prestige. Abandoned homes were common haunts for kitsune. One 12th-century story tells of a minister moving into an old mansion only to discover a family of foxes living there. They first try to scare him away, then claim that the house "has been ours for many years, and … we wish to register a vigorous protest." The man refuses, and the foxes resign themselves to moving to an abandoned lot nearby.


title: Kitsune

text: Tales distinguish kitsune gifts from kitsune payments. If a kitsune offers a payment or reward that includes money or material wealth, part or all of the sum will consist of old paper, leaves, twigs, stones, or similar valueless items under a magical illusion. True kitsune gifts are usually intangibles, such as protection, knowledge, or long life.


title: Kitsune

text: Kitsune are commonly portrayed as lovers, usually in stories involving a young human male and a kitsune who takes the form of a human woman. The kitsune may be a seductress, but these stories are more often romantic in nature. Typically, the young man unknowingly marries the fox, who proves a devoted wife. The man eventually discovers the fox's true nature, and the fox-wife is forced to leave him. In some cases, the husband wakes as if from a dream, filthy, disoriented, and far from home. He must then return to confront his abandoned family in shame.


title: Kitsune

text: Many stories tell of fox-wives bearing children. When such progeny are human, they possess special physical or supernatural qualities that often pass to their own children. The astrologer-magician Abe no Seimei was reputed to have inherited such extraordinary powers.


title: Kitsune

text: Other stories tell of kitsune marrying one another. Rain falling from a clear sky—a sunshower—is called "kitsune no yomeiri" or "the kitsune's wedding", in reference to a folktale describing a wedding ceremony between the creatures being held during such conditions. The event is considered a good omen, but the kitsune will seek revenge on any uninvited guests, as is depicted in the 1990 Akira Kurosawa film "Dreams".


title: Kitsune

text: Stephen Turnbull, in "Nagashino 1575", relates the tale of the Takeda clan's involvement with a fox-woman. The warlord Takeda Shingen, in 1544, defeated in battle a lesser local warlord named Suwa Yorishige and drove him to suicide after a "humiliating and spurious" peace conference, after which Shingen forced marriage on Suwa Yorishige's beautiful 14-year-old daughter Lady Koi—Shingen's own niece. Shingen, Turnbull writes, "was so obsessed with the girl that his superstitious followers became alarmed and believed her to be an incarnation of the white fox-spirit of the Suwa Shrine, who had bewitched him in order to gain revenge." When their son Takeda Katsuyori proved to be a disastrous leader and led the clan to their devastating defeat at the battle of Nagashino, Turnbull writes, "wise old heads nodded, remembering the unhappy circumstances of his birth and his magical mother".


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: Kim Soo-hyun (; born February 16, 1988) is a South Korean actor. One of the highest-paid actors in South Korea, his accolades include four Baeksang Arts Awards, two Grand Bell Awards and one Blue Dragon Film Award. From 2012 to 2016 and in 2021, he has appeared in "Forbes Korea" Power Celebrity 40 list. He was selected as Gallup Korea's Television Actor of the Year in 2014 and was featured by "Forbes" in their 30 Under 30 Asia list of 2016.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: Kim took acting classes during his school years on his mother's recommendation to overcome his introvert personality. Following a few theatrical works, he made his television debut in 2007 with the family sitcom "Kimchi Cheese Smile". He went on to established himself with starring roles in the television dramas "Dream High" (2011), "Moon Embracing the Sun" (2012), as well as in the top-grossing films "The Thieves" (2012) and "Secretly, Greatly" (2013). His performance as King Lee Hwon in "Moon Embracing the Sun" won him the Baeksang Arts Award for Best Actor – Television.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: Kim became a top Hallyu star as he gained further success with the fantasy romantic comedy "My Love from the Star" (2013–14), and the variety-drama "The Producers" (2015), which earned him three "Daesang" (Grand Prize). Following the box-office failure "Real" (2017), he enlisted to complete his mandatory military service. He marked his return to acting with the romantic comedy "It's Okay to Not Be Okay" (2020) and the thriller "One Ordinary Day" (2021).


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: Born on February 16, 1988, Kim's father is Kim Chung-hoon and was the lead singer of the 80's band "Seven Dolphins".


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: Kim's mother encouraged him to take acting classes during his school years to help him overcome his shy and introverted personality. His aspirations to be an actor really took off between his middle school and high school. His first major acting was in a stage play of Shakespeare's comedy "A Midsummer Night's Dream" delivering the role of Puck. His later work in the theatre includes the role of Kenickie and Hamlet in the musical "Grease" and tragedy "Hamlet".


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: By 2006, Kim completed elementary, middle and high school in Gangnam, Seoul and debuted as a TV actor in 2007 after auditions. He enrolled at Chung-Ang University's Film and Theater Department in 2009.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: Kim made his television debut with a supporting role in the 2007 family sitcom "Kimchi Cheese Smile", and in 2008, landed a lead role in KBS's critically acclaimed youth drama, "Jungle Fish". Based on a true story, it tackles the serious issues of school cheating, competitive academic standards, and interactive blogging in a fresh way. The drama won a number of awards, including the US Peabody Award.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: For the latter half of the year, Kim appeared in the food-based variety show "Delicious Quiz" (also known as "The Taste of Life") as one of the hosts and in the short film "Cherry Blossom".


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: In 2009, Kim acted in the short film "Worst Friends" by Namkoong Sun, which won the Best Film in Social Drama award at the Mise-en-scène Short Film Festival and the well-received SBS drama special "Father's House" where he acted alongside veteran actor Choi Min-soo. He also co-hosted Mnet's "Boys & Girls Music Countdown" along with Kara's Han Seung-yeon in 2009.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: Kim raised his profile through memorable turns as the younger version of the male lead characters in "Will It Snow for Christmas?" and "Giant", the latter winning him the Best New Actor award at the SBS Drama Awards.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: Kim became a household name in 2011 after starring in teen musical drama "Dream High". He plays a country bumpkin who turned out to be a musical genius. The drama brought in high domestic ratings and was also popular overseas, winning several international awards. As the only young actor in a cast of idols, Kim studied song and dance for three months at JYP Entertainment to pull off the required scenes in the drama. He recorded two songs for the drama's soundtrack, his solo "Dreaming" as well as the title track "Dream High" with the rest of the cast.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: Kim's popularity skyrocketed when he starred in the hit period drama "Moon Embracing the Sun" as the King Leehwon. The drama recorded a peak rating of 42.2 percent, thereby earning the "national drama" status and was exported to locales across Asia, making it one of the most profitable exports in the drama genre. Kim contributed his vocals to the soundtrack with the traditional ballad "Only You" and the more modern composition "Another Way".


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: Due to his popularity, he set a new record in product endorsements for being the face of 17 products simultaneously. He also won the Best Actor (TV) award at the 48th Baeksang Arts Awards. Beating out heavyweight veterans such as Han Suk-kyu, Shin Ha-kyun and Cha Seung-won, Kim said "I am very grateful for this moment, but I am ashamed as well. It's like getting a lot of homework. I'll keep trying to become a better actor in order to remain worthy of this award".


