title: Airplane

text: Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 70s as a means to build a small and lightweight manned spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the US Air Force lost interest in the manned mission, and major development ended during the Space Shuttle design process when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage.


title: Airplane

text: The classic airfoil section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability.


title: Airplane

text: To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an empennage comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane.


title: Airplane

text: Some types have a horizontal "canard" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it. This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these.


title: Airplane

text: Airplanes have complex flight control systems. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the attitude (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust.


title: Airplane

text: On manned aircraft, cockpit instruments provide information to the pilots, including flight data, engine output, navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed.


title: Airplane

text: When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel. Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic. There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.


title: Airplane

text: Like all activities involving combustion, fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release soot and other pollutants into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance,


title: Airplane

text: Another environmental impact of airplanes is noise pollution, mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: The Mil Mi-8 (, NATO reporting name: Hip) is a medium twin-turbine helicopter, originally designed by the Soviet Union in the 1960s and introduced into the Soviet Air Force in 1968.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: In addition to its most common role as a transport helicopter, the Mi-8 is also used as an airborne command post, armed gunship, and reconnaissance platform.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: Along with the related, more powerful Mil Mi-17, the Mi-8 is among the world's most-produced helicopters, used by over 50 countries. As of 2015, when combined the two helicopters are the third most common operational military aircraft in the world.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: Mikhail Mil originally approached the Soviet government with a proposal to design an all-new two-engined turbine helicopter in 1959 after the success of the Mil Mi-4 and the emergence and effectiveness of turbines used in the Mil Mi-6. After design and development, the Mi-8 was subsequently introduced into the Soviet Air Force in 1967.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: The Soviet military originally argued against a new helicopter, as they were content with the current Mil Mi-4. To counter this, Mikhail Mil proposed that the new helicopter was more of an update to new turbine engines rather than an entirely new helicopter, which persuaded the council of ministers to proceed with production. Due to the position of the engine, this enabled Mikhail Mil to justify redesigning the entire front half of the aircraft around the single engine (designed by Oleksandr Ivchenko at OKB-478 in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine, originally for fixed wing aircraft as all other Soviet turbines had been up to that point).


title: Mil Mi-8

text: The prototype, which was named V-8, was designed in 1958 and based on the Mil Mi-4 with a larger cabin. Powered by an AI-24 2,010 kW (2,700 shp) Soloviev turboshaft engine, the single engined V-8 prototype had its maiden flight in June 1961 and was first shown on Soviet Aviation Day parade (Tushino Air Parade) in July 1961.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: During an official visit to the United States in September 1959, Nikita Khrushchev took a flight in the S-58 presidential helicopter for the first time and was reportedly extremely impressed. On Khrushchev's return, he ordered the creation of a similar helicopter, which was to be ready for the return visit by the American president, to save face. A luxury version of the Mi-4 was quickly created and Khrushchev took an inspection flight, during which Mikhail Mil proposed that his helicopter in development was more suitable. However, it would be necessary to have a second engine for reliability.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: This gave Mikhail Mil the power under the orders of Khrushchev to build the original two-engined helicopter, which for the first time in Soviet history would need purpose-built turbine engines, rather than those adapted from fixed wing aircraft (as in the Mil Mi-6 and the first prototype V-8) and an entirely new main rotor gear box that would be designed in-house for the first time. In May 1960, the order was given for Mikhail Mil to create his twin engine helicopter. The Sergei Isotov Design Bureau accepted the task of creating the engines.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: The second prototype (still equipped with the one turbine engine as the Isotov engines were still under development) flew in September 1961.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: Two months after the engines were completed by Isotov, the third prototype designated V-8A equipped with two 1,120 kW (1,500 shp) Isotov TV2 engines, made its first flight piloted by Nikolai Ilyushin on 2 August 1962, marking the first flight of any Soviet helicopter to fly with purpose built gas turbine engines. The aircraft completed its factory based testing in February 1963.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: The fourth prototype was designed as a VIP transport, with the rotor changed from four blades to five blades in 1963 to reduce vibration, the cockpit doors replaced by blister perspex slides and a sliding door added to the cabin.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: The fifth and final prototype was a mass production prototype for the passenger market. In November 1964, all joint testing had been completed and the Soviet government began mass production. Production started in the Kazan Production Plant, with the first aircraft completed by the end of 1965.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: The Soviet military originally showed little interest in the Mi-8 until the Bell UH-1's involvement in the Vietnam war became widely publicised as a great asset to the United States, allowing troops to move swiftly in and out of a battlefield and throughout the country. It was only then that the Soviet military rushed a troop-carrying variant of the Mil Mi-8 into production. By 1967, it had been introduced into the Soviet Air Force as the Mi-8.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: There are numerous variants, including the Mi-8T, which, in addition to carrying 24 troops, is armed with rockets and anti-tank guided missiles. The Mil Mi-17 export version is employed by around 20 countries; its equivalent in Russian service in the "Mi-8M" series. The only visible difference between the Mi-8 and Mi-17 is that the tail rotor is on the right side of the Mi-8, whereas in Mi-17 it is on the left side. Also Mi-17 has some improved armour plating for its crew. The naval Mil Mi-14 version is also derived from the Mi-8.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: The Mi-8 is constantly improving and the newest version still remains in production in 2016. However the second generation of the Mi-8 was changed to a tractor-tail rotor configuration as this configuration has increased yaw authority from the upwards advancing tail rotor blades into the downwash. The increase of the airspeed flowing over the rotor blades increases overall tail rotor effectiveness and yaw authority, whereas with the 'Pusher' tail rotor configuration the advancing rotor blade moves downwards. This decreases the airspeed across the rotor blade, reducing its overall effective yaw authority.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: The Finnish Defence Forces and the Finnish Border Guard began using Mi-8s in the 1970s, with the Finnish Air Force receiving its first, serialed HS-2, on 28 May 1973, and the second, HS-1, on 31 May 1973. Six Mi-8Ts were obtained at first, followed by further two Mi-8Ts and two Mi-8Ps. Three of the helicopters were handed over to the Border Guard Wing. One of these was lost after sinking through ice during a landing in April 1982. It was soon replaced by a new Mi-8.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: After their Border Guard service, the helicopters were transferred to the civil register, but shortly thereafter to the Finnish Air Force. In 1997 it was decided that all helicopters, including the remaining five Mi-8Ts and two Mi-8Ps, should be transferred to the Army Wing at Utti. All Mi-8s have now been retired. One Mi-8 is on display at the Finnish Aviation Museum in Vantaa, and one is at the Päijänne Tavastia Aviation Museum in Asikkala, near Lahti. The two final Mi-8Ts were given to Hungary in August 2011 with all the remaining spare parts.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: The Georgian air force started operating Mi-8 and Mi-17 helicopters from 1991 onwards. During the War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) Mi-8 helicopters were used by both sides. Several were shot down, the first being a Georgian civilian Mi-8T which was destroyed in Sukhumi by an RPG-7. On 14 December 1992, a Russian Air Force Mi-8T was shot down by a SA-14 missile near Lata.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: On another occasions Abkhaz Mi-8MTVs were shot down by Georgian forces, by SA-14 in one case and by RPG-18 in a second case, both during 1993. In the final case, Georgian Mi-8MTV carrying civilian refugees was shot down, killing 25 people. Georgian Air Force and Police currently operate about 20 Mi-8T/MTVs.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: Mi-8s were employed by the former Iraqi Army Aviation and Iraqi Air Force under Saddam Hussein. In the Iran–Iraq War of the 1980s, there were air-to-air combat between Iraqi and Iranian Army Aviation helicopters, including between Iranian Bell AH-1J Cobras and Iraqi Mi-8s.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: On 21 December 2012, a Nizhnevartovskavia owned Mi-8 working for the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) was shot down and crashed near Likuangole in the South Sudanese state of Jonglei during the South Sudan internal conflict. All four Russian crewmembers on board were killed, and after some initial confusion, a UN spokesman said that the South Sudanese army confirmed on 22 December that it mistakenly fired at the helicopter.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: On 26 August 2014, a UTair Aviation owned Mi-8 working for the United Nations crashed as it approached a landing airstrip near Bentiu. Three of the Russian crew members died and one was injured. Rebel commander Peter Gadet claimed that his forces brought it down using a rocket-propelled grenade.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: The Mi-8 family of helicopters became the main Soviet (and later Russian) helicopter, covering a large range of roles in both peace time and war time. Large fleets of Mi-8 and its derivatives were employed by both military and civil operators.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: Large numbers of Mi-8 family helicopters were used during the Soviet–Afghan War during the 1980s. Its rugged construction allowed easier in-theater operations and maintenance. A large number of Mi-8s were lost with several shot down by enemy fire, with the Mi-8 and its derivatives being the main aircraft model lost by the Soviet Union in Afghanistan.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: Between April and May 1986, Mi-8s were used in large numbers to drop radiation-absorbing materials into the No. 4 reactor of Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant after the Chernobyl disaster, and the fire was extinguished by the combined effort of helicopters dropping over 5000 metric tons of sand, lead, clay, and neutron-absorbing boron onto the burning reactor and injecting liquid nitrogen into it. Most of the helicopters were severely irradiated and abandoned in a giant junkyard, the so-called "machines cemetery" near Chernobyl, with several disappearing from the site in later years. During the initial operation, one crashed near the power plant after hitting a construction crane cable with all the crew of four being killed in the crash. It is now known that virtually none of the neutron absorbers reached the core.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: On 16 August 2013, the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine reported that one of its Mi-8MSB had set a world altitude record of at the Kirovske military airfield on 15 August.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: The Ukrainian Armed Forces used Mi-8MSB along with Mi-24s in operations against separatists in Eastern Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War. On 29 May 2014, a Ukrainian National Guard Mi-8 was brought down by Russian separatist forces in Donbas using a MANPADS near Slavyansk with 12 personnel, including an Army general, killed and one seriously injured. On 24 June 2014, a Ukrainian National Guard Mi-8 was shot down by separatist forces again using a MANPADS near Slavyansk with nine personnel killed. Ukrainian forces used Mi-8 helicopters to resupply forces during the Siege of Mariupol at Azovstal iron and steel works and bring in additional reinforcements for the Azov Regiment. Some 16 Mi-8s were used a number of times, two of which were shot down. Russia claimed on 5 April that it shot down two Ukrainian Mi-8s that it said were being used to evacuate commanders of the Azov Regiment.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: During the initial stages of Operation Enduring Freedom, Mi-17s and Mi-8s were extensively used by the CIA and US Special Forces to assist the Northern Alliance in their fight against the Taliban.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: The Yugoslav Air Force took delivery of 24 Mi-8T (Hip C) transport helicopters between May 1968 and May 1969 to equip two squadrons of the newly formed 119th transport regiment from Niš military airport, each squadron with 12 helicopters. Subsequently, from 1973 to the early 1980s, Yugoslavia purchased more Mi-8T helicopters to re-equip two squadrons of 111th regiment from Pleso military airport near Zagreb and the 790th squadron from Divulje military airport near Split, which was under the command of the Yugoslav Navy. In total, the Yugoslav Air Force received 92 Mi-8Ts, designated by the Yugoslav People's Army as the "HT-40", while local modification of several helicopters into electronic warfare variants produced the "HT-40E". Some 40 helicopters were equipped for firefighting operations.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: The Yugoslav Mi-8s' first combat operations were transport of Yugoslav People's Army troops and federal police forces to border crossings in Slovenia on 27 June 1991 during the Ten-Day War. The members of Slovenian Territorial Defence fired Strela 2 MANPAD, and shot one helicopter down, killing all crew and passengers.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: During combat in the winter of 1991 in the Croatian war and in the spring of 1992 in the Bosnian War, the Yugoslav People's Army used the Mi-8 fleet for the evacuation of injured personnel, transport of cargo and search and rescue for the crews of aircraft forced down. As most flights were made behind the front, the Croatian forces were able to down just one helicopter, which was hit by small arms fire near Slavonski Brod on 4 October 1991.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: After Bosnian Serbs declared their state in the spring of 1992, some former Yugoslav Air Force Mi-8s continued service with the Republika Srpska armed forces. The inventory of the 82nd mixed helicopter squadron, of the 92nd aviation brigade of the Army of Republika Srpska comprised 12 Mi-8T helicopters, which continued in service until Operation Koridor. During that period, the Republika Srpska Air Force lost three Mi-8 helicopters to enemy fire. Three helicopters painted in a blue and white colour scheme flew in the first part of 56th helicopter squadron of the Krajina Milicija, using Udbina military airport in Lika as their main base. The Republika Srpska Air Force continued to operate nine helicopters, albeit suffering problems with maintenance and spare parts, until it was formally disbanded in 2006.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: On the other side, Mi-8 helicopters were also used as main air transport. The Croatian National Guard obtained its first on 23 September 1991, near Petrinja, when a Yugoslav Air Force Mi-8 made an emergency landing after being damaged by small-arms fire. A further 6 Mi-8T and 18 Mi-8MTV-1 helicopters were bought from ex-Warsaw Pact countries during the war, but only 16 of those survived the war. The remaining Mi-8Ts were retired from service in the Croatian Air Force after the war, while the Mi-8MTVs continued their service in 20th Transport Helicopter Squadron and 28th Transport Helicopter Squadron. The latter has been re-equipped with new Mi-171Sh helicopters bought from Russia.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: The Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina secretly obtained Mi-8T, Mi-8MTV and Mi-17 helicopters from various sources. Two helicopters were shot down by Serb air defenses, one around Žepa, while one Mi-17 was shot down by 2K12 Kub M, killing the Bosnian Foreign Affairs Minister Irfan Ljubijankić, a few other politicians, and the helicopter's Ukrainian crew. A few Croatian Mi-8MTVs secretly supported Croatian Defence Council operations in Herceg Bosna. After the war, the Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina operated the remaining five Mi-8MTVs and one Mi-8T in the Air Force and Air Defense Brigade of Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: The Macedonian Air Force bought two Mi-8MT helicopters in 2001 from Ukraine. They fly in the Transport Helicopter Squadron (ex 301. Transport Helicopter Squadron). One crashed, killing all 8 passengers and 3 crew members in an accident in January 2008.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: During the Kosovo War of 1998 and 1999, the Federal Yugoslav Air Force used Mi-8s for transport of personnel and material to forces in otherwise-inaccessible mountain areas. Evacuation of injured personnel also occurred during the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, flying at low altitude to avoid detection by NATO aircraft. In 1999, Yugoslav Mi-8s shot down at least one US Army Hunter UAV with the door gunner's 7.62 mm machine gun. Two Mi-17V helicopters secretly operated by the Special Operations Unit post-1997 were also active during the Kosovar conflict. After the unit disbanded in 2003, the helicopters were transferred to Serbia and Montenegro's air force.


