title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On June 22, Seventeen released their seventh EP, "". It sold 1,000,000 copies in under one week, making Seventeen official "million sellers" and earning them certifications from both the Hanteo and Gaon charts. The album also charted well globally, reaching number one on iTunes Top Albums charts in 27 regions around the world. On July 7, "Heng:garæ" charted at number one on the Oricon Weekly Album Chart for a second week, making Seventeen the first international male artist to do so since the Backstreet Boys over 12 years ago.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On September 9, Seventeen released their second Japanese EP, "24H". They were the third group ever to reach number one on the Oricon Weekly Album Chart with four consecutive albums, a feat last achieved in 1977 by Scottish pop rock band Bay City Rollers. On October 9, "24H" was certified platinum by the RIAJ for selling over 250,000 copies.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On October 19, Seventeen released their second special album "Semicolon" with lead single "Home;Run". The album made headlines before its release after it was reported that more than one million copies had been sold in pre-orders alone, the second of the group's albums to reach the one-million mark.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On January 6, 2021, Seventeen made their US television debut on CBS' "The Late Late Show with James Corden", performing their single "Home;Run" from "Semicolon". The performance video was released on the official YouTube channel and surpassed one million views in just one day. On January 13, Seventeen performed their song "Left & Right" from "Heng:garæ" on NBC's "The Kelly Clarkson Show".


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On April 21, Seventeen released their third Japanese single, "Not Alone". On May 14, the song was certified double-platinum by the RIAJ for selling over 500,000 copies. With "Not Alone", Seventeen became the first overseas male artist in history ever to surpass 200,000 first-week sales with three consecutive Japanese singles, from "Happy Ending" to "Not Alone". The song performed well on the "Billboard" Japan charts and placed first on the Oricon Daily and Weekly Singles Charts. It also charted first on iTunes songs charts in 10 regions around the world.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On May 18, Seventeen announced that they would be partnering with Geffen Records and Universal Music Group for US and international distribution of their music.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: Seventeen announced their "Power of Love" project, as well as the release of their eighth EP "Your Choice" on May 18 through a concept trailer video. For the first part of the project, Seventeen released a digital single performed by two members of their hip-hop unit, Wonwoo and Mingyu, titled "Bittersweet (feat. Lee Hi)", on May 28. The group's EP "Your Choice" was released on June 18.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On October 22, Seventeen released their ninth EP "Attacca" with lead single "Rock with You". "Attacca" sold two million copies, making it the group's first double million-selling album.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On December 8, Seventeen marked the end of their "Power of Love" project by releasing a special Japanese single of the same name, promoting a message of support and healing that the cold and difficult winter would end and spring would come with power of love.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On March 24, 2022, Seventeen announced their "Team SVT" project ahead of their sixth fan meeting, Seventeen in Caratland. They debuted a new group logo after the three-day event.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On April 15, Seventeen released an English-language digital single titled "Darl+ing" ahead of their fourth studio album, "Face the Sun". The album was released on May 27 with the lead single "Hot". They also released their first film, "Seventeen Power of Love: The Movie", in worldwide theaters on April 20 and 23 (excluding France and Japan, where it was released on April 21 and 29, respectively).


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On May 7 and 8, Seventeen held their Japanese Fanmeeting 'Hanabi' at Saitama Super Arena, their first offline performance in the country in two and a half years since their Ode to You tour in 2019.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: In May 2022, Pledis Entertainment announced that Seventeen would embark on their third world tour 'Be the Sun', starting with the Gocheok Sky Dome in Seoul from June 25 to 26, 2022. The North American leg will consist of 12 shows in arenas across the USA and Canada from August 10 to September 6. The group's label announced the addition of Asian shows in Jakarta, Bangkok, Manila, and Singapore from September 24 to October 13.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: In June 2022, the Japan leg for the third world tour 'Be the Sun' was confirmed. The group will perform a total of six shows in domes across Japan, including Kyocera Dome Osaka, Tokyo Dome, and Vantelin Dome Nagoya in Aichi.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On July 18, 2022, Seventeen released the repackage of their fourth studio album, "Sector 17", along with its lead single "_World". The remixed version of the song featuring British singer Anne-Marie was released on August 26. On November 9, Seventeen released their third Japanese EP "Dream".


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On March 21, 2018, members DK, Seungkwan, and Hoshi, debuted as a special sub-unit called BSS () or "BooSeokSoon", a nickname for the three members together. They released their first single "Just Do It" and promoted for a brief period.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: Seventeen have won numerous awards, both in South Korea and internationally. The group earned their first-ever weekly music show win on May 4, 2016 with their single "Pretty U" on the "Show Champion".


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: Seventeen won three rookie awards in their debut year and have since earned six Bonsang (main prize) and three Daesang (grand prize) awards from various year-end award shows. They also won the Best Dance Performance Award at the Mnet Asian Music Awards in 2017, 2018, and 2022.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On October 28, 2020, Seventeen received a Prime Minister's Commendation at the Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards for their contribution to the development of South Korea's contemporary pop culture and arts. In September 2021, the group was awarded the Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism Award at the 2021 Newsis Hallyu Expo. They were also nominated for Top Social Artist at the 2021 "Billboard" Music Awards.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: Seventeen was the first-ever K-pop artist featured on both MTV PUSH, a global campaign curated by MTV’s music and talent teams in both the US and internationally, and MTV’s 'We Speak Music' campaign, which highlights artists who have shown the best performances on MTV under the theme of “Music as a universal language”. At the 2022 MTV Video Music Awards, they were nominated for Best New Artist, Best K-Pop and won Push Performance of the Year. At the 2022 MTV Europe Music Awards, they were nominated for Best K-Pop, and won Best Push Act and Best New Act. The group made history at both award shows as the first ever K-pop artist to be nominated and win the categories.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: Since their debut, Seventeen have been heavily involved in their creative process and having a tight control over their music production. Woozi has written and produced each of their tracks, with contribution from other members, and their choreography has largely been created by their performance team leader, Hoshi. This has contributed to the group having a very distinctive sound – with each comeback they bring a different sound. Woozi explaind in an interview with The Korean Herald that "Our participation on the album went much further than just contributing our opinions. The leaders of the three unit groups went to every album production meeting to make sure that we could tell our own story.”


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On January 9, 2017, DD Chicken announced that they selected Seventeen as their new models for the year.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: In April 2017, Seventeen were chosen as new advertisement and marketing models for the uniform brand Elite, which announced that the group will start advertising and marketing activities as Elite models from the second half of the year.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On September 29, sports brand DYNAFIT announced that it had selected Seventeen as its models to introduce products such as training and daily wear for before and after exercise. On December 1, the Global Eco cosmetic brand The SAEM, announced that Seventeen were chosen as its new advertising models, promoted products such as the Urban Eco skincare series.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On August 31, 2018, Seventeen were selected as new advertising models for the outdoor lifestyle brand Lafuma. On November 1, Seventeen were selected as advertising models for the chicken franchise NeNe Chicken alongside labelmates NU'EST W.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On February 7, 2019, Seventeen were selected as advertising models for AO+ colored lenses, introducing special colour lenses that reflected the charms and characteristics of each member. On September 23, Seventeen were chosen as the Honorary Ambassadors for the Korea Brand & Content Expo 2019 in Dubai. On December 5, the group were appointed as ambassadors for the COEX Winter Festival.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: In 2020, Seventeen became the first Korean Artists to work with famous designer Francesca Amfitheatrof. She launched her own brand, Thief and Heist, and chose SEVENTEEN as her next partners.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On September 6, 2021, it was announced that Seventeen would be partnering with Cigna to help individuals accomplish their goals via the personal wellness coach TUNE H platform that provides exercise, nutrition, sleep, and mental care management to the younger generation. On October 19, Lazada named Seventeen as its first regional Happiness Ambassadors, ahead of its annual flagship 11.11 shopping festival. The group starred in Lazada's 11.11 film and performed at its virtual concert on November 10.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: In April 2022, Seventeen collaborated with Apple to help global fans experience their music in more creative ways. The group will kick off the tech company’s Today At Apple sessions and become the first K-pop artist to participate in the remix session program to commemorate the opening of a new Apple store in Myeong-dong, South Korea, and the release of Seventeen's digital single "Dar+ling" on April 15.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: Ever since their debut in 2015, Seventeen consistently celebrates their anniversary by donating to charitable causes. In 2017, Seventeen participated in "Letters from Angels" as part of its 15th year anniversary; the adoption campaign, run by Korea's Social Welfare Society and photographer Seihon Cho, raises awareness for orphans and single mothers by displaying photos with celebrities to promote adoption.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On their third anniversary, Seventeen worked with 1st Look magazine to design and sell personalized T-shirts made by the members, donating proceeds to those in need.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: Ahead of their fourth anniversary, Seventeen donated to a campaign by ChildFund Korea that provides housing support to children in need under the name of their fan club, Carat, and members Mingyu and Seungkwan personally designed the signboard that they also gave.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On their fifth anniversary, Seventeen donated to children and adolescents in need, specifically supporting education for the youth, including educational mentoring for children of multicultural families, scholarships, and cultural and arts education.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: In 2020, Seventeen collaborated with jewelry designer Francesca Amfitheatrof and her brand Thief and Heist on a limited-edition eco-friendly bracelet called "The Tag". The bracelets were made of recycled plastic, and a portion of the proceeds was donated to the Plastic Bank organization to help preserve the environment.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On May 26, 2021, Pledis Entertainment revealed that the group had made a donation to the international humanitarian non-governmental organization Good Neighbors in order to assist children who have been victims of abuse. Their donation will go towards the victims’ recovery and psychological treatment, in addition to supporting the improvement of their emotional stability and the restoration of their daily lives at home.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: On May 26, 2022, Seventeen made donations for the underprivileged around the world to commemorate the 7th anniversary of their debut. The group's donation will be used for the 'UNESCO's Korean National Commission's 'Global Education Sharing Project', to help underprivileged people, including children and teenagers in Africa and Asia, receive an education. Seventeen has been steadily donating to support various children and adolescents, and this time, in particular, to improve the educational environment of children and adolescents.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: The group Seventeen will launch a global campaign for the UNESCO's Korean National Commission and a sustainable "future of education". On August 2, 2022, the Korean National Commission for UNESCO, announced that it signed a business agreement with the group's agency Pledis Entertainment, to strengthen cooperation in education, including the hosting of the 'Going Together' global campaign (#GoingTogether) to encourage the youth participation and interest. Through this campaign, Seventeen will inform the world of the importance of education and encourage young people to participate in various educational activities to share the message of "Let's move forward together" for the future of sustainable education.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: The signing ceremony, which was held at UNESCO Center in Seoul, was attended by about 20 officials, including all 13 members of Seventeen, the hottest artists in the K-pop scene around the world, Han Kyung-Koo Secretary General of UNESCO's Korean National Commission and Pledis Entertainment CEO. At the signing ceremony, certificates of sponsorship were delivered to members of Seventeen who donated to improve the educational environment for children and teenagers outside schools around the world to mark the 7th anniversary of their debut in May.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: The Korean National Commission for UNESCO is promoting the #EducationCanChange_ campaign emphasizing the infinite possibilities of change through education for cooperation with UNESCO's future initiative in education, and as part of this, Seventeen will participate in the #GoingTogether global campaign.


