title: Charlie's Angels

text: Ratings dropped during the third season. Jackson began to complain about the show's diminishing script quality (she once complained: "The scripts are so light it would take a week to get to the floor if you dropped it from the ceiling") and further stated that initially the series focused on "classic detective work", but had become more of a "cop story of the week". During the third season, Jackson was offered the part of Joanna Kramer in "Kramer vs. Kramer" (1979) with Dustin Hoffman but the "Charlie's Angels" producers refused to reorganize the shooting schedule to allow Jackson time off to shoot the film (the part of Joanna ultimately went to Meryl Streep, who won an Academy Award for her performance). Upset by this situation and her negative opinion of the scripts, Jackson became problematic, as she admitted, "I guess I did cause a few problems" and she was let go. In a statement, Spelling said: "Due to problems on the set, Kate is being dropped for the good of the show".


title: Charlie's Angels

text: Casting calls for Jackson's replacement began during the summer of 1979. Several up-and-coming actresses were considered for the role, including Barbara Bach, Connie Sellecca, Shari Belafonte, newcomer Michelle Pfeiffer and "The Price Is Right" model Dian Parkinson. ABC producers auditioned Revlon Charlie perfume model Shelley Hack and cast her as Jackson's replacement. Producers at Spelling-Goldberg were quoted as saying: "We feel that Shelley Hack has exactly the talent, style, and intelligence we were looking for". Producer Spelling loved the idea of the headline "The Charlie Girl Becomes A "Charlie's Angel"". Hack debuted in the fourth-season premiere as Tiffany Welles, an elegant police graduate from Boston. In hiring Hack, Spelling's priority for season four was to "bring back the glamour" while ABC hoped Hack's sophisticated personality would bring an interesting new mystique and intrigue to the series. However, after an initial spike in the ratings, they began to erode, so in an attempt to revitalize declining ratings and regain popularity, ABC released Hack from her contract in February 1980. In an interview with "People", Hack said: "They can say I didn't work out, but it isn't true. What happened was a network war. A business decision was made. Change the timeslot or bring on some new publicity. How to get publicity? A new Angel hunt. Who is the obvious person to replace? I am—the new kid on the block". Hack later stated: "I never expected to be there more than a year and I wasn't. I did my year and I moved on".


title: Charlie's Angels

text: Casting calls went out for Hack's replacement. After a series of false commitments, Spelling and ABC selected model and former dance instructor Tanya Roberts, beating out Jayne Kennedy, Susie Coelho, and what Roberts skeptically called "the [other] alleged 2,000 Angel candidates". Roberts debuted in the fifth-season premiere as Julie Rogers, a streetwise fighter and model from New York, but the season premiere episode drew mild ratings. She was pictured on the cover of "People" magazine and featured in an article surrounding the series. The article, titled "Is the Jiggle Up?", asked if Roberts could save "Charlie's Angels" from cancellation. Executive Brett Garwood said that they hoped to keep the show going for next year, but was nothing certain.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: Between November 1980 and June 1981, the series was broadcast in three different time slots and its ratings further declined, so ABC cancelled the show in the spring of 1981.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: "Charlie's Angels" became known as "Jiggle TV". Jiggle TV was also called "Tits & Ass Television" or "T&A" for short and in the 1970s the amount of sex on television increased, as did its ratings, creating social controversies and consequences, by critics who believed that the TV series had no intelligence or substance. These characterizations stemmed from the fact that the lead actresses frequently dressed scantily or provocatively as part of their undercover characters (including roller derby girl, beauty pageant contestant, maid, female prisoner, or just bikini-clad), and the belief that their clothing was a means of attracting viewers. "Jiggle TV" is seen as trashy and escapist entertainment. Farrah Fawcett once attributed the TV show's success to this fact: "When the show was number three, I figured it was our acting. When it got to be number one, I decided it could only be because none of us wears a bra". Contrariwise on "TV Tales", Cheryl Ladd said "I'm just saying, personally, I wore a bra"; Shelley Hack stated: "I don't jiggle much, so I didn't have anything to worry about"; and Jaclyn Smith said, "Jiggle TV. I thought it was ridiculous".


title: Charlie's Angels

text: Reflecting on the 1970s female-driven drama, Jaclyn Smith, who was the only 'Angel' to star on all five seasons, states how "Charlie's Angels" changed her – and TV audiences across America: "It was ground-breaking. It was about three emotionally and financially independent women. We shot at beautiful locations with fancy fast cars, and they cared about each other, so there was a heart to the show. Critics said that as actresses we were sexually exploited, but it was a nursery rhyme. We were in a bathing suit at the beach, and if there was a hint of a love scene, it was so proper. I think the producers were smart. They wanted to bring in that younger audience and did want families to watch together". Smith adds: "Each of our characters had their own unique personality, yet the show was all very cohesive - it just worked. We really were all good friends and that showed on the screen".


title: Charlie's Angels

text: Cheryl Ladd believed the TV series was "inspirational" to women despite the critics calling it a "jiggle show". She noted, "there hadn't been a show like this on the air [with] three powerful women who had the latest hairdos, wore the coolest clothes and could walk around in a bikini. We were very inspirational to a lot of young women. Young women would write us and say, 'I want to be like you. I want to be a cop when I grow up and taking chances to be something else other than the acceptable school teacher or secretary'". In reference to the show being called "Jiggle TV", Ladd said: "Which made me laugh, I never went braless, and I was married and the mother of a 2-year-old. The 'Angels' were grown-up Girl Scouts. We never slept with anyone; my most "Aaron Spelling" moment was wrestling an alligator. With the feminist movement, we were kind of half-heroes, half-goats".


title: Charlie's Angels

text: Shelley Hack said: "Of course it's fluff, but high-grade fluff. You don't compare Agatha Christie to Tolstoy". Additionally, referring to the Revlon Charlie commercials and "Charlie's Angels", she stated on "The Oprah Winfrey Show": "I was lucky. There were two things I was in that were about making women feel a little more empowered".


title: Charlie's Angels

text: Kate Jackson has stated that she believes the first season of "Charlie's Angels" was the TV show's high point, and it was the most fun for herself, Smith, and Fawcett: "When you think about "Charlie's Angels", you think about three specific people". Jackson added: "I don't know what the connection that the three of us have is, but it is there, and it is something extremely special. I think that is the reason the show worked".


title: Charlie's Angels

text: "Time" magazine called "Charlie's Angels" an "aesthetically ridiculous, commercially brilliant brainstorm surfing blithely atop the Zeitgeist's seventh wave".


title: Charlie's Angels

text: Camille Paglia, an American academic and social critic, said that "Charlie's Angels" was an "effervescent action-adventure showing smart, bold women working side by side in fruitful collaboration".


title: Charlie's Angels

text: "Charlie's Angels" proved to be a runaway hit in the 1976–77 season in its first of five time slots, Wednesdays at 10:00pm, where it followed "Baretta". Facing little competition from CBS and NBC, "Charlie's Angels" finished fifth in Nielsen ratings in the spring of 1977 with an average 26.0 rating. The three lead actresses were suddenly propelled to stardom, with Kate Jackson later commenting that the first few months were like being in the eye of a storm. Farrah Fawcett became hugely popular and was branded a phenomenon. However, the situation off screen was not as rewarding. The long working hours on set, combined with numerous calls for photo shoots, wardrobe fittings, and promotional interviews, took their toll on the trio. Jackson was especially unhappy as she felt the quality of scripts was declining and the format was now more "cop story of the week" rather than classy undercover drama, which had been the intention with the pilot film.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: With season two, the series moved up an hour to the Wednesday 9:00pm time slot, where it stayed for three years. During that time, the series competed with such popular shows as "One Day at a Time", "The Jeffersons", and "Diff'rent Strokes". The transition from Fawcett to Cheryl Ladd in the second season proved to be popular with viewers. While viewership dipped marginally in the second season, the series still remained in the top five for the 1977–78 season, placing fourth in the ratings, tying with "60 Minutes" and "All in the Family". In the third season, viewership stabilized, but the series began losing traction as it ranked twelfth behind newcomers "Mork & Mindy", "The Ropers", and "Taxi" for the 1978–79 season. With Jackson's departure and Shelley Hack entering the cast, the show's fourth season saw some ratings erosion as it ranked twentieth for the 1979–80 season, tying with "Barney Miller".


title: Charlie's Angels

text: The fifth season saw the final cast change with Tanya Roberts. The final season was plagued by the 1980 actors strike, causing a delayed premier date. In addition, the series was shuffled around with three different time slots: Sundays at 8:00pm, Saturdays at 8:00pm, and finally Wednesdays at 8:00pm, where it remained for the remainder of its run. Despite generally receiving mild competition from its rival networks on these time slots, "Charlie's Angels" placed fifty-ninth out of sixty-five shows for the 1980–81 season. ABC thereby canceled the series after five seasons and 110 episodes.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: The "Charlie's Angels" 74-minute pilot film that aired on March 21, 1976, received enormous ratings, but ABC network — who thought this was one of the worst ideas for a TV series they'd ever heard — did not believe the figures and showed it again a week later to check. At the time of Spelling pitching the pilot of "Charlie's Angels" to the network, ABC executive Michael Eisner told Spelling that his pitch had to be "one of the worst ideas I've ever heard", and ABC Executive Barry Diller claimed no one would ever watch it. Despite the ABC networks disbelief in the project, the repeat ratings were just as high.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: "Charlie's Angels" played host to a number of well-known faces during its five seasons. Some of those individuals were long-established stars of film and television; others would find considerable fame and recognition many years "after" appearing in the program. Notable appearances of celebrities (whether famous then or later) include those of:


title: Charlie's Angels

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released all five seasons of "Charlie's Angels" on DVD in region one over the span of ten years, with the fifth and final season released as a Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) release, available exclusively through Amazon.com & WBShop.com and only in the U.S. Additionally, seasons 1–3 have been released on DVD in regions 2 and 4.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: Mill Creek Entertainment acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including "Charlie's Angels" in 2013. They subsequently re-released the first season on DVD on January 21, 2014.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: Mill Creek re-released "Charlie's Angels: The Complete Series" on DVD in Region 1 on September 6, 2016. The 20-disc set contains all 110 episodes of the series.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: "Note: Episode count is based on the format in which episodes originally aired. Two-hour episodes are counted as one episode".


