title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: During his Italian journey, Goethe formulated a theory of plant metamorphosis in which the archetypal form of the plant is to be found in the "leaf" – he writes, "from top to bottom a plant is all leaf, united so inseparably with the future bud that one cannot be imagined without the other". In 1790, he published his "Metamorphosis of Plants". As one of the many precursors in the history of evolutionary thought, Goethe wrote in "Story of My Botanical Studies" (1831):


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Goethe also popularized the Goethe barometer using a principle established by Torricelli. According to Hegel, "Goethe has occupied himself a good deal with meteorology; barometer readings interested him particularly... What he says is important: the main thing is that he gives a comparative table of barometric readings during the whole month of December 1822, at Weimar, Jena, London, Boston, Vienna, Töpel... He claims to deduce from it that the barometric level varies in the same proportion not only in each zone but that it has the same variation, too, at different altitudes above sea-level".


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: In 1810, Goethe published his "Theory of Colours", which he considered his most important work. In it, he contentiously characterized colour as arising from the dynamic interplay of light and darkness through the mediation of a turbid medium. In 1816, Schopenhauer went on to develop his own theory in "On Vision and Colours" based on the observations supplied in Goethe's book. After being translated into English by Charles Eastlake in 1840, his theory became widely adopted by the art world, most notably J. M. W. Turner. Goethe's work also inspired the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, to write his "Remarks on Colour". Goethe was vehemently opposed to Newton's analytic treatment of colour, engaging instead in compiling a comprehensive "rational description" of a wide variety of colour phenomena. Although the accuracy of Goethe's observations does not admit a great deal of criticism, his aesthetic approach did not lend itself to the demands of analytic and mathematical analysis used ubiquitously in modern Science. Goethe was, however, the first to systematically study the physiological effects of colour, and his observations on the effect of opposed colours led him to a symmetric arrangement of his colour wheel, "for the colours diametrically opposed to each other ... are those which reciprocally evoke each other in the eye." In this, he anticipated Ewald Hering's opponent colour theory (1872).


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Goethe outlines his method in the essay "The experiment as mediator between subject and object" (1772). In the Kurschner edition of Goethe's works, the science editor, Rudolf Steiner, presents Goethe's approach to science as phenomenological. Steiner elaborated on that in the books "The Theory of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe's World-Conception" and "Goethe's World View", in which he characterizes intuition as the instrument by which one grasps Goethe's biological archetype—"The Typus".


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Novalis, himself a geologist and mining engineer, expressed the opinion that Goethe was the first physicist of his time and "epoch-making in the history of physics", writing that Goethe's studies of light, of the metamorphosis of plants and of insects were indications and proofs "that the perfect educational lecture belongs in the artist's sphere of work"; and that Goethe would be surpassed "but only in the way in which the ancients can be surpassed, in inner content and force, in variety and depth—as an artist actually not, or only very little, for his rightness and intensity are perhaps already more exemplary than it would seem".


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Many of Goethe's works, especially "Faust", the "Roman Elegies", and the "Venetian Epigrams", depict erotic passions and acts. For instance, in "Faust", the first use of Faust's power after signing a contract with the Devil is to seduce a teenage girl. Some of the "Venetian Epigrams" were held back from publication due to their sexual content. Goethe clearly saw human sexuality as a topic worthy of poetic and artistic depiction, an idea that was uncommon in a time when the private nature of sexuality was rigorously normative.


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: In a conversation on 7 April 1830 Goethe stated that pederasty is an "aberration" that easily leads to "animal, roughly material" behavior. He continued, "Pederasty is as old as humanity itself, and one can therefore say, that it resides in nature, even if it proceeds against nature...What culture has won from nature will not be surrendered or given up at any price." On another occasion he wrote: "I like boys a lot, but the girls are even nicer. If I tire of her as a girl, she'll play the boy for me as well".


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Goethe was a freethinker who believed that one could be inwardly Christian without following any of the Christian churches, many of whose central teachings he firmly opposed, sharply distinguishing between Christ and the tenets of Christian theology, and criticizing its history as a "hodgepodge of mistakes and violence". His own descriptions of his relationship to the Christian faith and even to the Church varied widely and have been interpreted even more widely, so that while Goethe's secretary Eckermann portrayed him as enthusiastic about Christianity, Jesus, Martin Luther, and the Protestant Reformation, even calling Christianity the "ultimate religion", on one occasion Goethe described himself as "not anti-Christian, nor un-Christian, but most decidedly non-Christian," and in his Venetian Epigram 66, Goethe listed the symbol of the cross among the four things that he most disliked. According to Nietzsche, Goethe had "a kind of almost "joyous" and "trusting fatalism"" that has "faith that only in the totality everything redeems itself and appears good and justified."


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Born into a Lutheran family, Goethe's early faith was shaken by news of such events as the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and the Seven Years' War. A year before his death, in a letter to Sulpiz Boisserée, Goethe wrote that he had the feeling that all his life he had been aspiring to qualify as one of the Hypsistarians, an ancient sect of the Black Sea region who, in his understanding, sought to reverence, as being close to the Godhead, what came to their knowledge of the best and most perfect. Goethe's unorthodox religious beliefs led him to be called "the great heathen" and provoked distrust among the authorities of his time, who opposed the creation of a Goethe monument on account of his offensive religious creed. August Wilhelm Schlegel considered Goethe "a heathen who converted to Islam."


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Goethe's interest in Islam stretches back to his academic years, where he was first introduced to it by Johann Gottfried Herder, who advised Goethe to read the Quran.


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: At age 23, Goethe wrote a poem about a river, originally part of a dramatic dialogue, but which he published as a separate work called "Mahomets Gesang" ("Muhammad's Song"), a title that "seems redundant".


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Regarding the Quran, Goethe wrote that "Closer designations of what is commanded and forbidden, legends from the Jewish and Christian religions, elaborations of all kinds, numberless tautologies and repetitions form the body of this holy book, which, whenever I approach it, repels me always anew, but then attracts me, astonishes me, and in the end elicits my admiration." He continues "The main purpose of the Qur'an seems to have been to unite the adherents of the three different religions that were prominent in the populous Arabia of that time... to unite these groups in the recognition of the one eternal and invisible God, through whose omnipotence all things are created."


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Goethe would read the Quran several times throughout his life, and even wrote chapters of it in Arabic, collecting them in his 'Koran-Auszüge' (“Summary of the Quran”), in which he appears to have studied at least two-thirds of the Quran, and is currently held in the Goethe Museum in Düsseldorf. When the Duke asked Goethe to translate Voltaire's satirical play mocking the Prophet Muhammad, he replied that “My prince's desire forced me to translate Voltaire's drama ‘Mahomet,' which would be very strange to some. I owe him a lot”, and he had written the draft of a drama praising Prophet Muhammad, called “Mahomet”, in a rebuttal to Voltaire.


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: In 1819, he publicly declared that he was considering celebrating the night of Quranic revelation to Prophet Muhammad, and along with announcing the publication of his "West–östlicher Divan", did not "reject the suspicion that he may himself be a Muslim", although Dallmayr points out that this phrase might "of course, contain poetic licence".


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: As a result of his genius, his poetry and reasoning, some Muslims have proclaimed Goethe to be "a true Muslim"; at the same time he has enjoyed a similar reputation among Christians, being regarded as "a true Christian", for example, by Mommsen. Karic suggests, however, that attempts to claim Goethe for any religion "is a pointless, Sysiphean task".


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Politically, Goethe described himself as a "moderate liberal". He was critical of the radicalism of Bentham and expressed sympathy for the prudent liberalism of François Guizot. At the time of the French Revolution, he thought the enthusiasm of the students and professors to be a perversion of their energy and remained skeptical of the ability of the masses to govern. Goethe sympathized with the American Revolution and later wrote a poem in which he declared "America, you're better off than our continent, the old." He did not join in the anti-Napoleonic mood of 1812, and he distrusted the strident nationalism which started to be expressed. The medievalism of the Heidelberg Romantics was also repellent to Goethe's eighteenth-century ideal of a supra-national culture.


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Goethe was a Freemason, joining the lodge Amalia in Weimar in 1780, and frequently alluded to Masonic themes of universal brotherhood in his work. He was also attracted to the Bavarian Illuminati, a secret society founded on 1 May 1776. Although often requested to write poems arousing nationalist passions, Goethe would always decline. In old age, he explained why this was so to Eckermann:


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Goethe had a great effect on the nineteenth century. In many respects, he was the originator of many ideas which later became widespread. He produced volumes of poetry, essays, criticism, a theory of colours and early work on evolution and linguistics. He was fascinated by mineralogy, and the mineral goethite (iron oxide) is named after him. His non-fiction writings, most of which are philosophic and aphoristic in nature, spurred the development of many thinkers, including Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Ernst Cassirer, and Carl Jung. Along with Schiller, he was one of the leading figures of Weimar Classicism. Schopenhauer cited Goethe's novel "Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship" as one of the four greatest novels ever written, along with "Tristram Shandy", "La Nouvelle Héloïse" and "Don Quixote". Nietzsche wrote, "Four pairs it was that did not deny themselves to my sacrifice: Epicurus and Montaigne, Goethe and Spinoza, Plato and Rousseau, Pascal and Schopenhauer. With these I must come to terms when I have long wandered alone; they may call me right and wrong; to them will I listen when in the process they call each other right and wrong."


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Goethe embodied many of the contending strands in art over the next century: his work could be lushly emotional, and rigorously formal, brief and epigrammatic, and epic. He would argue that Classicism was the means of controlling art, and that Romanticism was a sickness, even as he penned poetry rich in memorable images, and rewrote the formal rules of German poetry. His poetry was set to music by almost every major Austrian and German composer from Mozart to Mahler, and his influence would spread to French drama and opera as well. Beethoven declared that a "Faust" Symphony would be the greatest thing for art. Liszt and Mahler both created symphonies in whole or in large part inspired by this seminal work, which would give the 19th century one of its most paradigmatic figures: Doctor Faustus.


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: The "Faust" tragedy/drama, often called ' (the"' drama of the Germans), written in two parts published decades apart, would stand as his most characteristic and famous artistic creation. Followers of the twentieth-century esotericist Rudolf Steiner built a theatre named the Goetheanum after him—where festival performances of "Faust" are still performed.


