title: Manipur

text: Vaishnavite Hinduism was the state religion of the Kingdom of Manipur. In 1704, Meitei King Charairongba accepted Vaishnavism and changed his traditional Meitei name into Hindu name ("Indo-Aryan name"), Pitambar Singh. However, the first Hindu temples were constructed much earlier. A copper plate excavated from Phayeng dating back to 763 CE (believed to be of the reign of Meitei King Khongtekcha) was found to contain inscriptions about the Hindu deities in Sanskrit words. During the 13th century, Meitei King Khumomba constructed a Lord Hanuman temple. The Vishnu temple at Lamangdong was constructed during 1474 CE (during the reign of Meitei King Kiyamba), by Brahmins immigrating from the neighborhood Shan State. As per the legends, the temple was constructed to house the Vishnu emblem given to King Kiyamba by King Khekhomba of Shan. Phurailatpam Shubhi Narayan was the first Brahmin priest of this temple.


title: Manipur

text: Christianity is the religion of 41% of the people in the state, but is the majority in rural areas with 53%, and is predominant in the hills. It was brought by Protestant missionaries to Manipur in the 19th century. In the 20th century, a few Christian schools were established, which introduced Western-type education. Christianity is the predominant religion among tribals of Manipur and tribal Christians make up the vast majority (over 96%) of the Christian population in Manipur.


title: Manipur

text: The Meitei Pangals, also known as the "Manipuri Muslims", are the third largest religious majority group in the state as they constitute about 8.3% of the state population as per 2011 census. They belong to the Sunni group of the Hanafi school of Islamic thought and there are Arab, Bangladesh, Turani, Bengali and Mughal or Chaghtai Turk sections among these Meitei speaking Muslims.


title: Manipur

text: Sanamahism (often referred to as traditional Meitei religion) is the ancient indigenous animistic religion of the Meitei people, the predominant ethnic group of Manipur. Sanamahist worship concentrates on the household deity Lainingthou Sanamahi (often associated as well as confused with direct Sun God Korouhanba). The ancient Meiteis worshiped a Supreme deity, Salailen, and followed their ancestors. Their ancestor worship and animism was based on Umang Lai – ethnic governing deities worshiped in the sacred groves. Some of the traditional Meitei deities ("Lais") are Atiya Sidaba, Pakhangba, Sanamahi, Leimaren, Panthoibi, Imoinu, Thangching (Thangjing), Marjing, Wangpulen (Wangbaren) and Koupalu (Koubru). Out of the 233,767 people who opted for the "Other religion" option, 222,315 were Sanamahists.


title: Manipur

text: The various other religions were mostly followers of tribal folk religions, 6,444 were Heraka, 2,032 were Jewish and 1,180 were from other tribal religions such as Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak.


title: Manipur

text: The government of Manipur is a collective assembly of 60 elected members, of which 19 are reserved for Scheduled Tribes and 1 for Scheduled Castes. The state sends two representatives to the Lok Sabha of the Parliament of India. The state sends one representative to the Rajya Sabha. The legislature of the state is Unicameral. Representatives are elected for a five-year term to the state assembly and the Indian parliament through voting, a process overseen by the offices of the Election Commission of India.


title: Manipur

text: The violence in Manipur extends beyond the conflict between Indian security forces and insurgent armed groups. There is violence between the Meiteis, Nagas, Kukis, and other tribal groups. Splinter groups have arisen within some of the armed groups, and disagreement between them is rife. Other than the UNLF, PLA, and PREPAK, Manipuri insurgent groups include the Revolutionary Peoples Front (RPF), Manipur Liberation Front Army (MLFA), Kanglei Yawol Kanba Lup (KYKL), Revolutionary Joint Committee (RJC), Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP), Peoples United Liberation Front (PULF), Manipur Naga People Front (MNPF), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-K), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-I/M), United Kuki Liberation Front (UKLF), Kuki National Front (KNF), Kuki National Army (KNA), Kuki Defence Force (KDF), Kuki Democratic Movement (KDM), Kuki National Organisation (KNO), Kuki Security Force (KSF), Chin Kuki Revolutionary Front (CKRF), Kom Rem Peoples Convention (KRPC), Zomi Revolutionary Volunteers (ZRV), Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA), Zomi Reunification Organisation (ZRO), and Hmar Peoples Convention (HPC).


title: Manipur

text: The Meitei insurgent groups seek independence from India. The Kuki insurgent groups want a separate state for the Kukis to be carved out from the present state of Manipur. The Kuki insurgent groups are under two umbrella organisations: the Kuki National Organisation (KNO) and United Peoples Forum. The Nagas wish to annex part of Manipur and merge with a greater Nagaland or Nagalim, which is in conflict with Meitei insurgent demands for the integrity of their vision of an independent state. There have been many tensions between the tribes and numerous clashes between Naga and Kukis, Meiteis and Muslims.


title: Manipur

text: According to SATP, there has been a dramatic decline in fatalities in Manipur since 2009. In 2009, 77 civilians died (about 3 per 100,000 people). From 2010 onward, about 25 civilians have died in militant-related violence (about 1 per 100,000 people), dropping further to 21 civilian deaths in 2013 (or 0.8 per 100,000 people). However, there were 76 explosions in 2013 compared to 107 in 2012. Different groups have claimed responsibility for the explosions, some claiming they were targeting competing militant groups, others claiming their targets were state and central government officials.


title: Manipur

text: As a point of comparison, the average annual global rate of violent death between 2004 and 2009 was 7.9 per 100,000 people.


title: Manipur

text: The CM Biren Singh used the National Security Act on a journalist who criticized him by calling him as 'puppet'. NSA is meant to be used when there is grave danger to society not to stifle dissent. These acts further cement isolation and insurgency among locals.


title: Manipur

text: The 2012–2013 gross state domestic product of Manipur at market prices was about . Its economy is primarily agriculture, forestry, cottage and trade driven. Manipur acts as India's "Gateway to the East" through Moreh and Tamu towns, the land route for trade between India and Burma and other countries in Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, the Arctic, Micronesia and Polynesia. Manipur has the highest number of handicraft units and the highest number of craftspersons in the northeastern region of India.


title: Manipur

text: Manipur produced about of electricity in 2010 with its infrastructure. The state has hydroelectric power generation potential, estimated to be over . As of 2010, if half of this potential is realised, it is estimated that this would supply 24/7 electricity to all residents, with a surplus for sale, as well as supplying the Burma power grid.


title: Manipur

text: Manipur's climate and soil conditions make it ideally suited for horticultural crops. Growing there are rare and exotic medicinal and aromatic plants. Some cash crops suited for Manipur include Lychee, Cashew, Walnut, Orange, Lemon, Pineapple, Papaya, Passion Fruit, Peach, Pear and Plum. The state is covered with over of bamboo forests, making it one of India's largest contributor to its bamboo industry.


title: Manipur

text: The agriculture in Manipur includes a number of smallholding farms, many of whom are women. Climate change, especially changes in temperature and weather are hurting small farmers in the state. Like rural women in other parts of the world, women in agriculture in Manipur are harmed more by the changes in weather, because of less access to support from local governments.


title: Manipur

text: Tulihal Airport, Changangei, Imphal, the only airport of Manipur, connects directly with Delhi, Kolkata, Guwahati, and Agartala. It has been upgraded to an international airport. As India's second largest airport in the northeast, it serves as a key logistical centre for northeastern states. The Tulihal Airport has been renamed Bir Tikendrajit Airport. National Highway NH-39 links Manipur with the rest of the country through the railway stations at Dimapur in Nagaland at a distance of from Imphal.


title: Manipur

text: National Highway 53 (India) connects Manipur with another railway station at Silchar in Assam, which is away from Imphal. The road network of Manipur, with a length of connects all the important towns and distant villages. However, the road condition throughout the state is often deplorable. In 2010, Indian government announced that it is considering an Asian infrastructure network from Manipur to Vietnam. The proposed Trans-Asian Railway (TAR), if constructed, will pass through Manipur, connecting India to Burma, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore.


title: Manipur

text: The tourist season is from October to February when it is often sunny without being hot and humid. The culture features martial arts, dance, theatre and sculpture. Greenery accompanies a moderate climate. The seasonal Shirui Lily plant at Ukhrul (district), Dzüko Valley at Senapati, Sangai (Brow antlered deer) and the floating islands at Loktak Lake are among the rarities of the area. Polo, which can be called a royal game, originated in Manipur.


title: Manipur

text: The city is inhabited by the Meitei, who predominate, also Pangals (Manipuri Muslims) and other tribes. The city contains the Tulihal Airport. The district is divided into East and West. The Khuman Lampak Sports Complex was built for the 1997 National Games. The stadium is used for a sports venue. It also contains a cyclists' velodrome. Most of the imported goods are sold here at its Paona Bazaar, Gambhir Singh Shopping Complex and Leima Plaza. Shree Govindajee Temple, Andro village, and the Manipur State Museum are in the city.


title: Manipur

text: from Imphal, lies the largest fresh water lake in northeast India, the Loktak Lake, a miniature inland sea. There is a tourist bungalow atop Sendra Island. Life on the lake includes small islands that are floating weed on which live the lake people, the blue waters of the lake, and colourful water plants. There is a Sendra tourist home with an attached cafeteria in the middle of the lake. Floating islands are made out of the tangle of watery weeds and other plants. The wetland is swampy and is favourable for a number of species. It is in the district of Bishnupur. The etymology of Loktak is "lok = stream / tak = the end" (End of the Streams). Sendra park and resort is opening on the top of Sendra hills and attracting the tourist.


title: Manipur

text: Kaina is a hillock about above sea level. It is a sacred place for Manipuri Hindus. The legend is that, Shri Govindajee appeared in the dream of his devotee, Shri Jai Singh Maharaja, and asked the saintly king to install in a temple, an image of Shri Govindajee. It was to be carved out of a jack fruit tree, which was then growing at Kaina. It is from Imphal. The Dzüko Valley is in Senapati district bordering with Kohima. There are seasonal flowers and number of flora and fauna. It is at an altitude of above sea level, behind Mount Japfü in Nagaland. The rare Dzüko lily is found only in this valley.


title: Manipur

text: Keibul Lamjao National Park, away from Imphal is an abode of the rare and endangered species of brow antlered deer. This ecosystem contains 17 rare species of mammals. It is the only floating national park of the world.


title: Manipur

text: Sadu Chiru waterfall is near Ichum Keirap village from Imphal, in the Sadar hill area, Senapati district. This consists of three falls with the first fall about high. Agape Park is in the vicinity.