title: Charlie's Angels

text: ABC attempted to create a spin-off of "Charlie's Angels" in 1980 called "Toni's Boys". The backdoor pilot aired near the end of season four, simply titled "Toni's Boys" (season 4, episode 23). The episode starred Barbara Stanwyck as Antonia "Toni" Blake, a wealthy widow socialite and friend of Charlie's who ran a detective agency she inherited from her late husband. The agency was staffed by three handsome male detectives — Cotton Harper (Stephen Shortridge), Bob Sorensen (Bob Seagren), and Matt Parrish (Bruce Bauer) — who took direction from Toni, and solved crimes in a manner similar to the Angels. The show was not picked up as a regular series for the following season.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: The character Dan Tanna (played by Robert Urich) from the detective series "Vega$" appeared in the episode "Angels in Vegas" a week before the "Vega$" season one debut. The crossover was simply used to reintroduce the Dan Tanna character and to promote "Vega$" as an ongoing series.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: In the episode "Love Boat Angels", the angels went on another popular Aaron Spelling show, "The Love Boat", and met the crew. Gavin MacLeod, Bernie Kopell, Fred Grandy, Ted Lange, and Lauren Tewes guest starred as their "The Love Boat" characters. The episode aired on September 12, 1979 as the fourth-season premiere and the debut episode of Shelley Hack as Tiffany Welles. The episode placed number one in the Nielson ratings for the week.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: Kate Jackson, Jaclyn Smith, and Cheryl Ladd also appeared as themselves in the first episode of the Spelling-produced comedy series, "The San Pedro Beach Bums", in the fall of 1977.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: The show was first syndicated on local stations such as KTLA in Los Angeles and WNEW in New York in September 1981, and later on TNT, TV Land, Cloo, ION, Cozi TV, MeTV and getTV. , all five seasons of the show can be purchased in the USA on iTunes. , the series is still available for syndication to local television stations in the United States. , the show has aired in the U.S. on digital broadcast television networks Cozi TV and getTV and the streaming services Crackle, IMDb TV, The Roku Channel and Tubi.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: The series spawned a franchise with a film series which is a continuation of the story with new generations of Angels. It has also inspired many remakes and reinterpretations throughout the years and in different countries. It has also been featured in various other media.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: The "Charlie's Angels" 1976 original television series inspired Flower Films production company's two films, "Charlie's Angels" (2000) and "" (2003), with John Forsythe returning as Charlie. Whereas most movie remakes of 1970s TV shows, like "Starsky and Hutch", are actually remakes, the "Charlie's Angels" films are set in a different time and thus closer to a film revival. The mythology goes that whenever an Angel leaves, she is replaced so there are always three. The second film had more nods to the TV series than the first film, with Jaclyn Smith making a brief cameo as Kelly Garrett.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: "Charlie's Angels" is a 2000 American action comedy film based on the "Charlie's Angels" 1976 original television series. Unlike the original series, which had dramatic elements, the film featured more comical elements than were seen in the series. The film was directed by McG, adapted by screenwriters Ryan Rowe, Ed Solomon, and John August, and starring Cameron Diaz, Drew Barrymore, and Lucy Liu as three women working in a private detective agency in Los Angeles. Bill Murray plays Bosley and John Forsythe reprised his role as the unseen Charlie's voice from the original series. Making cameo appearances are Tom Green (who was dating Barrymore at the time of production) and LL Cool J.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: A sequel, entitled "", was released in 2003, directed by McG and written by John August, and Cormac and Marianne Wibberley. It is the sequel to 2000s "Charlie's Angels", itself based on the 1976 television original series "Charlie's Angels". In an ensemble cast, Diaz, Barrymore, and Liu return as the angels Natalie, Dylan, and Alex, respectively. It sees Crispin Glover and Matt LeBlanc returning, as well as featuring Bruce Willis, Demi Moore, Carrie Fisher, Shia LaBeouf, Robert Patrick, Justin Theroux, Luke Wilson, John Cleese, and Rodrigo Santoro, with Jaclyn Smith reprising her role as Kelly Garrett, and Bernie Mac as Bosley's brother. This was John Forsythe's final film appearance before his retirement and his death in 2010. The film opened in the United States on June 27, 2003, and was number one at the box office for that weekend, also making a worldwide total of $259.2 million.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: Elizabeth Banks directed a new film of the franchise, starring Kristen Stewart, Naomi Scott and Ella Balinska as the leading trio of the fighting team, and Banks also star as Bosley, with the film featuring multiple characters named Bosley. It was later revealed that the new movie would not be a reboot or a remake of the franchise but rather a continuation that incorporated the events of the original TV series and the McG-directed 2000s films.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: In 2004, a television film entitled "" aired on NBC; it was based on the book "Charlie's Angels Casebook", by Jack Condon and David Hofstede.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: Four women (including future star Tea Leoni) were selected to be in a show called "Angels '88", which was to serve as an updated version of the show. The show was later named "Angels '89" after production delays, but the project was abandoned before notice was taken.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: In November 2009, ABC began to make a television revival of "Charlie's Angels", with Josh Friedman handling both writing and executive producing duties, and Drew Barrymore and Leonard Goldberg sharing co-production duties. Developed by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar for ABC, the reboot series premiered by the network on September 22, 2011. ABC canceled the reboot series after one month on October 14, due to low ratings and concluding on November 10, with seven episodes (the eighth and last one was unaired in the US).


title: Charlie's Angels

text: From 1998 to 1999, Telemundo and Sony produced a show called "Ángeles". The weekly hour format did not catch on with Hispanic viewers, who are accustomed to watching "telenovelas" nightly, and the series was soon canceled. In 2002, a German version of "Charlie's Angels", "Wilde Engel", was produced by the German channel RTL. The show was known as "Anges de choc" in French-speaking countries, and as "Three Wild Angels" in English-speaking ones. In 2004, Taiwanese version of "Charlie's Angels" titled "Asian Charlie's Angels", was produced by the Asian channel ImaginAsian.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: During the TV show's run, Hasbro Industries produced an extensive range of "Charlie's Angels" merchandise, which was distributed in the US, the UK, and other international markets. A numerous variety of collectible items were produced, including two versions of dolls, board games, numerous posters, several sets of trading cards, notebooks, a lunchbox and thermos set, a "Charlie's Angels" toy van, children's beauty products and even record albums. Author Sherrie A. Inness, in the text 'Disco Divas: Women and Popular Culture in the 1970s' writes that "Charlie's Angels merchandise was big business, Hasbro Industries spent over $2.5 million to advertise its Charlie's Angels dolls".


title: Charlie's Angels

text: In the UK, as was common with many popular US programs of the era, a series of tie-in hardcover annuals were published by World International Publishing Ltd, containing stories, comics, photos, puzzles and features on the stars. There are four "Charlie's Angels" annuals in total.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: Although it was not connected to the show, a 1976 poster of Farrah Fawcett sporting a red bathing suit became the biggest selling poster in history with 12 million copies sold. This poster also helped the burgeoning popularity of the series. The red swimsuit that helped make Farrah Fawcett a 1970s icon became part of the Smithsonian's collection in 2011. The picture has been immortalized as a Black Label Barbie Collection doll and the legendary red bathing suit has been donated to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. The designer of that swimsuit is Norma Kamali.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: Two British comic strip versions were produced. The first appeared in the Polystyle publication "Target" in April 1978, drawn by John Canning. "Target" was a sister title to the long-running "TV Comic" aimed at older children and featuring TV action and crime shows of the day. Proving unpopular, it folded in August and merged back into "TV Comic" where Canning's Angels strip continued until October 1979. The second strip was printed in Junior TV Times "Look-in", debuting in November 1979 (as soon as Polystyle's deal expired), written by Angus Allan and drawn by Jim Baikie and Bill Titcombe.


title: Charlie's Angels

text: In June 2018, a six-issue limited comic book series based on the television series was launched by Dynamite Entertainment. A crossover comic book series with "Charlie's Angels" and "The Bionic Woman", titled "Charlie's Angels vs. the Bionic Woman" was released on July 3, 2019.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The Mandelbrot set () is the set of complex numbers formula_1 for which the function formula_2 does not diverge to infinity when iterated from formula_3, i.e., for which the sequence formula_4, formula_5, etc., remains bounded in absolute value.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: This set was first defined and drawn by Robert W. Brooks and Peter Matelski in 1978, as part of a study of Kleinian groups. Afterwards, in 1980, Benoit Mandelbrot obtained high quality visualizations of the set while working at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: Images of the Mandelbrot set exhibit an elaborate and infinitely complicated boundary that reveals progressively ever-finer recursive detail at increasing magnifications; mathematically, one would say that the boundary of the Mandelbrot set is a "fractal curve". The "style" of this recursive detail depends on the region of the set boundary being examined. Mandelbrot set images may be created by sampling the complex numbers and testing, for each sample point formula_6 whether the sequence formula_7 goes to infinity. Treating the real and imaginary parts of formula_1 as image coordinates on the complex plane, pixels may then be coloured according to how soon the sequence formula_9 crosses an arbitrarily chosen threshold (the threshold has to be at least 2, as -2 is the complex number with the largest magnitude within the set, but otherwise the threshold is arbitrary). If formula_1 is held constant and the initial value of formula_11 is varied instead, one obtains the corresponding Julia set for the point formula_1.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The Mandelbrot set has become popular outside mathematics both for its aesthetic appeal and as an example of a complex structure arising from the application of simple rules. It is one of the best-known examples of mathematical visualization, mathematical beauty, and motif.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The Mandelbrot set has its origin in complex dynamics, a field first investigated by the French mathematicians Pierre Fatou and Gaston Julia at the beginning of the 20th century. This fractal was first defined and drawn in 1978 by Robert W. Brooks and Peter Matelski as part of a study of Kleinian groups. On 1 March 1980, at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York, Benoit Mandelbrot first saw a visualization of the set.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: Mandelbrot studied the parameter space of quadratic polynomials in an article that appeared in 1980. The mathematical study of the Mandelbrot set really began with work by the mathematicians Adrien Douady and John H. Hubbard (1985), who established many of its fundamental properties and named the set in honor of Mandelbrot for his influential work in fractal geometry.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The mathematicians Heinz-Otto Peitgen and Peter Richter became well known for promoting the set with photographs, books (1986), and an internationally touring exhibit of the German Goethe-Institut (1985).