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: Kim made his big-screen debut in the star-studded heist film "The Thieves", touted by the press as the Korean version of "Ocean's Eleven". With over 12.9 million ticket sales, the film became the second highest-grossing movie in Korean film history.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: In 2013, Kim was cast to play the role of a North Korean spy who infiltrated South Korea as a village idiot in the movie "Secretly, Greatly", an adaptation of the popular webtoon series "Covertness" by Hun. The film broke several records and was one of the most successful box office hits of the year drawing an audience of 7 million. Kim won Best New Actor (Film) awards at the 50th Grand Bell Awards and the 50th Baeksang Arts Awards.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: From 2013 to early 2014, Kim starred in SBS fantasy romance series "My Love from the Star" alongside Jun Ji-hyun. He also released two singles for the drama's soundtrack, titled "In Front of Your House" and "Promise". It became massively popular across Asia, especially in China; it had over 14.5 billion hits as of February 2014 on the online video platform iQIYI and also sparked trends in fashion, make-up and restaurants.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: Kim experienced explosive growth in popularity throughout Asia topping various popularity polls and became one of the most in-demand endorsers with 35 product endorsements. He won the "Daesang" (or "Grand Prize"), the highest award for television, at the 7th Korea Drama Awards and Most Popular Actor (TV) at 50th Baeksang Arts Awards.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: In 2015, Kim starred in KBS variety drama "The Producers", written by "My Love From the Star" writer Park Ji-eun. The drama drew solid domestic ratings domestically, and was also sold to several countries internationally. Kim became one of the South Korea's favorite leading faces on TV according to the Korea Broadcast Advertising Corporation. Kim once again won the "Daesang" (or "Grand Prize") at the 8th Korea Drama Awards, 4th APAN Star Awards and the 2015 KBS Drama Awards for his acting performance.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: Kim's wax figure made in his image were displaced at Madame Tussauds, Hong Kong and Musée Grévin, Seoul in 2015. In the following year, he was listed under "Forbes" "30 Under 30 Asia list" which comprises 30 influential people under 30 years of age who have made substantial effect in their fields.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: Kim then starred in the action-noir film "Real", directed by his cousin Lee Sa-rang, which premiered in June 2017. The film tanked at the box office and received negative reviews from the critics for its direction, storyline, characters' information; saying that only Kim saved the movie with his acting to some extent.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: On contrast, the film received favourable response after its arrival in Taiwan's cinema. Expat Korean Movie Critic/Blogger Pierce Conran included "Real" in his list of top 15 Korean Movies of 2017 for its uniqueness and originality.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: Kim temporarily left his venture into acting and enlisted to complete his obligatory military service of 21 months.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: Kim began his mandatory military service on October 23, 2017. He was supposed to work in public service duty instead of active duty as he previously underwent a surgery related to his heart. However, he voluntarily went for re-examinations and was eventually cleared for the combat. He entered a military camp in Paju, Gyeonggi Province to complete his basic training.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: In late November 2017, Kim's agency announced that he had completed his five weeks of basic training, placing fourth as an outstanding trainee. He was rewarded with a vacation by the division commander and received a self deployment to the 1st Reconnaissance Battalion to continue his duty.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: In February 2019, Kim received an early promotion as a Sergeant for his exceptional conduct in the military. Kim was discharged from his military service on July 1, 2019.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: Kim made headlines in newspapers when he stepped back into his acting career through his cameo appearances on dramas "Hotel del Luna" and "Crash Landing on You".


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: In December 2019, reports surfaced that Kim would be leaving KeyEast to form a new agency with his cousin. In January 2020, Kim signed with newly formed entertainment agency Goldmedalist along with actresses Kim Sae-ron and Seo Yea-ji.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: In 2020, Kim took on the role of Moon Gang-tae, an orphaned psychiatric aide in the tvN and Netflix broadcast romantic comedy "It's Okay to Not Be Okay". The series was Kim's first small screen appearance in a lead role after a five-year gap. In comparison to his earlier dramas the series lacked lustre in terms of TV viewership ratings. However, it was the most popular show of 2020 on Netflix in South Korea in romance genre. "The New York Times" named "It's Okay to Not Be Okay" one of "The Best International Shows of 2020," while "La Tercera" called it "one of the most popular Asian dramas" of 2020. S. Poorvaja of "The Hindu" said of Kim's acting that he brought "Gang-tae alive on screen perfectly — someone whose silent world weariness slowly but steadily progressed to sparkling eyes, smiles and enthusiasm." He once again won the Daesang (or "Grand Prize") at the 5th Asia Artist Awards in the television category.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: In 2021, Kim starred in Coupang Play's television series "One Ordinary Day", based on the British television series "Criminal Justice", playing Kim Hyun-soo – a normal college student whose life turns upside down when he unexpectedly becomes the key suspect of the murder case.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: On December 21, 2021, Gold Medalist announced that it will produce and promote actor Kim Soo-hyun's digital human together with EVR Studio. That has an appearance like a real person and can use facial expressions and plans to be used in a variety of industries including entertainment, metaverse, movies, and advertising in the future.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: On December 5, 2022, Studio Dragon confirmed Kim's participation in the upcoming drama "Queen of Tears" (tentative title) slated in the second half of 2023. He will act as Baek Hyun-woo, the legal director of the Queens Group.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: In 2014, Kim attended two international sports events. Held on August 16, 2014, Kim sang the official theme song "Light up the Future" with several artists at the opening ceremony of the 2014 Summer Youth Olympic Games held in Nanjing, China. He also participated in the opening ceremony of the 2014 Asian Games in Incheon, South Korea. Along with actor Jang Dong-gun, Korean opera singer Ahn Sook-sun and people from 45 nations, they delivered the message of "One Asia" at the second part of the highlight stage.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: In 2011, Kim along with Bae Suzy were the Ambassadors of the 16th Korea Goyang International Flower Festival. On 18 April 2012, Korea Tourism Organization appointed Kim as the Honorary Ambassador for Korean tourism. On 3 December 2012, Kim was appointed as the Public Relation Ambassador for Lotte Hotel Busan. On 20 May 2014, Kim was appointed as one of the Public Relations Ambassador for his alma mater, Chung-Ang University. On 25 October 2015, Kim was appointed as the Goodwill Ambassador of Seoul. For the city's promotion, he participated in various cultural events in the next two years. In 2015, Kim was the Honorary Ambassador for the Incheon International Airport. In 2016, Kim is the Promotional Ambassador for Paradise City.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: Since, 2012, Kim and his fans have donated a total of 20 tons of rice every year to help those in need.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: In April 2014, during his tour of Asia Kim donated about ₩200 million to the China Children & Teenager's Fund from a Gucci charity event. He also joined Yellow Ribbon Campaign and donated ₩300 million to help the teenage victims of Sewol ferry tragedy.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: In January 2017, Kim along with 32 top stars of South Korea joined an online fund raising event, "Give Love", to help NGO dedicated to protecting children's rights.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: In February 2020, Kim delivered ₩100 million in donations related to COVID-19 to support low income families.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: Kim has been regarded as the 'King of product endorsements' by media outlets; and has been the face of variety of products ranging from food, clothing, electronics, telecoms to automobiles and more. He started emerging as a blue chip in the advertising industry soon after he grabbed viewer's attention through his acting in "Giant". But when he starred in "Moon Embracing the Sun", he set the record of being the face of 17 products simultaneously overtaking figure skater Yuna Kim, who had set the record back in 2009 by amassing 15 endorsements. Kim became most in-demand advertising model after his drama "My Love From the Star" with appearing in more than 30 advertisements, including 10 airing in China and other Asian counties. He has also been the face of Jeju airlines and main character of a Chinese video game.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: In 2014, Kim Soo-hyun appeared in an ad alongside Gianna Jun for Chinese bottled water company Hengda bingquan. The move drew negative reactions from South Korean fans due to Hengda listing the source of its water as "Jang bai shan" (Changbai Mountain) rather than the Korean name, "Mount Baekdusan." Both actors sought to revoke their ad contracts after the backlash but Kim eventually decided to continue with the ad, which disappointed many of his fans.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: In 2015, Kim along with Yuna Kim won grand prizes at the National Brand Awards for improving Korea's brand image.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: In March 2015, Kim was awarded for being a model taxpayer by the local tax office for faithfully paying taxes every Tax Day.


title: Kim Soo-hyun

text: A bowling enthusiast, Kim applied to become a professional bowler in October 2016. He ranked 10th out of the 114 participants on his first try-out tournament but failed to make the cut on the second, falling short of the 200 points needed to qualify with only 192.3. Kim showcased his bowling skills on his guest appearance on MBC's Infinite Challenge.


Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage and audiovisual, that enable users to access, store, transmit, understand and manipulate information.


title: Information and communications technology

text: ICT is also used to refer to the convergence of audiovisuals and telephone networks with computer networks through a single cabling or link system. There are large economic incentives to merge the telephone networks with the computer network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution, and management. ICT is an umbrella term that includes any communication device, encompassing radio, television, cell phones, computer and network hardware, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and appliances with them such as video conferencing and distance learning. ICT also includes analog technology, such as paper communication, and any mode that transmits communication.


text: ICT is a broad subject and the concepts are evolving. It covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit, or receive information electronically in a digital form (e.g., personal computers including smartphones, digital television, email, or robots). Skills Framework for the Information Age is one of many models for describing and managing competencies for ICT professionals for the 21st century.


text: The phrase "information and communication technologies" has been used by academic researchers since the 1980s. The abbreviation "ICT" became popular after it was used in a report to the UK government by Dennis Stevenson in 1997, and then in the revised National Curriculum for England, Wales and Northern Ireland in 2000. However, in 2012, the Royal Society recommended that the use of the term "ICT" should be discontinued in British schools "as it has attracted too many negative connotations". From 2014, the National Curriculum has used the word "computing," which reflects the addition of computer programming into the curriculum.


text: Variations of the phrase have spread worldwide. The United Nations has created a "United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force" and an internal "Office of Information and Communications Technology".


text: The money spent on IT worldwide has been estimated as US$3.8 trillion in 2017 and has been growing at less than 5% per year since 2009. The estimate 2018 growth of the entire ICT is 5%. The biggest growth of 16% is expected in the area of new technologies (IoT, Robotics, AR/VR, and AI).


text: The 2014 IT budget of the US federal government was nearly $82 billion. IT costs, as a percentage of corporate revenue, have grown 50% since 2002, putting a strain on IT budgets. When looking at current companies' IT budgets, 75% are recurrent costs, used to "keep the lights on" in the IT department, and 25% are the cost of new initiatives for technology development.


text: The world's technological capacity to store information grew from 2.6 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 1986 to 15.8 in 1993, over 54.5 in 2000, and to 295 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007, and some 5 zetta bytes in 2014. This is the informational equivalent to 1.25 stacks of CD-ROM from the earth to the moon in 2007, and the equivalent of 4,500 stacks of printed books from the earth to the sun in 2014.


text: The world's technological capacity to receive information through one-way broadcast networks was 432 exabytes of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 715 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 1993, 1.2 (optimally compressed) zettabytes in 2000, and 1.9 zettabytes in 2007.


text: The world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way telecommunication networks was 281 petabytes of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 471 petabytes in 1993, 2.2 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2000, 65 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007, and some 100 exabytes in 2014.


text: The world's technological capacity to compute information with humanly guided general-purpose computers grew from 3.0 × 10^8 MIPS in 1986, to 6.4 x 10^12 MIPS in 2007.


text: The ICT Development Index ranks and compares the level of ICT use and access across the various countries around the world. In 2014 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) released the latest rankings of the IDI, with Denmark attaining the top spot, followed by South Korea. The top 30 countries in the rankings include most high-income countries where the quality of life is higher than average, which includes countries from Europe and other regions such as "Australia, Bahrain, Canada, Japan, Macao (China), New Zealand, Singapore, and the United States; almost all countries surveyed improved their IDI ranking this year."


text: On 21 December 2001, the United Nations General Assembly approved Resolution 56/183, endorsing the holding of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) to discuss the opportunities and challenges facing today's information society. According to this resolution, the General Assembly related the Summit to the United Nations Millennium Declaration's goal of implementing ICT to achieve Millennium Development Goals. It also emphasized a multi-stakeholder approach to achieve these goals, using all stakeholders including civil society and the private sector, in addition to governments.


text: To help anchor and expand ICT to every habitable part of the world, "2015 is the deadline for achievements of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which global leaders agreed upon in the year 2000."


text: There is evidence that, to be effective in education, ICT must be fully integrated into the pedagogy. Specifically, when teaching literacy and math, using ICT in combination with Writing to Learn produces better results than traditional methods alone or ICT alone.


text: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), a division of the United Nations, has made integrating ICT into education as part of its efforts to ensure equity and access to education. The following, which was taken directly from a UNESCO publication on educational ICT, explains the organization's position on the initiative.Information and Communication Technology can contribute to universal access to education, equity in education, the delivery of quality learning and teaching, teachers' professional development and more efficient education management, governance, and administration. UNESCO takes a holistic and comprehensive approach to promote ICT in education. Access, inclusion, and quality are among the main challenges they can address. The Organization's Intersectoral Platform for ICT in education focuses on these issues through the joint work of three of its sectors: Communication & Information, Education and Science.


text: Despite the power of computers to enhance and reform teaching and learning practices, improper implementation is a widespread issue beyond the reach of increased funding and technological advances with little evidence that teachers and tutors are properly integrating ICT into everyday learning. Intrinsic barriers such as a belief in more traditional teaching practices and individual attitudes towards computers in education as well as the teachers own comfort with computers and their ability to use them all as result in varying effectiveness in the integration of ICT in the classroom.


text: School environments play an important role in facilitating language learning. However, language and literacy barriers are obstacles preventing refugees from accessing and attending school, especially outside camp settings.


text: Mobile-assisted language learning apps are key tools for language learning. Mobile solutions can provide support for refugees’ language and literacy challenges in three main areas: literacy development, foreign language learning and translations. Mobile technology is relevant because communicative practice is a key asset for refugees and immigrants as they immerse themselves in a new language and a new society. Well-designed mobile language learning activities connect refugees with mainstream cultures, helping them learn in authentic contexts.


text: ICT has been employed as an educational enhancement in Sub-Saharan Africa since the 1960s. Beginning with television and radio, it extended the reach of education from the classroom to the living room, and to geographical areas that had been beyond the reach of the traditional classroom. As the technology evolved and became more widely used, efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa were also expanded. In the 1990s a massive effort to push computer hardware and software into schools was undertaken, with the goal of familiarizing both students and teachers with computers in the classroom. Since then, multiple projects have endeavoured to continue the expansion of ICT's reach in the region, including the One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project, which by 2015 had distributed over 2.4 million laptops to nearly 2 million students and teachers.


text: The inclusion of ICT in the classroom, often referred to as M-Learning, has expanded the reach of educators and improved their ability to track student progress in Sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, the mobile phone has been most important in this effort. Mobile phone use is widespread, and mobile networks cover a wider area than internet networks in the region. The devices are familiar to student, teacher, and parent, and allow increased communication and access to educational materials. In addition to benefits for students, M-learning also offers the opportunity for better teacher training, which leads to a more consistent curriculum across the educational service area. In 2011, UNESCO started a yearly symposium called Mobile Learning Week with the purpose of gathering stakeholders to discuss the M-learning initiative.


