title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: When negative, these tests are more accurate than the heterophile antibody test in ruling out infectious mononucleosis. When positive, they feature similar specificity to the heterophile antibody test. Therefore, these tests are useful for diagnosing infectious mononucleosis in people with highly suggestive symptoms and a negative heterophile antibody test.


title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: About 10% of people who present a clinical picture of infectious mononucleosis do not have an acute Epstein–Barr-virus infection. A differential diagnosis of acute infectious mononucleosis needs to take into consideration acute cytomegalovirus infection and "Toxoplasma gondii" infections. Because their management is much the same, it is not always helpful, or possible, to distinguish between Epstein–Barr-virus mononucleosis and cytomegalovirus infection. However, in pregnant women, differentiation of mononucleosis from toxoplasmosis is important, since it is associated with significant consequences for the fetus.


title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: Acute HIV infection can mimic signs similar to those of infectious mononucleosis, and tests should be performed for pregnant women for the same reason as toxoplasmosis.


title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: People with infectious mononucleosis are sometimes misdiagnosed with a streptococcal pharyngitis (because of the symptoms of fever, pharyngitis and adenopathy) and are given antibiotics such as ampicillin or amoxicillin as treatment.


title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: Other conditions from which to distinguish infectious mononucleosis include leukemia, tonsillitis, diphtheria, common cold and influenza (flu).


title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: Infectious mononucleosis is generally self-limiting, so only symptomatic or supportive treatments are used. The need for rest and return to usual activities after the acute phase of the infection may reasonably be based on the person's general energy levels. Nevertheless, in an effort to decrease the risk of splenic rupture experts advise avoidance of contact sports and other heavy physical activity, especially when involving increased abdominal pressure or the Valsalva maneuver (as in rowing or weight training), for at least the first 3–4 weeks of illness or until enlargement of the spleen has resolved, as determined by a treating physician.


title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, may be used to reduce fever and pain. Prednisone, a corticosteroid, while used to try to reduce throat pain or enlarged tonsils, remains controversial due to the lack of evidence that it is effective and the potential for side effects. Intravenous corticosteroids, usually hydrocortisone or dexamethasone, are not recommended for routine use but may be useful if there is a risk of airway obstruction, a very low platelet count, or hemolytic anemia.


title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: Antiviral agents act by inhibiting viral DNA replication. There is little evidence to support the use of antivirals such as aciclovir and valacyclovir although they may reduce initial viral shedding. Antivirals are expensive, risk causing resistance to antiviral agents, and (in 1% to 10% of cases) can cause unpleasant side effects. Although antivirals are not recommended for people with simple infectious mononucleosis, they may be useful (in conjunction with steroids) in the management of severe EBV manifestations, such as EBV meningitis, peripheral neuritis, hepatitis, or hematologic complications.


title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: Although antibiotics exert no antiviral action they may be indicated to treat bacterial secondary infections of the throat, such as with streptococcus (strep throat). However, ampicillin and amoxicillin are not recommended during acute Epstein–Barr virus infection as a diffuse rash may develop.


title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: Splenomegaly is a common symptom of infectious mononucleosis and health care providers may consider using abdominal ultrasonography to get insight into the enlargement of a person's spleen. However, because spleen size varies greatly, ultrasonography is not a valid technique for assessing spleen enlargement and should not be used in typical circumstances or to make routine decisions about fitness for playing sports.


title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: Once the acute symptoms of an initial infection disappear, they often do not return. But once infected, the person carries the virus for the rest of their life. The virus typically lives dormant in B lymphocytes. Independent infections of mononucleosis may be contracted multiple times, regardless of whether the person is already carrying the virus dormant. Periodically, the virus can reactivate, during which time the person is again infectious, but usually without any symptoms of illness. Usually, a person with IM has few, if any, further symptoms or problems from the latent B lymphocyte infection. However, in susceptible hosts under the appropriate environmental stressors, the virus can reactivate and cause vague physical symptoms (or may be subclinical), and during this phase, the virus can spread to others.


title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: The characteristic symptomatology of infectious mononucleosis does not appear to have been reported until the late nineteenth century. In 1885, the renowned Russian pediatrician Nil Filatov reported an infectious process he called "idiopathic adenitis" exhibiting symptoms that correspond to infectious mononucleosis, and in 1889 a German balneologist and pediatrician, Emil Pfeiffer, independently reported similar cases (some of lesser severity) that tended to cluster in families, for which he coined the term "Drüsenfieber" ("glandular fever").


title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: The word "mononucleosis" has several senses, but today it usually is used in the sense of infectious mononucleosis, which is caused by EBV.


title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: The term "infectious mononucleosis" was coined in 1920 by Thomas Peck Sprunt and Frank Alexander Evans in a classic clinical description of the disease published in the "Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital", entitled "Mononuclear leukocytosis in reaction to acute infection (infectious mononucleosis)". A lab test for infectious mononucleosis was developed in 1931 by Yale School of Public Health Professor John Rodman Paul and Walls Willard Bunnell based on their discovery of heterophile antibodies in the sera of persons with the disease. The Paul-Bunnell Test or PBT was later replaced by the heterophile antibody test.


title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: The Epstein–Barr virus was first identified in Burkitt's lymphoma cells by Michael Anthony Epstein and Yvonne Barr at the University of Bristol in 1964. The link with infectious mononucleosis was uncovered in 1967 by Werner and Gertrude Henle at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, after a laboratory technician handling the virus contracted the disease: comparison of serum samples collected from the technician before and after the onset revealed development of antibodies to the virus.


title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: Yale School of Public Health epidemiologist Alfred E. Evans confirmed through testing that mononucleosis was transmitted mainly through kissing leading to it being referred to colloquially as "the kissing disease".


title: Mehran Karimi Nasseri

text: Mehran Karimi Nasseri ( pronounced ; 1945 – 12 November 2022), also known as Sir, Alfred Mehran, was an Iranian refugee who lived in the departure lounge of Terminal 1 in Charles de Gaulle Airport from 26 August 1988 until July 2006, when he was hospitalized. His autobiography was published as a book, "The Terminal Man", in 2004. Nasseri's story inspired the 1993 film "Lost in Transit" and the 2004 film "The Terminal". He returned to living at the airport in September 2022, and died there of a heart attack in November 2022.


title: Mehran Karimi Nasseri

text: Nasseri was born in the Anglo-Persian Oil Company settlement located in Masjed Soleiman, Iran. His father, Abdelkarim, was an Iranian doctor working for the company which allowed Nasseri to grow up relatively affluently. Nasseri has claimed that he was the result of an illegitimate affair, and that his mother was a nurse from Scotland working in the same place but has also claimed a Swedish mother. However, these claims were never substantiated, and it is most likely that Nasseri's mother was an Iranian homemaker. At age of 28, he arrived in the United Kingdom in September 1973, to take a three-year course in Yugoslav studies at the University of Bradford.


title: Mehran Karimi Nasseri

text: Nasseri alleged that he was expelled from Iran in 1977 for protests against the Shah and after a long battle, involving applications in several countries, was awarded refugee status by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Belgium<nowiki>. This allegedly permitted residence in many other European countries. However, this claim was disputed, with investigations showing that Nasseri was never expelled from Iran.</nowiki>


title: Mehran Karimi Nasseri

text: He was able to travel between the UK and France, but in 1988, his papers were lost when his briefcase was allegedly stolen. Others indicate that Nasseri actually mailed his documents to Brussels while onboard a ferry to Britain, lying about them being stolen. Arriving in London, he was returned to France when he failed to present a passport to British immigration officials. At the French airport he was unable to prove his identity or refugee status and so was detained at the waiting area for travelers without papers.


title: Mehran Karimi Nasseri

text: Attempts were then made to have new documents issued from Belgium, but the authorities there would do so only if Nasseri presented himself in person. In 1995, the Belgian authorities granted permission for him to travel to Belgium, but only if he agreed to live there under the supervision of a social worker. Nasseri refused this on the grounds of wanting to enter the UK as originally intended.


title: Mehran Karimi Nasseri

text: Both France and Belgium offered Nasseri residency, but he refused to sign the papers as they listed him as being Iranian (rather than British) and did not show his preferred name, "Sir Alfred Mehran". His refusal to sign the documents was much to the frustration of his lawyer, Bourget. When contacted about Nasseri's situation, his family stated that they believed he was living the life he wanted.


title: Mehran Karimi Nasseri

text: As for what Nasseri did day-to-day during his long stay at Terminal 1 in the Charles de Gaulle Airport, he could be found, day or night, around the Paris Bye Bye bar, where he was journaling, listening to the radio, and / or smoking his gold pipe, or eating a meal at McDonalds, which was bought for him by strangers, or sitting on a red bench in the Terminal's first level, in a deep reflective trance. In other accounts, his luggage was always by his side, as he wrote in his diary or studied economics.


title: Mehran Karimi Nasseri

text: In 2003, Steven Spielberg's DreamWorks production company paid a rumoured US$275,000 to Nasseri for the rights to his story, but ultimately did not use his story in the subsequent film, "The Terminal".


title: Mehran Karimi Nasseri

text: Nasseri's 18-year stay at the airport ended in July 2006 when he was hospitalized and his sitting place was dismantled. Towards the end of January 2007, he left the hospital and was looked after by the airport's branch of the French Red Cross; he was lodged for a few weeks in a hotel close to the airport. On 6 March 2007, he was transferred to an Emmaus charity reception centre in Paris's 20th arrondissement. As of 2008, he had been living in a Paris shelter, though in the wake of Nasseri's death in 2022, the Associated Press reported that he had recently returned to living at the airport.


title: Mehran Karimi Nasseri

text: In 2004, Nasseri's autobiography, "The Terminal Man", was published. It was co-written by Nasseri with British author Andrew Donkin and was reviewed in "The Sunday Times" as being "profoundly disturbing and brilliant".


title: Mehran Karimi Nasseri

text: Nasseri's story provided the inspiration for the 1993 French film "Tombés du ciel", starring Jean Rochefort, internationally released under the title "Lost in Transit". The short story "The Fifteen-Year Layover", written by Michael Paterniti and published in "GQ" and "The Best American Non-Required Reading", chronicles Nasseri's life. Alexis Kouros made a documentary about him, "Waiting for Godot at De Gaulle" (2000).