title: Manipur

text: Thalon Cave (around above sea level) is one of the historical sites of Manipur under Tamenglong district. It is around from the state capital and around from Tamenglong district headquarters in north side. From Thalon village, this cave is . Khangkhui Cave is a natural limestone cave in Ukhrul district. The big hall in the cave is the darbar hall of the Devil King living deep inside while the northern hall is the royal bedroom, according to local folklore. During World War II, villagers sought shelter here. This cave is an hour's trek from Khangkui village.


title: Manipur

text: Manipur schools are run by the state and central government or by private organisation. Instruction is mainly in English. Under the 10+2+3 plan, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs after passing the Higher Secondary Examination (the grade 12 examination). The main universities are Manipur University, Central Agricultural University, National Institute of Technology, Manipur, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Manipur, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences and Indira Gandhi National Tribal University.


title: Manipur

text: Manipur is home to India's first floating elementary school: Loktak Elementary Floating School in Loktak Lake.


title: Manipur

text: Imphal International Airport is situated in the capital Imphal which connects direct flights from Imphal to Kolkata, Guwahati, New Delhi, Bangalore and Agartala.


title: Manipur

text: Currently, Manipur has one operational railway station, Jiribam. Imphal railway station, is an under-construction railway station in Imphal, the capital of Manipur.


title: Manipur

text: Secular theatre is mostly confined to themes that are not religious; it is performed in the secular or profane spheres. In these are "Shumang lila" and "Phampak lila" (stage drama). "Shumang lila" is very popular. Etymologically Shumang lila is the combination of "Shumang" (courtyard) and "Lila" (play or performance). It is performed in an area of 13×13 ft in the centre of any open space, in a very simple style without a raised stage, set design, or heavy props such as curtains, background scenery, and visual effects. It uses one table and two chairs, kept on one side of the performance space. Its claim as the "theatre of the masses" is underlined by the way it is performed in the middle of an audience that surrounds it, leaving one passage as entrance and exit.


title: Manipur

text: The world of "Phampak lila" (stage drama) performed in the proscenium theatre is similar, in form, to the Western theatrical model and Indian Natyasastra model though its contents are indigenous. The so-called modern theatre descended on Manipur theatre culture with the performance of Pravas Milan (1902) under the enthusiastic patronage of Sir Churchand Maharaj (1891–1941). The pace of theatrical movement was geared up with the institution of groups such as Manipur Dramatic Union (MDU) (1930), Arian Theatre (1935), Chitrangada Natya Mandir (1936), Society Theatre (1937), Rupmahal (1942), Cosmopolitan Dramatic Union (1968), and the Chorus Repertory Theatre of Ratan Thiyam (1976). These groups started experimenting with types of plays apart from historical and Puranic ones. Today Manipur theatre is well respected because of excellent productions shown in India and abroad. Manipur plays, both "Shumang lila" and "stage lila", have been a regular feature in the annual festival of the National School of Drama, New Delhi.


title: Manipur

text: Iskcon led by Bhaktisvarupa Damodara Swami started a network of schools in Northeastern India, where more than 4,000 students receive education centred on Vaishnava spiritual values. In 1989 he founded "Ranganiketan Manipuri Cultural Arts Troupe", which has approximately 600 performances at over 300 venues in over 15 countries. Ranganiketan (literally "House of Colorful Arts") is a group of more than 20 dancers, musicians, singers, martial artists, choreographers, and craft artisans. Some of them have received international acclaim.


title: Manipur

text: Manipur dance also known as Jagoi, is one of the major Indian classical dance forms, named after the state of Manipur. It is particularly known for its Hindu Vaishnavism themes, and exquisite performances of love-inspired dance drama of Radha-Krishna called Raslila. However, the dance is also performed to themes related to Shaivism, Shaktism and regional deities such as Umang Lai during Lai Haraoba. The roots of Manipur dance, as with all classical Indian dances, is the ancient Hindu Sanskrit text "Natya Shastra", but with influences from the culture fusion between India and Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, Micronesia and Polynesia.


title: Manipur

text: The auditorium of the theatre is on the outskirts of Imphal and the campus stretches for about . It has housing and working quarters to accommodate self-sufficiency of life. The theatre association has churned out internationally acclaimed plays like "Chakravyuha" and "Uttarpriyadashi". Its 25 years of existence in theatre had disciplined its performers to a world of excellence. "Chakravyuha" taken from the Mahabharat epic had won Fringe Firsts Award, 1987 at the Edinburgh International Theater Festival. "Chakravyuha" deals with the story of Abhimanyu (son of Arjun) of his last battle and approaching death, whereas "Uttarpriyadashi" is an 80-minute exposition of Emperor Ashoka's redemption.


title: Manipur

text: Mukna is a popular form of wrestling. Mukna Kangjei, or "Khong Kangjei", is a game which combines the arts of mukna (wrestling hockey) and Kangjei (Cane Stick) to play the ball made of seasoned bamboo roots.


title: Manipur

text: Yubi lakpi is a traditional full contact game played in Manipur, India, using a coconut, which has some notable similarities to rugby. "Yubi lakpi" literally means "coconut snatching". The coconut is greased to make it slippery. There are rules of the game, as with all Manipur sports. The coconut serves the purpose of a ball and is offered to the king, the chief guest or the judges before the game begins. The aim is to run while carrying the greased coconut and physically cross over the goal line, while the other team tackles and blocks any such attempt as well as tries to grab the coconut and score on its own. In Manipur's long history, Yubi lakpi was the annual official game, attended by the king, over the Hindu festival of Shree Govindajee. It is like the game of rugby, or American football.


title: Manipur

text: Oolaobi (Woo-Laobi) is an outdoor game mainly played by females. Meitei mythology believes that UmangLai Heloi-Taret (seven deities–seven fairies) played this game on the Courtyard of the temple of Umang Lai Lairembi. The number of participants is not fixed but are divided into two groups (size as per agreement). Players are divided as into Raiders (Attackers) or Defenders (Avoiders). "Hiyang Tannaba", also called "Hi Yangba Tanaba", is a traditional boat rowing race and festivity of the Panas.


title: Manipur

text: Captain Robert Stewart and Lieutenant Joseph Sherer of the British colonial era first watched locals play a rules-based "pulu" or "sagolkangjei" (literally, horse and stick) game in 1859. They adopted its rules, calling the game polo, and playing it on their horses. The game spread among the British in Calcutta and then to England.


title: Manipur

text: Apart from these games, some outdoor children's games are fading in popularity. Some games such as Khutlokpi, Phibul Thomba, and Chaphu Thugaibi remain very popular elsewhere, such as in Cambodia. They are played especially during the Khmer New Year.


title: Manipur

text: The festivals of Manipur are Lui-ngai-ni Ningol Chakouba, Shirui Lily festival, Yaoshang, Gan-ngai, Chumpha, Cheiraoba, Kang and Heikru Hidongba, as well as the broader religious festivals Eid-Ul-Fitr, Eid-Ul-Adha and Christmas. Most of these festivals are celebrated on the basis of the lunar calendar. Almost every festival celebrated in other states of India is observed.


title: Manipur

text: On 21 November 2017, the Sangai Festival 2017 was inaugurated by President Ram Nath Kovind in Manipur. Held for 10 days, the festival is named after Manipur's state animal, the brow-antlered Sangai deer. The Sangai Festival showcases the tourism potential of Manipur in the field of arts and culture, handloom, handicrafts, indigenous sports, cuisine, music and adventure sports.


title: Manipur

text: Held on 9 November, this is a social festival of the Meiteis, the Pangal, Meitei Christians and many communities of Manipur where married women (Ningol) are invited (Chakouba, literally calling to a meal; for dinner or lunch) to a feast at their parental house accompanied by their children. Besides the feast, gifts are given to the women/invitees and to their children. It is the festival that binds and revives the family relations between the women married away and the parental family. Nowadays, other communities have started celebrating this kind of a family-bonding festival.


title: Manipur

text: Held after the Harvest festival in November, this festival predominantly celebrated by Kuki-Chin-Mizo tribes in Manipur has become one of the leading festivals of the state. Kut is not restricted to a community or tribe — the whole state populace participates in merriment. On 1 November of every year, the state declared holiday for Kut celebration.


title: Manipur

text: Held in February or March, Yaosang is considered to be one of the biggest festivals of Manipur. It is the Holi festival (festival of colour) but Yaosang is the regional name given by the people of Manipur.


title: Manipur

text: Khuado Pawi is the harvest festival of the Tedim people who were recognised as Sukte and Zomi in India and Myanmar respectively. The word Pawi means festival in Tedim Zomi language. It is celebrated every year in the month of September–October after harvesting.


title: Manipur

text: Also known as Sajibugi Nongma Panba and held in March or April, "Cheiraoba" is the new year of Manipur. It is observed on the first lunar day of the lunar month "Sajibu" (March/April) and so it is also popularly known as "Sajibu Cheiraoba". People of Manipur immaculate and decorate their houses and make a sumptuous variety of dishes to feast upon after offering food to the deity on this day. After the feast, as a part of the ritual, people climb hilltops; in the belief that it would excel them to greater heights in their worldly life.


title: Manipur

text: Gaan-Ngai is the greatest festival of the Zeliangrong people. It is a five-day festival and is usually performed on the 13th day of the Meitei month of Wakching.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: Charles Stuart Kaufman (; born November 19, 1958) is an American filmmaker and novelist. He wrote the films "Being John Malkovich" (1999), "Adaptation" (2002), and "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind" (2004). He made his directorial debut with "Synecdoche, New York" (2008), which film critic Roger Ebert called "the best movie of the decade" in 2009. Further directorial work includes the stop motion animated film "Anomalisa" (2015) and "I'm Thinking of Ending Things" (2020). In 2020, Kaufman made his literary debut with the release of his first novel, "Antkind".


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: One of the most celebrated screenwriters of his era, Kaufman has been nominated for four Academy Awards: twice for Best Original Screenplay for "Being John Malkovich" and "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind" (winning for the latter), once for Best Adapted Screenplay (with his fictional brother) for "Adaptation", and once for Best Animated Feature for "Anomalisa". Additionally, he has won three BAFTA Film Awards: two for Best Original Screenplay and one Best Adapted Screenplay. Three of Kaufman's scripts appear in the Writers Guild of America's list of the 101 greatest movie screenplays ever written.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: Kaufman was born in New York City to a Jewish family on November 19, 1958, the son of Helen and Myron Kaufman. He grew up in Massapequa, New York, before moving to West Hartford, Connecticut, where he graduated from high school. In high school, Kaufman was in the drama club, performing in numerous productions before landing the lead role in a production of "Play It Again, Sam" during his senior year.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: After high school graduation, Kaufman attended Boston University before transferring to New York University, where he studied film. While attending NYU, Kaufman met Paul Proch, with whom he wrote many unproduced scripts and plays.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: Between 1983 and 1984, Kaufman and Proch wrote comedic articles and spoofs for "National Lampoon". His work included parodies of Kurt Vonnegut and the X-Men. Kaufman and Proch tried to get their screenplays produced, sending them to many people in the film industry. The only response the two ever received was a supportive letter from Alan Arkin about their screenplay "Purely Coincidental". In hope of finding a talent agent, he began to write spec scripts based on television series such as "Married... with Children", "Newhart", "It's Garry Shandling's Show" and "The Simpsons". While pursuing his writing career, he began working odd jobs in customer service to support himself and his wife, Denise. During the late 1980s, Kaufman lived and worked in Minneapolis, answering calls about missing newspapers at the "Star Tribune".