text: Implementation is not without its challenges. While mobile phone and internet use are increasing much more rapidly in Sub-Saharan Africa than in other developing countries, the progress is still slow compared to the rest of the developed world, with smartphone penetration only expected to reach 20% by 2017. Additionally, there are gender, social, and geo-political barriers to educational access, and the severity of these barriers vary greatly by country. Overall, 29.6 million children in Sub-Saharan Africa were not in school in the year 2012, owing not just to the geographical divide, but also to political instability, the importance of social origins, social structure, and gender inequality. Once in school, students also face barriers to quality education, such as teacher competency, training and preparedness, access to educational materials, and lack of information management.


text: In modern society, ICT is ever-present, with over three billion people having access to the Internet. With approximately 8 out of 10 Internet users owning a smartphone, information and data are increasing by leaps and bounds. This rapid growth, especially in developing countries, has led ICT to become a keystone of everyday life, in which life without some facet of technology renders most of clerical, work and routine tasks dysfunctional.


text: The most recent authoritative data, released in 2014, shows "that Internet use continues to grow steadily, at 6.6% globally in 2014 (3.3% in developed countries, 8.7% in the developing world); the number of Internet users in developing countries has doubled in five years (2009-2014), with two-thirds of all people online now living in the developing world."


text: However, hurdles are still large. "Of the 4.3 billion people not yet using the Internet, 90% live in developing countries. In the world's 42 Least Connected Countries (LCCs), which are home to 2.5 billion people, access to ICTs remains largely out of reach, particularly for these countries' large rural populations." ICT has yet to penetrate the remote areas of some countries, with many developing countries dearth of any type of Internet. This also includes the availability of telephone lines, particularly the availability of cellular coverage, and other forms of electronic transmission of data. The latest "Measuring the Information Society Report" cautiously stated that the increase in the aforementioned cellular data coverage is ostensible, as "many users have multiple subscriptions, with global growth figures sometimes translating into little real improvement in the level of connectivity of those at the very bottom of the pyramid; an estimated 450 million people worldwide live in places which are still out of reach of mobile cellular service."


text: Favourably, the gap between the access to the Internet and mobile coverage has decreased substantially in the last fifteen years, in which "2015 was the deadline for achievements of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which global leaders agreed upon in the year 2000, and the new data show ICT progress and highlight remaining gaps." ICT continues to take on a new form, with nanotechnology set to usher in a new wave of ICT electronics and gadgets. ICT newest editions into the modern electronic world include smartwatches, such as the Apple Watch, smart wristbands such as the Nike+ FuelBand, and smart TVs such as Google TV. With desktops soon becoming part of a bygone era, and laptops becoming the preferred method of computing, ICT continues to insinuate and alter itself in the ever-changing globe.


text: Information communication technologies play a role in facilitating accelerated pluralism in new social movements today. The internet according to Bruce Bimber is "accelerating the process of issue group formation and action" and coined the term accelerated pluralism to explain this new phenomena. ICTs are tools for "enabling social movement leaders and empowering dictators" in effect promoting societal change. ICTs can be used to garner grassroots support for a cause due to the internet allowing for political discourse and direct interventions with state policy as well as change the way complaints from the populace are handled by governments. Furthermore, ICTs in a household are associated with women rejecting justifications for intimate partner violence. According to a study published in 2017, this is likely because “access to ICTs exposes women to different ways of life and different notions about women’s role in society and the household, especially in culturally conservative regions where traditional gender expectations contrast observed alternatives."


text: Scholar Mark Warschauer defines a “models of access” framework for analyzing ICT accessibility. In the second chapter of his book, "Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide", he describes three models of access to ICTs: devices, conduits, and literacy. Devices and conduits are the most common descriptors for access to ICTs, but they are insufficient for meaningful access to ICTs without third model of access, literacy. Combined, these three models roughly incorporate all twelve of the criteria of “Real Access” to ICT use, conceptualized by a non-profit organization called Bridges.org in 2005:


text: The most straightforward model of access for ICT in Warschauer’s theory is devices. In this model, access is defined most simply as the ownership of a device such as a phone or computer. Warschauer identifies many flaws with this model, including its inability to account for additional costs of ownership such as software, access to telecommunications, knowledge gaps surrounding computer use, and the role of government regulation in some countries. Therefore, Warschauer argues that considering only devices understates the magnitude of digital inequality. For example, the Pew Research Center notes that 96% of Americans own a smartphone, although most scholars in this field would contend that comprehensive access to ICT in the United States is likely much lower than that.


text: A conduit requires a connection to a supply line, which for ICT could be a telephone line or Internet line. Accessing the supply requires investment in the proper infrastructure from a commercial company or local government and recurring payments from the user once the line is set up. For this reason, conduits usually divide people based on their geographic locations. As a Pew Research Center poll reports, rural Americans are 12% less likely to have broadband access than other Americans, thereby making them less likely to own the devices. Additionally, these costs can be prohibitive to lower-income families accessing ICTs. These difficulties have led to a shift toward mobile technology; fewer people are purchasing broadband connection and are instead relying on their smartphones for Internet access, which can be found for free at public places such as libraries. Indeed, smartphones are on the rise, with 37% of Americans using smartphones as their primary medium for internet access and 96% of Americans owning a smartphone.


text: In 1981, Sylvia Scribner and Michael Cole studied a tribe in Liberia, the Vai people, who have their own local script. Since about half of those literate in Vai have never had formal schooling, Scribner and Cole were able to test more than 1,000 subjects to measure the mental capabilities of literates over non-literates. This research, which they laid out in their book "The Psychology of Literacy", allowed them to study whether the literacy divide exists at the individual level. Warschauer applied their literacy research to ICT literacy as part of his model of ICT access.


text: Scribner and Cole found no generalizable cognitive benefits from Vai literacy; instead, individual differences on cognitive tasks were due to other factors, like schooling or living environment. The results suggested that there is “no single construct of literacy that divides people into two cognitive camps; [...] rather, there are gradations and types of literacies, with a range of benefits closely related to the specific functions of literacy practices.” Furthermore, literacy and social development are intertwined, and the literacy divide does not exist on the individual level.


text: Warschauer draws on Scribner and Cole’s research to argue that ICT literacy functions similarly to literacy acquisition, as they both require resources rather than a narrow cognitive skill. Conclusions about literacy serve as the basis for a theory of the digital divide and ICT access, as detailed below:There is not just one type of ICT access, but many types. The meaning and value of access varies in particular social contexts. Access exists in gradations rather than in a bipolar opposition. Computer and Internet use brings no automatic benefit outside of its particular functions. ICT use is a social practice, involving access to physical artifacts, content, skills, and social support. And acquisition of ICT access is a matter not only of education but also of power.Therefore, Warschauer concludes that access to ICT cannot rest on devices or conduits alone; it must also engage physical, digital, human, and social resources. Each of these categories of resources have iterative relations with ICT use. If ICT is used well, it can promote these resources, but if it is used poorly, it can contribute to a cycle of underdevelopment and exclusion.


text: In the early 21st century a rapid development of ICT services and electronical devices took place, in which the internet servers multiplied by a factor of 1000 to 395 million and its still increasing. This increase can be explained by moores law, which states, that the development of ICT increases every year by 16-20%, so it will double in numbers every four to five years. Alongside this development and the high investments in increasing demand for ICT capable products, a high environmental impact came with it. Software and Hardware development as well as production causing already in 2008 the same amount of CO-emissions as global air travels.


text: There are two sides of ICT, the positive environmental possibilities and the shadow side. On the positive side, studies proved, that for instance in the OECD countries a reduction of 0.235% energy use is caused by an increase in ICT capital by 1%. On the other side the more digitization is happening, the more energy is consumed, that means for OECD countries 1% increase in internet users causes a raise of 0.026% electricity consumption per capita and for emerging countries the impact is more than 4 times as high.