title: Mehran Karimi Nasseri

text: Nasseri's story was the inspiration for the contemporary opera "Flight" by British composer Jonathan Dove, and was premiered at the Glyndebourne Opera House in 1998. "Flight" would go on to win the Helpmann Awards at the Adelaide Festival Theatre in March 2006.


title: Mehran Karimi Nasseri

text: Glen Luchford and Paul Berczeller made the "Here to Where" mockumentary (2001), also featuring Nasseri. Hamid Rahmanian and Melissa Hibbard made a documentary called "Sir Alfred of Charles De Gaulle Airport" (2001).


title: Mehran Karimi Nasseri

text: Nasseri was reportedly the inspiration behind the character Viktor Navorski (Tom Hanks), from Steven Spielberg's 2004 film "The Terminal"; however, neither publicity materials, nor the DVD "special features" nor the film's website mentions Nasseri's situation as an inspiration for the film. Despite this, in September 2003, "The New York Times" noted that Spielberg had bought the rights to his life story as the basis for "The Terminal". "The Guardian" indicated that Spielberg's DreamWorks production company paid US$250,000 to Nasseri for rights to his story and reported that, as of 2004, he carried a poster advertising Spielberg's film draping his suitcase next to his bench. Nasseri was reportedly excited about "The Terminal", but it was unlikely that he would ever have had a chance to see it in cinemas.


title: Mehran Karimi Nasseri

text: Nasseri died of a heart attack on 12 November 2022, at Charles de Gaulle Airport. An airport spokesperson said that Nasseri was homeless and had returned to live in a public area in the airport in September 2022.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Ruby is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language which supports multiple programming paradigms. It was designed with an emphasis on programming productivity and simplicity. In Ruby, everything is an object, including primitive data types. It was developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Ruby is dynamically typed and uses garbage collection and just-in-time compilation. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming. According to the creator, Ruby was influenced by Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada, BASIC, Java and Lisp.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Matsumoto has said that Ruby was conceived in 1993. In a 1999 post to the "ruby-talk" mailing list, he describes some of his early ideas about the language:


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Matsumoto describes the design of Ruby as being like a simple Lisp language at its core, with an object system like that of Smalltalk, blocks inspired by higher-order functions, and practical utility like that of Perl.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: The name "Ruby" originated during an online chat session between Matsumoto and Keiju Ishitsuka on February 24, 1993, before any code had been written for the language. Initially two names were proposed: "Coral" and "Ruby". Matsumoto chose the latter in a later e-mail to Ishitsuka. Matsumoto later noted a factor in choosing the name "Ruby" – it was the birthstone of one of his colleagues.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: The first public release of Ruby 0.95 was announced on Japanese domestic newsgroups on December 21, 1995. Subsequently, three more versions of Ruby were released in two days. The release coincided with the launch of the Japanese-language "ruby-list" mailing list, which was the first mailing list for the new language.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Already present at this stage of development were many of the features familiar in later releases of Ruby, including object-oriented design, classes with inheritance, mixins, iterators, closures, exception handling and garbage collection.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Following the release of Ruby 0.95 in 1995, several stable versions of Ruby were released in the following years:


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: In 1997, the first article about Ruby was published on the Web. In the same year, Matsumoto was hired by netlab.jp to work on Ruby as a full-time developer.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: In 1998, the Ruby Application Archive was launched by Matsumoto, along with a simple English-language homepage for Ruby.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: In 1999, the first English language mailing list "ruby-talk" began, which signaled a growing interest in the language outside Japan. In this same year, Matsumoto and Keiju Ishitsuka wrote the first book on Ruby, "The Object-oriented Scripting Language Ruby" (オブジェクト指向スクリプト言語 Ruby), which was published in Japan in October 1999. It would be followed in the early 2000s by around 20 books on Ruby published in Japanese.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: By 2000, Ruby was more popular than Python in Japan. In September 2000, the first English language book "Programming Ruby" was printed, which was later freely released to the public, further widening the adoption of Ruby amongst English speakers. In early 2002, the English-language "ruby-talk" mailing list was receiving more messages than the Japanese-language "ruby-list", demonstrating Ruby's increasing popularity in the non-Japanese speaking world.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Ruby 1.8 was initially released August 2003, was stable for a long time, and was retired June 2013. Although deprecated, there is still code based on it. Ruby 1.8 is only partially compatible with Ruby 1.9.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Ruby 1.8 has been the subject of several industry standards. The language specifications for Ruby were developed by the Open Standards Promotion Center of the Information-Technology Promotion Agency (a Japanese government agency) for submission to the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) and then to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It was accepted as a Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS X 3017) in 2011 and an international standard (ISO/IEC 30170) in 2012.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Around 2005, interest in the Ruby language surged in tandem with Ruby on Rails, a web framework written in Ruby. Rails is frequently credited with increasing awareness of Ruby.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Effective with Ruby 1.9.3, released October 31, 2011, Ruby switched from being dual-licensed under the Ruby License and the GPL to being dual-licensed under the Ruby License and the two-clause BSD license. Adoption of 1.9 was slowed by changes from 1.8 that required many popular third party gems to be rewritten. Ruby 1.9 introduces many significant changes over the 1.8 series. Examples include:


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Ruby 2.0 was intended to be fully backward compatible with Ruby 1.9.3. As of the official 2.0.0 release on February 24, 2013, there were only five known (minor) incompatibilities. Ruby 2.0 added several new features, including:


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Ruby 2.2.0 includes speed-ups, bugfixes, and library updates and removes some deprecated APIs. Most notably, Ruby 2.2.0 introduces changes to memory handling an incremental garbage collector, support for garbage collection of symbols and the option to compile directly against jemalloc. It also contains experimental support for using vfork(2) with system() and spawn(), and added support for the Unicode 7.0 specification. Since version 2.2.1, Ruby MRI performance on PowerPC64 was improved. Features that were made obsolete or removed include callcc, the DL library, Digest::HMAC, lib/rational.rb, lib/complex.rb, GServer, Logger::Application as well as various C API functions.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Ruby 2.3.0 includes many performance improvements, updates, and bugfixes including changes to Proc#call, Socket and IO use of exception keywords, Thread#name handling, default passive Net::FTP connections, and Rake being removed from stdlib. Other notable changes include:


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Ruby 2.4.0 includes performance improvements to hash table, Array#max, Array#min, and instance variable access. Other notable changes include:


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: A few notable changes in Ruby 2.5.0 include "rescue" and "ensure" statements automatically use a surrounding "do-end" block (less need for extra "begin-end" blocks), method-chaining with "yield_self", support for branch coverage and method coverage measurement, and easier Hash transformations with "Hash#slice" and "Hash#transform_keys" On top of that come a lot of performance improvements like faster block passing (3 times faster), faster Mutexes, faster ERB templates and improvements on some concatenation methods.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: A few notable changes in Ruby 2.6.0 include an experimental just-in-time compiler (JIT), and "RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree" (experimental).


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: A few notable changes in Ruby 2.7.0 include pattern Matching (experimental), REPL improvements, a compaction GC, and separation of positional and keyword arguments.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Ruby 3.0.0 was released on Christmas Day in 2020. It is known as Ruby 3x3 which means that programs would run three times faster in Ruby 3.0 comparing to Ruby 2.0. and some had already implemented in intermediate releases on the road from 2 to 3. To achieve 3x3, Ruby 3 comes with MJIT, and later YJIT, Just-In-Time Compilers, to make programs faster, although they are described as experimental and remain disabled by default (enabled by flags at runtime).


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Another goal of Ruby 3.0 is to improve concurrency and two more utilities Fibre Scheduler, and experimental Ractor facilitate the goal. Ractor is light-weight and thread-safe as it is achieved by exchanging messages rather than shared objects.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Ruby 3.0 introduces RBS language to describe the types of Ruby programs for static analysis. It is separated from general Ruby programs.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Ruby 3.1 was released on Christmas Day in 2021. It includes YJIT, a new Just-In-Time Compiler developed by Shopify, to enhance the performance of real world business applications. A new debugger is also included. There are some syntax enhancements and other improvements in this release. Network libraries for FTP, SMTP, IMAP, and POP are moved from default gems to bundled gems.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Matsumoto has said that Ruby is designed for programmer productivity and fun, following the principles of good user interface design. At a Google Tech Talk in 2008 Matsumoto further stated, "I hope to see Ruby help every programmer in the world to be productive, and to enjoy programming, and to be happy. That is the primary purpose of Ruby language." He stresses that systems design needs to emphasize human, rather than computer, needs:


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Matsumoto has said his primary design goal was to make a language that he himself enjoyed using, by minimizing programmer work and possible confusion. He has said that he had not applied the principle of least astonishment (POLA) to the design of Ruby; in a May 2005 discussion on the newsgroup comp.lang.ruby, Matsumoto attempted to distance Ruby from POLA, explaining that because any design choice will be surprising to someone, he uses a personal standard in evaluating surprise. If that personal standard remains consistent, there would be few surprises for those familiar with the standard.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Ruby is object-oriented: every value is an object, including classes and instances of types that many other languages designate as primitives (such as integers, booleans, and "null"). Variables always hold references to objects. Every function is a method and methods are always called on an object. Methods defined at the top level scope become methods of the Object class. Since this class is an ancestor of every other class, such methods can be called on any object. They are also visible in all scopes, effectively serving as "global" procedures. Ruby supports inheritance with dynamic dispatch, mixins and singleton methods (belonging to, and defined for, a single instance rather than being defined on the class). Though Ruby does not support multiple inheritance, classes can import modules as mixins.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Ruby has been described as a multi-paradigm programming language: it allows procedural programming (defining functions/variables outside classes makes them part of the root, 'self' Object), with object orientation (everything is an object) or functional programming (it has anonymous functions, closures, and continuations; statements all have values, and functions return the last evaluation). It has support for introspection, reflection and metaprogramming, as well as support for interpreter-based threads. Ruby features dynamic typing, and supports parametric polymorphism.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: According to the Ruby FAQ, the syntax is similar to Perl's and the semantics are similar to Smalltalk's, but the design philosophy differs greatly from Python's.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: The syntax of Ruby is broadly similar to that of Perl and Python. It uses indention and readable. Class and method definitions are signaled by keywords, whereas code blocks can be defined by either keywords or braces. In contrast to Perl, variables are not obligatorily prefixed with a sigil. When used, the sigil changes the semantics of scope of the variable. For practical purposes there is no distinction between expressions and statements. Line breaks are significant and taken as the end of a statement; a semicolon may be equivalently used. Unlike Python, indentation is not significant.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: One of the differences from Python and Perl is that Ruby keeps all of its instance variables completely private to the class and only exposes them through accessor methods (codice_11, codice_12, etc.). Unlike the "getter" and "setter" methods of other languages like C++ or Java, accessor methods in Ruby can be created with a single line of code via metaprogramming; however, accessor methods can also be created in the traditional fashion of C++ and Java. As invocation of these methods does not require the use of parentheses, it is trivial to change an instance variable into a full function, without modifying a single line of calling code or having to do any refactoring achieving similar functionality to C# and VB.NET property members.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Python's property descriptors are similar, but come with a trade-off in the development process. If one begins in Python by using a publicly exposed instance variable, and later changes the implementation to use a private instance variable exposed through a property descriptor, code internal to the class may need to be adjusted to use the private variable rather than the public property. Ruby's design forces all instance variables to be private, but also provides a simple way to declare codice_13 and codice_14 methods. This is in keeping with the idea that in Ruby, one never directly accesses the internal members of a class from outside the class; rather, one passes a message to the class and receives a response.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: The original Ruby interpreter is often referred to as Matz's Ruby Interpreter or MRI. This implementation is written in C and uses its own Ruby-specific virtual machine.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: The standardized and retired Ruby 1.8 implementation was written in C, as a single-pass interpreted language.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Starting with Ruby 1.9, and continuing with Ruby 2.x and above, the official Ruby interpreter has been YARV ("Yet Another Ruby VM"), and this implementation has superseded the slower virtual machine used in previous releases of MRI.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: , there are a number of alternative implementations of Ruby, including JRuby, Rubinius, and mruby. Each takes a different approach, with JRuby and Rubinius providing just-in-time compilation and mruby also providing ahead-of-time compilation.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: The maturity of Ruby implementations tends to be measured by their ability to run the Ruby on Rails (Rails) framework, because it is complex to implement and uses many Ruby-specific features. The point when a particular implementation achieves this goal is called "the Rails singularity". The reference implementation, JRuby, and Rubinius are all able to run Rails unmodified in a production environment.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Matsumoto originally developed Ruby on the 4.3BSD-based Sony NEWS-OS 3.x, but later migrated his work to SunOS 4.x, and finally to Linux. By 1999, Ruby was known to work across many different operating systems. Modern Ruby versions and implementations are available on all major desktop, mobile and server-based operating systems. Ruby is also supported across a number of cloud hosting platforms like Jelastic, Heroku, Google Cloud Platform and others.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Tools such as RVM and RBEnv, facilitate installation and partitioning of multiple ruby versions, and multiple 'gemsets' on one machine.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: RubyGems is Ruby's package manager. A Ruby package is called a "gem" and can be installed via the command line. Most gems are libraries, though a few exist that are applications, such as IDEs. There are over 100,000 Ruby gems hosted on RubyGems.org.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Many new and existing Ruby libraries are hosted on GitHub, a service that offers version control repository hosting for Git.


title: Ruby (programming language)

text: The Ruby Application Archive, which hosted applications, documentation, and libraries for Ruby programming, was maintained until 2013, when its function was transferred to RubyGems.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: Puss in Boots is a 2011 American computer-animated comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures. The film was directed by Chris Miller—who also directed "Shrek the Third" (2007)—and written by Tom Wheeler, from a story by Wheeler, Brian Lynch, and Will Davies. It stars Antonio Banderas (reprising his voice role as Puss in Boots), alongside Salma Hayek, Zach Galifianakis, Billy Bob Thornton, and Amy Sedaris. It is the fifth film in the "Shrek" franchise, and rather than an adaptation of the Puss in Boots fairytale, it follows the origin story of Puss in Boots (Banderas) on his adventures years before the events of "Shrek 2" (2004). Accompanied by his friends, Humpty Dumpty (Galifianakis) and Kitty Softpaws (Hayek), Puss is pitted against Jack and Jill (Thornton and Sedaris), two murderous outlaws in ownership of legendary magical beans that lead to a great fortune for the Golden Eggs from the Goose.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: Development began following the release of "Shrek 2" in 2004. Titled "Puss in Boots: The Story of an Ogre Killer", it was originally announced as initially planned for release in 2008 as a direct-to-video film. In October 2006, the film was re-slated as a theatrical release due to market conditions as DreamWorks Animation realized that the Puss character deserved more, with Miller joining the project as the director. Guillermo del Toro signed on as executive producer in September 2010. This was the first film to be partly made in India from DreamWorks Animation, in which a Bangalore studio owned by Technicolor, which had mainly worked on TV specials and DVD bonus material, spent six months animating three major scenes in the film. Henry Jackman composed the film's score.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: "Puss in Boots" had its world premiere on October 16, 2011, docking the Royal Caribbean International's cruise ship "Allure of the Seas", docked in Fort Lauderdale, Florida at the time, and was released in theaters on October 28, 2011 in 2D, Digital 3D and IMAX 3D formats. "Puss in Boots" received positive reviews from critics and grossed $555 million at the box office. At the 84th Academy Awards, the film was nominated for Best Animated Feature. A television series spin-off from the film titled "The Adventures of Puss in Boots" premiered on Netflix in January 2015 and concluded in January 2018 after six seasons, while a sequel, titled "", was released on December 21, 2022.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: Puss in Boots is a Spanish-speaking, anthropomorphic cat named for his signature pair of boots. A fugitive on the run from the law, Puss is seeking to restore his lost honor. He learns that the murderous outlaw couple Jack and Jill have the magic beans he has long sought, which can lead him to a giant's castle known by legend to contain valuable golden goose eggs. When Puss attempts to steal the beans at their hideout, a female cat named Kitty Softpaws interrupts. She was hired to steal them as well by Humpty Alexander Dumpty, a talking egg and long-estranged childhood friend of Puss from the orphanage where they both were raised. Puss tells Kitty his origin story and how he felt betrayed by Humpty, who tricked Puss into committing a bank robbery in his hometown of San Ricardo. Puss has been on the run ever since. Humpty eventually convinces Puss to join them in finding the beans and retrieving the golden eggs, although Puss only accepts so he can pay the debt he owes to San Ricardo because of Humpty.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: Puss and Kitty's relationship turns romantic and, despite Puss' initial grudge against Humpty, he slowly warms up to him, as the trio steals the beans from Jack and Jill and plants them in the desert. They ride the beanstalk into the clouds and enter the giant's castle, where Humpty reveals to Puss that the giant died a long time ago. They must still avoid the Great Terror who guards the golden eggs. They soon realize the golden eggs are too heavy, and decide to steal the goose's gosling after witnessing it lay miniature golden eggs. They manage to escape the castle and cut down the beanstalk. After celebrating, the group is ambushed by Jack and Jill, and Puss is knocked unconscious.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: When he wakes, Puss assumes Humpty and Kitty were kidnapped and tracks Jack and Jill's wagon back to San Ricardo. There, he learns that the kidnapping was staged. Jack, Jill, and Kitty are all working for Humpty, who is seeking revenge against Puss for abandoning him during the failed heist all those years ago. Puss is surrounded by the town's militia and turns himself in following pleas from his adoptive mother Imelda. As Puss is hauled away to prison, Humpty is celebrated as a hero for bringing the wealth of the golden eggs to the townspeople.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: Puss meets Andy "Jack" Beanstalk in prison. Jack reveals that Humpty stole the beans from him when they shared a cell years ago, and warns Puss that the Great Terror is the Golden-Egg Goose herself, a gigantic bird who will stop at nothing to rescue her baby. Puss realizes that luring the Great Terror was Humpty's intention all along, hoping to destroy the town in revenge for his imprisonment and flee with the gosling in the chaos. Kitty frees Puss from prison and apologizes, revealing her feelings for him. He locates Humpty in time and convinces him to do the right thing: redeem himself by helping save the town from destruction. Using the gosling as bait, Puss and Humpty are able to lure the Great Terror away from town. With Kitty's help, they also thwart Jack and Jill's attempt to steal the gosling during the chase. As they reach the outskirts of town, Humpty and the gosling are knocked off a collapsing bridge but manage to hang onto a rope that Puss grabs. When it becomes evident that Puss cannot save them both, Humpty sacrifices himself by letting go. After a fatal impact, Puss discovers that Humpty was a large golden egg underneath his shell. The Great Terror is reunited with her gosling, and she takes Humpty's golden egg remains back to the giant's castle.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: Despite saving the town and being hailed a hero by the townspeople, Puss is still a fugitive in the eyes of the militia. He reunites with Imelda, who expresses her pride and love for Puss before he flees with Kitty, who playfully steals his boots and runs off. In the epilogue, Jack and Jill are recovering from their injuries, Humpty's spirit is seen, in his normal form wearing a golden egg costume, dancing on the mother's back with the golden goose, and Puss and Kitty finally share an outlaw kiss.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: The film had been in development since 2004, when "Shrek 2" was released. Chris Miller, who worked as head of story in "Shrek 2", was a big proponent of making an spin-off film centered on the Puss in Boots due to his love for the character and the intriguing story potential he had, given the adventures he mentions to have had in the film. As a "Shrek 2" spin-off, it was initially planned for release in 2008 as a direct-to-video film, then titled "Puss in Boots: The Story of an Ogre Killer". By October 2006, the film was re-slated as a theatrical release due to market conditions, and due to DreamWorks Animation's realization that the Puss character deserved more. Miller was hired to direct the film immediately after directing "Shrek the Third".


