title: David Crosby

text: In 1969 Neil Young joined the group, and with him, they recorded the album "Déjà Vu", which peaked at number 1 on the "Billboard" 200 and the ARIA Charts. On September 30, 1969, Crosby's longtime girlfriend Christine Hinton was killed in a car accident only days after Hinton, Crosby, and Debbie Donovan moved from Los Angeles to the Bay Area. Crosby was devastated, and he began abusing drugs more severely than he had before. Nevertheless, he still managed to contribute "Almost Cut My Hair" and the title track, "Déjà Vu". After the release of the double live album "4 Way Street", the group went on a temporary hiatus to focus on their respective solo careers.


title: David Crosby

text: In December 1969, Crosby appeared with CSNY at the Altamont Free Concert, increasing his visibility after also having performed at Monterey Pop and Woodstock. At the beginning of 1970, he briefly joined with Jerry Garcia, Phil Lesh and Mickey Hart from Grateful Dead, billed as "David and the Dorks", and making a live recording at the Matrix on December 15, 1970.


title: David Crosby

text: CSNY reunited in the summer of 1973 for unsuccessful recording sessions in Maui and Los Angeles. Despite lingering acrimony, they reconvened at a Stills concert at the Winterland Ballroom in San Francisco in October. This served as a prelude to their highly successful stadium tour in the summer of 1974. Following the tour, the foursome attempted once again to record a new album, provisionally entitled "Human Highway". The recording sessions, which took place at The Record Plant in Sausalito, were very unpleasant, marked by constant bickering. The bickering eventually became too much, and the album was canceled.


title: David Crosby

text: In rehearsals for the 1974 tour, CSNY recorded a then-unreleased Crosby song, "Little Blind Fish". A different version of the song would appear on the second CPR album more than two decades later. The 1974 tour was also affected by bickering, though they managed to finish it without interruption. A greatest hits compilation entitled "So Far" was released in 1974 to capitalize on the foursome's reunion tour.


title: David Crosby

text: In 1976, as separate duos, Crosby & Nash and Stills & Young were both working on respective albums and contemplated retooling their work to produce a CSNY album. This attempt ended bitterly as Stills and Young deleted Crosby and Nash's vocals from their album "Long May You Run".


title: David Crosby

text: CSNY did not perform together again as a foursome until Live Aid in Philadelphia in 1985, and then performed only sporadically in the 1980s and 1990s (mainly at the annual Bridge School Benefit organized by Young's wife Pegi). Without Young, however, Crosby, Stills & Nash has performed much more consistently since its reformation in 1977. The trio toured in support of their 1977 and 1982 albums "CSN" and "Daylight Again" and then, starting in the late 1980s, has toured regularly year after year. The group continued to perform live, and since 1982 released four albums of new material: "American Dream" (1988, with Young), "Live It Up" (1990), "After The Storm" (1994), and "Looking Forward" (1999, with Young). In addition, Crosby & Nash released the self-titled album "Crosby & Nash" in 2004.


title: David Crosby

text: Crosby, Stills, and Nash appeared together on a 2008 episode of "The Colbert Report", and "Neil Young" joined them during the musical performance at the end of the episode. However, eventually, it became clear that it was only Stephen Colbert impersonating Young as the group sang "Teach Your Children".


title: David Crosby

text: Following a November 2015 interview in which he stated he still hoped the band had a future, Nash announced on March 6, 2016, that Crosby, Stills & Nash would never perform again because of his poor relations with Crosby.


title: David Crosby

text: In 1971, Crosby released his first solo album, "If I Could Only Remember My Name", featuring contributions by Nash, Young, Joni Mitchell, and members of Jefferson Airplane, the Grateful Dead, and Santana. Panned on release by "Rolling Stone", it has been reappraised amid the emergence of the freak folk and New Weird America movements and remains in print. In a 2010 list of the Best Albums published by the Vatican City newspaper, "L'Osservatore Romano", "If I Could Only Remember My Name" came in second to the Beatles', "Revolver".


title: David Crosby

text: As a duo, Crosby & Nash (C&N) have released four studio albums and two live albums, including "Another Stoney Evening", which features the duo in a 1971 acoustic performance with no supporting band. Crosby songs recorded by C&N in the 1970s include "Whole Cloth", "Where Will I Be?", "Page 43", "Games", "The Wall Song", "Carry Me", "Bittersweet", "Naked in the Rain" (co-written with Nash), "Low Down Payment", "Homeward Through the Haze", "Time After Time", "Dancer", "Taken at All" (also co-written with Nash) and "Foolish Man". During the mid-1970s, Crosby and Nash enjoyed lucrative careers as session musicians, with both performers (as a duo and individually) contributing harmonies and background vocals to albums by Joni Mitchell, Jackson Browne (whom Crosby had initially championed as an emerging songwriter), Dave Mason, Rick Roberts, James Taylor (most notably "Lighthouse" and "Mexico"), Art Garfunkel, J.D. Souther, Carole King, Elton John, and Gary Wright.


title: David Crosby

text: Renewing his ties to the San Francisco milieu that had abetted so well on his solo album, Crosby sang backup vocals on several Paul Kantner and Grace Slick albums from 1971 through 1974 and the Hot Tuna album "Burgers" in 1972. He also participated in composer Ned Lagin's proto-ambient project "Seastones" along with members of the Grateful Dead and Jefferson Starship.


title: David Crosby

text: Crosby worked with Phil Collins occasionally from the late 1980s to the early 1990s. He sang backup to Collins in "That's Just the Way It Is" and "Another Day in Paradise", and, on his own 1993 song, "Hero", from his album "Thousand Roads", Collins sang backup. In 1992, Crosby sang backup on the album "Rites of Passage" with the Indigo Girls on tracks 2 and 12. In 1999, he appeared on "", singing a duet of the title track with Lucinda Williams.


title: David Crosby

text: In 2006, Crosby and Nash worked with David Gilmour as backing vocalists on the latter's third solo album, "On an Island". The album was released in March 2006 and reached number 1 on the UK charts. They also performed live with Gilmour in his concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London in May 2006 and toured together in the United States, as can be seen on Gilmour's 2007 DVD "Remember That Night". They also sang backup on the title track of John Mayer's 2012 album "Born And Raised".


title: David Crosby

text: In January 2014, Crosby released his first solo album in 20 years, "Croz", recorded in close collaboration with his son James Raymond (of CPR) at the latter's home studio.


title: David Crosby

text: On July 14, 2016, Crosby announced a new solo album named "Lighthouse",which was released on October 21, 2016, and shared a new track from it titled "Things We Do For Love". The album was produced by Michael League of the big band Snarky Puppy, who he met on Twitter, and also featured contributions by future collaborators Becca Stevens and Michelle Willis. On August 26, 2016, Crosby announced a U.S. tour, an 18-date trek to launch on November 18, 2016, in Atlanta, Georgia and to conclude on December 16, 2016, in Ithaca, New York. He also spoke out against Donald Trump during his campaign.


title: David Crosby

text: In September 2017, Crosby announced a solo album (his third one of original material in four years and his sixth in total) entitled "Sky Trails", again with Raymond, to be released on September 29, 2017, on BMG.


title: David Crosby

text: On October 26, 2018, Crosby released "Here If You Listen" on BMG, his first collaborative album with Michael League, Becca Stevens, and Michelle Willis, all members of the Lighthouse Band. The band also toured for from November to December that same year.


title: David Crosby

text: Crosby was the subject of the documentary film "" which premiered at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival. Crosby mentioned that Cameron Crowe, who asked the interview questions for the film, knew "where the bones are buried." Following the premiere of the film, Crosby toured as David Crosby & Friends toured from May to September 2019.


title: David Crosby

text: In July 2021 Crosby released "For Free", his first solo album since "Sky Trails". This was followed by the release of the 50th anniversary expanded version of "If I Could Only Remember My Name" on October 15. It contains remastered songs as well as demos from the original recording sessions. During promotion for the rerelease Crosby confirmed that his second collaborative album with League, Stevens, & Willis is in the works.


title: David Crosby

text: In 1996, Crosby formed CPR or Crosby, Pevar & Raymond with session guitarist Jeff Pevar, and pianist James Raymond, Crosby's son. The group released two studio albums and two live albums before disbanding in 2004.


title: David Crosby

text: The first song that Crosby and Raymond co-wrote, "Morrison", was performed live for the first time in January 1997. The song recalled Crosby's feelings about the portrayal of Jim Morrison in the movie "The Doors". The success of the 1997 tour spawned a record project, "Live at Cuesta College", released in March 1998. There is a second CPR studio record, "Just Like Gravity", and another live recording, "Live at the Wiltern", recorded at the Wiltern Theatre in Los Angeles, which also features Phil Collins and Graham Nash.


title: David Crosby

text: After the group split, Raymond has continued to perform with Crosby as part of the touring bands for C&N and CSN, as well as on solo Crosby projects, including 2014's "Croz" and the subsequent tour, for which he served as musical director. Jeff Pevar has toured with many artists over his productive career, including CSN, Ray Charles, Joe Cocker, Marc Cohn, Phil Lesh & Friends, Jazz Is Dead, Rickie Lee Jones, Jefferson Starship and Bette Midler. Pevar has a solo record, "From the Core", which was improvised and recorded in the Oregon Caves and features the vocalist from Yes, Jon Anderson.


title: David Crosby

text: Crosby reunited with the other two members of CPR in 2018 as David Crosby & Friends, performing a series of shows in support of Crosby's new album "Skytrails". During the global pandemic, Crosby also hosted a podcast for the Osiris music network.


title: David Crosby

text: Crosby had a son with Celia Crawford Ferguson, James Raymond, in 1962, who was placed for adoption and reunited with Crosby as an adult. Since 1997, Raymond has performed with Crosby on stage and in the studio, as a member of CPR and as part of the touring bands for Crosby & Nash and Crosby, Stills & Nash. Crosby has three other children: a daughter, Erika, with Jackie Guthrie, a daughter, Donovan Crosby, with former girlfriend Debbie Donovan, and a son, Django Crosby, who was conceived with wife Jan Dance after extensive fertility treatments while Crosby's liver was failing.