title: Mil Mi-8

text: As of mid-2020, the Serbian Air Force, the successor of the Federal Yugoslav Air Force, operates a small amount of Mi-8T which are now being replaced by Mi-17 helicopters. There are 13 Mi-17 in the Serbian air force currently. They are in the 138th Mixed-Transport-Aviation Squadron of 204th Air Base and 119th Combined-Arms Helicopter Squadron (ex 199th regiment) of 98th Air Base.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Hashimoto's thyroiditis, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and Hashimoto's disease, is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed. Early on, symptoms may not be noticed. Over time, the thyroid may enlarge, forming a painless goiter. Some people eventually develop hypothyroidism with accompanying weight gain, fatigue, constipation, depression, hair loss, and general pains. After many years the thyroid typically shrinks in size. Potential complications include thyroid lymphoma. Furthermore, because it is common for untreated patients of Hashimoto's to develop hypothyroidism, further complications can include, but are not limited to, high cholesterol, heart disease, heart failure, high blood pressure, myxedema, and potential pregnancy problems.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Hashimoto's thyroiditis is thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors include a family history of the condition and having another autoimmune disease. Diagnosis is confirmed with blood tests for TSH, T4, and antithyroid autoantibodies. Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include Graves' disease and nontoxic nodular goiter.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Hashimoto's thyroiditis is typically treated with levothyroxine. If hypothyroidism is not present, some may recommend no treatment, while others may treat to try to reduce the size of the goiter. Those affected should avoid eating large amounts of iodine; however, sufficient iodine is required especially during pregnancy. Surgery is rarely required to treat the goiter.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Hashimoto's thyroiditis affects about 5% of Caucasians at some point in their lives. It typically begins between the ages of 30 and 50 and is much more common in women than men. Rates of the disease appear to be increasing. It was first described by the Japanese physician Hakaru Hashimoto in 1912. In 1957, it was recognized as an autoimmune disorder.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Many symptoms are attributed to the development of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The most common symptoms include: fatigue, weight gain, pale or puffy face, feeling cold, joint and muscle pain, constipation, dry and thinning hair, heavy menstrual flow or irregular periods, depression, panic disorder, a slowed heart rate, and problems getting pregnant and miscarriages.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Hashimoto's disease is about seven times more common in women than in men. It can occur in teens and young women, but more commonly appears in middle age, particularly for men. People who develop Hashimoto's disease often have family members who have thyroid or other autoimmune diseases, and sometimes have other autoimmune diseases themselves.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: The thyroid gland may become firm, large, and lobulated in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but changes in the thyroid can also be nonpalpable. Enlargement of the thyroid is due to lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis, rather than tissue hypertrophy. While their role in the initial destruction of the follicles is unclear, antibodies against thyroid peroxidase or thyroglobulin are relevant, as they serve as markers for detecting the disease and its severity. They are thought to be the secondary products of the T cell-mediated destruction of the gland.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: It is also characterized by invasion of the thyroid tissue by leukocytes, mainly T-lymphocytes. A rare but serious complication is thyroid lymphoma, generally the B-cell type, non-Hodgkin lymphoma.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: The strong genetic component is borne out in studies on monozygotic twins, with a concordance of 38–55%, with an even higher concordance of circulating thyroid antibodies not in relation to clinical presentation (up to 80% in monozygotic twins). Neither result was seen to a similar degree in dizygotic twins, offering strong favour for high genetic aetiology.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Certain medications or drugs have been associated with altering and interfering with thyroid function. Of these drugs, there are two main mechanisms of interference that they can have.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: One of the mechanisms of interference is when a drug alters thyroid hormone serum transfer proteins. Estrogen, tamoxifen, heroin, methadone, clofibrate, 5-flurouracile, mitotane, and perphenazine all increase thyroid binding globulin (TBG) concentration. Androgens, anabolic steroids such as danazol, glucocorticoids, and slow release nicotinic acid all decrease TBG concentrations. Furosemide, fenoflenac, mefenamic acid, salicylates, phenytoin, diazepam, sulphonylureas, free fatty acids, and heparin all interfere with thyroid hormone binding to TBG and/or transthyretin.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: The other mechanism that medications can utilize to interfere with thyroid function would be to alter extra-thryoidal metabolism of thyroid hormone. Propylthiouracil, glucocorticoids, propranolol, iondinated contrast agents, amiodarone, and clomipramine all inhibit conversion of T4 and T3. Phenobarbital, rifampin, phenytoin and carbamazepine all increase hepatic metabolism. Finally, cholestryamine, colestipol, aluminium hydroxide, ferrous sulphate, and sucralfate are all drugs that decrease T4 absorption or enhance excretion.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: The first gene locus associated with autoimmune thyroid disease was major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region on chromosome 6p21. It encodes HLAs. Specific HLA alleles have a higher affinity to autoantigenic thyroidal peptides and can contribute to autoimmune thyroid disease development. Specifically, in Hashimoto's disease, aberrant expression of HLA II on thyrocytes has been demonstrated. They can present thyroid autoantigens and initiate autoimmune thyroid disease. Susceptibility alleles are not consistent in Hashimoto's disease. In Caucasians, various alleles are reported to be associated with the disease, including DR3, DR5 and DQ7.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: This gene is the second major immune-regulatory gene related to autoimmune thyroid disease. CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms may contribute to the reduced inhibition of T-cell proliferation and increase susceptibility to autoimmune response. CTLA-4 is a major thyroid autoantibody susceptibility gene. A linkage of the CTLA-4 region to the presence of thyroid autoantibodies was demonstrated by a whole-genome linkage analysis. CTLA-4 was confirmed as the main locus for thyroid autoantibodies.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: PTPN22 is the most recently identified immune-regulatory gene associated with autoimmune thyroid disease. It is located on chromosome 1p13 and expressed in lymphocytes. It acts as a negative regulator of T-cell activation. Mutation in this gene is a risk factor for many autoimmune diseases. Weaker T-cell signaling may lead to impaired thymic deletion of autoreactive T cells, and increased PTPN22 function may result in inhibition of regulatory T cells, which protect against autoimmunity.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: IFN-γ promotes cell-mediated cytotoxicity against thyroid mutations causing increased production of IFN-γ were associated with the severity of hypothyroidism. Severe hypothyroidism is associated with mutations leading to lower production of IL-4 (Th2 cytokine suppressing cell-mediated autoimmunity), lower secretion of TGF-β (inhibitor of cytokine production), and mutations of FoxP3, an essential regulatory factor for the Tregs development. Development of Hashimoto's disease was associated with mutation of the gene for TNF-α (stimulator of the IFN-γ production), causing its higher concentration.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Preventable environmental factors, including high iodine intake, selenium deficiency, and infectious diseases and certain drugs, have been implicated in the development of autoimmune thyroid disease in genetically predisposed individuals.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Excessive iodine intake is a well-established environmental factor for triggering thyroid autoimmunity. A higher prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies is in the areas with higher iodine supply.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Several mechanisms by which iodine may promote thyroid autoimmunity have been proposed. Iodine exposure leads to higher iodination of thyroglobulin, increasing its immunogenicity by creating new iodine-containing epitopes or exposing cryptic epitopes. It may facilitate presentation by APC, enhance the binding affinity of the T-cell receptor, and activating specific T-cells.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Iodine exposure has been shown to increase the level of reactive oxygen species. They enhance the expression of the intracellular adhesion molecule-1 on the thyroid follicular cells, which could attract the immunocompetent cells into the thyroid gland.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Iodine is toxic to thyrocytes since highly reactive oxygen species may bind to membrane lipids and proteins. It causes thyrocyte damage and the release of autoantigens. Iodine also promotes follicular cell apoptosis and has an influence on immune cells (augmented maturation of dendritic cells, increased number of T cells, stimulated B-cell immunoglobulin production).