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: In September 2010, Guillermo del Toro signed on as executive producer. Having exited from "The Hobbit", del Toro was invited by the crew to watch an early screening of the film, half animated and half storyboarded, which del Toro loved and asked them if he could be somehow involved in the production. Discussing del Toro, Miller stated: "We worked out a system for him to come in once every few months or whenever we had something new to show him. If we needed someone to bounce ideas off of, he was always there, and if we had a problem we were tackling, we'd get Guillermo on the red phone – our emergency phone – and ask him advice on what we should do with a certain character or scene. It was like having our own film school". Miller stated that del Toro was particularly involved in Humpty's character design. "Guillermo loved the dreamy quality of Humpty Dumpty. He suggested we push that further, make him more like da Vinci". It was del Toro's idea to make Humpty "an ingenious freak of nature" who builds contraptions such as a flying machine. Del Toro rewrote the ending to redeem the character and deepen his relationship with Puss – an unconventional conclusion for a family film. He helped design the fantasy elements of the giant's castle, as well as the architecture of the town, which he conceived as "an amalgam of Spain and Mexico".


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: During the film's production, the filmmakers struggled for a long time about including the Giant from "Jack and the Beanstalk", an English fairy tale from which the magic beans and the castle in the clouds were borrowed from. As the filmmakers had already figured out the Giant's world, the Giant itself was challenging for them. They wanted to depict him faithfully like the classic fairy tale legend giant, but despite how hard they tried to incorporate him into the story, his presence turned out to be predictable. In the end, it was decided to have the Giant killed off offscreen in order to subvert fairy tales’ expectations.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: Antonio Banderas reprised his role as Puss in Boots from the "Shrek" films. According to Miller, the crew wanted to cast Zach Galifianakis, Billy Bob Thornton, Amy Sedaris and Salma Hayek early on during production. As Humpty Dumpty was Galifianakis' first voiceover role, he was allowed to improvise by the filmmakers. Similarly, Thornton enjoyed the experience of voicing Jack as he was looking to challenge himself with a role out of his comfort zone. Sedaris, with whom Miller had worked before, improvised most of her dialogue as Jill, giving almost fifty different versions of her scripted lines. Except for Puss, the film features new characters. Citing the co-writer, David H. Steinberg, "It doesn't overlap with "Shrek" at all. Partly that was done to tell an original Puss story, but partly because we didn't know what "Shrek 4" were going to do with the characters and we couldn't write conflicting storylines." The film was teased in "Shrek Forever After", when Shrek finally shuts the book titled "Shrek", and puts it away next to a book titled "Puss in Boots".


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: "Puss in Boots" is the first DreamWorks Animation film that was partly made in India. A Bangalore studio owned by Technicolor, which had mainly worked on TV specials and DVD bonus material, spent six months animating three major scenes in the film. The outsourcing had financial advantages, with 40% less labor costs than in the US, but the primary reason for outsourcing to India was lack of personnel, due to the studio producing as many as three films a year.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: Henry Jackman, the composer for "Puss in Boots", utilized folk instruments of traditional Latin music. Inspired by Spanish composer Manuel de Falla, Jackman blended guitars and Latin percussion with an orchestral sound influenced by Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel. Mexican guitar duo Rodrigo y Gabriela contributed to Jackman's score, and two of their songs, "Diablo Rojo" and "Hanuman", were included in the soundtrack. Lady Gaga's song "Americano" was also featured in the film. The soundtrack for the film, featuring the original score by Jackman, was released on October 26, 2011, by Sony Classical.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: "Puss in Boots" was originally set for release on November 4, 2011, but was instead pushed a week earlier to October 28, 2011. Anne Globe, head of worldwide marketing for DreamWorks Animation, said the decision to move the film's release date a week earlier was to attract parents and their children to see the film before other family-friendly films were released in November 2011.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: The film was renamed "Cat in Boots" in the United Arab Emirates for officially unknown reasons, but it is suspected for religious and cultural reasons. According to the UAE's The National Media Council, which is responsible for censorship, the UAE didn't have any involvement in the rename and that "the decision to change the name had been made by the Hollywood studio and the movie distributors in the UAE." Consequently, since the film's distributor was based in the UAE, the same print was syndicated to all theaters throughout the Middle East. However, the name change was limited to the film's original theatrical run, as merchandise and later regional home media release retained the film's original title.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: "Puss in Boots" had its world premiere on October 16, 2011, docking the Royal Caribbean International's cruise ship "Allure of the Seas", docked in Fort Lauderdale, Florida at the time. It was theatrically released in the United States on October 28, 2011. The film was digitally re-mastered into IMAX 3D, and was released in 268 North American IMAX theaters and at least 47 IMAX theaters outside North America.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: "Puss in Boots" was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and Blu-ray 3D on February 24, 2012. The movie was accompanied by a short animated film titled "". As of October 2013, 7.5 million home entertainment units were sold worldwide.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: Another featured extra short is "Klepto Kitty"; a three-minute profile of Dusty the Klepto Kitty, a notorious cat in California who steals items from neighbors' yards, some of it captured on a night vision kitty-cam, hung around Dusty's neck by the Animal Planet network for their own documentary.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: The film grossed $149.3 million in North America, and $405.7 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $555 million. It was the eleventh highest-grossing film of 2011 and is also the third highest-grossing animated film that year behind "Kung Fu Panda 2" ($665.7 million) and "Cars 2" ($559.9 million).


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: In North America, the film topped the box office on its opening day with $9.6 million. On its opening weekend, the film made $34.1 million, topping "Saw III"s record ($33.6 million) for the highest Halloween weekend opening ever. It retained first place during its second weekend, with $33.1 million, declining only 3%. By this point, it had the smallest decline of any non-holiday film, surpassing "Twister".


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: Outside North America, on its opening weekend, it earned second place with $17.2 million. The film opened at #1 in both the UK with a weekend gross of £1.98 million ($3.1 million), and Australia, with $2.98 million. It topped the box office outside North America on its seventh weekend with $47.1 million from 40 countries. It ranks as the ninth highest-grossing film of 2011 outside North America. Its highest-grossing country after North America was Russia and the CIS ($50.6 million), followed by Germany ($33.9 million) and France and the Maghreb region ($33.2 million).


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, "Puss in Boots" has an approval rating of based on reviews and an average rating of . Its critical consensus reads, "It isn't deep or groundbreaking, but what it lacks in profundity, "Puss in Boots" more than makes up for with an abundance of wit, visual sparkle, and effervescent charm." Metacritic (which uses a weighted average) assigned "Puss in Boots" a score of 65 out of 100 based on 24 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was an "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave the film a positive review, saying ""Puss in Boots" is a perfectly diverting romp that happens to showcase some of the best 3D work yet from a mainstream animated feature. Colorful, clever enough, free of cloying showbiz in-jokes, action-packed without being ridiculous about it and even well choreographed." Peter Debruge of "Variety" gave the film a positive review, saying "Puss' origin story could easily stand on its own -- a testament to clever writing on the part of its creative team and an irresistible central performance by Antonio Banderas." Christy Lemire of the "Associated Press" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "For quick, lively, family friendly entertainment, ""Puss in Boots"" works just fine, even in 3-D, which is integrated thoughtfully into the narrative and doesn't just feel like a gimmick." Bill Goodykoontz of "The Arizona Republic" gave the film three and a half stars out of five, saying "As good as Banderas and Hayek are together, Galifianakis is better, making Humpty-Dumpty, of all people, one of the more intriguing animated characters to come along in a while. He's a nice surprise." Moira MacDonald of "The Seattle Times" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "I left dreaming of a world in which cats could tango - and when's the last time a movie did that?" Marjorie Baumgarten of "The Austin Chronicle" gave the film three out of five stars, saying "The seductive interplay of Banderas and Hayek, the barely recognizable vocal contributions of Galifianakis, and the Southern backwoods speech of Thornton and Sedaris all keep us attuned to the events on the screen."


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a C, saying "In the Shrek films, the joke of Puss in Boots, with his trilled consonants and penchant for chest-puffing sword duels, is that no one this cuddly should try to be this dashing. But in "Puss in Boots", that joke wears out its welcome in 15 minutes." Ty Burr of "The Boston Globe" gave the film three out of four stars, saying ""Puss in Boots" doesn't break any new ground in the storytelling department, and its reliance on go-go-go state-of-the-art action sequences grows wearying by the end, but the movie has a devilish wit that works for parent and child alike." Elizabeth Weitzman of the "New York Daily News" gave the film four out of five stars, saying "It's always a pleasure to find a family film that respects its audience all the way up the line." Colin Covert of the "Star Tribune" gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "Remember that toy where you yank a string and hear the sound of a barnyard animal? "Puss in Boots" has about half as much entertainment value." Olly Richards of "Empire" gave the film three out of five stars, saying "Like most kittens, it's not always perfectly behaved, but at least this new Puss adventure doesn't have you reaching for the cinematic spray bottle. And thank goodness the spin-off does nothing to neuter the charismatic cat's appeal." Stan Hall of "The Oregonian" gave the film a B, saying ""Puss in Boots" isn't particularly deep, nor does it take itself seriously -- it just wants to seek glory, win affection and cash in. Done, done and done."


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" gave the film four out of five stars, saying "Perhaps the most engaging thing about ""Puss in Boots"" is that it never takes itself too seriously." Stephen Holden of "The New York Times" gave the film three and a half stars out of five, saying "It is a cheerfully chaotic jumble of fairy tale and nursery rhyme characters parachuted into a Spanish storybook setting." Lou Lumenick of the "New York Post" gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "Basically, this toon is a tired riff on Sergio Leone's spaghetti Westerns, punctuated by more puns and cat jokes than you can shake a litter box at." Claudia Puig of "USA Today" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "With his impeccable comic timing and lyrical Spanish accent, Banderas' swashbuckling charmer is an undeniable treat." Michael O'Sullivan of "The Washington Post" gave the film three out of four stars, saying ""Puss in Boots"" proves there is at least one cat with multiple lives. The feature-length animated spinoff - a star turn for the popular "Shrek" supporting character voiced by Antonio Banderas - is almost shockingly good. And not just because a lot of you will approach it with lowered expectations." Stephen Whitty of the "Newark Star-Ledger" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "An almost purr-fect little film that even a dog owner can enjoy."