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: In 1991, one of Kaufman's spec scripts finally got attention, and he gained a talent agent. The agent suggested Kaufman move from Minneapolis to Los Angeles in search of more job prospects. He moved to Los Angeles alone for two months, interviewing for a variety of different television writing jobs. The only offer he got was a Comedy Central series titled "Access America", hosted by actor Fred Willard, which coincidentally was being filmed in Minneapolis. Kaufman was prepared to accept the job and move back to Minneapolis until he was offered a job by David Mirkin, writing for the second season of his and Chris Elliott's sitcom "Get a Life", starring Elliott. He wrote two episodes of "Get a Life" before its cancellation in 1992. At first, Kaufman found the experience of working on a writing staff nerve-wracking and did not speak in the writer's room for the first few weeks. After his work was well received by other members of the staff, Kaufman overcame his timidity and became more amenable to showing others his work.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: After "Get a Life"'s cancellation, Kaufman pursued work on series such as "Seinfeld", "The Larry Sanders Show", "The Simpsons" and "Mr. Show", but to no avail. He continued to work on other comedic series: Fox's sketch comedy show "The Edge", "The Trouble with Larry" and "Ned and Stacey", the last of which he also produced. The most notable series he worked on in this period was "The Dana Carvey Show", which featured writers and performers such as Louis C.K., Robert Smigel, Greg Daniels, Stephen Colbert and Steve Carell. On all these series, Kaufman struggled to keep his material from being adulterated or not produced at all, because of his unconventional writing and his quiet nature.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: Kaufman also wrote some pilot scripts of his own, but none of them was produced. These included two pilots for Disney, "Depressed Roomies" and "Rambling Pants" (the former a surrealist take on the "buddy sitcom" and the latter focused on the adventures of a time-travelling poet named Pants) and a pilot for HBO, "In Limbo", a naturalistic look at a romantic relationship devoid of the usual tropes of romantic films.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: Kaufman first came to mainstream notice as the writer of "Being John Malkovich", directed by Spike Jonze, earning an Academy Award nomination for his effort and winning a BAFTA. He wrote the script on spec in 1994, sending it to many companies and studios, all of which turned it down. The script eventually reached Francis Ford Coppola, who passed it on to his then-son-in-law Jonze, who agreed to direct the film.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: After the success of "Being John Malkovich", another of Kaufman's screenplays was produced: "Human Nature", which was directed by Michel Gondry and produced by Kaufman and Jonze.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: Kaufman and Jonze reunited yet again as the screenwriter and director of "Adaptation", which earned him another Academy Award nomination and his second BAFTA. "Adaptation" featured a fictionalized version of Kaufman and his fictional brother, Donald, who is credited as writer of the film along with Kaufman. The idea came to Kaufman while attempting to adapt Susan Orlean's book "The Orchid Thief" into film. Struggling with writer's block, Kaufman turned the script into an exaggerated account of his struggles with adapting the screenplay.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: Kaufman wrote the screenplay for "Confessions of a Dangerous Mind", a biopic based on the "unauthorized autobiography" of Chuck Barris, the creator of such popular game shows as "The Dating Game" and host of "The Gong Show". The film focuses on Barris's claim to have been a CIA hit man. It was George Clooney's directorial debut. Kaufman criticized Clooney for making drastic alterations to the script without consulting him (instead, Clooney consulted Barris). Kaufman said in an interview with William Arnold: "The usual thing for a writer is to deliver a script and then disappear. That's not for me. I want to be involved from beginning to end. And these directors [Gondry and Jonze] know that, and respect it."


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind", released in 2004, was Kaufman's second pairing with director Michel Gondry. Kaufman won his first Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and third BAFTA for the film together with Gondry and French artist Pierre Bismuth. The trio also received the prestigious PEN American Center 2005 prize for screenplay for the film. David Edelstein described the film in "Slate" as ""The Awful Truth" turned inside-out by Philip K. Dick, with nods to Samuel Beckett, Chris Marker, John Guare—the greatest dramatists of our modern fractured consciousness. But the weave is pure Kaufman."


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: After agreeing to participate in Carter Burwell's "Theater of the New Ear", a double bill "sound play", Kaufman wrote and directed the audio play "Hope Leaves the Theater", while the other play in the production, "Sawbones", was written and directed by the Coen Brothers. "Hope Leaves the Theater" follows a middle-aged woman, dissatisfied with her life and relationships, watching a play-within-the-play, and featured performances by Hope Davis, Peter Dinklage and Meryl Streep. "Theater of the New Ear" debuted in April 2005 at St. Ann's Warehouse in Brooklyn, New York. Due to scheduling conflicts, later productions of "Theater of the New Ear" did not feature the Coens' play, replacing it with "Anomalisa", which Kaufman wrote under the pseudonym "'Francis Fregoli". "Anomalisa" centers on a man (David Thewlis) who perceives everyone in the world to be the same person (Tom Noonan) until he meets an exception (Jennifer Jason Leigh).


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: Kaufman made his directorial film debut with the postmodern film "Synecdoche, New York", starring an ensemble cast led by Philip Seymour Hoffman. It premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 2008. The idea for the film came when Kaufman and Spike Jonze were approached to direct a horror film. Rather than make a conventional horror film, the two agreed to have the film deal with things they found frightening, such as mortality and life's brevity. Kaufman decided to direct the film after Jonze left the project to direct "Where the Wild Things Are" instead. The film premiered at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival where it split critics, with some calling it the best film of the year and others finding it pretentious. In the years since its release, it has appeared on multiple lists ranking the best films of the 21st century. The film's poor box office resulted in Kaufman finding it difficult to gain funding for scripts to which he has attached himself as director.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: Kaufman was slated to write and direct a film with the working title "Frank or Francis". Few details have been confirmed about the plot, except that it is a musical comedy about internet anger culture and was set to star Jack Black, Nicolas Cage, Steve Carell, Kevin Kline, Catherine Keener, Paul Reubens, Jacki Weaver and Elizabeth Banks. In July 2012, Black said that funding for the project had fallen through, as the studio was unsure about its chances for success after the financial failure of "Synecdoche, New York". Although the future of the project is not certain, Kaufman says "It could still happen. It would have to be reinvented, though. We had a whole cast and we were headed into pre-production. So, I’d have to get people back and who knows if they would be interested anymore. But at this point, we don’t have any money, so that’s a secondary concern."


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: Trying to make a return to television when the funding for "Frank or Francis" fell through, Kaufman sold a series to HBO in the May 2012 with Catherine Keener attached to star, but the series did not get past the scripting stage. Kaufman also directed and wrote a pilot for FX titled "How and Why" in 2014. The plot was described as being about a "man (played by John Hawkes) who can explain how and why a nuclear reactor works but is clueless about life". Along with Hawkes, the pilot co-starred Michael Cera, Sally Hawkins, Catherine Keener and Tom Noonan. FX decided to not pick up the pilot.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: While struggling to get his directorial work made, Kaufman continued to work as a writer for hire, writing numerous unproduced screenplays. These included a satire set on a planet inhabited by everyone who ever lived, to be directed by Spike Jonze; an adaptation of George Saunders's book "CivilWarLand in Bad Decline", to be directed by Ben Stiller; and an adaptation of Arthur Herzog's novel "IQ 83", starring Steve Carell. He also did uncredited rewrites on films such as "Kung Fu Panda 2" and "Ad Astra".


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: In April 2012, Kaufman was hired to adapt Patrick Ness's "Chaos Walking" book series, of which he wrote the first draft before leaving the project. After multiple rewrites by other writers, the film was released in 2021 with Kaufman uncredited.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: Dino Stamatopoulos, a former colleague of Kaufman's from "The Dana Carvey Show", became interested in adapting Kaufman's "Anomalisa" play script into a stop motion animated film. With Kaufman's permission, Stamatopoulos turned to the crowdfunding website Kickstarter to fund the film. The Kickstarter page was set up in August 2012 and by the time funding had ended $406,237 was pledged. The rest of the $8 million budget was funded by the film's production company, Starburns Industries. Kaufman co-directed the film with Duke Johnson, who had previous experience in stop motion filmmaking, and the original cast of the play production returned to reprise their roles. It had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on September 4, 2015, receiving universal acclaim from critics. The film went on to win the Grand Jury Prize at the Venice Film Festival and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, but like "Synecdoche", it did poorly at the box office.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: Kaufman's debut novel, "Antkind", was released in July 2020. Kaufman said in 2016 that the novel was being written so as to be unfilmable, and is itself about "an impossible movie." In "Antkind," film critic B. Rosenberg attempts to recall a three-month long stop-motion animation film that perished in a fire. Believing the film to be his last chance at achieving the respect and admiration of his peers, B. embarks on an absurdist journey that explores comedy, film theory, philosophy, and social commentary across "Antkind"'s 706 pages.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: In January 2018, it was announced that Kaufman was working on writing and directing an adaptation of Iain Reid's 2016 novel "I'm Thinking of Ending Things". In December 2018, it was announced that Brie Larson and Jesse Plemons were signed to co-star as the leads; the film was described as "the story of a woman’s trip to a family farm that leads to an unexpected detour leaving her stranded, [and] a twisted mix of palpable tension, psychological frailty and sheer terror ensues." The project began filming in March 2019, with Jessie Buckley having replaced Larson, and Toni Collette and David Thewlis joining the cast, and was released on Netflix in September 2020 to positive reviews.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: Kaufman is developing a limited series for HBO based on his unproduced screenplay of "I.Q. 83". He is also writing a script about dreams for Ryan Gosling's production company and an adaptation of the novel "The Memory Police" that Reed Morano is slated to direct.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: Kaufman's works explore such universal themes as identity crisis, mortality, and the meaning of life through a metaphysical or parapsychological framework. While his work resists labels, it is sometimes described as surrealist. He sometimes includes fictionalized "facts" about his life in his work, notably "Adaptation.", "Hope Leaves the Theater", and "Antkind". Gender identity is also a recurrent theme in his work.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: Apes recur in Kaufman's work: in "Being John Malkovich", Lotte has a pet chimp named Elijah; in "Human Nature", Puff was raised as an ape; in "Confessions of a Dangerous Mind", Penny dreams about an ape; and in "Adaptation", the original deus ex machina was a swamp ape.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: Some writers and directors Kaufman has named as favorites of his, or as influences, are Franz Kafka, Samuel Beckett, Stanisław Lem, Flannery O'Connor, Shirley Jackson, Philip K. Dick, Patricia Highsmith, Stephen Dixon, David Lynch, Lars von Trier, Roy Andersson, Woody Allen and the Coen brothers.