title: David Crosby

text: Crosby, then 45, married Jan Dance, then 35, in May 1987 at the Hollywood Church of Religious Science in Los Angeles. His bandmate Stephen Stills gave away the bride.


title: David Crosby

text: Crosby's brother Ethan, who taught him to play guitar and started his musical career with him, committed suicide in late 1997 or early 1998; the date is unknown because Ethan left a note not to search for his body but to let him return to the earth. His body was found months later in May 1998.


title: David Crosby

text: In January 2000, Melissa Etheridge announced that Crosby was the sperm donor of two children with her partner Julie Cypher by means of artificial insemination. On May 13, 2020, Etheridge announced on her Twitter that her and Cypher's son Beckett had died of causes related to opioid addiction at the age of 21.


title: David Crosby

text: Crosby, in partnership with longtime friend and entrepreneur Steven Sponder, developed a craft cannabis brand called "MIGHTY CROZ". Crosby, a 50+ year cannabis advocate and connoisseur credits cannabis with contributing to his creative process of songwriting stating "All those hit songs, every one of them, I wrote them all on cannabis." Crosby also credits cannabis and Cannabidiol (CBD) with alleviating his chronic shoulder pain allowing him to continue touring and making new music well into his seventies. Crosby and Sponder intend to work with licensed cultivators throughout the U.S. and beyond and will also extend the brand to include CBD and hemp products. In 2018, Crosby was invited to join the NORML National Advisory Board.


title: David Crosby

text: Following up on a transformative sailing experience when he was 11, Crosby purchased a 59-foot, John Alden–designed schooner named "Mayan" with his Byrds settlement. On Twitter in 2019, Crosby said that the late Peter Tork of the Monkees loaned him the money to buy the "Mayan". In the decades before he sold the boat in 2014, Crosby sailed it thousands of miles in the Pacific and Caribbean. He has credited the "Mayan" as being a songwriting muse; he wrote some of his best-known songs aboard the boat, including "Wooden Ships," "The Lee Shore," "Page 43," and "Carry Me."


title: David Crosby

text: Crosby has been politically active throughout his professional career. He publicly questioned the report of the Warren Commission covering the Assassination of John F. Kennedy onstage during the Byrds' appearance at the Monterey Festival in 1967. He identifies as a pacifist and was a well-known opponent over the US involvement in the Vietnam War, though he has also defended the right to own guns.


title: David Crosby

text: Crosby has strongly criticized the presidency of Donald Trump, declaring him to be "a dangerous guy who's got a big ego". For the 2020 presidential election, he said in an interview that Mayor Pete Buttigieg was his favorite candidate for president and that he is smarter than all the others combined; however, he eventually voted for Bernie Sanders.


title: David Crosby

text: Although Crosby was against Joe Biden's candidacy during the 2020 presidential primaries, he voiced a more positive assessment following Biden's general election victory in November. Describing him as a "decent guy," Crosby noted that the personal tragedies Biden experienced with the tragic deaths of his first wife and daughter in 1972 and his oldest son, Beau, in 2015, made him a better human being. "He has humanity and he has compassion for other human beings because he's seen a lot of rough stuff himself. I don't generally trust most politicians but I trust [Biden] to be who he is and I think he's going to do a good job." In May 2022, Crosby wrote in response to a pro-union tweet from Joe Biden that "most Unions are useless and totally dishonest."


title: David Crosby

text: During the early 1990s, Crosby appeared as a guest star in several episodes of "The John Larroquette Show", where he played the part of Larroquette's AA sponsor. He appeared on an episode of "Roseanne" as the singer–husband of one of Roseanne's co-workers, who was played by Bonnie Bramlett. He sang the Danny Sheridan composition "Roll On Down" on that episode. He was on an episode of "Ellen" called "Ellen Unplugged", in which he was helping out at the Rock and Roll Fantasy Camp. He also appeared as a pirate in the 1991 film "Hook", as a 1970s hippie in the 1991 film "Backdraft," and as a bartender in the 1992 feature film "Thunderheart".


title: David Crosby

text: Crosby has also voiced himself on two episodes of "The Simpsons", "Marge in Chains" and "Homer's Barbershop Quartet".


title: David Crosby

text: In 1985, Crosby spent nine months in a Texas state prison after being convicted of several drugs and weapons offenses. The drug charges were related to possession of heroin and cocaine.


title: David Crosby

text: Also in 1985, Crosby was arrested for drunken driving, a hit-and-run driving accident, and possession of a concealed pistol and drug paraphernalia. Crosby was arrested after driving into a fence in a Marin County suburb, where officers found a .45-caliber pistol and cocaine in his car.


title: David Crosby

text: On March 7, 2004, Crosby was charged with criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree, illegal possession of a hunting knife, illegal possession of ammunition, and illegal possession of about one ounce of marijuana. Crosby left the items behind in his New York City hotel room. Authorities said a "hotel employee searched the suitcase for identification and found about an ounce of marijuana, rolling papers, two knives and a .45-caliber pistol. Mr. Crosby was arrested when he returned to the hotel to pick up his bag." After spending 12 hours in jail, he was released on $3,500 bail. On July 4, 2004, he pleaded guilty in New York State Supreme Court to attempted criminal possession of a weapon and was fined $5,000 and given no jail time. Prosecutors did not seek a more severe penalty on the weapons charge because the pistol was registered in California and was stowed safely in his luggage when it was found. A charge of unlawful possession of marijuana was dismissed. Crosby was discharged by the court on condition that he pay his fine and not get arrested again.


title: David Crosby

text: Crosby was the recipient of a highly publicized liver transplant in 1994, which was paid for by Phil Collins. News of his transplant created some controversy because of his celebrity status and his past problems with drug and alcohol addiction. Crosby's liver problems stemmed from a long run with hepatitis C.


title: David Crosby

text: Crosby suffers from type 2 diabetes and is being treated with insulin to manage the disease. At a concert in October 2008, Crosby, looking much thinner than in recent years, announced to the audience that he had recently shed 55 pounds as a result of his struggles with the disease.


title: David Crosby

text: In February 2014, at the urging of his doctor, Crosby postponed the final dates of his solo tour in order to undergo a cardiac catheterization and angiogram, based on the results of a routine cardiac stress test.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: The Amazing Race is an American adventure reality game show in which 11 or 12 teams of two race around the world (except the Family edition which featured 10 teams of four and was contested entirely within North and Central America). The race is split into legs, with each leg requiring teams to deduce clues, navigate themselves in foreign areas, interact with locals, perform physical and mental challenges, and travel by airplane, boat, taxi, and other public transportation options on a limited budget provided by the show. Teams are progressively eliminated at the end of most legs, while the first team to arrive at the end of the final leg wins the grand prize of . As the original version of the "Amazing Race" franchise, the CBS program has been running since September 5, 2001. Numerous international versions have been developed following the same core structure, while the American version is also broadcast to several other countries.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: The show was created by Elise Doganieri and Bertram van Munster, who, along with Jonathan Littman, serve as executive producers. The show is produced by Earthview Inc. (headed by Doganieri and van Munster), Jerry Bruckheimer Television for CBS Studios and ABC Signature (divisions of Paramount Global and The Walt Disney Company, respectively). The series has been hosted by veteran New Zealand television personality Phil Keoghan since its inception.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Since the inception of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality-Competition Program in 2003, "The Amazing Race" has won it ten out of nineteen times; the show has also won other awards and commendations. Although it has moved around several prime time slots since its inception, the program has averaged about 10 million viewers per season.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: "The Amazing Race" is a reality television competition, typically involving eleven teams of two, in a race around the world. The race cycle is divided into a number of legs, normally twelve; each episode generally covers the events of one leg. Each leg ends with a Pit Stop, where teams are given a chance to rest and recover before starting the next leg twelve hours later. The first team to arrive at a Pit Stop is often awarded a prize such as a trip, while the last team is normally eliminated from the race. Some legs are non-elimination legs, where the last team to arrive may be penalized in the following leg. Some races have featured double-length legs, where the teams meet the host at what appears to be a Pit Stop, only to be told to continue to race. The final leg of each race is run by the last three remaining teams, and the first to arrive at the final destination wins the show's prize, . The average length of each race is approximately 21 to 30 days.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: During each leg, teams follow clues from Route Markers boxes containing clue envelopes marked in the race's red, yellow, and white colors to determine their next destination. Travel between destinations includes commercial and chartered airplanes, boats, trains, taxis, buses, and rented vehicles provided by the show, or the teams may simply travel by foot. Teams are required to pay for all expenses while traveling from a small stipend (on the order of $100) given to them at the start of each leg. Any money left unspent can be used in future legs of the race. The only exception is air travel, where teams are given a credit card to purchase economy-class fares. Some teams have resorted to begging to replenish their funds.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Clues may directly identify locations, contain cryptic riddles such as "Travel to the westernmost point in continental Europe" that teams must figure out, or include physical elements, such as a country's flag, indicating their next destination. Clues may also describe a number of tasks that teams must complete before continuing to race. As such, teams are generally free and sometimes required to engage locals to help in any manner to decipher clues and complete tasks. Tasks are typically designed to highlight the local culture of the country they are in. Such tasks include:


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Teams are penalized for failing to complete these tasks as instructed or other rules of the race, generally thirty minutes plus any time gained for the infraction. Such penalties may be enforced while teams are racing, when they arrive at the Pit Stop, or at the start of the next leg.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: The events of the race are generally edited and shown in chronological order, cutting between the actions of each team as they progress. More recent seasons have been edited to show split-screen footage of simultaneous actions or two or more different teams in the style of "24". Footage from the race is interspersed with commentary from the individual teams or members recorded after each leg to give more insight on the events being shown. The show helps to track the progress of racers through a leg by providing frequent on-screen information identifying teams and their placement.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: The original idea for "The Amazing Race" came from Elise Doganieri and Bertram van Munster. The two had previously met when Van Munster was producing programs such as "Cops," and they continued to work together and eventually married. Around 2000, Van Munster was wrapping up production of his nature documentary series "Wild Things," and he was looking for another concept. Doganieri, an advertising executive at that point, had come back from that year's MIPCOM, and she complained about the lack of good ideas from people working in television. Van Munster jokingly bet her on the spot to come up with an idea herself. Though her by-then husband was only joking, Dogenieri declared him "on," and she recalled her previous experience backpacking across Europe and meeting and interacting with the various local residents, on which basis she offered the idea of several teams of players racing across the world, interspersed with local challenges that would test the team's resolve and relationships, and which teams would be eliminated along the way but not due to someone else doing something against that team. Van Munster was intrigued with the idea, and had already had experience with "reality" television with "Cops," considered to be the predecessor of reality television during the 1990s. The two approached Jerry Bruckheimer and Jonathan Littman with the idea, and the four refined it into the concept of "The Amazing Race." Van Munster pitched the idea to Les Moonves of CBS shortly thereafter, who greenlit the show by June 2000. Initial scouting for locations for the first season started in August 2000. At least one casting call in New York City, at that point calling the show the "CBS Summer Global Adventure Series", took place in December 2000. Filming took place between March and April 2001.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Prior to each of the "Races," the production team plans out the locations and tasks that the racers will travel, working in conjunction with local representatives, each of whom Van Munster had initially had available for a different show. The staff also consults with ex-military or federal agents that are aware of political matters in foreign areas, who may advise on countries or regions to avoid. Van Munster and others will then travel the proposed course to verify the locations and identify needs for filming for the show. The crew works with local government representatives to assure the safety of the racers while traveling through certain areas of the world. Despite pre-planning, the production crew may be faced with obstacles forcing them to change tasks or even locations. In one situation during planning of the second race, the Argentine bank system failed, creating political unrest, and a new country was selected. Similarly, after the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 and the sexual assault of South African-American reporter Lara Logan who worked for CBS, the production staff considers Egypt to be "off the map right now." While filming had started on the 33rd season of the race in early February 2020, CBS temporarily stopped production and ordered all teams and staff back to the United States due to the COVID-19 pandemic out of caution, though stated that the virus had not been contracted by anyone on the show. At the time, three episodes of the season had been filmed and no new production start date for the series had yet been determined. It has been estimated, by Van Munster, that over 2,000 people worldwide are involved in the production of any one season of the "Race."


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Tasks are generally selected to represent the local flavor of the country or region they are in. They typically look for activities that are not often considered something a tourist would do but part of the way of life in a country, as this would generally be a new experience for all the racers. Production relies on their own experiences as well to develop tasks; Van Munster noted that a task in season 21 involving synchronized swimming was based on his own struggles as a teenager to learn how to do a similar routine, thus assuring that if he could do it, racers could do it as well.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: A "Race's" route has to be approved by CBS before production can start on their scouting. The specific tasks, clues, and other "Race" elements like the sequence of non-elimination legs, are all set about a month before filming. The production can allow for some flexibility to minimize the difficulties of production. In the first season, one Pit Stop was located and extended to 72 hours instead of the normal 12 due to a sandstorm. Also in that season, two of the four final teams ended up about 24 hours behind the lead teams due to flight and hours-of-operation limitations, creating a production nightmare. In later seasons, production has improvised extended Pit Stops by a day or so to prevent teams from becoming too spread out. In the tenth season, Phil Keoghan, host of the "Races," was detained by officials in Ukraine, where the ninth leg took place, and the local American ambassador, who happened to be a fan of the show, helped to free him. The 33rd season had started filming at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, and production was forced to stop the race after 3 legs; after a year of additional planning and rerouting, the remaining legs were filmed but with a course through countries with low COVID-19 rates and using a charter jet for transport between countries to minimize the impact of COVID-19 on the cast and crew.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: The producers review previous seasons and make changes to new seasons as to keep the show fresh and unexpected; Littman stated that with as many season now filmed of the "Race," many racers come to know what to expect and as producers, they need a way to shake things up, as "whenever you throw a wrench into [the Race], it completely throws them off." For example, while teams at Pit Stops during the first several seasons were allowed to mingle, the producers have since purposely kept teams apart during this time, as it serves to both keep teams unaware of the finishing order and the fate of an eliminated team, and prevents alliances from forming to keep the teams competitive. They also looked to change the format of the team structure, but found that their first such experiment with the season 8 "Family Edition" was poorly received by American audiences though had a strong reception from overseas broadcasts of that series.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Though "The Amazing Race" involves significant amounts of travel across the world for around a hundred people, Doganieri has published her own estimates that their production costs are in line with, if not less than, those of other reality television shows, which estimates she bases in part on the fact that most of the production staff have been with the show for a long period and work efficiently to help move the competition. The cost of the show has been subsidized by its sponsors, who provide trips and other prizes to teams that arrive first on certain legs, or have their products featured as a task. For example, more recent seasons have been sponsored by Travelocity, and typically one leg per season will involve a task that includes the Travelocity "Roaming Gnome;" trip prizes for first-place finishes on many legs are funded by Travelocity and the local hotel at the trip destination. Ford Motor Company is also a major sponsor in later seasons of the show, and typically teams will be given Ford vehicles to drive for various legs and as prizes for finishing first on a leg. In another example, a tea-themed leg in the 18th season was sponsored by Snapple Beverages, which had developed a new limited edition flavor specifically for the show. "The Amazing Race" has been considered to be a show that incorporates a large number of product placements as tracked by ACNeilsen, often being one of the top shows for product placement each year.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: "The Amazing Race" has been hosted by New Zealander Phil Keoghan since its 2001 debut. Keoghan initiates the start of the race, introduces each new area and describes each task for the viewers, and meets each team at the Pit Stops along with a local greeter informing the teams of their placement or their elimination followed by a short interview, as well as announcing the winners at the finish line. Keoghan was a television host in New Zealand prior to "The Amazing Race", and had traveled the world and performed adventurous feats for these shows. His background led him to apply for the hosting duties of "Survivor". Though Keoghan was on the shortlist, the producers of "Survivor" chose Jeff Probst, while Keoghan was found to be a better fit for "The Amazing Race". Keoghan's performance as a host has been highlighted by his ability to arch his eyebrows to the arriving teams to increase suspense before revealing their position, and racers and fans of the show often refer to the progressive elimination of teams as "Philimination". Keoghan signed an extended contract with CBS to continue hosting "The Amazing Race" for "several years", according to "TV Guide", shortly after the conclusion of "The Amazing Race 18". The contract will also allow Keoghan to develop ideas into shows for the network.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Prior to each race, CBS and World Race Productions hold casting auditions around the country and accept submissions through postal mail. More recent seasons have included recruited contestants. According to casting director Lynne Spillman, they look to cast a diverse array of teams to appeal to a wide range of audience members. Spillman notes they put more value on contestants that are "great talkers" as well as racers, and see those that have deep knowledge of the Race as a plus over other factors like looks and strength. The casting process takes about four months to complete. All teams are compensated for the time missed from their jobs, though the amount is undisclosed and confidential; one racer claimed that most people would lose money from their "Amazing Race" stipend compared to their typical salaries. While the producers prefer to use teams that have never been on the show before or celebrities, they are at times pressured by CBS to include known people.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Each member of the two-person teams is required to be adult American citizen with an existing relationship with their teammate; according to Keoghan, in contrast to other reality television shows that pit individuals against each other, "it's more interesting to see how an experience like ["The Amazing Race"] affects an existing relationship". Teams are primarily married and dating couples (regardless of sexual orientation), near and distant relatives, co-workers, and friends. Most teams that participate are average Americans, but "The Amazing Race" has included teams or team members with some celebrity status. This has included contestants from other reality TV shows, including Alison Irwin, Jordan Lloyd, Jeff Schroeder, Rachel Reilly, Brendon Villegas, Cody Nickson, Jessica Graf, Janelle Pierzina, Britney Haynes, Elissa Slater, Nicole Franzel, Victor Arroyo, Derek Xiao, and Claire Rehfuss from "Big Brother"; Rob Mariano, Amber Mariano (née Brkich), Ethan Zohn, Jenna Morasca, Keith Tollefson, Whitney Duncan. Rupert and Laura Boneham, Corinne Kaplan, Eliza Orlins, Chris Hammons, and Bret LaBelle from "Survivor"; "The Fabulous Beekman Boys" stars Josh Kilmer-Purcell and Brent Ridge; and Caro Viehweg and Ray Gantt from "Love Island". Several professional athletes have also participated, including the Harlem Globetrotters Herbert "Flight Time" Lang and Nathaniel "Big Easy" Lofton; former NFL players Ken Greene, Marcus Pollard, Chester Pitts, Ephraim Salaam, DeAngelo Williams, and Gary Barnidge; professional bull and bronco rider Cord McCoy; professional snowboarders Andy Finch, Tommy Czeschin, and Amy Purdy; Ironman Triathlon competitor Sarah Reinertsen; Major League Soccer goalkeeper Andrew Weber; professional hockey players Bates Battaglia and Anthony Battaglia; professional surfer and survivor of a shark attack Bethany Hamilton, former NBA All-Star Shawn Marion and Cedric Ceballos, IndyCar racers Alexander Rossi and Conor Daly, and professional skiers & X-Games champions Kristi Leskinen and Jen Hudak. Numerous beauty pageant participants and winners have raced on the show, including Nicole O'Brian, Christie Lee Woods, Dustin-Leigh Konzelman, Kandice Pelletier, Ericka Dunlap, Caitlin Upton, Mallory Ervin, Stephanie Murray Smith, Brook Roberts, and Amy Diaz. Other celebrities include father and son screenwriters and actors Mike and Mel White, professional poker players Maria Ho and Tiffany Michelle, former prisoner of war from the Iraq war Ron Young, professional sailor Zac Sunderland, YouTube stars Kevin "KevJumba" Wu, Meghan Camarena, and Joey Graceffa. The show's 28th season was primarily made up of social media celebrities and their partners, friends, or relatives as a means to capture a younger audience demographic. The show's 29th season featured 22 strangers who met for the first time at the starting line. Three special seasons of "The Amazing Race" have featured returning teams or racers, and the 31st season featured 11 teams, each representing 3 different reality shows: "Big Brother", "The Amazing Race", and "Survivor".