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: Joe Morgenstern of "The Wall Street Journal" gave the film a positive review, saying "Puss made his debut in ""Shrek 2"," then did time in the two decreasingly funny sequels. Now he's got a movie of his own, and not a moment too soon." Lisa Kennedy of "The Denver Post" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "It would overstate matters to say Puss in Boots leaves its cat holding the bag (we had to get that in). But it also leaves its hero awaiting a richer fable, one befitting his charms and his portrayer's talents." Anna Smith of "Time Out" gave the film three out of five stars, saying ""Puss in Boots" is uneven, but when it's on course, cat fans will be in heaven." Amy Biancolli of the "Houston Chronicle" gave the film three out of five stars, saying ""Puss in Boots" prances along on three basic truths. One, cats are funny. Two, vain Spanish cats in high-heeled musketeer boots are even funnier. Lastly, booted, vain Spanish cats voiced by a breathy Antonio Banderas are flat-out hilarious." Tasha Robinson of "The A.V. Club" gave the film a C+, saying ""Puss In Boots" makes a great theme-park ride, a thrill-a-minute feast for the eyes and the semicircular canals. But while the settings are impressively multidimensional, the characters are flatter than old-school cel drawings."


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: The film also spawned an animated series that premiered on Netflix on January 16, 2015. It aired 78 episodes across six seasons, with its final season released on the streaming service on January 26, 2018. The series is set before the events of the movie. Eric Bauza voices the titular character.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: In February 2012, director Chris Miller stated that he would love to make a "Puss in Boots" sequel as the character was set up to have more fantastic, surreal and funnier adventures, but that they would first analyze how the audience reacted to the film and whether they would want a sequel. In November 2012, executive producer Guillermo del Toro said that they already did a couple of script drafts for a sequel, and that Miller wants to take Puss on an adventure to exotic places. In April 2014, Antonio Banderas, the voice of Puss, said that the work on the sequel had just begun. In June 2014, the movie was titled "Puss in Boots 2: Nine Lives & 40 Thieves" and was scheduled to be released on November 2, 2018. Two months later, it was moved one month to December 21, 2018. In January 2015, "Puss in Boots 2" was removed from the release schedule following corporate restructuring and DreamWorks Animation's new policy to release two films a year. Two months later, Banderas said in an interview that the script was under restructuring, and that Shrek may appear in the film.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: On November 6, 2018, it was announced by "Variety" that Chris Meledandri had been tasked to being one of the executive producers of both "Shrek 5" and "Puss in Boots 2", with the cast returning. In February 2019, Bob Persichetti, the head of story on the first film and a co-director of "" (2018), signed on to direct the sequel. Latifa Ouaou, who produced the original "Puss in Boots" film, would oversee development of the sequel alongside Meledandri. In August 2020, the name "" had been trademarked by DreamWorks, revealing the new title of the sequel.


title: Puss in Boots (2011 film)

text: In March 2021, the film received a new release date of September 23, 2022, with DWA's parent company Universal Pictures now handling distribution. Persichetti and Ouaou were respectively replaced by Joel Crawford and Mark Swift as director and producer after having previously done so on "" (2020), while Antonio Banderas was also confirmed to be reprising his role as Puss. The film's first trailer was released on March 15, 2022. Salma Hayek was later confirmed to reprise her role as Kitty Softpaws, while other cast members of the film will include Florence Pugh (as Goldilocks), Olivia Colman, Wagner Moura, Ray Winstone, John Mulaney, Da'Vine Joy Randolph, Harvey Guillén (as Perro the Dog), Anthony Mendez, and Samson Kayo. In April 2022, the film's release date was further pushed to December 21, 2022.


title: Lana Condor

text: Lana Therese Condor (born Trần Đồng Lan; May 11, 1997) is an American actress, producer, and singer. She made her acting debut starring as Jubilee in the superhero film "" (2016), and gained international recognition for portraying Lara Jean Covey in the romantic-comedy "To All the Boys" film series (2018–2021). She has also portrayed Saya Kuroki in the television series "Deadly Class" (2019) and Koyomi in the film "" (2019).


title: Lana Condor

text: Born in Vietnam, Condor lived her first months in an orphanage in Cần Thơ under the name Trần Đồng Lan. On October 6, 1997 she was adopted and renamed by American parents Mary Carol Condor (née Haubold) and Bob Condor in Chicago, Illinois. Condor has an adoptive brother, Arthur. Condor and her family lived in Whidbey Island, Washington, and New York City.


title: Lana Condor

text: Condor studied ballet as a child, training with the Whidbey Island Dance Theater, Joffrey Ballet, the Rock School for Dance Education, and the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. She continued dancing with the Los Angeles Ballet and also trained at the Groundlings in improvisational theatre. She studied acting the New York Film Academy and Yale Summer Conservatory for Actors, and in 2014 was a theatre scholar at the California State Summer School for the Arts. As a high school freshman, she attended the Professional Performing Arts School in New York City, and graduated from Notre Dame Academy in Los Angeles in 2015. In 2016 she was accepted at Loyola Marymount University but chose to postpone it to pursue acting.


title: Lana Condor

text: Condor made her acting debut as the mutant Jubilation Lee / Jubilee in Bryan Singer's 2016 superhero film "". That year, she also appeared in Peter Berg's drama film "Patriots Day", which depicted the events and aftermath of the Boston Marathon bombing.


title: Lana Condor

text: In 2017, Condor co-starred in the Lifetime romantic thriller film "High School Lover". The following year, she gained recognition for her lead role as Lara Jean Covey in Netflix's romantic drama film "To All the Boys I've Loved Before", directed by Susan Johnson and based on Jenny Han's young adult novel of the same name. For the role, she was nominated for a Teen Choice Award.


title: Lana Condor

text: In 2019, Condor portrayed the assassin Saya Kuroki in Syfy's action drama series "Deadly Class", based on the Rick Remender comic book series of the same name. She also appeared as Koyomi in Robert Rodriguez's science fiction film "" based on the graphic novel series by Yukito Kishiro. Condor also voiced the character of Kaoru in the Netflix stop-motion animated series "Rilakkuma and Kaoru" (2019)"," guest starred as the voice of Casey in the Netflix series "BoJack Horseman", and co-starred in the coming-of-age romantic comedy "Summer Night" (2019), directed by Joseph Cross.


title: Lana Condor

text: In 2020, Condor reprised her role as Lara Jean Covey in "", directed by Michael Fimognari, the second installment of the film series. The following year, she starred once again as Lara Jean Covey in "", the third and final instalment of the trilogy.


title: Lana Condor

text: Within two months of posting her first video to YouTube in February 2020, Condor's channel had over 475,000 subscribers and more than 9.8million views.


title: Lana Condor

text: In 2022, Condor was executive producer of and acted in the lead role in "Boo, Bitch," a comedy series on Netflix. She has also been cast in the Marianna Palka–directed comedy "Girls Night", and will appear in the Looney Tunes live action comedy film "Coyote vs. Acme".


title: Lana Condor

text: Condor has been in a relationship with singer and actor Anthony De La Torre since 2015. The couple announced their engagement on January 28, 2022. They live together in Seattle, Washington.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character created in the late 1930s by Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the "Looney Tunes" and "Merrie Melodies" series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. Though an early iteration of the character first appeared in the WB cartoon "Porky's Hare Hunt" (1938) and a few subsequent shorts, the definitive characterization of Bugs Bunny is widely credited to have debuted in Tex Avery's Oscar-nominated film "A Wild Hare" (1940). Bob Givens is credited for Bugs' initial character design, though Robert McKimson is credited for what became Bugs' definitive design just a few years later.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray and white rabbit or hare who is famous for his flippant, insouciant personality. He is also characterized by a Brooklyn accent, his portrayal as a trickster, and his catch phrase "Eh...What's up, doc?". Due to Bugs' popularity during the golden age of American animation, he became not only an American cultural icon and the official mascot of Warner Bros. Entertainment, but also one of the most recognizable characters in the world. He can thus be seen in the older Warner Bros. company logos.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Bugs starred in more than 160 cartoon shorts produced between 1940 and 1964. He has since appeared in feature films, compilation films, TV series, music records, comics, video games, award shows, amusement park rides, and commercials. He has also appeared in more films than any other cartoon character, is the 9th most-portrayed film personality in the world, and has his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: According to Chase Craig, who wrote and drew the first Bugs Bunny comic Sunday pages and the first Bugs comic book, "Bugs was not the creation of any one man; however, he rather represented the creative talents of perhaps five or six directors and many cartoon writers including Charlie Thorson. In those days, the stories were often the work of a group who suggested various gags, bounced them around and finalized them in a joint story conference." A Bugs-like rabbit with some of the personality of a finalized Bugs, though looking very different, was originally featured in the film "Porky's Hare Hunt", released on April 30, 1938. It was co-directed by Ben "Bugs" Hardaway and an uncredited director Cal Dalton (who was responsible for the initial design of the rabbit). This cartoon has an almost identical plot to Avery's "Porky's Duck Hunt" (1937), which had introduced Daffy Duck. Porky Pig is again cast as a hunter tracking a silly prey who is more interested in driving his pursuer insane and less interested in escaping. "Hare Hunt" replaces the little black duck with a small white rabbit. According to Friz Freleng, Hardaway and Dalton had decided to "dress the duck in a rabbit suit". The white rabbit had an oval head and a shapeless body. In characterization, he was "a rural buffoon". Mel Blanc gave the character a voice and laugh much like those he later used for Woody Woodpecker. He was loud, zany with a goofy, guttural laugh. The rabbit character was popular enough with audiences that the Termite Terrace staff decided to use it again.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: The rabbit comes back in "Prest-O Change-O" (1939), directed by Chuck Jones, where he is the pet rabbit of unseen character Sham-Fu the Magician. Two dogs, fleeing the local dogcatcher, enter the rabbit’s absent master's house. The rabbit harasses them but is ultimately bested by the bigger of the two dogs. This version of the rabbit was cool, graceful, and controlled. He retained the guttural laugh but was otherwise silent.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: The rabbit's third appearance comes in "Hare-um Scare-um" (1939), directed again by Dalton and Hardaway. This cartoon—the first in which he is depicted as a gray bunny instead of a white one—is also notable as the rabbit's first singing role. Charlie Thorson, lead animator on the film, gave the character a name. He had written "Bug's Bunny" on the model sheet that he drew for Hardaway. In promotional material for the cartoon, including a surviving 1939 presskit, the name on the model sheet was altered to become the rabbit's own name: "Bugs" Bunny (quotation marks only used, on and off, until 1944).


title: Bugs Bunny

text: In his autobiography, Blanc claimed that another proposed name for the character was "Happy Rabbit." In the actual cartoons and publicity, however, the name "Happy" only seems to have been used in reference to Bugs Hardaway. In "Hare-um Scare-um", a newspaper headline reads, "Happy Hardaway." Animation historian David Gerstein disputes that "Happy Rabbit" was ever used as an official name, arguing that the only usage of the term came from Mel Blanc himself in humorous and fanciful tales he told about the character's development in the 1970s and 1980s; the name "Bugs Bunny" was used as early as August 1939, in the Motion Picture Herald, in a review for the short "Hare-um Scare-um".