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Data from The Danish Investigation of Iodine Intake and Thyroid Disease shows that within two cohorts (males, females) with moderate and mild iodine deficiency, the levels of both thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies are higher in females, and prevalence rates of both antibodies increase with age.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Study of healthy Danish twins divided to three groups (monozygotic and dizygotic same sex, and opposite sex twin pairs) estimated that genetic contribution to thyroid peroxidase antibodies susceptibility was 61% in males and 72% in females, and contribution to thyroglobulin antibodies susceptibility was 39% in males and 75% in females.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: The high female predominance in thyroid autoimmunity may be associated with the X chromosome. It contains sex and immune-related genes responsible for immune tolerance.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: A higher incidence of thyroid autoimmunity was reported in patients with a higher rate of X chromosome monosomy in peripheral white blood cells.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Another potential mechanism might be skewed X-chromosome inactivation, leading to the escape of X-linked self-antigens from presentation in the thymus and loss of T-cell tolerance.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Having other autoimmune diseases is a risk factor for developing Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and the opposite is also true. Autoimmune diseases most commonly associated to Hashimoto's thyroiditis include celiac disease, type 1 diabetes, vitiligo, and alopecia.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: The genes implicated vary in different ethnic groups and the incidence is increased in people with chromosomal disorders, including Turner, Down, and Klinefelter syndromes usually associated with autoantibodies against thyroglobulin and thyroperoxidase. Progressive depletion of these cells as the cytotoxic immune response leads to higher degrees of primary hypothyroidism, presenting with low T3/T4 levels, and compensatory elevations of TSH.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Various autoantibodies may be present against thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin and TSH receptors, although a small percentage of people may have none of these antibodies present. As indicated in various twin studies, a percentage of the population may also have these antibodies without developing Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Nevertheless, antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity is a substantial factor behind the apoptotic fall-out of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD8+ T-cells) in response to cell-mediated immune response affected by helper T-lymphocytes (CD4+ T-cells) is central to thyrocyte destruction. As is characteristic of type IV hypersensitivities, recruitment of macrophages is another effect of the helper T-lymphocyte activation, with Th1 axis lymphocytes producing inflammatory cytokines within thyroid tissue to further macrophage activation and migration into the thyroid gland for direct effect.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Gross morphological changes within the thyroid are seen in the general enlargement, which is far more locally nodular and irregular than more diffuse patterns (such as that of hyperthyroidism). While the capsule is intact and the gland itself is still distinct from surrounding tissue, microscopic examination can provide a more revealing indication of the level of damage.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Histologically, the hypersensitivity is seen as diffuse parenchymal infiltration by lymphocytes, particularly plasma B-cells, which can often be seen as secondary lymphoid follicles (germinal centers, not to be confused with the normally present colloid-filled follicles that constitute the thyroid). Atrophy of the colloid bodies is lined by Hürthle cells, cells with intensely eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm, a metaplasia from the normal cuboidal cells that constitute the lining of the thyroid follicles. Severe thyroid atrophy presents often with denser fibrotic bands of collagen that remains within the confines of the thyroid capsule.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Diagnosis is usually made by detecting elevated levels of antithyroid peroxidase antibodies in the serum, but seronegative (without circulating autoantibodies) thyroiditis is also possible.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Given the relatively nonspecific symptoms of initial hypothyroidism, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is often misdiagnosed as depression, cyclothymia, premenstrual syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and less frequently, as erectile dysfunction or an anxiety disorder. On gross examination, a hard goiter that is not painful to the touch often presents; other symptoms seen with hypothyroidism, such as periorbital myxedema, depend on the current state of progression of the response, especially given the usually gradual development of clinically relevant hypothyroidism. Testing for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free T3, free T4, and the antithyroglobulin antibodies (anti-Tg), antithyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO, or TPOAb) and antimicrosomal antibodies can help obtain an accurate diagnosis. Earlier assessment of the person may present with elevated levels of thyroglobulin owing to transient thyrotoxicosis, as inflammation within the thyroid causes damage to the integrity of thyroid follicle storage of thyroglobulin; TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary increases in response to a decrease in negative feedback inhibition secondary to decreased serum thyroid hormones. Typically, T4 is the preferred thyroid hormone test for hypothyroidism. This exposure of the body to substantial amounts of previously isolated thyroid enzymes is thought to contribute to the exacerbation of tolerance breakdown, giving rise to the more pronounced symptoms seen later in the disease. Lymphocytic infiltration of the thyrocyte-associated tissues often leads to the histologically significant finding of germinal center development within the thyroid gland.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Hashimoto's when presenting as mania is known as Prasad's syndrome after Ashok Prasad, the psychiatrist who first described it.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Hypothyroidism caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis is treated with thyroid hormone replacement agents such as levothyroxine, triiodothyronine, or desiccated thyroid extract. A tablet taken once a day generally keeps the thyroid hormone levels normal. In most cases, the treatment needs to be taken for the rest of the person's life. If hypothyroidism is caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the TSH levels may be recommended to be kept under 3.0 mIU/l.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Overt, symptomatic thyroid dysfunction is the most common complication, with about 5% of people with subclinical hypothyroidism and chronic autoimmune thyroiditis progressing to thyroid failure every year. Transient periods of thyrotoxicosis (over-activity of the thyroid) sometimes occur, and rarely the illness may progress to full hyperthyroid Graves' disease with active orbitopathy (bulging, inflamed eyes). Rare cases of fibrous autoimmune thyroiditis present with severe shortness of breath and difficulty swallowing, resembling aggressive thyroid tumors, but such symptoms always improve with surgery or corticosteroid therapy. Although primary thyroid B-cell lymphoma affects fewer than one in 1000 persons, it is more likely to affect those with long-standing autoimmune thyroiditis, as there is a 67- to 80-fold increased risk of developing primary thyroid lymphoma in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Hashimoto's thyroiditis disorder is thought to be the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism in North America. Within person, place, and time descriptive trends of epidemiology, it becomes more clear on how Hashimoto's thyroiditis develops in and impacts differing populations.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Overall, Hashimoto's thyroiditis affects up to 2% of the general population. About 5% of Caucasians will develop Hashimoto's at some point in their lives. In the US, the African-American population experiences it less commonly but has greater associated mortality. It is also less frequent in Asian populations. About 1.0 to 1.5 in 1000 people have this disease at any time. It occurs between 8 and 15 times more often in women than in men. Some research suggests a connection to the role of the placenta as an explanation for the sex difference. Though it may occur at any age, including in children, it is most often observed in women between 30 and 60 years of age. The highest prevalence from one study was found in the elderly members of the community.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Those that already have an autoimmune disease are at greater risk of developing Hashimoto's as the diseases generally coexist with each other. Common diseases seen coexisting with Hashimoto's include celiac disease, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, vitiligo, and rheumatoid arthritis.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Congenital hypothyroidism affects 1 in 3500-4000 newborns at birth and is a version of intellectual disability that can be treated if caught early, but can be hard to diagnose given that symptoms are minimal at a young age. Congenital hypothyroidism is generally caused by defects of the thyroid gland, but for most cases in Europe, Asia, and Africa, the iodine intake can cause hypothyroidism in newborns.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Diets consisting of low or high iodine intake determine a population's risk of developing thyroid-related disorders. It is more common in regions of high iodine dietary intake, and among people who are genetically susceptible. Geography plays a large role in which regions have access to diets with low or high iodine. Iodine levels in both water and salt should be heavily monitored in order to protect at-risk populations from developing hypothyroidism.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Geographic trends of hypothyroidism vary across the world as different places have different ways of defining disease and reporting cases. Populations that are spread out or defined poorly may skew data in unexpected ways.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD) is combated using an increase in iodine in a person's diet. When a dramatic change occurs in a person's diet, they become more at-risk of developing hypothyroidism and other thyroid disorders. Combatting IDD with high salt intakes should be done carefully and cautiously as risk for Hashimoto's may increase. If making modifications to one's diet, it is important to use a clinician's discretion to ensure that the dietary changes are the best option as recommendations can vary person to person.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: The secular trends of hypothyroidism reveal how the disease has changed over the course of time given changes in technology and treatment options. Even though ultrasound technology and treatment options have improved, the incidence of hypothyroidism has increased according to data focused on the US and Europe. Between 1993 and 2001, per 1000 women, the disease was found varying between 3.9 and 4.89. Between 1994 and 2001, per 1000 men, the disease increased from 0.65 to 1.01.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Changes in the definition of hypothyroidism and treatment options modify the incidence and prevalence of the disease overall. Treatment using levothyroxine is individualized, and therefore allows the disease to be more manageable with time but does not work as a cure for the disease.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Also known as Hashimoto's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is named after Japanese physician Hakaru Hashimoto (1881−1934) of the medical school at Kyushu University, who first described the symptoms of persons with "struma lymphomatosa", an intense infiltration of lymphocytes within the thyroid, in 1912 in the German journal called "Archiv für Klinische Chirurgie". This paper was made up of 30 pages and 5 illustrations all describing the histological changes in the thyroid tissue. Furthermore, all results in his first study were collected from four women. These results explained the pathological characteristics observed in these women especially the infiltration of lymphoid and plasma cells as well as the formation of lymphoid follicles with germinal centers, fibrosis, degenerated thyroid epithelial cells and leukocytes in the lumen. He described these traits to be histologically similar to those of Mikulic's disease. As mentioned above, once he discovered these traits in this new disease, he named the disease "struma lymphomatosa." This disease emphasized the lymphoid cell infiltration and formation of the lymphoid follicles with germinal centers, neither of which had ever been previously reported.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Despite Dr. Hashimoto's discovery and publication, the disease was unfortunately not recognized as distinct from Reidel's Thyroiditis, which was a common disease at that time in Europe. Although many other articles were reported and published by other researchers, Hashimoto's struma lymphomatosa was only recognized as an early phase of Reidel's Thyroiditis in the early 1900s. It was not until 1931 that the disease was recognized as a disease in its own right, when researchers Allen Graham et al. from Cleveland reported its symptoms and presentation in the same detailed manner as Hakaru.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: In 1956, Drs. Rose and Witebsky were able to demonstrate how immunization of certain rodents with extracts of other rodents' thyroid resembled the disease Hakaru and other researchers were trying to describe. These doctors were also able to describe anti-thyroglobulin antibodies in blood serum samples from these same animals.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Later on in the same year, researchers from the Middlesex Hospital in London were able to perform human experiments on patients who presented with similar symptoms. They purified anti-thyroglobulin antibody from their serum and were able to conclude that these sick patients had an immunological reaction to human thyroglobulin. From this data, it was proposed that Hashimoto's struma could be an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: In 1957, it was recognized as an autoimmune disorder and was the first organ-specific autoimmune disorder identified.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Following this recognition, the same researchers from Middlesex Hospital published an article in 1962 in The Lancet that included a portrait of Hakaru Hashimoto. The disease became more well known from that moment, and Hashimoto's disease started to appear more frequently in textbooks.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Since those discoveries, a number of autoimmune diseases have been discovered, with several of them having to do with thyroid-specific antibodies.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Pregnant women who are positive for Hashimoto's thyroiditis may have decreased thyroid function or the gland may fail entirely. If a woman is TPOAb-positive, clinicians can inform her of the risks for herself and her infant if the disease goes untreated. "Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) are detected in 10% of pregnant women", which presents risks to those pregnancies. Women who have low thyroid function that has not been stabilized are at greater risk of having an infant with: low birth weight, neonatal respiratory distress, hydrocephalus, hypospadias, miscarriage, and preterm delivery. The embryo transplantion rate and successful pregnancy outcomes are improved when Hashimoto's is treated. Recommendations are to treat pregnant women only if they are TPOAb-positive throughout the entirety of their pregnancies and to screen all pregnant women for thyroid levels. Close cooperation between the endocrinologist and obstetrician benefits the woman and the infant. The Endocrine Society recommends screening in pregnant women who are considered high-risk for thyroid autoimmune disease.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Thyroid peroxides antibodies testing is recommended for women who have ever been pregnant regardless of pregnancy outcome. "[P]revious pregnancy plays a major role in development of autoimmune overt hypothyroidism in premenopausal women, and the number of previous pregnancies should be taken into account when evaluating the risk of hypothyroidism in a young women ["sic"]."