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Racers have found fame in part due to their appearance on "The Amazing Race". Chip Arndt, who had raced with his civil partner Reichen Lehmkuhl, has become an activist for lesbian and gay community. Blake Mycoskie, based on his experiences traveling to Argentina after the show, later founded TOMS Shoes with the concept to donate one pair of shoes to poor children in countries like Argentina for each one sold. Dating goth couple Kent "Kynt" Kaliber and Vyxsin Fiala became models for the Hot Topic chain of punk/rock culture clothing stores after their appearance on the show. Jet and Cord McCoy used their celebrity status from their appearances to run for separate positions in the 56th Oklahoma Legislature.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Through the 17th season of the "Race", the show used standard-definition television cameras despite the move of most other primetime shows, including reality television shows like "Survivor", to high-definition television (HD) cameras prior to 2010. Worldrace Productions cited the cost and fragility of HD equipment as a barrier to its use for the "Race". While other scripted or reality shows that film in one location have the ability to replace equipment quickly from a nearby facility, the mobile nature of the "Race" made the prospect of using HD difficult. The 18th season of the "Race", filmed in late 2010, was the first to be filmed in HD. The production team uses Sony XDCAMs, allowing the filming to be transferred directly to digital format and couriered to the editors.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Prior to the filming of the race, selected teams are given a list of countries – including additional countries that are not planned for the race – for which they will need to apply for visas. Teams prepare backpacks for clothing, hygiene, and other personal items; the racers are given a list of items that are forbidden from taking. Electronics like laptops, cell phones, and GPS devices are banned from the race, and racers are asked to avoid clothing with brand logos. Travelers can not bring maps ahead of time, although they can buy maps during the competition if they choose. A few days before the race, teams are sequestered at a hotel for a final review of the rules, before they are finally taken to the race starting line. Several takes of the start of the Race are recorded for production of the show and to go over any final rules clarifications with the racers, before the Race is officially started.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Once the Race starts, each team is accompanied by a two-person audio/video crew that films and records the team, alongside body mics worn by the racers. Unless otherwise indicated, the crew must be able to accompany the team through all travels; for example, teams must be able to acquire four tickets on a single flight or otherwise cannot take that flight. Four tickets are usually purchased off-camera using a credit card supplied by World Race Productions. The crews rotate between teams at Pit Stops to avoid any possible favoritism that may develop between a team and its crew, and to avoid giving the appearance of collusion. At Pit Stops, a team of captains that accurately record arrival times, amounts of money teams have remaining, and other factors to make sure that racers have properly completed each leg, assuring that the "Race" is run in a fair manner. The production team will remind players about critical local rules and laws they must follow to avoid any legal conflicts, but otherwise try to avoid giving too many instructions to players; Littman stated they chose not to interfere too much as "that's when you get the best material. They're wild cards." van Munster stated: "...when Phil yells 'Go,' it's 'Action' until three weeks later when we say 'Cut.'"


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: The production crew, including Keoghan, Doganieri, and van Munster, all typically travel to the next destination of the race ahead of the teams. In planning the race, the production team develops what Doganieri calls a Fast/Slow document, outlining what they believe is the fastest and slowest times that a team may take to complete all tasks on a leg based on test runs, from which they use to plan their travel ahead of the teams. According to Doganieri, this Fast/Slow document has been about 98% accurate through all seasons through 2014. Productions work with local agents, representatives, and film crews to prepare for the tasks before the racers arrive, and are in coordination with the audio/video crews to track racers during a leg. For example, to prevent clue boxes from being interfered with by locals, they are covered with garbage bags and monitored by production staff, and only when teams are about five minutes out are the bags removed. At times, the production team has been only minutes ahead of teams before they check into the Pit Stop, forcing production to restage the teams' arrival there once they are ready. Since the 25th season, Keoghan has been featured filming explanations for tasks as racers ran about behind him.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Most eliminated teams are sent to a resort destination informally dubbed "Sequesterville", where they will wait until the end of the race to be flown into the final destination city so they can be present at the Finish Line. In later seasons, short web videos hosted by CBS titled "Elimination Station" show the events at this location as new teams arrive and the events that occur during the teams' stay. Other teams, generally the last few eliminated before the final three, are used as "decoy teams", and run the race's final leg ahead of the actual final teams, in hopes of confusing possible spoilers about the race's outcome from locals. Keoghan has also recorded his own videos during the show's filming, used to show what happens behind the scenes to viewers.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Most routes in "The Amazing Race" circumnavigate the globe, starting from one American city and ending in another. There are several exceptions:


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: As of Season 34, "The Amazing Race" has visited 93 countries. The most visited country in the original American series is China, with 21 Pit Stops in 10 different cities among 14 seasons, followed by France with 20 Pit Stops having also visited 14 times.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: As of Season 34, "The Amazing Race" has visited 26 states and 1 federal district. The following list of visits by the show to each U.S. state, overseas territories are not included. The most visited state in the original American series is California in 27 seasons, followed by Hawaii and New York.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: The first season of "The Amazing Race" visited four continents in total (three if excluding the United States). Season two extended the racecourse to South America and Oceania, and season three was the first time having route markers in North America outside the United States."The Amazing Race" has yet to visit Antarctica.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: During its first four seasons, even with extensive critical praise, the show garnered low Nielsen ratings, facing cancellation a number of times. The premiere of the show aired six days before the September 11 attacks, leaving the fate of the show in doubt. Producer van Munster stated that "Once we saw our billboards covered in dust from the 9/11 tragedy, we knew we had a problem". Low viewership of the show was also attributed to it being lost among all other reality television shows at the time and unable to garner similar numbers as "Survivor". "The Amazing Race" premiered against a similarly themed reality show, "Lost" on NBC (unrelated to the ABC series of the same name), "Lost" featured teams of two stranded in a remote area of the world and forced to find their way back to the United States. A vice president of programming at CBS considered "The Amazing Race" to be "a show that was always on the bubble" of being canceled.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: The show was considered to be saved due to several factors: the show was well received by critics, winning the Emmy for Outstanding Reality-Competition Programming in 2003 and 2004; consistent viewership numbers, and feedback from the large number of fans representing the young target demographic, including Sarah Jessica Parker, who had called in directly to CBS President Les Moonves asking to save the show. The fifth season of the series, which aired from July to September 2004, had very high viewership numbers for that time of the year, averaging 10.7 million with a finale of nearly 13 million, doubling the viewership in the 18-to-34 demographic and won its time slot for every episode. The improved ratings are credited to the particular teams selected for that season. As a result, CBS began airing the sixth season during the "high-profile heart" of the November 2004 sweeps. The "New York Times"s Kate Aurthur suggests that ratings increases for the fifth, sixth, and seven season were a direct result of the show having racers that were portrayed as "villain" characters (specifically, Colin from season 5, Jonathan from season 6, and Rob and Amber from season 7) that created more tension between teams than previous seasons, and gave viewers teams to root for or against.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: A temporary setback struck "The Amazing Race" after a Family Edition that aired in the fall of 2005 was not received warmly by viewers, which resulted in lowered viewership. The change in format, with teams of four and allowing for young children to race alongside their parents, hampered the travel ability of the show. Keoghan, though pleased they had tried something different with the show, attributed the poor response to the Family Edition due to too many people to follow and lack of exotic locations. This spilled over to Season 9 where it experienced dismaying ratings of only an average of 9.1 million viewers per episode, a drop from 13 million just 2 seasons ago in Season 7. The timeslot changing for Season 9 was also attributed to the drop in ratings.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: From the tenth season to the twenty-fourth season, the show was moved to Sunday nights, as a result, "The Amazing Race" has seen further increases in its numbers. It is believed that part of this increase is due to "sports overruns" (football, basketball, or golf) that resulted from games played earlier on Sunday pushing the airtime for "The Amazing Race" back by some amount on the East Coast along with other CBS programming. In the Sunday timeslot, "The Amazing Race" follows "60 Minutes", "Variety" states that, while both shows have different target demographics, the crossover audience between the shows is very high based on the average household income of its viewers, and is part of the "Race"s success. In the 2010 season, another reality television show, "Undercover Boss", was scheduled following "The Amazing Race", the overall impact of these three shows have helped CBS to regain viewership on Sunday nights. According to "Variety", the average age of "Amazing Race" viewers that watch the show live in 2009 was 51.9 years, while for those that time-shifted the show, the average age was 39.2 years. In a 2010 survey by Experian Simmons, "The Amazing Race" was found to be the second-highest show proportion of viewers that identify themselves as Republicans, following "Glenn Beck". The season 16 finale, however, was the lowest-rated finale since season 4.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Although season 18 averaged over 10 million viewers and finished in top 40 most watched shows of the 2010–2011 television season, the ratings dropped and the season 18 finale was the second-lowest-rated Sunday night finale. The season 21 finale was down 31% from the season 19 finale on December 11, 2011. It tied as the show's lowest rated finale ever. Ratings also dropped during the season 24 finale, which was down 33% from the season 15 finale on May 18, 2014. As a result of decreasing ratings, starting with the twenty-fifth season, the show moved to Fridays at 8:00 p.m., where it had its lowest viewership ever in this series. Ratings for the show since the move to Friday have remained steady, with seasons premieres maintaining around 6 million viewers and only small drops over the course of a given season. With the show's age, some of its current fans were not born when the show had first aired in 2001, and the production team used a concept like season 28, aired in 2016, where the use of YouTube and other Internet celebrities was intended to help bridge the gap between long-time and new fans.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Starting around season 29, CBS has only ordered one series of the show per broadcast year, keeping the show as a mid-season replacement to fill it for any failing shows on the network's schedule, or otherwise broadcasting towards the latter part of the season. This has led the show to have various time slots depending on the situation. The 30th season of the show was moved by CBS to a Wednesday night slot, and resulted in an improvement in viewership from previous seasons. van Munster and Doganieri credit this new timeslot to help boost ratings, as it is more amenable for family viewing than previous timeslots. Similarly, when season 31, which featured former contestants from "Race", "Survivor" and "Big Brother", premiered after "" in the Wednesday night slot, the show saw a ratings boost.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: The success of "The Amazing Race" has led other networks to attempt to develop reality shows in a similar vein; CBS Vice President for alternative programming Jennifer Bresnan stated that many of these shows pose themselves as ""The Amazing Race" mixed with 'X'" to try to vary the format. Such shows include "Treasure Hunters" (NBC, 2006), "Expedition Impossible" (ABC, 2011), "Around the World in 80 Plates" (Bravo, 2012) and "The Pack" (Amazon, 2020). "The Great Escape" (TNT, 2012) brought van Munster and Doganieri to help with production, and was considered by critics as a "lite" version of "The Amazing Race".