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Goethe was also a cultural force. During his first meeting with Napoleon in 1808, the latter famously remarked: " (You are a man)!" The two discussed politics, the writings of Voltaire, and Goethe's "Sorrows of Young Werther", which Napoleon had read seven times and ranked among his favorites. Goethe came away from the meeting deeply impressed with Napoleon's enlightened intellect and his efforts to build an alternative to the corrupt old regime. Goethe always spoke of Napoleon with the greatest respect, confessing that "nothing higher and more pleasing could have happened to me in all my life" than to have met Napoleon in person.


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Germaine de Staël, in "De l'Allemagne" (1813), presented German Classicism and Romanticism as a potential source of spiritual authority for Europe, and identified Goethe as a living classic. She praised Goethe as possessing "the chief characteristics of the German genius" and uniting "all that distinguishes the German mind." Staël's portrayal helped elevate Goethe over his more famous German contemporaries and transformed him into a European cultural hero. Goethe met with her and her partner Benjamin Constant, with whom he shared a mutual admiration.


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: In Victorian England, Goethe's great disciple was Thomas Carlyle, who wrote the essays "Faustus" (1822), "Goethe's Helena" (1828), "Goethe" (1828), "Goethe's Works" (1832), "Goethe's Portrait" (1832), and "Death of Goethe" (1832) which introduced Goethe to English readers; translated "Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship" (1824) and "Travels" (1826), "Faust's Curse" (1830), "The Tale" (1832), "Novelle" (1832) and "Symbolum" at a time when few read German; and with whom Goethe corresponded. Goethe exerted a profound influence on George Eliot, whose partner George Henry Lewes wrote a "Life of Goethe" (dedicated to Carlyle). Eliot presented Goethe as "eminently the man who helps us to rise to a lofty point of observation" and praised his "large tolerance", which "quietly follows the stream of fact and of life" without passing moral judgments. Matthew Arnold found in Goethe the "Physician of the Iron Age" and "the clearest, the largest, the most helpful thinker of modern times" with a "large, liberal view of life".


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: It was to a considerable degree due to Goethe's reputation that the city of Weimar was chosen in 1919 as the venue for the national assembly, convened to draft a new constitution for what would become known as Germany's Weimar Republic. Goethe became a key reference for Thomas Mann in his speeches and essays defending the republic. He emphasized Goethe's "cultural and self-developing individualism", humanism, and cosmopolitanism.


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: The Federal Republic of Germany's cultural institution, the Goethe-Institut, is named after him, and promotes the study of German abroad and fosters knowledge about Germany by providing information on its culture, society and politics.


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: The literary estate of Goethe in the Goethe and Schiller Archives was inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in 2001 in recognition of its historical significance.


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Goethe's influence was dramatic because he understood that there was a transition in European sensibilities, an increasing focus on sense, the indescribable, and the emotional. This is not to say that he was emotionalistic or excessive; on the contrary, he lauded personal restraint and felt that excess was a disease: "There is nothing worse than imagination without taste". Goethe praised Francis Bacon for his advocacy of science based on experiment and his forceful revolution in thought as one of the greatest strides forward in modern science. However, he was critical of Bacon's inductive method and approach based on pure classification. He said in "Scientific Studies":


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Goethe's scientific and aesthetic ideas have much in common with Denis Diderot, whose work he translated and studied. Both Diderot and Goethe exhibited a repugnance towards the mathematical interpretation of nature; both perceived the universe as dynamic and in constant flux; both saw "art and science as compatible disciplines linked by common imaginative processes"; and both grasped "the unconscious impulses underlying mental creation in all forms." Goethe's "Naturanschauer" is in many ways a sequel to Diderot's "interprète de la nature".


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: His views make him, along with Adam Smith, Thomas Jefferson, and Ludwig van Beethoven, a figure in two worlds: on the one hand, devoted to the sense of taste, order, and finely crafted detail, which is the hallmark of the artistic sense of the Age of Reason and the neo-classical period of architecture; on the other, seeking a personal, intuitive, and personalized form of expression and society, firmly supporting the idea of self-regulating and organic systems. George Henry Lewes celebrated Goethe's revolutionary understanding of the organism.


title: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Thinkers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson would take up many similar ideas in the 1800s. Goethe's ideas on evolution would frame the question that Darwin and Wallace would approach within the scientific paradigm. The Serbian inventor and electrical engineer Nikola Tesla was heavily influenced by Goethe's "Faust", his favorite poem, and had actually memorized the entire text. It was while reciting a certain verse that he was struck with the epiphany that would lead to the idea of the rotating magnetic field and ultimately, alternating current.


title: Scary Movie

text: Scary Movie is a 2000 American slasher parody film directed by Keenen Ivory Wayans and written by Marlon and Shawn Wayans (who both also star), alongside Buddy Johnson, Phil Beauman, Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer. Starring Anna Faris, Jon Abrahams, Carmen Electra, Shannon Elizabeth, Kurt Fuller, Regina Hall, Lochlyn Munro, Cheri Oteri, and Dave Sheridan, it follows a group of teenagers who accidentally hit a man with their car, dump his body in a lake and never talk about it again. A year later, someone wearing a Ghostface mask and robe kills them one by one.


title: Scary Movie

text: The film is a parody of multiple genres including the horror, slasher, and mystery film genres. Several 1990s films and TV shows are also spoofed, and the script primarily follows the plot of the slasher films "Scream" and "I Know What You Did Last Summer". Some films and TV shows like "Halloween", "The Shining", "Friday the 13th", "The Usual Suspects", "The Sixth Sense", "The Blair Witch Project", and "The Matrix", "Charlie's Angels", and "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" were also parodied in some scenes.


title: Scary Movie

text: Dimension Films released "Scary Movie" in the United States on July 7. The film grossed $278 million worldwide on a $19 million budget. The film is the first installment in the "Scary Movie" film series, as well as being the highest grossing film in the series. It later spawned four sequels.


title: Scary Movie

text: On Halloween night, Drew Decker receives a threatening phone call while home alone. Drew is chased outside by somebody dressed as Ghostface, who stabs her in the breast, removing one of her silicone implants. A vehicle driven by her father, who is distracted by receiving fellatio from his wife, hits her, and she looks up to her murderer just before she is stabbed by the killer.


title: Scary Movie

text: Cindy Campbell meets up with her boyfriend Bobby and her friends, Brenda, Ray, Greg, Shorty and Buffy. Various news teams, including hack reporter Gail Hailstorm, converge on the school in the wake of Drew's murder. Gail hooks up with Buffy's intellectually disabled brother Special Officer Doofy, hoping to milk the facts out of him.


title: Scary Movie

text: While Cindy is in class, she notices the killer watching her from outside then she receives an ominous note and realizes Drew was murdered exactly one year after she and her friends accidentally killed a man. After football practice, Greg notices a picture of his minuscule genitals on his locker saying "I KNOW" on it. He accuses Ray of taking the picture and nearly fights him. Cindy tells Greg and the others about the note she got and that they need to tell the police but Greg beats her instead telling them to not involve the police, afraid of going to prison for the murder they committed the previous year. At Buffy's beauty pageant that evening, Greg is killed by the killer in plain view while the audience mistakes Buffy's pleas for help as being part of her act of dramatic reading but Buffy wins the pageant, forgetting about Greg.


title: Scary Movie

text: After Cindy goes home alone, the killer attacks her but retreats when Cindy contacts the police. Bobby arrives and is arrested after a cellphone, knife and gloves fall out of his pocket. As Cindy spends the night at Buffy and Doofy's place, she receives a mocking call from the killer.


title: Scary Movie

text: The following day, Bobby is released from jail. Buffy is beheaded by the killer with a cleaver, though her severed head keeps talking and is subsequently locked in a lost and found bin. That night, Gail and her cameraman, Kenny, go to Lovers Lookout, a teen makeout spot, to get a murder on camera and films the killer murdering a girl named Heather. The killer then chases Gail and Kenny into the woods and murders Kenny, while Gail gives a snot-filled apology to Kenny's family, a parody of one of the scenes in "The Blair Witch Project".


title: Scary Movie

text: Later that night, Ray and Brenda go to the movie theater to see "Shakespeare in Love", where Ray is stabbed through his ear in a bathroom stall while using a glory hole. The killer goes after Brenda but angry movie patrons, who are fed up with Brenda's rude and obnoxious behavior, begin stabbing her to make her stop and also for ruining "Shakespeare in Love" and several other movies like "Thelma & Louise", "The Fugitive", "Schindler's List", the Jackie Chan movies, "Boogie Nights", and "Big Momma's House" until Brenda drops dead, much to the audience's relief.


title: Scary Movie

text: Meanwhile, Cindy throws a house party, hoping for safety in numbers. Meanwhile, Cindy's friend, Tina goes out to the garage to get more beer but is killed while trying to escape from the killer through a cat flap. During the party, Cindy and Bobby go upstairs and have sex. While in the basement, the killer shows up and gets stoned with Shorty and his friends, but ends up killing all of them except Shorty. After Cindy and Bobby have sex, the killer appears and stabs Bobby before disappearing. Cindy gets a gun from a drawer and Bobby follows. Shorty comes up from the basement, Bobby takes the gun and shoots him. Ray arrives on the scene, still alive.


title: Scary Movie

text: Bobby and Ray confront Cindy in the kitchen and announce their intention to only kill her and her father, and that they are merely copying the real killer. Bobby admits being gay, while Ray denies being so. The plan backfires when Ray viciously stabs Bobby numerous times, angry because his favorite show, "The Wayans Bros.", has been canceled. The killer abruptly arrives and stabs Ray. He and Cindy fight, with Cindy employing moves copied from "The Matrix" and kicking him out a window. However, the killer vanishes before the police arrive.


title: Scary Movie

text: At the police station, Cindy and the sheriff discover that the killer was not David Keegan, the man whom Cindy and her friends accidentally killed a year earlier and realize that Doofy was the killer the whole time and was faking his disability. Doofy has already escaped with Gail Hailstorm after removing his disguise, a parody of the ending of "The Usual Suspects". Upon finding his discarded backpack with his Ghostface mask and sharp knife in the street, Cindy begins screaming but is hit by a car, as the sheriff walks away.