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Hormonal changes and trophoblast expression of key immunomodulatory molecules lead to immunosuppression and fetal tolerance. Main players in regulation of the immune response are Tregs. Both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses are attenuated, resulting in immune tolerance and suppression of autoimmunity. It has been reported that during pregnancy, levels of thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies decrease. After giving birth, Tregs rapidly decrease and immune responses are re-established. It may lead to the occurrence or aggravation of the autoimmune thyroid disease. In up to 50% of females with thyroid peroxidase antibodies in the early pregnancy, thyroid autoimmunity in the postpartum period exacerbates in the form of postpartum thyroiditis. Higher secretion of IFN-γ and IL-4, and lower plasma cortisol concentration during pregnancy has been reported in females with postpartum thyroiditis than in healthy females. It indicates that weaker immunosuppression during pregnancy could contribute to the postpartum thyroid dysfunction.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Several years after the delivery, the chimeric male cells can be detected in the maternal peripheral blood, thyroid, lung, skin, or lymph nodes. The fetal immune cells in the maternal thyroid gland may become activated and act as a trigger that may initiate or exaggerate the autoimmune thyroid disease. In Hashimoto's disease patients, fetal microchimeric cells were detected in thyroid in significantly higher numbers than in healthy females.


title: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Hashimoto's disease is also known in chickens ("Gallus domesticus"), rats ("Rattus rattus"), mice ("Mus musculus"), dogs ("Canis familiaris"), and marmosets (Callitrichidae).


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Matthew Thomas Ryan (born May 17, 1985), nicknamed "Matty Ice", is an American football quarterback for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Boston College, where he won the Manning and Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Awards as a senior, and was selected by the Atlanta Falcons third overall in the 2008 NFL Draft. A member of the Falcons for 14 seasons, Ryan holds several franchise records with the team including passing yards, passing touchdowns, passer rating, and wins.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan made an impact in his first season by taking the Falcons to the playoffs, earning him Offensive Rookie of the Year. During his Atlanta tenure, he led the team to six playoff appearances and three division titles, while receiving four Pro Bowl selections. His most successful season was in 2016 when he was named Most Valuable Player (MVP) and led the Falcons to an appearance in Super Bowl LI. Ryan was traded to the Colts and became their starting quarterback in 2022.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan went to William Penn Charter School in Philadelphia where he was a three-year starter and earned All-East honors from Larunt Lemming Prep Football Report. He captured All-Southeastern Pennsylvania accolades as a senior quarterback in addition to receiving All-City first-team honors in 2002 and second-team recognition in 2001. A three-time All-League selection, he threw for more than 2000 yards with 19 touchdowns as a senior, finishing his career by completing more than 52 percent of his pass attempts during all three seasons at the helm. Ryan played football, basketball and baseball while in high school and was named captain of all three teams his senior year. He was quarterback of the football team in 2002, played small forward on the basketball team, and was a pitcher and a shortstop on the baseball team.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan says he was "mildly" recruited and began receiving scholarship offers as a sophomore. Some of the schools that offered him an athletic scholarship were Purdue, Georgia Tech, Temple, and Connecticut. After visiting Boston College during his junior year, he gave them his verbal commitment on August 14, 2002. His choices had come down to Iowa or Boston College. Ryan was looking for a university close to home and one that had a strong and competitive football program with a major emphasis on academics.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan began attending Boston College in 2003 and redshirted his first year with the team. Before the 2004 season, he was named the starting quarterback for Boston College due to an injury to Quinton Porter. He made his collegiate debut on October 2, 2004, against the UMass Minutemen and completed two of three passes for 16 yards in the 29–7 victory. He would not complete his first touchdown until November 20, 2004, against Temple, after throwing a 32-yard touchdown pass to Larry Lester. Replacing the injured Paul Peterson, he completed 9-of-15 passes for 121 yards in the 34–17 victory. He made his first collegiate start on November 27, 2004, in the final game of that season, completing 24 of 51 passes for 200 yards, one touchdown, and three interceptions in a 43–17 loss against Syracuse. He also played against North Carolina in the Continental Tire Bowl. He completed one of his two passes for 13 yards in the 37–24 victory. Ryan also received the 2004 Freshman Male Scholar-Athlete award in the same year.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: At the beginning of the 2005 season, Ryan was named the second-string quarterback behind Quinton Porter. Porter had some success at the beginning of the year, including winning Atlantic Coast Conference Player of the Week for his performance in Boston College's 28–17 win over Virginia. After a 30–10 loss to third-ranked Virginia Tech, coach Tom O'Brien finally went to Ryan for good in the fourth quarter of the next game against North Carolina State. In ten games, of which he started five, he completed 121 of 195 passes for 1,514 yards. He had eight touchdowns and five interceptions. He also rushed for five touchdowns and 94 yards. He started his first bowl game in the MPC Computers Bowl versus Boise State. He completed 19 of 36 passes for 256 yards and a career-best three touchdowns in the 27–21 victory to help Boston College finish with a #18 ranking in the final AP Poll.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan started 11 of the 12 games. He completed 263-of-427 passes for a conference-leading 2,942 yards, 15 touchdowns, and ten interceptions. In addition, he rushed for four touchdowns. He was All-ACC first-team and led the ACC in total offense (242.2 yards per game) and in passing yards (245.5 yards per game). He was named ACC Offensive Back of the week three times. He set career highs in completions (32 against Central Michigan) and passing yards (356 against Brigham Young). He led the team to a 9–3 record including double overtime wins versus Clemson and Brigham Young. He led the Eagles to a close 25–24 victory on December 26, 2006, in the Meineke Car Care Bowl against Navy in Charlotte, North Carolina. In the season opener against Central Michigan, Ryan sprained his ankle. Against Virginia Tech, Ryan broke his foot on the same leg. Despite these injuries, Ryan only missed one game (against Buffalo). His 57 pass attempts in the 2006 Wake Forest game tied Shawn Halloran's performance against Syracuse in 1985 and Frank Harris' performance against Army in 1968. For the school record, his 40 pass completions in the 2006 Wake Forest game broke the old school record of 37 by Harris in the game against Army in 1968.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan launched a website during his senior year called Mattyice.com, where fans and media had 24-hour access to his video highlights, updated biographical information, statistics and other information.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Before the season started, Ryan was named to the preseason All-ACC team. Boston College also hired a new coach: Jeff Jagodzinski, a longtime NFL assistant. Against Wake Forest, he completed 32 of 52 passes for 408 yards and five touchdowns in the 38–28 victory. He continued his hot streak versus Georgia Tech, going 30–of–44 with one touchdown and passing for a career-high 435 yards against the staunch Tech defense en route to a convincing 24–10 road victory. After this game, Ryan was suggested as a potential Heisman Trophy contender. Battling Virginia Tech through bad weather in Blacksburg, Virginia, Ryan led an amazing comeback for the Boston College Eagles, passing for two touchdowns with less than three minutes to play on October 25, 2007, including the game-winner with 11 seconds left to Andre Callender. However, Ryan's chances to win the Heisman fell sharply after he threw three interceptions in a 27–17 loss to an unranked 6–3 Florida State. However, with a strong performance against Clemson, his chances were raised substantially. Despite two consecutive ACC losses, Ryan and the Eagles found themselves with a trip to the conference championship on the line. Down 10–3 in the third quarter, he led the offense on a game-tying drive, hitting on key passes to Rich Gunnell, Andre Callender and Ryan Purvis, landing the Eagles at the Clemson two-yard line early in the fourth. James McCluskey finished the job from there, running it in to even the score at 10-apiece. Shortly thereafter, a Clemson turnover resulted in a Boston College field goal and a 13–10 lead for the Eagles. On November 24, against ACC rival Miami, Ryan surpassed Doug Flutie for the most passing touchdowns in a single season by an Eagle quarterback with 28 touchdowns, ultimately ending the season with 31. Despite these records, he struggled with throwing interceptions throughout the year, and finished with 19 (second most among college quarterbacks). His five touchdown passes in the 2007 Wake Forest game are one shy of the school record of six, held by Flutie in 1984 against North Carolina. For Boston College, it was their first 10-win regular season since 1940 and the first time they had achieved back-to-back 10-overall-win seasons in program history. He led the Eagles to extend the nation's longest bowl winning streak to eight with a 24–21 victory over Michigan State Spartans in the Champs Sports Bowl on December 28, Ryan threw three touchdown passes, two to Rich Gunnell and one to Jon Loyte. He finished the season with a conference-leading 4,507 passing yards, 31 touchdowns, and 19 interceptions.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan earned various accolades for the 2007 season. He was named the ACC Offensive Player of the Year and the ACC Player of the Year. He was awarded the 2007 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award, given annually in the United States to the nation's most outstanding college football senior quarterback. The other finalists for the 2007 award were Hawaii's Colt Brennan, Louisville's Brian Brohm, Oregon's Dennis Dixon and Kentucky's Andre' Woodson (all of whom were drafted at the 2008 NFL Draft). He was selected to play in the 2008 Senior Bowl. He also won the 2007 Manning Award awarded to the nation's top quarterback, beating out eventual Heisman winner Tim Tebow and eight other finalists for that year's award: Erik Ainge (Tennessee), Sam Bradford (Oklahoma), Colt Brennan (Hawai'i), Chase Daniel (Missouri), Dennis Dixon (Oregon), Graham Harrell (Texas Tech), Pat White (West Virginia) and Andre Woodson (Kentucky). He was named "Eagle of the Year" alongside Boston College's first ever individual champion Kasey Hill. He finished in seventh place in the Heisman Trophy voting that year.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: He was featured as the cover athlete for the PS3 version of "NCAA Football 09". In 2016, Boston College retired his jersey.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan scored a 32 on the Wonderlic exam, tying Louisville's Brian Brohm for the highest score by a quarterback in the 2008 Draft class.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: He was drafted third overall by the Atlanta Falcons in the 2008 NFL Draft. He was the second first-round pick of the draft to sign when he agreed to a six-year, $72 million contract on May 20, 2008; the contract contained $34.75 million in guaranteed money. The contract made Ryan the fourth highest paid quarterback in the NFL behind Peyton Manning, Ben Roethlisberger, and Carson Palmer, despite never having played a professional game. This helped fuel the discussion regarding whether salaries for first-round draftees in the NFL were too high. In addition, Ryan had signed endorsement deals with Nike and AirTran.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: On August 24, 2008, Ryan was named the starting quarterback for the September 7 regular season opener against the Detroit Lions. Ryan became the first rookie quarterback to start a season for the Falcons since Michael Vick in 2001. In the game, Ryan completed his first NFL pass for a 62-yard touchdown to Michael Jenkins, becoming the first quarterback to throw a touchdown on his first career NFL pass since Michael Bishop of the New England Patriots in 2000. Ryan was sacked for the first time by Lions defensive player Dewayne White in his first win. The second game of the season against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers marked Ryan's first interception by rookie cornerback Aqib Talib and also by Sabby Piscitelli.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: In Week 3 against the Kansas City Chiefs, he completed the then-longest touchdown pass in his career for 70 yards to Roddy White. The 70-yard touchdown pass to White was the longest pass completion for the Falcons since December 23, 2007, when Chris Redman threw a 74-yard touchdown pass. In the same game, Ryan completed passes to 6 different players. The following week, he threw for 194 yards and two touchdowns against the Green Bay Packers. His touchdown passes went to Roddy White and tight end Justin Peelle. The following week against the Chicago Bears, Ryan led the Falcons to a comeback win. With six seconds left he completed a 26-yard strike to Michael Jenkins that set Jason Elam up for the game-winning field goal as time expired. Ryan finished the game 22-of-30 for a then career-high 301 passing yards. He also had a key fourth-quarter touchdown pass to Roddy White. On Atlanta's first offensive drive, Ryan completed all five of his pass attempts for 57 yards en route to a Falcons field goal and a 3–0 lead. Ryan was named Diet Pepsi Rookie of the Week for his performance.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan created an activity named "Folleyball" for NFL Play 60 at NFL Rush.com, published in October of that year.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: On October 30, Ryan was honored as the NFC Rookie of the Month for October following an impressive string of games in which he led the Falcons to a 2–1 record. Ryan became the first player in Falcons franchise history to be awarded this honor In Week 8 against the Oakland Raiders, Ryan finished with the highest completion percentage of his career (77.3). He threw for 220 yards, two touchdowns, and posted a quarterback rating of 138.4. He also completed passes to eight different receivers and the game was his third multiple touchdown game (Green Bay, Philadelphia). His first half passing yardage, completion percentage (81.3) and passer rating (154.2) are all career highs for a half and his two touchdowns tie a first half high, Ryan's final completion percentage of 77.3 is a career-high along with his passer rating of 138.4. He was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week following his performance against the Raiders. He scored his first rushing career touchdown against the New Orleans Saints on December 7 with a 12-yard touchdown scramble, Ryan also achieved 3,000+ passing yards in the 2008 season being only the 2nd rookie to do so. Peyton Manning was the first.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan became the first Falcons rookie quarterback in franchise history to throw for over 3,000 yards in a season after finishing with 206 yards against Tampa Bay. Ryan's passing total also makes him only the 10th quarterback in club annals to hit the 3,000-yard mark and the first since 1998 when Chris Chandler threw 3,154. It was also his first overtime win as a starter. He was named the Diet Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Week for games played after his performance by the second time in his career. Ryan finished second amongst rookies in fan Pro Bowl voting (416,468 votes), behind only Titans running back Chris Johnson. Ryan threw for a season-low 134 yards in Week 16 against the Minnesota Vikings, ending a streak of nine straight games with at least 200 yards passing, he finished 13-of-24 passing, throwing an 8-yard touchdown passes to Jerious Norwood in the second quarter; however, with this win Ryan led the Falcons to their first playoff berth since 2004.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: He finished the season with 3,440 passing yards, 17 touchdowns (one rushing), and 11 interceptions. He and fellow rookie Joe Flacco were the first rookie quarterbacks to lead their teams to the playoffs after starting all 16 games of the season. He is one of twelve rookie quarterbacks to throw for over in their rookie season. On December 31, Ryan was named the AP NFL Rookie of the Year. In addition, he was named to the All-Rookie Team for the 2008 season, joining Steve Bartkowski (1975) and Doug Johnson (2000) as the only Falcons quarterbacks to ever claim this award.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan made his first playoff start in the against the Arizona Cardinals on January 3, 2009. He was 15 years younger than opposing quarterback Kurt Warner, the third-largest age discrepancy between playoff quarterbacks. His first attempted playoff pass was an interception. Ryan completed 26 of 40 passing attempts for 199 yards and two touchdowns but was intercepted twice. He threw his first touchdown in a playoff contest to Justin Peelle. Atlanta lost, 30–24. Falcons Head Coach Mike Smith and Ryan became the first rookie head coach and rookie quarterback to coach and compete in a playoff game since the Cleveland Rams accomplished the feat with coach Adam Walsh and quarterback Bob Waterfield in 1945 (the feat was repeated the next day when Ravens Joe Flacco and John Harbaugh did so.) During the game, Ryan set an NFL playoff rookie record with 26 completions in a single postseason game.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan was voted by his teammates as Offensive Captain alongside offensive lineman Todd McClure at the end of the 2008 season.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: In 2009, Ryan started off the season fast as he threw for 229 yards and two touchdowns with no interceptions as he led the Falcons to a 19–7 win against the Miami Dolphins in the 2009 NFL season opener. In Week 2, Ryan led the Falcons past the Carolina Panthers. Ryan had a career-high in touchdown passes (3), completion percentage (78%) and touchdown passes in a half (3). He finished the game 21–28 with 220 yards, three touchdowns, and an interception. In Week 3, Ryan and the Falcons lost to the New England Patriots. Ryan completed 17–28 for 199 yards with no touchdowns or interceptions in the 26–10 loss.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: In the Week 5 game against the San Francisco 49ers, he completed 15 of 21 passes for 258 yards in the first half, setting a new career-high for the first half of play. Ryan finished the 45–10 victory having completed 22 of 32 passes for 329 yards and two touchdowns for a 110.0 passer rating. Ryan tossed a 31-yard strike to Roddy White, and he connected to White again in the second quarter with a 90-yard touchdown. The pass and reception for Ryan and White set new career highs. The pass and reception also mark the third longest in franchise history and the longest pass play since 2001. The game was his third-career 300-yard passing outing as the second-year quarterback set a new career-high in total passing yards with 329 in a single game.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: In Weeks 6 through 9, Ryan generally struggled, throwing more interceptions (8) than touchdowns (6), was sacked 10 times, and had an average passing rating of 65.5. Still, he led the Falcons to two victories in the four games, in part thanks to Michael Turner having some strong performances.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: In Week 12, Ryan suffered a turf toe injury during a game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Chris Redman stepped in and managed to win the game by connecting to Roddy White for a five-yard touchdown late in the fourth quarter. Following this victory, however, the effect of Ryan's absence was compounded by injury to starting running back Michael Turner, and the Falcons suffered a 34–17 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles and a 26–23 loss to the New Orleans Saints in Weeks 13 and 14. In Week 15, Ryan returned, despite not yet having fully recovered from his injury, and led Atlanta to a 10–7 upset win against the New York Jets.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: In Week 16, the Falcons defeated the Buffalo Bills in a 31–3 win. Ryan threw for 250 yards with three touchdowns, two of them to Roddy White. In the last game of the season, the Falcons defeated the Buccaneers by a score of 20–10. In the win, Ryan had 223 passing yards with two touchdowns and two interceptions. With a record of 9–7, the Falcons attained back to back winning seasons for the first time in franchise history.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan finished the season throwing for 2,916 yards with 22 touchdowns, 14 interceptions, and a quarterback rating of 80.9. Ryan also rushed for 49 yards and one touchdown.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: In the 2010 season, Ryan led the Falcons to an NFC best 13–3 record, second in the NFL behind the 14–2 New England Patriots.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan's 2010 season started off slow in a 15–9 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was 27-of-44 for 252 yards and an interception. He bounced back in the next game against the Arizona Cardinals. In the 41–7 victory, he was 21-of-32 for 225 yards and three touchdowns. In Week 7, he had his most efficient game of the season in the 39–32 win over the Cincinnati Bengals. He was 24-of-33 for 299 yards, three touchdowns, and one interception for a season-high 118.1 passer rating. The victory over the Bengals was the start of an eight-game winning streak for Ryan and the Falcons. In Week 10, against the Baltimore Ravens, he passed for 316 yards and three touchdowns in the 26–21 win. After falling to the New Orleans Saints in Week 16, Ryan closed out the regular season with a 31–10 victory over the Carolina Panthers with 236 passing yards and two touchdowns.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: On the season, Ryan set career highs in touchdowns (28), completion percentage (62.5), and yards (3,705) while tossing nine interceptions. Ryan set the single-season franchise records, as well as career highs, in attempts (571), completions (357), and wins in a season (13). Ryan led the NFL in fourth-quarter comebacks for a quarterback in the 2010 season, with six.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: In the , the Falcons were defeated by the eventual Super Bowl XLV champions, the Green Bay Packers, by a score of 48–21. In the loss, Ryan passed for 186 yards, one touchdown, and two interceptions.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan was invited to the 2011 Pro Bowl, for the first time of his career. He threw two touchdowns in the Pro Bowl, one to Tony Gonzalez and the other to Larry Fitzgerald. He was named as the 52nd best player in the league on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2011.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: In the 2011 season, Ryan led the Falcons to a 10–6 record, passing for 4,177 yards, 29 touchdowns, and 12 interceptions.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: In the season opener against the Chicago Bears, Ryan was 31-of-47 for 319 yards and an interception in the 30–12 loss. However, in the next game, the Falcons bounced back with a 35–31 victory over the Philadelphia Eagles. Ryan was 17-of-28 for 195 yards with four touchdowns and two interceptions. In Weeks 10 and 11, he recorded consecutive games with at least 300 passing yards in games against the New Orleans Saints and the Tennessee Titans. In Week 14, against the Carolina Panthers, he was 22-of-38 for 320 yards and four touchdowns in the 31–23 victory to his second career NFC Offensive Player of the Week honor. Ryan finished the 2011 season with 4,177 passing yards, 29 passing touchdowns, and 12 interceptions.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: The Falcons' regular-season mark of 10–6 qualified them for the playoffs. However, they were defeated by the eventual Super Bowl XLVI champion New York Giants in the by a score of 24–2. In the loss, Ryan was 24-of-41 passing for 199 yards.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: In 2012, Ryan led the Falcons to their franchise best start of the season, starting 8–0. Ryan set personal records in completions (422), completion percentage (68.6), yards (4,719), and touchdowns (32).