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: Secretary General of UNESCO Korean Commission, Han Kyung-Koo, thanked Seventeen members, "We would like to express our deepest gratitude to Seventeen for their participation in the global campaign for the future of education and resolving the conflicts on education brought by the pandemic."


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: Seventeen said, "We will 'Going Together' so that Seventeen and Carat can think about the future of education together as 'TEAM SVT' and give various educational opportunities to children and teenagers around the world. We hope this campaign can have a good impact for the better future and dreams of children and teenagers."


title: Seventeen (South Korean band)

text: Meanwhile, the group will expand its campaign by donating part of the profits of their third world tour 'Be the Sun' in addition to donations for the 7th anniversary of its debut.


title: Sandra Bullock filmography

text: Sandra Bullock is an American actress and producer who made her film debut with a minor role in J. Christian Ingvordsen's thriller "Hangmen" in 1987. She made her television debut in the television film "Bionic Showdown: The Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman" (1989) and played the lead role in the short-lived sitcom "Working Girl" (1990) before making her breakthrough starring in Jan de Bont's action film "Speed" (1994). In 1995, Bullock founded her own production company, Fortis Films, and starred in the romantic comedy "While You Were Sleeping". Her performance in the film earned her first nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical. In 1996, Bullock starred in the film adaptation of John Grisham's novel "A Time to Kill". In 1998, Bullock starred in the romantic comedy "Practical Magic", voiced Miriam in the DreamWorks animated film "The Prince of Egypt", and executive produced her first film, "Hope Floats".


title: Sandra Bullock filmography

text: In 2000, Bullock garnered a second nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical for her role as undercover FBI agent Gracie Hart, in the comedy "Miss Congeniality". In 2002, she executive produced her first television series "George Lopez" and starred with Hugh Grant in the romantic comedy "Two Weeks Notice". In 2004, Bullock starred in the crime drama "Crash" and shared the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture with the rest of the film's ensemble cast. In 2006, Bullock reunited with her "Speed" co-star Keanu Reeves in the romantic drama "The Lake House", and she also played Harper Lee in the Truman Capote biographical film "Infamous".


title: Sandra Bullock filmography

text: In 2009, Bullock starred in the films "The Proposal", "All About Steve", and "The Blind Side". Bullock won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in "The Blind Side", and also received the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress for "All About Steve". In doing so, she became the first person to win both a Razzie and an Oscar in the same weekend. In 2013, Bullock starred in the films "The Heat" and "Gravity". For her performance in the latter, she received the Saturn Award for Best Actress and was also nominated at the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, and Golden Globe Awards. In 2015, Bullock voiced the supervillain Scarlet Overkill in the animated film "Minions". As of August 2020, "Minions" is her highest-grossing film, with a worldwide box office total of over $1.1 billion. In 2018, Bullock starred in the heist comedy film "Ocean's 8", a spin-off of the "Ocean's" franchise, which was a commercial success. That same year, she starred in the post-apocalyptic thriller "Bird Box", which had the largest debut week viewership for a Netflix film.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The Parliament of the United Kingdom is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It meets at the Palace of Westminster, London. It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and the overseas territories. Parliament is bicameral but has three parts, consisting of the sovereign (King-in-Parliament), the House of Lords, and the House of Commons (the primary chamber). In theory, power is officially vested in the King-in-Parliament. However, the Crown normally acts on the advice of the prime minister, and the powers of the House of Lords are limited to only delaying legislation; thus power is "de facto" vested in the House of Commons.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The House of Commons is an elected chamber with elections to 650 single-member constituencies held at least every five years under the first-past-the-post system. By constitutional convention, all government ministers, including prime minister, are members of the House of Commons or, less commonly, the House of Lords and are thereby accountable to the respective branches of the legislature. Most cabinet ministers are from the Commons, whilst junior ministers can be from either house.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The House of Lords is the second chamber of Parliament. The House of Lords includes two different types of members. The most numerous are the Lords Temporal, consisting mainly of life peers appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the prime minister, and of 92 hereditary peers. The less numerous Lords Spiritual consist of the most senior bishops of the Church of England. Prior to the opening of the Supreme Court in October 2009, the House of Lords also performed a judicial role through the Law Lords.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: With the global expansion of the British Empire, the UK Parliament has shaped the political systems of many countries as ex-colonies and so it has been called the "Mother of Parliaments".