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Thorson had been approached by Tedd Pierce, head of the story department, and asked to design a better rabbit. The decision was influenced by Thorson's experience in designing hares. He had designed Max Hare in "Toby Tortoise Returns" (Disney, 1936). For Hardaway, Thorson created the model sheet previously mentioned, with six different rabbit poses. Thorson's model sheet is "a comic rendition of the stereotypical fuzzy bunny". He had a pear-shaped body with a protruding rear end. His face was flat and had large expressive eyes. He had an exaggerated long neck, gloved hands with three fingers, oversized feet, and a "smart aleck" grin. The end result was influenced by Walt Disney Animation Studios' tendency to draw animals in the style of cute infants. He had an obvious Disney influence, but looked like an awkward merger of the lean and streamlined Max Hare from "The Tortoise and the Hare" (1935) and the round, soft bunnies from "Little Hiawatha" (1937).


title: Bugs Bunny

text: In Jones' "Elmer's Candid Camera" (1940), the rabbit first meets Elmer Fudd. This time the rabbit looks more like the present-day Bugs, taller and with a similar face—but retaining the more primitive voice. "Candid Camera"'s Elmer character design is also different: taller and chubbier in the face than the modern model, though Arthur Q. Bryan's character voice is already established.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: While "Porky's Hare Hunt" was the first Warner Bros. cartoon to feature what would become Bugs Bunny, "A Wild Hare", directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is widely considered to be the first official Bugs Bunny cartoon. It is the first film where both Elmer Fudd and Bugs, both redesigned by Bob Givens, are shown in their fully developed forms as hunter and tormentor, respectively; the first in which Mel Blanc uses what became Bugs' standard voice; and the first in which Bugs uses his catchphrase, "What's up, Doc?" "A Wild Hare" was a huge success in theaters and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Cartoon Short Subject.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: For the film, Avery asked Givens to remodel the rabbit. The result had a closer resemblance to Max Hare. He had a more elongated body, stood more erect, and looked more poised. If Thorson's rabbit looked like an infant, Givens' version looked like an adolescent. Blanc gave Bugs the voice of a city slicker. The rabbit was as audacious as he had been in "Hare-um Scare-um" and as cool and collected as in "Prest-O Change-O".


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Immediately following on "A Wild Hare", Bob Clampett's "Patient Porky" (1940) features a cameo appearance by Bugs, announcing to the audience that 750 rabbits have been born. The gag uses Bugs' "Wild Hare" visual design, but his goofier pre-"Wild Hare" voice characterization.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: The second full-fledged role for the mature Bugs, Chuck Jones' "Elmer's Pet Rabbit" (1941), is the first to use Bugs' name on-screen: it appears in a title card, "featuring Bugs Bunny," at the start of the film (which was edited in following the success of "A Wild Hare"). However, Bugs' voice and personality in this cartoon is noticeably different, and his design was slightly altered as well; Bugs' visual design is based on the earlier version in "Candid Camera", but with yellow gloves and no buck teeth, has a lower-pitched voice and a more aggressive, arrogant and thuggish personality instead of a fun-loving personality. After "Pet Rabbit", however, subsequent Bugs appearances returned to normal: the "Wild Hare" visual design and personality returned, and Blanc re-used the "Wild Hare" voice characterization.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: "Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt" (1941), directed by Friz Freleng, became the second Bugs Bunny cartoon to receive an Academy Award nomination. The fact that it did not win the award was later spoofed somewhat in "What's Cookin' Doc?" (1944), in which Bugs demands a recount (claiming to be a victim of "sa-bo-TAH-gee") after losing the Oscar to James Cagney and presents a clip from "Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt" to prove his point.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: By 1942, Bugs had become the number one star of "Merrie Melodies". The series was originally intended only for one-shot characters in films after several early attempts to introduce characters (Foxy, Goopy Geer, and Piggy) failed under Harman–Ising. By the mid-1930s, under Leon Schlesinger, "Merrie Melodies" started introducing newer characters. "Bugs Bunny Gets the Boid" (1942) shows a slight redesign of Bugs, with less-prominent front teeth and a rounder head. The character was reworked by Robert McKimson, then an animator in Clampett's unit. The redesign at first was only used in the films created by Clampett's unit, but in time it was taken up by the other directors, with Freleng and Frank Tashlin the first. For "Tortoise Wins by a Hare" (1943), he created yet another version, with more slanted eyes, longer teeth and a much larger mouth. He used this version until 1949 (as did Art Davis for the one Bugs Bunny film he directed, "Bowery Bugs") when he started using the version he had designed for Clampett. Jones came up with his own slight modification, and the voice had slight variations between the units. Bugs also made cameos in Avery's final Warner Bros. cartoon, "Crazy Cruise".


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Since Bugs' debut in "A Wild Hare", he appeared only in color "Merrie Melodies" films (making him one of the few recurring characters created for that series in the Schlesinger era prior to the full conversion to color), alongside Egghead, Inki, Sniffles, and Elmer Fudd (who actually co-existed in 1937 along with Egghead as a separate character). While Bugs made a cameo in "Porky Pig's Feat" (1943), this was his only appearance in a black-and-white "Looney Tunes" film. He did not star in a "Looney Tunes" film until that series made its complete conversion to only color cartoons beginning in 1944. "Buckaroo Bugs" was Bugs' first film in the "Looney Tunes" series and was also the last Warner Bros. cartoon to credit Schlesinger (as he had retired and sold his studio to Warner Bros. that year).


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Bugs' popularity soared during World War II because of his free and easy attitude, and he began receiving special star billing in his cartoons by 1943. By that time, Warner Bros. had become the most profitable cartoon studio in the United States. In company with cartoon studios such as Disney and Famous Studios, Warners pitted its characters against Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Francisco Franco, and the Japanese. "Bugs Bunny Nips the Nips" (1944) features Bugs at odds with a group of Japanese soldiers. This cartoon has since been pulled from distribution due to its depiction of Japanese people. One US Navy propaganda film saved from destruction features the voice of Mel Blanc in "Tokyo Woes" (1945) about the propaganda radio host Tokyo Rose. He also faces off against Hermann Göring and Hitler in "Herr Meets Hare" (1945), which introduced his well-known reference to Albuquerque as he mistakenly winds up in the Black Forest of 'Joimany' instead of Las Vegas, Nevada. Bugs also appeared in the 1942 two-minute U.S. war bonds commercial film "Any Bonds Today?", along with Porky and Elmer.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: At the end of "Super-Rabbit" (1943), Bugs appears wearing a United States Marine Corps dress blue uniform. As a result, the Marine Corps made Bugs an honorary Marine master sergeant. From 1943 to 1946, Bugs was the official mascot of Kingman Army Airfield, Kingman, Arizona, where thousands of aerial gunners were trained during World War II. Some notable trainees included Clark Gable and Charles Bronson. Bugs also served as the mascot for 530 Squadron of the 380th Bombardment Group, 5th Air Force, U.S. Air Force, which was attached to the Royal Australian Air Force and operated out of Australia's Northern Territory from 1943 to 1945, flying B-24 Liberator bombers. Bugs riding an air delivered torpedo served as the squadron logo for Marine Torpedo/Bomber Squadron 242 in the Second World War. Additionally, Bugs appeared on the nose of B-24J #42-110157, in both the 855th Bomb Squadron of the 491st Bombardment Group (Heavy) and later in the 786th BS of the 466th BG(H), both being part of the 8th Air Force operating out of England.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: In 1944, Bugs Bunny made a cameo appearance in "Jasper Goes Hunting", a Puppetoons film produced by rival studio Paramount Pictures. In this cameo (animated by McKimson, with Blanc providing the usual voice), Bugs (after being threatened at gunpoint) pops out of a rabbit hole, saying his usual catchphrase; after hearing the orchestra play the wrong theme song, he realizes "Hey, I'm in the wrong picture!" and then goes back in the hole. Bugs also made a cameo in the Private Snafu short "Gas", in which he is found stowed away in the titular private's belongings; his only spoken line is his usual catchphrase.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Although it was usually Porky Pig who brought the "Looney Tunes" films to a close with his stuttering, "That's all, folks!", Bugs replaced him at the end of "Hare Tonic" and "Baseball Bugs", bursting through a drum just as Porky did, but munching on a carrot and saying, in his Bronx/Brooklyn accent, "And that's the end!"


title: Bugs Bunny

text: After World War II, Bugs continued to appear in numerous Warner Bros. cartoons, making his last "Golden Age" appearance in "False Hare" (1964). He starred in over 167 theatrical short films, most of which were directed by Friz Freleng, Robert McKimson, and Chuck Jones. Freleng's "Knighty Knight Bugs" (1958), in which a medieval Bugs trades blows with Yosemite Sam and his fire-breathing dragon (which has a cold), won an Academy Award for Best Cartoon Short Subject (becoming the first and only Bugs Bunny cartoon to win said award). Three of Jones' films—"Rabbit Fire", "Rabbit Seasoning" and "Duck! Rabbit, Duck!"—compose what is often referred to as the "Rabbit Season/Duck Season" trilogy and were the origins of the rivalry between Bugs and Daffy Duck. Jones' classic "What's Opera, Doc?" (1957), casts Bugs and Elmer Fudd in a parody of Richard Wagner's "Der Ring des Nibelungen". It was deemed "culturally significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in 1992, becoming the first cartoon short to receive this honor.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: In the fall of 1960, ABC debuted the prime-time television program "The Bugs Bunny Show". This show packaged many of the post-1948 Warners cartoons with newly animated wraparounds. Throughout its run, the series was highly successful, and helped cement Warner Bros. Animation as a mainstay of Saturday-morning cartoons. After two seasons, it was moved from its evening slot to reruns on Saturday mornings. "The Bugs Bunny Show" changed format and exact title frequently but remained on network television for 40 years. The packaging was later completely different, with each cartoon simply presented on its own, title and all, though some clips from the new bridging material were sometimes used as filler.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Bugs did not appear in any of the post-1964 "Looney Tunes" and "Merrie Melodies" films produced by DePatie-Freleng Enterprises or Seven Arts Productions, nor did he appear in Filmation's "Daffy Duck and Porky Pig Meet the Groovie Goolies". He did, however, have two cameo appearances in the 1974 Joe Adamson short "A Political Cartoon"; one at the beginning of the short, and another in which he is interviewed at a pet store. Bugs was animated in this short by Mark Kausler. He did not appear in new material on-screen again until "Bugs and Daffy's Carnival of the Animals" aired in 1976.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: From the late 1970s through the early 1990s, Bugs was featured in various animated specials for network television, such as "Bugs Bunny's Thanksgiving Diet", "Bugs Bunny's Easter Special", "Bugs Bunny's Looney Christmas Tales", and "Bugs Bunny's Bustin' Out All Over". Bugs also starred in several theatrical compilation features during this time, including the United Artists distributed documentary "" (1975) and Warner Bros.' own releases: "The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie" (1979), "The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie" (1981), "" (1982), and "Daffy Duck's Quackbusters" (1988).