text: Currently the scientific forecasts are showing an increase up to 30700 TWh in 2030 which is 20 times more than it was in 2010.


text: To tackle the environmental issues of ICT, the EU commission plans proper monitoring and reporting of the GHG emissions of different ICT platforms, countries and infrastructure in general. Further the establishment of international norms for reporting and compliance are promoted to foster transparency in this sector.


text: Moreover it is suggested by scientists to make more ICT investments to exploit the potentials of ICT to alleviate CO-emissions in general, and to implement a more effective coordination of ICT, energy and growth policies. Consequently, applying the principle of the coase theorem makes sense. It recommends to make investments there, where the marginal avoidance costs of emissions are the lowest, therefore in the developing countries with comparatively lower technological standards and policies as high-tech countries. With these measures, ICT can reduce environmental damage from economic growth and energy consumption by facilitating communication and infrastructure.


text: ICTs could also be used to address environmental issues, including climate change, in various ways, including ways beyond education.


title: Emily Osment

text: Emily Jordan Osment (born March 10, 1992) is an American actress, singer and songwriter. Born and raised in Los Angeles, Osment began her career as a child actress, appearing in numerous television shows and films, before co-starring as Gerti Giggles in "" (2002) and "" (2003). She played Lilly Truscott on the Disney Channel television series "Hannah Montana" (2006–2011) and its film spinoff "" (2009).


title: Emily Osment

text: Osment appeared as Cassie Keller in the film "" (2007) and as Melissa Morris in the Disney Channel television film "Dadnapped" (2009). She starred as Taylor Hillridge in the television film "Cyberbully" (2011), Roxie on the streaming series "Cleaners" (2013–2014), and Roxy Doyle on the Fox television series "Almost Family" (2019–2020). She also starred as Gabi Diamond on the Freeform television series "Young & Hungry" (2014–2018), for which she received three Teen Choice Award nominations. From 2018 to 2021, Osment had a recurring role as Theresa on the Netflix comedy-drama series "The Kominsky Method", for which she received two nominations for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series. She has played Mandy on the CBS sitcom "Young Sheldon" since 2022.


title: Emily Osment

text: Osment came to prominence in music after recording songs for the soundtracks of her Disney projects, most notably a duet of "If I Didn't Have You" with Mitchel Musso in 2007 and a cover of "Once Upon a Dream" in 2008. In 2009, she signed a recording contract with Wind-Up Records, with whom she released one extended play, "All the Right Wrongs" (2009), and one studio album, "Fight or Flight" (2010). She currently plays under the alias Bluebiird, and has released one extended play, "When I Loved You" (2019).


title: Emily Osment

text: Osment was born in Los Angeles to actor Michael Eugene Osment and Theresa Osment ("née" Seifert), an English teacher. She was raised as a Roman Catholic. Her father has appeared in various films, including her film "Soccer Mom", and her older brother is Academy Award-nominated actor Haley Joel Osment.


title: Emily Osment

text: Osment's entry into the entertainment industry began in 1997, when she was cast in a commercial for flower delivery company FTD. She was featured in many commercials, after which she made her acting debut in the 1999 film "The Secret Life of Girls", starring Eugene Levy and Linda Hamilton. The same year, she co-starred with Glenn Close in the Hallmark Classic television film "", a role that would lead to a Young Artist Award nomination. Emily also made a brief appearance in the Smash Mouth music video All Star as the girl in the referee uniform. Since then, she has gone on to do a number of roles, such as appearances on television shows like "Touched by an Angel", "Friends", and "3rd Rock from the Sun".


title: Emily Osment

text: Osment made her film debut in 2002 as "Gerti Giggles" in "", a role for which she won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film. In 2003, she reprised her role in the third film of the "Spy Kids" series, "", which grossed $197 million worldwide. Osment also voiced roles in "" and "Edward Fubbwupper Fibbed Big".


title: Emily Osment

text: In 2005, Osment got the role of Lilly Truscott in the Disney Channel series "Hannah Montana", the best friend of Miley Stewart and girlfriend to Oliver Oken on seasons 3 and 4. When Miley was Hannah, Lilly was under the alias Lola Luftnagle. The series premiere scored record ratings for the Disney Channel with 5.4 million viewers, a response "beyond our wildest expectations", according to the president of Disney Channel Entertainment. The show earned her a nomination for Young Artist Award in 2007 for Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama). In addition, Osment helped to design some of the pieces from the collection of clothing Hannah Montana Disney, which released the last part in the summer of 2006. She also had a voice over role in a movie called "Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen". She performed several songs for the movie, including "Don't Ya Just Love Christmas" and "One Day". Emily sings the chorus of the Billy Ray Cyrus song "You've Got a Friend", from his album 2007 "Home at Last". Osment has also recorded a song titled "I Don't Think About It" in "", for which they made a music video. The video was released in Haunting Hour DVD and premiered at Cartoon Network.


title: Emily Osment

text: On December 25, Osment hosted the Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade with "Hannah Montana" co-star Mitchel Musso. The parade featured Miley Cyrus and the "High School Musical" cast. She and Musso performed a sketch based on a "Hannah Montana" episode. Osment also had a voice-over role in a movie called "Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen", which also featured the voices of fellow Disney Channel stars Brenda Song and Dylan and Cole Sprouse. Osment performed several songs for the film, including "Don't Ya Just Love Christmas" and "One Day". She also starred as a goth in R. L. Stine's "". It earned her a Young Artist Award nomination in 2008 for "Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special Leading Young Actress". She recorded the song "I Don't Think About It" for the movie's soundtrack.


title: Emily Osment

text: Osment recorded a remake version of the song "If I Didn't Have You" with Mitchel Musso for the "DisneyMania 6" CD. The song was produced by Bryan Todd. The two also filmed a music video for their remake. She recorded a song, released in 2008, with "The Disney Channel Circle of Stars". She recorded a remake of "Once Upon A Dream", released on September 12, 2008. She recorded a song called "Hero in Me" for the Disney Channel original movie, "Dadnapped" and also filmed a music video to accompany it. In 2008 she starred in the film "Soccer Mom", and was ranked on No. 1 on "Parade" magazine and "Forbes" to "Hot Kid Stars To Watch" list. She also starred in the Disney Channel original movie, "Dadnapped" which premiered in February 2009.


title: Emily Osment

text: In June 2009, Osment signed with Wind-Up Records and announced that she was writing and recording tracks with Eve 6. She has collaborated on tunes with Tom Higgenson, Max Collins, Tony Fagenson, Toby Gad and Mandi Perkins. "All the Way Up" was released as the lead single on August 25, 2009. The song debuted at No. 77 in the Canadian Hot 100 then a week later peaked at No. 76. On October 26, 2009, Osment release her debut extended play, "All The Right Wrongs", with six songs in the standard edition and eight songs in the deluxe. The EP peaked at No. 117 at "Billboard" Top 200 and No. 1 at Top Heatseekers About the album, Osment said: "The songs on the album are from four different people, I wrote with four different people, and they all had to fit on the album together…I kind of just did my own thing. I listen to a lot of Alanis Morissette, I kind of got inspired from her and her song "Jagged Little Pill" ...There's a lot of edge to (Emily's album)...I love hearing the guitars and the drums in the songs". "You Are the Only One" was released as second single on February 27, 2010. It failed to make an impact on any charts, but enjoyed some success on Radio Disney. Originally, "You Are the Only One" was intended to be released as the lead single from the album, but was dropped due to Osment wanting to release "All the Way Up" instead.