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Treaty of Union by Acts of Union passed by the Parliament of England (established 1215) and the Parliament of Scotland (c.1235), both Acts of Union stating, "That the United Kingdom of Great Britain be represented by one and the same Parliament to be styled The Parliament of Great Britain." At the start of the 19th century, Parliament was further enlarged by Acts of Union ratified by the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland that abolished the latter and added 100 Irish MPs and 32 Lords to the former to create the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 formally amended the name to the "Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", five years after the secession of the Irish Free State.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created on 1 January 1801, by the merger of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland under the Acts of Union 1800. The principle of ministerial responsibility to the lower house (Commons) did not develop until the 19th century—the House of Lords was superior to the House of Commons both in theory and in practice. Members of the House of Commons (MPs) were elected in an antiquated electoral system, under which constituencies of vastly different sizes existed. Thus, the borough of Old Sarum, with seven voters, could elect two members, as could the borough of Dunwich, which had almost completely disappeared into the sea due to land erosion.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Many small constituencies, known as pocket or rotten boroughs, were controlled by members of the House of Lords, who could ensure the election of their relatives or supporters. During the reforms of the 19th century, beginning with the Reform Act 1832, the electoral system for the House of Commons was progressively regularised. No longer dependent on the Lords for their seats, MPs grew more assertive.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The supremacy of the British House of Commons was reaffirmed in the early 20th century. In 1909, the Commons passed the so-called "People's Budget," which made numerous changes to the taxation system which were detrimental to wealthy landowners. The House of Lords, which consisted mostly of powerful landowners, rejected the Budget. On the basis of the Budget's popularity and the Lords' consequent unpopularity, the Liberal Party narrowly won two general elections in 1910.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Using the result as a mandate, the Liberal Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith, introduced the Parliament Bill, which sought to restrict the powers of the House of Lords. (He did not reintroduce the land tax provision of the People's Budget.) When the Lords refused to pass the bill, Asquith countered with a promise extracted from the King in secret before the second general election of 1910 and requested the creation of several hundred Liberal peers, so as to erase the Conservative majority in the House of Lords. In the face of such a threat, the House of Lords narrowly passed the bill.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The Parliament Act 1911, as it became, prevented the Lords from blocking a money bill (a bill dealing with taxation), and allowed them to delay any other bill for a maximum of three sessions (reduced to two sessions in 1949), after which it could become law over their objections. However, regardless of the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949, the House of Lords has always retained the unrestricted power to veto any bill outright which attempts to extend the life of a parliament.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The result of the 1918 general election in Ireland showed a landslide victory for the Irish republican party Sinn Féin, who vowed in their manifesto to establish an independent Irish Republic. Accordingly, Sinn Féin MPs, though ostensively elected to sit in the House of Commons, refused to take their seats in Westminster, and instead assembled in 1919 to proclaim Irish independence and form a revolutionary unicameral parliament for the independent Irish Republic, called Dáil Éireann.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: In 1920, in parallel to the Dáil, the Government of Ireland Act 1920 created home rule parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland and reduced the representation of both parts at Westminster. The number of Northern Ireland seats was increased again after the introduction of direct rule in 1973.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The Irish republicans responded by declaring the elections to these home rule Parliaments, held on the same day in 1921, to be the basis of membership for a new Dáil Éireann. While the elections in Northern Ireland were both contested and won by Unionist parties, in Southern Ireland, all 128 candidates for the Southern Irish seats were returned unopposed. Of these, 124 were won by Sinn Féin and four by independent Unionists representing Dublin University (Trinity College). Since only four MPs sat in the home rule Southern Irish parliament, with the remaining 124 being in the Republic's Second Dáil, the home rule parliament was adjourned "sine die" without ever having operated.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: In 1922, pursuant to the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the revolutionary Irish Republic was replaced by the Irish Free State, recognised by Westminster as independent, while Northern Ireland would remain British, and in 1927 parliament was renamed the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Further reforms to the House of Lords were made in the 20th century. The Life Peerages Act 1958 authorised the regular creation of life peerage dignities. By the 1960s, the regular creation of hereditary peerage dignities had ceased; thereafter, almost all new peers were life peers only.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords, although it made an exception for 92 of them to be elected to life-terms by the other hereditary peers, with by-elections upon their death. The House of Lords is now a chamber that is subordinate to the House of Commons. Additionally, the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 led to abolition of the judicial functions of the House of Lords with the creation of the new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in October 2009.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The legislative authority, the King-in-Parliament, has three separate elements: the Monarch, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. No individual may be a member of both Houses, and members of the House of Lords are legally barred from voting in elections for members of the House of Commons. Formerly, no-one could be a Member of Parliament (MP) while holding an office of profit under the Crown, thus maintaining the separation of powers, but the principle has been gradually eroded. Until 1919, Members of Parliament who were appointed to ministerial office lost their seats in the House of Commons and had to seek re-election; the rule was abolished in 1926. Holders of offices are ineligible to serve as a Member of Parliament under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Royal Assent of the Monarch is required for all Bills to become law, and certain delegated legislation must be made by the Monarch by Order in Council. The Crown also has executive powers which do not depend on Parliament, through prerogative powers, including the power to make treaties, declare war, award honours, and appoint officers and civil servants. In practice these are always exercised by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister and the other ministers of HM Government. The Prime Minister and government are directly accountable to Parliament, through its control of public finances, and to the public, through the election of members of parliament.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The Monarch also appoints the Prime Minister, who then forms a government from members of the Houses of Parliament. This must be someone who could command a majority in a confidence vote in the House of Commons. In the past the monarch has occasionally had to make a judgement, as in the appointment of Alec Douglas-Home in 1963 when it was thought that the incumbent Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, had become ill with terminal cancer. However, today the outgoing Prime Minister advises the monarch who should be offered the position.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The House of Lords is known formally as "The Right Honourable The Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament Assembled", the Lords Spiritual being bishops of the Church of England and the Lords Temporal being Peers of the Realm. The Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal are considered separate "estates", but they sit, debate and vote together.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Since the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, the powers of the House of Lords have been very much less than those of the House of Commons. All bills except money bills are debated and voted upon in the House of Lords; however, by voting against a bill, the House of Lords can only delay it for a maximum of two parliamentary sessions over a year. After that time, the House of Commons can force the Bill through without the Lords' consent, under the Parliament Acts. The House of Lords can also hold the government to account through questions to government ministers and the operation of a small number of select committees. The highest court in England & Wales and in Northern Ireland used to be a committee of the House of Lords, but it became an independent supreme court in 2009.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The Lords Spiritual formerly included all of the senior clergymen of the Church of England—archbishops, bishops, abbots and mitred priors. Upon the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII the abbots and mitred priors lost their positions in Parliament. All diocesan bishops continued to sit in Parliament, but the Bishopric of Manchester Act 1847, and later Acts, provide that only the 26 most senior are Lords Spiritual. These always include the incumbents of the "five great sees", namely the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York, the Bishop of London, the Bishop of Durham and the Bishop of Winchester. The remaining 21 Lords Spiritual are the most senior diocesan bishops, ranked in order of consecration, although the Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015 makes time-limited provision for vacancies to be filled by women who are bishops.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The Lords Temporal are life peers created under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 and the Life Peerages Act 1958, in addition to 92 hereditary peers under the House of Lords Act 1999. Formerly, the Lords Temporal were exclusively hereditary peers. The right of some hereditary peers to sit in Parliament was not automatic: after Scotland and England united into Great Britain in 1707, it was provided that all peers whose dignities had been created by English kings could sit in Parliament, but those whose dignities had been created by Scottish kings were to elect a limited number of "representative peers." A similar arrangement was made in respect of Ireland when it was united with Great Britain in 1801, but when southern Ireland left the United Kingdom in 1922 the election of Irish representative peers ceased. By the Peerage Act 1963, the election of Scottish representative peers also ended, and all Scottish peers were granted the right to sit in Parliament. Under the House of Lords Act 1999, only life peerages (that is to say, peerage dignities which cannot be inherited) automatically entitle their holders to seats in the House of Lords. Of the hereditary peers, only 92—the Earl Marshal, the Lord Great Chamberlain and the 90 elected by other peers—retain their seats in the House.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The Commons, the last of the "estates" of the Kingdom, are represented in the House of Commons, which is known formally as, "The Honourable The Commons in Parliament Assembled" ("commons" coming not from the term "commoner", but from "", the old French term for a municipality or local district). As of 2019, the House consists of 650 members, however one seat is left vacant by the Speaker of the House, who must remain politically impartial, and so does not get a vote on the passing of bills. Each Member of Parliament (MP) is chosen by a single constituency by the First-Past-the-Post electoral system. There are 650 constituencies in the United Kingdom, each made up of an average of 65,925 voters. The First-Past-the-Post system means that every constituency elects one MP each (except the constituency of the Speaker, whose seat is uncontested). Each voter assigns one vote for one candidate, and the candidate with the most votes in each constituency is elected as MP to represent their constituency. A party needs to win 326 constituencies (known as "seats") to win a majority in the House of Commons. If no party achieves a majority, then a situation of no overall control occurs – commonly known as a "Hung Parliament". In case of a Hung Parliament, the party with the most seats has the opportunity to form a coalition with other parties, so their combined seat tally extends past the 326-seat majority. Universal adult suffrage exists for those 18 and over; citizens of the United Kingdom, and those of the Republic of Ireland and Commonwealth nations resident in the United Kingdom, are qualified to vote, unless they are in prison at the time of the election. The term of members of the House of Commons depends on the term of Parliament, a maximum of five years; a general election, during which all the seats are contested, occurs after each dissolution (see below).


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: All legislation must be passed by the House of Commons to become law and it controls taxation and the supply of money to the government. Government ministers (including the Prime Minister) must regularly answer questions in the House of Commons and there are a number of select committees that scrutinise particular issues and the workings of the government. There are also mechanisms that allow members of the House of Commons to bring to the attention of the government particular issues affecting their constituents.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The State Opening of Parliament is an annual event that marks the commencement of a session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is held in the House of Lords Chamber. Before 2012, it took place in November or December, or, in a general election year, when the new Parliament first assembled. From 2012 onwards, the ceremony has taken place in May or June.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Upon the signal of the Monarch, the Lord Great Chamberlain raises their wand of office to signal to Black Rod, who is charged with summoning the House of Commons and has been waiting in the Commons lobby. Black Rod turns and, under the escort of the Door-keeper of the House of Lords and an inspector of police, approaches the doors to the Chamber of the Commons. In 1642, King Charles I stormed into the House of Commons in an unsuccessful attempt to arrest the Five Members, who included the celebrated English patriot and leading Parliamentarian John Hampden. This action sparked the English Civil War. The wars established the constitutional rights of Parliament, a concept legally established in the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and the subsequent Bill of Rights 1689. Since then, no British monarch has entered the House of Commons when it is in session. On Black Rod's approach, the doors are slammed shut against them, symbolising the rights of parliament and its independence from the monarch. They then strike, with the end of their ceremonial staff (the Black Rod), three times on the closed doors of the Commons Chamber. They are then admitted, and announce the command of the monarch for the attendance of the Commons.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The monarch reads a speech, known as the Speech from the Throne, which is prepared by the Prime Minister and the Cabinet, outlining the Government's agenda for the coming year. The speech reflects the legislative agenda for which the Government intends to seek the agreement of both Houses of Parliament.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: After the monarch leaves, each Chamber proceeds to the consideration of an "Address in Reply to His Majesty's Gracious Speech." But, first, each House considers a bill "pro forma" to symbolise their right to deliberate independently of the monarch. In the House of Lords, the bill is called the Select Vestries Bill, while the Commons equivalent is the Outlawries Bill. The Bills are considered for the sake of form only, and do not make any actual progress.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Both houses of the British Parliament are presided over by a speaker, the Speaker of the House for the Commons and the Lord Speaker in the House of Lords.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: For the Commons, the approval of the Sovereign is theoretically required before the election of the Speaker becomes valid, but it is, by modern convention, always granted. The Speaker's place may be taken by the Chairman of Ways and Means, the First Deputy Chairman, or the Second Deputy Chairman. (The titles of those three officials refer to the Committee of Ways and Means, a body which no longer exists.)