title: Bugs Bunny

text: In the 1988 live-action/animated comedy "Who Framed Roger Rabbit", Bugs appeared as one of the inhabitants of Toontown. However, since the film was being produced by Disney, Warner Bros. would only allow the use of their biggest star if he got an equal amount of screen time as Disney's biggest star, Mickey Mouse. Because of this, both characters are always together in frame when onscreen. "Roger Rabbit" was also one of the final productions in which Mel Blanc voiced Bugs (as well as the other "Looney Tunes" characters) before his death in 1989.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Bugs later appeared in another animated production featuring numerous characters from rival studios: the 1990 drug prevention TV special "Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue". This special is notable for being the first time that someone other than Blanc voiced Bugs and Daffy (both characters were voiced by Jeff Bergman for this). Bugs also made guest appearances in the early 1990s television series "Tiny Toon Adventures", as the principal of Acme Looniversity and the mentor of Babs and Buster Bunny. He made further cameos in Warner Bros.' subsequent animated TV shows "Taz-Mania", "Animaniacs", and "Histeria!"


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Bugs returned to the silver screen in "Box-Office Bunny" (1991). This was the first Bugs Bunny cartoon since 1964 to be released in theaters and it was created for Bugs' 50th anniversary celebration. It was followed by "(Blooper) Bunny", a cartoon that was shelved from theaters, but later premiered on Cartoon Network in 1997 and has since gained a cult following among animation fans for its edgy humor.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: In 1996, Bugs and the other "Looney Tunes" characters appeared in the live-action/animated film, "Space Jam", directed by Joe Pytka and starring NBA superstar Michael Jordan. The film also introduced the character Lola Bunny, who becomes Bugs' new love interest. "Space Jam" received mixed reviews from critics, but was a box office success (grossing over $230 million worldwide). The success of "Space Jam" led to the development of another live-action/animated film, "", released in 2003 and directed by Joe Dante. Unlike "Space Jam", "Back in Action" was a box-office bomb, though it did receive more positive reviews from critics.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: In 1997, Bugs appeared on a U.S. postage stamp, the first cartoon to be so honored, beating the iconic Mickey Mouse. The stamp is number seven on the list of the ten most popular U.S. stamps, as calculated by the number of stamps purchased but not used. The introduction of Bugs onto a stamp was controversial at the time, as it was seen as a step toward the 'commercialization' of stamp art. The postal service rejected many designs and went with a postal-themed drawing. Avery Dennison printed the Bugs Bunny stamp sheet, which featured "a special ten-stamp design and was the first self-adhesive souvenir sheet issued by the U.S. Postal Service."


title: Bugs Bunny

text: A younger version of Bugs is the main character of "Baby Looney Tunes", which debuted on Kids' WB in 2001. In the action-comedy "Loonatics Unleashed", his definite descendant Ace Bunny is the leader of the Loonatics team and seems to have inherited his ancestor's Brooklyn accent and rapier wit.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: In 2011, Bugs Bunny and the rest of the "Looney Tunes" gang returned to television in the Cartoon Network sitcom, "The Looney Tunes Show". The characters feature new designs by artist Jessica Borutski. Among the changes to Bugs' appearance were the simplification and enlargement of his feet, as well as a change to his fur from gray to a shade of mauve (though in the second season, his fur was changed back to gray). In the series, Bugs and Daffy Duck are portrayed as best friends as opposed to their usual pairing as friendly rivals. At the same time, Bugs is more vocally exasperated by Daffy's antics in the series (sometimes to the point of anger), compared to his usual level-headed personality from the original cartoons. Bugs and Daffy are friends with Porky Pig in the series, although Bugs tends to be a better friend to Porky than Daffy is. Bugs also dates Lola Bunny in the show despite the fact that he finds her to be "crazy" and a bit too talkative at first (he later learns to accept her personality quirks, similar to his tolerance for Daffy). Unlike the original cartoons, Bugs lives in a regular home which he shares with Daffy, Taz (whom he treats as a pet dog) and Speedy Gonzales, in the middle of a cul-de-sac with their neighbors Yosemite Sam, Granny, and Witch Hazel.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: In 2015, Bugs starred in the direct-to-video film "", and later returned to television yet again as the star of Cartoon Network and Boomerang's comedy series "New Looney Tunes" (formerly "Wabbit").


title: Bugs Bunny

text: In 2020, Bugs began appearing on the HBO Max streaming series "Looney Tunes Cartoons". His design for this series primarily resembles his Bob Clampett days, complete with yellow gloves and his signature carrot. His personality is a combination of Freleng's trickery, Clampett's defiance, and Jones’ resilience, while also maintaining his confident, insolent, smooth-talking demeanor. Bugs is voiced by Eric Bauza, who is also the current voice of Daffy Duck and Tweety, among others. Bugs made his return to movie theaters in the 2021 "Space Jam" sequel "", this time starring NBA superstar LeBron James. In 2022, a new pre-school animated series titled "Bugs Bunny Builders" aired on HBO Max and Cartoonito.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Bugs has also appeared in numerous video games, including the "Bugs Bunny's Crazy Castle" series, "Bugs Bunny Birthday Blowout", "Bugs Bunny: Rabbit Rampage", "Bugs Bunny in Double Trouble", "Looney Tunes B-Ball", "Looney Tunes Racing", "", "Bugs Bunny Lost in Time", "Bugs Bunny and Taz Time Busters", "", "", "Scooby Doo and Looney Tunes: Cartoon Universe", "Looney Tunes Dash", "Looney Tunes World of Mayhem" and "MultiVersus".


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Bugs Bunny is characterized as being clever and capable of outsmarting almost anyone who antagonizes him, including Elmer Fudd, Yosemite Sam, Tasmanian Devil, Marvin the Martian, Wile E. Coyote, Gossamer, Witch Hazel, Rocky and Mugsy, The Crusher, Beaky Buzzard, Willoughby, Count Bloodcount, Daffy Duck and a host of others. The only one to consistently beat Bugs is Cecil Turtle, who defeats Bugs in three consecutive shorts based on the premise of the Aesop fable "The Tortoise and the Hare". In a rare villain turn, Bugs turns to a life of crime in 1949's "Rebel Rabbit", taking on the entire United States government by vandalizing monuments in an effort to prove he is worth more than the two-cent bounty on his head; while he succeeds in raising the bounty to $1,000,000, the full force of the military ends up capturing Bugs and sending him to Alcatraz.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Bugs almost always wins these conflicts, a plot pattern which recurs in "Looney Tunes" films directed by Chuck Jones. Concerned that viewers would lose sympathy for an aggressive protagonist who always won, Jones arranged for Bugs to be bullied, cheated, or threatened by the antagonists while minding his own business, justifying his subsequent antics as retaliation or self-defense. He has also been known to break the fourth wall by "communicating" with the audience, either by explaining the situation (e.g. "Be with you in a minute, folks!"), describing someone to the audience (e.g. "Feisty, ain't they?"), clueing in on the story (e.g. "That happens to him all during the picture, folks."), explaining that one of his antagonists' actions have pushed him to the breaking point ("Of course you realize, this means war." - a line borrowed from Groucho Marx in "Duck Soup" and used again in the next Marx Brothers film "A Night at the Opera" (1935) ), admitting his own deviousness toward his antagonists ("Ain't I a stinker?" - a line borrowed from Lou Costello), etc. This style was used and established by Tex Avery.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Bugs usually tries to placate his antagonist and avoid conflict but, when an antagonist pushes him too far, Bugs may address the audience and invoke his catchphrase "Of course you realize this means "war!"" before he retaliates in a devastating manner. As mentioned earlier, this line was taken from Groucho Marx. Bugs paid homage to Groucho in other ways, such as occasionally adopting his stooped walk or leering eyebrow-raising (in "Hair-Raising Hare", for example) or sometimes with a direct impersonation (as in "Slick Hare"). Other directors, such as Friz Freleng, characterized Bugs as altruistic. When Bugs meets other successful characters (such as Cecil Turtle in "Tortoise Beats Hare", the Gremlin in "Falling Hare", and the unnamed mouse in "Rhapsody Rabbit"), his overconfidence becomes a disadvantage and sometimes even leads to his undoing.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Bugs' nonchalant carrot-chewing standing position, as explained by Freleng, Jones and Bob Clampett, originated in a scene from the film "It Happened One Night" (1934), in which Clark Gable's character Peter Warne leans against a fence, eating carrots rapidly and talking with his mouth full to Claudette Colbert's character. This scene was well known while the film was popular, and viewers at the time likely recognized Bugs Bunny's behavior as satire. Coincidentally, the film also features a minor character, Oscar Shapely, who addresses Peter Warne as "Doc", and Warne mentions an imaginary person named "Bugs Dooley" to frighten Shapely.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: The carrot-chewing scenes are generally followed by Bugs' most well-known catchphrase, "What's up, Doc?", which was written by director Tex Avery for his first Bugs Bunny film, "A Wild Hare" (1940). Avery explained later that it was a common expression in his native Texas and that he did not think much of the phrase. Back then "doc" meant the same as "dude" does today. When the cartoon was first screened in theaters, the "What's up, Doc?" scene generated a tremendously positive audience reaction. As a result, the scene became a recurring element in subsequent cartoons. The phrase was sometimes modified for a situation. For example, Bugs says "What's up, dogs?" to the antagonists in "A Hare Grows in Manhattan", "What's up, Duke?" to the knight in "Knight-mare Hare", and "What's up, prune-face?" to the aged Elmer in "The Old Grey Hare". He might also greet Daffy with "What's up, Duck?" He used one variation, "What's all the hub-bub, bub?" only once, in "Falling Hare". Another variation is used in "" when he greets a blaster-wielding Marvin the Martian saying "What's up, Darth?"