title: Charlie Kaufman

text: , Kaufman lives in Manhattan, having lived in Pasadena, California, since 1998. He is married to Denise Monaghan, with whom he has a daughter, Anna.


title: Fun (band)

text: Fun (stylized as fun.) is an American pop rock band based in New York City. The band consists of Jack Antonoff (of Steel Train and Bleachers), Andrew Dost (formerly of Anathallo), and Nate Ruess (then-former lead singer of the Format).


title: Fun (band)

text: Fun formed in 2008, and their debut studio album, "Aim and Ignite", was released in 2009 to moderate commercial success. The band rose to prominence with the release of their second album, "Some Nights", in 2012. The album peaked at number three on the U.S. "Billboard" 200 chart, and topped "Billboard"'s Top Alternative Albums and Top Rock Albums charts. It spawned the singles "We Are Young" featuring Janelle Monáe, "Some Nights" and "Carry On", all of which reached the top 20 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 with "We Are Young" peaking at number one. At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, they won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year for their song "We Are Young"; they also won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist.


title: Fun (band)

text: In February 2008, Nate Ruess's former band the Format split up. Immediately afterwards, Nate Ruess asked Andrew Dost and Jack Antonoff to join his new project. Dost had toured with the Format and provided various instrumentation, and Ruess met Antonoff after the Format toured with Steel Train. The three began working together in New Jersey within a week. Ruess sang melodies while the other two provided music for them. The first demo song the band recorded was "Benson Hedges", which was made available free in "Spin"'s August 20, 2008 article on the band. In November 2008, fun embarked on their first tour opening for Jack's Mannequin. Their first show was played in Denver, Colorado on November 5, 2008. A couple of early demos and covers from other bands were performed. Fun then approached Steven McDonald, who produced the Format's album "Dog Problems" with Ruess, to produce their debut album. McDonald was enthusiastic about the project and stated, "I can’t believe what we’re working on here. This crushes anything I’ve ever done."


title: Fun (band)

text: Recording took place in the fall of 2008. The band's first single, "At Least I'm Not as Sad As I Used to Be" was made available as a free download on the band's Myspace page on April 6, 2009. "Aim and Ignite" was released on August 25, 2009 and received positive reviews. AbsolutePunk.net's Drew Beringer praised the album, stating it was "what a pop album 'should' sound like" and "the most essential pop album of 2009." AllMusic called the album "progressive, but in the best possible way" and admired Ruess's lyrics for "investigating the larger truths of life...with a witty approach that keeps the songs bubbling merrily along on a positive note". Dave de Sylvia of Sputnikmusic wrote, ""Aim and Ignite" isn’t the most consistent pop album around," but he ultimately commended the album as "a superbly mixed and arranged album made by musicians who clearly understand the limits and potential of pop music". Estella Hung of PopMatters was less impressed with the album. She praised songs "Be Calm" and "The Gambler", but criticized the lyrics and production of the album's early tracks. Hung concluded that while "Aim and Ignite" is "pretty original to say the least", it "fails to live up to the Format’s last outing." Popdose's Ken Shane called the album "an interesting and unusual listen." Shane applauded the album's songwriting and said "many of the songs are really good," but he objected to the "cute" production, desiring to hear the band "in a more stripped-down form." He ended his review with: "I have a similar problem with Dr. Dog, a band that was recommended to me by a number of people. I think much of their recorded work is too fussed over, but when I saw them live and their sound was more stripped down out of necessity, emphasizing their powerful songwriting, I thought they were wonderful. Perhaps the same fate awaits me with Fun." In reviewing the album, "The Washington Post" called some of the arrangements "theatrical, much like those on Panic! at the Disco's 2005 debut". The album reached number 26 on Sputnikmusic's top 50 albums of 2009. The album peaked at 71 on the U.S. album charts.


title: Fun (band)

text: Fun began its first North American tour on November 8, 2008, opening for Jack's Mannequin as well as opening for them again in February 2010, followed by their first U.K. appearances in March. In April 2010, Fun supported Paramore's headline tour. The band then embarked on a full U.K. tour in May. On August 4, 2010, Fun announced that they had signed with label Fueled by Ramen. In 2010, Fun's single "Walking the Dog" was used in a commercial for the travel site Expedia.com. Will Noon (formerly of Straylight Run) played drums with Fun on tour, according to Noon's Twitter page. To celebrate the Paramore U.K. tour and the band's new single "Walking the Dog", Hassle Records gave away a free download of an acoustic version of the track.


title: Fun (band)

text: On May 17, 2011, the band released "C'mon" as a joint single with Panic! at the Disco, for whom they opened on their 2011 Vices & Virtues Tour. On November 7, 2011, the band announced that their next album would be titled "Some Nights". Its first single, called "We Are Young" featuring Janelle Monáe, has since been used in several other media, including television series "Gossip Girl", "90210", "Glee", and "Chuck"; commercials for Chevrolet and Apple; and in the trailer for Judd Apatow's film "This Is 40". On December 12, 2011, the band's song "One Foot" was available for instant streaming and free download on "Nylon"'s website.


title: Fun (band)

text: On February 13, 2012, the band released an album stream of "Some Nights" on their website along with a note from Ruess thanking fans for their ongoing support. Ruess states he is "over the moon about what you're about to hear and falling asleep knowing that as soon as I wake up, this will no longer be a dream." It was released on February 21, 2012 through Fueled by Ramen. The band kicked off the start of their North American tour in support of "Some Nights" on February 29.


title: Fun (band)

text: On March 7, 2012, Fun's single "We Are Young" reached the No. 1 spot on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. This makes Fun the first multi-member rock band to have a No. 1 "Billboard" debut on the Hot 100 since Nickelback's "How You Remind Me". On April 11, 2012, Billboard.com announced that Fun's "We Are Young" also made Digital Sales history. As the song was at the No. 1 spot on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for a sixth consecutive week, it has become the first, and at this time only, song that has ever gained 300,000+ downloads for seven weeks straight. The music video for the album's third single, "Carry On", was released in October 2012 and was the third song from "Some Nights" to enter the "Billboard" Hot 100. The group performed "Some Nights" and "Carry On" on "Saturday Night Live" on November 3, and then performed "We Are Young" on the 2012 MTV Europe Music Awards on November 11.


title: Fun (band)

text: The group performed at the 55th Grammy Awards, held February 10, 2013. "Entertainment Weekly" predicted that "We Are Young" would bring home the Grammy in the categories Record of the Year and Song of the Year (writing, of the latter, "'We Are Young' is the kind of anthem this category is made for"), and that "Some Nights" would win for Best Pop Vocal Album. "We Are Young" won the Grammy for Song of the Year and was nominated for Record of the Year. Fun also won the Grammy for Best New Artist. Ruess, after winning for "We Are Young", jokingly said, "I don't know what I was thinking, writing the chorus for this song. If this is in HD, everybody can see our faces, and we are not very young." On February 26, 2013, Fun released the music video for "Why Am I the One", the fourth single from the album.


title: Fun (band)

text: In September 2013, the band joined British rock legends Queen for a special version of Queen's hit "Somebody to Love" then as a duet with the more modern version of the band in the form of Queen + Adam Lambert for "Fat Bottomed Girls" at the iHeartRadio Music Festival in Las Vegas. In December 2013, Fun digitally released "", a live EP with songs from both "Aim and Ignite" and "Some Nights", as well as a recording of "What the Fuck", previously unreleased by the band. A vinyl release of the EP was released in March 2014.


title: Fun (band)

text: In 2014, the band announced they were working on writing new material for an upcoming unnamed album; however there was no time frame. On June 18, 2014, Fun performed a new song "Harsh Light" on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon". This song was later released on Nate Ruess' solo album, "Grand Romantic".


title: Fun (band)

text: On February 4, 2015, the band announced on its Facebook page and their official website that they were not splitting up, but were taking some time off to pursue other projects:


title: Fun (band)

text: fun was founded by the 3 of us at a time when we were coming out of our own bands. one thing that has always been so special about fun is that we exist as 3 individuals in music who come together to do something collaborative. we make fun records when we are super inspired to do so. currently nate is working on his first solo album, andrew is scoring films and jack is on tour and working on bleachers music. the 3 of us have always followed inspiration wherever it leads us. sometimes that inspiration leads to fun music, sometimes it leads to musical endeavors outside of fun. we see all of it as part of the ecosystem that makes fun, fun.


title: Fun (band)

text: Antonoff has gone on to become the lead singer of indie pop band Bleachers. Aside from his work with Bleachers and Fun, Antonoff has worked as a songwriter and record producer with various artists, including Taylor Swift, Lorde, St. Vincent, Lana Del Rey, Kevin Abstract, Carly Rae Jepsen, the Chicks and Clairo.


title: Shabbat

text: Shabbat (, , or ; , , ) or the Sabbath (), also called Shabbos (, ) by Ashkenazim, is Judaism's day of rest on the seventh day of the week—i.e., Saturday. On this day, religious Jews remember the biblical stories describing the creation of the heaven and earth in six days and the redemption from slavery and The Exodus from Egypt, and look forward to a future Messianic Age. Since the Jewish religious calendar counts days from sunset to sunset, Shabbat begins in the evening of what on the civil calendar is Friday.


title: Shabbat

text: Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honour the day. Judaism's traditional position is that the unbroken seventh-day Shabbat originated among the Jewish people, as their first and most sacred institution, although some suggest other origins. Variations upon Shabbat are widespread in Judaism and, with adaptations, throughout the Abrahamic and many other religions.


title: Shabbat

text: According to "halakha" (Jewish religious law), Shabbat is observed from a few minutes before sunset on Friday evening until the appearance of three stars in the sky on Saturday night. Shabbat is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. Traditionally, three festive meals are eaten: The first one is held on Friday evening, the second is traditionally a lunch meal on Saturday, and the third is held later in the afternoon. The evening meal and the early afternoon meal typically begin with a blessing called "kiddush" and another blessing recited over two loaves of challah. The third meal does not have the "kiddush" recited but all have the two loaves. Shabbat is closed Saturday evening with a "havdalah" blessing.