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The cover article of the August 1985 "Scientific American" introduced a wide audience to the algorithm for computing the Mandelbrot set. The cover was created by Peitgen, Richter and Saupe at the University of Bremen. The Mandelbrot set became prominent in the mid-1980s as a computer graphics demo, when personal computers became powerful enough to plot and display the set in high resolution.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The work of Douady and Hubbard coincided with a huge increase in interest in complex dynamics and abstract mathematics, and the study of the Mandelbrot set has been a centerpiece of this field ever since. An exhaustive list of all who have contributed to the understanding of this set since then is long but would include Jean-Christophe Yoccoz, Mitsuhiro Shishikura, Curt McMullen, John Milnor and Mikhail Lyubich.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The Mandelbrot set is the set of values of "c" in the complex plane for which the orbit of the critical point formula_13 under iteration of the quadratic map


title: Mandelbrot set

text: remains bounded. Thus, a complex number "c" is a member of the Mandelbrot set if, when starting with formula_15 and applying the iteration repeatedly, the absolute value of formula_16 remains bounded for all formula_17.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: For example, for "c" = 1, the sequence is 0, 1, 2, 5, 26, ..., which tends to infinity, so 1 is not an element of the Mandelbrot set. On the other hand, for formula_18, the sequence is 0, −1, 0, −1, 0, ..., which is bounded, so −1 does belong to the set.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The Mandelbrot set can also be defined as the connectedness locus of the family of quadratic polynomials, while its boundary can be defined as the bifurcation locus of this quadratic family.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The Mandelbrot set is a compact set, since it is closed and contained in the closed disk of radius 2 around the origin. More specifically, a point formula_1 belongs to the Mandelbrot set if and only if formula_20 for all formula_21. In other words, the absolute value of formula_16 must remain at or below 2 for formula_1 to be in the Mandelbrot set, formula_24, and if that absolute value exceeds 2, the sequence will escape to infinity. Since formula_25, it follows that formula_26, establishing that formula_1 will always be in the closed disk of radius 2 around the origin.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The intersection of formula_24 with the real axis is precisely the interval formula_29. The parameters along this interval can be put in one-to-one correspondence with those of the real logistic family,


title: Mandelbrot set

text: In fact, this gives a correspondence between the entire parameter space of the logistic family and that of the Mandelbrot set.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: Douady and Hubbard have shown that the Mandelbrot set is connected. In fact, they constructed an explicit conformal isomorphism between the complement of the Mandelbrot set and the complement of the closed unit disk. Mandelbrot had originally conjectured that the Mandelbrot set is disconnected. This conjecture was based on computer pictures generated by programs that are unable to detect the thin filaments connecting different parts of formula_24. Upon further experiments, he revised his conjecture, deciding that formula_24 should be connected. There also exists a topological proof to the connectedness that was discovered in 2001 by Jeremy Kahn.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The dynamical formula for the uniformisation of the complement of the Mandelbrot set, arising from Douady and Hubbard's proof of the connectedness of formula_24, gives rise to external rays of the Mandelbrot set. These rays can be used to study the Mandelbrot set in combinatorial terms and form the backbone of the Yoccoz parapuzzle.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: As mentioned earlier in the article, the boundary of the Mandelbrot set is the bifurcation locus of the family of quadratic polynomials. In other words, the boundary of the Mandelbrot set is the set of all parameters formula_1 for which the dynamics of the quadratic map formula_36 exhibits sensitive dependence on formula_6 i.e., changes abruptly under arbitrarily small changes of formula_38 It can be constructed as the limit set of a sequence of plane algebraic curves, the "Mandelbrot curves", of the general type known as polynomial lemniscates. The Mandelbrot curves are defined by setting formula_39, and then interpreting the set of points formula_40 in the complex plane as a curve in the real Cartesian plane of degree formula_41in "x" and "y". Each curve formula_17 is the mapping of an initial circle of radius 2 under formula_43. These algebraic curves appear in images of the Mandelbrot set computed using the "escape time algorithm" mentioned below.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: Upon looking at a picture of the Mandelbrot set, one immediately notices the large cardioid region in the center. This "main cardioid"


title: Mandelbrot set

text: To the left of the main cardioid, attached to it at the point formula_48, a circular bulb called the "period-2 bulb" is visible. The reason for the name is that the bulb consists of precisely those parameters formula_1 for which formula_50 has an attracting cycle of period 2. It is in fact the filled circle of radius 1/4 centered around −1.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: More generally, for every positive integer formula_51, there are formula_52 circular bulbs tangent to the main cardioid called "period-q bulbs" (where formula_53 denotes the Euler phi function), which consist of parameters formula_1 for which formula_50 has an attracting cycle of period formula_56. More specifically, for each primitive formula_56th root of unity formula_58 (where formula_59), there is one period-q bulb called the formula_60 bulb, which is tangent to the main cardioid at the parameter


title: Mandelbrot set

text: and which contains parameters with formula_56-cycles having combinatorial rotation number formula_60. More precisely, the formula_56 periodic Fatou components containing the attracting cycle all touch at a common point (commonly called the "formula_65-fixed point"). If we label these components formula_66 in counterclockwise orientation, then formula_50 maps the component formula_68 to the component formula_69.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The change of behavior occurring at formula_70 is known as a bifurcation: the attracting fixed point "collides" with a repelling period-"q" cycle. As we pass through the bifurcation parameter into the formula_71-bulb, the attracting fixed point turns into a repelling fixed point (the formula_65-fixed point), and the period-"q" cycle becomes attracting.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: All the bulbs we encountered in the previous section were interior components of the Mandelbrot set in which the maps formula_50 have an attracting periodic cycle. Such components are called "hyperbolic components".


title: Mandelbrot set

text: It is conjectured that these are the "only" interior regions of formula_24. This problem, known as "density of hyperbolicity", may be the most important open problem in the field of complex dynamics. Hypothetical non-hyperbolic components of the Mandelbrot set are often referred to as "queer" or ghost components.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: For "real" quadratic polynomials, this question was answered positively in the 1990s independently by Lyubich and by Graczyk and Świątek. (Note that hyperbolic components intersecting the real axis correspond exactly to periodic windows in the Feigenbaum diagram. So this result states that such windows exist near every parameter in the diagram.)


title: Mandelbrot set

text: Not every hyperbolic component can be reached by a sequence of direct bifurcations from the main cardioid of the Mandelbrot set. However, such a component "can" be reached by a sequence of direct bifurcations from the main cardioid of a little Mandelbrot copy (see below).


title: Mandelbrot set

text: Each of the hyperbolic components has a "center", which is a point "c" such that the inner Fatou domain for formula_75 has a super-attracting cycle—that is, that the attraction is infinite (see the image ). This means that the cycle contains the critical point 0, so that 0 is iterated back to itself after some iterations. We therefore have that formula_76 for some "n". If we call this polynomial formula_77 (letting it depend on "c" instead of "z"), we have that formula_78 and that the degree of formula_77 is formula_80. We can therefore construct the centers of the hyperbolic components by successively solving the equations formula_81. The number of new centers produced in each step is given by Sloane's .


title: Mandelbrot set

text: It is conjectured that the Mandelbrot set is locally connected. This famous conjecture is known as "MLC" (for "Mandelbrot locally connected"). By the work of Adrien Douady and John H. Hubbard, this conjecture would result in a simple abstract "pinched disk" model of the Mandelbrot set. In particular, it would imply the important "hyperbolicity conjecture" mentioned above.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The work of Jean-Christophe Yoccoz established local connectivity of the Mandelbrot set at all finitely renormalizable parameters; that is, roughly speaking those contained only in finitely many small Mandelbrot copies. Since then, local connectivity has been proved at many other points of formula_24, but the full conjecture is still open.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The Mandelbrot set is self-similar under magnification in the neighborhoods of the Misiurewicz points. It is also conjectured to be self-similar around generalized Feigenbaum points (e.g., −1.401155 or −0.1528 + 1.0397"i"), in the sense of converging to a limit set.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The Mandelbrot set in general is not strictly self-similar but it is quasi-self-similar, as small slightly different versions of itself can be found at arbitrarily small scales. These little copies of the Mandelbrot set are all slightly different, mostly because of the thin threads connecting them to the main body of the set.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The Hausdorff dimension of the boundary of the Mandelbrot set equals 2 as determined by a result of Mitsuhiro Shishikura. The fact that this is greater (by a whole integer) than its topological dimension (which is 1) reflects the fractal nature of the Mandelbrot set boundary. In fact, Shishikura's result intuitively states that the Mandelbrot set boundary is so "wiggly" that it manages to locally fill up space as efficiently as a two-dimensional planar region. This opens up the potential possibility that the Mandelbrot set boundary, despite being a curve, has a "nonzero" area (or, more formally, has a positive planar Lebesgue measure). Whether or not this is actually the case remains an open problem today.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: It has been shown that the generalized Mandelbrot set in higher-dimensional hypercomplex number spaces (i.e. when the power formula_65 of the iterated variable formula_11 tends to infinity) is convergent to the unit (formula_65-1)-sphere.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: In the Blum–Shub–Smale model of real computation, the Mandelbrot set is not computable, but its complement is computably enumerable. However, many simple objects ("e.g.", the graph of exponentiation) are also not computable in the BSS model. At present, it is unknown whether the Mandelbrot set is computable in models of real computation based on computable analysis, which correspond more closely to the intuitive notion of "plotting the set by a computer". Hertling has shown that the Mandelbrot set is computable in this model if the hyperbolicity conjecture is true.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: As a consequence of the definition of the Mandelbrot set, there is a close correspondence between the geometry of the Mandelbrot set at a given point and the structure of the corresponding Julia set. For instance, a point is in the Mandelbrot set exactly when the corresponding Julia set is connected. Thus, the Mandelbrot set may be seen as a map of the connected Julia sets.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: This principle is exploited in virtually all deep results on the Mandelbrot set. For example, Shishikura proved that, for a dense set of parameters in the boundary of the Mandelbrot set, the Julia set has Hausdorff dimension two, and then transfers this information to the parameter plane. Similarly, Yoccoz first proved the local connectivity of Julia sets, before establishing it for the Mandelbrot set at the corresponding parameters. Adrien Douady eloquently summarizes this principle as:


title: Mandelbrot set

text: For every rational number formula_71, where "p" and "q" are relatively prime, a hyperbolic component of period "q" bifurcates from the main cardioid at a point on the edge of the cardioid corresponding to an internal angle of formula_87. The part of the Mandelbrot set connected to the main cardioid at this bifurcation point is called the "p"/"q"-limb. Computer experiments suggest that the diameter of the limb tends to zero like formula_88. The best current estimate known is the "Yoccoz-inequality", which states that the size tends to zero like formula_89.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: A period-"q" limb will have formula_90 "antennae" at the top of its limb. We can thus determine the period of a given bulb by counting these antennas. We can also find the numerator of the rotation number, "p", by numbering each antenna counterclockwise from the limb from 1 to formula_90 and finding which antenna is the shortest.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: In an attempt to demonstrate that the thickness of the "p"/"q"-limb is zero, David Boll carried out a computer experiment in 1991, where he computed the number of iterations required for the series to diverge for formula_92 (formula_93 being the location thereof). As the series does not diverge for the exact value of formula_94, the number of iterations required increases with a small formula_95. It turns out that multiplying the value of formula_95 with the number of iterations required yields an approximation of formula_97 that becomes better for smaller "formula_95". For example, for "formula_95" = 0.0000001 the number of iterations is 31415928 and the product is 3.1415928. In 2001, Aaron Klebanoff proved Boll's discovery.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: It can be shown that the Fibonacci sequence is located within the Mandelbrot set and that a relation exists between the main cardioid and the Farey Diagram. Upon mapping the main cardioid to a disk, one can notice that the amount of antennae that extends from the next largest Hyperbolic component, and that is located between the two previously selected components, follows suit with the Fibonacci sequence. The amount of antennae also correlates with the Farey Diagram and the denominator amounts within the corresponding fractional values, of which relate to the distance around the disk. Both portions of these fractional values themselves can be summed together after formula_100 to produce the location of the next Hyperbolic component within the sequence. Thus, the Fibonacci sequence of 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, and 21 can be found within the Mandelbrot set.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The boundary of the Mandelbrot set shows more intricate detail the closer one looks or magnifies the image, usually called "zooming in". The following example of an image sequence zooming to a selected "c" value gives an impression of the infinite richness of different geometrical structures present in the Mandelbrot set boundary and explains some of their typical rules.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The magnification of the last image relative to the first one is about 10 to 1. Relating to an ordinary computer monitor, it represents a section of a Mandelbrot set with a diameter of 4 million kilometers. Its border shows an astronomical number of different fractal structures.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The seahorse "body" is composed by 25 "spokes" consisting of two groups of 12 "spokes" each and one "spoke" connecting to the main cardioid. These two groups can be attributed by some kind of metamorphosis to the two "fingers" of the "upper hand" of the Mandelbrot set; therefore, the number of "spokes" increases from one "seahorse" to the next by 2; the "hub" is a so-called Misiurewicz point. Between the "upper part of the body" and the "tail" a distorted small copy of the Mandelbrot set called satellite may be recognized.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The islands in the third-to-last step seem to consist of infinitely many parts like Cantor sets, as is actually the case for the corresponding Julia set formula_101. However, they are connected by tiny structures, so that the whole represents a simply connected set. The tiny structures meet each other at a satellite in the center that is too small to be recognized at this magnification. The value of "formula_102" for the corresponding "formula_101" is not that of the image center but, relative to the main body of the Mandelbrot set, has the same position as the center of this image relative to the satellite shown in the 6th zoom step.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: While the Mandelbrot set is typically rendered showing the outside boundary detail, structure within the bounded set can also be revealed. For example, while calculating whether or not a given c value is bound or unbound, while it remains bound, the maximum value that this number reaches can be compared to the c value at that location. If the sum of squares method is used, the calculated number would be max:(real^2 + imaginary^2) - c:(real^2 + imaginary^2). The magnitude of this calculation can be rendered as a value on a gradient.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: This produces results like the following, gradients with distinct edges and contours as the boundaries are approached. The animations serve to highlight the gradient boundaries.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: Multibrot sets are bounded sets found in the complex plane for members of the general monic univariate polynomial family of recursions


title: Mandelbrot set

text: For an integer "d", these sets are connectedness loci for the Julia sets built from the same formula. The full cubic connectedness locus has also been studied; here one considers the two-parameter recursion formula_105, whose two critical points are the complex square roots of the parameter "k". A parameter is in the cubic connectedness locus if both critical points are stable. For general families of holomorphic functions, the "boundary" of the Mandelbrot set generalizes to the bifurcation locus, which is a natural object to study even when the connectedness locus is not useful.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The Multibrot set is obtained by varying the value of the exponent "d". The article has a video that shows the development from "d" = 0 to 7, at which point there are 6 i.e. formula_106 lobes around the perimeter. In general, when "d" is a positive integer, the central region in each of these sets is always an epicycloid of formula_106 cusps. A similar development with negative integral exponents results in formula_108 clefts on the inside of a ring, where the main central region of the set is a hypocycloid of formula_108 cusps.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: There is no perfect extension of the Mandelbrot set into 3D. This is because there is no 3D analogue of the complex numbers for it to iterate on. However, there is an extension of the complex numbers into 4 dimensions, called the quaternions, that creates a perfect extension of the Mandelbrot set and the Julia sets into 4 dimensions. These can then be either cross-sectioned or projected into a 3D structure. However, the quaternion (4-dimensional) Mandelbrot set is simply a solid of revolution of the 2-dimensional Mandelbrot set (in the j-k plane), and is therefore largely uninteresting to look at, as it does not have any of the properties that would be expected from a 4-dimensional fractal. Taking a 3-dimensional cross section at formula_110 results in a solid of revolution of the 2-dimensional Mandelbrot set around the real axis.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: Of particular interest is the tricorn fractal, the connectedness locus of the anti-holomorphic family


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The tricorn (also sometimes called the "Mandelbar") was encountered by Milnor in his study of parameter slices of real cubic polynomials. It is "not" locally connected. This property is inherited by the connectedness locus of real cubic polynomials.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: Another non-analytic generalization is the Burning Ship fractal, which is obtained by iterating the following:


title: Mandelbrot set

text: There exist a multitude of various algorithms for plotting the Mandelbrot set via a computing device. Here, the most widely used and simplest algorithm will be demonstrated, namely, the naïve "escape time algorithm". In the escape time algorithm, a repeating calculation is performed for each "x", "y" point in the plot area and based on the behavior of that calculation, a color is chosen for that pixel.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The "x" and "y" locations of each point are used as starting values in a repeating, or iterating calculation (described in detail below). The result of each iteration is used as the starting values for the next. The values are checked during each iteration to see whether they have reached a critical "escape" condition, or "bailout". If that condition is reached, the calculation is stopped, the pixel is drawn, and the next "x", "y" point is examined.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The color of each point represents how quickly the values reached the escape point. Often black is used to show values that fail to escape before the iteration limit, and gradually brighter colors are used for points that escape. This gives a visual representation of how many cycles were required before reaching the escape condition.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: To render such an image, the region of the complex plane we are considering is subdivided into a certain number of pixels. To color any such pixel, let formula_1 be the midpoint of that pixel. We now iterate the critical point 0 under formula_50, checking at each step whether the orbit point has a radius larger than 2. When this is the case, we know that formula_1 does not belong to the Mandelbrot set, and we color our pixel according to the number of iterations used to find out. Otherwise, we keep iterating up to a fixed number of steps, after which we decide that our parameter is "probably" in the Mandelbrot set, or at least very close to it, and color the pixel black.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: In pseudocode, this algorithm would look as follows. The algorithm does not use complex numbers and manually simulates complex-number operations using two real numbers, for those who do not have a complex data type. The program may be simplified if the programming language includes complex-data-type operations.


title: Mandelbrot set

text: To get colorful images of the set, the assignment of a color to each value of the number of executed iterations can be made using one of a variety of functions (linear, exponential, etc.).


title: Mandelbrot set

text: The Mandelbrot set is widely considered the most popular fractal, and has been referenced several times in popular culture.


title: Björn Borg

text: Björn Rune Borg (; born 6 June 1956) is a Swedish former world No. 1 tennis player. Between 1974 and 1981, he became the first man in the Open Era to win 11 Grand Slam singles titles with six at the French Open and five consecutively at Wimbledon.


title: Björn Borg

text: Borg won four consecutive French Open titles (1978–81) and is 6–0 in French Open finals. He was the first man since 1886 to contest six consecutive Wimbledon finals, a record surpassed by Roger Federer's seven consecutive finals (2003–09). He is the only man to achieve the Channel Slam three times. Borg contested the French Open, Wimbledon and US Open finals in the same year three times (1978, 1980–81). He won three major titles without dropping a set during those tournaments. However, he never won the US Open despite four runner-up finishes.


title: Björn Borg

text: Borg also won three year-end championships and 16 Grand Prix Super Series titles. Overall, he set numerous records that still stand. He was ATP Player of the Year from 1976 to 1980, and was the year-end world No. 1 in the ATP rankings in 1979 and 1980 and ITF World Champion from 1978 to 1980. Borg is the only Swede, male or female, to win over 10 majors. Borg unexpectedly retired from tennis in 1981, at the age of 25. He made a brief and unsuccessful comeback in 1991.


title: Björn Borg

text: Borg is widely considered one of the all-time greats of the sport. He was ranked by "Tennis" magazine as the sixth-greatest male player of the Open Era. His rivalry with John McEnroe is considered one of the best in the sport's history, and their meeting in the 1980 Wimbledon final is considered one of the greatest matches ever played. A teenage sensation at the start of his career, Borg experienced unprecedented stardom and consistent success that helped propel the rising popularity of tennis during the 1970s. As a result, the professional tour became more lucrative, and in 1979, Borg became the first player to earn more than $1 million USD in prize money in a single season.


title: Björn Borg

text: Björn Borg was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on 6 June 1956, as the only child of Rune (1932–2008), an electrician, and Margaretha Borg (b. 1934). He grew up in nearby Södertälje. As a child, Borg became fascinated with a golden tennis racket that his father won at a table-tennis tournament. His father gave him the racket, beginning his tennis career.


title: Björn Borg

text: A player of great athleticism and endurance, he had a distinctive style and appearance—bowlegged and very fast. His muscularity allowed him to put heavy topspin on both his forehand and two-handed backhand. He followed Jimmy Connors in using the two-handed backhand. By the time he was 13, he was beating the best of Sweden's under-18 players, and Davis Cup captain Lennart Bergelin (who served as Borg's primary coach throughout his professional career) cautioned against anyone trying to change Borg's rough-looking, jerky strokes.


title: Björn Borg

text: At the age of 15, Borg represented Sweden in the 1972 Davis Cup and won his debut singles rubber in five sets against veteran Onny Parun of New Zealand. Later that year, he won the Wimbledon junior singles title, recovering from a 5–2 deficit in the final set to overcome Britain's Buster Mottram. Then in December, he won the Orange Bowl Junior Championship for boys 18 and under after a straight-sets victory in the final over Vitas Gerulaitis. Borg joined the professional circuit in 1973, and reached his first singles final in April at the Monte Carlo Open, which he lost to Ilie Năstase. He was unseeded at his first French Open and reached the fourth round where he lost in four sets to eighth-seeded Adriano Panatta. Borg was seeded sixth at his first Wimbledon Championships, in large part due to a boycott by the ATP, and reached the quarterfinal, where he was defeated in a five-set match by Roger Taylor. In the second half of 1973, he was runner-up in San Francisco, Stockholm and Buenos Aires and finished the year ranked No. 18.


title: Björn Borg

text: Borg made his only appearance at the Australian Open at the age of 17, and reached the third round, where he lost in straight sets to eventual finalist Phil Dent. In January, he won his first career singles title at the New Zealand Open, followed by titles in London and São Paulo in February and March respectively. Just before his 18th birthday in June 1974, Borg won his first top-level singles title at the Italian Open, defeating defending champion and top-seeded Ilie Năstase in the final and becoming its youngest winner. Two weeks later, he won the singles title at the French Open, his first Grand Slam tournament title, defeating Manuel Orantes in the final in five sets. Barely 18, Borg was the youngest-ever male French Open champion up to that point.


title: Björn Borg

text: In early 1975, Borg defeated Rod Laver, then 36 years old, in a semifinal of the World Championship Tennis (WCT) finals in Dallas, Texas, in five sets. Borg subsequently lost to Arthur Ashe in the final.


title: Björn Borg

text: Borg retained his French Open title in 1975, beating Guillermo Vilas in the final in straight sets. Borg then reached the Wimbledon quarterfinals, where he lost to eventual champion Ashe. Borg did not lose another match at Wimbledon until 1981. Borg won two singles and one doubles rubber in the 1975 Davis Cup final, as Sweden beat Czechoslovakia 3–2. With these singles wins, Borg had won 19 consecutive Davis Cup singles rubbers since 1973. That was already a record at the time. However, Borg never lost another Davis Cup singles rubber, and, by the end of his career, he had stretched that winning streak to 33.


title: Björn Borg

text: In early 1976, Borg won the World Championship Tennis year-end WCT Finals in Dallas, Texas, with a four-set victory over Guillermo Vilas in the final. At the 1976 French Open, Borg lost to the Italian Adriano Panatta, who remains the only player to defeat Borg at this tournament. Panatta did it twice: in the fourth round in 1973, and in the 1976 quarterfinals. Borg won Wimbledon in 1976 without losing a set, defeating the favored Ilie Năstase in the final. Borg became the youngest male Wimbledon champion of the modern era at 20 years and 1 month (a record subsequently broken by Boris Becker, who won Wimbledon aged 17 in 1985). Năstase later said, "We're playing tennis, he's playing something else." Borg also reached the final of the 1976 U.S. Open, which was then being played on clay courts. Borg lost in four sets to world no. 1 Jimmy Connors. Borg was awarded the ATP Player of the Year award and ranked world No. 1 by "Tennis Magazine" (France).


title: Björn Borg

text: In February 1977 World Championship Tennis (WCT) sued Borg and his management company IMG claiming that Borg had committed a breach of contract by electing to participate in the competing 1977 Grand Prix circuit instead of the WCT circuit. Borg eventually played, and won, a single WCT event, the Monte Carlo WCT. An out-of-court settlement was reached whereby Borg committed to play six or eight WCT events in 1978 which were then part of the Grand Prix circuit.


title: Björn Borg

text: Borg skipped the French Open in 1977 because he was under contract with WTT, but he repeated his Wimbledon triumph, although this time he was pushed much harder. He defeated his good friend Vitas Gerulaitis in a semifinal in five sets. In the 1977 final Borg was pushed to five sets for the third time in the tournament, this time by Connors. The win propelled Borg to the No. 1 ranking in the ATP point system, albeit for just one week in August. Prior to the 1977 US Open, Borg aggravated a shoulder injury while waterskiing with Vitas Gerulaitis. This injury ultimately forced him to retire from the Open during a Round of 16 match vs Dick Stockton. Borg was rated number one for 1977 by "Tennis Magazine" (France), "Tennis Magazine" (U.S.), Barry Lorge, Lance Tingay, Rino Tommasi, Judith Elian and Rod Laver. Borg was also named "ATP Player of the Year". Through 1977, he had never lost to a player younger than himself.


title: Björn Borg

text: Borg was at the height of his career from 1978 through 1980, completing the French Open-Wimbledon double all three years. In 1978, Borg won the French Open with a win over Vilas in the final. Borg did not drop a set during the tournament, a feat only he, Năstase (in 1973), and Rafael Nadal (in 2008, 2010, 2017 and 2020) have accomplished at the French Open during the open era. Borg defeated Connors in straight sets in the 1978 Wimbledon final. At the 1978 US Open, now held on hard courts in Flushing Meadow, New York, he lost the final in straight sets to Connors. Borg was suffering from a bad blister on his thumb that required pre-match injections. That autumn, Borg faced John McEnroe for the first time in a semifinal of the Stockholm Open, and lost. Borg was named ATP Player of the Year and was the first ITF World Champion.


title: Björn Borg

text: Borg lost to McEnroe again in four sets in the final of the 1979 WCT Finals but was now overtaking Connors for the top ranking. Borg established himself firmly in the top spot with his fourth French Open singles title and fourth straight Wimbledon singles title, defeating Connors in a straight-set semifinal at the latter tournament. At the 1979 French Open, Borg defeated big-serving Victor Pecci in a four-set final, and in the 1979 Wimbledon final Borg came from behind to overcome an even bigger server, Roscoe Tanner. Borg was upset by Tanner at the US Open, in a four-set quarterfinal played under the lights. At the season-ending Masters tournament in January 1980, Borg survived a close semifinal against McEnroe. He then beat Gerulaitis in straight sets, winning his first Masters and first title in New York. Borg finished the year at No. 1 in the ATP Point rankings and was considered the No. 1 player in the world by most authorities.


title: Björn Borg

text: In June, Borg overcame Gerulaitis, again in straight sets, for his fifth French Open title. Again, he did not drop a set during the tournament.


title: Björn Borg

text: Borg then won his fifth consecutive Wimbledon singles title, defeating McEnroe in a five-set final, often cited as the best Wimbledon final ever played. Having lost the opening set to an all-out McEnroe assault, Borg took the next two and had two championship points at 5–4 in the fourth. However, McEnroe averted disaster and went on to level the match in Wimbledon's most memorable tiebreaker, which McEnroe won 18–16. In the fourth-set tiebreak, McEnroe saved five match points, and Borg six set points, before McEnroe won the set. Björn served first to begin the 5th set and fell behind 0–30. Borg then won 19 straight points on serve in the deciding set and prevailed after 3 hours, 53 minutes. Borg himself commented years later that this was the first time that he was afraid that he would lose, as well as feeling that it was the beginning of the end of his dominance.


title: Björn Borg

text: In September, 1980 Borg reached the final of the U.S. Open for the third time, losing to John McEnroe in five sets in a match that cemented what had become the greatest contemporary rivalry, albeit short-lived, in men's tennis.


title: Björn Borg

text: He defeated McEnroe in the final of the 1980 Stockholm Open, and faced him one more time that year, in the round-robin portion of the year-end Masters, actually played in January 1981. With 19,103 fans in attendance, Borg won a deciding third-set tie-break for the second year in a row. Borg then defeated Ivan Lendl for his second Masters title. Borg again finished the year at No. 1 in the ATP Point Rankings and was considered the No. 1 player in the world by most tennis authorities.


title: Björn Borg

text: Borg won his last Grand Slam title at the French Open in 1981, defeating Lendl in a five-set final. Borg's six French Open Grand Slam titles was a record bettered only by Rafael Nadal in 2012.


title: Björn Borg

text: In reaching the Wimbledon final in 1981, Borg stretched his winning streak at the All England Club to a record 41 matches. In a semifinal, Borg was down to Connors by two sets to love, before coming back to win the match. However, Borg's streak was brought to an end by McEnroe, who defeated him in four sets. Years afterward, Borg remarked "And when I lost what shocked me was I wasn't even upset. That was not me: losing a Wimbledon final and not upset. I hate to lose." Borg around that time felt that his desire to play was gone, despite McEnroe's desperate efforts to persuade him not to retire and continue their rivalry.


title: Björn Borg

text: Borg went on to lose to McEnroe at the 1981 US Open. After that defeat, Borg walked off the court and out of the stadium before the ceremonies and press conference had begun, and headed straight for the airport. There are reports that Borg received threats after his semifinal win over Connors. In later years, Borg apologized to McEnroe. The 1981 US Open would be the Swede's last Grand Slam final. Major tournaments and tour organizers were enforcing a new rule; by 1982, that players had to play at least 10 official tournaments per year. However, Borg wanted to curtail his schedule after many years of winning so often. Although he felt in good condition physically, he recognized that the relentless drive to win and defy tour organizers had begun to fade.


title: Björn Borg

text: Borg failed to win the US Open in nine tries, losing four finals, 1976 (the surface was clay that year) and 1978 to Jimmy Connors, and 1980 and 1981 to John McEnroe. The surface was hard court from 1978 onward and Borg reached the final there on hard court on three occasions, in 1978, 1980 and 1981. He led 3–2 in the fifth set of the 1980 final, before losing. That match followed Borg's classic encounter with McEnroe at the 1980 Wimbledon. In 1978, 1979 and 1980, Borg was halfway to a Grand Slam after victories at the French and Wimbledon (the Australian Open being the last Grand Slam tournament of each year at the time) only to falter at Flushing Meadows, the left-handed Roscoe Tanner being his conqueror in 1979.


title: Björn Borg

text: In 1982, Borg played only one tournament, losing to Yannick Noah in the quarterfinals of Monte Carlo in April. Nevertheless, Borg's announcement in January 1983 that he was retiring from the game at the age of 26 was a shock to the tennis world. McEnroe tried unsuccessfully to persuade Borg to continue. He did, however, play Monte Carlo again in March 1983, reaching the second round, and Stuttgart in July 1984.


title: Björn Borg

text: Upon retirement, Borg had three residences: a penthouse in Monte Carlo, not far from his pro shop; a mansion on Long Island, New York and a small island off the Swedish coast.


title: Björn Borg

text: Borg later bounced back as the owner of the Björn Borg fashion label. In Sweden, his label has become very successful, second only to Calvin Klein.