title: Scary Movie

text: In a mid-credits scene, Shorty is presumably giving advice on how to survive a horror movie but it is actually advice on how to successfully enact a Snatch-and-Run.


title: Scary Movie

text: In a post-credits scene, Doofy is shown in his bedroom "breaking up" with the vacuum cleaner as though it were a real person with whom he had a relationship.


title: Scary Movie

text: The screenplay was developed by Shawn Wayans and Marlon Wayans with Buddy Johnson and Phil Beauman, writers for the sitcom "The Wayans Bros".


title: Scary Movie

text: At the same time, Miramax was developing a spoof of "Scream" scripted by Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer. Due to a WGA decision, all six writers were credited, despite Friedberg and Seltzer not actually working on the filmed script.


title: Scary Movie

text: Anna Faris had graduated from the University of Washington and planned to travel to London, but decided instead to go to Los Angeles and after meeting with some managers auditioned for the film and booked her first acting job. Keenen had rejected many other actresses and was willing to take the chance on Faris despite her lack of experience because of her instinctual performance: "she had this natural innocence and was funny.


title: Scary Movie

text: Jenny McCarthy and Melissa Joan Hart auditioned for the part of Drew Decker, before Carmen Electra was cast.


title: Scary Movie

text: Much of the humor of "Scary Movie" relies upon specific references to other contemporary films. Roger Ebert remarked in his review that "to get your money's worth, you need to be familiar with the various teenage horror franchises." The two films on which the script is most heavily based are "Scream" (1996) and "I Know What You Did Last Summer" (1997) (both written by Kevin Williamson), using the general narrative arcs of both films, and featuring comedic recreations of key scenes. The backstory in which the teenagers are responsible for accidentally killing a man following a beauty pageant recalls the same plot point in "I Know What You Did Last Summer". Major references to "Scream" include the identity of Ghostface and the murder of Drew Decker in the opening scene, a reference to the opening scene of "Scream" in which the same thing occurs to the character of Casey Becker, played by Drew Barrymore. Additionally, the characters of "Scream" and "I Know What You Did Last Summer" are mirrored in the film, and the title "Scary Movie" was originally the working title for the project that would eventually become "Scream". At one point the title of this film was going to be "Scream If You Still Know What I Did Last Halloween".


title: Scary Movie

text: Many scenes and jokes parody or reference other films outside the horror film genre. The fight between Cindy and the killer heavily mimics "The Matrix", particularly its use of bullet time. The final scene, in which Doofy stops feigning his disability and drives away with Gail, is a takeoff of the final scene of "The Usual Suspects". When asked about her favorite horror movie, Drew answers ""Kazaam"" due to Shaquille O'Neal's acting. Cindy becomes aggressive and roars "Say my name!" during sex with Bobby, similar to the sex scene between Michelle and Jim in "American Pie". The movie theater scene shows a screening of "Shakespeare In Love" and a trailer for a fictitious sequel to "Amistad" titled "Amistad II" with elements of "Titanic" also appears in the movie theater scene. When Gail and her cameraman are attacked by the killer, she partakes in a parody of the famous scene in "The Blair Witch Project" where Heather records an apology to her friends' parents.


title: Scary Movie

text: The film also makes other pop culture references beyond the scope of film, such as the parodied version of Sarah Michelle Gellar's character Helen Shivers in "I Know What You Did Last Summer" being named Buffy, which is a reference to her character in "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". Others include a brief references to "Dawson's Creek", "Candid Camera", "Big Momma's House", "Friday the 13th", and a parody of the "Whassup?" ad campaign by Budweiser.


title: Scary Movie

text: The tagline for the movie's poster was "No Shame. No Mercy. No Sequel." When "Scary Movie 2" was released a year later, the tagline for the sequel was "We Lied."


title: Scary Movie

text: The soundtrack to "Scary Movie" was released on July 4, 2000 through TVT Records and consists of a blend of hip hop and rock music.


title: Scary Movie

text: "Scary Movie" opened theatrically in the United States on July 7, 2000 on 1,912 screens, and debuted at number one at the box office, earning $42,346,669 its opening weekend. It went on to break "Air Force One"s record for having the biggest opening weekend for any R-rated film. The film ultimately grossed $157,019,771 domestically, and earned another $121,000,000 in other markets, making it a massive commercial success.


title: Scary Movie

text: "Scary Movie" received mixed reviews from critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 51% based on 117 reviews, with an average score of 5.50/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Critics say "Scary Movie" overloads on crudity and grossness to get its laughs." On Metacritic, the film received a score of 48 based on 32 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Scary Movie

text: Joe Leydon of "Variety" said that the film was "unbounded by taste, inhibition or political correctness" and that "the outer limits of R-rated respectability are stretched, if not shredded". Leydon concludes "Practically guaranteed to make you laugh until you're ashamed of yourself." Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four, saying it "delivers the goods", calling the film a "raucous, satirical attack on slasher movies." Ebert was critical of the film for not being as innovative as other films, saying it lacked "the shocking impact of "Airplane!", which had the advantage of breaking new ground."


title: Scary Movie

text: Bob Longino of "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution" felt that the film's crude humor detracted from the film, saying that "Scary Movie" "dives so deep into tasteless humor that it's a wonder it landed an R rating instead of an NC-17." Other reviewers, such as A.O. Scott of "The New York Times", argued that the jokes were "annoying less for their vulgarity than for their tiredness." Scott remarked "Couch-bound pot smokers, prison sex, mannish female gym teachers, those "Whassssup" Budweiser commercials—hasn't it all been done to death?"


title: Amanda Knox

text: Amanda Marie Knox (born July 9, 1987) is an American author, activist, and journalist. She spent almost four years in an Italian prison following her wrongful conviction for the 2007 murder of Meredith Kercher, a fellow exchange student with whom she shared an apartment in Perugia. In 2015, Knox was definitively acquitted by the Italian Supreme Court of Cassation.


title: Amanda Knox

text: Knox, aged 20 at the time of the murder, called the police after returning to her and Kercher's apartment following a night spent with her boyfriend, Raffaele Sollecito, and finding Kercher's bedroom door locked and blood in the bathroom. During the police interrogations that followed, the conduct of which is a matter of dispute, Knox allegedly implicated herself and her employer, Patrick Lumumba, in the murder. Initially, Knox, Sollecito, and Lumumba were all arrested for Kercher's murder, but Lumumba was soon released. In the initial trial, Knox and Sollecito were convicted and sentenced to 26 and 25 years in prison, respectively. A known burglar, Rudy Guede, was arrested a short time later following the discovery of his bloodstained fingerprints on Kercher's possessions. He was later found guilty of murder in a fast-track trial and was sentenced to a 30-year prison sentence, later reduced to 16 years. In December 2020, an Italian court ruled that Guede could complete his term doing community service.


title: Amanda Knox

text: Pre-trial publicity in Italian media (repeated by other media worldwide) portrayed Knox in a negative light, leading to complaints that the prosecution was using character assassination tactics. A guilty verdict at Knox's initial trial and her 26-year sentence caused international controversy, as U.S. forensic experts thought evidence at the crime scene was incompatible with her involvement. A prolonged legal process, including a successful prosecution appeal against her acquittal at a second-level trial, continued after Knox was freed in 2011. On March 27, 2015, Italy's highest court definitively exonerated Knox and Sollecito. However, Knox's conviction for committing defamation against Lumumba was upheld by all courts. On January 14, 2016, Knox was acquitted of defamation for saying she had been struck by policewomen during the interrogation.


title: Amanda Knox

text: Knox subsequently became an author, an activist, and a journalist. Her memoir, "Waiting to Be Heard", became a best seller. In December 2017, Facebook Watch announced that Knox would be hosting a show, "The Scarlet Letter Reports", produced by Vice Media on its service.


title: Amanda Knox

text: Amanda Knox was born July 9, 1987, in Seattle, Washington, the eldest of three daughters born to Edda Mellas, a mathematics teacher originally from Germany, and Curt Knox, a vice president of finance for Macy's. Knox and her sisters were raised in West Seattle. Her parents divorced when she was 10 years old, after which her mother remarried to Chris Mellas, an information technology consultant.


title: Amanda Knox

text: Knox first travelled to Italy on a family holiday at the age of 15. During that first trip to Italy, she visited Rome, Pisa, the Amalfi Coast, and the ruins of Pompeii. Upon reading "Under the Tuscan Sun", which was given to her by her mother, Amanda's interest in the country increased.


title: Amanda Knox

text: Knox graduated from the Seattle Preparatory School in 2005 and then studied linguistics at the University of Washington. In 2007, she made the dean's list at the university. She worked at part-time jobs to fund an academic year in Italy. Relatives described the 20-year-old Knox as outgoing but unwary. Her stepfather had strong reservations about her going to Italy that year, as he felt she was still too naïve.


title: Amanda Knox

text: Knox had come to Perugia for its universities and because it had fewer tourists than Florence, a more popular destination for foreign students. The city had reportedly not had a murder for 20 years, but its prosecutors had been responsible for Italy's most controversial murder cases. A charge originated by Perugia prosecutors resulted in the 2002 conviction of former Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti for ordering the murder of journalist Carmine Pecorelli, and led to complaints that the justice system had "gone mad". The Supreme Court took the unusual step of definitively acquitting Andreotti the next year.


title: Amanda Knox

text: In early 2002, Perugia prosecutor Giuliano Mignini, who enjoyed taking a detective-like role and was later to be in charge of the Kercher investigation, arraigned members of a respectable Masonic lodge for an alleged conspiracy. Mignini reportedly based the case on a theory involving serial killings and Satanic rites. Mignini investigated fellow prosecutors for complicity in the supposed plot and appealed dismissals of the charges; there were no convictions in the case, which finally ended in 2010. According to a scholar who researched comparative law in Italy, selective changes to the Italian legal system left it unable to cope when a prosecutor with Mignini's American-style adversarial approach used his powers to the fullest.


title: Amanda Knox

text: In Perugia, Knox lived in a four-bedroom, ground-floor apartment at Via della Pergola 7 with three other women. Her flatmates were Kercher (a British exchange student) and two Italian trainee lawyers in their late twenties. Kercher and Knox moved in on September 10 and 20, 2007, respectively, meeting each other for the first time. Knox was employed part-time at a bar, Le Chic, which was owned by a Congolese man, Diya Patrick Lumumba. She told flatmates that she was going to quit because he was not paying her; Lumumba denied this. Kercher's English female friends saw relatively little of Knox, who preferred to socialize with Italians.