title: Shabbat

text: Shabbat is a festive day when Jews exercise their freedom from the regular labours of everyday life. It offers an opportunity to contemplate the spiritual aspects of life and to spend time with family.


title: Shabbat

text: The word "Shabbat" derives from the Hebrew root ש־ב־ת. Although frequently translated as "rest" (noun or verb), another accurate translation is "ceasing [from work]." The notion of active cessation from labour is also regarded as more consistent with an omnipotent God's activity on the seventh day of creation according to Genesis.


title: Shabbat

text: A cognate Babylonian "Sapattu" or "Sabattu" is reconstructed from the lost fifth Enūma Eliš creation account, which is read as: ""[Sa]bbatu" shalt thou then encounter, mid[month]ly". It is regarded as a form of Sumerian "sa-bat" ("mid-rest"), rendered in Akkadian as "um nuh libbi" ("day of mid-repose").


title: Shabbat

text: Connection to Sabbath observance has been suggested in the designation of the seventh, fourteenth, nineteenth, twenty-first and twenty-eight days of a lunar month in an Assyrian religious calendar as a 'holy day', also called 'evil days' (meaning "unsuitable" for prohibited activities). The prohibitions on these days, spaced seven days apart (except the nineteenth), include abstaining from chariot riding, and the avoidance of eating meat by the King. On these days officials were prohibited from various activities and common men were forbidden to "make a wish", and at least the 28th was known as a "rest-day".


title: Shabbat

text: The "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia" advanced a theory of Assyriologists like Friedrich Delitzsch (and of Marcello Craveri) that Shabbat originally arose from the lunar cycle in the Babylonian calendar containing four weeks ending in a Sabbath, plus one or two additional unreckoned days per month. The difficulties of this theory include reconciling the differences between an unbroken week and a lunar week, and explaining the absence of texts naming the lunar week as Sabbath in any language.


title: Shabbat

text: Seventh-day Shabbat did not originate with the Egyptians, to whom it was unknown; and other origin theories based on the day of Saturn, or on the planets generally, have also been abandoned.


title: Shabbat

text: Sabbath is given special status as a holy day at the very beginning of the Torah in Genesis 2:1-3. It is first commanded after The Exodus from Egypt, in Exodus 16:26 (relating to the cessation of manna) and in Exodus 16:29 (relating to the distance one may travel by foot on the Sabbath), as also in Exodus 20:8-11 (as one of the Ten Commandments). Sabbath is commanded and commended many more times in the Torah and Tanakh; double the normal number of animal sacrifices are to be offered on the day. Sabbath is also described by the prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Hosea, Amos, and Nehemiah.


title: Shabbat

text: The longstanding Jewish position is that unbroken seventh-day Shabbat originated among the Jewish people, as their first and most sacred institution. The origins of Shabbat and a seven-day week are not clear to scholars; the Mosaic tradition claims an origin from the Genesis creation narrative.


title: Shabbat

text: The first non-Biblical reference to Sabbath is in an ostracon found in excavations at Mesad Hashavyahu, which has been dated to approximately 630 BCE.


title: Shabbat

text: Judaism accords Shabbat the status of a joyous holy day. In many ways, Jewish law gives Shabbat the status of being the most important holy day in the Hebrew calendar:


title: Shabbat

text: Honoring Shabbat ("kavod Shabbat") on Preparation Day (Friday) includes bathing, having a haircut and cleaning and beautifying the home (with flowers, for example).


title: Shabbat

text: Days in the Jewish calendar start at nightfall, therefore many Jewish holidays begin at such time. According to Jewish law, Shabbat starts a few minutes before sunset. Candles are lit at this time. It is customary in many communities to light the candles 18 minutes before sundown ("tosefet Shabbat", although sometimes 36 minutes), and most printed Jewish calendars adhere to this custom.


title: Shabbat

text: The Kabbalat Shabbat service is a prayer service welcoming the arrival of Shabbat. Before Friday night dinner, it is customary to sing two songs, one "greeting" two Shabbat angels into the house (""Shalom Aleichem"" -"Peace Be Upon You") and the other praising the woman of the house for all the work she has done over the past week ( -"Women Of Valour"). After blessings over the wine and challah, a festive meal is served. Singing is traditional at Sabbath meals. In modern times, many composers have written sacred music for use during the Kabbalat Shabbat observance, including Robert Strassburg and Samuel Adler.


title: Shabbat

text: According to rabbinic literature, God via the Torah commands Jews to "observe" (refrain from forbidden activity) and "remember" (with words, thoughts, and actions) Shabbat, and these two actions are symbolized by the customary two Shabbat candles. Candles are lit usually by the woman of the house (or else by a man who lives alone). Some families light more candles, sometimes in accordance with the number of children.


title: Shabbat

text: Shabbat is a day of celebration as well as prayer. It is customary to eat three festive meals: Dinner on Shabbat eve (Friday night), lunch on Shabbat day (Saturday), and a third meal (a "Seudah shlishit") in the late afternoon (Saturday). It is also customary to wear nice clothing (different from during the week) on Shabbat to honor the day.


title: Shabbat

text: Many Jews attend synagogue services on Shabbat even if they do not do so during the week. Services are held on Shabbat eve (Friday night), Shabbat morning (Saturday morning), and late Shabbat afternoon (Saturday afternoon).


title: Shabbat

text: With the exception of Yom Kippur, days of public fasting are postponed or advanced if they coincide with Shabbat. Mourners sitting "shivah" (week of mourning subsequent to the death of a spouse or first-degree relative) outwardly conduct themselves normally for the duration of the day and are forbidden to display public signs of mourning.


title: Shabbat

text: Although most Shabbat laws are restrictive, the fourth of the Ten Commandments in Exodus is taken by the Talmud and Maimonides to allude to the "positive" commandments of Shabbat. These include:


title: Shabbat

text: "Havdalah" (Hebrew: הַבְדָּלָה, "separation") is a Jewish religious ceremony that marks the symbolic end of Shabbat, and ushers in the new week. At the conclusion of Shabbat at nightfall, after the appearance of three stars in the sky, the "havdalah" blessings are recited over a cup of wine, and with the use of fragrant spices and a candle, usually braided. Some communities delay "havdalah" later into the night in order to prolong Shabbat. There are different customs regarding how much time one should wait after the stars have surfaced until the sabbath technically ends. Some people hold by 72 minutes later and other hold longer and shorter than that.


title: Shabbat

text: Jewish law (halakha) prohibits doing any form of "melakhah" (מְלָאכָה, plural "melakhoth") on Shabbat, unless an urgent human or medical need is life-threatening. Though "melakhah" is commonly translated as "work" in English, a better definition is "deliberate activity" or "skill and craftmanship". There are 39 categories of "melakhah":


title: Shabbat

text: The 39 "melakhoth" are not so much activities as "categories of activity". For example, while "winnowing" usually refers exclusively to the separation of chaff from grain, and "selecting" refers exclusively to the separation of debris from grain, they refer in the Talmudic sense to any separation of intermixed materials which renders edible that which was inedible. Thus, filtering undrinkable water to make it drinkable falls under this category, as does picking small bones from fish (gefilte fish is one solution to this problem).


title: Shabbat

text: The categories of labors prohibited on Shabbat are exegetically derived – on account of Biblical passages juxtaposing Shabbat observance () to making the Tabernacle () – that they are the kinds of work that were necessary for the construction of the Tabernacle. They are not explicitly listed in the Torah; the Mishnah observes that "the laws of Shabbat ... are like mountains hanging by a hair, for they are little Scripture but many laws". Many rabbinic scholars have pointed out that these labors have in common activity that is "creative", or that exercises control or dominion over one's environment.


title: Shabbat

text: In addition to the 39 "melakhot", additional activities were prohibited by the rabbis for various reasons.


title: Shabbat

text: The term "shomer Shabbat" is used for a person (or organization) who adheres to Shabbat laws consistently. The (strict) observance of the Sabbath is often seen as a benchmark for orthodoxy and indeed has legal bearing on the way a Jew is seen by an orthodox religious court regarding their affiliation to Judaism.


title: Shabbat

text: Orthodox and some Conservative authorities rule that turning electric devices on or off is prohibited as a "melakhah"; however, authorities are not in agreement about exactly which one(s). One view is that tiny sparks are created in a switch when the circuit is closed, and this would constitute lighting a fire (category 37). If the appliance is purposed for light or heat (such as an incandescent bulb or electric oven), then the lighting or heating elements may be considered as a type of fire that falls under both lighting a fire (category 37) and cooking (i.e., baking, category 11). Turning lights off would be extinguishing a fire (category 36). Another view is that completing an electrical circuit constitutes building (category 35) and turning off the circuit would be demolishing (category 34). Some schools of thought consider the use of electricity to be forbidden only by rabbinic injunction, rather than a "melakhah".


title: Shabbat

text: A common solution to the problem of electricity involves preset timers (Shabbat clocks) for electric appliances, to turn them on and off automatically, with no human intervention on Shabbat itself. Some Conservative authorities reject altogether the arguments for prohibiting the use of electricity. Some Orthodox also hire a "Shabbos goy", a Gentile to perform prohibited tasks (like operating light switches) on Shabbat.


title: Shabbat

text: Orthodox and many Conservative authorities completely prohibit the use of automobiles on Shabbat as a violation of multiple categories, including lighting a fire, extinguishing a fire, and transferring between domains (category 39). However, the Conservative movement's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards permits driving to a synagogue on Shabbat, as an emergency measure, on the grounds that if Jews lost contact with synagogue life they would become lost to the Jewish people.


title: Shabbat

text: A halakhically authorized Shabbat mode added to a power-operated mobility scooter may be used on the observance of Shabbat for those with walking limitations, often referred to as a Shabbat scooter. It is intended only for individuals whose limited mobility is dependent on a scooter or automobile consistently throughout the week.


title: Shabbat

text: Seemingly "forbidden" acts may be performed by modifying technology such that no law is actually violated. In Sabbath mode, a "Sabbath elevator" will stop automatically at every floor, allowing people to step on and off without anyone having to press any buttons, which would normally be needed to work. (Dynamic braking is also disabled if it is normally used, i.e., shunting energy collected from downward travel, and thus the gravitational potential energy of passengers, into a resistor network.) However, many rabbinical authorities consider the use of such elevators by those who are otherwise capable as a violation of Shabbat, with such workarounds being for the benefit of the frail and handicapped and not being in the spirit of the day.


title: Shabbat

text: Many observant Jews avoid the prohibition of carrying by use of an eruv. Others make their keys into a tie bar, part of a belt buckle, or a brooch, because a legitimate article of clothing or jewelry may be worn rather than carried. An elastic band with clips on both ends, and with keys placed between them as integral links, may be considered a belt.


title: Shabbat

text: Shabbat lamps have been developed to allow a light in a room to be turned on or off at will while the electricity remains on. A special mechanism blocks out the light when the off position is desired without violating Shabbat.


title: Shabbat

text: The Shabbos App is a proposed Android app claimed by its creators to enable Orthodox Jews, and all Jewish Sabbath-observers, to use a smartphone to text on the Jewish Sabbath. It has met with resistance from some authorities.


title: Shabbat

text: If a human life is in danger (pikuach nefesh), then a Jew is not only allowed, but required, to violate any halakhic law that stands in the way of saving that person (excluding murder, idolatry, and forbidden sexual acts). The concept of life being in danger is interpreted broadly: for example, it is mandated that one violate Shabbat to bring a woman in active labor to a hospital. Lesser rabbinic restrictions are often violated under much less urgent circumstances (a patient who is ill but not critically so).


title: Shabbat

text: Various other legal principles closely delineate which activities constitute desecration of Shabbat. Examples of these include the principle of "shinui" ("change" or "deviation"): A violation is not regarded as severe if the prohibited act was performed in a way that would be considered abnormal on a weekday. Examples include writing with one's nondominant hand, according to many rabbinic authorities. This legal principle operates "bedi'avad" ("ex post facto") and does not cause a forbidden activity to be permitted barring extenuating circumstances.


title: Shabbat

text: Generally, adherents of Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism believe that the individual Jew determines whether to follow Shabbat prohibitions or not. For example, some Jews might find activities, such as writing or cooking for leisure, to be enjoyable enhancements to Shabbat and its holiness, and therefore may encourage such practices. Many Reform Jews believe that what constitutes "work" is different for each person, and that only what the person considers "work" is forbidden. The radical Reform rabbi Samuel Holdheim advocated moving Sabbath to Sunday for many no longer observed it, a step taken by dozens of congregations in the United States in late 19th century.


title: Shabbat

text: More rabbinically traditional Reform and Reconstructionist Jews believe that these "halakhoth" in general may be valid, but that it is up to each individual to decide how and when to apply them. A small fraction of Jews in the Progressive Jewish community accept these laws in much the same way as Orthodox Jews.


title: Shabbat

text: The Talmud, especially in tractate Shabbat, defines rituals and activities to both "remember" and "keep" the Sabbath and to sanctify it at home and in the synagogue. In addition to refraining from creative work, the sanctification of the day through blessings over wine, the preparation of special Sabbath meals, and engaging in prayer and Torah study were required as an active part of Shabbat observance to promote intellectual activity and spiritual regeneration on the day of rest from physical creation. The Talmud states that the best food should be prepared for the Sabbath, for "one who delights in the Sabbath is granted their heart's desires" (BT, Shabbat 118a-b).


title: Shabbat

text: Special Shabbatot are the Shabbatot that precede important Jewish holidays: e.g., "Shabbat HaGadol" (Shabbat preceding Pesach), "Shabbat Zachor" (Shabbat preceding Purim), and "Shabbat Shuvah" (Shabbat between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur).


title: Shabbat

text: Most Christians do not observe Saturday Sabbath, but instead observe a weekly day of worship on Sunday, which is often called the "Lord's Day". Several Christian denominations, such as the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Church of God (7th Day), the Seventh Day Baptists, and others, observe seventh-day Sabbath. This observance is celebrated from Friday sunset to Saturday sunset.


title: Shabbat

text: Some hold the biblical sabbath was not connected to a 7-day week like the Gregorian calendar. The Seven-Day Week. Instead the New Moon marks the starting point for counting and the shabat falls consistently on the 8th, 15th, 22nd, 29th of each month. Biblical text to support using the moon, a light in the heavens, to determine days include Genesis 1:14, Psalm 104:19, and Sirach 43:6-8 See references:


title: Shabbat

text: Rabbinic Jewish tradition and practice does not hold of this, holding the sabbath to be based of the days of creation, and hence a wholly separate cycle from the monthly cycle, which does not occur automatically and must be rededicated each month. See kiddush hachodesh.


title: Soulja Boy

text: DeAndre Cortez Way (born July 28, 1990), known professionally as Soulja Boy (formerly Soulja Boy Tell 'Em), is an American rapper and record producer. He rose to prominence, after his self published debut single "Crank That (Soulja Boy)" peaked at number 1 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100, for seven non-consecutive weeks in 2007. He then released his debut album "Souljaboytellem.com" (2007), which also included the single "Soulja Girl".


title: Soulja Boy

text: His second album "iSouljaBoyTellem" (2008), included in the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 top 20 singles "Turn My Swag On" and "Kiss Me thru the Phone".


title: Soulja Boy

text: Way was listed at number 18 on the "Forbes" list of Hip-Hop Cash Kings of 2010 for earning $7 million that year.


title: Soulja Boy

text: Way was born in Chicago and moved to Atlanta at the age of six, where he became interested in rap music. At age 14, he moved to Batesville, Mississippi, with his father.


title: Soulja Boy

text: Way's father provided a recording studio for Way to explore his musical ambitions. In November 2005, Way posted his songs on the website SoundClick. Following positive reviews on the site, he established accounts on YouTube and Myspace. In March 2007, he released his first independent album "".


title: Soulja Boy

text: Also in March 2007, Way recorded "Crank That (Soulja Boy)", followed by a low-budget video demonstrating the "Crank That" dance. On May 2, "Crank That" was released as a single; by month's end it had received its first airplay, and Way met with Mr. Collipark to sign a deal with Interscope Records. On August 12, "Crank That" was used on the television series "Entourage", and on September 1 it topped the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and Hot RingMasters charts. During the 50th Grammy Awards, Way was nominated for Best Rap Song with "Crank That (Soulja Boy)", but lost to Kanye West and T-Pain's "Good Life".


title: Soulja Boy

text: Way's major label debut album, "Souljaboytellem.com", was released in the United States on October 2, peaking at number four on both the "Billboard" 200 and Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts. The album was reportedly recorded using just the demo version of FL Studio. "Souljaboytellem.com" received a favorable review from Allmusic, but received mainly negative reviews from other sources such as "Entertainment Weekly". Several reviewers credited Soulja Boy with spearheading a new trend in hip-hop, while speculating he would likely be a one-hit wonder.


title: Soulja Boy

text: The follow-up to "Souljaboytellem.com", "iSouljaBoyTellem", was released on December 16, 2008, to negative critical reception. The first single from the album, "Bird Walk", peaked at number 40 on the "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and the top 20 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart. It was performed on YouTube Live on November 22, 2008, with an introduction from MC Hammer. "Kiss Me Thru the Phone" (featuring Sammie) followed, peaking at number three on the Hot 100 and number one on the Hot Rap Tracks charts. Chris Brown was originally Way's first choice to sing the hook, but had respectfully turned down the offer. Way then tried to do it on his own with Auto-Tune but he found it unacceptable. It sold over 2 million digital copies in the United States, becoming his second song to reach the two million mark in downloads. On January 26, 2009, Way released the third single "Turn My Swag On". It topped the US Rap Charts and peaked at number 19 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. it has sold more than 1 million digital downloads in the United States.


title: Soulja Boy

text: Way said his third studio album, "The DeAndre Way", was intended to be his most personal and successful album thus far. When speaking on possible collaborations, he said he wished to work with artists such as Jay-Z, Lil Wayne, Kanye West and Eminem. The lead single from the album, "POW", was released in January 2009 but failed to garner success and was dubbed a promo single. On October 30, 2009, Way released three mixtapes: "Paranormal Activity", "Dat Piff" and "Cortez". It was announced on February 18, 2010, that the first single from the album was going to be "All Black Everything" but the single was cancelled and the track was put on another promotional mixtape, "Legendary". The album's title was changed to "Dre" in an early 2010 commercial with a video snippet for "Do It Big" as the first single but this was cancelled as well. The album title was reverted to "The DeAndre Way" in July 2010.


title: Soulja Boy

text: On June 8, 2010, the official lead single from the album was "Pretty Boy Swag". The single reached number 34 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, number six on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number five on the Rap Songs chart. The album's second single was due to be "Digital" which was instead used on his promotional mixtape "Best Rapper". Then it was announced that "Speakers Going Hammer" was going to be the second single, but "Blowing Me Kisses" was released on August 31, 2010, as the second single instead. On October 13 Way performed "Pretty Boy Swag" and a snippet of his third single "Speakers Going Hammer". On October 19, 2010, Way released "Speakers Going Hammer" on iTunes with the single peaking at number 48 on the "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs. Way backed-out of the Summerbeatz tour in Australia in November 2010, where he was to have performed alongside Flo Rida, Jay Sean and Travie McCoy, in order to embark on his "Who They Want" tour in support of his upcoming album. "The DeAndre Way" was released on November 30, 2010, and has so far sold only 70,000 copies, making it Way's lowest-selling album.


title: Soulja Boy

text: In 2011, Way released a series of mixtapes. The first, on January 22, was titled "Smooky" and had cartoon cover art of Way doing a 360 on a bicycle. On March 17, Way released the mixtape "1UP" which had cover art based on the "Naruto" anime, with Way stating: "If I was in a video game, this mixtape would advance me to the next level with an extra life. Power up with the new offering." On April 20, Way released his mixtape "Juice" with cover art based on the film of the same name. Way said he would also release a mini-movie of his own to go along with the mixtape, and that he was headed to greatness with the mixtape. On July 15, Way released his mixtape titled "Bernaurd Arnault EP (Limited Edition)". Then on August 1, Way released another ep mixtape titled "21: EP". On August 31, Way released the mixtape "The Last Crown", the cover of the mixtape is based on the artwork the Flammarion Engraving. In September 2011, Way confirmed that he is working on a new album, "Promise", which would be released in October. Way also released the cover and title of his second independent album via Twitter, titled "Skate Boy", with a notice that it would be available in stores on November 1. On September 19, Way released the mixtape "Supreme". On October 30, "Skate Boy (Deluxe Edition)" was released as a mixtape, rather than an album. On December 30, 2011, Way released another mixtape titled "Gold On Deck".


title: Soulja Boy

text: In 2012, Way released additional mixtapes while his album continued to be delayed. On January 9, Way released a mixtape for the beginning of the year, titled "50/13", with the cover based on that of ASAP Rocky's mixtape "Live. Love. ASAP". On January 24, Way released a collaboration mixtape with his artist Young L titled "Mario & Domo vs. the World" with cover art based on the video game "Super Mario Bros." On March 23, Way released a mixtape titled "OBEY" which featured the promotional single "Too Faded". On June 3, 2012, Way talked about his upcoming album "Promise" and said he has released so many mixtapes in the last two years because he feels he has to put out a lot of music and be as creative as possible. On June 11, Way released another collaboration mixtape with rapper Vinny Chase titled "Double Cup City". On September 4, Way released the sequel mixtape "Juice II", in which Way returned to his old production style with the beginning lines "Soulja Boy Tell 'Em". It is Way's most-downloaded mixtape. His mixtape titled "Young & Flexin" was released on November 6. On December 25, 2012, Way released "LOUD", which was his first mixtape distributed on iTunes.


title: Soulja Boy

text: 2013 was marked by further album delays while Way's record deal expired, and he continued to release mixtapes. On February 22, Way released his first mixtape of the year, titled "Foreign". In March, it was rumored that Way was signing to Cash Money Records after getting a face tattoo saying "Rich Gang" the same weekend he was seen with his manager and Cash Money artists Birdman and Bow Wow. This continued after he added "Rich Gang" or "YMCMB" to his social media platforms. Way had earlier reported that he was no longer with Interscope Records after his record deal ended in February. Way also announced that his album "Promise" had been retitled "USA DRE". On March 15, he released the first single from the album, titled "Handsome". Following that, on March 25, he released the EP, "All Black". On April 24, Way released his mixtape "Foreign 2". Three days later, Way revealed the cover art to his next mixtape titled "King Soulja" which was released on May 5. On May 26, Way released his second EP titled "Cuban Link". On June 13, Way announced another album title change, to "Life After Fame", and that it would be released to stores on July 30, 2013. On June 25, Way released his first single from the album titled "Ridin Round" to iTunes, but it was later dubbed a promotional single. On June 30, Way released "Life After Fame" as a mixtape instead of an album. On September 24, Way released his mixtape titled "23". On November 30, Way released his mixtape "The King". On December 28, 2013, rapper/singer Drake collaborated and remixed Way's intro track "We Made It" from his mixtape "The King".


title: Soulja Boy

text: In 2014, Way continued work on his fourth studio album while collaborating with other artists and releasing additional mixtapes. On March 18, Way released his first mixtape of the year titled "King Soulja 2". On April 20, Way released his first digital album "Super Dope", featuring an appearance from rapper Busta Rhymes. On May 19, Way produced, co-wrote and was featured on Nicki Minaj's promotional single "Yasss Bish", which received positive reviews from music critics. On June 8, Way announced that he was currently working on his new mixtape project "King Soulja 3", which would feature appearances from Lil Wayne, Drake, Migos, Young Thug and Wiz Khalifa. On June 29, Way released "King Soulja 3" as his second digital album via iTunes, featuring appearances from Gudda Gudda and Rich The Kid. On October 31, Way released his mixtape "Young Millionaire", featuring appearances from Sean Kingston, Cap.1 and Rich The Kid. On November 17, Way announced via his Instagram that he had signed a new label deal with Universal Music Group and also revealed the title, cover art and release date for his fourth studio album, "Loyalty", originally scheduled for release on December 2, 2014, but pushed back to February 3, 2015.


title: Soulja Boy

text: In 2015, following the release of his fourth studio album, "Loyalty", Way released additional singles, mixtapes and a digital album. For this upcoming digital album, "King Soulja 4", Way released the single "Whippin My Wrist (Too Rich)" on February 27; it charted on the "Billboard" Trending 140 at number 48. On May 16, Way released his mixtape "Swag The Mixtape" featuring appearances from Migos, Peewee Longway, Troy Ave, Johnny Cinco, Chief Keef, Pack Strong, Paul Allen, Chella H, Calico Jonez and Kyle Massey. On May 26, fellow Atlanta, Georgia artist Rich The Kid announced that he and Way would be releasing a collaboration album titled "Get Rich". On June 3, via Twitter, Way revealed the title, cover art and release date to his upcoming fifth studio album, "Blessed", which was scheduled for release on July 28, 2015, but experienced several delays. On June 30, Way released a mixtape titled "25 The Movie". On July 17, Way released a new single titled "Actavis" featuring Migos, taken from his fourth digital album "King Soulja 4". On July 23, Way released his mixtape titled "M & M: Money and Music". On July 30, through his independent label Stacks on Deck Entertainment, Way released his fourth digital album, "King Soulja 4", featuring appearances from Migos, ReeseMoneyBagz, Dae Dot and Sean Kingston. On September 1, Way released the single "Diddy Bop". On September 24, Way released a single titled "Gratata" along with an accompanying music video. On September 28, Way released the mixtape "Plug Talk". On November 9, Way premiered a single titled "Make It Rain". On November 24, Way released a mixtape titled "S. Beezy".


title: Soulja Boy

text: In 2016, Way released his fifth and sixth digital albums in addition to numerous mixtapes, singles and videos. On January 14, Way released a single titled "Drop The Top" and on January 24 he premiered its music video. On January 24, Way released a standalone single titled "Stephen Curry" after the NBA basketball player, and on February 6, Way also had a music video for the song. On February 10, Way released another mixtape titled "Finesse EP". On February 14, Way released a mixtape titled "King Soulja 5", the fifth installment to his "King Soulja" mixtape/album series. On March 15, through his independent label, Way released his fifth digital album, "Stacks On Deck", featuring appearances from Agoff, King Reefa, Lil Yachty and Rich The Kid. On May 12, Way released a single titled "Day One". On June 9, through his label Stacks on Deck Entertainment, Way released his sixth digital album, "Better Late Than Never", featuring appearances from Lil Twist and Lil Yachty. On July 23, Way released a single titled "Rockstar". On July 31, Way released the mixtape "Rockstar", self-titled after his newly released single. On August 23, Way released the sequel mixtape "S. Beezy 2". On September 14, Way released a single titled "Max Payne". On September 24, Way released a single titled "Hit Them Folks". On September 26, Way released a single titled "I'm Up Now" featuring Chief Keef. On September 29, Way released the mixtape "King Soulja 6", the sixth installment to his "King Soulja" mixtape/album series. On October 25, 2016, Way and Bow Wow released a joint retail mixtape titled "Ignorant Shit".


title: Soulja Boy

text: In late 2018, Way went on Instagram Live and responded to fan comments suggesting Tyga had the biggest comeback of any artist in 2018. Way angrily claimed he had had the biggest comeback, with a snippet of the video going viral that same day. Later in early 2019, Way made an appearance on the radio show "The Breakfast Club", where he defended his statements. A snippet of Way responding to a question about fellow musician Drake became a viral meme following the interview.


title: Soulja Boy

text: Way continued to release singles and two mix-tapes throughout 2019, releasing the first mix-tape, "Fuego", on January 10, and the second mix-tape, "Tell Ya", on March 25. Way announced on January 18, 2019, he was working on his fifth studio album titled "How Can You Blame Me?", (originally titled "Blessed"), with the album set to be released on July 28. The album was delayed for unknown reasons following Way's 2019 incarceration. On July 28, 2020, following his rising success as a Twitch streamer, Way released the mixtape "King Soulja 9", followed by several singles throughout 2020. In late November 2020, Way released the mixtape "Swag 3", and continued to release several singles such as "Pandemic" and "CEO" at the start of 2021. On February 1, 2021, Way released the mixtape "Soulja World", which features frequent collaborator Lil B. In April 2021, Soulja Boy signed a record deal with Virgin Music.


title: Soulja Boy

text: Speaking on his rudimentary rapping technique and vacuous lyrical style, in a November 2010 interview with "XXL Magazine", while Way was explaining how he has grown as an emcee he stated:


title: Soulja Boy

text: I can't keep playin' around, because if you keep playin' around, people are gonna think you're a joke... At some point, you have to get serious. But don't get it twisted, Soulja doesn't wanna be the next Lupe Fiasco. I don't want to be super-Lupe-Fiasco-lyrical and niggas don't know what the fuck I'm talking about," he added. "I want to be the best," he continued. "I want to be recognized in that category where I'm nominated for Best Rapper with Jay-Z and Kanye and Wayne. I wanna get a Grammy. I want Best Rap Album of the Year... I've made millions of dollars off of doing my style, but, hey, I can rap, too.


title: Soulja Boy

text: On December 5, 2010, Way clarified this statement that Lupe Fiasco was too "lyrical", explaining that he wanted to keep the rudimentary music style he developed and justified why he doesn't keep a lyrically based flow and more substantially profound lyrical subject matter on every song. According to Way:


title: Soulja Boy

text: ["XXL Magazine"] didn't [publish] my whole statement. And basically, the interviewer dude, he was asking me why do I make lyrical songs like 'Only God Knows,' 'Born'... 'The World So Cold,' and why do I make non-lyrical songs like 'Crank That' and 'Pretty Boy Swag'? And he was like, why don't I just be lyrical all the time? And I was telling him on [a] specific song, like 'Pretty Boy Swag,' I ain't wanna be all lyrical. I just wanted to be straight-up, and just be simple, [so] people can get what I'm saying 'cause it's a club song. But I wasn't saying as far as my whole music [output, with] all of my songs, that I don't wanna be rappin' like Lupe Fiasco.


title: Soulja Boy

text: Way further clarified there was no animosity between him and Fiasco and that the two had planned to record a song together.


title: Soulja Boy

text: Way founded his record label Stacks on Deck Entertainment (SODMG) in 2004, while Way was signed to Interscope and Collipark Music. Since founding the label he has signed various artists. On May 30, 2016, Way announced that all artists signed to SODMG had been dropped. In 2019 Way re-signed Lil 100, and signed Atlanta artist 24hrs.


title: Soulja Boy

text: Way also produces records, including his own, primarily using the FL Studio digital audio workstation. In September 2007, Way produced V.I.C.'s single "Get Silly" which went certified gold and Bow Wow's single "Marco Polo". Way's beats often contain the beginning lines "Soulja Boy Tell 'em" but as of late Way has produced beats without these lines. In 2009, it was reported that Way would be producing for Kanye West's fourth studio album, "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy", and Kanye would be producing for Way's third studio album, "The DeAndre Way", but for unknown reasons neither of them used each other's beat. On May 13, 2011, Way said he had produced and submitted beats for 50 Cent's fifth studio album, "Street King Immortal". In 2013, Way also produced on the track "Wowzers" of Lil Wayne's album, "I Am Not a Human Being II". On May 6, 2014, during an interview, Way announced that he was producing for Diddy's upcoming album "M.M.M." and also for Lil Wayne's upcoming album "Tha Carter V". Soulja Boy also produced the song "Yasss Bish", on Nicki Minaj's album, "The Pinkprint". In April 2016, Soulja Boy received a writing credit on Beyoncé's visual album, "Lemonade". On Fri, November 12, 2021, Soulja Boy announced a new album release on The Breakfast Club.