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: In the 8–0 start, Ryan posted four games with three touchdown passes and three games going over the 300-yard passing mark. The first loss of the season for the Falcons came in Week 10 against the New Orleans Saints. Ryan was 34-of-52 for a then career-high 411 yards and three touchdowns and one interception as the Falcons fell by a score of 31–27. In the next game against the Arizona Cardinals, Ryan threw for 301 yards but had a career-worst five interceptions. Despite the turnovers, the Falcons won by a score of 23–19. In the penultimate game of the regular season, he was 25-of-32 for 279 yards and four touchdowns in a 31–18 victory over the Detroit Lions to his third career NFC Offensive Player of the Week nod.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: The Falcons finished the regular season 13–3, with the first seed in the NFC. Ryan, who was 0–3 in the postseason coming into the playoffs, won his first postseason game in the against the Seattle Seahawks, with Ryan orchestrating the final scoring drive that led to Matt Bryant's game-winning 49-yard field goal. Ryan finished with 250 passing yards, 68.6% completion percentage, three touchdowns, and two interceptions in the 30–28 victory. In the against the San Francisco 49ers, Ryan threw for 396 yards and three touchdowns, but also committed two turnovers in crucial portions of the game, and later sprained the AC joint to his non-throwing shoulder as the Falcons lost 28–24. He did not require surgical procedure to repair his shoulder and would have been able to play in Super Bowl XLVII if the Falcons had advanced. He was named to the Pro Bowl for the second time in his career, but he declined due to the shoulder injury. He was ranked #17 by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2013.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: On July 25, 2013, Ryan agreed to a five-year contract extension worth $103.75 million with the Falcons. On December 30, Ryan surpassed Steve Bartkowski for the all-time franchise leader in passing yards.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: The Falcons had a down year, where they recorded a 4–12 record due to multiple injuries and losing key players on both sides of the ball. Ryan did record some impressive individual performances in the down season. In Week 2, against the St. Louis Rams, he had 374 passing yards and two touchdowns in the 31–24 victory. Against the New England Patriots in Week 4, he was 34-of-54 for a then career-high 421 yards with two touchdowns and one interception in the 30–23 loss. In his performance against the Patriots, Ryan became the first quarterback in franchise history to have multiple games with at least 400 passing yards. Against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 7, he was 20-of-26 for 273 yards and three touchdowns for a 148.4 passer rating in the 31–23 victory to earn NFC Offensive Player of the Week. After the victory, the Falcons were 2–4 with all the losses being by a combined 19 points. However, the rest of the season collapsed starting with five consecutive losses, which the team never recovered from. In Week 8, against the Arizona Cardinals, he had a career-high 61 pass attempts for 301 yards, one touchdown, and four interceptions in the 27–13 loss.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Overall, on the season, Ryan passed for 4,515 yards, which ranked fourth in the league, with 26 touchdowns and 17 interceptions.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan led the Falcons to a 6–10 record in 2014. He threw for 4,694 yards, 28 touchdowns, and 14 interceptions, and had a quarterback rating of 93.9.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: The season did start off promising with a 37–34 overtime victory over the New Orleans Saints. Ryan was 31-of-43 for a then career-high 448 yards and three touchdowns to earn NFC Offensive Player of the Week. After a 24–10 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals, the Falcons defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers by a score of 56–14. In the victory, Ryan was 21-of-24 for a career-high single-game completion percentage of 87.50% and had 286 yards and three touchdowns for a career-high 155.9 passer rating. He earned another NFC Offensive Player of the Week honor for his effort against the Buccaneers. The Falcons went on to lose six of their next eight games. After a much-needed 29–18 win over the Arizona Cardinals in Week 13, the Falcons faced off against the Green Bay Packers and lost 43–37 as Ryan had 375 passing yards, four touchdowns, and one interception. After a 27–20 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers and a 30–14 victory over the New Orleans Saints, the Falcons had a 6–9 record. Despite the struggles of the 2014 season, the Falcons still had a chance to make the playoffs with a Week 17 victory due to the weakness of the entire NFC South division. However, the Falcons missed the playoffs for a second consecutive season after losing 34–3 to their divisional rivals, Carolina Panthers, in Week 17. For the third time in his career, Ryan was named to the Pro Bowl. He was ranked as the 77th best player in the league among his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan led the Falcons to an 8–8 record in 2015, good for second in the NFC South, but not enough to reach the playoffs.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: The 2015 season was an inconsistent one for Ryan and the Falcons. In the season opener against the Philadelphia Eagles, he was 23-of-34 for 298 yards with two touchdowns and two interceptions in the 26–24 victory. In the next game against the New York Giants, he was 30-of-46 for 363 yards and a touchdown in the 24–20 victory. The Falcons won the next three games for a 5–0 start. Their first loss came in the sixth game with a 31–21 setback against the New Orleans Saints, where Ryan was 30-of-44 for 295 yards and two touchdowns. After a 10–7 victory over the Tennessee Titans, the Falcons dropped their next six games to send their season plummeting. In the losing streak, Ryan had a season-high 397 passing yards for two touchdowns and an interception in a 23–20 loss to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 8 on November 1.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan finished the 2015 season with 21 touchdown passes, the second-lowest of his career, as well as 16 interceptions, the second-highest of his career. Additionally Ryan fumbled a career-high 12 times, losing five of them, which was also a career-high.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: The 2016 season was one of historically significant individual and team performance for Ryan and the Falcons. Ryan started off the 2016 season with 334 passing yards and two touchdowns in a 31–24 setback to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The next game, a 35–28 victory over the Oakland Raiders, he passed for 396 yards, two touchdowns, and one interception. In Week 4, Ryan threw for a team-record 503 yards and four touchdowns while teammate Julio Jones caught 12 passes for a team-record 300 yards and a touchdown in a win over the Carolina Panthers. Ryan and Jones were the first quarterback-receiver duo in NFL history to combine for at least 500 passing yards and 300 receiving yards in the same game. In October 2016, he set an NFL record for most consecutive games with at least 200 passing yards with 46 straight games. In Week 9, in the 43–28 victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, he had 344 passing yards and four touchdowns to earn NFC Offensive Player of the Week. In Week 17, in a 38–32 victory over the New Orleans Saints, he had 331 passing yards and four touchdowns to earn NFC Offensive Player of the Week.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan improved greatly from the previous season. He threw for a career-high 4,944 yards on just 373 completions and 534 attempts, second in the league, and a career-high 38 touchdowns and a career-low seven interceptions, also second in the league. Ryan's 9.3 yards per attempt and 5.0 air yards per attempt ranked No. 1 among NFL quarterbacks in 2016. He threw a touchdown pass in all 16 games for the first time in his career and was the only quarterback to do so for the 2016 season. On the season, he threw a pass to an NFL-record 13 different receivers. Ryan was selected to his fourth Pro Bowl and was named First-team All Pro. Following the regular season, he was recognized as the NFL Most Valuable Player by the Pro Football Writers Association. Ryan was named the NFL Offensive Player of the Year and the NFL Most Valuable Player for the 2016 season. He earned the Bert Bell Award for the 2016 season. He was ranked tenth by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: As the #2-seed in the NFC Playoffs, Ryan led the 11–5 Falcons to a 36–20 home victory over the #3-seed Seattle Seahawks in the . Ryan passed for over 300 yards and had three touchdowns. In the , Ryan led the Falcons to a 44–21 home victory over the Green Bay Packers. Ryan threw for 392 yards, four touchdowns, and no interceptions. He also ran for a fifth touchdown, just the fourth player to do so in a post-season game, as the Falcons earned a trip to Super Bowl LI. The game against the Packers was the last one ever played at the Georgia Dome. During Super Bowl LI against the New England Patriots, Ryan finished with 284 passing yards, two touchdowns, and a lost fumble. Although the Falcons led the game 28–3 at one point, they had one of the most historic downfalls in sports history and lost the Super Bowl in overtime, 28–34. Ryan became the first quarterback in franchise history to pass for over 1,000 yards in a single postseason. Of the quarterbacks to achieve the feat, he achieved the highest passer rating, 135.3, and joined Joe Flacco as the only ones to not throw a single interception.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: On September 10, 2017, in the season opening 23–17 victory over the Chicago Bears at Soldier Field, Ryan connected with tight end Austin Hooper for an 88-yard touchdown, which was the second-longest touchdown pass of Ryan's career. In the game, Ryan was 21-of-30 for 321 yards and the one touchdown. In Week 2, Ryan and the Falcons had their first home game at the new Mercedes-Benz Stadium. Against the Green Bay Packers, Ryan was 19-of-28 for 252 yards and a touchdown, which was thrown to running back Tevin Coleman and the first touchdown ever thrown in the new stadium. The Falcons won by a score of 34–23. In Week 7, in a Super Bowl LI rematch against the New England Patriots, Ryan passed for 233 yards and a passing touchdown to go along with a career-high 37 rushing yards in the 23–7 loss. In Week 10, during a 27–7 win over the Dallas Cowboys, Ryan became the fastest quarterback to throw for over 40,000 passing yards. This was done in 151 games breaking Drew Brees' record which was done in 152 games. In Week 17, after clinching a spot in the playoffs by beating the Carolina Panthers 22–10, Ryan set the record for most passing yards through 10 seasons with 41,796, breaking the record held by Peyton Manning, who had 41,626. Ryan led the Falcons to a road victory against the Los Angeles Rams in the by a score of 26–13. A week later, Ryan passed for 210 yards and one touchdown as the Falcons were beaten by the Philadelphia Eagles 15–10 in the NFC . Ryan was ranked 29th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: On May 3, 2018, Ryan signed a five-year, $150 million contract with the Falcons with $100 million guaranteed, making him the first player to average at least $30 million per year. In Week 2, a 31–24 victory over the Carolina Panthers, Ryan recorded two