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Several Chuck Jones films in the late 1940s and 1950s depict Bugs travelling via cross-country (and, in some cases, intercontinental) tunnel-digging, ending up in places as varied as Barcelona, Spain ("Bully for Bugs"), the Himalayas ("The Abominable Snow Rabbit"), and Antarctica ("Frigid Hare") all because he "knew (he) shoulda taken that left toin at Albukoikee." He first utters that phrase in "Herr Meets Hare" (1945), when he emerges in the Black Forest, a cartoon seldom seen today due to its blatantly topical subject matter. When Hermann Göring says to Bugs, "There is no Las Vegas in 'Chermany'" and takes a potshot at Bugs, Bugs dives into his hole and says, "Joimany! Yipe!", as Bugs realizes he is behind enemy lines. The confused response to his "left toin" comment also followed a pattern. For example, when he tunnels into Scotland in "My Bunny Lies over the Sea" (1948), while thinking he is heading for the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, California, it provides another chance for an ethnic joke: "Therrre arrre no La Brrrea Tarrr Pits in Scotland!" (to which Bugs responds, "Scotland!? Eh...what's up, Mac-doc?"). A couple of late-1950s/early-1960s cartoons of this ilk also featured Daffy Duck travelling with Bugs ("Hey, wait a minute! Since when is Pismo Beach inside a cave?").


title: Bugs Bunny

text: The following are the various vocal artists who have voiced Bugs Bunny over the last 80-plus years for both Warner Bros. official productions and others:


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Mel Blanc voiced the character for almost 50 years, from Bugs' debut in the 1940 short "A Wild Hare" until Blanc's death in 1989. Blanc described the voice as a combination of Bronx and Brooklyn accents; however, Tex Avery claimed that he asked Blanc to give the character not a New York accent "per se", but a voice like that of actor Frank McHugh, who frequently appeared in supporting roles in the 1930s and whose voice might be described as New York Irish. In Bugs' second cartoon "Elmer's Pet Rabbit", Blanc created a completely new voice for Bugs, which sounded like a Jimmy Stewart impression, but the directors decided the previous voice was better. Though Blanc's best known character was the carrot-chomping rabbit, munching on the carrots interrupted the dialogue. Various substitutes, such as celery, were tried, but none of them "sounded" like a carrot. So, for the sake of expedience, Blanc munched and then spit the carrot bits into a spittoon, rather than swallowing them, and continued with the dialogue. One often-repeated story, which dates back to the 1940s, is that Blanc was allergic to carrots and "had" to spit them out to minimize any allergic reaction — but his autobiography makes no such claim. In fact, in a 1984 interview with Tim Lawson, co-author of "The Magic Behind The Voices: A Who's Who of Voice Actors", Blanc emphatically denied being allergic to carrots.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Bugs Bunny was continuously featured in comic books for more than 40 years, from 1941 to 1983, and has appeared sporadically since then. Bugs first appeared in comic books in 1941, in "Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies Comics" #1, published by Dell Comics. Bugs was a recurring star in that book all through its 153-issue run, which lasted until July 1954. Western Publishing (and its Dell imprint) published 245 issues of a Bugs Bunny comic book from Dec. 1952/Jan. 1953 to 1983. The company also published 81 issues of the joint title "Yosemite Sam and Bugs Bunny" from December 1970 to 1983. During the 1950s Dell also published a number of Bugs Bunny spinoff titles.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Creators on those series included Chase Craig, Helen Houghton, Eleanor Packer, Lloyd Turner, Michael Maltese, John Liggera, Tony Strobl, Veve Risto, Cecil Beard, Pete Alvorado, Carl Fallberg, Cal Howard, Vic Lockman, Lynn Karp, Pete Llanuza, Pete Hansen, Jack Carey, Del Connell, Kellog Adams, Jack Manning, Mark Evanier, Tom McKimson, Joe Messerli, Carlos Garzon, Donald F. Glut, Sealtiel Alatriste, Sandro Costa, and Massimo Fechi.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: The German publisher Condor published a 76-issues Bugs Bunny series (translated and reprinted from the American comics) in the mid-1970s. The Danish publisher Egmont Ehapa produced a weekly reprint series in the mid-1990s.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: The "Bugs Bunny" comic strip ran for almost 50 years, from January 10, 1943 to December 30, 1990, syndicated by the Newspaper Enterprise Association. It started out as a Sunday page and added a daily strip on November 1, 1948.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: The strip originated with Chase Craig, who did the first five weeks before leaving for military service in World War II. Roger Armstrong illustrated the strip from 1942 to 1944. The creators most associated with the strip are writers Albert Stoffel (1947–1979) & Carl Fallberg (1950–1969), and artist Ralph Heimdahl, who worked on it from 1947 to 1979. Other creators associated with the Bugs Bunny strip include Jack Hamm, Carl Buettner, Phil Evans, Carl Barks (1952), Tom McKimson, Arnold Drake, Frank Hill, Brett Koth, and Shawn Keller.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: Like Mickey Mouse for Disney, Bugs Bunny has served as the mascot for Warner Bros. and its various divisions. According to "Guinness World Records", Bugs has appeared in more films (both short and feature-length) than any other cartoon character, and is the ninth most portrayed film personality in the world. On December 10, 1985, Bugs became the second cartoon character (after Mickey) to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: He also has been a pitchman for companies including Kool-Aid and Nike. His Nike commercials with Michael Jordan as "Hare Jordan" for the Air Jordan VII and VIII became precursors to "Space Jam". As a result, he has spent time as an honorary member of Jordan Brand, including having Jordan's Jumpman logo done in his image. In 2015, as part of the 30th anniversary of Jordan Brand, Nike released a mid-top Bugs Bunny version of the Air Jordan I, named the "Air Jordan Mid 1 Hare", along with a women's equivalent inspired by Lola Bunny called the "Air Jordan Mid 1 Lola", along with a commercial featuring Bugs and Ahmad Rashad.


title: Bugs Bunny

text: In 2002, "TV Guide" compiled a list of the 50 greatest cartoon characters of all time as part of the magazine's 50th anniversary. Bugs Bunny was given the honor of number 1. In a CNN broadcast on July 31, 2002, a "TV Guide" editor talked about the group that created the list. The editor also explained why Bugs pulled top billing: "His stock...has never gone down...Bugs is the best example...of the smart-aleck American comic. He not only is a great cartoon character, he's a great comedian. He was written well. He was drawn beautifully. He has thrilled and made many generations laugh. He is tops." Some have noted that comedian Eric Andre is the nearest contemporary comedic equivalent to Bugs. They attribute this to, "their ability to constantly flip the script on their unwitting counterparts."


title: Bugs Bunny

text: The American use of "Nimrod" to mean "idiot" is often said to have originated from Bugs's exclamation "What a Nimrod!" to describe the inept hunter Elmer Fudd. However, it is Daffy Duck who refers to Fudd as "my little Nimrod" in the 1948 short "What Makes Daffy Duck", and the Oxford English Dictionary records earlier negative uses of the term "nimrod".


title: Dred Scott v. Sandford

text: Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. (19 How.) 393 (1857), was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that held the U.S. Constitution did not extend American citizenship to people of black African descent, enslaved or free; thus, they could not enjoy the rights and privileges the Constitution conferred upon American citizens. The Supreme Court's decision has been widely denounced, both for its overt racism and for its crucial role in the start of the American Civil War four years later. Legal scholar Bernard Schwartz said that it "stands first in any list of the worst Supreme Court decisions". Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes called it the Court's "greatest self-inflicted wound".


title: Dred Scott v. Sandford

text: The decision involved the case of Dred Scott, an enslaved black man whose owners had taken him from Missouri, a slave-holding state, into Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory, where slavery was illegal. When his owners later brought him back to Missouri, Scott sued for his freedom and claimed that because he had been taken into "free" U.S. territory, he had automatically been freed and was legally no longer a slave. Scott sued first in Missouri state court, which ruled that he was still a slave under its law. He then sued in U.S. federal court, which ruled against him by deciding that it had to apply Missouri law to the case. He then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.


title: Dred Scott v. Sandford

text: In March 1857, the Supreme Court issued a 7–2 decision against Scott. In an opinion written by Chief Justice Roger Taney, the Court ruled that people of African descent "are not included, and were not intended to be included, under the word 'citizens' in the Constitution, and can therefore claim none of the rights and privileges which that instrument provides for and secures to citizens of the United States". Taney supported his ruling with an extended survey of American state and local laws from the time of the Constitution's drafting in 1787 that purported to show that a "perpetual and impassable barrier was intended to be erected between the white race and the one which they had reduced to slavery". Because the Court ruled that Scott was not an American citizen, he was also not a citizen of any state and, accordingly, could never establish the "diversity of citizenship" that Article III of the U.S. Constitution requires for a U.S. federal court to be able to exercise jurisdiction over a case. After ruling on those issues surrounding Scott, Taney struck down the Missouri Compromise as a limitation on slave owners' property rights that exceeded the U.S. Congress's constitutional powers.


title: Dred Scott v. Sandford

text: Although Taney and several other justices hoped the decision would settle the slavery controversy, which was increasingly dividing the American public, the decision only exacerbated interstate tension. Taney's majority opinion suited the slaveholding states, but was intensely decried in all the other states. The decision inflamed the national debate over slavery and deepened the divide that led ultimately to the American Civil War. In 1865, after the Union's victory, the Court's ruling in "Dred Scott" was superseded by the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which abolished slavery, and the Fourteenth Amendment, whose first section guaranteed citizenship for "[a]ll persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof".