title: Hookah

text: As a result of suction through the hose, a vacuum is created in the headspace of the water bowl sufficient to overcome the small static head of the water above the inlet pipe, causing the smoke to bubble into the bowl. At the same time, air is drawn over and heated by the coals. It then passes through the tobacco mixture where due to hot air convection and thermal conduction from the coal, the mainstream aerosol is produced. The vapor is passed down through the body tube that extends into the water in the jar. It bubbles up through the water, losing heat, and fills the top part of the jar, to which the hose is attached. When a user inhales from the hose, smoke passes into the lungs, and the change in pressure in the jar pulls more air through the charcoal, continuing the process.


title: Hookah

text: Vapour that has collected in the bowl above the waterline may be exhausted through a purge valve, if present. This one-way valve is opened by the positive pressure created from gently blowing into the hose.


title: Hookah

text: Tobacco smoke contains toxic chemicals, including carcinogens (chemicals that cause cancer). Water does not filter out many of these chemicals. The toxic chemicals come from the burning of the charcoal, tobacco, and flavorings. These chemicals can lead to cancer, heart disease, lung disease, and other health problems. The toxic chemicals include tobacco-specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; e.g., benzo[a]pyrene and anthracene), volatile aldehydes (e.g. formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein), benzene, nitric oxide, heavy metals (arsenic, chromium, lead), and carbon monoxide (CO). Hookah smoking also increases the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) in a person's body to eight times their normal level. Compared to smoking one cigarette, a single hookah session exposes users to more carbon monoxide and PAHs, similar levels of nicotine, and lower levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines. By inhaling these chemicals, hookah smokers are at increased risk of many of the same health problems as cigarette smokers.


title: Hookah

text: When people share a hookah, there is a risk of spreading infectious diseases such as oral herpes, tuberculosis, hepatitis, influenza, and "H. pylori". Using personal disposable mouthpieces may reduce this risk, but does not eliminate it.


title: Hookah

text: Hookah smokers inhale nicotine, which is an addictive chemical. A typical hookah smoking session delivers 1.7 times the nicotine dose of one cigarette and the nicotine absorption rate in daily waterpipe users is equivalent to smoking 10 cigarettes per day. Many hookah smokers, especially frequent users, have urges to smoke and show other withdrawal symptoms after not smoking for some time, and it can be difficult to quit. People who become addicted to hookah may be more likely to smoke alone. Hookah smokers who are addicted may find it easier to quit if they have help from a quit-smoking counseling program.


title: Hookah

text: Carbon monoxide (CO) in hookah smoke binds to hemoglobin in the blood to form carboxyhemoglobin, which reduces the amount of oxygen that can be transported to organs including the brain. There are several case reports in the medical literature of hookah smokers needing treatment in hospital emergency rooms for symptoms of CO poisoning including headache, nausea, lethargy, and fainting. This is sometimes called "hookah sickness". Hookah smoking can damage the cardiovascular system in several ways. Its use elevates heart rate and blood pressure. It also impairs baroreflex control (which helps to control blood pressure) and cardiac autonomic functioning (which has many purposes, including control of heart rate) Hookah use also acutely harms vascular functioning, increases inflammation, and harms lung function and reduces the ability to exercise.


title: Hookah

text: Current evidence indicates hookah causes numerous health problems. Hookah smoking is associated with increased risk of several cancers (lung, esophageal, and gastric), pulmonary diseases (impaired pulmonary function, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema), coronary artery disease, periodontal disease, obstetrical and perinatal problems (low birth weight and pulmonary problems at birth), larynx and voice changes, and osteoporosis. Many of the studies to date have methodological limitations, such as not measuring hookah use in a standardized way. Larger, longitudinal studies are needed to learn more about the long-term health effects of hookah use and of exposure to hookah smoke.


title: Hookah

text: Second-hand smoke from hookahs contains significant amounts of carbon monoxide, aldehydes, PAHs, ultrafine particles, and respirable particulate matter (particles small enough to enter the lungs). Studies have found that concentrations of particulate matter in the air of hookah bars were in the unhealthy to hazardous range according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards. The air in hookah bars also contains significant amounts of toxic chemicals including: aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nicotine, and trace metals. The concentrations in the air of all these toxic substances are greater than for cigarettes (for the same number of smokers per hour). During a typical one-hour hookah session, a user expels into the air 2-10 times the amount of cancer-causing chemicals and other harmful chemicals compared to a cigarette smoker. No studies have examined the long-term health effects of exposure to secondhand hookah smoke, but short term effects may include experience respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, nasal congestion, and chronic cough.


title: German Air Force

text: The German Air Force (, ) is the aerial warfare branch of the , the armed forces of Germany. The German Air Force (as part of the "Bundeswehr") was founded in 1956 during the era of the Cold War as the aerial warfare branch of the armed forces of then West Germany. After the reunification of West and East Germany in 1990, it integrated parts of the air force of the former German Democratic Republic, which itself had been founded in 1956 as part of the National People's Army. There is no organizational continuity between the current German Air Force and the former Luftwaffe of the Wehrmacht founded in 1935, which was completely disbanded in 1945/46 after World War II. The term that is used for both the historic and the current German air force is the German-language generic designation of any air force.


title: German Air Force

text: The commander of the German Air Force is Lieutenant General Ingo Gerhartz. As of 2015, the German Air Force uses eleven air bases, two of which host no flying units. Furthermore, the Air Force has a presence at three civil airports. In 2012, the German Air Force had an authorized strength of 28,475 active airmen and 4,914 reservists.


title: German Air Force

text: After World War II, German aviation was severely curtailed, and military aviation was completely forbidden after the Allied Control Commission disbanded the Nazi-era in August 1946. This changed in 1955 when West Germany joined NATO, as the Western Allies believed that Germany was needed to counter the increasing military threat posed by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies. Therefore, on 9 January 1956, a new German Air Force called was founded as a branch of the new .


title: German Air Force

text: Many well-known fighter pilots of the 's joined the new post-war air force and underwent refresher training in the US before returning to West Germany to upgrade on the latest U.S.-supplied hardware. These included Erich Hartmann, Gerhard Barkhorn, Günther Rall and Johannes Steinhoff. Steinhoff became commander-in-chief of the , with Rall as his immediate successor. Another pilot of World War II, Josef Kammhuber, also made a significant career in the post-war , retiring in 1962 as Chief Inspector of the Air Force ().


title: German Air Force

text: Despite the partial reliance of the new air force on airmen who had served in the 's air arm, there was no organizational continuity between the old and the new . This is in line with the policy of the on the whole, which does not consider itself a successor of the and does not follow the traditions of any other previous German military organization.


title: German Air Force

text: The first volunteers of the arrived at the Nörvenich Air Base in January 1956. In the same year, the was provided with its first aircraft, the US-made Republic F-84 Thunderstreak. At first, the was divided into two operational commands, one in Northern Germany, aligned with the British-led Second Allied Tactical Air Force, and the other in Southern Germany, aligned with the American-led Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force.


title: German Air Force

text: In 1957, the took command of the Army Air Defence Troops located in Rendsburg and began the expansion of its own air defence missile capabilities. The first squadron to be declared operational was the Air Transport Wing 61 at Erding Air Base, followed by the 31st Fighter-Bomber Squadron at Büchel Air Base. In 1958, the received its first conscripts. In 1959, the declared the 11th Missile Group in Kaufbeuren armed with MGM-1 Matador surface-to-surface tactical nuclear cruise missiles operational. The same year Fighter Wing 71 () equipped with Canadair CL-13 fighters became operational at Ahlhorner Heide Air Base. All aircraft sported—and continue to sport—the Iron Cross on the fuselage, harking back to the pre-March 1918 days of World War I, while the national flag of West Germany is displayed on the tail.


title: German Air Force

text: In 1963, the saw its first major reorganization. The two operational Air Force Group Commands – Command North and Command South were both split into two mixed Air Force divisions containing flying and air defence units and one Support division. Additionally, a 7th Air Force division was raised in Schleswig-Holstein containing flying units, missile units, support units and the German Navy's naval aviation and placed under command of Allied Forces Baltic Approaches.


title: German Air Force

text: In 1960, the received its first Lockheed F-104 Starfighter jets. The Starfighter remained in service for the entire duration of the Cold War, with the last being taken out of service in 1991. The received 916 Starfighters, 292 of which crashed, resulting in the deaths of 116 pilots. The disastrous service record of the Starfighter led to the Starfighter crisis in 1966 as a reaction to 27 Starfighter crashes with 17 casualties in 1965 alone. The West German public referred to the Starfighter as the (widow-maker), (flying coffin), (falling fighter) and (tent peg, literally "ground nail").


title: German Air Force

text: On 25 August 1966, the German Defence Minister Kai-Uwe von Hassel relieved the Chief Inspector of the Air Force "Generalleutnant" Werner Panitzki, and transferred Colonel Erich Hartmann, commanding officer of the 71st Fighter Squadron, as both had publicly criticized the acquisition of the Starfighter as a "purely political decision". On 2 September 1966, Johannes Steinhoff, with Günther Rall as deputy, became the new Chief Inspector of the Air Force. Steinhoff and his deputy Günther Rall noted that the non-German F-104s proved much safer. The Americans blamed the high loss rate of the F-104s on the extreme low-level and aggressive flying of German pilots rather than any faults in the aircraft. Steinhoff and Rall went to America to learn to fly the Starfighter under Lockheed instruction and noted some specifics in the training (a lack of mountain and foggy-weather training), combined with handling capabilities (rapidly initiated, high G turns) of the aircraft that could cause accidents. Steinhoff and Rall therefore changed the training regimen for the F-104 pilots, and the accident rates fell to those comparable or better than other air forces. They also brought about the high level of training and professionalism seen today throughout the , and the start of a strategic direction for pilots to engage in tactical and combat training outside of Germany. However, the F-104 never lived down its reputation as a "widow-maker", and was replaced by the with the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fighter and the Panavia Tornado fighter-bomber in many units much earlier than in other national air forces.


title: German Air Force

text: On Steinhoff's initiative, the opened the German Air Force Command USA/Canada () in Fort Bliss, where the trained its missile and air defence troops, and pilots received their basic training. At the same time, the opened a Tactical Training Command in Beja, Portugal, where pilots were trained in Close Air Support missions.


title: German Air Force

text: Between 1967 and 1970, the undertook a major reorganization of its forces. The two operational commands were disbanded and the four mixed Air Force divisions were divided into two flying divisions and two air defence divisions. The remainder of the units were divided into functional commands:


title: German Air Force

text: Over the next decade, the received large amounts of new equipment, including in 1968 the first C-160 Transall transport planes, in 1974 the F-4 Phantom II fighter-bombers, in 1978 the first Alpha Jet Version A light attack jets and in 1979 the first of 212 Panavia Tornado fighters.


title: German Air Force

text: In 1986, the air defense forces began to replace their Nike Hercules missile systems with state of the art surface-to-air missile systems: first to arrive was the MIM-104 Patriot system, followed one year later by Roland short range missile system.


title: German Air Force

text: Germany is participating in NATO's nuclear sharing concept. Nuclear sharing is a concept that involves member countries without nuclear weapons of their own in the planning for the use of nuclear weapons by NATO, and in particular provides for the armed forces of these countries to be involved in delivering these weapons in the event of their use.


title: German Air Force

text: Soon after its founding, the German Air Force began to train with the US Seventeenth Air Force in handling, arming and delivering nuclear weapons. At first, the F-104 Starfighter was intended to be used solely as a nuclear delivery platform, armed with nuclear air-to-air and air-to-surface missiles, as well as nuclear bombs. The Tornado was the second air force plane fielded that was capable of delivering nuclear ammunition, although it was limited to delivering B61 nuclear bombs.


title: German Air Force

text: From 1965 through 1970, Missile Wings 1 and 2 fielded 16 Pershing 1 missile systems with nuclear warheads under U.S. Army custody. In 1970, the system was upgraded to Pershing 1a with 72 missiles. Although not directly affected by the 1988 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, the unilaterally removed the Pershing 1a missiles from its inventory in 1991, and the missiles were destroyed. At the end of the Cold War, more than 100,000 soldiers served in the .


title: German Air Force

text: The United States still lends nuclear weapons for hypothetical use by the under the nuclear sharing agreement. In 2007, 22 B61 nuclear bombs were still kept in Germany, stored at the Büchel Air Base for use with Tornado IDS fighter-bombers of the Tactical Air Force Wing 33. The American nuclear weapons formerly stored at Nörvenich Air Base, Ramstein Air Base and Memmingen Air Base were all withdrawn from Germany during the mid-and-late-1990s.


title: German Air Force

text: By international treaties between Germany and the "Big Four" powers in Europe (that formerly occupied Germany), East Germany is a nuclear-free zone. The Big Four powers are the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, and France, and with the latter three having no nuclear weapons in Germany anymore.


title: German Air Force

text: After German reunification in October 1990, the aircraft and personnel of the former GDR air force, the were taken. The remnants of the East German Air Force were placed under the newly formed 5th Air Force Division () in Strausberg. In 1993, the division was renamed 3rd Air Force Division (), moved to Gatow in Berlin and in 1995 assigned to NATO. By 1990, the East German plane markings had been replaced by the Air Force Iron Cross, the first time Soviet-built aircraft had served in a NATO air force. However, as the "Luftstreitkräfte der NVA" were supplied exclusively with Eastern Bloc-produced aircraft, such as the Sukhoi Su-17, MiG-21, MiG-23 and MiG-29 fighters, most of the equipment was not compatible with the West German NATO equipment and therefore taken out of service and sold or given to new members of NATO in Eastern Europe, such as Poland and the Baltic states.


title: German Air Force

text: An exception to this was the Fighter Wing 3 "Vladimir Komarov " () in Preschen Air Base. The Fighter Wing 3 flew brand new MiG-29 fighters. On 1 June 1993, the wing was renamed Fighter Wing 73 () and on 1 October 1994 completed its move to its new home at Laage Air Base. The pilots of JG 73 were some of the most experienced MiG-29 pilots in the world. One of their primary duties was to serve as aggressor pilots, training other pilots in dissimilar combat tactics. The United States sent a group of fighter pilots to Germany during the "Red October" exercise to practice tactics against the aircraft they were most likely to meet in real combat. The MiG-29s of JG 73 were fully integrated into the 's air defence structure and the first Soviet Bloc aircraft to be declared operational within NATO. With the introduction of the Eurofighter Typhoon imminent, the decision was taken to withdraw the MiG-29. All German MiG-29s, save one, were sold to Poland for the symbolic price of €1 apiece. On 9 August 2004, the last MiG-29s landed in Poland where they continue to serve in the 41st Tactical Squadron of the Polish Air Force.


title: German Air Force

text: The experienced combat action for first time since World War II during September 1995 in the course of Operation Deliberate Force, when six IDS Tornado fighter-bombers, equipped with forward looking infrared devices, and escorted by eight ECR Tornados, supported NATO's artillery missions on positions of the Bosnian Serbs around Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herzegovina.


title: German Air Force

text: In March 1999, the became involved in direct combat role as part of the Kosovo War along with the other NATO powers. This event was noted as significant in the British press with "The Sun" running the headline " and the RAF into battle side by side". The sent in Fighter Bomber Wing 32, equipped with ECR Tornados, which flew missions to suppress enemy air defences in and around Kosovo.


title: German Air Force

text: These fighter-bombers were equipped with an electronic countermeasures pod, one AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missile for self-defence, and an AGM-88 HARM air-to-ground missile (anti-radar). The bomber wing flew 2108 hours and 446 sorties, firing 236 HARM missiles at hostile targets. No manned planes were lost in combat during this campaign.


title: German Air Force

text: In 2005 and 2008, F-4F "Phantom II" fighter planes took part in the Baltic Air Policing operation (of NATO), and these fighters were supplemented in 2009 by units flying the "Typhoon".


title: German Air Force

text: In 2006, to support military operations in Afghanistan, the sent over several Panavia Tornado reconnaissance planes from the 51st Reconnaissance Wing "Immelmann" (), stationed in Mazar-i-Sharif, Northern Afghanistan.


title: German Air Force

text: There have also been assorted German Army helicopters flying from the Air Base in Mazar-i-Sharif. Also, C-160 Transall have flown transport plane missions in and around Afghanistan.


title: German Air Force

text: Since the 1970s, the West German (and, post reunification, German) (as well as many other European air forces) has actively pursued the construction of European internationally made warplanes, such as the Panavia Tornado and the Eurofighter Typhoon introduced into the in 2006.


title: German Air Force

text: On 13 January 2004, the Minister of Defence, Peter Struck, announced major changes in the future of the German armed forces. A major part of this announcement was a plan to cut the number of fighter planes from 426 in early 2004, to 265 by 2015. Assuming that the plans to order 180 Typhoons is carried out in full, and all of the F-4 Phantoms are removed from service, this would cut the number of Tornado fighter-bombers down to just 85.


title: German Air Force

text: In the past, the Bundesmarine's naval air wing () received 112 Tornado IDS planes. However, during late 2004, the last unit of Bundesmarine Tornados was disbanded. The entire maritime combat role was assigned to the , one unit of which has had its Tornado fighters equipped to carry Kormoran II missiles and American HARM missiles.


title: German Air Force

text: As of 2014, a significant proportion of Germany's military aircraft was reported to be unserviceable. It was reported that around half of the Eurofighters and Tornados were not currently airworthy, and that the aging C-160 fleet remained in limited service while awaiting the introduction of the Airbus A400M, the first of which was delivered in December 2014. Ursula von der Leyen admitted that, due to the poor state of the 's equipment, Germany was no longer able to fulfill its NATO commitments.


title: German Air Force

text: The German Air Force was one of the founding members of the European Air Transport Command headquartered in Eindhoven - The Netherlands and most of the Transport & Tanker assets have been transferred under EATC management. Replacement of four Airbus A310 MRTT by the Airbus A330 MRTT was approved in 2018 by joining the acquisition of four by the Royal Netherlands Air Force.


title: German Air Force

text: Future plans are the replacement of the ageing Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion, which were acquired in the 1970s, by Boeing CH-47 Chinook or Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion. Bid for heavy transport helicopter program or STH () is initiated in 2018. However, the award was suspended in 2020 due to high price tag on both helicopter.


title: German Air Force

text: The participated in the Israeli Air Force exercise "Blue Flag", the country's largest international air combat exercise, designed to simulate extreme combat scenarios. The German Air Force's six Eurofighter Typhoon fighter jets were from Tactical Air Force Squadron 73 Steinhoff from Rostock. It is the first German participation in the Blue Flag exercise.


title: German Air Force

text: In 2018, the Air Force issued a request for information from manufacturers about four potential aircraft to replace the aging Panavia Tornados - the Eurofighter Typhoon, F-15 Advanced Eagle, F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and F-35 Lightning. In January 2019, it was announced that the F-35 Lightning had been dropped from the shortlist, with the Eurofighter Typhoon and Boeing F/A-18 Super Hornet under consideration.


title: German Air Force

text: The German Air Force will acquire three C-130J Super Hercules Transport and three KC-130J Tanker Aircraft (delivery planned 2020–2021), which will be jointly operated with the French Air Force's two C-130J and two KC-130J Aircraft (delivery planned 2018–2019).


title: German Air Force

text: In April 2020, the German government announced its intention to gain approval for the purchase of 30 Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, 15 EA-18G Growlers and 55 Eurofighter Typhoons as replacements for the Tornado fleet. However, as of the same month such approval was unlikely to occur before 2022. The Super Hornet was selected due to its compatibility with nuclear weapons and availability of an electronic attack version. As of March 2022, the Super Hornet is not certified for the B61 Mod 12 nuclear bombs, but Dan Gillian, head of Boeing's Super Hornet program, previously stated that "We certainly think that we, working with the U.S. government, can meet the German requirements there on the [German's] timeline."


title: German Air Force

text: In December 2021, Air Transport Wing 63 in Hohn Air Base and with it the last remaining German C-160 Transalls were disbanded, with the A400M and C-130J serving as the German tactical transport aircraft in the future.


title: German Air Force

text: In March 2022, German Minister of Defence Christine Lambrecht announced that Germany intends to buy 35 Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II fighter jets instead of Super Hornets to replace the Tornado, the only aircraft Germany possess capable of carrying US nuclear weapons. Germany intends to also order 15 Eurofighter Typhoon electronic warfare aircraft in place of Growlers.


title: German Air Force

text: In April 2022, as continuation of STH program, Germany has chosen the CH-47F Chinook to replace its ageing fleet of Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion. According Reuters report, Germany will purchase 60 CH-47Fs with contract worth around ().


title: German Air Force

text: In August 2022, Germany sent six Eurofighter Typhoon fighter jets, three Airbus A330 MRTT tankers and four Airbus A400M Atlas transports to take part in Exercise Pitch Black in Australia, in the air force's largest peacetime deployment.


title: German Air Force

text: The current commander of the German Air Force is Lieutenant General Ingo Gerhartz. The Inspector of the Air Force () is the commander of Air Force Command (), a body created in 2013 by the merger of the Air Force Office (), German Air Staff (), and Air Force Forces Command (). Similar to the Air Staff of the United States Air Force, the German Air Force Command is a force providing command, not an operational command. The Air Force Command is tasked with ensuring the combat readiness of the German Air Force combat units, which during operations would either be commanded by a NATO command or the Joint Operations Command of the . The Air Force command directly controls three higher commands.


title: German Air Force

text: The creation of the Air Force Command was part of a reorganization of the as a whole, announced by Thomas de Maizière in 2011, which also involved the Air Force shrinking to 23,000 soldiers and thus undergoing major restructuring at all levels. In addition to the higher command authorities, the three air divisions, the Air Force Training Command, and Air Force Weapon Systems Command, were disbanded. The three surface-to-air missile units will merge into a single wing in Husum in Northern Germany. The wing fields 14 MIM-104 Patriot and 4 MANTIS systems. The three air transport wings will be merged into a single wing based at Wunstorf Air Base, which will field 40 A400M Atlas transport planes. The will field three Multirole Eurofighter Wings, each with two squadrons for a total of 143 Eurofighter Typhoon. A fighter-bomber wing fielding Panavia Tornado IDS planes remains in service at Büchel Air Base. The Reconnaissance Wing 51 will remain in service at Schleswig Air Base and add one drone squadron to its Panavia Tornado ECR squadron.


title: German Air Force

text: Individual Air Force units are either part of the Air Force Operational Forces Command or the Support Forces Command. They only fall under the command of the Air Operations Command when on deployment or attached to EU or NATO organizations.


title: German Air Force

text: In light of the destroyed infrastructure of West Germany post–World War II, the restrictions on aircraft production placed on Germany and the later restrictive flying zones available for training pilots, the reconstructed trained most of its pilots tactically away from Germany, mainly in the United States and Canada where most of its aircraft were sourced.


title: German Air Force

text: During the 1960s and 1970s, a very large number of jet crashes—the suffered a 36 percent crash rate for F-84F Thunderstreaks and an almost 30 percent loss of F-104 Starfighters—created considerable public demand for moving combat training centers away from Germany.


title: German Air Force

text: As a result, the set up two tactical training centres: one, like those of many of the NATO forces, at the Royal Canadian Air Force base at Goose Bay; and the second in a unique partnership with the United States Air Force at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico (F-104 pilots had already been trained at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, since 1964). Both facilities provide access to large unpopulated areas, where tactical and combat training can take place without danger to large populations.


title: German Air Force

text: On 1 May 1996, the established the German Air Force Tactical Training Center (TTC) in concert with the United States Air Force 20th Fighter Squadron at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico, which provides aircrew training in the F-4F Phantom II. The TTC serves as the parent command for two German air crew training squadrons. The F-4 Training Squadron oversees all German F-4 student personnel affairs and provides German instructor pilots to cooperate in the contracted F-4 training program provided by the U.S. Air Force (20th Fighter Squadron). A second TTC unit, the Tornado Training Squadron, provides academic and tactical flying training, by German air force instructors, for German Tornado aircrews.


title: German Air Force

text: The first contingent of Tornado aircraft arrived at Holloman in March 1996. More than 300 German air force personnel are permanently assigned at Holloman to the TTC, the only unit of its kind in the United States. The German Air Force Flying Training Center activated on 31 March 1996, with German Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Portz and U.S. Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Michael Ryan present. The has since stationed up to 800 personnel at Holloman for training exercises, due to limited training space in Europe.


title: German Air Force

text: In September 2004, the announced a reduction in its training program by about 20%. By the end of 2006, 650 personnel and 25 Tornado aircraft were assigned to Holloman.


title: German Air Force

text: In 2020, the Air Force uses 12 air bases, four of which host no flying units. In the future, Lechfeld Air Base will become home to a second A400M wing of the German Air Force. This was planned to be a German-led multinational wing for NATO partners, but was canceled in March 2022 due to little interest and cost. Furthermore, the Air Force has a presence at three civilian airports incl. the Airport Berlin Tegel which has been closed in November 2020:


title: German Air Force

text: In 2012, the Air Force had an authorized strength of 44,565 active airmen/women and 4,914 reservists. The civil personnel within the Air Force is being reduced to 5,950 officials and employees. Most of the civilian employees work in maintenance and the Air Force Fire Department. On 20 September 2011 defense minister Thomas de Maizière announced that the Air Force would shrink to 23,000 airmen/women.


title: German Air Force

text: The has set up a total of 5 training institutions, namely the , , , and , for training catering both personnel in active service and civilians willing to enter the .


title: German Air Force

text: Originally German Air Force aircraft carried an Iron Cross — appearing to be closely modeled on that used by the 1916-17 era Imperial German through the spring of 1918, but no longer having the white border around the crosses' "ends" (thusly resembling the orthogonal white "flanks" of the earlier, 1918-1945 era national marking) — as an identifying feature on all four wing positions and on both sides on the rear of the fuselage and a small tricolor German flag painted on the vertical stabilizer. Each aircraft also carried a serial number consisting of 2 letters, which identified the service and combat wing, followed by three numbers identifying the squadron and the number of the plane within the squadron, almost graphically resembling the USAF's own buzz numbers of the same period.


title: German Air Force

text: This system was changed in 1968. The large Iron Cross and serial numbers have since been replaced on all aircraft by a four number registration code, appearing somewhat in the manner of the earlier alphanumeric combat wing code characters used by their World War II predecessor — separated by an Iron Cross in the middle: the first two numbers identify the type of aircraft and the second two numbers are a sequential for each type. When writing the registration number the Iron Cross is written as a "+". I.e. the Tornado IDS of the Air Force are numbered from 43+01 to 46+22, while the Tornado ECR of the Air Force are numbered from 46+23 to 46+57. The numbers from 30+01 to 33+99 are being used for the Eurofighter.


title: German Air Force

text: The ranks of the Air Force are identical to the ranks of the German Army. The Air Force field dress is the same as the army field dress. The dress uniform of the Air Force is dark blue with gold-yellow wings as collar patches. As headdress a dark blue side cap or dark blue peaked cap can be worn. Members of the German Air Force Regiment wear a dark blue beret.


title: German Air Force

text: NOTE: Germany is participating in the MRTT program for their aerial refueling needs, along with contracting NHV to provide H145 rotorcraft training


title: German Air Force

text: Hundreds of books, magazines and articles have been written about the Luftwaffe. A select few are listed here.


title: John Landis

text: John David Landis (born August 3, 1950) is an American comedy and fantasy filmmaker and actor. He is best known for the comedy films that he has directed – such as "The Kentucky Fried Movie" (1977), "National Lampoon's Animal House" (1978), "The Blues Brothers" (1980), "An American Werewolf in London" (1981), "Trading Places" (1983), "Three Amigos" (1986), "Coming to America" (1988) and "Beverly Hills Cop III" (1994), for directing Michael Jackson's music videos for "Thriller" (1983) and "Black or White" (1991).


title: John Landis

text: Landis was born into a Jewish family in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Shirley Levine ("née" Magaziner) and Marshall Landis, an interior designer and decorator. Landis and his parents relocated to Los Angeles when he was four months old. Though spending his childhood in California, Landis still refers to Chicago as his home town; he is a fan of the Chicago White Sox baseball team.


title: John Landis

text: When Landis was a young boy, he watched "The 7th Voyage of Sinbad", which inspired him to become a director:I had complete suspension of disbelief—really, I was eight years old and it transported me. I was on that beach running from that dragon, fighting that Cyclops. It just really dazzled me, and I bought it completely. And so, I actually sat through it twice and when I got home, I asked my mom, "Who does that? Who makes the movie?"


title: John Landis

text: Landis began his film career working as a mailboy at 20th Century Fox. He worked as a "go-fer" and then as an assistant director during filming MGM's "Kelly's Heroes" in Yugoslavia in 1969; he replaced the film's original assistant director, who became ill and was sent home. During that time Landis became acquainted with actors Don Rickles and Donald Sutherland, both of whom would later work in his films. Following "Kelly's Heroes", Landis worked on several films that were shot in Europe (especially in Italy and the United Kingdom), including "Once Upon a Time in the West", "El Condor" and "A Town Called Bastard (a.k.a. A Town Called Hell)". Landis also worked as a stunt double.


title: John Landis

text: Aged 21, Landis made his directorial debut with "Schlock". The film, which he also wrote and appeared in, is a tribute to monster movies. The gorilla suit for the film was made by Rick Baker—the beginning of a long-term collaboration between Landis and Baker. Though completed in 1971, "Schlock" was not released until 1973 after it caught the attention of Johnny Carson. A fan of the film, Carson invited Landis on "The Tonight Show" and showed clips to help promote it. "Schlock" has since gained a cult following, but Landis has described the film as "terrible".


title: John Landis

text: Landis was hired by Eon Productions to write a screen treatment for "The Spy Who Loved Me", but his screenplay of James Bond foiling a kidnapping of the Pope in Latin America was rejected by Albert R. Broccoli for satirizing the Catholic Church. Landis was then hired to direct "The Kentucky Fried Movie" after David Zucker saw his "Tonight Show" appearance. The film was inspired by the satirical sketch comedy of shows like "Monty Python", "Free the Army", "The National Lampoon Radio Hour" and "Saturday Night Live". It is notable for being the first film written by the Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker team, who would later have success with "Airplane!" and "The Naked Gun" trilogy.


title: John Landis

text: Sean Daniel, an assistant to Universal executive Thom Mount, saw "The Kentucky Fried Movie" and recommended Landis to direct "Animal House" based on that. Landis says of the screenplay, "It was really literally one of the funniest things I ever read. It had a nasty edge like "National Lampoon". I told him it was wonderful, extremely smart and funny, but everyone's a pig for one thing." While "Animal House" received mixed reviews, it was a massive financial success, earning over $120 million at the domestic box office, making it the highest grossing comedy film of its time. Its success started the "gross-out" film genre, which became one of Hollywood's staples. It also featured the screen debuts of John Belushi, Karen Allen and Kevin Bacon.


title: John Landis

text: In 1980, Landis co-wrote and directed "The Blues Brothers", a comedy starring John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd. It featured musical numbers by R&B and soul legends James Brown, Cab Calloway, Aretha Franklin, Ray Charles and John Lee Hooker. It was, at the time, one of the most expensive films ever made, costing almost $30 million (for comparison, Steven Spielberg's contemporary film "1941" cost $35 million). It is speculated that Spielberg and Landis engaged in a rivalry, the goal of which was to make the more expensive film. The rivalry might have been a friendly one, as Spielberg makes a cameo appearance in "Blues Brothers" (as the unnamed desk clerk near the end) and Landis had made a cameo in "1941" as a messenger.


title: John Landis

text: In 1981, Landis wrote and directed another cult-status film, the comedy-horror "An American Werewolf in London". It was perhaps Landis's most personal project; he had been planning to make it since 1969, while in Yugoslavia working on "Kelly's Heroes". It was another commercial success for Landis and inspired studios to put comedic elements in their horror films.


title: John Landis

text: On July 23, 1982, during the filming of "", actor Vic Morrow and child extras Myca Dinh Le (age 7) and Renee Shin-Yi Chen (age 6) were killed in an accident involving an out-of-control helicopter. The three were caught under the aircraft when it crashed, and Morrow and one child were decapitated. The National Transportation Safety Board reported in October 1984:


title: John Landis

text: Despite insisting that the deaths were the result of an accident, Landis' aggressive and cavalier behavior on set likely contributed to the crash. Camera operators filming the scene testified to Landis being a very imperious director, a "yeller and screamer" on set. He was also glib about the dangerous set environment created by shooting at night with a helicopter and many large explosions. During a take three hours before the incident, helicopter pilot, Dorcey Wingo (a veteran of the Vietnam War) told Landis that the fireballs were too large and too close to the helicopter. To this, Landis responded ″You ain’t seen nothing yet.″ With special effects explosions blasting around them, the helicopter descended over Morrow, Le, and Chen. Witnesses testified Landis was still shouting for the helicopter to fly "Lower! Lower!" moments before it crashed.


title: John Landis

text: Landis and four other crew members were charged with involuntary manslaughter. The prosecutors demonstrated that Landis was reckless and had not warned the parents, cast or crew of the children's and Morrow's proximity to explosives, or of limitations on their working hours. He admitted that he had violated California law regulating the employment of children by using the children after hours, and conceded that that was "wrong", but still denied culpability. Numerous members of the film crew testified that the director was warned of the extreme hazard by technicians but ignored them. After a nine-month jury trial during 1986 and 1987, Landis, represented by criminal defense attorneys Harland Braun and James F. Neal, and the other crew members were acquitted of the charges.


title: John Landis

text: Landis was later reprimanded for circumventing California's child labor laws in hiring the two children. The incident resulted in stricter safety measures and enforcement of child labor laws in California. The parents of the children sued, and eventually settled out of court with the studio for $2 million per family. Morrow's children, one of them being actress Jennifer Jason Leigh, who was 20 at the time, also settled out of court for an undisclosed sum.


title: John Landis

text: During an interview with journalist Giulia D'Agnolo Vallan, Landis said, "When you read about the accident, they say we were blowing up huts—which we weren't—and that debris hit the tail rotor of the helicopter—which it didn't. The FBI Crime Lab, who was working for the prosecution, finally figured out that the tail rotor delaminated, which is why the pilot lost control. The special effects man who made the mistake by setting off a fireball at the wrong time was never charged."


title: John Landis

text: "Trading Places", a "Prince and the Pauper"-style comedy starring Dan Aykroyd and Eddie Murphy, was filmed directly after the "Twilight Zone" accident. After filming ended, Landis and his family went to London. The film did well enough for Landis' image and career to improve, along with his involvement with Michael Jackson's "Thriller".


title: John Landis

text: Next, Landis directed "Into the Night", starring Jeff Goldblum, Michelle Pfeiffer and David Bowie, and appeared in the film, which was inspired by Hitchcock productions, as an Iranian hitman. To promote the film, Landis collaborated with Jeff Okun to direct a documentary film called "B.B. King "Into the Night"".


title: John Landis

text: His next film, "Spies Like Us", (starring co-writer Dan Aykroyd and Chevy Chase) was an homage to the "Road to ..." films of Bob Hope and Bing Crosby. Hope made a cameo in the Landis film, portraying himself.


title: John Landis

text: In 1986, Landis directed "Three Amigos", which featured Chevy Chase, Martin Short and Steve Martin. He then co-directed and produced the 1987 satirical comedy film "Amazon Women on the Moon", which parodies the experience of watching low-budget films on late-night television.


title: John Landis

text: Landis next directed the 1988 Eddie Murphy film "Coming to America", which was commercially successful. It was also the subject of "Buchwald v. Paramount", a civil suit filed by Art Buchwald in 1990 against the film's producers. Buchwald claimed that the concept for the film had been stolen from a 1982 script that Paramount optioned from Buchwald, and won the breach of contract action.


title: John Landis

text: In 1991, Landis directed Sylvester Stallone in "Oscar", based on a stage play. "Oscar" recreates a 1930s-era film, including the gestures along with bit acts and with some slapstick, as an homage to old Hollywood films. In 1992, Landis directed "Innocent Blood", a horror-crime film. In 1994, Landis directed Eddie Murphy in "Beverly Hills Cop III", their third collaboration following "Trading Places" and "Coming to America". In 1996, he directed "The Stupids" and then returned to Universal to direct "Blues Brothers 2000" in 1998 with John Goodman and, for the fifth time in a Landis film, Dan Aykroyd, who also appeared in Landis's film "Susan's Plan", released that same year. None of the above six films scored well with critics or audiences.


title: John Landis

text: In August 2011, Landis said he would return to horror and would be writing a new film. He was the executive producer on the comedy horror film "Some Guy Who Kills People".


title: John Landis

text: Landis has directed several music videos. He was approached by Michael Jackson to make a video for his song "Thriller". The resulting video significantly impacted MTV and the concept of music videos; it has won numerous awards, including the Video Vanguard Award for The Greatest Video in the History of the World. In 2009 (months before Jackson died), Landis sued the Jackson estate in a dispute over royalties for the video; he claimed to be owed at least four years' worth of royalties.


title: John Landis

text: In 1991, Landis collaborated again with Michael Jackson on the music video for the song "Black or White".


title: John Landis

text: Landis has been active in television as the executive producer (and often director) of the series "Dream On" (1990), "Weird Science" (1994), "Sliders" (1995), "" (1997), "Campus Cops" (1995), "The Lost World" (1998), "Masters of Horror", and various episodes of "Psych". He also made commercials for DirecTV, Taco Bell, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Kellogg's, and Disney. In 2011 he made an appearance in Reece Shearsmith and Steve Pemberton's television series "Psychoville". In June 2020, Landis signed on to direct and executive produce the streaming series "Superhero Kindergarten".


title: John Landis

text: Landis made his first documentary, "Coming Soon" in 1982; it was only released on VHS. Next, he co-directed "B.B. King "Into the Night"" (1985) and in 2002 directed "", which can be seen as a part of the "Animal House" DVD extras. Initially, his documentaries were only made to promote his feature films. Later in his career he became more serious about the oeuvre and made "Slasher" (2004), "" (2007) and "Starz Inside: Ladies or Gentlemen" (2009). These documentaries were filmed for television; Landis won a 2008 Emmy Award for "Mr. Warmth". He worked on the "Making of Thriller", which was filmed in 3-D. Landis appeared in the Spanish documentary "The Man Who Saw Frankenstein Cry", which covered the career of Spanish movie director Paul Naschy.


title: John Landis

text: Landis is married to Deborah Nadoolman, a costume designer. They have two children: Max and Rachel. In a BBC Radio interview, he stated that he is an atheist. The family lives in Beverly Hills, California. They had purchased Rock Hudson's estate in Beverly Crest after the actor died there from complications of AIDS. The property was later sold to Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen.


title: John Landis

text: In 2009, Landis signed a petition in support of director Roman Polanski, who had been detained while traveling to a film festival in relation to his 1977 sexual abuse charges, which the petition argued would undermine the tradition of film festivals as a place for works to be shown "freely and safely", and that arresting filmmakers traveling to neutral countries could open the door "for actions of which no-one can know the effects."


title: John Landis

text: Landis's work has received recognition from the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS); the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films; the National Cable Television Association; the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP); the Golden Raspberry Awards; the Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards; the Amiens International Film Festival; the Cognac Festival du Film Policier; the Fantafestival; the Fantasporto Film Festival; the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists; the Monte-Carlo Comedy Film Festival; the Phoenix Film Festival; and the Sitges – Catalonian International Film Festival.


title: John Landis

text: The moving image collection of John Landis is held at the Academy Film Archive. The film material at the Academy Film Archive is complemented by photographs, artwork, and posters found in the John Landis papers at the academy's Margaret Herrick Library.


title: Trae Young

text: Rayford Trae Young (born September 19, 1998) is an American professional basketball player for the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Oklahoma Sooners. In 2017, he tied the then-record in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I single-game assists with 22. Young became the only player to ever lead the NCAA in both points and assists in a single season. Nicknamed "Ice Trae", he was drafted by the Dallas Mavericks in the 2018 NBA draft with the fifth pick, and later traded to the Atlanta Hawks, along with a future first-round pick, for the draft rights to Luka Dončić. He joined Dončić in a unanimous selection to the 2019 NBA All-Rookie First Team. He is a two-time NBA All-Star.


title: Trae Young

text: Born in Lubbock, Texas, Trae is the son of Candice and Rayford Young, who played basketball at Texas Tech and professionally in Europe. He has a younger brother, Tim, and two younger sisters, Caitlyn and Camryn. Young also has an uncle who played college basketball in the NAIA. Trae was raised in Pampa, Texas, by his mother and paternal grandparents, as his father played basketball overseas.


title: Trae Young

text: Young attended Norman North High School in his hometown of Norman, Oklahoma. In his sophomore year, he averaged 25 points, 5 assists, and 4 rebounds per game as he helped Norman North win the 2015 area championship and was named Oklahoma's Sophomore of the Year. During his junior year, he significantly improved his game, averaging 34.2 points, 4.6 rebounds, and 4.6 assists as he led the team to a 28–4 record, winning the regional title and placing second in the 2016 Oklahoma Class 6A championship game. In his senior year, he averaged 42.6 points, 5.8 rebounds, and 4.1 assists per game while shooting at a 48.9% rate.


title: Trae Young

text: Young was considered one of the best players in the 2017 recruiting class by Scout.com, Rivals.com and ESPN. ESPN considered him the second-best point guard prospect that year, while the other websites considered him the third-best. On February 16, 2017, Young committed to the Oklahoma Sooners. He was the University of Oklahoma's first five-star recruit since Tiny Gallon in 2010.


title: Trae Young

text: At the start of the 2017 season, on November 12, Young recorded 15 points, 10 assists, and six rebounds in a win over the Omaha Mavericks. Three days after his college debut, he recorded 22 points and a then season-high 13 assists in a win over the Ball State Cardinals. On November 26, Young recorded a season-high 43 points and seven assists in a 90–80 win over the Oregon Ducks. That game had his name draw multiple comparisons to Stephen Curry in terms of his playing style. On December 19, Young tied (with three others) the then-NCAA single-game assists record with 22, while also recording 26 points in a 105–68 win against the Northwestern State Demons. Throughout the season, Young rose from being a late first-round or a second-round pick to being a potential top-three pick for the 2018 NBA draft. He also garnered praise from both LeBron James and Stephen Curry for his season with Oklahoma. Young, however, ran into a rough patch when the West Virginia Mountaineers' Press Virginia defense forced him into eight turnovers on January 5, 2018. Furthermore, his individual defense has been rated as "poor". However, Young would recover with a season-high 43 points and 11 rebounds with seven assists in a 102–97 overtime win over the TCU Horned Frogs a week later on January 13. Three days later, Young would wind up with a season-high 12 turnovers in a loss to the Kansas State Wildcats, which surpassed his previous season-high a few weeks ago. On January 20, Young recorded a new career-high 48 points (albeit on 14-on-39 overall shooting) in a close 83–81 overtime loss to the rival Oklahoma State Cowboys. He recovered from that with a 26-point (on 7-on-9 shooting) and nine-assist effort in an 85–80 win over the fifth-ranked Kansas Jayhawks on January 23.


title: Trae Young

text: Young finished his freshman regular season leading the country in many statistics: assists (271), points (848), points per game (27.4), assists per game (8.7), and assist percentage (48.6%). The 848 points scored in the Big 12 would break the conference's record for most points scored by a freshman player, which was previously held by Kevin Durant and Michael Beasley. On March 7, 2018, Young was announced as the winner of the Wayman Tisdale Award for National Freshman of the Year by the United States Basketball Writers Association (USBWA). At the end of the regular season for Oklahoma, Young was also named Big 12's Freshman of the Year and was a member of the All-Big 12's First Team. In addition, he was also brought up as a consensus member of the All-American First Team, which was named throughout multiple organizations. Young also joined 2018's top two selections Deandre Ayton and Marvin Bagley III as the first consensus All-American First-Team to have three freshman players be named there. On March 15, Young recorded 28 points, seven assists, and five rebounds in an 83–78 overtime loss to the seventh-seeded Rhode Island Rams. He became the second freshman to record similar numbers of points in an NCAA Tournament game, with Chris Paul being the first player back in 2004.


title: Trae Young

text: Following Oklahoma's loss in the 2018 NCAA men's basketball tournament, Young announced his intention to forgo his final three seasons of collegiate eligibility and declare for the 2018 NBA draft.


title: Trae Young

text: On June 21, 2018, Young was selected with the fifth overall pick by the Dallas Mavericks in the 2018 NBA draft, but was traded to the Atlanta Hawks along with a protected future first round pick in exchange for the rights to the third overall pick Luka Dončić. On July 1, 2018, Young officially signed with the Hawks. On October 21, in the Hawks' third game of the season, Young finished with a season-high 35 points and 11 assists in a 133–111 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. On November 19, Young finished with a then career-high 17 assists, 25 points and three rebounds in a 127–119 loss to the Los Angeles Clippers. On February 25, 2019, Young scored a then career-high 36 points and made career high eight 3-pointers in a 119–111 loss to the Houston Rockets. On February 27, Young recorded 36 points and 10 assists in a 131–123 overtime win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. He then broke his season-high two days later on March 1, putting up a then career-high 49 points alongside 16 assists in a high-scoring 168–161 quadruple overtime loss to the Chicago Bulls. On March 31, Young scored a game-winner and had 12 points and 16 assists against the first-seeded Milwaukee Bucks. He joined Dončić in a unanimous selection to the 2019 NBA All-Rookie First Team.


title: Trae Young

text: On October 24, 2019, Young scored 38 points in a 117–110 season-opening win against the Detroit Pistons. On November 29, Young scored 49 points, including 21 points in the fourth quarter, in a 105–104 overtime loss to the Indiana Pacers. On January 23, 2020, he was selected for the NBA All-Star selection as a backcourt starter. On January 26, Young recorded 45 points and 14 assists in a 152–133 win against the Washington Wizards. Young wore No. 8 in the first 8 seconds of the game in memory of Kobe Bryant. Four days later, he posted 39 points and a career-high 18 assists en route to a 127–117 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. On February 9, Young registered 48 points and 13 assists in 47 minutes in a 140–135 double overtime win over the New York Knicks. On February 20, Young scored a career-high 50 points in a 129–124 win against the Miami Heat, hitting 8-of-15 three pointers.


title: Trae Young

text: On December 23, 2020, Young put up 37 points, 7 assists, and 6 rebounds, in a 124–104 season-opening win over the Chicago Bulls. On May 23, 2021, he made his NBA playoff debut, posting 32 points, 7 rebounds and 10 assists against the New York Knicks, capping it off with a game-winning floater with 0.9 seconds left in regulation to lift the Hawks to a 107–105 victory in Game 1 of the First Round. Young also joined LeBron James, Chris Paul, and Derrick Rose as the only players in league history to record 30 points and 10 assists in their playoff debuts. In a 109–106 victory over the Philadelphia 76ers in Game 5 of the Conference Semifinals, Young put up 39 points, 7 assists, and 3 steals leading the Hawks to a 26-point comeback victory. In Game 7 of the Conference Semifinals, Young put up 21 points to lead the Hawks past the Sixers en route to their first Eastern Conference Finals appearance since 2015. In Game 1 of the Conference Finals, Young dropped a playoff career-high 48 points, alongside 11 assists and seven rebounds in a 116–113 victory over the Milwaukee Bucks. Young missed games 4 and 5 due to a bone bruise in his right foot. Young returned in game 6, but the Hawks lost 118–107, ending their season.


title: Trae Young

text: On August 3, 2021, Young agreed to a five-year max extension with the Hawks worth up to $172 million and possibly $207 million.


title: Trae Young

text: On November 14, 2021, Young scored a then season-high 42 points, along with 8 rebounds and 10 assists, to lead Atlanta to a 120–100 victory over the defending champion Milwaukee Bucks. On January 3, 2022, Young scored a career-high 56 points, along with 14 assists, in a 136–131 loss to the Portland Trail Blazers. From November 22 to January 7, Young had 17th consecutive 25-point games, breaking a tie with Dominique Wilkins for the franchise record.


title: Trae Young

text: On January 27, Young was selected for the 2022 NBA All-Star Game once again as a backcourt starter. On February 3, Young scored 43 points in a 124–115 win against the Phoenix Suns to end their 11-game winning streak. On February 26, Young scored 41 points and delivered 11 assists on 17-of-24 shooting from the field as Atlanta beat the Toronto Raptors 127–100; it was Young's 10th career game with at least 40 points and 10 assists, passing Michael Jordan for ninth-most all-time. On March 13, Young scored 33 of his 47 points in the first half in a 131–128 win over the Indiana Pacers. The next day, Young scored 46 points, grabbed 6 rebounds, and delivered 12 assists in a 122–113 win over the Trail Blazers, becoming the first player in the NBA this season to score 40+ on back-to-back nights and the first to do so since Bradley Beal in February 2020. On March 22, Young scored 45 points and delivered 8 assists in a 117–111 win over the New York Knicks at the Madison Square Garden. At the conclusion of the regular season, Young became the second player in NBA history to lead the league in total points and assists in a season, joining Tiny Archibald.


title: Trae Young

text: On April 15, during the Hawks' 107–101 play-in tournament win over the Cleveland Cavaliers to secure the No. 8 seed in the 2022 NBA playoffs, Young logged 38 points and 9 assists. He scored 32 of his points in the second half. In Game 1 of the first round against the Miami Heat, Young scored a career playoff-low 8 points on 1-for-12 shooting (0-for-7 from three-point range) and had more turnovers (six) than assists (four). His 8.3% shooting was tied for the worst field goal percentage of his career. The Hawks would go on to lose to the Heat in five games.


title: Trae Young

text: As Young entered his fifth NBA season, the Atlanta Hawks decided to pull off a trade receiving Dejounte Murray of the San Antonio Spurs in the process. The trade improved the Hawks' defense and reduced Young's offensive burden. His season began on October 19, 2022, against the Houston Rockets. In his first game, he put up 23 points and 13 assists. They went on to win that game 117–107 where his newly acquired teammate played his defensive role well racking up 5 steals. Five games later in the season, Young put up 42 points in a 115–123 loss against the Milwaukee Bucks. On November 25, Young scored a season-high 44 points in a 128–122 loss against the Houston Rockets.


title: Trae Young

text: Young was a member of the U.S. men's national U18 team that won a gold medal at the 2016 FIBA Americas Under-18 Championship.


title: Trae Young

text: Young followed the footsteps of Donovan Mitchell by being featured in the second season of the Young Hollywood original docu-series "Rookie on the Rise". The series follows Young on his race for the Rookie of the Year.


title: Trae Young

text: Young is currently engaged to his longtime partner, whom he met at the University of Oklahoma in 2017. They had a son in June 2022.


title: Algebra

text: Algebra () is one of the broad areas of mathematics. Roughly speaking, algebra is the study of mathematical symbols and the rules for manipulating these symbols in formulas; it is a unifying thread of almost all of mathematics.


title: Algebra

text: Elementary algebra deals with the manipulation of variables (commonly represented by Roman letters) as if they were numbers and is therefore essential in all applications of mathematics. Abstract algebra is the name given, mostly in education, to the study of algebraic structures such as groups, rings, and fields (the term is no more in common use outside educational context). Linear algebra, which deals with linear equations and linear mappings, is used for modern presentations of geometry, and has many practical applications (in weather forecasting, for example). There are many areas of mathematics that belong to algebra, some having "algebra" in their name, such as commutative algebra, and some not, such as Galois theory.


title: Algebra

text: The word "algebra" is not only used for naming an area of mathematics and some subareas; it is also used for naming some sorts of algebraic structures, such as an algebra over a field, commonly called an "algebra". Sometimes, the same phrase is used for a subarea and its main algebraic structures; for example, Boolean algebra and a Boolean algebra. A mathematician specialized in algebra is called an algebraist.


title: Algebra

text: The word "algebra" comes from the from the title of the early 9th century book "Ilm al-jabr wa l-muqābala" "The Science of Restoring and Balancing" by the Persian mathematician and astronomer al-Khwarizmi. In his work, the term "al-jabr" referred to the operation of moving a term from one side of an equation to the other, المقابلة "al-muqābala" "balancing" referred to adding equal terms to both sides. Shortened to just "algeber" or "algebra" in Latin, the word eventually entered the English language during the 15th century, from either Spanish, Italian, or Medieval Latin. It originally referred to the surgical procedure of setting broken or dislocated bones. The mathematical meaning was first recorded (in English) in the 16th century.


title: Algebra

text: Algebra began with computations similar to those of arithmetic, with letters standing for numbers. This allowed proofs of properties that are true no matter which numbers are involved. For example, in the quadratic equation


title: Algebra

text: formula_2 can be any numbers whatsoever (except that formula_3 cannot be formula_4), and the quadratic formula can be used to quickly and easily find the values of the unknown quantity formula_5 which satisfy the equation. That is to say, to find all the solutions of the equation.


title: Algebra

text: Historically, and in current teaching, the study of algebra starts with the solving of equations, such as the quadratic equation above. Then more general questions, such as "does an equation have a solution?", "how many solutions does an equation have?", "what can be said about the nature of the solutions?" are considered. These questions led extending algebra to non-numerical objects, such as permutations, vectors, matrices, and polynomials. The structural properties of these non-numerical objects were then formalized into algebraic structures such as groups, rings, and fields.


title: Algebra

text: Before the 16th century, mathematics was divided into only two subfields, arithmetic and geometry. Even though some methods, which had been developed much earlier, may be considered nowadays as algebra, the emergence of algebra and, soon thereafter, of infinitesimal calculus as subfields of mathematics only dates from the 16th or 17th century. From the second half of the 19th century on, many new fields of mathematics appeared, most of which made use of both arithmetic and geometry, and almost all of which used algebra.


title: Algebra

text: Today, algebra has grown considerably and includes many branches of mathematics, as can be seen in the Mathematics Subject Classification


title: Algebra

text: where none of the first level areas (two digit entries) are called "algebra". Today algebra includes section 08-General algebraic systems, 12-Field theory and polynomials, 13-Commutative algebra, 15-Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory, 16-Associative rings and algebras, 17-Nonassociative rings and algebras, 18-Category theory; homological algebra, 19-K-theory and 20-Group theory. Algebra is also used extensively in 11-Number theory and 14-Algebraic geometry.


title: Algebra

text: The use of the word "algebra" for denoting a part of mathematics dates probably from the 16th century. The word is derived from the Arabic word "al-jabr" that appears in the title of the treatise "Al-Kitab al-muhtasar fi hisab al-gabr wa-l-muqabala" ("The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing"), written circa 820 by Al-Kwarizmi.


title: Algebra

text: "Al-jabr" referred to a method for transforming equations by subtracting like terms from both sides, or passing one term from one side to the other, after changing its sign.


title: Algebra

text: Therefore, "algebra" referred originally to the manipulation of equations, and, by extension, to the theory of equations. This is still what historians of mathematics generally mean by "algebra".


title: Algebra

text: In mathematics, the meaning of "algebra" has evolved after the introduction by François Viète of symbols (variables) for denoting unknown or incompletely specified numbers, and the resulting use of the mathematical notation for equations and formulas. So, algebra became essentially the study of the action of operations on expressions involving variables. This includes but is not limited to the theory of equations.


title: Algebra

text: At the beginning of the 20th century, algebra evolved further by considering operations that act not only on numbers but also on elements of so-called mathematical structures such as groups, fields and vector spaces. This new algebra was called "modern algebra" by van der Waerden in his eponymous treatise, whose name has been changed to "Algebra" in later editions.


title: Algebra

text: The roots of algebra can be traced to the ancient Babylonians, who developed an advanced arithmetical system with which they were able to do calculations in an algorithmic fashion. The Babylonians developed formulas to calculate solutions for problems typically solved today by using linear equations, quadratic equations, and indeterminate linear equations. By contrast, most Egyptians of this era, as well as Greek and Chinese mathematics in the 1st millennium BC, usually solved such equations by geometric methods, such as those described in the "Rhind Mathematical Papyrus", Euclid's "Elements", and "The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art". The geometric work of the Greeks, typified in the "Elements", provided the framework for generalizing formulae beyond the solution of particular problems into more general systems of stating and solving equations, although this would not be realized until mathematics developed in medieval Islam.


title: Algebra

text: By the time of Plato, Greek mathematics had undergone a drastic change. The Greeks created a geometric algebra where terms were represented by sides of geometric objects, usually lines, that had letters associated with them. Diophantus (3rd century AD) was an Alexandrian Greek mathematician and the author of a series of books called "Arithmetica". These texts deal with solving algebraic equations, and have led, in number theory, to the modern notion of Diophantine equation.


title: Algebra

text: Earlier traditions discussed above had a direct influence on the Persian mathematician Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (–850). He later wrote "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing", which established algebra as a mathematical discipline that is independent of geometry and arithmetic.


title: Algebra

text: The Hellenistic mathematicians Hero of Alexandria and Diophantus as well as Indian mathematicians such as Brahmagupta, continued the traditions of Egypt and Babylon, though Diophantus' "Arithmetica" and Brahmagupta's "Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta" are on a higher level. For example, the first complete arithmetic solution written in words instead of symbols, including zero and negative solutions, to quadratic equations was described by Brahmagupta in his book "Brahmasphutasiddhanta," published in 628 AD. Later, Persian and Arab mathematicians developed algebraic methods to a much higher degree of sophistication. Although Diophantus and the Babylonians used mostly special "ad hoc" methods to solve equations, Al-Khwarizmi's contribution was fundamental. He solved linear and quadratic equations without algebraic symbolism, negative numbers or zero, thus he had to distinguish several types of equations.


title: Algebra

text: In the context where algebra is identified with the theory of equations, the Greek mathematician Diophantus has traditionally been known as the "father of algebra" and in the context where it is identified with rules for manipulating and solving equations, Persian mathematician al-Khwarizmi is regarded as "the father of algebra". It is open to debate whether Diophantus or al-Khwarizmi is more entitled to be known, in the general sense, as "the father of algebra". Those who support Diophantus point to the fact that the algebra found in "Al-Jabr" is slightly more elementary than the algebra found in "Arithmetica" and that "Arithmetica" is syncopated while "Al-Jabr" is fully rhetorical. Those who support Al-Khwarizmi point to the fact that he introduced the methods of "reduction" and "balancing" (the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation, that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation) which the term "al-jabr" originally referred to, and that he gave an exhaustive explanation of solving quadratic equations, supported by geometric proofs while treating algebra as an independent discipline in its own right. His algebra was also no longer concerned "with a series of problems to be resolved, but an exposition which starts with primitive terms in which the combinations must give all possible prototypes for equations, which henceforward explicitly constitute the true object of study". He also studied an equation for its own sake and "in a generic manner, insofar as it does not simply emerge in the course of solving a problem, but is specifically called on to define an infinite class of problems".


title: Algebra

text: Another Persian mathematician Omar Khayyam is credited with identifying the foundations of algebraic geometry and found the general geometric solution of the cubic equation. His book "Treatise on Demonstrations of Problems of Algebra" (1070), which laid down the principles of algebra, is part of the body of Persian mathematics that was eventually transmitted to Europe. Yet another Persian mathematician, Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī, found algebraic and numerical solutions to various cases of cubic equations. He also developed the concept of a function. The Indian mathematicians Mahavira and Bhaskara II, the Persian mathematician Al-Karaji, and the Chinese mathematician Zhu Shijie, solved various cases of cubic, quartic, quintic and higher-order polynomial equations using numerical methods. In the 13th century, the solution of a cubic equation by Fibonacci is representative of the beginning of a revival in European algebra. Abū al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī al-Qalaṣādī (1412–1486) took "the first steps toward the introduction of algebraic symbolism". He also computed Σ"n", Σ"n" and used the method of successive approximation to determine square roots.


title: Algebra

text: François Viète's work on new algebra at the close of the 16th century was an important step towards modern algebra. In 1637, René Descartes published "La Géométrie", inventing analytic geometry and introducing modern algebraic notation. Another key event in the further development of algebra was the general algebraic solution of the cubic and quartic equations, developed in the mid-16th century. The idea of a determinant was developed by Japanese mathematician Seki Kōwa in the 17th century, followed independently by Gottfried Leibniz ten years later, for the purpose of solving systems of simultaneous linear equations using matrices. Gabriel Cramer also did some work on matrices and determinants in the 18th century. Permutations were studied by Joseph-Louis Lagrange in his 1770 paper ""Réflexions sur la résolution algébrique des équations" devoted to solutions of algebraic equations, in which he introduced Lagrange resolvents. Paolo Ruffini was the first person to develop the theory of permutation groups, and like his predecessors, also in the context of solving algebraic equations.


title: Algebra

text: Abstract algebra was developed in the 19th century, deriving from the interest in solving equations, initially focusing on what is now called Galois theory, and on constructibility issues. George Peacock was the founder of axiomatic thinking in arithmetic and algebra. Augustus De Morgan discovered relation algebra in his "Syllabus of a Proposed System of Logic". Josiah Willard Gibbs developed an algebra of vectors in three-dimensional space, and Arthur Cayley developed an algebra of matrices (this is a noncommutative algebra).


title: Algebra

text: Some subareas of algebra have the word algebra in their name; linear algebra is one example. Others do not: group theory, ring theory, and field theory are examples. In this section, we list some areas of mathematics with the word "algebra" in the name.


title: Algebra

text: Elementary algebra is the most basic form of algebra. It is taught to students who are presumed to have no knowledge of mathematics beyond the basic principles of arithmetic. In arithmetic, only numbers and their arithmetical operations (such as +, −, ×, ÷) occur. In algebra, numbers are often represented by symbols called variables (such as "a", "n", "x", "y" or "z"). This is useful because:


title: Algebra

text: A polynomial is an expression that is the sum of a finite number of non-zero terms, each term consisting of the product of a constant and a finite number of variables raised to whole number powers. For example, "x" + 2"x" − 3 is a polynomial in the single variable "x". A polynomial expression is an expression that may be rewritten as a polynomial, by using commutativity, associativity and distributivity of addition and multiplication. For example, ("x" − 1)("x" + 3) is a polynomial expression, that, properly speaking, is not a polynomial. A polynomial function is a function that is defined by a polynomial, or, equivalently, by a polynomial expression. The two preceding examples define the same polynomial function.


title: Algebra

text: Two important and related problems in algebra are the factorization of polynomials, that is, expressing a given polynomial as a product of other polynomials that cannot be factored any further, and the computation of polynomial greatest common divisors. The example polynomial above can be factored as ("x" − 1)("x" + 3). A related class of problems is finding algebraic expressions for the roots of a polynomial in a single variable.


title: Algebra

text: It has been suggested that elementary algebra should be taught to students as young as eleven years old, though in recent years it is more common for public lessons to begin at the eighth grade level (≈ 13 y.o. ±) in the United States. However, in some US schools, algebra instruction starts in ninth grade.


title: Algebra

text: Abstract algebra extends the familiar concepts found in elementary algebra and arithmetic of numbers to more general concepts. Here are the listed fundamental concepts in abstract algebra.


title: Algebra

text: Sets: Rather than just considering the different types of numbers, abstract algebra deals with the more general concept of "sets": collections of objects called elements. All collections of the familiar types of numbers are sets. Other examples of sets include the set of all two-by-two matrices, the set of all second-degree polynomials ("ax" + "bx" + "c"), the set of all two dimensional vectors of a plane, and the various finite groups such as the cyclic groups, which are the groups of integers modulo "n". Set theory is a branch of logic and not technically a branch of algebra.


title: Algebra

text: Binary operations: The notion of addition (+) is generalized to the notion of "binary operation" (denoted here by ∗). The notion of binary operation is meaningless without the set on which the operation is defined. For two elements "a" and "b" in a set "S", "a" ∗ "b" is another element in the set; this condition is called closure. Addition (+), subtraction (−), multiplication (×), and division (÷) can be binary operations when defined on different sets, as are addition and multiplication of matrices, vectors, and polynomials.


title: Algebra

text: Identity elements: The numbers zero and one are generalized to give the notion of an "identity element" for an operation. Zero is the identity element for addition and one is the identity element for multiplication. For a general binary operator ∗ the identity element "e" must satisfy "a" ∗ "e" = "a" and "e" ∗ "a" = "a", and is necessarily unique, if it exists. This holds for addition as "a" + 0 = "a" and 0 + "a" = "a" and multiplication "a" × 1 = "a" and 1 × "a" = "a". Not all sets and operator combinations have an identity element; for example, the set of positive natural numbers (1, 2, 3, ...) has no identity element for addition.


title: Algebra

text: Inverse elements: The negative numbers give rise to the concept of "inverse elements". For addition, the inverse of "a" is written −"a", and for multiplication the inverse is written "a". A general two-sided inverse element "a" satisfies the property that "a" ∗ "a" = "e" and "a" ∗ "a" = "e", where "e" is the identity element.


title: Algebra

text: Associativity: Addition of integers has a property called associativity. That is, the grouping of the numbers to be added does not affect the sum. For example: . In general, this becomes ("a" ∗ "b") ∗ "c" = "a" ∗ ("b" ∗ "c"). This property is shared by most binary operations, but not subtraction or division or octonion multiplication.


title: Algebra

text: Commutativity: Addition and multiplication of real numbers are both commutative. That is, the order of the numbers does not affect the result. For example: 2 + 3 = 3 + 2. In general, this becomes "a" ∗ "b" = "b" ∗ "a". This property does not hold for all binary operations. For example, matrix multiplication and quaternion multiplication are both non-commutative.


title: Algebra

text: Combining the above concepts gives one of the most important structures in mathematics: a group. A group is a combination of a set "S" and a single binary operation ∗, defined in any way you choose, but with the following properties:


title: Algebra

text: If a group is also commutative – that is, for any two members "a" and "b" of "S", "a" ∗ "b" is identical to "b" ∗ "a" – then the group is said to be abelian.


title: Algebra

text: For example, the set of integers under the operation of addition is a group. In this group, the identity element is 0 and the inverse of any element "a" is its negation, −"a". The associativity requirement is met, because for any integers "a", "b" and "c", ("a" + "b") + "c" = "a" + ("b" + "c")


title: Algebra

text: The non-zero rational numbers form a group under multiplication. Here, the identity element is 1, since 1 × "a" = "a" × 1 = "a" for any rational number "a". The inverse of "a" is , since "a" × = 1.


title: Algebra

text: The integers under the multiplication operation, however, do not form a group. This is because, in general, the multiplicative inverse of an integer is not an integer. For example, 4 is an integer, but its multiplicative inverse is , which is not an integer.


title: Algebra

text: The theory of groups is studied in group theory. A major result of this theory is the classification of finite simple groups, mostly published between about 1955 and 1983, which separates the finite simple groups into roughly 30 basic types.


title: Algebra

text: Semi-groups, quasi-groups, and monoids are algebraic structures similar to groups, but with less constraints on the operation. They comprise a set and a closed binary operation but do not necessarily satisfy the other conditions. A semi-group has an "associative" binary operation but might not have an identity element. A monoid is a semi-group which does have an identity but might not have an inverse for every element. A quasi-group satisfies a requirement that any element can be turned into any other by either a unique left-multiplication or right-multiplication; however, the binary operation might not be associative.


title: Algebra

text: Groups just have one binary operation. To fully explain the behaviour of the different types of numbers, structures with two operators need to be studied. The most important of these are rings and fields.


title: Algebra

text: A ring has two binary operations (+) and (×), with × distributive over +. Under the first operator (+) it forms an "abelian group". Under the second operator (×) it is associative, but it does not need to have an identity, or inverse, so division is not required. The additive (+) identity element is written as 0 and the additive inverse of "a" is written as −"a".


title: Algebra

text: Distributivity generalises the "distributive law" for numbers. For the integers and and × is said to be "distributive" over +.


title: Algebra

text: The integers are an example of a ring. The integers have additional properties which make it an integral domain.


title: Algebra

text: A field is a "ring" with the additional property that all the elements excluding 0 form an "abelian group" under ×. The multiplicative (×) identity is written as 1 and the multiplicative inverse of "a" is written as "a".


title: Holliday Grainger

text: Holliday Clark Grainger (born 27 March 1988), also credited as Holly Grainger, is an English screen and stage actress. Some of her prominent roles are Kate Beckett in the BAFTA award-winning children's series "Roger and the Rottentrolls", Lucrezia Borgia in the Showtime series "The Borgias", Robin Ellacott in "Strike", DI Rachel Carey in the Peacock/BBC One crime drama "The Capture" and Estella in Mike Newell's adaptation of "Great Expectations".


title: Holliday Grainger

text: Grainger was born in Didsbury, Manchester. Her maternal grandfather was Italian. Her first experience of acting was at the age of five when she was scouted for a BBC TV series. She appeared in many TV shows and independent films as a child actor.


title: Holliday Grainger

text: Grainger attended Parrs Wood High School from 1999 to 2006, and in 2007 began study for a degree in English literature at the University of Leeds. However, she eventually opted for the Open University.


title: Holliday Grainger

text: Grainger's first acting role was at five years old in the BBC comedy drama series "All Quiet on the Preston Front". Roles followed in "Casualty", Doctors and "Dalziel and Pascoe". Grainger played Megan Boothe in "Where the Heart Is", Stacey Appleyard in "Waterloo Road" and Sophia in "Merlin".


title: Holliday Grainger

text: In 2011, she appeared in the television series "The Borgias", playing Lucrezia Borgia with Jeremy Irons in the role of Pope Alexander VI. The series, created by Oscar-winning Neil Jordan and shot in Hungary, ran for three seasons.


title: Holliday Grainger

text: After her role as Emily in the film "The Scouting Book for Boys" (2009), she played one of the Rivers sisters opposite Mia Wasikowska and Michael Fassbender in Cary Fukunaga's 2011 retelling of "Jane Eyre", and had a minor role in "Bel Ami" alongside Robert Pattinson and Uma Thurman.


title: Holliday Grainger

text: In June 2011, she gained the leading role of Estella in Mike Newell's film adaptation of "Great Expectations", opposite Jeremy Irvine and Helena Bonham Carter. The movie, screened at Toronto International Film Festival 2012, had its European premiere as the closing night film of the BFI London Film Festival. She had a minor role in the 2012 film "Anna Karenina" as Baroness Shilton.


title: Holliday Grainger

text: On stage, in 2013 she played a role in "Disassociation", a play by Luke Bailey, at The Lowry in Salford, which received largely positive reviews In the same year, she played Bonnie Parker in the 2013 TV mini-series "Bonnie & Clyde". She was one of the female leads in the 2014 film "The Riot Club", adapted from the play "Posh", alongside Max Irons. In the same year, she appeared on stage in a version of Anton Chekov's play "Three Sisters" at the Southwark Playhouse.


title: Holliday Grainger

text: Grainger played Cinderella's stepsister Anastasia Tremaine in Kenneth Branagh's 2015 film version of "Cinderella".


title: Holliday Grainger

text: In 2017, she appeared in a film adaptation of the novel "Tulip Fever" alongside Alicia Vikander. From 2017, she plays Robin Ellacott in the TV series "Strike" (aired in the United States and Canada as "C.B. Strike") based on the novels by J.K. Rowling.


title: Holliday Grainger

text: Grainger plays one of the two lead female roles in the feature film "Animals", along with Alia Shawkat. Based on the novel by Emma Jane Unsworth, who also wrote the script, the film was directed by Sophie Hyde and filmed in Dublin.


title: Holliday Grainger

text: On 20 June 2016, World Refugee Day, Grainger, as well as Jack O'Connell, featured in a film from the United Nations' refugee agency UNHCR to help raise awareness of the global refugee crisis. The film, titled "Home", has a family take a reverse migration into the middle of a war zone. Inspired by primary accounts of refugees, and is part of UNHCR's #WithRefugees campaign, which also includes a petition to governments to expand asylum to provide further shelter, integrating job opportunities, and education. "Home", written and directed by Daniel Mulloy, went on to win a BAFTA Award and a Gold Lion at Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity among many other awards.


title: Andre Iguodala

text: Andre Tyler Iguodala ( ; born January 28, 1984) is an American professional basketball player who plays for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The swingman was an NBA All-Star in 2012 and has been named to the NBA All-Defensive Team twice. He has won four NBA championships with the Warriors and was named the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) in 2015. He was also a member of the United States national team at the 2010 FIBA World Championship and 2012 Summer Olympics, winning the gold medal both times.


title: Andre Iguodala

text: Andre Iguodala played college basketball with the Arizona Wildcats. After earning first-team all-conference honors in the Pac-10 (known now as the Pac-12) as a sophomore in 2004, he was selected in the 2004 NBA draft with the ninth overall pick by the Philadelphia 76ers. Iguodala played for Philadelphia until the summer of 2012 when he joined the Denver Nuggets in a four-team trade. He was acquired by Golden State in 2013. In 2014–15, he became a reserve for the first time in his career, but played a major bench role. He captured the Finals MVP after returning to the starting lineup in the middle of the championship series. After three championships and five trips to the Finals with the Warriors, Iguodala had a two-year stint with the Miami Heat, with whom he reached his sixth straight Finals in 2020. He returned to the Warriors in 2021 and won his fourth NBA championship the same season.


title: Andre Iguodala

text: In February 2019, Iguodala was elected first vice-president of the National Basketball Players Association (NBPA). He replaced LeBron James in that role. He had previously served as vice-president of the NBPA executive committee starting in 2013.


title: Andre Iguodala

text: Iguodala was born in Springfield, Illinois. He is the son of Linda Shanklin. His older brother, Frank, played for Lake Land College in Mattoon, Illinois, and Dayton. His mother is African American, while his father is Nigerian. Growing up, Iguodala rooted for the Chicago Bulls, and he cites Michael Jordan as the player he looked up to.


title: Andre Iguodala

text: Iguodala attended high school at Lanphier High School in Springfield, Illinois, a school that produced other notable athletes, including baseball Hall of Famer Robin Roberts and basketball guard Kevin Gamble. At Lanphier he did well academically and athletically; he won All-Conference academic honors, was on the National Honor Roll, was a "State Journal-Register" Student-Athlete of the Week several times, and gained three letters in track for the high jump. As a senior in 2002, Iguodala led Lanphier's basketball team to a runner-up finish at the Illinois High School Association Class AA state tournament. That season, he averaged 23.5 points, 7.8 rebounds and 4.1 assists per game. He was named "Chicago Sun-Times" Player of the Year as well as a second-team "Parade" All-American and Nike All-American. Iguodala was also a finalist for the Illinois Mr. Basketball award, which was awarded to Dee Brown. His Lanphier jersey is now retired.


title: Andre Iguodala

text: During the summer of 2000, Iguodala captured the attention of coaches around the nation as he was named the AAU national tournament Most Valuable Player after hitting the game-winning shot at the final buzzer to give his team the 17-and-under national title. In 2002, he played in the Jordan Brand Classic in Washington, D.C. In 22 minutes of play, Iguodala put up six points on 3–6 shooting, five rebounds, two assists, three steals and a block. Iguodala played AAU basketball under Larry Butler and the Illinois Warriors, the team that has featured other professional players such as Dwyane Wade, Quentin Richardson, and Jon Scheyer.


title: Andre Iguodala

text: Considered a four-star recruit by Scout.com, Iguodala was listed as the No. 6 small forward and the No. 26 player in the nation in 2002.


title: Andre Iguodala

text: Iguodala initially signed a National Letter of Intent to play at Arkansas. He had narrowed down his list of desired schools to two: Kansas or Arkansas. Iguodala was enticed by Arkansas's 1–3 system, which would have allowed Iguodala to run the point occasionally. Iguodala visited the Arkansas campus and was impressed by their large gymnasium and the number of fans at a practice while he visited with his mother and father. However, after their coach, Nolan Richardson, was fired that year (2002), Iguodala decided to attend Arizona instead. At Arizona he joined future NBA players Channing Frye, Luke Walton, Mustafa Shakur, Salim Stoudamire and Hassan Adams. One of the determining factors for Iguodala was the commitment of Hassan Adams, whom Iguodala had played with in the Jordan Brand Classic in high school. Many colleges regarded Iguodala as a track star turned basketball player but teammate Luke Walton said, "He is going to be one of the best players to ever come out of Arizona by the time he is done here". He was named to the Pac-10 All-Freshmen team for 2002–03. In his freshman year he quickly established himself as one of the best all-around players on the team, ranking in the top 5 for his team in just about every major category.


title: Andre Iguodala

text: As a sophomore in 2003–04, Iguodala was named team MVP after leading his team in rebounds, assists and steals. He also made the All-Pac-10 First Team and was named Honorable Mention All-America by "The Associated Press". He collected three triple-doubles that season, joining Jason Kidd as the only two players in Pac-10 history to post two or more triple-doubles in a season. During his career at Arizona, the Wildcats made it to the NCAA Tournament both seasons. In his freshman year, the Wildcats were defeated in the Elite Eight by Kansas. In his sophomore year, Arizona was defeated in the first round by Seton Hall. After posting career totals of 594 points (9.6 ppg), 409 rebounds (6.6 rpg) and 95 steals (1.53 spg) in 62 games (34 starts) he left to enter the NBA draft. At Arizona, Iguodala planned to major in education. After the season, Iguodala signed with agent Rob Pelinka, co-founder of the Landmark Sports Agency, who had represented NBA All-Stars such as Kobe Bryant, Carlos Boozer and Gerald Wallace.


title: Andre Iguodala

text: Iguodala was selected 9th overall in the 2004 NBA draft by the Philadelphia 76ers. When Iguodala was selected, ESPN personality Dick Vitale commented that it was a mistake for the Sixers to take him, saying "Iguodala was a [27 percent] shooter from the college three-point line. He's not going to be able to play", Iguodala used this as motivation in what proved to be a very productive rookie season. Iguodala was thrust into the starting lineup immediately during his rookie season and was the only 76er to play and start all 82 regular-season games plus 5 playoff games, becoming a favorite target of Allen Iverson in the process, often connecting on highlight-reel dunks on passes or alley-oops from Iverson. Iguodala proved his versatility, as he was the only rookie and 76er to record a triple-double that season, doing it against the defending champion Detroit Pistons. In the game, he scored 10 points, caught 10 rebounds and dished out 10 assists. During the season, he averaged 9 points, 5.7 rebounds, 3 assists, 1.7 steals, and 32.8 minutes per game. His efforts were rewarded when he was named to the All-Rookie First Team and started on the rookie team during the Rookie Challenge portion of All-Star Weekend. He finished fourth in voting for NBA Rookie of the Year.


title: Andre Iguodala

text: Now a permanent fixture in the 76ers' starting rotation, Iguodala was the only Sixer to play in and start all 82 games in his second season. On February 17, 2006, at the Rookie Challenge, Iguodala won MVP honors for his 30-point performance in the Sophomores win. A day later, he participated in the Slam Dunk Contest. His first dunk was a simple windmill, but then for his second dunk he received a pass from Allen Iverson off the back side of the backboard, then leapt under the board and put in the reverse on the other side and was awarded a perfect score of 50 points. In the final round, he did a behind-the-back dunk and followed with a reverse. The award however was given to Nate Robinson, in a controversial decision, as Robinson had missed 14 straight dunk attempts before hitting his final one. Iguodala averaged 12.3 points and 5.9 rebounds on the season.


title: Andre Iguodala

text: After Allen Iverson was traded to the Denver Nuggets and Chris Webber was released, Iguodala would have to get accustomed to his new leadership role with the 76ers. At the time of Webber's release, the Sixers were 9–26 (Iverson only played 15 games before he was traded). With Iguodala now averaging 40.3 minutes per game, he led the Sixers on a late-season run, finishing the rest of the season 26–21 and almost clinching the 8th seed in the Eastern Conference playoffs, although their late run came more as a result of other teams "tanking" to secure a higher draft pick. He went on to finish the season with averages of 18.2 points, along with 5.7 rebounds and 5.7 assists. He was one of four players to average at least 18 points, 5 rebounds, and 5 assists, with the others being LeBron James, Kobe Bryant, and Tracy McGrady.


title: Andre Iguodala

text: Iguodala got off to a slow start to the season, even to a point where he was leading the league in turnovers. He began to step up his game as the season went on, leading Philadelphia to a playoff berth. The 76ers finished the season at 40–42, winning 22 of their last 29 games and earning a playoff spot with a victory over the Atlanta Hawks on April 4. Iguodala averaged a career-high 19.9 points, 5.4 rebounds, and 4.8 assists per game through the 82 games. Philadelphia was set to face the No. 2 seed Detroit. In the playoffs, the Sixers lost in the first round to the Pistons in 6 games after leading the series 2–1. Iguodala had a poor playoffs series, averaging 13 points per game. On August 12, 2008, Iguodala reportedly agreed to a six-year, $80 million contract extension with the Sixers. He officially signed on August 17, 2008. The contract had $5 million in bonuses and a player option for the sixth year.


title: Andre Iguodala

text: Early on in the year, Iguodala was on a Sixers team with high expectations after signing All-Star forward Elton Brand and seeing the success of forward Thaddeus Young, whom they drafted with their lottery pick the prior year. Iguodala developed into more of a primary player in the 2008–09 season, becoming more active as a facilitator on the offensive end of the floor. Early into the season, Philadelphia was struggling, which led to the departure of head coach Maurice Cheeks. The 76ers played much better basketball under Tony DiLeo. In his last year with co-captain and veteran point guard Andre Miller, Iguodala helped lead the Sixers to another playoff berth, finishing the season with a 41–41 season record, 6th in the Eastern conference. In the playoffs the 76ers were set to face the third seed Orlando Magic. In Game 1, Orlando had an 18-point lead in the fourth quarter, but Philadelphia made an amazing comeback led by Iguodala, eventually scoring a step-back, fadeaway jumper in the face of Hedo Türkoğlu with 2.2 seconds remaining to give the Sixers the win. The Sixers eventually fell to the Magic in the playoffs, failing to reach the second round. Iguodala had averaged 18.8 points, 5.7 rebounds, and 5.3 assists per game through 82 regular-season games.