title: Björn Borg

text: In 1991–1993, Borg attempted a comeback on the men's professional tennis tour, coached by Welsh karate expert Ron Thatcher. Before his 1991 return, Borg grew his hair out as it had been during his previous professional tennis career and he returned to using a wooden racket; he had kept his hair cut and used modern graphite rackets in exhibitions he played during the late 1980s. Borg, however, failed to win a single match. He faced Jordi Arrese in his first match back, again at Monte Carlo but without practising or playing any exhibition matches and fell in two sets. In his first nine matches, played in 1991 and 1992, Borg failed to win a single set. He fared slightly better in 1993, taking a set off his opponent in each of the three matches he played. He came closest to getting a win in what turned out to be his final tour match, falling to second seed Alexander Volkov 6–4, 3–6, 6–7 at the 1993 Kremlin Cup in Moscow.


title: Björn Borg

text: In 1992 Borg, aged 35, using a graphite racket, defeated John Lloyd, 37, at the Inglewood Forum Tennis Challenge. Borg later joined the Champions tour, returning to shorter hair and using modern rackets.


title: Björn Borg

text: Borg had one of the most distinctive playing styles in the Open Era. He played from the baseline, with powerful ground-strokes. His highly unorthodox backhand involved taking his racket back with both hands but actually generating his power with his dominant right hand, letting go of the grip with his left hand around point of contact, and following through with his swing as a one-hander. He hit the ball hard and high from the back of the court and brought it down with considerable topspin, which made his ground strokes very consistent. There had been other players, particularly Rod Laver and Arthur Ashe, who played with topspin on both the forehand and backhand, yet Laver and Ashe used topspin only as a way to mix up their shots to pass their opponents at the net easily. Borg was one of the first top players to use heavy topspin on his shots consistently.


title: Björn Borg

text: Complementing his consistent ground-strokes was his fitness. Both of these factors allowed Borg to be dominant at the French Open.


title: Björn Borg

text: One of the factors that made Borg unique was his dominance on the grass courts of Wimbledon, where, since World War II, baseliners did not usually succeed. Some experts attributed his dominance on this surface to his consistency, an underrated serve, equally underrated volleys, and his adaptation to grass courts. Against the best players, he almost always served-and-volleyed on his first serves, while he naturally played from the baseline after his second serves.


title: Björn Borg

text: Another trait usually associated with Borg was his grace under pressure. His calm court demeanor earned him the nickname of the "Ice Man" or "Ice-Borg."


title: Björn Borg

text: Borg's physical conditioning was unrivalled by contemporaries. He could outlast most of his opponents under the most grueling conditions. Contrary to popular belief, however, this was not due to his exceptionally low resting heart rate, often reported to be near 35 beats per minute. In his introduction to Borg's autobiography "My Life and Game", Eugene Scott relates that this rumor arose from a medical exam the 18-year-old Borg once took for military service, where his pulse was recorded as 38. Scott goes on to reveal Borg's true pulse rate as "about 50 when he wakes up and around 60 in the afternoon." Borg is credited with helping to develop the style of play that has come to dominate the game today.


title: Björn Borg

text: Borg's first wife has said that he was "always very placid and calm, except if he lost a match – he wouldn't talk for at least three days. He couldn't stand losing." This mental approach changed by 1981, when he has said that when he lost the Wimbledon final "what shocked me was I wasn't even upset."


title: Björn Borg

text: Borg and Romanian tennis pro Mariana Simionescu began their relationship in 1976 and married in Bucharest on 24 July 1980. The marriage ended in divorce in 1984. He fathered a son named Robin in 1985 with the Swedish model ; Robin had a daughter in 2014. Borg was married to the Italian singer Loredana Bertè from 1989 to 1993. On 8 June 2002, he married his third wife, Patricia Östfeld. Together they have a son, Leo, born in 2003, who is also a professional tennis player.


title: Björn Borg

text: He narrowly avoided personal bankruptcy when business ventures failed. After selling his mansion Astaholm at Ingarö in the Stockholm archipelago in 2019, Björn currently lives in an apartment in Norrmalm, central Stockholm with Ace of Base star Ulf Ekberg as one of his neighbours.


title: Björn Borg

text: In 2017, "Borg vs McEnroe", a biographical film focusing on the rivalry between Borg and McEnroe and the 1980 Wimbledon final, was released. In 2022, interviews about this friendship and rivalry were also featured in "McEnroe," a Showtime documentary.


title: Björn Borg

text: In March 2006, Bonhams Auction House in London announced that it would auction Borg's Wimbledon trophies and two of his winning rackets on 21 June 2006. Several players then called Borg in an attempt to make him reconsider, including Jimmy Connors and Andre Agassi, who volunteered to buy them to keep them together. According to "Dagens Nyheter" – who had talked to Borg – McEnroe called Borg from New York and asked, "What's up? Have you gone mad?" and said "What the hell are you doing?" The conversation with McEnroe, paired with pleas from Connors and Agassi, eventually persuaded Borg to buy out the trophies from Bonhams for an undisclosed amount.


title: Björn Borg

text: With 11 Grand Slam titles, Borg ranks sixth in the list of male tennis players who have won the most Grand Slam singles titles behind Rafael Nadal (22), Novak Djokovic (21), Roger Federer (20), Pete Sampras (14) and Roy Emerson (12). The French Open—Wimbledon double he achieved three times consecutively was described by Wimbledon officials as "the most difficult double in tennis". Only Nadal (in 2008 and 2010), Federer (in 2009), and Djokovic (in 2021) have managed to achieve this double since, and Andre Agassi, Nadal, Federer and Djokovic are the only male players since Borg to have won the French Open and Wimbledon men's singles titles over their career. Ilie Năstase once said about Borg, "We're playing tennis, and he's playing something else".


title: Björn Borg

text: In his 1979 autobiography, Jack Kramer, the long-time tennis promoter and great player himself, had already included Borg in his list of the 21 greatest players of all time. And in 2003, Bud Collins chose Borg as one of his top-five male players of all time. In 1983 Fred Perry listed his greatest male players of all time and listed them in two categories, before World War 2 and after. Perry's modern best behind Laver: "Borg, McEnroe, Connors, Hoad, Jack Kramer, John Newcombe, Ken Rosewall, Manuel Santana". In 1988, a panel consisting of Bud Collins, Cliff Drysdale, and Butch Buchholz ranked their top five male tennis players of all time. Buchholz and Drysdale both listed Borg number two on their lists, behind Rod Laver. Collins listed Borg number five behind Laver, McEnroe, Rosewall and Gonzales.


title: Björn Borg

text: In 2008, ESPN.com asked tennis analysts, writers, and former players to build the perfect open-era player. Borg was the only player mentioned in four categories: defense, footwork, intangibles, and mental toughness—with his mental game and footwork singled out as the best in open-era history.


title: Björn Borg

text: Borg never won the US Open, losing in the final four times. Borg also did not win the Australian Open, which he only played once in 1974 as a 17-year-old. The only players to defeat Borg in a Grand Slam final were fellow World No. 1 tennis players John McEnroe and Jimmy Connors. Even though it was then played on grass, a surface where he enjoyed much success, Borg chose to play the Australian Open only once, in 1974, where he lost in the third round. Phil Dent, a contemporary of Borg, has pointed out that skipping Grand Slam tournaments—especially the Australian Open—was not unusual then, before counting Grand Slam titles became the norm. Additionally, another contemporary Arthur Ashe told "Sports Illustrated", "I think Bjorn could have won the US Open. I think he could have won the Grand Slam, but by the time he left, the historical challenge didn't mean anything. He was bigger than the game. He was like Elvis or Liz Taylor or somebody."


title: Björn Borg

text: From 22 to 24 September 2017, Borg was the victorious captain of Team Europe in the first-ever edition of the Laver Cup, held in Prague, Czech Republic. Borg's Team Europe defeated a rest of the world team, known as Team World, who were coached by Borg's old rival, John McEnroe. Europe won the contest 15 points to 9, with Roger Federer achieving a narrow vital victory over Nick Kyrgios in the last match played.


title: Björn Borg

text: Borg returned as the coach of Team Europe for the second edition in Chicago, Illinois from 21 to 23 September 2018. McEnroe also returned as the coach for Team World. Borg again led Europe to victory as Alexander Zverev defeated Kevin Anderson to secure the title 13–8, after trailing Anderson in the match tiebreak until the last few points.


title: Björn Borg

text: In the tournament's third edition, held in Geneva, Switzerland, from 20 to 22 September 2019, Borg captained Team Europe to a third consecutive victory, defeating McEnroe's Team World 13 points to 11, with Zverev again winning the deciding match.


title: Björn Borg

text: The fourth edition was held in Boston from 24 to 26 September 2021, having had its original September 2020 date postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Borg once again returned as captain of Team Europe, which had a resounding win over Team World, defeating McEnroe's players 14 to 1.


title: Nutmeg

text: Nutmeg is the seed or ground spice of several species of the genus "Myristica". "Myristica fragrans" (fragrant nutmeg or true nutmeg) is a dark-leaved evergreen tree cultivated for two spices derived from its fruit: nutmeg, from its seed, and mace, from the seed covering. It is also a commercial source of an essential oil and nutmeg butter. Conifers of the genus "Torreya", commonly known as the nutmeg yews, have edible seeds of similar appearance, but are not closely related to "Myristica fragrans", and are not used as a spice. Indonesia is the main producer of nutmeg and mace.


title: Nutmeg

text: If consumed in amounts exceeding its typical use as a spice, nutmeg powder may produce allergic reactions, cause contact dermatitis, or have psychoactive effects. Although used in traditional medicine for treating various disorders, nutmeg has no scientifically confirmed medicinal value.


title: Nutmeg

text: Nutmeg is the spice made by grinding the seed of the fragrant nutmeg tree ("Myristica fragrans") into powder. The spice has a distinctive pungent fragrance and a warm, slightly sweet taste; it is used to flavor many kinds of baked goods, confections, puddings, potatoes, meats, sausages, sauces, vegetables, and such beverages as eggnog.


title: Nutmeg

text: The seeds are dried gradually in the sun over a period of six to eight weeks. During this time the nutmeg shrinks away from its hard seed coat until the kernels rattle in their shells when shaken. The shell is then broken with a wooden club and the nutmegs are picked out. Dried nutmegs are grayish brown ovoids with furrowed surfaces. The nutmegs are roughly egg-shaped, about long and wide, weighing dried.


title: Nutmeg

text: Two other species of genus "Myristica" with different flavors, "M. malabarica" and "M. argentea", are sometimes used to adulterate nutmeg as a spice.


title: Nutmeg

text: Mace is the spice made from the reddish seed covering (aril) of the nutmeg seed. Its flavour is similar to nutmeg but more delicate; it is used to flavour baked goods, meat, fish, and vegetables, and in preserving and pickling.


title: Nutmeg

text: In the processing of mace, the crimson-colored aril is removed from the nutmeg seed that it envelops and is flattened out and dried for 10 to 14 days. Its color changes to pale yellow, orange, or tan. Whole dry mace consists of flat pieces—smooth, horn-like, and brittle—about long.


title: Nutmeg

text: The most important commercial species is the common, true or fragrant nutmeg, "Myristica fragrans" (Myristicaceae), native to the Moluccas (or Spice Islands) of Indonesia. It is also cultivated on Penang Island in Malaysia, in the Caribbean, especially in Grenada, and in Kerala, a state formerly known as Malabar in ancient writings as the hub of spice trading, in southern India. In the 17th-century work "Hortus Botanicus Malabaricus", Hendrik van Rheede records that Indians learned the usage of nutmeg from the Indonesians through ancient trade routes.


title: Nutmeg

text: Nutmeg trees are dioecious plants (individual plants are either male or female) which are propagated sexually from seeds and asexually from cuttings or grafting. Sexual propagation yields 50% male seedlings, which are unproductive. Because there is no reliable method of determining plant sex before flowering in the sixth to eighth year, and sexual reproduction bears inconsistent yields, grafting is the preferred method of propagation. Epicotyl grafting (a variation of cleft grafting using seedlings), approach grafting, and patch budding have proved successful, with epicotyl grafting being the most widely adopted standard. Air layering is an alternative though not preferred method because of its low (35–40%) success rate.


title: Nutmeg

text: The first harvest of nutmeg trees takes place seven to nine years after planting, and the trees reach full production after twenty years.


title: Nutmeg

text: Nutmeg and mace have similar sensory qualities, with nutmeg having a slightly sweeter and mace a more delicate flavour. Mace is often preferred in light dishes for the bright orange, saffron-like hue it imparts. Nutmeg is used for flavouring many dishes. Whole nutmeg can also be ground at home using a grater specifically designed for nutmeg or a multi-purpose grating tool.


title: Nutmeg

text: In Indonesian cuisine, nutmeg is used in dishes, such as spicy soups including variants of "soto", "konro", oxtail soup, "sup iga" (ribs soup), "bakso", and "sup kambing". It is also used in gravy for meat dishes, such as "semur", beef stew, ribs with tomato, and European derived dishes such as "bistik" (beef steak), "rolade" (minced meat roll), and "bistik lidah" (beef tongue steak).


title: Nutmeg

text: In Indian cuisine, nutmeg is used in many sweet, as well as savoury, dishes. In Kerala Malabar region, grated nutmeg is used in meat preparations and also sparingly added to desserts for the flavour. It may also be used in small quantities in "garam masala". Ground nutmeg is also smoked in India.


title: Nutmeg

text: In traditional European cuisine, nutmeg and mace are used especially in potato and spinach dishes and in processed meat products; they are also used in soups, sauces, and baked goods. It is also commonly used in rice pudding. In Dutch cuisine, nutmeg is added to vegetables such as Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and string beans. Nutmeg is a traditional ingredient in mulled cider, mulled wine, junket and eggnog. In Scotland, mace and nutmeg are usually both ingredients in haggis. In Italian cuisine, nutmeg is used as part of the stuffing for many regional meat-filled dumplings like tortellini, as well as for the traditional meatloaf.


title: Nutmeg

text: Nutmeg is a common spice for pumpkin pie and in recipes for other winter squashes, such as baked acorn squash. In the Caribbean, nutmeg is often used in drinks, such as the Bushwacker, Painkiller, and Barbados rum punch. Typically, it is a sprinkle on top of the drink.


title: Nutmeg

text: The pericarp (fruit covering) is used to make jam, or is finely sliced, cooked with sugar, and crystallised to make a fragrant candy. Sliced nutmeg fruit flesh is made as "manisan" (sweets), either wet, which is seasoned in sugary syrup liquid, or dry coated with sugar, a dessert called "manisan pala" in Indonesia. In Penang cuisine, dried, shredded nutmeg rind with sugar coating is used as toppings on the uniquely Penang "ais kacang". Nutmeg rind is also blended (creating a fresh, green, tangy taste and white colour juice) or boiled (resulting in a much sweeter and brown juice) to make iced nutmeg juice. In Kerala Malabar region of India, it is used for juice, pickles and chutney.


title: Nutmeg

text: The essential oil obtained by steam distillation of ground nutmeg is used in the perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. The volatile fraction contains dozens of terpenes and phenylpropanoids, including -pinene, limonene, -borneol, -terpineol, geraniol, safrol, and myristicin. In its pure form, myristicin is a toxin, and consumption of excessive amounts of nutmeg can result in myristicin poisoning.


title: Nutmeg

text: The oil is colorless or light yellow, and smells and tastes of nutmeg. It is used as a natural food flavoring in baked goods, syrups, beverages, and sweets. It is used to replace ground nutmeg, as it leaves no particles in the food. The essential oil is also used in the manufacturing of toothpaste and cough syrups.


title: Nutmeg

text: Nutmeg butter is obtained from the nut by expression. It is semisolid, reddish-brown in colour, and has the taste and smell of nutmeg itself. About 75% (by weight) of nutmeg butter is trimyristin, which can be turned into myristic acid, a 14-carbon fatty acid, which can be used as a replacement for cocoa butter, can be mixed with other fats like cottonseed oil or palm oil, and has applications as an industrial lubricant.


title: Nutmeg

text: The earliest evidence of use of nutmeg comes in the form of 3,500 year old potsherd residues from the island of Pulau Ai, one of the Banda Islands in eastern Indonesia. The Banda Islands consist of eleven small volcanic islands, and are part of the larger Maluku Islands group. These islands were the only source of nutmeg and mace production until the mid-19th century.


title: Nutmeg

text: In the 6th century AD, nutmeg spread to India, then further west to Constantinople. By the 13th century, Arab traders had pinpointed the origin of nutmeg to the Indonesian islands, but kept this location a secret from European traders.


title: Nutmeg

text: The Banda Islands became the scene of the earliest European ventures in Asia, in order to get a grip on the spice trade. In August 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Malacca, which at the time was the hub of Asian trade, on behalf of the king of Portugal. In November of the same year, after having secured Malacca and learning of Banda's location, Albuquerque sent an expedition of three ships led by his friend António de Abreu to find it. Malay pilots, either recruited or forcibly conscripted, guided them via Java, the Lesser Sundas, and Ambon to the Banda Islands, arriving in early 1512. The first Europeans to reach the Banda Islands, the expedition remained for about a month, buying and filling their ships with Banda's nutmeg and mace, and with cloves in which Banda had a thriving "entrepôt" trade. An early account of Banda is in "Suma Oriental", a book written by the Portuguese apothecary Tomé Pires, based in Malacca from 1512 to 1515. Full control of this trade by the Portuguese was not possible, and they remained participants without a foothold in the islands.


title: Nutmeg

text: In order to obtain a monopoly on the production and trade of nutmeg, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) waged a bloody battle with the Bandanese in 1621. Historian Willard Hanna estimated that before this struggle the islands were populated by approximately 15,000 people, and only 1,000 were left (the Bandanese were killed, starved while fleeing, exiled, or sold as slaves). The Company constructed a comprehensive nutmeg plantation system on the islands during the 17th century.


title: Nutmeg

text: As a result of the Dutch interregnum during the Napoleonic Wars, the British invaded and temporarily took control of the Banda Islands from the Dutch and transplanted nutmeg trees, complete with soil, to Sri Lanka, Penang, Bencoolen, and Singapore. From these locations they were transplanted to their other colonial holdings elsewhere, notably Zanzibar and Grenada. The national flag of Grenada, adopted in 1974, shows a stylised split-open nutmeg fruit. The Dutch retained control of the Spice Islands until World War II.


title: Nutmeg

text: It has been suggested that Connecticut received its nickname ("the Nutmeg State", "Nutmegger") from the claim that some unscrupulous Connecticut traders would whittle "nutmeg" out of wood, creating a "wooden nutmeg", a term which later came to mean any type of fraud. This narrative may have to do with the issue that one has to grate to obtain the spice powder, not crack a nutmeg, and this may not have been widely known by some purchasers of the product.


title: Nutmeg

text: Nutmeg is used as a traditional remedy for digestive disorders including indigestion in many part of India, especially Kerala. The fruit is eaten raw in small quantities to help with nausea and motion sickness. It is believed that the spice has antimicrobial, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties.


title: Nutmeg

text: In 2019, global production of nutmeg was 142,000 tonnes, led by Indonesia, Guatemala, and India, having 38,000 to 43,000 tonnes each and a combined 85% of the world total.


title: Nutmeg

text: Ingested in small amounts as a spice, nutmeg produces no noticeable physiological or neurological response, but in large doses, both raw nutmeg freshly ground from kernels and nutmeg oil have psychoactive effects, which appear to derive from anticholinergic-like hallucinogenic mechanisms attributed to myristicin and elemicin. Myristicin—a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and psychoactive substance—can cause convulsions, palpitations, nausea, eventual dehydration, and generalized body pain when consumed in large amounts. Nutmeg usage may increase endocannabinoids like anandamide and 2-AG levels or delay their breakdown by inhibiting FAAH and MAGL. Nutmeg may interact with anxiolytic drugs, produce allergic reactions, cause contact dermatitis, and evoke acute episodes of psychosis.


title: Nutmeg

text: Varying considerably from person to person, nutmeg intoxication may occur with side effects, such as delirium, anxiety, confusion, headaches, nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, eye irritation, and amnesia. Intoxication takes several hours to reach maximum effect, and effects may last for several days.


title: Nutmeg

text: Rarely, nutmeg overdose causes death, especially if the nutmeg is combined with other drugs. Incidents of fatal poisoning from nutmeg and myristicin individually are uncommon.


title: Nutmeg

text: Nutmeg poisonings occur by accidental consumption in children and by intentional recreational use. It is used recreationally with the intention of achieving a low-cost high resembling psychedelics, particularly by adolescents, drug users, college students, and prisoners. Relatively large doses of nutmeg are required to produce effects; a majority of reported nutmeg intoxication cases appear to be the result of recreational use.


title: Nutmeg

text: Nutmeg was once considered an abortifacient, but may be safe during pregnancy if used only in flavoring amounts. If consumed in large amounts, nutmeg could cause premature labor and miscarriage. Nutmeg may also interact with pain-relievers such as pethidine, so it is recommended that it be avoided during pregnancy.


title: Ali Fazal

text: Ali Fazal (born 15 October 1986) is an Indian actor and model who primarily appears in Hindi films. He made his screen debut with a small role in the English language film "The Other End of the Line" before appearing in the American television miniseries "Bollywood Hero". He was seen in films like "Always Kabhi Kabhi" (2011), "Baat Ban Gayi" (2013) and "Bobby Jasoos" (2014). His first success came in "Fukrey" (2013) and "Sonali Cable" (2014).


title: Ali Fazal

text: Fazal made his Bollywood debut with a cameo appearance in "3 Idiots" (2009) and next appeared in "Always Kabhi Kabhi" (2011).


title: Ali Fazal

text: He played the leading role in the horror film "Khamoshiyan" (2015) followed by his first American film "Furious 7" (2015), and "Happy Bhag Jayegi" opposite Diana Penty in 2016. Fazal starred in the British-American film "Victoria & Abdul", which depicts the relationship of Queen Victoria (Judi Dench) and her confidant, Indian servant Abdul Karim (Fazal). The film premiered at the Venice Film Festival in 2017. The costumes worn by the lead actors in the film have been added as part of the official display at Osborne House.


title: Ali Fazal

text: Fazal is popularly recognized for playing the character of Guddu Pandit in the Amazon Prime Video's crime thriller "Mirzapur."


title: Ali Fazal

text: Ali Fazal was born in Gangaram Hospital, Delhi and grew up in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. For a very brief period he went to International Indian School, Dammam. He also went to La Martiniere College in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, and then moved to the all-boys boarding school, The Doon School in Dehradun, Uttarakhand. At Doon, he took up acting and participated in many Founder's Day theatre productions. He is said to have "found his calling" when he played the role of Trinculo, the jester in William Shakespeare's "The Tempest". After Doon, Fazal went to Mumbai, and graduated in economics from St. Xavier's College.


title: Ali Fazal

text: In February 2015, Fazal joined a Cancerthon organised by NDTV and Fortis to create awareness about cancer and raising funds for children battling the disease. He has though now left the work. Along with Tochi Raina, Fazal participated in a musical concert to raise funds for victims of the earthquake in Nepal.


title: Ali Fazal

text: Fazal is Muslim, he performed Umrah in January 2022. He shared his journey to Mecca and Medina on Instagram.


title: Ali Fazal

text: In 2014, Fazal made an entry on "The Times of India"'s listing of the "Most Desirable Man". Fazal has been in a relationship with Richa Chadha, though their marriage plans had to be postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2019 Power Brands honored Fazal with “Power Brand: Industry Trendsetter” at BFJA (Bollywood Film Journalist's Awards). On 17 June 2020, Fazal's mother died due to health complications in Lucknow. Ali Fazal's grandfather died on Saturday 24 April 2021.


title: Ali Fazal

text: On 23 September 2022, he and his partner actress Richa Chadda announced their marriage and said that the ceremonies would be eco-friendly.


title: Ali Fazal

text: Fazal appeared in a small role in the James Dodson—directed romantic comedy film "The Other End of the Line" (2008). The film was a critical and commercial failure. He next appeared in the American television miniseries "Bollywood Hero" (2009) where he portrayed the role of Monty Kapoor. During his second year of college, Saeed Akhtar Mirza saw him in a play and picked him for the lead of erotic thriller "Ek Tho Chance" (2009), alongside Amrita Arora and Saurabh Shukla. The film focused on the realities and comedies inherent in life in Mumbai. The film premiered at 14th International Film Festival of Kerala.


title: Ali Fazal

text: The same year, Fazal made his Bollywood film debut with Rajkumar Hirani's National Film Award-winning "3 Idiots", a film loosely based on the novel "Five Point Someone" by Chetan Bhagat. He was doing a theatre play at Prithvi Theatre in Juhu, when a person from the film's production unit noticed him and referred him to Hirani. Co-starring alongside Aamir Khan, Kareena Kapoor, R. Madhavan and Sharman Joshi, Fazal played the role of an engineering student, Joy Lobo. The film received critical acclaim and emerged as the highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time up until then, grossing worldwide.


title: Ali Fazal

text: In 2011, Fazal was picked up by Shah Rukh Khan's production house, Red Chillies Entertainment for the Roshan Abbas–directed romance film "Always Kabhi Kabhi". Appearing opposite Giselli Monteiro, Fazal plays the role of Sameer Khanna and had to lose 15 kilos for the role. The film received negative response from the critics and was a box office failure. While Komal Nahta of Koimoi said Fazal acted reasonably well, Gaurav Malani from "The Times of India" picked him as best in the cast. Later in an interview, Fazal said that doing the film was not a good decision.


title: Ali Fazal

text: Fazal's first release of 2013 was in the coming of age comedy film "Fukrey", in which he portrayed the role of Zafar, a struggling musician. The film along with his performance received mixed responses from critics. Nishi Tiwari from Rediff.com said he wore a "dazed expression" throughout the film, and Saibal Chatterjee from NDTV felt his role was "underwritten".


title: Ali Fazal

text: The same year, Fazal appeared in the romantic comedy film "Baat Bann Gayi", which was considered a parody on Shakespeare's "The Comedy of Errors". He portrayed the dual roles of Kabir, a successful novelist from Singapore, and Rasiya Bihari, a local don. The film met with negative reactions from critics and failed at the box office, though Fazal was praised for his acting. Faheem Ruhani from "India Today" considered him as an upcoming talent to "watch out for", while "The Times of India" affirmed he is "standing out" from the cast.


title: Ali Fazal

text: In 2014, Fazal appeared in a supporting role opposite Vidya Balan in the comedy-drama "Bobby Jasoos". Initially, Fazal refused the role since he felt he had "nothing much to do in it", but later agreed because of the "unusual romance" between him and Balan. Fazal's role as Tasawur, a popular local TV anchor who helps a Hyderabadi woman who aspires to be a detective (played by Balan), was well received. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama described Fazal as a "complete revelation": "Although pitted against a powerhouse performer like Vidya, Ali makes his presence felt with a wonderful performance".


title: Ali Fazal

text: The same year he appeared in the film "Sonali Cable" opposite Rhea Chakraborty, where he portrayed the role of Raghu. Fazal did his first on-screen intimate scene for a song in the film along with Chakraborty. His acting received mixed response from critics, where many criticised him for "recent stereotyped roles". Mohar Basu from Koimoi commented, "Ali Fazal is not even close to what he is capable of. The actor has good potential and this film fails to unleash it", though Renuka Vyavahare of "The Times of India" felt he was "likeable in his character". Both films received mixed to negative response from critics and were declared to be box office flops.


title: Ali Fazal

text: Fazal next took the lead role in the psychological horror thriller "Khamoshiyan" (2015). He portrayed the role of Kabir, an alcoholic novelist, whose failed career and relationship forced him to move to Kashmir in search of an inspirational story. The film was a critical failure, though Fazal's performance was well received. "Bollywood Hungama" said: "He has a wide range of emotions that effortlessly inhabit his face". "The Hindu" critic Arjun Kumar described him as a "natural performer with effective screen presence". Reportedly, Fazal was offered a role in the American political thriller television series "Homeland", but he had to reject the offer since he had already commenced shooting for "Khamoshiyan" and ultimately the role went to Nimrat Kaur.


title: Ali Fazal

text: Fazal made his Hollywood film debut with a special appearance in the action film "Furious 7", the seventh installment in "The Fast and the Furious" film series. In the film review, "The Hindu" wrote: "Ali Fazal turns up in a fleeting cameo and before we could breath in his presence he is ejected out of the scenery". Fazal said that he had only three scenes, but Subhash K. Jha from "Bollywood Hungama" considered those scenes "delightful". But it must be considered as a part of story in furious as the friend of Ramsey.


title: Ali Fazal

text: Fazal was next seen in an Indo-American film, "For Here Or To Go?" which revolves around two Indian immigrants who find it difficult to build a successful life away from home. The film played at many international film festivals. That same year, Fazal played the leading role in the Yash Raj Films youth studio Y-Films web-series "Bang Baaja Baaraat".


title: Ali Fazal

text: In 2016 Fazal played in Anand L. Rai's "Happy Bhag Jayegi" opposite Abhay Deol and Diana Penty. The film was a critical and commercial success. Fazal featured alongside Kalki Koechlin, in Soni Razdan's "Love Affair", a fictionalised version of the 1959 Nanavati murder case. In addition, he has committed to star opposite Shriya Saran in Prakash Raj's romantic comedy "Tadka".


title: Ali Fazal

text: In 2017, Fazal appeared in the sequel "Fukrey Returns". He also starred in the British-American film "Victoria & Abdul", which depicts the relationship of Queen Victoria (Judi Dench) and her confidant, Indian servant Abdul Karim.


title: Ali Fazal

text: In 2018, he appeared in spin-off "Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi" and played Guddu Pandit in the web series "Mirzapur".


title: Ali Fazal

text: In 2020 he continued his role of Guddu Pandit in "Mirzapur" season 2. He has also been cast in the film "Death on the Nile" as Andrew Katchadouriaan, a film based on Agatha Christie's novel of the same name.


title: Ali Fazal

text: In 2021 he turned producer. He started his own film production company named Pushing Buttons Studios with Richa Chadha.


title: Brett Ratner

text: Brett Ratner (born March 28, 1969) is an American film director and producer. He directed the "Rush Hour" film series, "The Family Man", "Red Dragon", "", and "Tower Heist". He is also a producer of several films, including the "Horrible Bosses" series, "The Revenant" and "War Dogs".


title: Brett Ratner

text: Ratner got his start directing with music videos in the 1990s, and directed his first motion picture, "Money Talks", in 1997. Overall, the films Ratner has directed have earned over $2 billion at the global box office. Ratner is the co-founder of RatPac Entertainment, a film production company. Ratner led RatPac's partnership with Dune Entertainment in September 2013 for a co-producing deal with Warner Bros. that included 75 films. RatPac Entertainment has co-financed 81 theatrically released motion pictures exceeding $17 billion in worldwide box office receipts. RatPac’s co-financed films have been nominated for 59 Academy Awards, 25 Golden Globes and 43 BAFTAs and have won 25 Academy Awards, 8 Golden Globes and 24 BAFTAs. In January 2017, Ratner received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion picture industry, located at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard.


title: Brett Ratner

text: Ratner was born and raised in Miami Beach, Florida, the son of Marsha Presman and Ronald Ratner. He grew up in a "middle-class Jewish family".


title: Brett Ratner

text: His grandfather was d-CON mail order rat poison company founder and real estate developer Lee Ratner. His mother was born in Cuba, and immigrated to the U.S. in the 1960s with her parents, Fanita and Mario Presman (their families had originally moved to Cuba from Eastern Europe).