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: The United States version of "The Amazing Race" is rebroadcast in several countries around the world. Airings in both Canada and Australia are very popular. The Canadian showing on CTV is commonly one of the top ten most watched shows each week, according to BBM Canada, Australian broadcasts of the episodes on the Seven Network often fall into the top 20 programs for the week. Episodes of "The Amazing Race" also air in several other countries shortly after the American broadcast, including Israel, Latin America, China, Vietnam and the Philippines.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: AXN Asia broadcasts "The Amazing Race" across southeast Asia. The popularity of the show through the service led to CBS allowing for the option of creating international versions of the show in October 2005. "The Amazing Race Asia" was one of the first versions created, following essentially the same format as the United States version.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Other international versions of the show have been produced out of Latin America, Europe, Israel, Australia, and Canada.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Part of the show's success is considered to be the relatively simple formula of following several teams on a race around the world. Because of this, viewers can live "vicariously through the people on the screen", according to Andy Dehnart of the RealityBlurred.com website. The show is often considered to be "travel porn", offering locations that most people would never get to see in their lifetimes. Keoghan offers that:


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Latter seasons of the "Race" have been more critically panned. One factor is the predictability of the show, with little variety in the construction of specific legs and foregone outcomes of which team would be eliminated. The media site The A.V. Club, which had covered the "Race" for several seasons, opted to end its "Race" recaps mid-Season 21, with editor Scott Von Doviak stating that the show "has become so stale and predictable". Though Denhert was a supporter of the show in its earlier seasons, he has criticized latter seasons for becoming too predictable, as "failed to grow and evolve, it seems stale". Denhert does acknowledge that budget cuts for all CBS programming, including the "Race", are likely causes for simple tasks and lackluster legs; Keoghan does state that the reduced budgets has made the timetable for filming "really brutal", but also considers that the difficulty of filming also reflects on the difficulty of the "Race" for the teams as well. Denhert further points to the lack of time given for the viewer to learn about the individuals on each team, and instead has added elements like the U-Turn and the Yield to create inter-team drama.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: The show is known for a dedicated fan base that keeps in touch with the show's producers and contestants. While a race is being run and filmed, fans of the show watch for news or spotting of the racers and attempt to track their progress in real time, enhanced by recent social media tools, leading production to figure out ways to masquerade their presence in any city such as through the use of decoy teams. Despite this, fans readily track the Race as it is being run across the globe. In the 19th season, one contestant had lost her passport at a gas station while getting directions to Los Angeles International Airport. Though spotted by their A/V crew, they could not intervene, but instead alerted production, who prepared for an early elimination of the team at LAX. A bystander found the passport, and after he posted about it on Twitter, he was directed by a fan tracking the Race's progress to take the passport to the airport, returning it before the scheduled flight and keeping the team in the race. Subsequent seasons have had publicly attended live starts such as starting in Times Square for season 25, and frequent use of live social media updates by the racers by permission of production during season 28.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Coinciding with the broadcast finale for each season though about the 13th season, fans from the website Television Without Pity arranged for a "TARCon" event in New York City along with the season's teams and other former racers.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: "The Amazing Race" won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality-Competition Program for the first seven years after the creation of the award in 2003, and ten of the twelve years since its creation, against other, more popular reality TV shows such as "Survivor", "Dancing with the Stars", and "American Idol". Its streak was ended in 2010 when "Top Chef" won the Emmy for this category. Host Phil Keoghan revealed in an interview that the show's loss that year made him and the producers realize that they will have to try harder to win the Emmy again. In 2011, the show won in the category again for the eighth time. After its seventh consecutive win, some in the media, including "Survivor" host Jeff Probst suggested that "The Amazing Race" willingly drop out from the competition in future years, similar to Candice Bergen declining any further nominations after her fifth Emmy win for her role in "Murphy Brown". van Munster has stated that it is "not likely" he will pull the show from future Emmy awards, considering that it reflects on his and his crew's hard work and high standards. The show has also been nominated and won several times for technical production (Creative Arts) Emmy awards, for Cinematography and Picture Editing for Non-Fiction programs, whereas it has only been nominated for Sound Mixing and Sound Editing for Non-Fiction programs. The show has been nominated in the same five categories for three years consecutively, a trend which continued with the 2007 Primetime Emmy Awards.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: The production staff of "The Amazing Race" has been nominated each year since 2004 for the Producers Guild of America's Golden Laurel award for Television Producer of a Non-Fiction Program, and won this award in 2005.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Bertram van Munster has been nominated six times for the Directors Guild of America Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs award for "The Amazing Race" each year between 2005 and 2010, and winning the award in 2007.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Due to its favorable portrayal of gay couples, "The Amazing Race" has been nominated in 2004 and 2006 for, but not won, the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Reality Program. It has received a similar nomination for 2009, and won in 2012.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Seasons 1 and 7 were released in stores, while other seasons have been released exclusively on Amazon.com through its CreateSpace manufacture on demand program. Only region 1 is available. Select seasons have also been released on Blu-ray.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: "The Amazing Race" was also added to Pluto TV, ViacomCBS's free Internet television service, as a standalone channel on September 1, 2020.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: The fifth and seventh seasons of "The Amazing Race" were added to Netflix in November 2022. The seventeenth and thirty-first seasons were added to Netflix in December.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Two board games have been made based on "The Amazing Race": a DVD Board Game and a traditional board game. A video game for the Wii home game console has been also been produced as well as an iOS version. Both versions were developed by Ludia and published by Ubisoft.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: In 2010, International Game Technology (IGT) developed a progressive slot machine game based on "The Amazing Race" and was installed in casinos across the United States. Phil Keoghan featured prominently in the game and served as host of various bonus rounds, inspired by travel and destinations seen on the show, during play. The slot machines were phased out of casinos a couple of years later.


title: The Amazing Race (American TV series)

text: Two books have been written by fans of the show; the first is written by Adam-Troy Castro, titled "My Ox Is Broken!": Detours, Roadblocks, Fast Forwards and Other Great Moments from TV's The Amazing Race", which features an introduction from Season 8 racers Billy and Carissa Gaghan. The second book is "Circumnavigating the Globe: Amazing Race 10 to 14 and Amazing Race Asia 1 to 3" written by Arthur E. Perkins Jr.


title: What's Wrong with Secretary Kim

text: What's Wrong with Secretary Kim () is a 2018 South Korean television series starring Park Seo-joon and Park Min-young. It is based on the novel of the same title by Jung Kyung-yoon which was first published in 2013, which was then serialized into a Webtoon comic by KakaoPage in 2015. The series aired on tvN from June 6 to July 26, 2018, on Wednesdays and Thursdays for 16 episodes.


title: What's Wrong with Secretary Kim

text: Lee Young-joon (Park Seo-joon) is the vice-chairman of a major corporation. His world is shaken when, one day, his highly-capable secretary, Kim Mi-so (Park Min-young), announces that she will resign from her position after working for Lee Young-joon for nine years. Young-joon then decided to do whatever he can after talking to his best friend, who happens to be a board director in his company, to make sure Mi-so stays by his side.


title: What's Wrong with Secretary Kim

text: Throughout the journey, Lee Young-joon plans plenty of things while Kim Mi-so decides to find the elusive man from a past traumatic experience that she was a part of when she was a young child. Kim Mi-so falls in love with Lee Young-joon as they heal each other of their past traumatic experiences.


title: What's Wrong with Secretary Kim

text: Much of the visual styling of the series protagonists have referenced the comic version's cues, including clothing designs and reenacting the comic cover for the drama's promotional stills and images.


title: What's Wrong with Secretary Kim

text: The first script reading was held on April 10, 2018, at Studio Dragon in Sangam-dong, Seoul, South Korea.


title: What's Wrong with Secretary Kim

text: Maserati Korea provided the cars of Lee Young-joon, Lee Sung-yeon and Yumyong Group. The cars featured in the show include a Maserati Ghibli (driven by Yoo-sik), a Maserati Levante (driven by Sung-yeon), a Maserati GranCabrio (driven by Young-joon), and a Maserati Quattroporte (driven by Young-joon).


title: What's Wrong with Secretary Kim

text: The press conference for the drama was held on May 30, 2018, at the Times Square in Seoul with the attendance of the main cast and crew.