title: Amanda Knox

text: The walk-out semi-basement apartment of the building was rented by young Italian men with whom both Kercher and Knox were friendly. One, Giacomo Silenzi, spent time in the girls' flat due to a shared interest in music. Returning home at 2 am one night in mid-October, Knox, Kercher, Silenzi, and another basement resident met a basketball court acquaintance of the Italians, Rudy Guede. Guede attached himself to the group and asked about Knox. He was invited into the basement by the Italians; Knox and then Kercher came down to join them. At 4:30 am Kercher left, saying she was going to bed, and Knox followed her out. Guede spent the rest of the night in the basement. Knox recalled a second night out with Kercher and Silenzi in which Guede joined them and was allowed into the basement. He was never invited into the women's apartment.


title: Amanda Knox

text: Three weeks before her death, Kercher went with Knox to the EuroChocolate festival. On October 20, Kercher became romantically involved with Silenzi, after going to a nightclub with him as part of a small group that included Knox. Guede visited the basement later that day. On October 25, Kercher and Knox went to a concert, where Knox met Raffaele Sollecito, a 23-year-old software engineer student. She began spending her time at his flat, a five-minute walk from Via della Pergola 7.


title: Amanda Knox

text: November 1 was a public holiday, and the Italians living in the building were away. It is believed that after watching a movie at some friends' house, Kercher returned home around 9 pm that evening and was alone in the building. Just after midday on November 2, Knox called Kercher's English phone. But though Kercher kept the phone in her jeans and could always be reached on it, the call was not answered. Knox then called Filomena Romanelli, one of the two Italian trainee lawyers she and Kercher shared the apartment with, and in a mixture of Italian and English said she was worried something had happened to Kercher, as on going to Via della Pergola 7 apartment earlier that morning Knox had noticed an open front door, bloodstains (including a footprint) in the bathroom, and Kercher's bedroom door locked. Knox and Sollecito then went to Via della Pergola 7, and on getting no answer from Kercher unsuccessfully tried to break in the bedroom door, leaving it noticeably damaged. At 12:47 pm, Knox called her mother and was told to contact the police as an emergency.


title: Amanda Knox

text: Sollecito called the Carabinieri, one of Italy's national police forces, getting through at 12:51 PM. He was recorded telling them there had been a break-in with nothing taken, and the emergency was that Kercher's door was locked, she was not answering calls to her phone, and there were bloodstains. Police telecommunications investigators arrived to inquire about an abandoned phone, which was in fact Kercher's Italian unit. Romanelli arrived and took over, explaining the situation to the police who were informed about Kercher's English phone, which had been handed in as a result of its ringing when Knox called it. On discovering Kercher's English phone had been found dumped, Romanelli demanded that the policemen force Kercher's bedroom door open, but they did not think the circumstances warranted damaging private property. The door was then kicked in by a friend of Romanelli, and Kercher's body was discovered on the floor. She had been stabbed and died of blood loss from neck wounds.


title: Amanda Knox

text: The first detectives on the scene were Monica Napoleoni and her superior Marco Chiacchiera. Napoleoni conducted the initial interviews and quizzed Knox about her failure to immediately raise the alarm, which was later widely seen as an anomalous feature of Knox's behaviour. According to Knox, Napoleoni was hostile to her from the outset. Chiacchiera discounted the signs of a break-in, deeming them clearly faked by the killer. The police were not told the extent of Kercher's relationship with Silenzi in initial interviews. On November 4, the same day Chiacchiera was quoted as saying that someone known to Kercher and let into the building by her might be responsible for her murder, Guede is believed to have left Perugia.


title: Amanda Knox

text: Over the following days Knox was repeatedly interviewed, ostensibly as someone who might become a witness. She told police that on November 1 she received a text from Lumumba advising that her evening waitressing shift had been cancelled and she had stayed over at Sollecito's apartment, only going back to the apartment she shared with Kercher on the morning the body was discovered. Knox was not provided with legal counsel, as Italian law only mandates the appointment of a lawyer for someone suspected of a crime. On the night of November 5, Knox voluntarily went to the police station, although what followed is a matter of dispute. Police arrested Knox, Sollecito, and Patrick Lumumba on November 6, 2007. Charges against Lumumba were dropped a short time later.


title: Amanda Knox

text: At her trial, Knox testified that she had spent hours maintaining her original story, that she had been with Sollecito at his flat all night and had no knowledge of the murder, but a group of police would not believe her. Knox said, "I wasn't just stressed and pressurised; I was manipulated"; she testified to being told by the interpreter, "probably I didn't remember well because I was traumatised. So I should try to remember something else." Knox stated, "they said they were convinced that I was protecting someone. They were saying 'Who is it? Who is it?' They were saying: 'Here's the message on your telephone, you wanted to meet up with him, you are a stupid liar." Knox also said that a policewoman "was saying 'Come on, come on, remember' and then – slap – she hit me. Then 'come on, come on' and – slap – another one".


title: Amanda Knox

text: Knox said she had requested a lawyer but was told it would make things worse for her, and that she would go to jail for thirty years; she also said she was not allowed access to food, water, or the bathroom. Ficarra and policewoman Lorena Zugarini testified that during the interview Knox was given access to food, water, hot drinks, and the lavatory. They further said Knox was asked about a lawyer but did not have one, was not hit at any time, and interviewed "firmly but politely". Under pressure, Knox falsely stated that she had been home when Kercher was killed, and that she thought the murderer was Lumumba (who Knox knew had been serving customers at his bar all that night). Knox, Sollecito, and Lumumba were taken into custody and charged with the murder. Her first meeting with her legal counsel was on November 11. Chiacchiera, who thought the arrests were premature, dropped out of the investigation soon afterward, leaving Napoleoni in charge of a major investigation for the first time in her career.


title: Amanda Knox

text: Customers who Lumumba had been serving at his bar on the night of the murder gave him a complete alibi. After his bloodstained fingerprints were found on bedding under Kercher's body, Guede (who had fled to Germany) was extradited back to Italy. Guede, Knox, and Sollecito were then charged with committing the murder together. On November 30, a panel of three judges endorsed the charges, and ordered Knox and Sollecito held in detention pending a trial. In a formal interview with Mignini, Knox said she had been brainwashed by police interrogators into accusing Lumumba and implicating herself.


title: Amanda Knox

text: Knox became the subject of unprecedented pre-trial media coverage drawing on unattributed leaks from the prosecution, including a best-selling Italian book whose author imagined or invented incidents that were purported to have occurred in Knox's private life.


title: Amanda Knox

text: In 1989, Italy reformed its inquisitorial system, introducing elements of US-style adversarial procedure. The changes were intended to remove an inquisitorial continuity between the investigatory phase and the basis for a decision at trial, but in practice they took control of inquiries away from police and gave prosecutors authority over the preliminary investigation. Although they have considerable authority over early inquiries and discretion in bringing charges, Italian prosecutors do not customarily use their powers in the aggressive way common in the US system.


title: Amanda Knox

text: Unless the defendant opts for a fast track trial (a relatively inquisitorial procedure), murder trials are heard by a Corte d'Assise, which is less likely to exclude evidence as prejudicial than a US court. Two presiding professional trial judges, who also vote on the verdict, are expected to correct any bias of the six lay-judges during their deliberations. An acquittal can be appealed by the prosecution, and faulty application of legal principles in the judges' detailed report on their decision can be grounds for overturning the verdict.


title: Amanda Knox

text: A defendant who gives evidence is not given an oath, because they are not considered to be a witness. The settled verdict of another court can be used without collaboration to support circumstantial evidence; in Knox's case the official report on Guede's conviction was introduced as showing that Guede had accomplices. If the Supreme Court grants an appeal against a guilty verdict, it usually sends the case back to be re-heard. It can also dismiss the prosecution case, although this is rare.


title: Amanda Knox

text: Guede fled to Germany shortly after the murder. During a November 19, 2007 Skype conversation with his friend Giacomo Benedetti, Guede did not mention Knox or Sollecito as being in the building on the night of the murder. Later his account changed and he indirectly implicated them in the murder, which he denied involvement in. Guede was arrested in Germany on November 20, then extradited to Italy on December 6. Guede opted to be tried in a special fast track procedure by Judge Micheli. He was not charged with having had a knife. He did not testify and was not questioned about his statements, which had altered from his original version. Guede was convicted of murder, but the official judges' report on the conviction specified that he had not had a knife or stabbed the victim, or stolen any of Kercher's possessions. Micheli's finding that Guede must have had an accomplice gave support to the later prosecution of Knox.


title: Amanda Knox

text: The judges reasoned that Guede would not have faked a burglary, because it would have pointed to him in view of his own earlier break-ins (though at the time of the murder he was known to police only for being detained for trespassing in Florence). Despite Guede saying that Kercher had let him in through the entry door, the judges decided against the possibility of Guede's having gotten in by simply knocking on the door, because they thought Kercher would not have opened the cottage door to him (although she knew he was an acquaintance of her boyfriend, Giacomo Silenzi). In his original account, Guede had said that Kercher's confrontation with her killer had started at the entry door. One legal commentator on the case thought that insufficient consideration had been given to the possibility that Guede had called at the house on some pretext while Kercher was alone there, murdered her after she opened the door to him, and faked a burglary to cover his tracks.


title: Amanda Knox

text: In October 2008, Guede was found guilty of the sexual assault and murder of Kercher and sentenced to 30 years' imprisonment. His prison sentence was ultimately reduced to 16 years. (He was later given an early release in December 2020 and authorized to finish his sentence with community service. Amanda Knox was dissatisfied with his early release and spoke publicly against it.)


title: Amanda Knox

text: In 2009, Knox and Sollecito pleaded not guilty at a Corte d'Assise on charges of murder, sexual assault, carrying a knife (which Guede had not been charged with), simulating a burglary, and theft of 300 euros, two credit cards, and two mobile phones. There was no charge in relation to Kercher's missing keys to the entry door and her bedroom door, although Guede's trial judgement said he had not stolen anything. There was a separate but concurrent trial of Knox with the same jury as her murder trial in which she was accused of falsely denouncing her employer for the murder. Knox's police interrogation was deemed improper and ruled inadmissible for the murder trial, but was heard in her nominally separate trial for false denunciation.


