title: Annette O'Toole

text: O'Toole was born in Houston, Texas, the daughter of Dorothy Geraldine (née Niland) and William West Toole Jr. Her mother taught dance, which O'Toole herself began learning at the age of three. She started taking acting lessons after her family moved to Los Angeles when she was 13. Her first television appearance was in 1967 on "The Danny Kaye Show", followed over the next few years with guest appearances in shows such as "My Three Sons", "The Virginian", "Gunsmoke", "Hawaii Five-O", and "The Partridge Family".


title: Annette O'Toole

text: O'Toole's first major film role was as a jaded beauty pageant contestant in the 1975 satire ""Smile""; she got the role after doing an impression of a "dead cockroach" at the audition. She also appeared as the tutor and girlfriend of Robby Benson's character in the college basketball story ""One on One"" in 1977. She co-starred opposite Gary Busey in the 1980 film "Foolin' Around". In 1981, she starred in the HBO onstage production of "Vanities", as well as in the TV movie "Stand By Your Man", which detailed the life of country music legend Tammy Wynette. Later on in 1982, she appeared briefly as Nick Nolte's girlfriend in "48 Hrs." That same year, she played Alice Perrin in "Cat People", and then in 1983 she played Lana Lang (love interest to Clark Kent/Superman), and single mother of Ricky in "Superman III".


title: Annette O'Toole

text: In 1985, she co-starred with Barry Manilow in the CBS television movie "Copacabana" playing Lola La Mar to Manilow's Tony Starr. Also in 1985, she had a starring role as Ms. Edmunds in the original "Bridge to Terabithia", and appeared in the TV adaptation of "Strong Medicine" the following year. In 1987's "Cross My Heart", a romantic comedy, O'Toole had a leading role opposite Martin Short.


title: Annette O'Toole

text: In 1990, O'Toole had roles in two ABC television mini-series. She played the adult Beverly Marsh in the television mini-series adaptation of Stephen King's epic horror novel "It" and also portrayed Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy in "The Kennedys of Massachusetts", a role that earned her an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress. She next starred in the 1992 NBC mini-series "Jewels", based on the Danielle Steel novel of the same name.


title: Annette O'Toole

text: In 1993, O'Toole starred in "Desperate Justice" as Ellen Wells. In 1995, she starred as Cheryl Keeton in the 1995 Lifetime television film based on Ann Rule's true crime novel "Dead by Sunset". She had a recurring role on the television show "Nash Bridges" (1996) and starred in her own series "The Huntress" (2000) as a female bounty hunter. In 1997 O'Toole starred in the TV movie "Keeping the Promise".


title: Annette O'Toole

text: In October 2001, 18 years after portraying Lana Lang in "Superman III", O'Toole returned to the "Superman" mythos in the role of Martha Kent, Superman's adoptive mother, in the television series "Smallville". She remained part of the show's main cast, though at times in the background, until the end of its sixth season. On January 19, 2010, it was announced that O'Toole would be returning to "Smallville" for at least one episode.


title: Annette O'Toole

text: On November 22, 2010, O'Toole played the role of Veronica, a middle-aged woman with a severe case of Alzheimer's, in season 3 episode 7 of the TV series "Lie to Me". In March 2013 she appeared in "Grey's Anatomy" as a school teacher who finds out, after surgery, that she will die from cancer. O'Toole portrayed Susan Emerson in six episodes of the first two seasons of "Halt and Catch Fire". In 2016, O'Toole returned to the Stephen King realm as boarding house owner Edna Price in 'The Kill Floor' episode of the King mini-series "11.22.63." O'Toole filled the role of Hope McCrea in the Netflix series "Virgin River."


title: Annette O'Toole

text: O'Toole can date the beginning of her songwriting career to events during a car ride after the September 11 attacks; as her husband Michael McKean describes it, "On September 11, 2001, Annette found herself without an airline to carry her back down to Los Angeles from Vancouver, where she films "Smallville". So she drove a rental car down. The two of us drove it back up together, and on the long drive up there, somewhere between Portland and Seattle, she told me she had a tune in her head." The "tune in her head" became "Potato's in the Paddy Wagon", one of three songs the couple wrote for "A Mighty Wind", including the Oscar-nominated song "A Kiss at the End of the Rainbow."


title: Annette O'Toole

text: O'Toole sang "What Could Be Better?"—a song she and her husband co-wrote – for the 2004 Disney children's album "A World of Happiness".


title: Annette O'Toole

text: On July 7, 2007, O'Toole appeared as a backing singer for her husband's fictional band Spinal Tap at the London leg of the Live Earth concerts. She has also performed on the band's 2009 "Unwigged and Unplugged" tour, and contributed lyrics to "Short and Sweet" on the 2009 Spinal Tap album "Back from the Dead".


title: Annette O'Toole

text: In 2011 she starred in CAP21's production of the new musical "Southern Comfort", based on the Sundance award-winning documentary, by Dan Collins and Julianne Wick Davis.


title: Annette O'Toole

text: O'Toole married actor Bill Geisslinger on April 8, 1983; they divorced in 1993. The couple had two daughters. O'Toole married Michael McKean in March 1999. She and McKean share a musical career.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: Hybe Co., Ltd. (, stylized as HYBE Corporation) is a South Korean multinational entertainment company established in 2005 by Bang Si-hyuk as Big Hit Entertainment Co., Ltd. The company operates as a record label, talent agency, music production company, event management and concert production company, and as a music publishing house. The company has multiple subsidiaries, including Big Hit Music, Source Music, Pledis Entertainment, Belift Lab, KOZ Entertainment, and ADOR, collectively known as Hybe Labels.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: Big Hit Entertainment was founded on February 1, 2005, and signed the vocal trio 8Eight in 2007. In 2010, the company signed a joint management contract with JYP Entertainment over the boy group 2AM. That year, Bang Si-hyuk signed RM as the first member of BTS and launched nationwide auditions to recruit other members for the group. BTS made their debut under Big Hit on June 13, 2013.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: In 2012, the company signed Lim Jeong-hee, and formed the girl group GLAM as a collaboration with Source Music. The group was active until 2014, when it was disbanded due to a controversy involving one of its members Kim Da-hee—Kim was sentenced to prison after being found guilty of blackmailing actor Lee Byung-hun.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: Following the end of the joint contract between Big Hit and JYP in April 2014, three members of 2AM returned to JYP. Lee Chang-min remained with Big Hit to continue with his solo career and as part of the duo Homme. 8Eight disbanded later that year, after Baek Chan and Joo Hee's contracts with Big Hit ended.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: In May 2015, Lim Jeong-hee parted ways with the agency, following the expiration of her three-year contract, and Signal Entertainment Group, a KOSDAQ-listed company specializing in artist management and television production, acquired Big Hit through a KR₩6 billion convertible bond. In early 2016, Big Hit ended their stake relationship with Signal and made a full settlement of the bonds.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: In February 2018, Homme disbanded after member Changmin's contract came to an end. He left the company to start his own agency, while Lee Hyun continued on as a solo artist. In August, Big Hit and CJ E&M released information stating plans to create a joint entertainment agency, with ownership split 52% to the latter and 48% to the former. Filed under the name Belift, the agency debuted its first boy group Enhypen in November 2020. In October, BTS renewed and extended their contract with the agency for seven more years. Big Hit was voted Best Investment Company of the Year at the 2018 Korea VC Awards in December.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: Big Hit debuted its second male group, Tomorrow X Together (TXT), in March 2019. Also that month, former CBO Lenzo Yoon was appointed as co-CEO alongside Bang. Yoon would focus on the business components of the company while Bang's focus would be on creative production. In July 2019, the agency acquired Source Music, and in August, the video game firm Superb. Thanks to the Weverse and Weverse Shop apps developed by its subsidiary beNX, Big Hit was chosen as the fourth most innovative company of 2020 worldwide by "Fast Company".


title: Hybe Corporation

text: In May 2020, Big Hit became the majority shareholder of Pledis Entertainment. While the label retained its independence, its roster of artists would now be promoted more widely outside of South Korea with Big Hit's support. The Fair Trade Commission (hereinafter KFTC) approved the acquisition in October. Big Hit acquired KOZ Entertainment, a record label founded by rapper Zico, the following month.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: In January 2021, news media reported that Big Hit and beNX had invested a combined ₩70 billion (US$63 million) in YG Plus, acquiring a 17.9% stake in the company in a merchandising and distribution deal that would see the aforementioned's artists join Weverse's social media and shop platforms. Naver Corporation later invested ₩354.8 billion ($321 million) in beNX, acquiring 49% of the subsidiary. In return, it transferred its V Live video streaming service to the latter for the development of a new integrated fan community platform. beNX was eventually renamed Weverse Company Inc. subsequent to the Naver deal. The merger was approved by the KFTC in May. On February 17, Big Hit and Universal Music Group (UMG) announced a strategic partnership between the two companies that will see them collaborate on various music and technology-related endeavours. At the forefront of this is a joint venture between Big Hit and Geffen Records—a UMG flagship label—to debut a global boy group through a new, Los Angeles-based label, with a global audition program set to air in 2022. Big Hit will be responsible for selecting and training the artists, while UMG will be in charge of music production, global distribution, and marketing. Additionally, more UMG artists will join Weverse, which is already home to Gracie Abrams, New Hope Club, and Alexander 23—Yungblud is next in line to join the platform. On February 25, Big Hit announced a ₩4 billion ($3.6 million) investment in a Korea-based AI company, Supertone, that specializes in creating hyper-realistic voices using technology.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: Big Hit announced its rebranding into an entertainment lifestyle platform company under the name Hybe Corporation in March 2021. The company underwent a complete organizational restructuring, which also saw the name "Big Hit Entertainment" (as relates to music operations) become Big Hit Music under Hybe's new Labels division—the rename was approved at a shareholders meeting on the 30th. The company relocated to its newly completed headquarters in the Yongsan Trade Center in Yongsan District on the 22nd. The rebrand went into effect on the 31st. Hybe acquired Scooter Braun's Ithaca Holdings and all its properties, including SB Projects and Big Machine Label Group, through its subsidiary Hybe America in April. The corporation invested $950 million (₩1.07 trillion) into the America branch to finance the buyout—$1.05 billion was paid to Ithaca shareholders and bondholders. BH Odyssey Merger Sub, a newly created subsidiary of Hybe America, facilitated the acquisition, and was later dissolved after the deal's finalization. Minority shareholder and original investor The Carlyle Group sold its stake in Ithaca as part of the deal. Braun joined Hybe's board while Scott Borchetta retained his position as CEO of Big Machine. That same month, "Time" named Hybe one of the "100 Most Influential Companies of 2021", under the "Pioneers" section.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: Japanese streaming platform Showroom announced a business and capital partnership with Hybe in May, to improve its domestic services and expand access to Japanese content in South Korea, the United States, and globally. Hybe was added to the MSCI Korea index on the 12th—the index updated on the 28th. Following a second organizational restructuring, Bang resigned as CEO on July 1 to return his focus to music production. He was replaced by Park Ji-won, but retained his position as Chairman of the Board of Directors. In November, Hybe entered into an equity-based partnership with Korean fintech company Dunamu to develop a joint venture NFT business for the creation of digital assets. It acquired a 2.6% stake in the company for ₩500 billion ($423.8 million) while Dunamu received a 5.6% stake in Hybe for ₩700 billion ($590 million). On November 11, Hybe won a Red Dot Design Award in the Brands & Communication Design category at the 2021 Red Dot Design Awards, for its new corporate identity (CI) design. The establishment of a new music label, ADOR, was announced on November 12. Chief brand officer (CBO) Min Hee-jin was appointed as its CEO and tasked with overseeing the management of the label's first girl group, later named NewJeans, which debuted in July 2022.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: In January 2022, Hybe published a series of "original stories" featuring three of its boy groups—BTS, Enhypen, and Tomorrow X Together—in collaboration with Webtoon and Wattpad as part of a planned IP expansion. The BTS comic alone earned over 15 million views within two days of release and was the highest-viewed title ever launched by Webtoon. In March, "Fast Company" named Hybe the 11th most innovative company of the year globally on its annual top-50 list—the company also ranked first in the Media category—while "Time" included Hybe on its 100 Most Influential Companies list for a second consecutive year. The company topped the "Leaders" category and was dubbed "The Pop Powerhouse" by the outlet for its acquisitions, expansion into the digital frontier, and transformative strides in the music industry during the pandemic era. The following month, Hybe won an iF Product Design Award for "Company Branding" in the Communication category at the International Forum Design Awards held in Germany in April.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: Hybe signed a multi-year deal with The Walt Disney Company Asia Pacific in July 2022 to provide content showcasing the Korean music and entertainment industries to a global market. Five programs, including a 4K cinematic film of the BTS Permission To Dance on Stage—LA concert, "", and "BTS Monuments: Beyond the Star"—a chronological docuseries of BTS' history from debut to present set to premiere exclusively in 2023—will be available on Disney's streaming platforms worldwide, mainly on Disney+. Additional content featuring other Hybe artists will also be released.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: Big Hit Entertainment initially operated as a private company with Bang Si-hyuk as the largest shareholder of its stock. In March 2017, the Korean mobile gaming company Netmarble acquired the second largest percentage of the company, paying a reported ₩201.4 billion ($191.8 million) for 25.71%—its CEO Bang Joon-hyuk, and Bang Si-hyuk are cousins. In October 2018, private investment firm STIC Investments received an undisclosed share of Big Hit for an investment of roughly ₩104 billion ($93 million).


title: Hybe Corporation

text: In 2007, Big Hit had four employees and was near bankruptcy, but Bang was able to keep the company afloat after the local success of 8Eight's "Without a Heart" in 2009. Its value rose over the years thanks to the global popularity of its first boy group BTS. In March 2018, Big Hit's earnings were publicized for the first time. The company reported revenue of ₩92.4 billion ($82 million) and operating profit of ₩32.5 billion ($29 million) for 2017. Initial estimates valued Big Hit at up to ₩700 billion ($624 million) if entered into an IPO that very month, making CEO Bang the richest in the South Korean entertainment business due to his large shareholding position, and leaving him with personal ownership value of roughly ₩350 billion ($314 million). By October 2018, the company was valued at more than ₩1 trillion.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: Big Hit's success has been attributed to its innovative management style, more like an IT company than an entertainment company, which has become the new standard in the K-pop industry; it includes a wide usage of social media to capture people's interest and transform it into sales, the creation of artist-related multimedia contents, and the full use of fandom energy. Financials published in March 2019 for the previous year, showed a 132% increase in sales compared to 2017, with Big Hit making approximately ₩214.2 billion ($189.38 million). Operating profit rose 97% to ₩64.1 billion ($56.72 million), while net profit rose 105% to ₩50.2 billion ($44.41 million). By June 2019, the company was valued between ₩1.28–2.22 trillion. As of March 2020, its total value was roughly ₩6 trillion ($5 billion). Big Hit commenced plans to go public on May 21, and applied for a pre-IPO consultation with the Korea Exchange. This is required under South Korean law before a company can file paperwork for an IPO. One week later, the company filed for a preliminary review of their planned IPO. On October 15, Big Hit was listed in the KOSPI index and began trading stocks.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: In February 2021, Big Hit published its first annual report since going public. The company recorded net income of ₩86.2 billion ($77.6 million) for 2020, a 19.1% increase compared to the previous year's ₩72.4 billion. Operating profit rose 44.3% to ₩142.4 billion, while sales increased 35.6% to ₩796.3 billion—bolstered in part by strong album sales and the company's various acquisitions—with Big Hit experiencing its best quarterly performance yet in the fourth quarter of 2020. Though concert revenue decreased in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, merchandise, fan-club, and online-content revenue increased 53%, 71%, and 66% respectively.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: Per Hybe's 2021 financial report released in February 2022, the company recorded annual revenue of ₩1.2 trillion, operating profit of ₩190.3 billion, and net income of ₩141 billion ($118 million), a 58, 30.8, and 62.8% increase respectively, compared to 2020. It is the first South Korean music agency to surpass the ₩1 trillion ($838 million) benchmark.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: Hybe HQ is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Hybe Corporation. The company comprises three divisions: Hybe Labels, Hybe Solutions, and Hybe Platforms. Under each division are wholly or partially owned subsidiaries of its parent corporation.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: This is the entertainment and music production division. Prior to the rebranding, it was known as Big Hit Labels. Subsidiaries within the division operate independently of Hybe Corporation but receive support.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: The "solutions" division is made up of specialized business units for video content, IP, learning, and games. Secondary and tertiary businesses are created based on the creative output of each label. In May 2021, Hybe Edu signed a business agreement with the International Korean Language Education Foundation (IKLEF) to develop Korean-language textbooks for distribution to overseas elementary and secondary schools through the Ministry of Education beginning in 2022. Various other online and offline content will also be created using BTS IP in response to an increasing demand for Korean-language education in foreign countries. On July 2, 2021, it was announced that Hybe 360 and Hybe IP had been dissolved and merged into Hybe Corporation.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: This is the technology division. It manages the social networking and entertainment platform Weverse, which serves as a hub for connecting and expanding all of Hybe's contents and services. In May 2021, Weverse Company invested in US startup Fave, an F2F platform for fandoms, as part of its plans to strengthen business opportunities in that territory.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: Prior to the rebrand, the subsidiary was known as Big Hit America. Following the rebranding, Hybe Corporation bought over all ₩1.7 trillion ($1.5 billion) of Big Hit America's shares, making it a wholly owned subsidiary under the corporation, and it became Hybe America. This was in preparation for Hybe Corporation's acquisition of Ithaca Holdings through Hybe America. BH Odyssey Merger Sub was created as a subsidiary of Hybe America to facilitate its buyout of Ithaca. Once finalized, Ithaca would become a subsidiary of Hybe America, and BH Odyssey would be dissolved. The merger is assumed to have been completed in the first quarter of 2021 per quarterly earning reports published on May 14.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: In July, Yoon was appointed co-CEO of Hybe America together with Braun. The two jointly manage US operations, with Yoon responsible for "the localization of Hybe's K-pop business model in the US" and "oversee[ing] the training, production and marketing process through which new talent is discovered" while Braun's focus is "on solidifying Hybe's presence in the US music industry" and "cementing [the company's] competitiveness in the stateside market". Jaesang Lee, the Chief Strategy Officer (CSO) who led the Ithaca acquisition, was made Chief Operations Officer (COO). During Hybe's corporate briefing on November 4, Hybe America announced plans for the launch of a new global girl group in collaboration with Geffen. Auditions remained open worldwide until November 28.


title: Hybe Corporation

text: Following Hybe's second leadership restructuring in July 2021, its Japanese subsidiaries, Hybe Solutions Japan and Hybe T&D Japan, were integrated to form a regional headquarters, Hybe Japan. The Japanese branch operates as an independent entity under former Hybe Solutions Japan CEO Han Hyun-rok—Han was newly appointed as CEO—and oversees music production, music publishing, music copyright management, artist management, and talent scouting and development. It also facilitates the entry of other Hybe artists into the Japanese market. The label will debut its first boy group, &Team, in December 2022. A collaboration with Hiroomi Tosaka of J Soul Brothers for the creation of a new girl group is also forthcoming.


title: Apple Park

text: Apple Park is the corporate headquarters of Apple Inc., located in Cupertino, California, United States. It was opened to employees in April 2017, while construction was still underway, and superseded the original headquarters at 1 Infinite Loop, which opened in 1993.


title: Apple Park

text: The main building's scale and circular groundscraper design, by Norman Foster, have earned the structure the media nickname "the spaceship." Located on a suburban site totaling , it houses more than 12,000 employees in one central four-story circular building of approximately . Apple co-founder Steve Jobs wanted the campus to look less like a business park and more like a nature refuge; 80 percent of the site consists of green space planted with drought-resistant trees and plants indigenous to the Cupertino area, and the center courtyard of the main building features an artificial pond.


title: Apple Park

text: In April 2006, Apple's then CEO Steve Jobs announced to the city council of Cupertino that Apple had acquired nine contiguous properties to build a second campus, the Apple Campus 2. The idea for a new headquarters was conceived by Jobs and Apple's then chief designer Jony Ive. Ive was Apple's immediate choice to design the project, going on to work very closely together with Norman Foster across five years, designing every detail, from the glass panels to the elevator buttons.


title: Apple Park

text: Purchases of the needed properties were made through the company Hines Interests, which in at least some cases did not disclose the fact that Apple was the ultimate buyer; Philip Mahoney, a partner with a local commercial real estate brokerage, noted that this is common practice in attempts to arrange the purchase of contiguous land made up of multiple parcels with separate owners, in order to keep costs from skyrocketing and not reveal the company's plans to competitors. Among the sellers of the properties were SummerHill Homes (a plot of ) and Hewlett-Packard (three buildings of their campus in Cupertino).


title: Apple Park

text: Until April 2008, Apple had not sought the necessary permits to begin construction, so it was estimated that the project would not be ready in 2010 as originally proposed; however, the buildings on the site were held by Apple for its operations. In November 2010 the "San Jose Mercury News" revealed that Apple had bought an additional no longer used by HP Inc., just north across Pruneridge Ave. This space had been the HP campus in Cupertino before it was relocated to Palo Alto.


title: Apple Park

text: On June 7, 2011, Jobs presented to the Cupertino City Council details of the architectural design of the new buildings and their surroundings. He did not live to see construction begin. Jobs passed away a few months later, on October 5, 2011.


title: Apple Park

text: On October 15, 2013, Cupertino City Council unanimously approved Apple's plans for the new campus after a six-hour debate. Shortly thereafter, demolition work began to prepare the site for construction.


title: Apple Park

text: On February 22, 2017, Apple announced the official name of the campus as the "Apple Park", and the auditorium to be named the "Steve Jobs Theater".


title: Apple Park

text: Originally expected to break ground in 2013 and open in 2015, the project was delayed and started in 2014. The campus opened for workers in April 2017, despite continued construction work. This was followed by the first event in the Steve Jobs Theater, which took place on September 12, 2017. The Apple Park Visitor Center opened five days later, on September 17, 2017.


title: Apple Park

text: As a consequence of the presence of the Apple Park in the area, surrounding streets have met with both increased tourism, along with rising real estate values of local housing, often drawing in Apple employees wanting to live near the workplace.


title: Apple Park

text: Apple Park is located east of the original Apple Campus. Apple has had a presence in Cupertino since 1977, which is why the company decided to build in the area rather than move to a cheaper, distant location. The campus is also next to a contaminated site under Superfund legislation with a groundwater plume.


title: Apple Park

text: The ring-shaped building, advertised as "a perfect circle," was not originally planned as such. The inner rim and outer rim on each floor are left open as walkways. There are eight buildings, separated by nine mini-atria. The campus is in circumference, with a diameter of . The one circular building houses most employees. It is four stories above the ground and three stories underground. Apple created life-size mock-ups of all parts of the building to analyze any design issues.


title: Apple Park

text: The design hides the roads and parking spaces underground. The campus uses only glass for its walls and views of the inner courtyard as well as of the landscape facing the exterior of the building. Around of space is for meetings and breakout spaces in the building. The inner part of the circular building contains a park featuring a pond, with fruit trees and winding pathways inspired by California fruit orchards.


title: Apple Park

text: All interior wood used for furniture was harvested from a certain species of maple, with Apple working with construction companies from 19 countries for designs and materials.


title: Apple Park

text: A breathing, hollow concrete slab acts as floor, ceiling, and HVAC system. A total of 4,300 such slabs were used. Some of the slabs weigh .


title: Apple Park

text: During construction, the building's structure was started by Skanska and DPR, but they were removed from the job for undisclosed reasons. The firms Rudolph and Sletten and Holder Construction completed the structure, envelope, and interior buildout. Truebeck Construction (then known as BNBTBuilders) worked on the exterior landscaping, Steve Jobs Theater, and the health and fitness center; McCarthy Building Companies built the parking garage; and Granite Construction performed road widening and utility work.


title: Apple Park

text: The land cost was estimated at $160 million. In 2011, the budget for Apple's Campus 2 was less than $3 billion. However, in 2013 the total cost was estimated to be closer to $5 billion.


title: Apple Park

text: The campus is one of the most energy-efficient buildings in the world, and the main building, Steve Jobs Theater, and fitness center are all LEED Platinum certified. In an April 2018 press release, Apple announced that it had switched to being powered entirely by renewable energy. The solar panels installed on the roof of the campus can generate 17 megawatts of power, sufficient to power 75% during peak daytime, and making it one of the largest solar roofs of the world. The other 4 megawatts are generated onsite using Bloom Energy Server fuel cells, which are powered by biofuel or natural gas. The air flows freely between the inside and outside of the building, providing natural ventilation and obviating the need for HVAC systems during nine months of the year.


title: Apple Park

text: The campus has seven cafés, with the largest being a three-level café for 3,000 sitting people. It has light-colored stone lining and glass railing with no metal support and is surrounded by extensive landscaping. The mezzanine space of can accommodate 600 people and 1,750 seats on terraces outside, with a capacity to serve 15,000 lunches a day, housed by specially designed 500 tables made of solid Spessart white oak, measuring long and wide.


title: Apple Park

text: Officially known as the Steve Jobs Theater, after the co-founder and former CEO of Apple, the facility is located atop a hill on the campus. It is an underground, 1,000-seat auditorium intended for Apple product launches and press meets. It has a large above-ground cylinder-shaped lobby with stairs down to the auditorium. The theater has 350 parking spaces on North Tantau Avenue and a pedestrian path leading to the main campus located northwest of the theater.


title: Apple Park

text: The theater's lobby has cylindrical-shaped glass walls and no support columns, which give an unhindered 360-degree view of the surrounding campus. The carbon-fiber roof, made of 44 identical panels, was supplied by the Dubai-based company, Premier Composite Technologies. Each panel is long and wide and locks in the middle with the other panels. It is the largest carbon-fiber roof and the largest glass-supported structure in the world.


title: Apple Park

text: The theater also includes a high glass elevator that rotates 171 degrees from the bottom floor to the upper lobby level. The elevator is made from chemically tempered glass, and is considered to be the tallest free-standing glass elevator in the world.


title: Apple Park

text: The theater's first press event was held on September 12, 2017, where the iPhone 8, iPhone 8 Plus, iPhone X, Apple Watch Series 3 and Apple TV 4K were announced.


title: Apple Park

text: A fitness center is located in the northwest of the campus. Apart from gym equipment, the fitness center features other amenities like changing rooms, showers, laundry services, and rooms for group sessions.


title: Apple Park

text: The research and development facilities feature two large buildings on the southern edge of the campus and are occupied by more than 2,000 people. The top floor of each building houses the department comprising industrial design and human interface teams formerly headed by design chief Jony Ive.


title: Apple Park

text: In recent years, Apple started launching care clinics in Santa Clara County to provide accessible healthcare and promote healthy behaviors right in the company's workplace. The idea to bring healthcare into the community enhances the element of inclusiveness and brings about actual changes to the traditional healthcare options in most firms.


title: Apple Park

text: Employees traveling by bus will board and depart from the bus station, which leads to the main campus via two white staircases. The area is also served by the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), which runs a local bus service from Cupertino to nearby cities. Prominent transit consultant Jarrett Walker, who worked with the VTA on providing service to the campus, criticized the campus' design due to its poor access to public transit.


title: Apple Park

text: Parking is located both underground and in two large parking structures accommodating approximately 14,200 employees. Cupertino regulations required a minimum of 11,000 parking spaces, 700 of which have electric vehicle charging stations.


title: Apple Park

text: There are 2,000 parking spaces in the subterranean parking garage. The parking is managed by sensors and apps, which manage the traffic and parking spaces.


title: Apple Park

text: There are 1,000 bikes on the campus for employees to get around, with miles of cycling and jogging trails all over the campus. There are an additional 2,000 bicycle parking spaces in the subterranean car parking garage.


title: Apple Park

text: Apple Park Visitor Center is a two-story structure with four main areas: an Apple Store featuring Apple-branded merchandise (T-shirts, hats, tote bags, postcards) not sold at regular Apple stores, a café, an exhibition space which currently showcases a 3D model of Apple Park with augmented reality, and a roof terrace overlooking the campus. It opened to the public on November 17, 2017. The estimated cost of the center is $80 million. The property at 10600 N. Tantau (NE corner of Tantau and Pruneridge) is across the road from the campus proper and abuts a Santa Clara residential neighborhood. The underground parking garage, with close to 700 spaces, has an estimated cost of $26 million. The Visitor Center is the only part of Apple Park which tourists are permitted to visit.


title: Apple Park

text: Apple Park Developer Center is a two-story structure across the street from Apple Park Visitor Center. Construction began in May 2021. Apple Park Developer Center was inaugurated on June 6, 2022 during WWDC.


title: Apple Park

text: 80% of the campus consists of green space. The spacious courtyard in the middle of the primary building was planted with apricot, olive, and apple orchards, as well as a herb garden near the cafe. Other plants selected for the campus landscape are drought tolerant. Recycled water is used to water the campus.


title: Apple Park

text: In 2011, Apple hired an arborist, Dave Muffly, to cultivate California's natural environment around Apple Park. Apple's headhunters tracked down Muffly in 2010 after Jobs recognized the quality of the oak trees near the Stanford Dish and asked staff to find the arborist who was caring for them.


title: Apple Park

text: There are 9,000 trees on the Apple Park campus, of 309 varieties of indigenous species. The planted trees are Oak savanna, Oak wood, and fruit trees including apple, apricot, plum, cherry, and persimmon. An additional are used for a native California grassland. Among the apple varieties represented are Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Gravenstein, and Pink Lady, but the McIntosh is notably absent, due to its incompatibility with the area's climate.


title: Apple Park

text: After he began work in earnest, Muffly realized that fewer than a hundred of the 4,000 existing trees were usable. This meant he had to procure from scratch almost all of the 9,000 planned trees. His team went so far as to search abandoned Christmas tree farms, and Apple bought one at Yermo in the Mojave Desert.


title: Apple Park

text: The land that Apple purchased for the campus came with an old barn that was built in 1916 by John Leonard using redwood planks. Leonard married into the Glendenning Family, who immigrated to the United States from Scotland and settled in the area in the 1850s. After Apple purchased the property, there were discussions between Apple, the Cupertino Historical Society, and the city of Cupertino as to the fate of the barn. The city's interest in the barn stemmed from its 2004 declaration as a historical site.


title: Apple Park

text: Eventually, Apple agreed to keep the barn on the property and is using it to "store maintenance tools and other landscaping materials". The barn was disassembled during the campus construction and then reassembled in a different location from where it was originally located.


title: Apple Park

text: The inner courtyard is , and lush with fruit trees alongside an artificial pond and a café. In the center, there is a rectangular field with several arches that resemble a rainbow when seen from a distance.


title: Apple Park

text: The design of the Apple Park campus has been called the "ultimate example" of suburban office parks, which have been in decline as companies seek to relocate to urban areas with better transit, bicycle, and pedestrian access. Kaid Benfield of the Natural Resources Defense Council, a non-profit environmental advocacy group, criticized the proposed campus for contributing to existing suburban sprawl, with car-dependent features and waste of expensive real estate that could have been used for affordable housing.


title: Apple Park

text: The headquarters also gained unfavorable attention when it emerged in 2018 that two workers had been injured and required hospital treatment after walking into the building's clear glass walls and doors.


title: Apple Park

text: Apple received some criticism for the perceived extravagance of its new headquarters, as well as its perfectionist approach to its design and construction. The use of special wood as a construction material was reported to be the subject of a 30-page guideline. The design of door handles was reported to be the subject of a one-and-a-half-year debate, involving several revisions before the Apple management gave its approval. Apple's desire for custom signage put the company at odds with the Santa Clara County Fire Department, requiring several rounds of negotiations due to fears it could compromise safety in case of emergencies.


title: Apple Park

text: In her book "Brotopia", writer Emily Chang criticized Apple Park for having no daycare facilities for employees' children, despite it ostensibly serving the needs of every individual.


title: Orpheus

text: Orpheus (; Ancient Greek: Ὀρφεύς, classical pronunciation: ; ) is a Thracian bard, legendary musician and prophet in ancient Greek religion. He was also a renowned poet and, according to the legend, travelled with Jason and the Argonauts in search of the Golden Fleece, and even descended into the Underworld of Hades, to recover his lost wife Eurydice.


title: Orpheus

text: Ancient Greek authors as Strabo and Plutarch note Orpheus's Thracian origins. The major stories about him are centered on his ability to charm all living things and even stones with his music (the usual scene in Orpheus mosaics), his attempt to retrieve his wife Eurydice from the underworld, and his death at the hands of the maenads of Dionysus, who tired of his mourning for his late wife Eurydice. As an archetype of the inspired singer, Orpheus is one of the most significant figures in the reception of classical mythology in Western culture, portrayed or alluded to in countless forms of art and popular culture including poetry, film, opera, music, and painting.


title: Orpheus

text: For the Greeks, Orpheus was a founder and prophet of the so-called "Orphic" mysteries. He was credited with the composition of the "Orphic Hymns" and the Orphic "Argonautica". Shrines containing purported relics of Orpheus were regarded as oracles.


title: Orpheus

text: Several etymologies for the name "Orpheus" have been proposed. A probable suggestion is that it is derived from a hypothetical PIE root 'orphan, servant, slave' and ultimately the verb root 'to change allegiance, status, ownership.' Cognates could include (; 'darkness') and (; 'fatherless, orphan') from which comes English 'orphan' by way of Latin.


title: Orpheus

text: Fulgentius, a mythographer of the late 5th to early 6th century AD, gave the unlikely etymology meaning "best voice," "Oraia-phonos".


title: Orpheus

text: It was believed by Aristotle that Orpheus never existed. But to all other ancient writers he was a real person, though living in remote antiquity. Most of them believed that he lived several generations before Homer. The earliest literary reference to Orpheus is a two-word fragment of the 6th century BC lyric poet Ibycus: ('Orpheus famous-of-name'). He is not mentioned by Homer or Hesiod. Most ancient sources accept his historical existence; Aristotle is an exception. Pindar calls Orpheus 'the father of songs' and identifies him as a son of the Thracian mythological king Oeagrus and the Muse Calliope.


title: Orpheus

text: Greeks of the Classical age venerated Orpheus as the greatest of all poets and musicians; it was said that while Hermes had invented the lyre, Orpheus perfected it. Poets such as Simonides of Ceos said that Orpheus's music and singing could charm the birds, fish and wild beasts, coax the trees and rocks into dance, and divert the course of rivers.


title: Orpheus

text: Orpheus was one of the handful of Greek heroes to visit the Underworld and return; his music and song had power even over Hades. The earliest known reference to this descent to the underworld is the painting by Polygnotus (5th century BC) described by Pausanias (2nd century AD), where no mention is made of Eurydice. Euripides and Plato both refer to the story of his descent to recover his wife, but do not mention her name; a contemporary relief (about 400 BC) shows Orpheus and his wife with Hermes. The elegiac poet Hermesianax called her Agriope; and the first mention of her name in literature is in the "Lament for Bion" (1st century BC)


title: Orpheus

text: Some sources credit Orpheus with further gifts to humankind: medicine, which is more usually under the auspices of Asclepius (Aesculapius) or Apollo; writing, which is usually credited to Cadmus; and agriculture, where Orpheus assumes the Eleusinian role of Triptolemus as giver of Demeter's knowledge to humankind. Orpheus was an augur and seer; he practiced magical arts and astrology, founded cults to Apollo and Dionysus and prescribed the mystery rites preserved in Orphic texts. Pindar and Apollonius of Rhodes place Orpheus as the harpist and companion of Jason and the Argonauts. Orpheus had a brother named Linus, who went to Thebes and became a Theban. He is claimed by Aristophanes and Horace to have taught cannibals to subsist on fruit, and to have made lions and tigers obedient to him. Horace believed, however, that Orpheus had only introduced order and civilization to savages.


title: Orpheus

text: Strabo (64 BC – c. AD 24) presents Orpheus as a mortal, who lived and died in a village close to Olympus. "Some, of course, received him willingly, but others, since they suspected a plot and violence, combined against him and killed him." He made money as a musician and "wizard" – Strabo uses (), also used by Sophocles in "Oedipus Tyrannus" to characterize Tiresias as a trickster with an excessive desire for possessions. () most often meant charlatan and always had a negative connotation. Pausanias writes of an unnamed Egyptian who considered Orpheus a (), i. e., magician.


title: Orpheus

text: "Orpheus...is repeatedly referred to by Euripides, in whom we find the first allusion to the connection of Orpheus with Dionysus and the infernal regions: he speaks of him as related to the Muses ("Rhesus" 944, 946); mentions the power of his song over rocks, trees, and wild beasts ("Medea" 543, "Iphigenia in Aulis" 1211, "Bacchae" 561, and a jocular allusion in "Cyclops" 646); refers to his charming the infernal powers ("Alcestis" 357); connects him with Bacchanalian orgies ("Hippolytu"s 953); ascribes to him the origin of sacred mysteries ("Rhesus" 943), and places the scene of his activity among the forests of Olympus ("Bacchae" 561.)" "Euripides [also] brought Orpheus into his play "Hypsipyle", which dealt with the Lemnian episode of the Argonautic voyage; Orpheus there acts as coxswain, and later as guardian in Thrace of Jason's children by Hypsipyle."


title: Orpheus

text: "He is mentioned once only, but in an important passage, by Aristophanes ("Frogs" 1032), who enumerates, as the oldest poets, Orpheus, Musaeus, Hesiod, and Homer, and makes Orpheus the teacher of religious initiations and of abstinence from murder..."


title: Orpheus

text: "Plato ("Apology", "Protagoras")...frequently refers to Orpheus, his followers, and his works. He calls him the son of Oeagrus ("Symposium"), mentions him as a musician and inventor "(Ion" and "Laws" bk 3.), refers to the miraculous power of his lyre "(Protagora"s), and gives a singular version of the story of his descent into Hades: the gods, he says, imposed upon the poet, by showing him only a phantasm of his lost wife, because he had not the courage to die, like Alcestis, but contrived to enter Hades alive, and, as a further punishment for his cowardice, he met his death at the hands of women ("Symposium".)"


title: Orpheus

text: "Earlier than the literary references is a sculptured representation of Orpheus with the ship "Argo", found at Delphi, said to be of the sixth century BC."


title: Orpheus

text: Four other people are traditionally called Orpheus: "The second Orpheus was an Arcadian, or, according to others, a Ciconian, from the Thracian Bisaltia, and is said to be more ancient than Homer and the Trojan War. He composed fabulous figments called mythpoeai and epigrams. The third Orpheus was of Odrysius, a city of Thrace, near the river Hebrus; but Dionysius in Suidas denies his existence. The fourth Orpheus was of Crotonia; flourished in the time of Pisistratus, about the fiftieth Olympiad, and is, I have no doubt, the same with Onomacritus, who changed the dialect of these hymns. He wrote Decennalia, and in the opinion of Gyraldlus the Argonautics, which are now extant under the name of Orpheus, with other writings called Orphical, but which according to Cicero some ascribe to Cecrops the Pythagorean. But the last Orpheus [the fifth] was Camarinseus, a most excellent versifier; and the same, according to Gyraldus, whose descent into Hades is so universally known."


title: Orpheus

text: On the writings of Orpheus, Freeman, in the 1946 edition of "The Pre- Socratic Philosophers" pp. 4–8, writes:


title: Orpheus

text: "In the fifth and fourth centuries BC, there existed a collection of hexametric poems known as Orphic, which were the accepted authority of those who followed the Orphic way of life, and were by them attributed to Orpheus himself. Plato several times quotes lines from this collection; he refers in the "Republic" to a "mass of books of Musaeus and Orpheus", and in the "Laws" to the hymns of Thamyris and Orpheus, while in the "Ion" he groups Orpheus with Musaeus and Homer as the source of inspiration of epic poets and elocutionists. Euripides in the "Hippolytus" makes Theseus speak of the "turgid outpourings of many treatises", which have led his son to follow Orpheus and adopt the Bacchic religion. Alexis, the fourth century comic poet, depicting Linus offering a choice of books to Heracles, mentions "Orpheus, Hesiod, tragedies, Choerilus, Homer, Epicharmus". Aristotle did not believe that the poems were by Orpheus; he speaks of the "so-called Orphic epic", and Philoponus (seventh century AD) commenting on this expression, says that in the "De Philosophia" (now lost) Aristotle directly stated his opinion that the poems were not by Orpheus. Philoponus adds his own view that the doctrines were put into epic verse by Onomacritus. Aristotle when quoting the Orphic cosmological doctrines attributes them to "the "theologoi"", "the ancient poets", "those who first theorized about the gods".


title: Orpheus

text: Nothing is known of any ancient Orphic writings except a reference in the "Alcestis" of Euripides to certain Thracian tablets which "the voice of Orpheus had inscribed" with pharmaceutical lore. The Scholiast, commenting on the passage, says that there exist on Mt. Haemus certain writings of Orpheus on tablets. There is also a reference, not mentioning Orpheus by name, in the pseudo-Platonic "Axiochus", where it is said that the fate of the soul in Hades is described on certain bronze tablets which two seers had brought to Delos from the land of the Hyperboreans. This is the only evidence for any ancient Orphic writings. Aelian (second century AD) gave the chief reason against believing in them: at the time when Orpheus is said to have lived, the Thracians knew nothing about writing.


title: Orpheus

text: It came therefore to be believed that Orpheus taught, but left no writings, and that the epic poetry attributed to him was written in the sixth century BC by Onomacritus. Onomacritus was banished from Athens by Hipparchus for inserting something of his own into an oracle of Musaeus when entrusted with the editing of his poems. It may have been Aristotle who first suggested, in the lost "De Philosophia", that Onomacritus also wrote the so-called Orphic epic poems. By the time when the Orphic writings began to be freely quoted by Christian and Neo-Platonist writers, the theory of the authorship of Onomacritus was accepted by many.


title: Orpheus

text: It is believed, however, that the Orphic literature current in the time of the Neo-Platonists (third century AD), and quoted by them as the authority for Orphic doctrines, was a collection of writings of different periods and varying outlook, something like that of the Bible. The earliest of these were composed in the sixth century by Onomacritus from genuine Orphic tradition; the latest which have survived, namely the "Voyage of the Argonauts", and the Hymns to various deities, cannot have been put together in their present form until the beginning of the Christian era, and are probably to be dated some time between the second and fourth centuries AD.


title: Orpheus

text: The Neo-Platonists quote the Orphic poems in their defence against Christianity, because Plato used poems which he believed to be Orphic. It is believed that in the collection of writings which they used there were several versions, each of which gave a slightly different account of the origin of the universe, of gods and men, and perhaps of the correct way of life, with the rewards and punishments attached thereto. Three principal versions are recognized by modern scholars; all three are mentioned by the Neo-Platonist Damascius (fifth to sixth centuries AD).


title: Orpheus

text: A long list of Orphic works is given in Suidas (tenth century AD); but most of these are there attributed to other authors.


title: Orpheus

text: Such was the list of works finally classed as Orphic writings, though it was known in early times that many of them were the works of Pythagoreans and other writers. Herodotus said of the so-called "Orphic and Bacchic rites" that they were actually "Egyptian and Pythagorean"; and Ion of Chios said that Pythagoras himself attributed some of his writings to Orpheus. Others, as has been said, regarded the earliest epics as the work of Onomacritus. The original Hymns were thought to have been composed by Orpheus, and written down, with emendations, by Musaeus. There were also other writers named Orpheus: to one, of Croton, said to be a contemporary and associate of Peisistratus, were attributed two epic poems: an "Argonautica", and "The Twelve-year Cycle" (probably astrological); to another, Orpheus of Camarina, an epic "Descent into Hades". These namesakes are probably inventions."


title: Orpheus

text: According to Apollodorus and a fragment of Pindar, Orpheus's father was Oeagrus, a Thracian king, or, according to another version of the story, the god Apollo. His mother was (1) the muse Calliope, (2) her sister Polymnia, (3) a daughter of Pierus, son of Makednos or (4) lastly of Menippe, daughter of Thamyris. According to Tzetzes, he was from Bisaltia. His birthplace and place of residence was Pimpleia close to the Olympus. Strabo mentions that he lived in Pimpleia. According to the epic poem "Argonautica", Pimpleia was the location of Oeagrus's and Calliope's wedding. While living with his mother and her eight beautiful sisters in Parnassus, he met Apollo, who was courting the laughing muse Thalia. Apollo, as the god of music, gave Orpheus a golden lyre and taught him to play it. Orpheus's mother taught him to make verses for singing. He is also said to have studied in Egypt.


title: Orpheus

text: Orpheus is said to have established the worship of Hecate in Aegina. In Laconia Orpheus is said to have brought the worship of Demeter Chthonia and that of the (; 'Saviour Maidens'). Also in Taygetos a wooden image of Orpheus was said to have been kept by Pelasgians in the sanctuary of the Eleusinian Demeter.


title: Orpheus

text: The "Argonautica" () is a Greek epic poem written by Apollonius Rhodius in the 3rd century BC. Orpheus took part in this adventure and used his skills to aid his companions. Chiron told Jason that without the aid of Orpheus, the Argonauts would never be able to pass the Sirens—the same Sirens encountered by Odysseus in Homer's epic poem the "Odyssey". The Sirens lived on three small, rocky islands called Sirenum scopuli and sang beautiful songs that enticed sailors to come to them, which resulted in the crashing of their ships into the islands. When Orpheus heard their voices, he drew his lyre and played music that was louder and more beautiful, drowning out the Sirens' bewitching songs. According to 3rd century BC Hellenistic elegiac poet Phanocles, Orpheus loved the young Argonaut Calais, "the son of Boreas, with all his heart, and went often in shaded groves still singing of his desire, nor was his heart at rest. But always, sleepless cares wasted his spirits as he looked at fresh Calais."


title: Orpheus

text: The most famous story in which Orpheus figures is that of his wife Eurydice (sometimes referred to as Euridice and also known as Argiope). While walking among her people, the Cicones, in tall grass at her wedding, Eurydice was set upon by a satyr. In her efforts to escape the satyr, Eurydice fell into a nest of vipers and suffered a fatal bite on her heel. Her body was discovered by Orpheus who, overcome with grief, played such sad and mournful songs that all the nymphs and gods wept. On their advice, Orpheus traveled to the underworld. His music softened the hearts of Hades and Persephone, who agreed to allow Eurydice to return with him to earth on one condition: he should walk in front of her and not look back until they both had reached the upper world. Orpheus set off with Eurydice following; however, as soon as he had reached the upper world, he immediately turned to look at her, forgetting in his eagerness that both of them needed to be in the upper world for the condition to be met. As Eurydice had not yet crossed into the upper world, she vanished for the second time, this time forever.


title: Orpheus

text: The story in this form belongs to the time of Virgil, who first introduces the name of Aristaeus (by the time of Virgil's "Georgics", the myth has Aristaeus chasing Eurydice when she was bitten by a serpent) and the tragic outcome. Other ancient writers, however, speak of Orpheus's visit to the underworld in a more negative light; according to Phaedrus in Plato's "Symposium", the infernal gods only "presented an apparition" of Eurydice to him. In fact, Plato's representation of Orpheus is that of a coward, as instead of choosing to die in order to be with the one he loved, he instead mocked the gods by trying to go to Hades to bring her back alive. Since his love was not "true"—he did not want to die for love—he was actually punished by the gods, first by giving him only the apparition of his former wife in the underworld, and then by being killed by women. In Ovid's account, however, Eurydice's death by a snake bite is incurred while she was dancing with naiads on her wedding day.


title: Orpheus

text: Virgil wrote in his poem that Dryads wept from Epirus and Hebrus up to the land of the Getae (north east Danube valley) and even describes him wandering into Hyperborea and Tanais (ancient Greek city in the Don river delta) due to his grief.


title: Orpheus

text: The story of Eurydice may actually be a late addition to the Orpheus myths. In particular, the name "Eurudike" ("she whose justice extends widely") recalls cult-titles attached to Persephone. According to the theories of poet Robert Graves, the myth may have been derived from another Orpheus legend, in which he travels to Tartarus and charms the goddess Hecate.


title: Orpheus

text: The myth theme of not looking back, an essential precaution in Jason's raising of chthonic Brimo Hekate under Medea's guidance, is reflected in the Biblical story of Lot's wife when escaping from Sodom. More directly, the story of Orpheus is similar to the ancient Greek tales of Persephone captured by Hades and similar stories of Adonis captive in the underworld. However, the developed form of the Orpheus myth was entwined with the Orphic mystery cults and, later in Rome, with the development of Mithraism and the cult of Sol Invictus.


title: Orpheus

text: According to a Late Antique summary of Aeschylus's lost play "Bassarids", Orpheus, towards the end of his life, disdained the worship of all gods except the sun, whom he called Apollo. One early morning he went to the oracle of Dionysus at Mount Pangaion to salute his god at dawn, but was ripped to shreds by Thracian Maenads for not honoring his previous patron (Dionysus) and was buried in Pieria.


title: Orpheus

text: Here his death is analogous with that of Pentheus, who was also torn to pieces by Maenads; and it has been speculated that the Orphic mystery cult regarded Orpheus as a parallel figure to or even an incarnation of Dionysus. Both made similar journeys into Hades, and Dionysus-Zagreus suffered an identical death. Pausanias writes that Orpheus was buried in Dion and that he met his death there.


title: Orpheus

text: He writes that the river Helicon sank underground when the women that killed Orpheus tried to wash off their blood-stained hands in its waters. Other legends claim that Orpheus became a follower of Dionysus and spread his cult across the land. In this version of the legend, it is said that Orpheus was torn to shreds by the women of Thrace for his inattention.


title: Orpheus

text: Feeling spurned by Orpheus for taking only male lovers (eromenoi), the Ciconian women, followers of Dionysus, first threw sticks and stones at him as he played, but his music was so beautiful even the rocks and branches refused to hit him. Enraged, the women tore him to pieces during the frenzy of their Bacchic orgies. In Albrecht Dürer's drawing of Orpheus's death, based on an original, now lost, by Andrea Mantegna, a ribbon high in the tree above him is lettered "Orfeus der erst puseran" ("Orpheus, the first pederast").


title: Orpheus

text: His head, still singing mournful songs, floated along with his lyre down the River Hebrus into the sea, after which the winds and waves carried them to the island of Lesbos, at the city of Methymna; there, the inhabitants buried his head and a shrine was built in his honour near Antissa; there his oracle prophesied, until it was silenced by Apollo. In addition to the people of Lesbos, Greeks from Ionia and Aetolia consulted the oracle, and his reputation spread as far as Babylon.


title: Orpheus

text: Orpheus's lyre was carried to heaven by the Muses, and was placed among the stars. The Muses also gathered up the fragments of his body and buried them at Leibethra below Mount Olympus, where the nightingales sang over his grave. After the river Sys flooded Leibethra, the Macedonians took his bones to Dion. Orpheus's soul returned to the underworld, to the fields of the Blessed, where he was reunited at last with his beloved Eurydice.


title: Orpheus

text: Another legend places his tomb at Dion, near Pydna in Macedon. In another version of the myth, Orpheus travels to Aornum in Thesprotia, Epirus to an old oracle for the dead. In the end Orpheus commits suicide from his grief unable to find Eurydice.


title: Orpheus

text: A number of Greek religious poems in hexameters were attributed to Orpheus, as they were to similar miracle-working figures, like Bakis, Musaeus, Abaris, Aristeas, Epimenides, and the Sibyl. Of this vast literature, only two works survived whole: the Orphic Hymns, a set of 87 poems, possibly composed at some point in the second or third century, and the epic "Orphic Argonautica", composed somewhere between the fourth and sixth centuries. Earlier Orphic literature, which may date back as far as the sixth century BC, survives only in papyrus fragments or in quotations. Some of the earliest fragments may have been composed by Onomacritus.


title: Orpheus

text: In addition to serving as a storehouse of mythological data along the lines of Hesiod's "Theogony", Orphic poetry was recited in mystery-rites and purification rituals. Plato in particular tells of a class of vagrant beggar-priests who would go about offering purifications to the rich, a clatter of books by Orpheus and Musaeus in tow. Those who were especially devoted to these rituals and poems often practiced vegetarianism and abstention from sex, and refrained from eating eggs and beans—which came to be known as the "Orphikos bios", or "Orphic way of life".


title: Orpheus

text: The Derveni papyrus, found in Derveni, Macedonia (Greece) in 1962, contains a philosophical treatise that is an allegorical commentary on an Orphic poem in hexameters, a theogony concerning the birth of the gods, produced in the circle of the philosopher Anaxagoras, written in the second half of the fifth century BC. Fragments of the poem are quoted making it "the most important new piece of evidence about Greek philosophy and religion to come to light since the Renaissance". The papyrus dates to around 340 BC, during the reign of Philip II of Macedon, making it Europe's oldest surviving manuscript.


title: Orpheus

text: The historian William Mitford wrote in 1784 that the very earliest form of a higher and more cohesive ancient Greek religion was manifest in the Orphic poems. W. K. C. Guthrie wrote that Orpheus was the founder of mystery religions and the first to reveal to men the meanings of the initiation rites.


title: Orpheus

text: The Orpheus motif has permeated Western culture and has been used as a theme in all art forms. Early examples include the Breton lai "Sir Orfeo" from the early 13th century and musical interpretations like Jacopo Peri's "Euridice" (1600, though titled with his wife's name, the libretto is based entirely upon books X and XI of Ovid's "Metamorphoses" and therefore Orpheus's viewpoint is predominant).


title: Orpheus

text: Rainer Maria Rilke's "Sonnets to Orpheus" (1922) are based on the Orpheus myth. Poul Anderson's Hugo Award-winning novelette "Goat Song", published in 1972, is a retelling of the story of Orpheus in a science fiction setting. Some feminist interpretations of the myth give Eurydice greater weight. Margaret Atwood's "Orpheus and Eurydice Cycle" (1976–86) deals with the myth, and gives Eurydice a more prominent voice. Sarah Ruhl's "Eurydice" likewise presents the story of Orpheus's descent to the underworld from Eurydice's perspective. Ruhl removes Orpheus from the center of the story by pairing their romantic love with the paternal love of Eurydice's dead father. David Almond's 2014 novel, "A Song for Ella Grey", was inspired by the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice, and won the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize in 2015.


title: Orpheus

text: The 2020 novel "Orpheus' Temptation" by Stefan Calin is based on an allegory between the main character and Orpheus's descent into the Underworld and subsequent temptation to look at Eurydice.


title: Orpheus

text: Dino Buzzati adapted the Orpheus motif in his graphic novel "Poem Strip" (1969). Neil Gaiman depicts his version of Orpheus in "The Sandman" comics series (1989–2015). Gaiman's Orpheus is the son of Oneiros (the Dream Lord Morpheus) and the muse Calliope.


title: Orpheus

text: The poet Gabriele Tinti has composed a series of poems inspired by the myth of Orpheus, read by Robert Davi at the J. Paul Getty Museum.


title: Orpheus

text: Vinicius de Moraes's play "Orfeu da Conceição" (1956), later adapted by Marcel Camus in the 1959 film "Black Orpheus", tells the story in the modern context of a favela in Rio de Janeiro during Carnaval. Jean Cocteau's Orphic Trilogy – "The Blood of a Poet" (1930), "Orpheus" (1950) and "Testament of Orpheus" (1959) – was filmed over thirty years, and is based in many ways on the story. Philip Glass adapted the second film into the chamber opera "Orphée" (1991), part of an homage triptych to Cocteau. Nikos Nikolaidis's 1975 film "Evrydiki BA 2O37" is an innovative perspective on the classic Greek tragedy of Orpheus and Eurydice. Baz Luhrmann's 2001 jukebox musical film "Moulin Rouge!" is also inspired by the myth. Anaïs Mitchell's 2010 folk opera musical "Hadestown" retells the tragedy of Orpheus and Eurydice with a soundtrack inspired by American blues and jazz, portraying Hades as the brutal work-boss of an underground mining city. Mitchell, together with director Rachel Chavkin, later adapted her album into a multiple Tony award-winning stage musical. Sarah Ruhl's play Eurydice examines the myth from the perspective of Eurydice, and the myth features as one of the tales told in Mary Zimmerman's play "Metamorphoses".


title: Yorkshire

text: Yorkshire ( ; abbreviated Yorks), formally known as the County of York, is a historic county in northern England and by far the largest in the United Kingdom. Because of its large area in comparison with other English counties, functions have been undertaken over time by its subdivisions, which have also been subject to periodic reform. Throughout these changes, Yorkshire has continued to be recognised as a geographic territory and cultural region. The name is familiar and well understood across the United Kingdom and is in common use in the media and the military, and also features in the titles of current areas of civil administration such as North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire.


title: Yorkshire

text: Within the borders of the historic county of Yorkshire are large stretches of countryside, including the Yorkshire Dales, North York Moors and Peak District national parks. Yorkshire has been nicknamed "God's Own Country" or "God's Own County" by its inhabitants.


title: Yorkshire

text: The emblem of Yorkshire is the White Rose of the English royal House of York, and the most commonly used flag representative of Yorkshire is the white rose on a blue field which, after nearly fifty years of use, was recognised by the Flag Institute on 29 July 2008. Yorkshire Day, held annually on 1 August, is a celebration of the general culture of Yorkshire, ranging from its history to its dialect.


title: Yorkshire

text: Yorkshire is covered by different Government Office Regions. Most of the county falls within Yorkshire and the Humber while the extreme northern part of the county, such as Middlesbrough, Redcar, Holwick and Startforth, falls within North East England. Small areas in the west of the county are covered by the North West England region.


title: Yorkshire

text: Yorkshire or the County of York was so named as it is the shire (administrative area or county) of the city of York or York's Shire. "York" comes from the Viking name for the city, Jórvík. The word "Shire" is either from the Old Norse word "skyr" or from Old English "scir" meaning share, care or official charge. The "shire" suffix is locally pronounced "shuh", or occasionally , a homophone of "sheer".


title: Yorkshire

text: Early inhabitants of what is now Yorkshire were Hen Ogledd Brythonic Celts (old north British Celts), who formed separate tribes, the Brigantes (known to be in the north and west ridings of now Yorkshire) and the Parisi, East Riding. The Brigantes controlled territory which later became all of Northern England and more territory than most Celtic tribes on the isle of Great Britain. Six of the nine Brigantian "poleis" described by Claudius Ptolemaeus in the "Geographia" fall within the historic county.


title: Yorkshire

text: The Parisi, who controlled the area that would become the East Riding of Yorkshire, might have been related to the Parisii of "Lutetia Parisiorum", Gaul (known today as Paris, France). Their capital was at Petuaria, close to the Humber Estuary.


title: Yorkshire

text: Although the Roman conquest of Britain began in 43 AD, the Brigantes remained in control of their kingdom as a client state of Rome for an extended period, reigned over by the Brigantian monarchs Cartimandua and her husband Venutius. The capital was between the north and west ridings "Isurium Brigantum" (near Aldborough) "civitas" under Roman rule. Initially, this situation suited both the Romans and the Brigantes, who were known as the most militant tribe in Britain.


title: Yorkshire

text: Queen Cartimandua left her husband Venutius for his armour bearer, Vellocatus, setting off a chain of events which changed control of the region. Cartimandua, due to her good relationship with the Romans, was able to keep control of the kingdom; however, her former husband staged rebellions against her and her Roman allies. At the second attempt, Venutius seized the kingdom, but the Romans, under general Petillius Cerialis, conquered the Brigantes in 71 AD.


title: Yorkshire

text: The fortified city of Eboracum (now known as York) was named as capital of "Britannia Inferior" and joint capital of all Roman Britain. The emperor Septimius Severus ruled the Roman Empire from Eboracum for the two years before his death.


title: Yorkshire

text: Another emperor, Constantius Chlorus, died in Eboracum during a visit in 306 AD. Thereafter his son Constantine the Great, who became renowned for his acceptance of Christianity, was proclaimed emperor in the city. In the early 5th century, the Roman rule ceased with the withdrawal of the last active Roman troops. By this stage, the Western Empire was in intermittent decline.


title: Yorkshire

text: After the Romans left, small Celtic kingdoms arose in the region, including kingdoms of Deira to the east (domain of a settlements near Malton on Derwent), Ebrauc (domain of York) around the north and Elmet to the west. The latter two were successors of land south-west and north-east of the former Brigantia capital.


title: Yorkshire

text: Angles (hailing from southern Denmark and northern Germany, probably along with Swedish Geats) consolidated (merging Ebrauc) under Deira, York as capital. This was in turn was grouped with Bernicia, another former Celtic-Brigantes kingdom that was north of the River Tees and had come to be headed by Bamburgh, to form Northumbria. Elmet had remained independent from the Germanic Angles until some time in the early 7th century, when King Edwin of Northumbria expelled its last king, Certic, and annexed the region to his Deira region. The Celts never went away, but were assimilated. This explains the existence of many Celtic place names in Yorkshire today, such as Kingston upon Hull and Pen-y-ghent.


title: Yorkshire

text: As well as the Angles and Geats, other settlers included Frisians (thought to have founded Fryston and Frizinghall), Danes, Franks and Huns.


title: Yorkshire

text: At its greatest extent, Northumbria stretched from the Irish Sea to the North Sea and from Edinburgh down to Hallamshire in the south.


title: Yorkshire

text: Scandinavian York (also referred to as Jórvík) or Danish/Norwegian York is a term used by historians for the south of Northumbria (modern day Yorkshire) during the period of the late 9th century and first half of the 10th century, when it was dominated by Norse warrior-kings; in particular, used to refer to York, the city controlled by these kings.


title: Yorkshire

text: Norse monarchy controlled varying amounts of Northumbria from 875 to 954, however the area was invaded and conquered for short periods by England between 927 and 954 before eventually being annexed into England in 954. It was closely associated with the much longer-lived Kingdom of Dublin throughout this period.


title: Yorkshire

text: An army of Danish Vikings, the Great Heathen Army as its enemies often referred to it, invaded Northumbrian territory in 866 AD. The Danes conquered and assumed what is now York and renamed it Jórvík, making it the capital city of a new Danish kingdom under the same name. The area which this kingdom covered included most of Southern Northumbria, roughly equivalent to the borders of Yorkshire extending further West.


title: Yorkshire

text: The Danes went on to conquer an even larger area of England that afterwards became known as the Danelaw; but whereas most of the Danelaw was still English land, albeit in submission to Viking overlords, it was in the Kingdom of Jórvík that the only truly Viking territory on mainland Britain was ever established. The Kingdom prospered, taking advantage of the vast trading network of the Viking nations, and established commercial ties with the British Isles, North-West Europe, the Mediterranean and the Middle East.


title: Yorkshire

text: Founded by the Dane Halfdan Ragnarsson in 875, ruled for the great part by Danish kings, and populated by the families and subsequent descendants of Danish Vikings, the leadership of the kingdom nonetheless passed into Norwegian hands during its twilight years. Eric Bloodaxe, an ex-king of Norway who was the last independent Viking king of Jórvík, is a particularly noted figure in history, and his bloodthirsty approach towards leadership may have been at least partly responsible for convincing the Danish inhabitants of the region to accept English sovereignty so readily in the years that followed.


title: Yorkshire

text: After around 100 years of its volatile existence, the Kingdom of Jorvik finally came to an end. The Kingdom of Wessex was now in its ascendancy and established its dominance over the North in general, placing Yorkshire again within Northumbria, which retained a certain amount of autonomy as an almost-independent earldom rather than a separate kingdom. The Wessex Kings of England were reputed to have respected the Norse customs in Yorkshire and left law-making in the hands of the local aristocracy.


title: Yorkshire

text: In the weeks leading up to the Battle of Hastings in 1066 AD, Harold II of England was distracted by pushing back efforts to reinstate the kingdom of Jorvik and Danelaw. His brother Tostig and Harald Hardrada, King of Norway, having won the Battle of Fulford. The King of England marched north where the two armies met at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Tostig and Hardrada were both killed and their army was defeated decisively.


title: Yorkshire

text: Harold Godwinson was forced immediately to march his army south, where William the Conqueror was landing. The King was defeated in what is now known as the Battle of Hastings, which led to the Norman conquest of England.


title: Yorkshire

text: The people of the North rebelled against the Normans in September 1069 AD, enlisting Sweyn II of Denmark. They tried to take back York, but the Normans burnt it before they could. What followed was the Harrying of the North ordered by William. From York to Durham, crops, domestic animals, and farming tools were scorched. Many villages between the towns were burnt and local northerners were indiscriminately murdered. During the winter that followed, families starved to death and thousands of peasants died of cold and hunger. Orderic Vitalis estimated that "more than 100,000" people from the North died from hunger.


title: Yorkshire

text: In the centuries following, many abbeys and priories were built in Yorkshire. Norman landowners increased their revenues and established new towns such as Barnsley, Doncaster, Hull, Leeds, Scarborough and Sheffield, among others. Of towns founded before the conquest, only Bridlington, Pocklington, and York continued at a prominent level.


title: Yorkshire

text: In the early 12th century, people of Yorkshire had to contend with the Battle of the Standard at Northallerton with the Scots. Representing the Kingdom of England led by Archbishop Thurstan of York, soldiers from Yorkshire defeated the more numerous Scots.


title: Yorkshire

text: The population of Yorkshire boomed until it was hit by the Great Famine of 1315 until 1322. The Black Death reached Yorkshire by 1349, killing around a third of the population.


title: Yorkshire

text: When King Richard II was overthrown in 1399, antagonism between the House of York and the House of Lancaster, both branches of the royal House of Plantagenet, began to emerge. Eventually the two houses fought for the throne of England in a series of civil wars, commonly known as the Wars of the Roses. Some of the battles took place in Yorkshire, such as those at Wakefield and Towton, the latter of which is known as the bloodiest battle ever fought on English soil. Richard III was the last Yorkist king.


title: Yorkshire

text: Henry Tudor, sympathiser to the House of Lancaster, defeated and killed Richard at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He then became King Henry VII and married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Yorkist Edward IV, ending the wars. The two roses of white and red, emblems of the Houses of York and Lancaster respectively, were combined to form the Tudor Rose of England. This rivalry between the royal houses of York and Lancaster has passed into popular culture as a rivalry between the counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire, particularly in sport (for example the Roses Match played in County Cricket), although the House of Lancaster was based in York and the House of York in London.


title: Yorkshire

text: The English Reformation began under Henry VIII and the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536 led to a popular uprising known as Pilgrimage of Grace, started in Yorkshire as a protest. Some Catholics in Yorkshire continued to practise their religion and those caught were executed during the reign of Elizabeth I. One such person was a York woman named Margaret Clitherow who was later canonised.


title: Yorkshire

text: During the English Civil War, which started in 1642, Yorkshire had divided loyalties; Hull (full name Kingston upon Hull) famously shut the gates of the city on the king when he came to enter a few months before fighting began, while the North Riding of Yorkshire in particular was strongly royalist. York was the base for Royalists, and from there they captured Leeds and Wakefield only to have them recaptured a few months later. The royalists won the Battle of Adwalton Moor meaning they controlled Yorkshire (with the exception of Hull). From their base in Hull the Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") fought back, re-taking Yorkshire town by town, until they won the Battle of Marston Moor and with it control of all of the North of England.


title: Yorkshire

text: In the 16th and 17th centuries Leeds and other wool-industry-centred towns continued to grow, along with Huddersfield, Hull and Sheffield, while coal mining first came into prominence in the West Riding of Yorkshire. The wool textile industry, which had previously been a cottage industry, centred on the old market towns moved to the West Riding where entrepreneurs were building mills that took advantage of water power gained by harnessing the rivers and streams flowing from the Pennines. The developing textile industry helped Wakefield and Halifax grow.


title: Yorkshire

text: The 19th century saw Yorkshire's continued growth, with the population growing and the Industrial Revolution continuing with prominent industries in coal, textile and steel (especially in Sheffield, Rotherham and Middlesbrough). However, despite the booming industry, living conditions declined in the industrial towns due to overcrowding. This saw bouts of cholera in both 1832 and 1848. However, advances were made by the end of the century with the introduction of modern sewers and water supplies. Several Yorkshire railway networks were introduced as railways spread across the country to reach remote areas.


title: Yorkshire

text: As Yorkshire was too large and unwieldy to have its own county council, separate county councils were created for the three ridings in 1889, but their area of control did not include the large towns, which became county boroughs, and included an increasingly large part of the population.


title: Yorkshire

text: Canals and turnpike roads were introduced in the late 18th century. In the following century the spa towns of Harrogate and Scarborough flourished, due to people believing mineral water had curative properties.


title: Yorkshire

text: During the Second World War, Yorkshire became an important base for RAF Bomber Command and brought the county & it's productive industries into the cutting edge of the war, and thus in the targets of Luftwaffe bombers during the Battle of Britain.


title: Yorkshire

text: The County Borough of Teesside was created in 1968, drafted by the North Eastern General Review Area from 1962 to 1963 and executed under the Local Government Act 1958, adding settlements to the North Riding's north eastern edges, notably Stockton and Billingham. Twelve in total were placed into a county borough council area. This was the last county borough made and first county to use the local river and '-side' suffix before similar cross river focused counties were created in 1974.


title: Yorkshire

text: In 1974, they were large local government reforms throughout the United Kingdom. Some of the Local Government Act 1972 changes were unpopular, historic boundaries of Yorkshire and its ridings lost notability status as entities.


title: Yorkshire

text: In 1996, the 'East Riding of Yorkshire' was created from Yorkshire parts of abolished Humberside and North Yorkshire gained Yorkshire parts of Cleveland. The Government Office entity currently containing most of Yorkshire is the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England. This region includes the north-eastern part of Lincolnshire, but not northern parts of Yorkshire, as these areas, located around the River Tees, are in the North East England region. Parts in the North West England region are:


title: Yorkshire

text: In 2018, eighteen of the twenty-two local councils in the Yorkshire and Humber region voted to elect a mayor to represent the county, including a devolved deal for Yorkshire that would in some regards reunite the county under one deal and mayor. The proposal would allow the mayor similar powers to those possessed by the Mayor of London over Greater London. This would also allow Yorkshire to create up to 200,000 jobs across the county and provide similar funding and autonomy to that enjoyed by Greater Manchester.


title: Yorkshire

text: Historically, the northern boundary of Yorkshire was the River Tees, the eastern boundary was the North Sea coast and the southern boundary was the Humber Estuary and Rivers Don and Sheaf. The western boundary meandered along the western slopes of the Pennine Hills to again meet the River Tees. It is bordered by several other historic counties: the county of Durham, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Cheshire, Lancashire and Westmorland. In Yorkshire there is a very close relationship between the major topographical areas and the geological period in which they were formed. The Pennine chain of hills in the west is of Carboniferous origin. The central vale is Permo-Triassic. The North York Moors in the north-east of the county are Jurassic in age while the Yorkshire Wolds to the south east are Cretaceous chalk uplands.


title: Yorkshire

text: Yorkshire is drained by several rivers. In western and central Yorkshire the many rivers empty their waters into the River Ouse which reaches the North Sea via the Humber Estuary. The most northerly of the rivers in the Ouse system is the River Swale, which drains Swaledale before passing through Richmond and meandering across the Vale of Mowbray. Next, draining Wensleydale, is the River Ure, which the Swale joins east of Boroughbridge. Near Great Ouseburn the Ure is joined by the small Ouse Gill Beck, and below the confluence the river is known as the Ouse. The River Nidd rises on the edge of the Yorkshire Dales National Park and flows along Nidderdale before reaching the Vale of York and the Ouse. The River Wharfe, which drains Wharfedale, joins the Ouse upstream of Cawood. The Rivers Aire and Calder are more southerly contributors to the River Ouse and the most southerly Yorkshire tributary is the River Don, which flows northwards to join the main river at Goole. Further north and east the River Derwent rises on the North York Moors, flows south then westwards through the Vale of Pickering then turns south again to drain the eastern part of the Vale of York. It empties into the River Ouse at Barmby on the Marsh.


title: Yorkshire

text: In the far north of the county the River Tees flows eastwards through Teesdale and empties its waters into the North Sea downstream of Middlesbrough. The smaller River Esk flows from west to east at the northern foot of the North York Moors to reach the sea at Whitby. To the east of the Yorkshire Wolds the River Hull flows southwards to join the Humber Estuary at Kingston upon Hull.


title: Yorkshire

text: The western Pennines are drained by the River Ribble which flows westwards, eventually reaching the Irish Sea close to Lytham St Annes.


title: Yorkshire

text: The countryside of Yorkshire has been called "God's Own County" by its inhabitants. Yorkshire includes the North York Moors and Yorkshire Dales National Parks, and part of the Peak District National Park. Nidderdale and the Howardian Hills are designated Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, as is the North Pennines (a part of which lies within the county). Spurn Point, Flamborough Head and the coastal North York Moors are designated Heritage Coast areas, and are noted for their scenic views with rugged cliffs such as the jet cliffs at Whitby, the limestone cliffs at Filey and the chalk cliffs at Flamborough Head. Moor House – Upper Teesdale, most of which is part of the former North Riding of Yorkshire, is one of England's largest national nature reserves. At High Force on the border with County Durham, the River Tees plunges over the Whin Sill (an intrusion of igneous rock). High Force is not, as is sometimes claimed, the highest waterfall in England (Hardraw Force in Wensleydale, also in Yorkshire, has a drop for example). However, High Force is unusual in being on a major river and carries a greater volume of water than any higher waterfall in England.


title: Yorkshire

text: The highest mountains in Yorkshire all lie in the Pennines on the western side of the county, with millstone grit and limestone forming the underlying geology and producing distinctive layered hills. The county top is the remote Mickle Fell (height above sea level) in the North Pennines southwest of Teesdale, which is also the highest point in the North Riding. The highest point in the West Riding is Whernside (height ) near to Ingleton in the Yorkshire Dales. Together with nearby Ingleborough (height ) and Pen-y-Ghent (height ), Whernside forms a trio of very prominent and popular summits (the Yorkshire Three Peaks) which can be climbed in a challenging single day's walk. The highest point in the Yorkshire part of the Peak District is Black Hill (height ) on the border with historic Cheshire (which also forms the historic county top of that county). The hill ranges along the eastern side of Yorkshire are lower than those of the west. The highest point of the North York Moors is Urra Moor (height ). The highest point of the Yorkshire Wolds, a range of low chalk downlands east of York, is Bishop Wilton Wold (height ), which is also the highest point of the East Riding. The view from Sutton Bank at the southeastern edge of the North York Moors near Thirsk encompasses a vast expanse of the Yorkshire lowlands with the Pennines forming a backdrop. It was called the "finest view in England" by local author and veterinary surgeon James Herriot in his 1979 guidebook "James Herriot's Yorkshire".


title: Yorkshire

text: The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds runs nature reserves such as the one at Bempton Cliffs with coastal wildlife such as the northern gannet, Atlantic puffin and razorbill. Spurn Point is a narrow long sand spit. It is a national nature reserve owned by the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust and is noted for its cyclical nature whereby the spit is destroyed and re-created approximately once every 250 years. There are seaside resorts in Yorkshire with sandy beaches; Scarborough is Britain's oldest seaside resort dating back to the spa town-era in the 17th century, while Whitby has been voted as the United Kingdom's best beach, with a "postcard-perfect harbour".


title: Yorkshire

text: The northern extent of Yorkshire is the Tees and the southern extent was the Humber. East is the North Sea and west are the Pennines and the Aire Gap.


title: Yorkshire

text: York has historically been recognised as a city "by ancient prescriptive right", having been the seat of a bishop for many centuries, rather than through specific charters or declarations. Its status as a city was reaffirmed as part of the administrative reforms in 1974 and again in 1996. The smallest city in Yorkshire is Ripon which associated its city status with the establishment of Church of England dioceses. When the Diocese of Ripon was created in 1836 the corporation of Ripon assumed that this inferred city status, however, uncertainty surrounding this led to its status being clarified by a parliamentary bill in 1865 known as the City of Ripon Act.


title: Yorkshire

text: In 1871, Wakefield had a population of around 28,000, less than half the size of the towns of Huddersfield and Halifax, yet when the Ripon diocese was divided to create a diocese for the West Riding it was the Church of All Saints, Wakefield that was chosen to be the cathedral and upon the establishment of the new diocese in 1888 Wakefield petitioned for city status with letters patent being granted soon after. Bradford, Kingston upon Hull, Leeds and Sheffield became cities in the 1890s. They had all seen significant growth throughout the 19th century and were all larger than any of the preceding cities in Yorkshire. More recently city status was conferred through local government reform in 1974 to the metropolitan boroughs created at that time, some of which were already based on existing city areas (such as Leeds and Sheffield).


title: Yorkshire

text: In May 2022 it was announced that, as part of the Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours, Doncaster would receive city status by letters patent later in 2022.


title: Yorkshire

text: The local government administration has changed over time, with legislation created and abolished, redrawning administrative boundaries. During these changes the boundaries of Yorkshire and its ridings remain as non-administrative, geographical and historic areas, in contrast with the four counties with Yorkshire in their name and region of Yorkshire and the Humber, the latter does not match the boundaries of the historic county: North East England includes Startforth, Middlesbrough and Guisborough; North West England includes Saddleworth, Barnoldswick and Sedbergh while Yorkshire and the Humber Includes the Lincolnshire towns of Grimsby, Scunthorpe and Immingham.


title: Yorkshire

text: Historically, Yorkshire was divided into three ridings and the Ainsty of York. The term 'riding' is of Viking origin and derives from "Threthingr" (equivalent to third-ing) meaning one acting part of three to York's share. The three ridings in Yorkshire were named the East Riding, West Riding, and North Riding. The North Riding bordering on the Derwent to the East Riding. The East Riding and west Riding the west and north parts are bordered by the Ouse and Ure/Nidd watershed. Each historic riding included wapentakes, local meeting points.


title: Yorkshire

text: Local government reform in 1974 saw the three ridings reformed with the present day ceremonial counties of the East Riding, North, South and West Yorkshire, with York incorporated into North Yorkshire. County boroughs disbanded and became smaller unitary authorities, independent of the county authority however included in the new counties.


title: Yorkshire

text: The 1996 reform split Humberside with East Riding of Yorkshire created (the East Yorkshire district pre-reform meant the older name was used) and part of the County of Cleveland became part of North Yorkshire. Certain legal functions (such as policing) still exist under the old county names from before the 1996 reform, for example Cleveland Fire Brigade, as are the 1993-created regional boundaries.


title: Yorkshire

text: Yorkshire has been the focus of various industrial promotion and development initiatives, such as Yorkshire Forward, and today various local enterprise partnerships. There are also a number of innovation centres belonging to leading companies, and a range of spin-off companies linked to major universities.


title: Yorkshire

text: Many large British companies are based in Yorkshire or were founded there. Yorkshire has a mixed economy, accounting for about 8% of UK GDP.


title: Yorkshire

text: The City of Leeds is Yorkshire's largest city and the leading centre of trade and commerce. Leeds is also one of the UK's larger financial centres. Leeds' traditional industries were mixed; service-based industries, textile manufacturing and coal mining being examples. Tourism is also significant and a growing sector in the city. In 2015, the value of tourism was in excess of £7 billion. Businesses of Leeds are Wharfedale, Asda, Jet2.com, Optare, Yorkshire Bank, Marks and Spencer, Burtons, First Direct, Tetley's Brewery and GHD.


title: Yorkshire

text: Bradford, Halifax, Keighley and Huddersfield once were centres of wool milling. Areas such as Bradford, Dewsbury and Keighley have suffered a decline in their economy since. Notable companies in the area are Jaeger (Ilkley), Magnet Kitchens (Keighley), Timothy Taylor Brewery (Keighley), Bradford and Bingley (Bingley). Morrisons, Yorkshire Building Society, Provident Financial are based in Bradford. Halifax Bank is notably from Halifax.


title: Yorkshire

text: Sheffield once had heavy industries, such as coal mining and the steel industry. Since the decline of such industries Sheffield has attracted tertiary and administrative businesses including more retail trade; Meadowhall being an example. However, while Sheffield's heavy industry has declined, the region has reinvented itself as a centre for specialist engineering companies such as Boeing and Maclaren. A cluster of hi-tech facilities including The Welding Institute and the Boeing partnered Advanced Materials Research Centre have all helped to raise the region's profile and to bring significant investment into Yorkshire. In Sheffield large companies include HSBC, Ronseal, Little Chef, Plusnet, Quidco.


title: Yorkshire

text: Coal mining was extremely active in the south of the county during the 19th century and for most of the 20th century, particularly around Barnsley and Wakefield. As late as the 1970s, the number of miners working in the area was still in six figures. The industry was placed under threat on 6 March 1984 when the National Coal Board announced the closure of 20 pits nationwide (some of them in South Yorkshire). By March 2004, a mere three coalpits remained open in the area. Three years later, the only remaining coal pit in the region was Maltby Colliery near Rotherham. Maltby Colliery closed in 2013.


title: Yorkshire

text: North Yorkshire has an established tourist industry, supported by the presence of two national parks (Yorkshire Dales National Park, North York Moors National Park), Harrogate, York and Scarborough.


title: Yorkshire

text: Tourism is a huge part of the economy of York with a value of over £765 million to the city and supporting 24,000 jobs in 2019. Harrogate draws numerous visitors because of its conference facilities. In 2016 such events alone attracted 300,000 visitors to Harrogate.


title: Yorkshire

text: Kingston upon Hull is Yorkshire's largest port and has a large manufacturing base, its fishing industry has however declined somewhat in recent years. Businesses in Hull are Aunt Bessie's, Birds Eye, Seven Seas, Fenner, Rank Organisation, William Jackson Food Group, Reckitt and Sons, KCOM Group and SGS Europe.


title: Yorkshire

text: Harrogate and Knaresborough both have small legal and financial sectors. Harrogate is a European conference and exhibition destination with both the Great Yorkshire Showground and Harrogate International Centre in the town. Bettys and Taylors of Harrogate is a notable company from Harrogate.


title: Yorkshire

text: PD Ports owns and operates Teesport, between Middlesbrough and Redcar. The company also operates the Hull Container Terminal at the Port of Hull and owns a short river port in Howdendyke (near Howden).


title: Yorkshire

text: Other businesses in the two counties are Plaxton (Scarborough), McCains (Scarborough), Ebuyer (Howden) and Skipton Building Society (Skipton).


title: Yorkshire

text: Yorkshire has a large base of primary and secondary schools operated by both local authorities and private bodies, and a dozen universities, along with a wide range of colleges and further education facilities. Five universities are based in Leeds, two in Sheffield, two in York, and one each in Bradford, Hull, Middlesbrough and Huddersfield. The largest universities by enrolment are Sheffield Hallam University and the University of Leeds, each with over 31,000 students, followed by Leeds Beckett University, and the most recent to attain university status is the Leeds Arts University. There are also branches of institutions headquartered in other parts of England, such as the Open University and Britain's first for-profit university (since 2012), the University of Law. The tertiary sector is in active cooperation with industry, and a number of spin-off companies have been launched.