title: Julian McMahon

text: Julian Dana William McMahon (born 27 July 1968) is an Australian actor, former model, and the son of a former Prime Minister of Australia, Sir William McMahon. He is best known for his roles as Detective John Grant in "Profiler", Cole Turner in "Charmed", Christian Troy in "Nip/Tuck", Doctor Doom in the "Fantastic Four" franchise, Jonah in "Runaways", and Jess LaCroix in CBS crime drama "".


title: Julian McMahon

text: McMahon was born in Sydney, the son of Sir William McMahon, a prominent Australian politician, and Lady McMahon (née Sonia Hopkins), an heiress, socialite and fashion icon. His father was a Member of the Australian House of Representatives and a high-ranking minister in the 24-year Liberal Government for many years before Julian's birth; he became the 20th Prime Minister of Australia in March 1971, when Julian was two years old. His mother left their three children in the care of a nanny to be with her husband in Canberra during his Prime Ministership. He has an older sister, Melinda, and a younger sister, Deborah. He is of Irish descent through his father.


title: Julian McMahon

text: In an interview with the Herald Sun in 2018, McMahon discussed his childhood; ""My Dad... was born in 1908. That’s a very different time to what it was when he was raising me. He must have gone through a strange misunderstanding of how you were parented in 1908 versus how you parent in 1972; it would have been so conflicting. Also how you be a husband in that period of time would have been different.""


title: Julian McMahon

text: McMahon was educated at the private, boys-only, Sydney Grammar School, which his father had attended. As a child he dreamed of being an army cadet and playing rugby. McMahon briefly studied law at the University of Sydney and economics at the University of Wollongong. McMahon found no interest in his studies, and began a modelling career. He became known as a model in various fashion capitals, such as Milan, London, New York City, Rome, and Paris.


title: Julian McMahon

text: McMahon was working in Europe when his father died, and returned to Australia for the funeral. While home, he filmed some Levi's commercials which helped him land a role on the iconic Australian soap opera "Home & Away".


title: Julian McMahon

text: McMahon won recognition for his roles in television dramas, in portrayals of Ben Lucini in the Australian soap opera "Home and Away" (1989–1991), Detective John Grant in the American crime drama "Profiler" (1996-2000), Cole Turner in the American supernatural drama "Charmed" (2000–2003), and Christian Troy in the American medical drama "Nip/Tuck" (2003–2010). He also appeared in films with leading and supporting roles, such as "Chasing Sleep" (2000) alongside Jeff Daniels, Doctor Doom in the "Fantastic Four" franchise (2005 and 2007), "Premonition" (2007) starring alongside Sandra Bullock, "Red" (2010) alongside Bruce Willis, "Faces in the Crowd" (2011) alongside Milla Jovovich"," and "Bait" (2012) alongside Dan Wyllie and Xavier Samuel.


title: Julian McMahon

text: In the early 1990s, McMahon struggled to obtain a work permit for the United States and as a result he missed out on a few roles. McMahon's big break Hollywood role was on the soap opera "Another World" when he was cast as Ian Rain in 1993. The first scene he shot in New York for the show had him emerge from a pool in a speedo at the Cory Mansion. He remembers the experience as "pretty magical".


title: Julian McMahon

text: McMahon's work in television, particularly with "Nip/Tuck" and "Charmed" garnered him more success. The former series won an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award. McMahon played the lead role in "Nip/Tuck", alongside Dylan Walsh throughout the entire series' run. He also played Jonah on "Marvel's Runaways".


title: Julian McMahon

text: In 2018, McMahon returned to Australia to film "Swinging Safari" in Queensland, alongside Guy Pearce, Kylie Minogue, Radha Mitchell, Asher Keddie, and Jeremy Sims. The film is set in the 1970s and sees McMahon sport handlebar moustache. McMahon and his ex-sister-in-law Kylie Minogue share an improvised kiss in a scene where couples partner swap. He stated that he found it difficult speaking with an Australian accent in the movie because the majority of his career he has adapted to performing with an American accent.


title: Julian McMahon

text: From 2020 to 2022, McMahon starred as Jess LaCroix for more than two seasons on the CBS crime drama "". He stated that when he received the script for the series from CBS, he had an "aha moment" and knew he had to play the character. His final episode, "Shattered" aired March 8, 2022.


title: Julian McMahon

text: Most of McMahon's roles have been villains or damaged characters which he says he feels attracted to.


title: Julian McMahon

text: McMahon jokingly noted in an interview with Jimmy Kimmel that his mother [was] "a very scary lady" because she would visit him on the set of his films and critique his performance when he finished a scene.


title: Julian McMahon

text: In 1994, McMahon married singer Danni Minogue after meeting on the set of Home & Away in 1991. He starred in her music video clip for the single "This Is It", a song that summed up the couple’s relationship and hopes for the future. The newlyweds spent a great deal of their marriage apart due to McMahon pursuing his career in Los Angeles and Minogue in England. They divorced after 18 months with Minogue stating that her negative relationship with McMahon's mother, Lady Sonia McMahon, being an issue from the beginning.


title: Julian McMahon

text: In 1999 McMahon married "Baywatch" star Brooke Burns and had a daughter, before divorcing in 2001. McMahon married for the third time in 2014 to Kelly Paniagua.


title: Julian McMahon

text: McMahon has resided in USA since the 1990s, but says his soul is still Australian; ""I feel like I'm Australian on the inside and American on the outside or something. I would never want to leave it behind either. I love Australians, Australianisms, I love my part of being Australian. I love where I grew up and how I grew up and, you know, I wouldn't change it for the world.""


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: Kelly Michelle Lee Osbourne (born 27 October 1984) is an English television personality, singer, actress, model, and fashion designer. The daughter of Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne, she appeared on the reality show "The Osbournes" (2002–2005) with her family, for which they won a 2002 Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program. In 2009, she appeared on "Dancing with the Stars", in which she and her professional dance partner Louis van Amstel took third place. Osbourne was a presenter on "Project Catwalk" (2007–2008) and "Fashion Police" (2010–2015) and a judge on "Project Runway Junior" (2015–present) and "Australia's Got Talent" (2016). She also played the voice role of Hildy Gloom in the Disney XD animated series "The 7D" (2014–2016).


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: As a singer, Osbourne has released two studio albums: "Shut Up" (2002) and "Sleeping in the Nothing" (2005). In 2003, she collaborated with her father Ozzy on the single "Changes" (a Black Sabbath song) which reached number one on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: Osbourne was born in Westminster, London. She has an elder sister, Aimee, and a younger brother, Jack. From Ozzy's first marriage, she also has two half-siblings: Jessica Hobbs and Louis John Osbourne. She had an unofficially "adopted" brother, Robert Marcato, whom Sharon and Ozzy took in after Marcato's mother died. Kelly grew up travelling with her father as he went on tour, and lived in more than 20 homes, mostly in the US, as well as in the UK. Her maternal grandfather was Don Arden (Harry Levy), an English music manager. Her mother is of Irish and Jewish descent.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: Osbourne and the rest of her family (without Aimee) starred on the MTV reality show "The Osbournes", which aired from 2002 to 2005. The series chronicled their day-to-day life, portraying a dysfunctional family in which metal music, profanity and other harshness were a daily part of life. Kelly, the middle child, emerged (according to "Rolling Stone") as "a wickedly funny, brutally honest, pint-size, potty-mouthed spitfire." The series started when she was seventeen, and ended when she was twenty. Kelly said in an interview for "The Osbournes" DVD that the crew were only actually supposed to be there for a few weeks but ended up staying for a few months and that the constant cameras focusing on her and her family was stressful. In 2002, during the second season of "The Osbournes", Kelly dated The Used lead singer Bert McCracken. The show was filmed in California, where the family has had their residence for several decades.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: Both she and the Osbourne family were parodied in Channel 4 comedy "Bo' Selecta" in which the rubber-masked Kelly, played by Leigh Francis, has her own show and is always being censored for swearing with bleeps.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: After her appearance on the reality show, Osbourne quickly began to be noted for her varied and trendy style among fashion commentators like Steven Cojocaru. In 2004, Osbourne launched her own fashion line, Stiletto Killers, with her friend and former sponsor, Ali Barone. Stiletto Killers was a rock-inspired line of tees, knickers, hoodies and sweatpants designed by Osbourne and Barone, emblazoned with cartoonish designs and punk rock phrases. There was also a more sophisticated couture branch, the SK Collection. Stiletto Killers closed in April 2006.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: Her debut album, "Shut Up", was released by Epic Records in 2002 to moderate American sales, but good European sales. The lead single, a cover of Madonna's "Papa Don't Preach", debuted with Houston rock band Pure Rubbish at the 2002 MTV Film Awards. The album, which debuted at No. 1 on "Billboard"s Heatseekers chart, was met with mixed critical reviews and, by May 2003, Osbourne was dropped from Epic Records. By autumn she was on the Sanctuary label, later recording a duet of "Changes" (a Black Sabbath song) with her father. The duet hit No. 1 on the UK charts and resulted in a reissue of "Shut Up", titled "Changes". "Changes" was one of a few tracks to have fallen down the charts (from 1–3) whilst selling more copies than the week it reached number 1. Osbourne was the first artists to top all three of the Billboard charts dance surveys in the same week with the "Chris Cox Club Remix" of "One Word". Her second album "Sleeping in the Nothing" was not without controversy, due to its reportedly heavily altered album cover, in which Osbourne appeared slimmer, despite her previous assertions of being happy with her size.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: Osbourne made her debut as an actress with a starring role on 7 October 2004 on the ABC high school teenage drama "Life as We Know It", where she played the supporting role of Deborah Beatrice Tynan. During an interview in late 2005, Osbourne denied reports she was ending her music career, saying: "I don't know where the quit rumours came from – I've just recorded a version of 'Girls Just Want to Have Fun' with Cyndi Lauper."