title: Emily Osment

text: Osment confirmed through her Twitter account that she would be on tour: the Clap Your Hands Tour included nine dates in the United States. On March 24, 2010, Osment confirmed on "Good Day New York" that her debut album would be released in the summer of 2010. "Let's Be Friends" was released as the album's lead single on June 8, 2010. The single debuted and peaked at No. 24 on the "Billboard" Japan Hot 100 chart and No. 67 at Germany. In addition, the single became her first to chart on an official US singles chart, when it peaked at No. 31 on the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Play chart. In October 5 she released her first album, "Fight or Flight", focused on electropop and synthpop. The album peaked at No. 170 at "Billboard" Top 200 and No. 2 at Top Heatseekers The second single, "Lovesick", was released on February 4, 2011. Due to the strong digital downloads the song received, the song debuted at No. 165 on the UK Singles Chart. During the week of April 17, 2011, the single entered the Top 100 in the UK, reaching a peak of 67 on the chart. The single also became her second to achieve success on the Canadian Hot 100, where it debuted at No. 71, and later rose to a peak of 66.


title: Emily Osment

text: In October, Osment made her second tour "Fight or Flight Tour" to promote her first album Fight or Flight. It included concerts in North America, Europe and Latin America . It began on October 30, 2010, in São Paulo, Brazil, and ended on December 8, 2010, in Appleton, Wisconsin. Osment presented at the 2010 MTV Europe Music Awards on November 7 in Madrid, Spain, presenting an award to Justin Bieber for best male artist. In March 2010, Osment lent her voice to the secondary character, Kendall Perkins for the animated series on Disney XD. On May 10, 2011, she released the duet single "Hush" with Josh Ramsay of Marianas Trench, and the song peaked at No. 90 in Canada. In 2011, Osment starred in the ABC Family movie about a young woman who suffers cyberbullying, called "Cyberbully", released on July 17, 2011. ABC worked with "Seventeen" to make the film with the hope that it would help eliminate Internet harassment. It was filmed in Montreal and was released on DVD on February 7, 2012. The film received generally positive reviews and had 3.4 million viewers on its premiere. To promote the film, she released her single, "Drift".


title: Emily Osment

text: In 2013, Osment starred in the TV series "Cleaners", which in 2014 was announced for a second season. Osment had a cameo in "Life with Boys", and appeared in four episodes of "Family Guy". She reprised her voice role as Pep for the third "Beverly Hills Chihuahua" film, which was released on DVD September 18, 2012, and was one of her last works at Disney. Emily Osment confirmed through her official Facebook account that she had left her label Wind-Up Records and has launched an independent project with airs folk, indie and country in a band called Ramshackle, consisting of Osment and her friend Dan Schechter, performing in bars such as the Troubadour and at the Spiedie Fest 2013, performing covers of The Beatles, R. Kelly and "Lullaby". In 2013, Osment made a special participation in the episode "Bazinga! That's From a TV Show" for the comedy series "Two And A Half Men" where she played the role of Ashley. Osment starred in the short film called "Seasick Sailor" led by "Devon Bostick" and "Torre Catalano". The film has been presented in some film festivals and won the award for "Best Narrative Short" at the Los Angeles Film Festival.


title: Emily Osment

text: Osment also participated in the drama, "Kiss Me", directed by Jeff Probst in which she starred opposite Irish actress Sarah Bolger. In October, Osment filmed a new movie "No Way Jose". In October 2013, the third movie in the Nightmare franchise started filming, called "A Daughter's Nightmare", which premiered on Lifetime in 2014. Osment recorded the song "In Case Of Fire" for the soundtrack of the film. Osment also finished recording the second season of the web series "Cleaners".


title: Emily Osment

text: In 2014, she debuted as the lead role in the new ABC Family TV series "Young & Hungry", produced by Ashley Tisdale. Osment plays Gabi, a feisty young blogger hired as the personal chef to a young San Francisco tech entrepreneur. The pilot episode, which aired on June 25, 2014, garnered 1.08 million views in the U.S.


title: Emily Osment

text: In 2015, one of the projects Osment is involved in is the movie "Love Is All You Need?" The film, which also stars Briana Evigan, is an independent drama set in a world where being gay is normal and heterosexual people are intimidated. In August 2015, Osment was booked for a recurring role on the third season of the CBS series "Mom". She played Jodi, a girl living on the street who was a drug addict; Christy (Anna Faris) and Bonnie (Allison Janney) helped her stay clean and find a job. The third season premiered on November 5, 2015. But Jodi died from a drug overdose in midseason, a decision made with the creation of the character.


title: Emily Osment

text: Emily Osment confirmed through her official Facebook page, that on March 8, 2019, International women's day, she released her first single as a new musical alias Bluebiird, "Black Coffee Morning", followed by "Sailor" on April 26 and "Good Girl" on June 21, respectively. She released an EP under the alias titled "When I Loved You" on September 27.


title: Emily Osment

text: Also in 2018, she was cast in a recurring role as Theresa, an acting student in "The" "Kominsky Method". The series ran for three seasons, and Osment received two nominations for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series. The third and final season premiered on May 28, 2021.


title: Emily Osment

text: In 2022, she joined the cast of "Young Sheldon" as Mandy, the weather girl who becomes Georgie’s love interest and eventually pregnant with his child. She has been promoted to series regular starting with the sixth season.


title: Emily Osment

text: In 2007, Osment signed a deal to appear in a nationwide campaign called "Smart Girls Rock" by the New York-based denim brand Vanilla Star. "It's a new line for girls, the clothes are really denim and girly with an edge of punk." She promoted her song "I Don't Think About It" with the release of the campaign and commercial. Late that summer, Disney released a "Hannah Montana" clothing collection. Osment helped to design some of the pieces from the collection. Her image was used in some of these pieces, as well as other "Hannah Montana" merchandise (such as dolls and DVDs).


title: Emily Osment

text: Osment signed with CosmoGIRL! shirts for the president of an online charity auction. In 2007, Osment designed a line of shirts for 2lovecollection.com, whose proceeds went to the Make-A-Wish Foundation and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.


title: Emily Osment

text: In early 2008, Osment participated in the "Disney Channel Earth Day", where she and other Disney stars met with TreePeople to teach children how to care for the environment with small changes in their homes and neighborhoods. Osment was also part of the green project, Disney's Friends for Change, an initiative for the environment created in 2009. The campaign wants young people aware of the current environmental situation and engage with it in around them. Children had the opportunity to choose how Disney will invest one million dollars in various environmental programs.


title: Emily Osment

text: Osment is a Global Ambassador for STOMP Out Bullying, the leading national Anti-Bullying/Cyberbullying organization in the country for kids and teens. She for was voted the U.G.L.Y celebrity of 2011 at the seventh annual Celebrity of the Year Award, thanks to the votes of young Americans impressed with the performance of the actress in her TV movie "Cyberbully".


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: On April 14, 1865, Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, was assassinated by well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth, while attending the play "Our American Cousin" at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Shot in the head as he watched the play, Lincoln died the following day at 7:22 am in the Petersen House opposite the theater. He was the first U.S. president to be assassinated, with his funeral and burial marking an extended period of national mourning.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Occurring near the end of the American Civil War, Lincoln's assassination was part of a larger conspiracy intended by Booth to revive the Confederate cause by eliminating the three most important officials of the United States government.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Conspirators Lewis Powell and David Herold were assigned to kill Secretary of State William H. Seward, and George Atzerodt was tasked with killing Vice President Andrew Johnson.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Beyond Lincoln's death, the plot failed: Seward was only wounded, and Johnson's would-be attacker became drunk instead of killing the Vice President. After a dramatic initial escape, Booth was killed at the climax of a twelve-day chase. Powell, Herold, Atzerodt, and Mary Surratt were later hanged for their roles in the conspiracy.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: John Wilkes Booth, born in Maryland into a family of prominent stage actors, had by the time of the assassination become a famous actor and national celebrity in his own right. He was also an outspoken Confederate sympathizer; in late 1860 he was initiated in the pro-Confederate Knights of the Golden Circle in Baltimore, Maryland.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant, commander of the Union armies, suspended the exchange of prisoners of war with the Confederate Army to increase pressure on the manpower-starved South. Booth conceived a plan to kidnap Lincoln in order to blackmail the Union into resuming prisoner exchanges, and recruited Samuel Arnold, George Atzerodt, David Herold, Michael O'Laughlen, Lewis Powell (also known as "Lewis Paine"), and John Surratt to help him. Surratt's mother, Mary Surratt, left her tavern in Surrattsville, Maryland, and moved to a house in Washington, D.C., where Booth became a frequent visitor.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: While Booth and Lincoln were not personally acquainted, Lincoln had seen Booth at Ford's Theatre in 1863. After the assassination, actor Frank Mordaunt wrote that Lincoln, who apparently harbored no suspicions about Booth, admired the actor and had repeatedly invited him (without success) to visit the White House. Booth attended Lincoln's second inauguration on March 4, 1865, writing in his diary afterwards: "What an excellent chance I had, if I wished, to kill the President on Inauguration day!"


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: On March 17, Booth and the other conspirators planned to abduct Lincoln as he returned from a play at Campbell General Hospital in northwest Washington. But Lincoln did not go to the play, instead attending a ceremony at the National Hotel. Booth was living at the National Hotel at the time and, had he not gone to the hospital for the abortive kidnap attempt, might have been able to attack Lincoln at the hotel.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Meanwhile, the Confederacy was collapsing. On April 3, Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital, fell to the Union Army. On April 9, General Robert E. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Potomac after the Battle of Appomattox Court House. Confederate President Jefferson Davis and other Confederate officials had fled. Nevertheless, Booth continued to believe in the Confederate cause and sought a way to salvage it.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: There are various theories about Booth's motivations. In a letter to his mother, he wrote of his desire to avenge the South. Doris Kearns Goodwin has endorsed the idea that another factor was Booth's rivalry with his well-known older brother, actor Edwin Booth, who was a loyal Unionist. David S. Reynolds believes that, despite disagreeing with his cause, Booth greatly admired the abolitionist John Brown; Booth's sister Asia Booth Clarke quoted him as saying: "John Brown was a man inspired, the grandest character of the century!"


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: On April 11, Booth attended Lincoln's last speech, in which Lincoln promoted voting rights for emancipated slaves; Booth said,


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Enraged, Booth urged Powell to shoot Lincoln on the spot. Whether Booth made this request because he was not armed or considered Powell a better shot than himself (Powell, unlike Booth, had served in the Confederate Army and thus had military experience) is unknown. In any event, Powell refused for fear of the crowd, and Booth was either unable or unwilling to personally attempt to kill the president. However, Booth said to David Herold, "By God, I'll put him through."


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: According to Ward Hill Lamon, three days before his death, Lincoln related a dream in which he wandered the White House searching for the source of mournful sounds:


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: However, Lincoln went on to tell Lamon that "In this dream it was not me, but some other fellow, that was killed. It seems that this ghostly assassin tried his hand on someone else." Paranormal investigator Joe Nickell writes that dreams of assassination would not be unexpected in the first place, considering the Baltimore Plot and an additional assassination attempt in which a hole was shot through Lincoln's hat.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: For months Lincoln had looked pale and haggard, but on the morning of the assassination he told people how happy he was. First Lady Mary Lincoln felt such talk could bring bad luck. Lincoln told his cabinet that he had dreamed of being on a "singular and indescribable vessel that was moving with great rapidity toward a dark and indefinite shore", and that he had had the same dream before "nearly every great and important event of the War" such as the Union victories at Antietam, Murfreesboro, Gettysburg and Vicksburg.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: On April 14, Booth's morning started at midnight. He wrote his mother that all was well but that he was "in haste". In his diary, he wrote that "Our cause being almost lost, something "decisive" and great must be done".


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: While visiting Ford's Theatre around noon to pick up his mail, Booth learned that Lincoln and Grant were to visit the theater that evening for a performance of "Our American Cousin". This provided him with an especially good opportunity to attack Lincoln since, having performed there several times, he knew the theater's layout and was familiar to its staff. Booth went to Mary Surratt's boarding house in Washington, D.C., and asked her to deliver a package to her tavern in Surrattsville, Maryland. He also asked her to tell her tenant Louis J. Weichmann to ready the guns and ammunition that Booth had previously stored at the tavern.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: The conspirators met for the final time at 8:45pm. Booth assigned Powell to kill Secretary of State William H. Seward at his home, Atzerodt to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson at the Kirkwood Hotel, and Herold to guide Powell (who was unfamiliar with Washington) to the Seward house and then to a rendezvous with Booth in Maryland.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Booth was the only well-known member of the conspiracy. Access to the theater's upper floor containing the Presidential Box was restricted, and Booth was the only plotter who could have realistically expected to be admitted there without difficulty. Furthermore, it would have been reasonable (but ultimately incorrect) for the plotters to have assumed that the entrance of the box would itself be guarded. Had it been, Booth would have been the only plotter with a plausible chance of gaining access to the President, or at least to gain entry to the box without being searched for weapons first. Booth planned to shoot Lincoln at point-blank range with his single-shot Philadelphia Deringer pistol and then stab Grant at the theater. They were all to strike simultaneously shortly after ten o'clock. Atzerodt tried to withdraw from the plot, which to this point had involved only kidnapping, not murder, but Booth pressured him to continue.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Despite what Booth had heard earlier in the day, Grant and his wife, Julia Grant, had declined to accompany the Lincolns, as Mary Lincoln and Julia Grant were not on good terms. Others in succession also declined the Lincolns' invitation, until finally Major Henry Rathbone and his fiancée Clara Harris (daughter of U.S. Senator Ira Harris of New York) accepted. At one point Mary developed a headache and was inclined to stay home, but Lincoln told her he must attend because newspapers had announced that he would. Lincoln's footman, William H. Crook, advised him not to go, but Lincoln said he had promised his wife. Lincoln told Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax, "I suppose it's time to go though I would rather stay" before assisting Mary into the carriage.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: The presidential party arrived late and settled into their box (two adjoining boxes with a dividing partition removed). The play was interrupted, and the orchestra played "Hail to the Chief" as the full house of some 1,700 rose in applause. Lincoln sat in a rocking chair that had been selected for him from among the Ford family's personal furnishings.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: The cast modified a line of the play in honor of Lincoln: when the heroine asked for a seat protected from the draft, the replyscripted as, "Well, you're not the only one that wants to escape the draft"was delivered instead as, "The draft has already been stopped by order of the President!" A member of the audience observed that Mary Lincoln often called her husband's attention to aspects of the action onstage, and "seemed to take great pleasure in witnessing his enjoyment."


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: At one point, Mary whispered to Lincoln, who was holding her hand, "What will Miss Harris think of my hanging on to you so?" Lincoln replied, "She won't think anything about it". In following years, these words were traditionally considered Lincoln's last, though N.W. Miner, a family friend, claimed in 1882 that Mary Lincoln told him that Lincoln's last words expressed a wish to visit Jerusalem.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: With Crook off duty and Ward Hill Lamon away, policeman John Frederick Parker was assigned to guard the Presidential Box. At intermission he went to a nearby tavern along with Lincoln's valet, Charles Forbes, and Coachman Francis Burke. It was also the same tavern Booth was waiting by having several drinks to prepare his time. It is unclear whether Parker returned to the theater, but he was certainly not at his post when Booth entered the box. In any event, there is no certainty that entry would have been denied to a celebrity such as Booth. Booth had prepared a brace to bar the door after entering the box, indicating that he expected a guard. After spending time at the tavern, Booth entered Ford's Theatre one last time at about 10:10 pm, this time through the theater's front entrance. He passed through the dress circle and went to the door that led to the Presidential Box after showing Charles Forbes his calling card. Navy Surgeon George Brainerd Todd saw Booth arrive:


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Once inside the hallway, Booth barricaded the door by wedging a stick between it and the wall. From here, a second door led to Lincoln's box. There is evidence that, earlier in the day, Booth had bored a peephole in this second door.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Booth knew the play "Our American Cousin" by heart and waited to time his shot at about 10:15 pm, with the laughter at one of the hilarious lines of the play, delivered by actor Harry Hawk: "Well, I guess I know enough to turn you inside out, old gal; you sockdologizing old man-trap!". Lincoln was laughing at this line


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: The bullet entered Lincoln's skull behind his left ear, passed through his brain, and came to rest near the front of the skull after fracturing both orbital plates. Lincoln slumped over in his chair and then fell backward. Rathbone turned to see Booth standing in gunsmoke less than four feet behind Lincoln; Booth shouted a word that Rathbone thought sounded like "Freedom!"


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Rathbone jumped from his seat and struggled with Booth, who dropped the pistol and drew a knife with which he stabbed Rathbone in the left forearm. Rathbone again grabbed at Booth as he prepared to jump from the box to the stage, a twelve-foot drop; Booth's riding spur became entangled on the Treasury flag decorating the box, and he landed awkwardly on his left foot. As he began crossing the stage, many in the audience thought he was part of the play.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: While it is traditionally held that Booth shouted the Virginia state motto, "Sic semper tyrannis!" ("Thus always to tyrants") either from the box or the stage, witness accounts conflict. Most recalled hearing "Sic semper tyrannis!" but othersincluding Booth himselfsaid he yelled only "Sic semper!" (Some did not recall Booth saying anything in Latin.) There is similar uncertainty about what Booth shouted next, in English: either "The South is avenged!", "Revenge for the South!", or "The South shall be free!" (Two witnesses remembered Booth's words as: "I have done it!")


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Immediately after Booth landed on the stage, Major Joseph B. Stewart climbed over the orchestra pit and footlights and pursued Booth across the stage. The screams of Mary Lincoln and Clara Harris, and Rathbone's cries of, "Stop that man!" prompted others to join the chase as pandemonium broke out.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Booth exited the theater through a side door, en route stabbing orchestra leader William Withers, Jr.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: As he leapt into the saddle of his getaway horse Booth pushed away Joseph Burroughs, who had been holding the horse, striking Burroughs with the handle of his knife.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Charles Leale, a young Union Army surgeon, pushed through the crowd to the door of the Presidential Box, but could not open it until Rathbone, inside, noticed and removed the wooden brace with which Booth had jammed the door shut.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Leale found Lincoln seated with his head leaning to his right as Mary held him and sobbed: "His eyes were closed and he was in a profoundly comatose condition, while his breathing was intermittent and exceedingly stertorous." Thinking Lincoln had been stabbed, Leale shifted him to the floor. Meanwhile, another physician, Charles Sabin Taft, was lifted into the box from the stage.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: After Leale and bystander William Kent cut away Lincoln's collar while unbuttoning his coat and shirt and found no stab wound, Leale located the gunshot wound behind the left ear. He found the bullet too deep to be removed but dislodged a blood clot, after which Lincoln's breathing improved; he learned that regularly removing new clots maintained Lincoln's breathing. After giving Lincoln artificial respiration, Leale allowed actress Laura Keene to cradle the President's head in her lap. He pronounced the wound mortal.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Leale, Taft, and another doctor, Albert King, decided that Lincoln must be moved to the nearest house on Tenth Street because a carriage ride to the White House was too dangerous. Carefully, seven men picked up Lincoln and slowly carried him out of the theater, where it was packed with an angry mob. After considering Peter Taltavull's Star Saloon next door, they concluded that they would take Lincoln to one of the houses across the way. It was raining as soldiers carried Lincoln into the street,


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: where a man urged them toward the house of tailor William Petersen. In Petersen's first-floor bedroom, the exceptionally tall Lincoln was laid diagonally on a small bed.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: After clearing everyone out of the room, including Mrs. Lincoln, the doctors cut away Lincoln's clothes but discovered no other wounds; finding that Lincoln was cold, they applied hot water bottles and mustard plasters while covering his cold body with blankets. Later, more physicians arrived: Surgeon General Joseph K. Barnes, Charles Henry Crane, Anderson Ruffin Abbott, and Robert K. Stone (Lincoln's personal physician). All agreed Lincoln could not survive. Barnes probed the wound, locating the bullet and some bone fragments. Throughout the night, as the hemorrhage continued, they removed blood clots to relieve pressure on the brain,


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: and Leale held the comatose president's hand with a firm grip, "to let him know that he was in touch with humanity and had a friend."


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Lincoln's older son Robert Todd Lincoln arrived at about 11 pm, but twelve-year-old Tad Lincoln, who was watching a play of "Aladdin" at Grover's Theater when he learned of his father's assassination, was kept away. Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton arrived. Stanton insisted that the sobbing Mrs. Lincoln leave the sick room, then for the rest of the night he essentially ran the United States government from the house, including directing the hunt for Booth and the other conspirators. Guards kept the public away, but numerous officials and physicians were admitted to pay their respects.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Initially, Lincoln's features were calm and his breathing slow and steady. Later, one of his eyes became swollen and the right side of his face discolored. Maunsell Bradhurst Field wrote in a letter to "The New York Times" that Lincoln then started "breathing regularly, but with effort, and did not seem to be struggling or suffering." As he neared death, Lincoln's appearance became "perfectly natural" (except for the discoloration around his eyes).


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Shortly before 7am Mary was allowed to return to Lincoln's side, and, as Dixon reported, "she again seated herself by the President, kissing him and calling him every endearing name."


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Lincoln died at 7:22 am on April 15. Mary Lincoln was not present. In his last moments, Lincoln's face became calm and his breathing quieter. Field wrote there was "no apparent suffering, no convulsive action, no rattling of the throat ... [only] a mere cessation of breathing".


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: According to Lincoln's secretary John Hay, at the moment of Lincoln's death, "a look of unspeakable peace came upon his worn features".


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: The assembly knelt for a prayer, after which Stanton said either, "Now he belongs to the ages" or, "Now he belongs to the angels."


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: On Lincoln's death, Vice President Johnson became the 17th President of the United States. The presidential oath of office was administered to Johnson by Chief Justice Salmon Chase sometime between 10 and 11am.


title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Booth had assigned Lewis Powell to kill Secretary of State William H. Seward. On the night of the assassination, Seward was at his home on Lafayette Square, confined to bed and recovering from injuries sustained on April 5 from being thrown from his carriage. Herold guided Powell to Seward's house. Powell carried an 1858 Whitney revolver (a large, heavy, and popular gun during the Civil War) and a Bowie knife.