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Prior to July 2006, the House of Lords was presided over by a Lord Chancellor (a Cabinet member), whose influence as Speaker was very limited (whilst the powers belonging to the Speaker of the House of Commons are vast). However, as part of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the position of Speaker of the House of Lords (as it is termed in the Act) was separated from the office of Lord Chancellor (the office which has control over the judiciary as a whole), though the Lords remain largely self-governing. Decisions on points of order and on the disciplining of unruly members are made by the whole body, but by the Speaker alone in the Lower House. Speeches in the House of Lords are addressed to the House as a whole (using the words "My Lords"), but those in the House of Commons are addressed to the Speaker alone (using "Mr Speaker" or "Madam Speaker"). Speeches may be made to both Houses simultaneously.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Both Houses may decide questions by voice vote; members shout out "Aye!" and "No!" in the Commons—or "Content!" and "Not-Content!" in the Lords—and the presiding officer declares the result. The pronouncement of either Speaker may be challenged, and a recorded vote (known as a division) demanded. (The Speaker of the House of Commons may choose to overrule a frivolous request for a division, but the Lord Speaker does not have that power.) In each House, a division requires members to file into one of the two lobbies alongside the Chamber; their names are recorded by clerks, and their votes are counted as they exit the lobbies to re-enter the Chamber. The Speaker of the House of Commons is expected to be non-partisan, and does not cast a vote except in the case of a tie; the Lord Speaker, however, votes along with the other Lords.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Both Houses normally conduct their business in public, and there are galleries where visitors may sit.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Originally there was no fixed limit on the length of a Parliament, but the Triennial Act 1694 set the maximum duration at three years. As the frequent elections were deemed inconvenient, the Septennial Act 1715 extended the maximum to seven years, but the Parliament Act 1911 reduced it to five. During the Second World War, the term was temporarily extended to ten years by Acts of Parliament. Since the end of the war the maximum has remained five years. Modern Parliaments, however, rarely continued for the maximum duration; normally, they were dissolved earlier. For instance, the 52nd, which assembled in 1997, was dissolved after four years. The Septennial Act was repealed by the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, which established a presumption that a Parliament will last for five years, unless two thirds of the House of Commons votes for an early general election, or the government loses the confidence of the House.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Following a general election, a new Parliamentary session begins. Parliament is formally summoned 40 days in advance by the Sovereign, who is the source of parliamentary authority. On the day indicated by the Sovereign's proclamation, the two Houses assemble in their respective chambers. The Commons are then summoned to the House of Lords, where Lords Commissioners (representatives of the Sovereign) instruct them to elect a Speaker. The Commons perform the election; on the next day, they return to the House of Lords, where the Lords Commissioners confirm the election and grant the new Speaker the royal approval in the Sovereign's name.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The business of Parliament for the next few days of its session involves the taking of the oaths of allegiance. Once a majority of the members have taken the oath in each House, the State Opening of Parliament may take place. The Lords take their seats in the House of Lords Chamber, the Commons appear at the Bar (at the entrance to the Chamber), and the Sovereign takes the seat on the throne. The Sovereign then reads the Speech from the Throne—the content of which is determined by the Ministers of the Crown—outlining the Government's legislative agenda for the upcoming year. Thereafter, each House proceeds to the transaction of legislative business.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: By custom, before considering the Government's legislative agenda, a bill is introduced "pro forma" in each House—the Select Vestries Bill in the House of Lords and the Outlawries Bill in the House of Commons. These bills do not become laws; they are ceremonial indications of the power of each House to debate independently of the Crown. After the "pro forma" bill is introduced, each House debates the content of the Speech from the Throne for several days. Once each House formally sends its reply to the Speech, legislative business may commence, appointing committees, electing officers, passing resolutions and considering legislation.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: A session of Parliament is brought to an end by a prorogation. There is a ceremony similar to the State Opening, but much less well known to the general public. Normally, the Sovereign does not personally attend the prorogation ceremony in the House of Lords and is represented by Lords Commissioners. The next session of Parliament begins under the procedures described above, but it is not necessary to conduct another election of a Speaker or take the oaths of allegiance afresh at the beginning of such subsequent sessions. Instead, the State Opening of Parliament proceeds directly. To avoid the delay of opening a new session in the event of an emergency during the long summer recess, Parliament is no longer prorogued beforehand, but only after the Houses have reconvened in the autumn; the State Opening follows a few days later.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Each Parliament comes to an end, after a number of sessions, in anticipation of a general election. Parliament is dissolved by virtue of the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022 and previously the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011. Prior to that, dissolution was effected by the Sovereign, always on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister could seek dissolution at a time politically advantageous to their party. If the Prime Minister loses the support of the House of Commons, Parliament will dissolve and a new election will be held. Parliaments can also be dissolved if two-thirds of the House of Commons votes for an early election.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Formerly, the demise of the Sovereign automatically brought a Parliament to an end, the Crown being seen as the "" (beginning, basis and end) of the body, but this is no longer the case. The first change was during the reign of William and Mary, when it was seen to be inconvenient to have no Parliament at a time when succession to the Crown could be disputed, and an Act was passed that provided that a Parliament was to continue for six months after the death of a Sovereign, unless dissolved earlier. Under the Representation of the People Act 1867 Parliament can now continue for as long as it would otherwise have done in the event of the death of the Sovereign.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: After each Parliament concludes, the Crown issues writs to hold a general election and elect new members of the House of Commons, though membership of the House of Lords does not change.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Laws can be made by Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament. While Acts can apply to the whole of the United Kingdom including Scotland, due to the continuing separation of Scots law many Acts do not apply to Scotland and may be matched either by equivalent Acts that apply to Scotland alone or, since 1999, by legislation set by the Scottish Parliament relating to devolved matters.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: This has led to a paradox known as the West Lothian question. The existence of a devolved Scottish Parliament means that while Westminster MPs from Scotland may vote directly on matters that affect English constituencies, they may not have much power over their laws affecting their own constituency. Since there is no devolved "English Parliament", the converse is not true. While any Act of the Scottish Parliament may be overturned, amended or ignored by Westminster, in practice this has yet to happen. Legislative Consent Motions enables the UK Parliament to vote on issues normally devolved to Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland, as part of United Kingdom legislation.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Laws, in draft form known as bills, may be introduced by any member of either House. A bill introduced by a Minister is known as a "Government Bill"; one introduced by another member is called a "Private Member's Bill". A different way of categorising bills involves the subject. Most bills, involving the general public, are called "public bills". A bill that seeks to grant special rights to an individual or small group of individuals, or a body such as a local authority, is called a "Private Bill". A Public Bill which affects private rights (in the way a Private Bill would) is called a "Hybrid Bill", although those that draft bills take pains to avoid this.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Private Members' Bills make up the majority of bills, but are far less likely to be passed than government bills. There are three methods for an MP to introduce a Private Member's Bill. The Private Members' Ballot (once per Session) put names into a ballot, and those who win are given time to propose a bill. The Ten Minute Rule is another method, where MPs are granted ten minutes to outline the case for a new piece of legislation. Standing Order 57 is the third method, which allows a bill to be introduced without debate if a day's notice is given to the Table Office. Filibustering is a danger, as an opponent of a bill can waste much of the limited time allotted to it. Private Members' Bills have no chance of success if the current government opposes them, but they are used in moral issues: the bills to decriminalise homosexuality and abortion were Private Members' Bills, for example. Governments can sometimes attempt to use Private Members' Bills to pass things it would rather not be associated with. "Handout bills" are bills which a government hands to MPs who win Private Members' Ballots.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Each Bill goes through several stages in each House. The first stage, called the first reading, is a formality. At the second reading, the general principles of the bill are debated, and the House may vote to reject the bill, by not passing the motion "That the Bill be now read a second time." Defeats of Government Bills in the Commons are extremely rare, the last being in 2005, and may constitute a motion of no confidence. (Defeats of Bills in the Lords never affect confidence and are much more frequent.)