title: Amanda Knox

text: According to the prosecution, Knox's first call of November 2, to Kercher's English phone, was to ascertain if Kercher's phones had been found, and Sollecito had tried to break in the bedroom door because after he and Knox locked it behind them, they realized they had left something that might incriminate them. Knox's call to her mother in Seattle, a quarter of an hour before the discovery of the body, was said by prosecutors to show Knox was acting as if something serious might have happened before the point in time when an innocent person would have such concern.


title: Amanda Knox

text: A prosecution witness, homeless man Antonio Curatolo, said Knox and Sollecito were in a nearby square on the night of the murder. Prosecutors advanced a single piece of forensic evidence linking Sollecito to Kercher's bedroom, where the murder had taken place: fragments of his DNA on Kercher's bra clasp. Giulia Bongiorno, leading Sollecito's defence, questioned how Sollecito's DNA could have gotten on the small metal clasp of the bra, but not on the fabric of the bra back strap from which it was torn. "How can you touch the hook without touching the cloth?" Bongiorno asked. The back strap of the bra had multiple traces of DNA belonging to Guede. According to the prosecution's reconstruction, Knox had attacked Kercher in her bedroom, repeatedly banged her head against a wall, forcefully held her face, and tried to strangle her. Guede, Knox and Sollecito had removed Kercher's jeans, and held her on her hands and knees while Guede had sexually abused her. Knox had cut Kercher with a knife before inflicting the fatal stab wound; then faked a burglary. The judge pointedly questioned Knox about a number of details, especially concerning her phone calls to her mother and Romanelli.


title: Amanda Knox

text: The defense suggested that Guede was a lone killer who had murdered Kercher after breaking in. Knox's lawyers pointed out that no shoe prints, clothing fibers, hairs, fingerprints, skin cells, or DNA of Knox's were found on Kercher's body, clothes, handbag, or anywhere else in Kercher's bedroom. The prosecution alleged that all forensic traces in the room that would have incriminated Knox had been wiped away by her and Sollecito. Knox's lawyers said it would have been impossible to selectively remove her traces, and emphasized that Guede's shoe prints, fingerprints, and DNA were found in Kercher's bedroom.


title: Amanda Knox

text: Guede's DNA was on the strap of Kercher's bra, which had been torn off, and his DNA was found on a vaginal swab taken from her body. Guede's bloody palm print was on a pillow that had been placed under Kercher's hips. Guede's DNA, mixed with Kercher's, was on the left sleeve of her bloody sweatshirt and in bloodstains inside her shoulder bag, from which 300 euros and credit cards had been stolen. Both sets of defence lawyers requested the judges to order independent reviews of evidence including DNA and the compatibility of the wounds with the alleged murder weapon; the request was denied. In final pleas to the court, Sollecito's lawyer described Knox as "a weak and fragile girl" who had been "duped by the police". Knox's lawyer pointed to text messages between Knox and Kercher as showing that they had been friends.


title: Amanda Knox

text: On December 5, 2009, Knox, by then 22, was convicted on charges of faking a break-in, defamation, sexual violence, and murder, and was sentenced to 26 years imprisonment. Sollecito was sentenced to 25 years. In Italy, opinion was not generally favorable toward Knox, and an Italian jurist remarked: "This is the simplest and fairest criminal trial one could possibly think of in terms of evidence."


title: Amanda Knox

text: In the United States, the verdict was widely viewed as a miscarriage of justice. American lawyers expressed concern about pre-trial publicity, and statements excluded from the murder case being allowed for a contemporaneous civil suit heard by the same jury. Knox's defense attorneys were seen as, by American standards, passive in the face of the prosecution's use of character assassination. Although acknowledging that Knox might have been a person of interest for American police in similar circumstances, journalist Nina Burleigh, who had spent months in Perugia during the trial while researching a book on the case, said the conviction had not been based on solid proof, and there had been resentment toward the Knox family that amounted to "anti-Americanism".


title: Amanda Knox

text: A number of US experts spoke out against DNA evidence used by the prosecution. According to consultant Greg Hampikian, director of the Idaho Innocence Project, the Italian forensic police could not replicate the key result, claimed to have successfully identified DNA at levels below those an American laboratory would attempt to analyse, and never supplied validation of their methods. Knox was indicted in 2010 on charges of defamation against the police for saying she had been struck across her head during the interview in which she incriminated herself.


title: Amanda Knox

text: In May 2011, Hampikian said forensic results from the crime scene pointed to Guede as the killer and to his having acted on his own.


title: Amanda Knox

text: A Corte d'Assise verdict of guilty is not a definitive conviction. What is in effect a new trial, "Corte d'Assise d'Appello", reviews the case. The appeal (or second grade) trial began November 2010 and was presided over by Judges Claudio Pratillo Hellmann and Massimo Zanetti. A court-ordered review of the contested DNA evidence by independent experts noted numerous basic errors in the gathering and analysis of the evidence, and concluded that no evidential trace of Kercher's DNA had been found on the alleged murder weapon, which police had found in Sollecito's kitchen. The review found the forensic police examination showed evidence of multiple males' DNA fragments on the bra clasp, which had been lost on the floor for 47 days, the court-appointed expert testified the context strongly suggested contamination. On October 3, 2011, Knox and Sollecito were found not guilty of the murder.


title: Amanda Knox

text: In an official statement giving the grounds for the acquittals, Hellmann said Knox had been confused by interviews of "obsessive duration" in a language she was still learning, and forensic evidence did not support the idea that Knox and Sollecito had been present at the murder. It was emphasized that Knox's first calls raised the alarm and brought the police, which made the prosecution's assertion that she had been trying to delay discovery of the body untenable. Her and Sollecito's accounts failing to completely match did not constitute evidence they had given a false alibi. Discounting Curatolo's testimony as self-contradictory, the judges observed that he was a heroin addict. Having noted that there was no evidence of any phone calls or texts between Knox or Sollecito and Guede, the judges concluded there was a "material non-existence" of evidence to support the guilty verdicts, and that an association among Sollecito, Knox, and Guede to commit the murder was "far from probable".


title: Amanda Knox

text: The false accusation conviction in relation to her employer was upheld, and Judge Hellman imposed a three-year sentence although this was nominal, being less than Knox had already served. She was immediately released, and returned to her Seattle home.


title: Amanda Knox

text: Knox wrote a letter to Corrado Maria Daclon, Secretary General of the Italy–USA Foundation, the day after regaining her freedom:


title: Amanda Knox

text: On March 26, 2013, Italy's highest court, the Supreme Court of Cassation set aside the acquittals of the Hellmann second level trial on the grounds that it had gone beyond the remit of a "Corte d'Assise d'Appello" by not ordering new DNA tests and failing to give weight to circumstantial evidence in context such as Knox's accusation of the bar owner in the disputed interviews. A note Knox composed in the police station (not mentioning Guede) was regarded by the Supreme Court as confirmation that she and Guede were present in Via della Pergola 7 while Kercher was attacked. A retrial was ordered. Knox was represented, but remained in the United States.


title: Amanda Knox

text: Judge Nencini presided at the retrial, and granted a prosecution request for analysis of a previously unexamined DNA sample found on a kitchen knife of Sollecito's, which the prosecution alleged was the murder weapon based on the forensic police reporting that Kercher's DNA was on it, a conclusion discredited by court-appointed experts at the appeal trial. When the unexamined sample was tested, no DNA belonging to Kercher was found. On January 30, 2014, Knox and Sollecito were found guilty. In their written explanation the judges emphasised Guede's fast-track verdict report was a judicial reference point establishing that he had not acted alone. The Nencini verdict report said there must have been a cleanup to remove traces of Knox from the building while leaving Guede's. The report said that there had been no burglary and the signs of one were staged. It did not consider the possibility of Guede's having been responsible for faking a break-in.


title: Amanda Knox

text: Although not part of the defense's team of experts, an authority on the forensic use of DNA, Professor Peter Gill, publicly said that the case against Knox and Sollecito was misconceived because they had a legitimate excuse for their DNA being present on Sollecito's kitchen knife, and in the crime scene apartment. According to Gill, the DNA fragment from Sollecito on the bra clasp could have got there through Sollecito having touched the handle of Kercher's door while trying to force it, enabling transfer of his DNA to the bra clasp inside the bedroom on the latex gloves used by investigators.


title: Amanda Knox

text: On March 27, 2015, the ultimate appeal by Knox and Sollecito was heard by the Supreme Court of Cassation; it ruled that the case was without foundation, thereby definitively acquitting them of the murder. Her defamation conviction was upheld but the three-year sentence was deemed served by the time she had already spent in prison. Rather than merely declaring that there were errors in the earlier court cases or that there was not enough evidence to convict, the court ruled that Knox and Sollecito were innocent of involvement in the murder.


title: Amanda Knox

text: On September 7, 2015, the Court published the report on the acquittal, citing "glaring errors", "investigative amnesia", and "guilty omissions", where a five-judge panel said that the prosecutors who won the original murder conviction failed to prove a "whole truth" to back up the scenario that Knox and Sollecito killed Kercher. They also stated that there were "sensational failures" ("") in the investigation, and that the lower court had been guilty of "culpable omissions" () in ignoring expert testimony that demonstrated contamination of evidence.


title: Amanda Knox

text: On January 24, 2019, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ordered Italy to pay compensation to Knox for violating her rights in the hours after her arrest in Perugia. Italy was ordered to pay Knox 18,400 Euros (about US$20,800) for not providing her with either a lawyer or a competent interpreter when she was first held in custody.


title: Amanda Knox

text: After returning to the United States, Knox completed her degree and worked on a book about her case. She was often followed by paparazzi. Her family incurred large debts from the years of supporting her in Italy and were left insolvent, the proceeds from "Waiting to Be Heard: A Memoir" having gone to pay legal fees to her Italian lawyers. Knox has been a reviewer and journalist for the then "West Seattle Herald", later subsumed into "Westside Seattle", and attended events of the Innocence Project and related organizations. In a 2017 interview, Knox said she was devoting herself to writing and activism for the wrongfully accused. She hosted "The Scarlet Letter Reports" on Facebook Watch, a series which examined the "gendered nature of public shaming". Knox also hosts a podcast, "The Truth About True Crime". She has been a featured speaker at fundraising events for non-profits, including the Innocence Project. In June 2019, Knox returned to Italy as a keynote speaker at a conference on criminal justice, where she was part of a panel titled "Trial by Media".


title: Amanda Knox

text: Knox is married to author Christopher Robinson, who is connected to the Robinson Newspapers. In October 2021, Knox announced the birth of their daughter in an interview with the New York Times.


title: Sean Young

text: Mary Sean Young (born November 20, 1959) is an American actress who is known for her film performances, particularly those in the sci-fi genre.


title: Sean Young

text: Young's early roles include the independent romance "Jane Austen in Manhattan" (1980) and the comedy feature "Stripes" (1981), the latter being a commercial success. Her breakthrough role was that of Rachael in the sci-fi "Blade Runner" (1982), which emerged as a significant work in popular culture; she reprised the role for "Blade Runner"'s acclaimed sequel "Blade Runner 2049" (2017). She originated the character of Chani in the sci-fi "Dune" (1984), led the neo-noir "No Way Out" (1987), played Kate in "Wall Street" (1987), and had starring roles in the comedies "Fatal Instinct" (1993) and "" (1994).


title: Sean Young

text: Young was born in Louisville, Kentucky, the daughter of Donald Young, Jr., a television producer and journalist, and Lee Guthrie (born Mary Lee Kane), a screenwriter, public relations executive, and journalist Young attended Cleveland Heights High School in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, but did not graduate. This was followed by the Interlochen Arts Academy in Interlochen, Michigan. She also attended the School of American Ballet in New York City. Before becoming an actress, Young worked as a model and ballet dancer.


title: Sean Young

text: Young began her film career in "Jane Austen in Manhattan" (1980), followed by a role in the film "Stripes" (1981). She then played the female lead, Rachael, alongside Harrison Ford in the classic science fiction film "Blade Runner" (1982). On television, Young played the female lead opposite Lenny Von Dohlen in "Under the Biltmore Clock" (1986), based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's story "Myra Meets His Family". The following year, she had a small role in the film "Wall Street" (1987) as the wife of Michael Douglas's character, Gordon Gekko. Her role was originally intended to be larger, but was significantly reduced due to clashes with Oliver Stone.


title: Sean Young

text: One of Young's most prominent roles was as the lover of a ruthless Washington politician (Gene Hackman) in "No Way Out" (also 1987), alongside Kevin Costner. Her other credits include "Dune" (1984) (playing Paul Atreides's love interest Chani), "" (1985) and "Fatal Instinct" (1993). Young appeared in "The Boost" (1988), with James Woods. She was next cast as Vicki Vale in Tim Burton's film "Batman" (1989), but during rehearsals, she broke her arm after falling off a horse and was replaced by Kim Basinger. In an unsuccessful attempt to win the role of Catwoman (which was originally offered to Annette Bening but, after Bening became pregnant, Michelle Pfeiffer was cast) in the sequel "Batman Returns" (1992), Young constructed a homemade Catwoman costume and attempted to contact Burton and actor Michael Keaton during production. She appeared on "The Joan Rivers Show" in character as the Catwoman, campaigning for the role and making a plea to Tim Burton.


title: Sean Young

text: Young was cast as Tess Trueheart in the movie "Dick Tracy" (1990). However, she was dismissed in favor of Glenne Headly for not appearing maternal in the role. Young later said her dismissal was punishment for her having rebuffed Warren Beatty's advances, a statement Beatty denies. In 1991, she was awarded the Worst Actress and the Worst Supporting Actress Razzies for her roles in "A Kiss Before Dying". She played a supporting role in the comedy "" (1994). She also played Helen Hyde in the comedy "Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde" (1995).


title: Sean Young

text: During most of the 1990s, she resided in Sedona, Arizona, and her career cooled. Young reprised her role as Rachael in the "Blade Runner" video game released in 1997. Young has appeared in independent films, including roles in "Poor White Trash" (2000), "Mockingbird Don't Sing" (2001), and "Sugar & Spice" (also 2001). She spent four months in Russia filming the miniseries "Yesenin" (2005), in which she portrayed the dancer Isadora Duncan.


title: Sean Young

text: In 2008, Young competed in the television program "Gone Country 2", which included a competition in a celebrity demolition derby at the Henry County Fairgrounds in Paris, Tennessee. Young went on to win the celebrity derby heat and then went on to compete against 21 professional demolition derby drivers. Young finished in fourth place. Young appeared on "The Young and the Restless" in June 2010 as Canadian barmaid Meggie McClain, alongside good friend Eric Braeden. She returned to the show on July 14 in a recurring role, which lasted through February 2011.


title: Sean Young

text: In 2010, she was cast on the first season of the ABC series "Skating with the Stars" as a celebrity contestant who skated with professional skater Denis Petukhov, but she was the first celebrity to be eliminated.


title: Sean Young

text: In October 2011, Young appeared on "Late Show with David Letterman". During the interview, she described how she was now looking for movie work after raising her two sons, and produced a short video clip promoting her job search which Letterman played. She was subsequently cast in a film about Nikola Tesla, slated for release in 2013, titled "Fragments From Olympus: The Vision of Nikola Tesla" (unreleased as of April 2021).


title: Sean Young

text: In October 2013, Young played the role of Dr. Lucien in "", a fan project to create a pilot for a new "Star Trek" series (released in August 2015) where several former "Star Trek" actors appeared, including Tim Russ (who also directed the pilot) as well as Walter Koenig, Garrett Wang and J. G. Hertzler. In June 2013, Young performed in a benefit skating event at the Ice Theater of New York, competing in a Celebrity Skating competition against YouTube personality Michael Buckley, and US Olympic Fencing silver medalist Tim Morehouse.


title: Sean Young

text: Young reprised her 1982 role of Rachael for "Blade Runner 2049" (2017), portraying both the original (using archival footage from the first film) and a brand new cloned version of the character. This was achieved through the use of another actress as a body double. Sean Young was also credited in the new film as acting coach to Loren Peta, the actress portraying her character.


title: Sean Young

text: In 1990, Young married Robert Lujan, an actor and composer, with whom she has two sons. The couple divorced in 2002, but remarried in 2011.


title: Sean Young

text: In January 2008, Young checked herself into rehabilitation for alcohol abuse. A later stay in rehab occurred in 2011, which was depicted on "Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew", as were Lujan's visits to her.


title: Sean Young

text: In October 2017, Young joined the growing number of women who have alleged that producer Harvey Weinstein sexually harassed, sexually intimidated, and/or sexually assaulted them.


title: Sean Young

text: In 1989, James Woods sued Young for harassing him and his then-fiancée, alleging that, in addition to other disruptive behavior, Young left a disfigured doll on his doorstep. She denied the allegations, and claimed that Woods filed the lawsuit out of spite. Young stated, "It was a crush being turned down, that's all ... So sue me! And he [Woods] did." The suit was settled out of court in 1989. Young was awarded $227,000 (equivalent to $ today) to cover her legal costs.


title: Sean Young

text: On February 26, 2012, during an after party for the 84th Academy Awards, Young was placed under citizen's arrest. It was alleged that she was asked to leave since she did not possess a ticket to enter. An argument ensued and resulted in Young slapping the security guard. Young stated she was not intoxicated and was well behaved, and that the security guard was the aggressor. The charges were later dropped.


title: Sean Young

text: In August 2018, Young and her son were identified on surveillance video removing two MacBook laptops from the Astoria, Queens production office for the film "Charlie Boy". She was originally set to direct the film but was replaced by Timothy Hines, with co-writer Greg Kritikos saying "she was out of her depth." The laptops and production software on them were valued at $12,000, and the New York City Police Department sought her for questioning. The two laptops that Young was accused of stealing were returned a few days later, on August 14, through her attorney. No charges were filed. Young said it was a misunderstanding and she had permission to enter the offices to retrieve personal property that had been left there. Young released a statement the day after initial reports were posted, saying that she "gathered what I believed to be my property but later discovered I was mistaken" and had contacted members of the office to return the items. Those involved with the production denied Young had contacted them.


title: Quentin Tarantino filmography

text: Quentin Tarantino is an American director, producer, screenwriter, and actor, who has directed ten films.


title: Quentin Tarantino filmography

text: He first began his career in the 1980s by directing and writing "Love Birds In Bondage" and writing, directing and starring in the black-and-white "My Best Friend's Birthday", a partially lost amateur short film which was never officially released. He impersonated musician Elvis Presley in a small role in the sitcom "The Golden Girls" (1988), and briefly appeared in "Eddie Presley" (1992). As an independent filmmaker, he directed, wrote, and appeared in the crime thriller "Reservoir Dogs" (1992), which tells the story of six strangers brought together for a jewelry heist. It proved to be Tarantino's breakthrough film and was named the "Greatest Independent Film of all Time" by "Empire". His screenplay for Tony Scott's "True Romance" (1993) was nominated for a Saturn Award. Also in 1993, he served as an executive producer for "Killing Zoe" and wrote two other films.


title: Quentin Tarantino filmography

text: In 1994, Tarantino wrote and directed the neo-noir black comedy "Pulp Fiction", a major critical and commercial success. Cited in the media as a defining film of the modern Hollywood, the film earned Tarantino an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay, a Best Director nomination and the Palme d’Or at the Cannes Film Festival. The following year, Tarantino directed "The Man from Hollywood", one of the four segments of the anthology film "Four Rooms", and an episode of "ER", entitled "Motherhood". He wrote Robert Rodriguez's "From Dusk till Dawn" (1996)—one of the many collaborations between them—which attained cult status and spawned several sequels, in which they served as executive producers. His next directorial ventures "Jackie Brown" (1997) and "Kill Bill" (2003–04) were met with critical acclaim. The latter, a two-part martial arts film ( and ), follows a former assassin, seeking revenge on her ex-colleagues who attempted to kill her.