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: On 2 April 2004, Osbourne entered the Malibu rehab facility Promises after admitting to her family that she was addicted to painkillers. Over a year later, on 2 June, she checked into Las Encinas Hospital, a drug treatment centre in Pasadena, California, after a relapse. She entered another drug treatment facility in January 2009; she stayed for a month and later acknowledged that she had a relapse of her addiction to painkillers. After 30 days, she was released; she has been quoted as saying that this was the first time she really thought rehab had helped her.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: In spring 2006, Osbourne modelled for Heatherette in a catwalk show. In June, she played the role of Wendy from Peter Pan in "The Queen's Handbag" and provided her voice for the animated film "Live Freaky Die Freaky". Later that year, she became the face of the high street chain Accessorize. Osbourne co-hosted the 2006 edition of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!", a spin-off show of the main ITV programme. She hosted alongside Jeff Brazier in Australia, and Mark Durden-Smith in the London studio. Her one-off gigs include the 2002 MTV Film Awards, "Top of the Pops Saturday", MTV's "Isle of MTV", MTV UK and Ireland's red carpet coverage of the 2003 MTV Europe Music Awards, "Popworld", "The Sunday Night Project", the 2005 MTV Australia Video Music Awards and Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show. In spring 2006, Osbourne was one of the judges on "Making Your Mind Up". At the September 2006 Electric Picnic festival in Ireland, Osbourne and her boyfriend, Matty Derham of the band Fields, held a wedding ceremony. Her representative later denied that the ceremony was legally binding because it did not meet Irish legal requirements, as at that time in Ireland, a couple couldn't get married in an outdoor venue. She later went on to date Matt Walker, a promoter and tour manager.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: In February 2006, Osbourne was a guest judge for the Season One Episode Four of "Project Catwalk" on Sky1. She went on to host Seasons Two and Three of "Project Catwalk" in 2007 and 2008 respectively. In July 2007, Osbourne portrayed the role of prison matron Mama Morton in the musical drama "Chicago" for seven weeks at the Cambridge Theatre. In autumn 2007, Osbourne signed to BBC Radio 1 to host the Sunday night show, "The Surgery"; and on 7 October 2007, she went on air for the first time with the issue of self-harm. She was scheduled to return to the show in early 2009 and whilst she was away, Aled Haydn Jones from "The Chris Moyles Show" presented the show. Aled subsequently became the full-time presenter. In 2008, she featured in the short musical film "The Town that Boars Me" by photographer Ben Charles Edwards. The film also features Sadie Frost, Jodie Harsh, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, and Zandra Rhodes, amongst others. The film debuted in late summer at the Portobello Film Festival. In 2009, she appeared in an episode of "Hotel Babylon", a British TV show aired on BBC One. She played Jo, a character very similar to herself.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: On 19 January 2009, Osbourne was arrested for assault after allegedly slapping "Daily Mirror" columnist Zoe Griffin at a club in August 2008 after Griffin wrote a story that mocked Osbourne's then-boyfriend, Luke Worrall. In March 2009, Osbourne and Worrall were engaged, but later separated in July 2010 after he had an affair with model Elle Schneider. Osbourne presented ITV2's coverage of the National Television Awards with her brother Jack, and a documentary on Japanese pop culture called "Kelly Osbourne: Turning Japanese" for the same channel. In March 2009, Osbourne returned to television with the rest of the Osbourne family on "". On 1 September 2009, Osbourne released her first autobiography, "Fierce", via Virgin Books. The book contains autobiographical elements, as well as advice and guidance through tough periods.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: In September 2009, she started writing a weekly column giving advice and celebrity gossip in UK magazine "Closer".


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: On 17 August 2009, co-hosts Tom Bergeron and Samantha Harris announced the cast of stars for the 2009 autumn series of "Dancing with the Stars". Osbourne was to be one of the 16 celebrity contestants. A week later, her professional partner was announced: Dutch ballroom champion Louis van Amstel. The competition, starting 21 September 2009, entailed 10 weeks of training and dancing. On 17 November 2009, the final three were announced: Osbourne, singer Mýa and pop legend Donny Osmond. In the final, Osbourne and her partner placed third.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: In August 2010, Osbourne began filming on the comedy "Should've Been Romeo", her first major role in Hollywood. She plays Nicole, a fun-loving groupie. The film was released in the US on 28 April 2012. In December 2010, it was confirmed that Osbourne would be starring alongside Disney star Miley Cyrus in "So Undercover", playing a sorority sister of Cyrus'. Filming began in December 2010 and was released on 6 December 2012.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: In 2010, she modeled a Chris Benz dress for Naomi Campbell's Fashion For Relief runway show for the White Ribbon Alliance to raise funds for mothers in Haiti. In 2011 Osbourne became a fashion correspondent for the cable network E!, serving as a host, with Joan Rivers, of the series "Fashion Police". In June 2011, she hosted the Miss USA pageant at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino, Las Vegas, with Susie Castillo.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: In 2012, she appeared as a guest judge in season 4 of "RuPaul's Drag Race", and hosted the New Now Next Awards. In September 2012, US rapper Lil' Kim confirmed she and Osbourne were to join forces for a rock-rap cover of Elton John's 1974 hit "The Bitch Is Back". In 2013, Osbourne walked the runway for The Heart Truth Red Dress Fashion Show.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: On 7 March 2013, while filming an episode of "Fashion Police" with guest Melissa Rivers, Osbourne collapsed and began experiencing a seizure that reportedly lasted thirty seconds, after which she was taken to a local Los Angeles hospital for testing.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: In July 2013, Osbourne became engaged to Matthew Mosshart, a chef whom she met at the 2011 wedding of model Kate Moss to Jamie Hince. Osbourne and Mosshart called off the engagement in January 2014.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: In August 2013, Osbourne was a guest judge on the 12th season of "Project Runway". She was a guest judge on the October 2014 premiere episode of "". She is a regular judge on "".


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: In February 2015, Osbourne exited "Fashion Police" after complaints about her co-host's comments on the show.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: On 28 October 2015, it was confirmed that Osbourne would replace Dawn French as a judge on "Australia's Got Talent" for its eighth season on Channel Nine.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: In 2018, Osbourne joined her father and brother in their televised global tour that is documented in the series "Ozzy & Jack's World Detour".


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: In September 2006, Osbourne dated musician Matty Derman of Fields. In 2008, she started dating model Luke Worrall. They were engaged in 2009, but separated in 2010. In 2018, she described herself as suffering from misophonia, a sound phobia related to mouth noises that causes anger.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: She is currently dating Slipknot DJ Sid Wilson. On May 12, 2022, Osbourne announced via her Instagram page that she was pregnant with her first child.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: On 1 April 2010, Osbourne and her mother Sharon joined Cyndi Lauper in the launch of the "Give a Damn" campaign to bring a wider awareness of discrimination of the LGBT community, as part of Lauper's "True Colours Fund". The campaign is designed to bring straight people to stand up with the gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender community and stop the discrimination. Other names included in the campaign are Whoopi Goldberg, Jason Mraz, Elton John, Judith Light, Cynthia Nixon, Kim Kardashian, Anna Paquin and Clay Aiken.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: In December 2010, she appeared on the ITV gameshow "The Cube", where she won £20,000 for The Prince's Trust.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: In the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy, Osbourne joined hands with the Salvation Army in Staten Island, New York during their recovery efforts in November 2012.


title: Kelly Osbourne

text: On 4 August 2015, while appearing as a guest co-host on "The View", Osbourne caused controversy when she said: "If you kick every Latino out of this country, then who is going to be cleaning your toilet, Donald Trump?" Her comments were in response to then-Republican Party presidential candidate Donald Trump's stance on illegal Mexican immigration. Co-host Rosie Perez quickly interjected by stating: "There's more jobs than that in the country for Latinos, and Latinos are not the only people who clean toilets." Osbourne then attempted to explain herself by stating "I didn't mean it like that." Osbourne's comments led to the Twitter hashtag #QueridaKellyOsbourne (Dear Kelly Osbourne). Hours after her appearance on the show, she released a clarification on Facebook. Perez apologised for misconstruing her statement. Her comments came almost six months after her decision to leave "Fashion Police", which was allegedly due to a racially insensitive comment made by Giuliana Rancic.


title: Unification of Germany

text: The unification of Germany (, ) was the process of building the modern German nation state with federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany (one without Austria), which commenced on 18 August 1866 with adoption of the North German Confederation Treaty establishing the North German Confederation, initially a Prussian-dominated military alliance which was subsequently deepened through adoption of the North German Constitution. The process symbolically concluded with the ceremonial proclamation of the German Empire on 18 January 1871 celebrated later as the customary date of the German Empire's foundation, although the legally meaningful events relevant to the accomplishment of unification occured on 1 January 1871 (accession of South German states and constitutional adoption of the name German Empire), 4 May 1871 (entry into force of the permanent Constitution of the German Empire) and 10 May 1871 (recognition of the Empire by France in the Treaty of Frankfurt).


title: Unification of Germany

text: Despite the legal, administrative, and political disruption caused by the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German-speaking people of the old Empire had a common linguistic, cultural, and legal tradition. European liberalism offered an intellectual basis for unification by challenging dynastic and absolutist models of social and political organization; its German manifestation emphasized the importance of tradition, education, and linguistic unity. Economically, the creation of the Prussian (customs union) in 1818, and its subsequent expansion to include other states of the German Confederation, reduced competition between and within states. Emerging modes of transportation facilitated business and recreational travel, leading to contact and sometimes conflict between and among German-speakers from throughout Central Europe. The model of diplomatic spheres of influence resulting from the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15 after the Napoleonic Wars endorsed Austrian dominance in Central Europe through Habsburg leadership of the German Confederation, designed to replace the Holy Roman Empire. The negotiators at Vienna took no account of Prussia's growing strength within and declined to create a second coalition of the German states under Prussia's influence, and so failed to foresee that Prussia would rise to challenge Austria for leadership of the German peoples. This German dualism presented two solutions to the problem of unification: , the small Germany solution (Germany without Austria), or , the greater Germany solution (Germany with Austria), ultimately settled in favor of the former solution in the Peace of Prague.