title: Soulja Boy

text: On March 5, 2008, Way released his official line of "S.O.D clothing". That same year Way released his own brand of the popular shoe line "Yums". On February 14, 2012, Way and fashion designer D. Young created the official clothing line "Ocean Gang". In 2012, Way released another line he created, "BLVD. Supply"; the store is located in Los Angeles, California.


title: Soulja Boy

text: On January 7, 2009, Soulja Boy announced that he was to be releasing his own cartoon titled "Soulja Boy: The Animated Series" but only one episode was ever released.


title: Soulja Boy

text: In August 2010, Soulja Boy announced a desire to make a film about himself, having reported to "MTV News" that he discussed the idea with Nick Cannon. He was later approached by Peter Spirer who presented his own concept for making a documentary about the artist. Directed by Spirer, "Soulja Boy: The Movie" was released direct-to-video on October 18, 2011, a date which coincided with Soulja Boy's arrest on a drug charge. The film contains live performances from his and interviews with Soulja Boy's father as well as current and former members of Stacks on Deck Entertainment. The documentary's visual quality was panned by DVD Verdict as a result of poor video transfer, since much of its music detail was taken from YouTube clips.


title: Soulja Boy

text: On April 22, 2011, Way announced that he would be making his acting debut playing the main role of Bishop in the "Juice" remake and that it would air on BET.


title: Soulja Boy

text: In 2013, Way announced and confirmed that he was guest-starring in the upcoming movie "Officer Down".


title: Soulja Boy

text: On November 12, 2021, Soulja Boy announced upcoming roles on ATL and an upcoming movie role with Machine Gun Kelly.


title: Soulja Boy

text: In May 2016, Soulja Boy signed a deal from World Poker Fund Holdings for five years. World Poker Fund is a builder and operator of online and event-based social gaming platforms and imprints. Soulja said of the deal: "I enjoy music, and of course gaming. Being an influencer is a form of currency." Way initially tweeted that the deal was for $400 million; however, that is the cap for the contract and not his payment from the company.


title: Soulja Boy

text: In December 2018, Soulja Boy released a video game console, called the "SouljaGame". It drew criticism for being an "overpriced" emulator of Nintendo and Sega handheld games. On December 15, 2018, he announced the release of two more consoles: the "Retro SouljaBoy Mini", which resembles a Nintendo Game Boy, and the "SouljaGame Fuze", which looks similar to Microsoft's Xbox One and Sony's PlayStation 4. As of December 30, 2018, Soulja Boy has pulled the SouljaGame consoles off his store amid threats of a lawsuit from Nintendo. The SouljaGame website was seized by Nintendo and now leads to Nintendo's website. On January 12, 2019, Soulja Boy released another handheld on his SouljaWatch website called the "SouljaGame Handheld"; this console looks similar in appearance to Sony's PlayStation Vita.


title: Soulja Boy

text: On the night of March 22, 2011, Way's younger brother, Deion Jenkins, was killed in a car crash. On September 30, 2022, Way's girlfriend Jackie gave birth to their first child, a son.


title: Soulja Boy

text: On December 30, 2008, Way was robbed and battered in his home. Initial reports indicated that the robbers were six masked men with AK-47s and pistols but on December 31, 2008, videos surfaced on the Internet of two masked men claiming sole credit for the crime.


title: Soulja Boy

text: Way described the incident to MTV News a month later: He had come home very late at night after attending an album release party and was recording songs with friends when the robbers came in pointing their guns. On January 26, 2009, during another interview, Way clarified that it was three robbers, not six, stating: "I got back to my house at around3 in the morning and I was in the studio recording. So two of my homeboys was in the living room and me and Arab we was in the studio recording. And somebody kicked in the door. One dude ran in put the AK to my homeboy head, put him on the floor [...] The other two ran in my homeboy jumped in the other room, so the other two dudes ran back so I peeped in the door and they running through my house with Ks and pistols so I ducked back. I really can't dwell on what happened after that, but it was a messed up situation and I'm glad everyone made it out alive."


title: Soulja Boy

text: On December 9, 2007, Way was sued by William Lyons (a.k.a. Souljah Boy of Mo Thugs Family) who created the stage name Souljah Boy in 1996. On October 7, 2009, Way was arrested in Atlanta, Georgia, on one count of obstruction, a misdemeanor, for running from police when he'd been ordered to stop while filming a video in an abandoned house. The rapper was released on a $550 bond.


title: Soulja Boy

text: In May 2011, Way and his labels were sued by a local Pennsylvania promoter for failing to make promised payments in connection with a rescheduled concert. On October 18, 2011, Way was traveling west on I-20 in Carroll County, Georgia, with four other men when their vehicle was pulled over for a vehicle equipment violation. The police officer who made the stop searched the vehicle and found more than of marijuana. Way was arrested and released on bond the same day.


title: Soulja Boy

text: On January 22, 2014, Way was a passenger in his vehicle when the driver ran a stop sign in the San Fernando Valley, California, and police discovered a loaded handgun in the car. Way was arrested immediately and taken to jail. However, his manager claimed that a neighbor had left the gun under the seat; meanwhile Way was left unaware that it was there. Way admitted to owning only the vehicle, not the weapon. He was convicted and sentenced to two years probation. On February 15, 2014, Way announced via Twitter that he was going to jail in five days. He did not confirm the reason as to why, although it could possibly stem from the January 2014 arrest. Way ultimately never appeared to turn himself in to authorities and the details of his charges are unknown.


title: Soulja Boy

text: In October 2016, Way was sued by a musician called Skrill Dilly about allegedly uttering death threats to him in a video filmed by the rapper. The same year, he received additional probation time after weapons were found inside his home by police. On March 15, 2019, Way was arrested for violating his probation, and on April 30, Way was sentenced to 8 months in prison, with credit for time served.


title: Soulja Boy

text: On January 21, 2021, Way was sued by an unnamed former personal assistant of his who alleged that Way locked her in a room, physically and verbally abused her, and repeatedly raped her. Way denied the allegations, with a spokesperson for Way saying "Soulja would never put his hands on a female. He wouldn’t beat a woman or put his hands on a woman … this is nonsense.”


title: Soulja Boy

text: On February 18, 2022, in a class-action lawsuit filed against the cryptocurrency company SafeMoon that alleged the company is a pump-and-dump scheme, Way was named as a defendant along with professional boxer Jake Paul, musician Nick Carter, rapper Lil Yachty, and social media personality Ben Phillips for promoting the SafeMoon token on their social media accounts with misleading information. On the same day, the U.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in a lawsuit against Bitconnect that the Securities Act of 1933 extends to targeted solicitation using social media.


title: Soulja Boy

text: Way is known for having the first single to sell over three million digital copies, due to the success of his commercially successful debut single "Crank That (Soulja Boy)".


title: Soulja Boy

text: Way has garnered popularity through the use of social media. Since 2006, Way's official YouTube channel has accumulated well over a billion views and more than three million subscribers. Way was one of the first rappers to capitalize on use of social media for digital marketing in the beginning of his career.


title: Soulja Boy

text: Way's music has been banned from some school dances for alleged sexual or violent content and/or innuendos. In the original YouTube video for "Shootout", Way demonstrates his dance while holding a handgun in each hand and pretending to shoot into the audience.


title: Soulja Boy

text: In June 2008, on DJ Cisco's "Urban Legend" mixtape, Ice-T told Way to "eat a dick" and criticized Way for "killing hip-hop" and his song "Crank That" for being "garbage" compared to the works of other hip-hop artists such as Rakim, Das EFX, Big Daddy Kane and Ice Cube. The two then traded videos back and forth over the Internet. Rapper Kanye West defended Way by arguing that the younger artist created a new, original work for hip-hop, thus keeping the authentic meaning of the music. The feud was parodied in a 2010 episode of "The Boondocks".


title: Soulja Boy

text: In May 2011, Way's feud with Ice-T somewhat reignited, regarding the film "Juice". Way stated he would release a movie of his own to go along with his mixtape of the same name, following a statement during Ice-T's interview with Shade 45 in late April 2011. Ice-T stated that Way's role as Bishop, which was famously originated by rapper Tupac Shakur, was not an issue. But Ice-T found it problematic that the film was being remade, saying "What? But that's Pac... At some point, somebody gotta stop it. I came out. I made some statements. Man, I don't know. Do you, dude, do you. If the masses accept it, it shows you the state we're in... Come on man, you think I'd try to remake Pac's movie? Good luck though, I'm not a hater... eh." Way himself barraged Ice-T with retaliatory tweets on the same day, saying someone should "get this guy a hairline."


title: Soulja Boy

text: On December 9, 2008, Charles Hamilton said in an interview that Way was making it more difficult for new artists to be signed. Way responded by saying "X out the Sonic and fuck with Mario, you might want to got damn eat a mushroom" (Charles Hamilton is known to be a big fan of Sonic the Hedgehog, dedicating a whole mixtape depicting him as the titular character). Charles Hamilton responded with a diss song "I'm You Last Year With Talent" followed-up with another diss song called "Word Aight".


title: Soulja Boy

text: On February 2, 2009, Way challenged Bow Wow to a race in their Lamborghinis and claimed Bow Wow's Lamborghini was a rental. On February 4, Bow Wow proved that he owned his Lamborghini and said "its halloween in Bankhead for you everyday nigga... you scared... you all nervous and shit". Way responded on Twitter by saying "HE FUCKED UP!!!! IM BOUT TO SHITTTT ON THIS NIGGA!! LOL!!!!!" On February 7, both artists sent diss songs to each other, such as Way's "Fuck Bow Wow" and Bow Wow's "What I Think About You". Later that day during a phone conversation both rappers settled their differences. In 2016, they released a joint mixtape titled "Ignorant Shit".


title: Soulja Boy

text: In September 2011, Way released the song "Let's Be Real". One of the lines of the song is: ""Fuck the FBI and fuck all the army troops / Fighting for what? Bitch, be your own man / I'll be flying through the clouds with green like I'm Peter Pan."" After the song was released, Way was criticized by military members and their families, especially in regard to the timing in relation to the 10th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks. Way apologized, "When I expressed my frustration with the U.S. Army, not only did my words come out wrong, I was wrong to even speak them." He added, "So, I write this to give my sincerest apology to all members of the United States military services, as well as their families that were offended by my most recent lyrics." Representatives for Way indicated that the song had been pulled from his upcoming album, "Promise", and would not be available for sale. They were also attempting to remove the video from the internet.


title: Soulja Boy

text: On September 6, 2011, TMZ reported that Way's album would not be sold at the 3,100 Army and Air Force base exchanges if it included the song "Let's Be Real".