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Following the second reading, the bill is sent to a committee. In the House of Lords, the Committee of the Whole House or the Grand Committee are used. Each consists of all members of the House; the latter operates under special procedures, and is used only for uncontroversial bills. In the House of Commons, the bill is usually committed to a Public Bill Committee, consisting of between 16 and 50 members, but the Committee of the Whole House is used for important legislation. Several other types of committees, including Select Committees, may be used, but rarely. A committee considers the bill clause by clause, and reports the bill as amended to the House, where further detailed consideration ("consideration stage" or "report stage") occurs. However, a practice which used to be called the "kangaroo" (Standing Order 32) allows the Speaker to select which amendments are debated. This device is also used under Standing Order 89 by the committee chairman, to restrict debate in committee. The Speaker, who is impartial as between the parties, by convention selects amendments for debate which represent the main divisions of opinion within the House. Other amendments can technically be proposed, but in practice have no chance of success unless the parties in the House are closely divided. If pressed they would normally be casually defeated by acclamation.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Once the House has considered the bill, the third reading follows. In the House of Commons, no further amendments may be made, and the passage of the motion "That the Bill be now read a third time" is passage of the whole bill. In the House of Lords further amendments to the bill may be moved. After the passage of the third reading motion, the House of Lords must vote on the motion "That the Bill do now pass." Following its passage in one House, the bill is sent to the other House. If passed in identical form by both Houses, it may be presented for the Sovereign's Assent. If one House passes amendments that the other will not agree to, and the two Houses cannot resolve their disagreements, the bill will normally fail.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Since the passage of the Parliament Act 1911 the power of the House of Lords to reject bills passed by the House of Commons has been restricted, with further restrictions were placed by the Parliament Act 1949. If the House of Commons passes a public bill in two successive sessions, and the House of Lords rejects it both times, the Commons may direct that the bill be presented to the Sovereign for his or her Assent, disregarding the rejection of the Bill in the House of Lords. In each case, the bill must be passed by the House of Commons at least one calendar month before the end of the session. The provision does not apply to Private bills or to Public bills if they originated in the House of Lords or if they seek to extend the duration of a Parliament beyond five years. A special procedure applies in relation to bills classified by the Speaker of the House of Commons as "Money Bills". A Money Bill concerns "solely" national taxation or public funds; the Speaker's certificate is deemed conclusive under all circumstances. If the House of Lords fails to pass a Money Bill within one month of its passage in the House of Commons, the Lower House may direct that the Bill be submitted for the Sovereign's Assent immediately.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Even before the passage of the Parliament Acts, the Commons possessed pre-eminence in cases of financial matters. By ancient custom, the House of Lords may not introduce a bill relating to taxation or Supply, nor amend a bill so as to insert a provision relating to taxation or Supply, nor amend a Supply Bill in any way. The House of Commons is free to waive this privilege, and sometimes does so to allow the House of Lords to pass amendments with financial implications. The House of Lords remains free to reject bills relating to Supply and taxation, but may be over-ruled easily if the bills are Money Bills. (A bill relating to revenue and Supply may not be a Money Bill if, for example, it includes subjects other than national taxation and public funds).


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The last stage of a bill involves the granting of the Royal Assent. Theoretically, the Sovereign may either grant or withhold Royal Assent (make the bill a law or veto the bill). In modern times the Sovereign always grants the Royal Assent, using the Norman French words "Le Roy le veult" (the King wishes it; "La Reyne" in the case of a Queen). The last refusal to grant the Assent was in 1708, when Queen Anne withheld her Assent from a bill "for the settling of Militia in Scotland", in the words "" (the Queen will think it over).


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Thus, every bill obtains the assent of all three components of Parliament before it becomes law (except where the House of Lords is over-ridden under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949). The words "BE IT ENACTED by the King's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:-," or, where the House of Lords' authority has been over-ridden by use of the Parliament Acts, the words "BE IT ENACTED by King's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Commons in this present Parliament assembled, in accordance with the provisions of the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, and by the authority of the same, as follows:-" appear near the beginning of each Act of Parliament. These words are known as the enacting formula.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Prior to the creation of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in 2009, Parliament was the highest court in the realm for most purposes, but the Privy Council had jurisdiction in some cases (for instance, appeals from ecclesiastical courts). The jurisdiction of Parliament arose from the ancient custom of petitioning the Houses to redress grievances and to do justice. The House of Commons ceased considering petitions to reverse the judgements of lower courts in 1399, effectively leaving the House of Lords as the court of last resort. In modern times, the judicial functions of the House of Lords were performed not by the whole House, but by the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (judges granted life peerage dignities under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876) and by Lords of Appeal (other peers with experience in the judiciary). However, under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, these judicial functions were transferred to the newly created Supreme Court in 2009, and the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary became the first Justices of the Supreme Court. Peers who hold high judicial office are no longer allowed to vote or speak in the Lords until they retire as justices.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: In the late 19th century, Acts allowed for the appointment of "Scottish Lords of Appeal in Ordinary" and ended appeal in Scottish criminal matters to the House of Lords, so that the High Court of Justiciary became the highest criminal court in Scotland. There is an argument that the provisions of Article XIX of the Union with England Act 1707 prevent any Court outside Scotland from hearing any appeal in criminal cases: "And that the said Courts or any other of the like nature after the Unions shall have no power to Cognosce Review or Alter the Acts or Sentences of the Judicatures within Scotland or stop the Execution of the same." The House of Lords judicial committee usually had a minimum of two Scottish Judges to ensure that some experience of Scots law was brought to bear on Scottish appeals in civil cases, from the Court of Session. The Supreme Court now usually has at least two Scottish judges, together with at least one from Northern Ireland. As Wales is developing its own judicature, it is likely that the same principle will be applied.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Certain other judicial functions have historically been performed by the House of Lords. Until 1948, it was the body in which peers had to be tried for felonies or high treason; now, they are tried by normal juries. The last occasion of the trial of a peer in the House of Lords was in 1935. When the House of Commons impeaches an individual, the trial takes place in the House of Lords. Impeachments are now possibly defunct, as the last one occurred in 1806. In 2006, a number of MPs attempted to revive the custom, having signed a motion for the impeachment of Tony Blair, but this was unsuccessful.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The British Government is answerable to the House of Commons. However, neither the Prime Minister nor members of the Government are elected by the House of Commons. Instead, the King requests the person most likely to command the support of a majority in the House, normally the leader of the largest party in the House of Commons, to form a government. So that they may be accountable to the Lower House, the Prime Minister and most members of the Cabinet are, by convention, members of the House of Commons. The last Prime Minister to be a member of the House of Lords was Alec Douglas-Home, 14th Earl of Home, who became Prime Minister in 1963. To adhere to the convention under which he was responsible to the Lower House, he disclaimed his peerage and procured election to the House of Commons within days of becoming Prime Minister.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Governments have a tendency to dominate the legislative functions of Parliament, by using their in-built majority in the House of Commons, and sometimes using their patronage power to appoint supportive peers in the Lords. In practice, governments can pass any legislation (within reason) in the Commons they wish, unless there is major dissent by MPs in the governing party.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: But even in these situations, it is highly unlikely a bill will be defeated, though dissenting MPs may be able to extract concessions from the government. In 1976, Quintin Hogg, Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone created a now widely used name for this behaviour, in an academic paper called "elective dictatorship".


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Parliament controls the executive by passing or rejecting its Bills and by forcing Ministers of the Crown to answer for their actions, either at "Question Time" or during meetings of the parliamentary committees. In both cases, Ministers are asked questions by members of their Houses, and are obliged to answer.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Although the House of Lords may scrutinise the executive through Question Time and through its committees, it cannot bring down the Government. A ministry must always retain the confidence and support of the House of Commons. The Lower House may indicate its lack of support by rejecting a Motion of Confidence or by passing a Motion of No Confidence. Confidence Motions are generally originated by the Government to reinforce its support in the House, whilst No Confidence Motions are introduced by the Opposition. The motions sometimes take the form "That this House has [no] confidence in His Majesty's Government" but several other varieties, many referring to specific policies supported or opposed by Parliament, are used. For instance, a Confidence Motion of 1992 used the form, "That this House expresses the support for the economic policy of His Majesty's Government." Such a motion may theoretically be introduced in the House of Lords, but, as the Government need not enjoy the confidence of that House, would not be of the same effect as a similar motion in the House of Commons; the only modern instance of such an occurrence involves the 'No Confidence' motion that was introduced in 1993 and subsequently defeated.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Many votes are considered votes of confidence, although not including the language mentioned above. Important bills that form part of the Government's agenda (as stated in the Speech from the Throne) are generally considered matters of confidence. The defeat of such a bill by the House of Commons indicates that a Government no longer has the confidence of that House. The same effect is achieved if the House of Commons "withdraws Supply," that is, rejects the budget.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Where a Government has lost the confidence of the House of Commons, in other words has lost the ability to secure the basic requirement of the authority of the House of Commons to tax and to spend Government money, the Prime Minister is obliged either to resign, or seek the dissolution of Parliament and a new general election. Otherwise the machinery of government grinds to a halt within days. The third choice – to mount a coup d'état or an anti-democratic revolution – is hardly to be contemplated in the present age. Though all three situations have arisen in recent years even in developed economies, international relations have allowed a disaster to be avoided.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Where a Prime Minister has ceased to retain the necessary majority and requests a dissolution, the Sovereign can in theory reject his or her request, forcing a resignation and allowing the Leader of the Opposition to be asked to form a new government. This power is used extremely rarely. The conditions that should be met to allow such a refusal are known as the Lascelles Principles. These conditions and principles are constitutional conventions arising from the Sovereign's reserve powers as well as longstanding tradition and practice, not laid down in law.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: In practice, the House of Commons' scrutiny of the Government is very weak. Since the first-past-the-post electoral system is employed in elections, the governing party tends to enjoy a large majority in the Commons; there is often limited need to compromise with other parties. Modern British political parties are so tightly organised that they leave relatively little room for free action by their MPs. In many cases, MPs may be expelled from their parties for voting against the instructions of party leaders. During the 20th century, the Government has lost confidence issues only three times—twice in 1924, and once in 1979.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: In the United Kingdom, question time in the House of Commons lasts for an hour each day from Monday to Thursday (2:30 to 3:30 pm on Mondays, 11:30 am to 12:30 pm on Tuesdays and Wednesdays, and 9:30 to 10:30 am on Thursdays). Each Government department has its place in a rota which repeats every five weeks. The exception to this sequence are the Business Questions (Questions to the Leader of House of Commons), in which questions are answered each Thursday about the business of the House the following week. Also, Questions to the Prime Minister takes place each Wednesday from noon to 12:30 pm.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: In addition to government departments, there are also questions to the Church commissioners. Additionally, each Member of Parliament is entitled to table questions for written answer. Written questions are addressed to the Ministerial head of a government department, usually a Secretary of State, but they are often answered by a Minister of State or Parliamentary Under Secretary of State. Written Questions are submitted to the Clerks of the Table Office, either on paper or electronically, and answers are recorded in "The Official Report (Hansard)" so as to be widely available and accessible.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: In the House of Lords, a half-hour is set aside each afternoon at the start of the day's proceedings for Lords' oral questions. A peer submits a question in advance, which then appears on the Order Paper for the day's proceedings. The peer shall say: ""My Lords, I beg leave to ask the Question standing in my name on the Order Paper"." The Minister responsible then answers the question. The peer is then allowed to ask a supplementary question and other peers ask further questions on the theme of the original put down on the order paper. (For instance, if the question regards immigration, peers can ask the Minister any question related to immigration during the allowed period.)


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Several different views have been taken of Parliament's sovereignty. According to the jurist Sir William Blackstone, "It has sovereign and uncontrollable authority in making, confirming, enlarging, restraining, abrogating, repealing, reviving, and expounding of laws, concerning matters of all possible denominations, ecclesiastical, or temporal, civil, military, maritime, or criminal… it can, in short, do every thing that is not naturally impossible."


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: A different view has been taken by the Scottish judge Thomas Cooper, 1st Lord Cooper of Culross. When he decided the 1953 case of "MacCormick v. Lord Advocate" as Lord President of the Court of Session, he stated, "The principle of unlimited sovereignty of Parliament is a distinctively English principle and has no counterpart in Scottish constitutional law." He continued, "Considering that the Union legislation extinguished the Parliaments of Scotland and England and replaced them by a new Parliament, I have difficulty in seeing why the new Parliament of Great Britain must inherit all the peculiar characteristics of the English Parliament but none of the Scottish." Nevertheless, he did not give a conclusive opinion on the subject.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Thus, the question of Parliamentary sovereignty appears to remain unresolved. Parliament has not passed any Act defining its own sovereignty. The European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 states "It is recognised that the Parliament of the United Kingdom is sovereign." without qualification or definition. A related possible limitation on Parliament relates to the Scottish legal system and Presbyterian faith, preservation of which were Scottish preconditions to the creation of the unified Parliament. Since the Parliament of the United Kingdom was set up in reliance on these promises, it may be that it has no power to make laws that break them.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Parliament's power has often been eroded by its own Acts. Acts passed in 1921 and 1925 granted the Church of Scotland complete independence in ecclesiastical matters. From 1973 to 2020, its power had been restricted by membership of the European Union, which has the power to make laws enforceable in each member state. In the Factortame case, the European Court of Justice ruled that British courts could have powers to overturn British legislation contravening European law.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Parliament has also created national devolved parliaments and an assembly with differing degrees of legislative authority in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, but not in England, which continues to be governed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Parliament still has the power over areas for which responsibility lies with the devolved institutions, but would ordinarily gain the agreement of those institutions to act on their behalf. Similarly, it has granted the power to make regulations to Ministers of the Crown, and the power to enact religious legislation to the General Synod of the Church of England. (Measures of the General Synod and, in some cases proposed statutory instruments made by ministers, must be approved by both Houses before they become law.)


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: In every case aforementioned, authority has been conceded by Act of Parliament and may be taken back in the same manner. It is entirely within the authority of Parliament, for example, to abolish the devolved governments in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, or — as happened in 2020 — to leave the EU. However, Parliament also revoked its legislative competence over Australia and Canada with the Australia and Canada Acts: although the Parliament of the United Kingdom could pass an Act reversing its action, it would not take effect in Australia or Canada as the competence of the Imperial Parliament is no longer recognised there in law.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: One well-recognised consequence of Parliament's sovereignty is that it cannot bind future Parliaments; that is, no Act of Parliament may be made secure from amendment or repeal by a future Parliament. For example, although the Act of Union 1800 states that the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland are to be united "forever," Parliament permitted southern Ireland to leave the United Kingdom in 1922.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Each House of Parliament possesses and guards various ancient privileges. The House of Lords relies on inherent right. In the case of the House of Commons, the Speaker goes to the Lords' Chamber at the beginning of each new Parliament and requests representatives of the Sovereign to confirm the Lower House's "undoubted" privileges and rights. The ceremony observed by the House of Commons dates to the reign of King Henry VIII. Each House is the guardian of its privileges, and may punish breaches thereof. The extent of parliamentary privilege is based on law and custom. Sir William Blackstone states that these privileges are "very large and indefinite," and cannot be defined except by the Houses of Parliament themselves.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The foremost privilege claimed by both Houses is that of freedom of speech in debate; nothing said in either House may be questioned in any court or other institution outside Parliament. Another privilege claimed is that of freedom from arrest; at one time this was held to apply for any arrest except for high treason, felony or breach of the peace but it now excludes any arrest on criminal charges; it applies during a session of Parliament, and 40 days before or after such a session. Members of both Houses are no longer privileged from service on juries.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Both Houses possess the power to punish breaches of their privilege. Contempt of Parliament—for example, disobedience of a subpoena issued by a committee—may also be punished. The House of Lords may imprison an individual for any fixed period of time, but an individual imprisoned by the House of Commons is set free upon prorogation. The punishments imposed by either House may not be challenged in any court, and the Human Rights Act does not apply.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: Until at least 2015, members of the House of Commons also had the privilege of a separate seating area in the Palace of Westminster canteen, protected by a false partition labelled "MPs only beyond this point," so that they did not have to sit with canteen staff taking a break. This provoked mockery from a newly elected 20-year-old MP who described it as "ridiculous" snobbery.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The quasi-official emblem of the Houses of Parliament is a crowned portcullis. The portcullis was originally the badge of various English noble families from the 14th century. It went on to be adopted by the kings of the Tudor dynasty in the 16th century, under whom the Palace of Westminster became the regular meeting place of Parliament. The crown was added to make the badge a specifically royal symbol.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The portcullis probably first came to be associated with the Palace of Westminster through its use as decoration in the rebuilding of the Palace after the fire of 1512. However, at the time it was only one of many symbols. The widespread use of the portcullis throughout the Palace dates from the 19th century, when Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin used it extensively as a decorative feature in their designs for the new Palace built following the disastrous 1834 fire.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The crowned portcullis came to be accepted during the 20th century as the emblem of both houses of parliament. This was simply a result of custom and usage rather than a specific decision. The emblem now appears on official stationery, publications and papers, and is stamped on various items in use in the Palace of Westminster, such as cutlery, silverware and china. Various shades of red and green are used for visual identification of the House of Lords and the House of Commons.


title: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: All public events are broadcast live and on-demand via www.parliamentlive.tv, which maintains an archive dating back to 4 December 2007. There is also a related official YouTube channel. They are also broadcast live by the independent Euronews English channel. In the UK the BBC has its own dedicated parliament channel, BBC Parliament, which broadcasts 24 hours a day and is also available on BBC iPlayer. It shows live coverage from the House of Commons, House of Lords, the Scottish Parliament, the Northern Ireland Assembly and the Senedd.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: The 2022 SummerSlam was the 35th annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw and SmackDown brand divisions. The event took place on Saturday, July 30, 2022, at Nissan Stadium in Nashville, Tennessee, marking the first SummerSlam to not be held during the month of August. This was also the first WWE PPV event following the retirement of WWE owner Vince McMahon, who had served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the company since 1982. McMahon announced his retirement on July 22, eight days before SummerSlam.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: Eight matches were contested at the event. In the main event, Roman Reigns defeated Brock Lesnar in a Last Man Standing match to retain the Undisputed WWE Universal Championship, which was billed as their final match against each other. In other prominent matches, Pat McAfee defeated Happy Corbin, Logan Paul defeated The Miz, The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) defeated The Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins and Montez Ford) to retain the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship, and in the opening bout, Bianca Belair defeated Becky Lynch to retain the Raw Women's Championship. The event also saw the returns of Bayley, Dakota Kai (who had been released from her WWE contract in April), Io Shirai (in her first appearance since NXT Stand & Deliver), and Edge.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: The event received positive reviews from critics, who, along with fans, lauded the main event, and welcomed the new creative direction the company was taking. Praise was also directed to Logan Paul's performance and the Raw Women's Championship match, but criticism was directed at the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship match, the SmackDown Women's Championship match, and the United States Championship match.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: SummerSlam is an annual live event that had previously been produced every August by WWE since 1988. Dubbed "The Biggest Party of the Summer," it is one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views (PPV), along with WrestleMania, Royal Rumble, and Survivor Series, originally dubbed the "Big Four", and as of August 2021, it is considered one of the "Big Five", along with Money in the Bank. Out of the five, it is considered WWE's second biggest event of the year behind WrestleMania. The 2022 event was the 35th event in the SummerSlam chronology and featured wrestlers from the Raw and SmackDown brands. In addition to airing on traditional PPV, it was available to livestream on Peacock in the United States and the WWE Network in international markets. Announced in October 2021, the 2022 event was the very first SummerSlam to not be held during the month of August. Instead, it was scheduled to take place on Saturday, July 30, 2022, at the Nissan Stadium in Nashville, Tennessee. Tickets went on sale on April 22, with premium hospitality packages also available. It was also the first SummerSlam since 2009 to incorporate a new logo, replacing the previous SummerSlam logo that had been used for the past 12 years.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: Eight days before SummerSlam on July 22, WWE owner Vince McMahon announced his retirement from the company. He had served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) since 1982. The 2022 SummerSlam was in turn the first SummerSlam event (and WWE PPV) following his retirement. Stephanie McMahon and WWE President Nick Khan would take over as Co-CEOs, and the former would also take over as the new Chairwoman of WWE.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: The event included matches that resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw and SmackDown brands, while storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, "Monday Night Raw" and "Friday Night SmackDown."


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: At WrestleMania 38 in April, SmackDown's Universal Champion Roman Reigns defeated Raw's WWE Champion Brock Lesnar in a Winner Takes All match to become recognized as the Undisputed WWE Universal Champion. After Reigns retained the Undisputed WWE Universal Championship on the June 17 episode of "SmackDown", he claimed there was no one left to face him. Lesnar then made a surprise return after a two-month hiatus and offered Reigns a handshake. As Reigns went to shake his hand, Lesnar attacked Reigns and then attacked The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso), who had come to Reigns' aid. It was subsequently announced that Reigns would defend the Undisputed WWE Universal Championship against Lesnar in a Last Man Standing match at SummerSlam, which WWE billed as their last match against each other.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: On the June 17 episode of "SmackDown", after losing to Madcap Moss, Happy Corbin confronted commentator Pat McAfee—a former teammate when both played in the National Football League who consistently criticized Corbin on-air for his underhanded tactics. The following week, McAfee challenged Corbin to a match at SummerSlam. After Money in the Bank went off the air, Corbin attacked McAfee and subsequently accepted the challenge.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: At Money in the Bank, Bobby Lashley defeated Theory to win the United States Championship. On the following episode of "Raw", Theory announced he was granted a rematch against Lashley for the title at SummerSlam.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: At Money in the Bank, The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) defeated The Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins and Montez Ford) to retain the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship. Following the match, replayed footage of the pinfall showed that Ford's shoulder was off the mat, thus the pinfall should not have been counted. A championship rematch was then subsequently scheduled for SummerSlam. On the July 15 episode of "SmackDown", WWE official Adam Pearce announced that WWE Hall of Famer and Nashville area native Jeff Jarrett would be the special guest referee for the match.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: At Money in the Bank, Liv Morgan won the women's Money in the Bank ladder match to earn a contract for a women's championship match of her choosing. After Ronda Rousey retained the SmackDown Women's Championship later that same night, Morgan ran out and used the contract to cash in on Rousey and win the title. On the following "SmackDown", it was announced that Morgan would defend the title in a rematch against Rousey at SummerSlam.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: At WrestleMania 38, social media influencer Logan Paul teamed with The Miz in a tag team match in which they were victorious. However, unpleased that Paul scored the pinfall, Miz turned on and attacked Paul. In June, photos began surfacing of Paul training for an in-ring return and then on June 30, it was announced that Paul had officially signed with WWE. In a short video following the announcement, Paul said he was coming for The Miz. Paul then appeared on the July 18 episode of "Raw" to confront Miz and challenged him to a match at SummerSlam. Miz initially rejected, but after being goaded by Paul, Miz accepted.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: At the previous year's SummerSlam event, Becky Lynch made a return from maternity leave and faced Bianca Belair in an impromptu match where she defeated Belair in 26 seconds to win the SmackDown Women's Championship. The two would face each other again at WrestleMania 38, this time for Lynch's Raw Women's Championship, where Belair was victorious. Over the next few months, Lynch failed various attempts to regain the championship. However, on the July 18 episode of "Raw", it was made official that Belair would defend the Raw Women's Championship against Lynch at SummerSlam, with Belair vowing to rewrite what happened at SummerSlam the previous year.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: The pay-per-view opened with Bianca Belair defending the Raw Women's Championship against Becky Lynch. Early in the match, Belair accidentally legit dislocated Lynch’s shoulder. Outside the ring, Lynch countered a Kiss Of Death from Belair and attacked Belair near the timekeeper's area. Lynch performed Diamond Dust on Belair for a nearfall. Later, Belair performed a Kiss Of Death on Lynch outside the ring. Belair intended for a countout victory, however, Lynch rolled back in the ring at nine. Lynch pulled Belair, who was atop a turnbuckle, into the ring by the latter's braid and performed a Manhandle Slam for a nearfall. In the closing, as Lynch attempted a second Manhandle Slam from the middle rope, Belair countered into a Spanish Fly and the Kiss of Death on Lynch to retain the title. Following the match, Belair and Lynch shook hands and embraced each other. Bayley then made her return for the first time since July 2021 to confront Belair. She was accompanied by a returning Dakota Kai (who had been released from her WWE contract in April) and Io Shirai (in her first appearance since NXT Stand & Deliver, whose ring name would be changed to "Iyo Sky" (stylized in all caps)), both making their main roster debuts. Sky and Kai turned heel by siding with Bayley, who attempted to taunt Belair. Lynch then sided with Belair, thus Lynch turned babyface for the first time since May 2020. Bayley, Sky, and Kai then retreated while Lynch and Belair continued to show mutual respect to each other.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: Next, Logan Paul faced The Miz (accompanied by Maryse and Ciampa). During the match, Paul applied the Figure Four leglock on Miz, however, Miz reached the ropes to void the submission. Paul performed a Crossbody and standing moonsault on Miz for a nearfall. Ciampa attempted to attack Paul only for the referee to catch him. Although the referee sent Ciampa backstage, Ciampa refused to comply and obtained a steel chair to sit.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: AJ Styles then came out and attacked Ciampa from behind. Paul performed a Phenomenal Forearm on Miz for a nearfall. Paul then performed a Frog Splash on Miz through the announce table. In the end, as Paul attempted a pin on Miz, Maryse distracted the referee. As Miz attempted to attack Paul with a necklace, he almost struck Maryse, who stood on the ring apron, however, Paul took advantage and performed a Skull Crushing Finale on Miz in the ring to win the match.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: After that, Bobby Lashley defended the United States Championship against Austin Theory. During Lashley's entrance, Theory attacked Lashley with the Money in the Bank briefcase. Mid-way through the match, Theory attempted to walk away from the match, however, Lashley intercepted him. Lashley performed a Running Powerslam on Theory. As Lashley attempted a Spear on Theory, Theory leapt over Lashley. In the end, Lashley applied the Hurt Lock submission on Theory, who submitted, thus Lashley retained the title.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: The next match saw The Mysterios (Rey Mysterio and Dominik Mysterio) face The Judgment Day (Finn Bálor and Damian Priest, accompanied by Rhea Ripley) in a No Disqualification tag team match. In the closing moments, former Judgment Day leader Edge made his return and performed a Spear on Priest and Bàlor. The Mysterios then performed a double 619 on Bàlor. Rey followed with a Frog Splash on Bálor to win the match.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: Next, Happy Corbin fought Pat McAfee. In the closing moments, as Corbin attempted End of Days on McAfee, McAfee performed a right hand on Corbin, who inadvertently incapacitated the referee. McAfee performed a low-blow and a Powerbomb on Corbin to win the match.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: Following that, Drew McIntyre came out to cut a promo where he spoke about his upcoming Undisputed WWE Universal Championship match at Clash at the Castle. McIntyre stated that it did not matter who won the main event that night as he would defeat them at Clash at the Castle to become champion.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: Next, The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) defended the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship against The Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins and Montez Ford), with WWE Hall of Famer Jeff Jarrett as the special guest referee. In the end, The Usos performed the 1D on Dawkins to retain the title.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: Following that, Matt Riddle came out and called out Seth "Freakin" Rollins; they were originally scheduled to face each other at SummerSlam, however, Riddle was injured by Rollins on the "Raw" before the event, thus Riddle was not medically cleared. Rollins came out, however, WWE officials came out to warn Rollins. Rollins and Riddle eventually fought which ended with Rollins performing a Stomp on Riddle. It was later revealed that this match was cancelled due to Riddle failing a drug test.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: In the penultimate match, Liv Morgan defended the SmackDown Women's Championship against Ronda Rousey. Early in the match, Morgan performed a Codebreaker on Rousey. As Morgan attempted an Ob-Livion on Rousey, Rousey countered and applied the armbar on Morgan only for Morgan to reach the ropes to void the submission. In the closing moments, as Rousey applied the armbar on Morgan once again, Rousey's shoulders were on the mat. The referee counted the pin, however, he did not notice Morgan tap out before the three count, thus Morgan retained the title. Following the match, an irate Rousey attacked Morgan and the referee, turning heel for the first time since 2019.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: In the main event, Roman Reigns (accompanied by Paul Heyman) defended the Undisputed WWE Universal Championship against Brock Lesnar in a Last Man Standing match. Lesnar drove a tractor towards the ring for his entrance. Lesnar jumped off the tractor onto Reigns and performed German Suplexes on Reigns at ringside. As Heyman distracted Lesnar, Reigns took advantage and performed a Samoan Drop on Lesnar through a table set up at ringside, who stood up at seven. Reigns put Lesnar through another table, who stood up at seven. Reigns performed two Superman Punches and a spear on Lesnar, who stood up at seven. Lesnar attempted an F-5 on Reigns, however, Reigns countered and threw Lesnar out of the ring. Lesnar attacked Reigns with the steel steps and a broken piece of a table, who got up at nine. Lesnar threw Reigns in the front loader of the tractor and dumped Reigns back in the ring, after which, Lesnar performed German Suplexes on Reigns, who got up at eight. Lesnar then performed an F-5 on Reigns, who got up at nine. As Lesnar attempted another F5 on Reigns, Reigns countered into the Guillotine, however, Lesnar countered into his own Guillotine on Reigns, who got up at nine. Lesnar then drove the tractor into the ring, lifting the ring, toppling Reigns, who got up at nine. The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) then came out to aid Reigns and attacked Lesnar, however, Lesnar took out The Usos. Heyman then taunted Lesnar with the titles, who responded by performing an F-5 on Heyman through the announce table. Reigns speared a distracted Lesnar and moments later, Austin Theory came out with his Money in the Bank briefcase and attempted to cash in, however, Lesnar intercepted Theory with an F-5. The Usos then performed Superkicks on Lesnar, who got up at nine. Reigns performed a Spear on Lesnar, who got up at nine. An irate Reigns attacked Lesnar with Theory's Money in the Bank briefcase, who still stood up at nine. Reigns then struck Lesnar with the WWE title, who stood up at nine. In the closing moments, Reigns attacked Lesnar, this time with the Universal title and proceeded with The Usos to place pieces of the broken announce table, steel chairs and amplifier on a battered Lesnar and stood on the debris for the ten count.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: The event was met with positive reviews from critics, who welcomed the company’s new creative direction. The Reigns vs. Lesnar main event was also highly acclaimed and was met with a four-and-a-half star rating out of a possible five by Dave Meltzer. WWE reported on the "Raw" after SummerSlam that it had surpassed 1.3 billion video views on social media for the event. Brent Brookhouse of CBS Sports praised the event and also gave his highest ratings of letter grade A to the Reigns vs. Lesnar main event match.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: After SummerSlam, the trio of Bayley, Dakota Kai, and Iyo Sky would dub themselves as Damage CTRL, and they continued to target Raw Women's Champion Bianca Belair. This led to a six-woman tag team match at Clash at the Castle, where Damage CTRL defeated Belair's team in which Bayley pinned Belair. Due to pinning the champion, Bayley challenged Belair to a ladder match for the title at Extreme Rules and Belair accepted.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: On the August 15 episode of "Raw", Matt Riddle revealed that he was medically cleared. Later that same night, Riddle engaged into another brawl with Seth "Freakin" Rollins before challenging him to a match at Clash at the Castle, which was made official.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: After SummerSlam, The Mysterios (Rey Mysterio and Dominik Mysterio) and Edge continued feuding with The Judgment Day (Finn Bálor, Damian Priest, and Rhea Ripley), leading to Edge and Rey teaming up to face Bálor and Priest at Clash at the Castle. At the event, Edge and Rey defeated Judgment Day, however, after the match, Dominik turned on both Edge and Rey and joined The Judgment Day.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: On the following episode of "SmackDown", Ronda Rousey was suspended for her actions at SummerSlam. Later that night, Shayna Baszler won a gauntlet match to become the number one contender for Liv Morgan's SmackDown Women's Championship at Clash at the Castle, where Morgan retained. After Rousey's suspension was lifted, she won a fatal five-way elimination match on the September 9 episode to earn a rematch against Liv Morgan for the SmackDown Women's Championship at Extreme Rules, which was stipulated as an Extreme Rules match.


title: SummerSlam (2022)

text: Also on "SmackDown", Roman Reigns (with The Usos) addressed his victory over Brock Lesnar, only for Drew McIntyre to interrupt. Afterwards, Karrion Kross and Scarlett made their return to WWE after being released in November 2021. Kross would confront McIntyre over the next few weeks, and a strap match between the two was scheduled for Extreme Rules.


title: Boeing 767

text: The Boeing 767 is an American wide-body aircraft developed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes.


title: Boeing 767

text: The aircraft was launched as the 7X7 program on July 14, 1978, the prototype first flew on September 26, 1981, and it was certified on July 30, 1982. The original 767-200 entered service on September 8, 1982, with United Airlines, and the extended-range 767-200ER in 1984. It was stretched into the in October 1986, followed by the 767-300ER in 1988, the most popular variant.


title: Boeing 767

text: The 767-300F, a production freighter version, debuted in October 1995. It was stretched again into the 767-400ER from September 2000.


title: Boeing 767

text: To complement the larger 747, it has a seven-abreast cross-section, accommodating smaller LD2 ULD cargo containers.


title: Boeing 767

text: The 767 is Boeing's first wide-body twinjet, powered by General Electric CF6, Rolls-Royce RB211, or Pratt & Whitney JT9D turbofans. JT9D engines were eventually replaced by PW4000 engines.


title: Boeing 767

text: Its two-crew glass cockpit, a first for a Boeing airliner, was developed jointly for the 757 − a narrow-body aircraft, allowing a common pilot type rating. Studies for a higher-capacity 767 in 1986 led Boeing to develop the larger 777 twinjet, introduced in June 1995.


title: Boeing 767

text: The 767-200 typically seats 216 passengers over 3,900 nmi (7,200 km), while the 767-200ER seats 181 over a 6,590 nautical mile (12,200 km) range.


title: Boeing 767

text: The 767-300 typically seats 269 passengers over 3,900 nmi (7,200 km), while the 767-300ER seats 218 over 5,980 nmi (11,070 km).


title: Boeing 767

text: The 767-300F can haul over 3,225 nmi (6,025 km), and the 767-400ER typically seats 245 passengers over 5,625 nmi (10,415 km). Military derivatives include the E-767 for surveillance and the KC-767 and KC-46 aerial tankers.


title: Boeing 767

text: After being initially used on U.S. transcontinental routes, that was extended with ETOPS regulations from 1985, it was then frequently used on transatlantic flights.


title: Boeing 767

text: A total of 742 of these aircraft were in service in July 2018, with Delta Air Lines being the largest operator with 77 aircraft in its fleet.


title: Boeing 767

text: , Boeing has received 1,373 orders from 74 customers, of which 1,259 airplanes have been delivered, while the remaining orders are for cargo or tanker variants. Competitors have included the Airbus A300, A310, and A330-200. Its successor, the 787 Dreamliner, entered service in 2011.


title: Boeing 767

text: In 1970, the 747 entered service as the first wide-body jetliner with a fuselage wide enough to feature a twin-aisle cabin. Two years later, the manufacturer began a development study, code-named 7X7, for a new wide-body jetliner intended to replace the 707 and other early generation narrow-body airliners. The aircraft would also provide twin-aisle seating, but in a smaller fuselage than the existing 747, McDonnell Douglas DC-10, and Lockheed L-1011 TriStar wide-bodies. To defray the high cost of development, Boeing signed risk-sharing agreements with Italian corporation Aeritalia and the Civil Transport Development Corporation (CTDC), a consortium of Japanese aerospace companies. This marked the manufacturer's first major international joint venture, and both Aeritalia and the CTDC received supply contracts in return for their early participation. The initial 7X7 was conceived as a short take-off and landing airliner intended for short-distance flights, but customers were unenthusiastic about the concept, leading to its redefinition as a mid-size, transcontinental-range airliner. At this stage the proposed aircraft featured two or three engines, with possible configurations including over-wing engines and a T-tail.


title: Boeing 767

text: By 1976, a twinjet layout, similar to the one which had debuted on the Airbus A300, became the baseline configuration. The decision to use two engines reflected increased industry confidence in the reliability and economics of new-generation jet powerplants. While airline requirements for new wide-body aircraft remained ambiguous, the 7X7 was generally focused on mid-size, high-density markets. As such, it was intended to transport large numbers of passengers between major cities. Advancements in civil aerospace technology, including high-bypass-ratio turbofan engines, new flight deck systems, aerodynamic improvements, and more efficient lightweight designs were to be applied to the 7X7. Many of these features were also included in a parallel development effort for a new mid-size narrow-body airliner, code-named 7N7, which would become the 757. Work on both proposals proceeded through the airline industry upturn in the late 1970s.