title: Unification of Germany

text: Historians debate whether Otto von Bismarck—Minister President of Prussia—had a master plan to expand the North German Confederation of 1866 to include the remaining independent German states into a single entity or simply to expand the power of the Kingdom of Prussia. They conclude that factors in addition to the strength of Bismarck's led a collection of early modern polities to reorganize political, economic, military, and diplomatic relationships in the 19th century. Reaction to Danish and French nationalism provided foci for expressions of German unity. Military successes—especially those of Prussia—in three regional wars generated enthusiasm and pride that politicians could harness to promote unification. This experience echoed the memory of mutual accomplishment in the Napoleonic Wars, particularly in the War of Liberation of 1813–14. By establishing a Germany without Austria, the political and administrative unification in 1871 at least temporarily solved the problem of dualism.


title: Unification of Germany

text: Despite undergoing in the later years several further changes of its name and borders, overhauls of its constitutional system, periods of limited sovereignity and interrupted unity of its territory or government, and despite dissolution of its dominant founding federated state, the polity resulting from the unification process continues its existence, surviving until today in its contemporary form known as the Federal Republic of Germany.


title: Unification of Germany

text: A confederated realm of German princedoms, along with some adjacent lands, had been in existence for over a thousand years, dating to the Treaty of Verdun in 843. However, there was no German national identity in development as late as 1800, mainly due to the autonomous nature of the princely states; most inhabitants of the Holy Roman Empire, outside of those ruled by the emperor directly, identified themselves mainly with their prince, and not with the Empire as a whole. Prior to the Napoleonic Wars, German-speaking Central Europe included more than 300 political entities, most of which were part of the Holy Roman Empire or the extensive Habsburg hereditary dominions. This became known as the practice of , or "small-statery". By the 19th century, transportation and communications improvements brought these regions closer together. They ranged in size from the small and complex territories of the princely Hohenlohe family branches to sizable, well-defined territories such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Prussia. Their governance varied: they included free imperial cities, also of different sizes, such as the powerful Augsburg and the minuscule Weil der Stadt; ecclesiastical territories, also of varying sizes and influence, such as the wealthy Abbey of Reichenau and the powerful Archbishopric of Cologne; and dynastic states such as Württemberg. These lands (or parts of them—both the Habsburg domains and Hohenzollern Prussia also included territories outside the Empire structures) made up the territory of the Holy Roman Empire, which at times included more than 1,000 entities. Since the 15th century, with few exceptions, the Empire's Prince-electors had chosen successive heads of the House of Habsburg to hold the title of Holy Roman Emperor. Among the German-speaking states, the Holy Roman Empire's administrative and legal mechanisms provided a venue to resolve disputes between peasants and landlords, between jurisdictions, and within jurisdictions. Through the organization of imperial circles ("Reichskreise"), groups of states consolidated resources and promoted regional and organizational interests, including economic cooperation and military protection.


title: Unification of Germany

text: Invasion of the HRR by the First French Empire in the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802) resulted in the defeat of the HRR and allied forces by Napoleon Bonaparte. The treaties of Lunéville (1801) and the Mediatization of 1803 secularized the ecclesiastical principalities and abolished most free imperial cities and these territories along with their inhabitants were absorbed by dynastic states. This transfer particularly enhanced the territories of Württemberg and Baden. In 1806, after a successful invasion of Prussia and the defeat of Prussia at the joint battles of Jena-Auerstedt 1806 during the War of the Third Coalition, Napoleon dictated the Treaty of Pressburg which included dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the abdication of Emperor Francis II. Napoleon established instead a German French-vassal state known as the Confederation of the Rhine which collapsed in 1813. and presided over the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine, which, "inter alia", provided for the mediatization of over a hundred petty princes and counts and the absorption of their territories, as well as those of hundreds of imperial knights, by the Confederation's member-states. Following the formal secession of these member-states from the Empire, the Emperor dissolved the Holy Roman Empire. Under the hegemony of the French Empire (1804–1814), popular German nationalism thrived in the reorganized German states. Due in part to the shared experience, albeit under French dominance, various justifications emerged to identify "Germany" as a single state. For the German philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte,


title: Unification of Germany

text: The first, original, and truly natural boundaries of states are beyond doubt their internal boundaries. Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself, long before any human art begins; they understand each other and have the power of continuing to make themselves understood more and more clearly; they belong together and are by nature one and an inseparable whole.


title: Unification of Germany

text: A common language may have been seen to serve as the basis of a nation, but as contemporary historians of 19th-century Germany noted, it took more than linguistic similarity to unify these several hundred polities. The experience of German-speaking Central Europe during the years of French hegemony contributed to a sense of common cause to remove the French invaders and reassert control over their own lands. The exigencies of Napoleon's campaigns in Poland (1806–07), the Iberian Peninsula, western Germany, and his disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 disillusioned many Germans, princes and peasants alike. Napoleon's Continental System nearly ruined the Central European economy. The invasion of Russia included nearly 125,000 troops from German lands, and the loss of that army encouraged many Germans, both high- and low-born, to envision a Central Europe free of Napoleon's influence. The creation of student militias such as the Lützow Free Corps exemplified this tendency.


title: Unification of Germany

text: The debacle in Russia loosened the French grip on the German princes. In 1813, Napoleon mounted a campaign in the German states to bring them back into the French orbit; the subsequent War of Liberation culminated in the great Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of Nations. In October 1813, more than 500,000 combatants engaged in ferocious fighting over three days, making it the largest European land battle of the 19th century. The engagement resulted in a decisive victory for the Coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Saxony, and Sweden, and it ended French power east of the Rhine. Success encouraged the Coalition forces to pursue Napoleon across the Rhine; his army and his government collapsed, and the victorious Coalition incarcerated Napoleon on Elba. During the brief Napoleonic restoration known as the 100 Days of 1815, forces of the Seventh Coalition, including an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blücher, were victorious at Waterloo (18 June 1815). The critical role played by Blücher's troops, especially after having to retreat from the field at Ligny the day before, helped to turn the tide of combat against the French. The Prussian cavalry pursued the defeated French in the evening of 18 June, sealing the allied victory. From the German perspective, the actions of Blücher's troops at Waterloo, and the combined efforts at Leipzig, offered a rallying point of pride and enthusiasm. This interpretation became a key building block of the "Borussian" myth expounded by the pro-Prussian nationalist historians later in the 19th century.


title: Unification of Germany

text: After Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna established a new European political-diplomatic system based on the balance of power. This system reorganized Europe into spheres of influence, which, in some cases, suppressed the aspirations of the various nationalities, including the Germans and Italians.


title: Unification of Germany

text: Generally, an enlarged Prussia and the 38 other states consolidated from the mediatized territories of 1803 were confederated within the Austrian Empire's sphere of influence. The Congress established a loose German Confederation (1815–1866), headed by Austria, with a "Federal Diet" (called the "Bundestag" or "Bundesversammlung", an assembly of appointed leaders) that met in the city of Frankfurt am Main. Its borders resembled those of its predecessor, the Holy Roman Empire (though there were some deviations e.g. Prussian territory in the Confederation was extended to include also the formerly Polish territories of the Lauenburg and Bütow Land and the former Starostwo of Draheim, while Austrian part was extended to include in the years 1818-1850 also the formerly Polish territories of the Duchy of Oświęcim and the Duchy of Zator), meaning that large portions of both Prussia and Austria were left outside pIn recognition of the imperial position traditionally held by the Habsburgs, the emperors of Austria became the titular presidents of this parliament. Problematically, the built-in Austrian dominance failed to take into account Prussia's 18th-century emergence in Imperial politics. Ever since the Prince-Elector of Brandenburg had made himself King in Prussia at the beginning of that century, their domains had steadily increased through inheritance and war. Prussia's consolidated strength had become especially apparent during the Partitions of Poland, the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War under Frederick the Great. As Maria Theresa and Joseph tried to restore Habsburg hegemony in the Holy Roman Empire, Frederick countered with the creation of the "Fürstenbund" (Union of Princes) in 1785. Austrian-Prussian dualism lay firmly rooted in old Imperial politics. Those balance of power manoeuvers were epitomized by the War of the Bavarian Succession, or "Potato War" among common folk. Even after the end of the Holy Roman Empire, this competition influenced the growth and development of nationalist movements in the 19th century.


title: Unification of Germany

text: Despite the nomenclature of "Diet" (Assembly or Parliament), this institution should in no way be construed as a broadly, or popularly, elected group of representatives. Many of the states did not have constitutions, and those that did, such as the Duchy of Baden, based suffrage on strict property requirements which effectively limited suffrage to a small portion of the male population. Furthermore, this impractical solution did not reflect the new status of Prussia in the overall scheme. Although the Prussian army had been dramatically defeated in the 1806 Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, it had made a spectacular comeback at Waterloo. Consequently, Prussian leaders expected to play a pivotal role in German politics.


title: Unification of Germany

text: The surge of German nationalism, stimulated by the experience of Germans in the Napoleonic period and initially allied with liberalism, shifted political, social, and cultural relationships within the German states. In this context, one can detect its roots in the experience of Germans in the Napoleonic period. The "Burschenschaft" student organizations and popular demonstrations, such as those held at Wartburg Castle in October 1817, contributed to a growing sense of unity among German speakers of Central Europe. Furthermore, implicit and sometimes explicit promises made during the German Campaign of 1813 engendered an expectation of popular sovereignty and widespread participation in the political process, promises that largely went unfulfilled once peace had been achieved. Agitation by student organizations led such conservative leaders as Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich, to fear the rise of national sentiment; the assassination of German dramatist August von Kotzebue in March 1819 by a radical student seeking unification was followed on 20 September 1819 by the proclamation of the Carlsbad Decrees, which hampered intellectual leadership of the nationalist movement.