title: Quentin Tarantino filmography

text: Tarantino's direction of "Grave Danger", a "" episode, garnered him a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series nomination. He directed a scene in Frank Miller and Rodriguez's "Sin City" (2005). Tarantino and Rodriguez later collaborated in the double feature "Grindhouse" (2007); he directed the segment "Death Proof". He next penned and directed the war film "Inglourious Basterds" (2009), a fictionalized account of the Nazi occupation of France during World War II. The critically and commercially successful film earned Tarantino two nominations at the 82nd Academy Awards—Best Director and Best Original Screenplay. His greatest commercial success came with the 2012 western film "Django Unchained", which is about a slave revolt in the Antebellum South. earning $425.4 million worldwide; it also won him another Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. He then wrote and directed another commercially successful western film "The Hateful Eight" (2015), whose screenplay was nominated for a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award. He then wrote the 2019 drama "Once Upon A Time In Hollywood", which follows actor Rick Dalton and his stunt double Cliff Booth as they navigate 1969 Hollywood, an industry they hardly recognize anymore. The film was nominated for 10 Academy Awards, including Best Picture.


title: Kodi Smit-McPhee

text: Kodi Smit-McPhee (born 13 June 1996) is an Australian actor. He gained recognition as a child actor for his leading roles in "The Road" (2009) and "Let Me In" (2010). In 2021, Smit-McPhee garnered critical acclaim for his performance as Peter Gordon in Jane Campion's western film "The Power of the Dog", for which he earned nominations for an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award, and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor.


title: Kodi Smit-McPhee

text: He provided the voice of the titular character in "ParaNorman" (2012) and appeared in "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" (2014), "" (2016), "Alpha" (2018), and "Dark Phoenix" (2019).


title: Kodi Smit-McPhee

text: Smit-McPhee was born on 13 June 1996 in Adelaide, South Australia, the son of Sonja Smit and Andy McPhee. His father is an actor and former professional wrestler. His older sister is actress and singer Sianoa Smit-McPhee.


title: Kodi Smit-McPhee

text: At age 16, Smit-McPhee was diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis, a degenerative form of arthritis which causes vertebrae in the spine to fuse and can lead to chronic pain and loss of vision. Due to the condition, he is blind in his left eye.


title: Kodi Smit-McPhee

text: Smit-McPhee's first feature film role was in "Romulus, My Father", which garnered him the 2007 AFI Award for Best Young Actor as well as a Best Actor nomination. For his appearance in "The Road" (2009), he received a Critics' Choice Award nomination for Best Young Actor and a 2010 Australian Film Institute (AFI) nomination for Best International Actor. The following year, he starred in "Let Me In", for which he received a 2010 Critics Choice Award nomination for Best Young Actor for his performance in the film.


title: Kodi Smit-McPhee

text: Smit-McPhee then voiced the lead role of Norman in "ParaNorman", a 2012 animated comedy horror film which was nominated for Best Animated Feature for the 2013 Academy Awards, and also received a 2013 BAFTA Award nomination for Best Animated Film. Later the same year, Smit-McPhee had a role in "Dead Europe", which premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival. His next role came in "The Wilderness of James" in the title role of James. He also starred in "A Birder's Guide to Everything", which premiered at the 2013 Tribeca Film Festival, and played Benvolio in a film adaptation of "Romeo and Juliet". He co-starred in the 20th Century Fox film "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" (2014).


title: Kodi Smit-McPhee

text: In 2013, Smit-McPhee filmed the action science fiction film "Young Ones". The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2014. Soon afterwards he appeared in "Slow West", which was released in 2015.


title: Kodi Smit-McPhee

text: In March 2014, he was cast in the Nine Network's seven-part drama series "Gallipoli" which was broadcast in February and March 2015, the year that marks the 100th anniversary of the Gallipoli landing. He plays 17-year-old Thomas "Tolly" Johnson, who pretends to be older so that he can enlist with his brother Bevan and ends up fighting at Gallipoli in the campaign that helped create the Anzac legend. Aged 17 when he undertook the role, Smit-McPhee said afterwards that it showed "that soldiers aren't the patriotic brave souls they look like, it's showing them at their most vulnerable in tragic times and when they are terrified".


title: Kodi Smit-McPhee

text: Smit-McPhee played Nightcrawler in "" (2016), a character whose older version was previously played by Alan Cumming. Smit-McPhee reprised the role in "Dark Phoenix", which was released in 2019.


title: Kodi Smit-McPhee

text: In 2021, Smit-McPhee starred in Jane Campion's film "The Power of the Dog". The film premiered at the 78th Venice International Film Festival, where it opened to critical acclaim. Smit-McPhee's performance in particular received praise, with Carlos Aguilar of "TheWrap" calling him "terrifyingly remarkable" and Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" writing, "Smit-McPhee brings something inscrutably complex and reserved to his character's behaviour". In March 2022, Smit-McPhee joined Alfonso Cuaron's upcoming Apple+ series "Disclaimer".


title: Kodi Smit-McPhee

text: Smit-McPhee received many youth awards for his performances in films "Romulus, My Father" (2007), "Let Me In" (2010) and "The Road" (2009).


title: Kodi Smit-McPhee

text: His critically acclaimed performance in "The Power of the Dog" (2021) earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor. He was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, British Academy Film Award for Best Supporting Actor and Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Supporting Actor for the role.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Jesse Ventura (born James George Janos; July 15, 1951) is an American politician, actor, and retired professional wrestler. After achieving fame in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), he served as the 38th governor of Minnesota from 1999 to 2003. He was elected governor with the Reform Party and is the party's only candidate to win a major government office.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Ventura was a member of the U.S. Navy Underwater Demolition Team during the Vietnam War. After leaving the military, he embarked on a professional wrestling career from 1975 to 1986, taking the ring name "Jesse 'The Body' Ventura". He had a lengthy tenure in the WWF/WWE as a performer and color commentator and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2004. In addition to wrestling, Ventura pursued an acting career, appearing in films such as "Predator" and "The Running Man" (both released in 1987 and starring fellow actor-turned-governor Arnold Schwarzenegger).


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Ventura entered politics in 1991 when he was elected mayor of Brooklyn Park, Minnesota, a position he held until 1995. He was the Reform Party candidate in the 1998 Minnesota gubernatorial election, running a low-budget campaign centered on grassroots events and unusual ads that urged citizens not to "vote for politics as usual". In a major upset, Ventura defeated both the Democratic and Republican nominees. Amid internal fights for control over the party, Ventura left the Reform Party a year after taking office and served the remainder of his term as governor as a member of the Independence Party of Minnesota. Since holding public office, Ventura has called himself a "statesman" rather than a politician.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: As governor, Ventura oversaw reforms of Minnesota's property tax as well as the state's first sales tax rebate. Other initiatives he took included construction of the METRO Blue Line light rail in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area and income tax cuts. Ventura did not run for reelection. After leaving office in 2003, he became a visiting fellow at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government. He has since hosted a number of television shows and written several books. Ventura remains politically active, having hosted political shows on RT America and Ora TV, and has repeatedly floated the idea of running for president of the United States as a third-party or independent candidate.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: In late April 2020, Ventura endorsed the Green Party in the 2020 presidential election and showed interest in running for its nomination. He officially joined the Green Party of Minnesota on May 2. On May 7, he confirmed he would not run. The Alaskan division of the Green Party nominated Ventura without his involvement, causing the national party to disown it for abandoning its nominee, Howie Hawkins.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Ventura was born James George Janos on July 15, 1951 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the son of George William Janos and his wife, Bernice Martha (née Lenz). Both his parents were World War II veterans. Ventura has an older brother who served in the Vietnam War. Ventura has described himself as Slovak since his father's parents were from Slovakia; his mother was of German descent. Ventura was raised as a Lutheran. Born in South Minneapolis "by the Lake Street bridge," he attended Cooper Elementary School, Sanford Junior High School, and graduated from Roosevelt High School in 1969. Roosevelt High School inducted Ventura into its first hall of fame in September 2014.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Ventura served in the United States Navy from December 1, 1969, to September 10, 1975, during the Vietnam War, but did not see combat. He graduated in BUD/S class 58 in December 1970 and was part of Underwater Demolition Team 12.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Ventura has frequently referred to his military career in public statements and debates. He was criticized by hunters and conservationists for saying in a 2001 interview with the Minneapolis "Star Tribune", "Until you have hunted men, you haven't hunted yet."


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Near the end of his Navy service, Ventura began to spend time with the "South Bay" chapter of the Mongols motorcycle club in San Diego. He would ride onto Naval Base Coronado on his Harley-Davidson wearing his Mongol colors. According to Ventura, he was a full-patch member of the club and third-in-command of his chapter, but never had any problems with the authorities. In the fall of 1974, Ventura left the bike club to return to the Twin Cities. Shortly after that, the Mongols entered into open warfare with their biker rivals, the Hells Angels.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Ventura attended North Hennepin Community College in Brooklyn Park, Minnesota in suburban Minneapolis during the mid-1970s. At the same time, he began weightlifting and wrestling. He was a bodyguard for The Rolling Stones for a time before he entered professional wrestling and adopted the wrestling name Jesse Ventura.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Ventura created the stage name Jesse "The Body" Ventura to go with the persona of a bully-ish beach bodybuilder, picking the name "Ventura" from a map as part of his "bleach blond from California" gimmick. As a wrestler, Ventura performed as a heel, resurrecting Gorgeous George's old motto of "Win if you can, lose if you must, but always cheat!", which he emblazoned on his t-shirts. Much of this flamboyant persona was adapted from Superstar Billy Graham, a charismatic and popular performer during the 1970s. Years later, as a broadcaster, Ventura made a running joke out of claiming that Graham stole all his ring attire ideas from him.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: In 1975, Ventura made his debut in the Central States territory, before moving to the Pacific Northwest, where he wrestled for promoter Don Owen as Jesse "The Great" Ventura. During his stay in Portland, Oregon, he had notable feuds with Dutch Savage and Jimmy Snuka and won the Pacific Northwest Wrestling title twice (once from each wrestler) and the tag team title five times (twice each with Bull Ramos and "Playboy" Buddy Rose, and once with Jerry Oates). He later moved to his hometown promotion, the American Wrestling Association in Minnesota and began teaming with Adrian Adonis as the "East-West Connection" in 1979. In his RF Video shoot in 2012, he revealed that shortly after he arrived in the AWA he was given the nickname "the Body" by Verne Gagne. The duo won the AWA World Tag Team Championship on July 20, 1980, on a forfeit when Gagne, one-half of the tag team champions along with Mad Dog Vachon, failed to show up for a title defense in Denver, Colorado. The duo held the belts for nearly a year, losing to "The High Flyers" (Greg Gagne and Jim Brunzell).


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Shortly after losing the belts, the duo moved on to the World Wrestling Federation, where they were managed by Freddie Blassie. Although the duo was unable to capture the World Tag Team Championship, both Adonis and Ventura became singles title contenders, each earning several title shots at World Heavyweight Champion Bob Backlund.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Ventura continued to wrestle until September 1984 after 3 back-to-back losses to world champion Hulk Hogan, when blood clots in his lungs effectively ended his in-ring career. He claimed that the clots were a result of his exposure to Agent Orange during his time in Vietnam. Ventura returned to the ring in 1985, forming a tag-team with Randy Savage and Savage's manager (and real-life wife) Miss Elizabeth. Often after their televised matches Ventura taunted and challenged fellow commentator Bruno Sammartino, but nothing ever came of this.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Ventura participated in a six-man tag-team match in December 1985 when he, Roddy Piper, and Bob Orton defeated Hillbilly Jim, Uncle Elmer, and Cousin Luke in a match broadcast on "Saturday Night's Main Event IV". The tag match against the Hillbillies came about after Piper and Orton interrupted Elmer's wedding ceremony on the previous edition of the show; Ventura, who later claimed that he was under instruction from fellow commentator and WWF owner Vince McMahon to "bury them", insulted Elmer and his wife during commentary of a real wedding ceremony at the Meadowlands Arena, by proclaiming when they kissed: "It looks like two carp in the middle of the Mississippi River going after the same piece of corn." According to Ventura, the wedding was real, for at that time the New Jersey State Athletic Control Board would not allow the WWF to stage a fake wedding in the state of New Jersey, so Stan Frazier (Uncle Elmer) and his fiancee had agreed to have a real in-ring wedding.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: After a failed comeback bid, Ventura hosted his own talk segment on the WWF's "All Star Wrestling" TV program called "The Body Shop", in much the same heel style as "Piper's Pit", though the setting was a mock gym (when Ventura was unavailable, "The Body Shop" was often hosted by Don Muraco). He began to do color commentary on television for "All-Star Wrestling", replacing Angelo Mosca, and later "Superstars of Wrestling", initially alongside Vince McMahon and the semi-retired Sammartino, and then just with McMahon after Sammartino's departure from the WWF in early 1988. Ventura most notably co-hosted "Saturday Night's Main Event" with McMahon, the first six WrestleManias (five of which were alongside Gorilla Monsoon), and most of the WWF's pay-per-views at the time with Monsoon, with the lone exception for Ventura being the first SummerSlam, in which he served as the guest referee during the main event.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Ventura's entertaining commentary style was an extension of his wrestling persona, i.e., a "heel", as he was partial to the villains, something new and different at the time. McMahon, who was always looking for ways of jazzing things up, came up with the idea of Ventura doing heel commentary at a time when most commentators, including McMahon himself, openly favored the fan favorites.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: But Ventura still occasionally gave credit where it was due, praising the athleticism of fan favorites such as Ricky Steamboat and Randy Savage, who was championed by Ventura for years, even when he was a face, a point Ventura regularly made on-air to McMahon and Monsoon. Occasionally he would even acknowledge mistakes made by the heels, including those made by his personal favorites such as Savage or wrestlers managed by heels Bobby Heenan and Jimmy Hart.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: One notable exception to this rule was the WrestleMania VI Ultimate Challenge title for title match between WWF Champion Hulk Hogan and the WWF Intercontinental Champion, The Ultimate Warrior. Since they were both fan favorites, Ventura took a neutral position in his commentary, even praising Hogan's display of sportsmanship at the end of the match when he handed over the WWF Championship belt to the Warrior after he lost the title, stating that Hogan was going out like a true champion. During the match, however, which was also the last match at Wrestlemania he called, Ventura did voice his pleasure when both broke the rules, at one point claiming, "This is what I like. Let the two goody two-shoes throw the rule book out and get nasty." Ventura's praise of Hogan's action was unusual for him, because he regularly rooted against Hogan during his matches, usually telling fellow commentator Monsoon after Hogan had won a championship match at a Wrestlemania that he might "come out of retirement and take this dude out".


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Hogan and Ventura were at one point close friends, but Ventura abruptly ended the friendship in 1994 after he discovered, during his lawsuit against McMahon, that Hogan was the one who had told McMahon about Ventura's attempt to form a labor union in 1986 before WrestleMania 2. Following a dispute with McMahon over the use of his image for promoting a Sega product, while McMahon had a contract with rival company Nintendo at the time, the WWF owner released Ventura from the company in August 1990.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Ventura later served as a radio announcer for a few National Football League teams, among them the Minnesota Vikings and Tampa Bay Buccaneers.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: In February 1992 at SuperBrawl II, Ventura joined World Championship Wrestling as a commentator. WCW President Eric Bischoff ultimately released him for allegedly falling asleep during a "WCW Worldwide" TV taping at Disney MGM Studios in July 1994, but it has been speculated that the move may have had more to do with Hogan's arrival shortly before.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: In 1987, while negotiating his contract as a WWF commentator, Ventura waived his rights to royalties on videotape sales when he was falsely told that only feature performers received such royalties. In November 1991, having discovered that other non-feature performers received royalties, Ventura brought an action for fraud, misappropriation of publicity rights, and quantum meruit in Minnesota state court against Titan Sports, asking for $2 million in royalties based on a fair market value share. Titan moved the case to federal court, and Ventura won an $801,333 jury verdict on the last claim. In addition, the judge awarded him $8,625 in back pay for all non-video WWF merchandising featuring Ventura. The judgment was affirmed on appeal, and the case," "65 F.3d 725 (8th Cir.1995), is an important result in the law of restitution. As a result, Ventura's commentary is removed on most releases from WWE Home Video.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: In mid-1999, Ventura reappeared on WWF television during his term as governor of Minnesota, acting as the special guest referee for main event of SummerSlam held in Minneapolis. Ventura continued his relationship with the WWF by performing commentary for Vince McMahon's short-lived XFL. On the June 4, 2001, episode of "Raw" which aired live from Minnesota, Ventura appeared to overrule McMahon's authority and approve a WWF Championship match between then-champion Stone Cold Steve Austin and Chris Jericho. On the March 20, 2003, episode of "SmackDown!," Ventura appeared in a taped interview to talk about the match between McMahon and Hogan at WrestleMania XIX. On March 13, 2004, he was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame, and the following night at WrestleMania XX, he approached the ring to interview Donald Trump, who had a front-row seat at the event. Trump affirmed that Ventura would receive his moral and financial support were he to ever reenter politics. Alluding to the 2008 election, Ventura boldly announced, "I think we oughta put a wrestler in the White House in 2008!". Ventura was guest host on the November 23, 2009, episode of "Raw," during which he retained his heel persona by siding with the number one contender Sheamus over WWE Champion John Cena. This happened while he confronted Cena about how it was unfair that Cena always got a title shot in the WWE, while Ventura never did during his WWE career. After that, Sheamus attacked Cena and put him through a table. Ventura then made the match a Table match at . During the show, for the first time in nearly 20 years, McMahon joined Ventura ringside to provide match commentary together.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Near the end of his wrestling career, Ventura began an acting career. He appeared in the movie "Predator" (1987), whose cast included future California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and future Kentucky gubernatorial candidate Sonny Landham. Ventura became close friends with Schwarzenegger during the production of "Predator". He appeared in two episodes of "Zorro" filmed in Madrid, Spain, in 1991. He had a starring role in the 1990 sci-fi movie "Abraxas, Guardian of the Universe". He had supporting roles in "The Running Man", "Thunderground", "Demolition Man", "Repossessed", "Ricochet", "The Master of Disguise" (in which he steals the Liberty Bell), and "Batman & Robin"—the first and last of these also starring Schwarzenegger. Ventura made a cameo appearance in "Major League II" as "White Lightning". He appeared as a self-help guru (voice only) in "The Ringer", trying to turn Johnny Knoxville into a more confident worker. Ventura had a cameo in "The X-Files" episode "Jose Chung's "From Outer Space"" as a Man in Black alongside fellow 'MiB' Alex Trebek. In 2008, Ventura was in the independent comedy "Woodshop", starring as high school shop teacher Mr. Madson. The film was released September 7, 2010.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Ventura was a bodyguard for the Rolling Stones in the late 1970s and '80s. Mick Jagger said of Ventura, "He's done us proud, hasn't he? He's been fantastic."


title: Jesse Ventura

text: In 1989, Ventura co-hosted the four episodes of the DiC Entertainment children's program "" along with Gary Apple. In 1991, the pilot episode for "Tag Team", a television program about two ex-professional wrestlers turned police officers, starred Ventura and Roddy Piper.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Ventura also co-hosted the short-lived syndicated game show "The Grudge Match" alongside sportscaster Steve Albert.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Between 1995 and 1998, Ventura had radio call-in shows on KFAN 1130 and KSTP 1500 in Minneapolis–Saint Paul. He also had a brief role on the television soap opera "The Young and the Restless" in 1999.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Ventura has been criticized by the press for profiting from his heightened popularity. He was hired as a television analyst for the failed XFL football league in 2001, served as a referee at a WWF SummerSlam match in 1999, and published several books during his tenure as governor. On his weekly radio show, he often criticized the media for focusing on these deals rather than his policy proposals.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: From 2009 to 2012, TruTV aired three seasons of the television series "Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura".


title: Jesse Ventura

text: Ventura had a guest spot on an episode of the 2012 rebooted "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" animated series on Nickelodeon.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: In 2013, Ventura announced a new show, "Jesse Ventura: Uncensored", which launched on January 27, 2014, and later renamed "Off the Grid", and aired until 2016 on Ora TV, an online video on demand network founded by Larry King.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: In 2017, Ventura became the host of the show "The World According to Jesse" on RT America; the series ended in March 2022 when RT programming produced by its production partner Ora TV was suspended after Russia's invasion of Ukraine. RT America ceased operations on March 3, 2022.


title: Jesse Ventura

text: After his departure from the WWF, Ventura took a former high school teacher's advice and ran for mayor of Brooklyn Park, Minnesota in 1990. He defeated the city's 25-year incumbent mayor and served from 1991 to 1995.