rushing touchdowns, a one-yard score in the third quarter and an eight-yard score in the fourth quarter, in a single game for the first time in his professional career. In addition, he had 272 passing yards, two passing touchdowns, and an interception in the win. In Week 3, in a 43–37 overtime loss to the New Orleans Saints, Ryan passed for 374 yards and a career-high five touchdowns. In Week 4, against the Cincinnati Bengals, he had 419 passing yards and three touchdowns in a tough 37–36 loss where the Bengals scored a go-ahead touchdown with seven seconds remaining. In Week 7, against the New York Giants, he had 379 passing yards and one passing touchdown in the 23–20 victory. In Week 10, against the Cleveland Browns, he had a career-high 38 completions on 52 attempts for 330 yards and two touchdowns in the 28–16 loss. In Week 12, against the New Orleans Saints on Thanksgiving, he had 377 passing yards, two touchdowns, and one interception in the 31–17 loss. In a Week 14 20–34 loss to the Green Bay Packers, Ryan eclipsed 4,000 yards, becoming the third quarterback in NFL history to reach 4,000 in at least eight consecutive seasons, joining Drew Brees (2006–2017) and Peyton Manning (2006–2014). In Week 15, a 40–14 victory over the Arizona Cardinals, Ryan recorded two passing touchdowns as well as a rushing touchdown, giving him a career-high three rushing touchdowns for the season. In addition, this victory gave Ryan 100 regular season wins, and made Ryan and Thomas Dimitroff only the sixth quarterback-general manager duo to record at least 100 wins together. In Week 17, a 34–32 victory of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, in addition to passing for 378 yards, two touchdowns, and one interception, Ryan recorded his first career reception on a five-yard touchdown pass from wide receiver Mohamed Sanu. With the touchdown reception, Ryan set an NFL record for most passing yards in a game while recording a receiving touchdown.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan finished the 2018 season with 35 passing touchdowns, three rushing touchdowns, and one receiving touchdown, giving him a career-high 39 total touchdowns on the season. In addition, the seven interceptions thrown by Ryan are tied for his career best. Despite a losing 7–9 record, Ryan finished with the third most passing yards, tied for the third most passing touchdowns, fourth in completion percentage, and fourth in passer rating. Ryan was named a Pro Bowl alternate for the season, although Ryan declined the invitation upon being selected. He was ranked 69th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2019.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: On March 12, the Falcons restructured Ryan's contract by converting $8.75 million of his base salary into a signing bonus.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: In Week 1 against the Minnesota Vikings, Ryan completed 33-of-46 passes for 304 yards, two passing touchdowns, and two interceptions in the 28–12 loss. In Week 2 against the Philadelphia Eagles, Ryan threw for 320 yards, three touchdowns, and three interceptions as the Falcons won 24–20. On fourth down with two minutes left in the game, Ryan threw a 54-yard touchdown pass to Julio Jones that ended giving the Falcons the late go-ahead score. In Week 3 against the Indianapolis Colts, Ryan threw for 304 yards, three touchdowns, and one interception as the Falcons lost 27–24. In Week 4, in a 24–10 loss to the Tennessee Titans, Ryan passed for 397 yards. In Week 5 against the Houston Texans, Ryan threw for 330 yards, three passing touchdowns, and one interception while adding a rushing touchdown in the 53–32 loss. Ryan became the first Falcon quarterback since Chris Miller in 1990 to pass for over 300 yards and have three passing touchdowns and a rushing touchdown in the same game. In Week 6 against the Arizona Cardinals, he passed for 356 yards and four touchdowns in a 34–33 loss. In Week 7 against the Los Angeles Rams, Ryan suffered an ankle injury. Without Ryan, the Falcons lost 37–10.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan was ruled out with an ankle injury in Week 8 against the Seattle Seahawks, ending Ryan's streak of 154 consecutive regular season games started. The streak was fifth all-time for quarterbacks. Ryan returned from injury in Week 10 against the New Orleans Saints and threw for 182 yards, two touchdowns, and one interception in the 26–9 upset win. In Week 11 against the Carolina Panthers, Ryan threw for 311 yards and a touchdown in the 29–3 win. In the game, Ryan surpassed Warren Moon for the 10th all time passing yards in NFL history. In Week 13 against the Carolina Panthers, Ryan threw for 313 yards and two touchdowns, including a career long 93-yard touchdown to Olamide Zaccheaus in the 40–20 win. In the game, Ryan became the 10th quarterback in NFL history to reach 50,000 career passing yards. In Week 15, against the heavily favored San Francisco 49ers, Ryan helped lead a 29–22 upset victory. In the last moments of the game, Ryan threw a five-yard pass to Julio Jones to go ahead before a defensive score put the game away for good. In Week 16, against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Ryan passed for 384 yards, one touchdown, and two interceptions in the 24–12 victory. In Week 17 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Ryan threw for 313 yards and a touchdown during the 28–22 overtime win. Ryan finished the 2019 season with 4,466 passing yards, 26 touchdowns, and 14 interceptions as the Falcons finished with a 7–9 record.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: In Week 1 against the Seattle Seahawks, Ryan completed 37-of-52 for 450 passing yards, two touchdowns, and an interception in the 25–38 loss. In the game, Ryan surpassed John Elway for the 9th most all time passing yards in NFL history. In the loss, Ryan helped lead three different wide receivers (Julio Jones, Calvin Ridley, and Russell Gage) to surpass 100 receiving yards. It was the first time in franchise history that three different wide receivers hit the mark in the same game. In Week 2 against the Dallas Cowboys, Ryan threw for 273 yards and four touchdowns during the 40–39 loss. At one point during the game, Ryan and the Falcons had a 20-point lead, but they still managed to lose the game. The Falcons dropped their next three games to start 0–5 for the first time since 1997. In Week 6 against the Minnesota Vikings, he had 371 passing yards and four passing touchdowns in the 40–23 victory, the Falcons' first of the 2020 season. Ryan was named the NFC Offensive Player of the Week for his performance in Week 6. Following the Vikings game, Ryan recorded three games with at least 300 passing yards the rest of the season. The Falcons showed positive signs winning three of four from Weeks 6–9, but they closed out the season on a separate five-game losing streak. Overall, Ryan finished the 2020 season with 4,581 passing yards, 26 touchdowns, and 11 interceptions as the team went 4–12.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: With the departure of longtime teammate Julio Jones, Ryan struggled to find consistency in his first year with new head coach Arthur Smith. Ryan and Falcons started the season with a 1–3 mark. In Week 5 against the New York Jets, Ryan became the seventh quarterback in NFL history to reach 5,000 career completions. In the same game, Ryan surpassed Eli Manning for the 8th most all-time passing yards in NFL history. Following the victory over the Jets, the Falcons reached .500 with a win in their next game over the Miami Dolphins, with Ryan passing for 336 yards and two touchdowns. In Week 9 against the New Orleans Saints, Ryan had 343 passing yards, two passing touchdowns, and one rushing touchdown in the 27–25 victory. Ryan was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week for his performance. The Falcons offense would be anemic in the next two games, as they were held to a field goal against the Dallas Cowboys and then were shut out by the New England Patriots, with Ryan held to less than 200 yards in both games. The Falcons alternated wins and losses going into Week 17.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: During the Week 17 game against the Buffalo Bills, Ryan was called for a taunting penalty after seemingly scoring a rushing touchdown, but after further review, he was ruled down at the 1-yard line, and the resulting 15-yard penalty put Atlanta back at the 16-yard-line instead of being enforced on the ensuing kickoff. The Falcons failed to score from that distance on the next two plays, all but sealing a 29–15 loss that eliminated the team from the playoffs. Ryan finished the 2021 season with 3,968 passing yards, 20 touchdowns, and 12 interceptions.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: On March 21, 2022, the Falcons traded Ryan to the Indianapolis Colts for a third-round selection in the 2022 NFL Draft.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: In his first game with the Colts in Week 1 against the Houston Texans, Ryan finished with 352 passing yards, a touchdown, and an interception as the game ended in a 20–20 tie. He surpassed 60,000 passing yards, becoming the second fastest to ever do so. In Week 6 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Ryan finished with 389 passing yards and three touchdowns in the 34–27 victory, including throwing the game-winning touchdown to Alec Pierce with 17 seconds remaining. In the game, he passed Dan Marino for seventh all-time in passing yards. Following a Week 7 loss to the Tennessee Titans, head coach Frank Reich announced Ryan had a shoulder injury and Sam Ehlinger would be the Colts' starting quarterback for the remainder of the 2022 season. However two weeks later, Reich was fired and interm coach Jeff Saturday announced Ryan would return as the team's starter. In a 25–20 victory over the Las Vegas Raiders, Ryan threw the game-winning touchdown pass to Parris Campbell with five minutes remaining, on a drive which included a career-best 39-yard run by Ryan to convert a third down. In a game against the Minnesota Vikings, Ryan and the Colts jumped to a 33–0 lead at halftime before having a historic collapse, allowing the Vikings to make the largest comeback in NFL history and win 39–36 in overtime. Ryan finished with 182 yards and a touchdown in the game.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: Ryan, the third of four siblings, was born to Michael and Bernice Ryan. They are of Irish descent and were raised as Catholics. One of Ryan's uncles, John Loughery, played quarterback at Boston College from 1979 to 1982. Ryan is an avid golfer and has participated in such tournaments as the American Century Celebrity Golf Classic. His cousin, Mike McGlinchey, played college football at Notre Dame and later was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in 2018.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: He is part of the Falcons' online reading program, "Read with a Falcon," and grew up a fan of the Philadelphia Eagles.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: On November 21, 2017, Ryan announced on social media that he and his wife Sarah were expecting twins. In 2018, Sarah announced the birth of their twin boys.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: On January 9, 2019, Ryan made a cameo appearance on the series premiere of ABC's "Schooled", and his high school athletic career is also explored in the series.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

text: In June 2020, Ryan donated $500,000 to a GoFundMe that he started to help advance the lives of people in the black community of Atlanta, GA.


title: Thoth

text: Thoth (; from "Thṓth", borrowed from "Thōout", Egyptian: "", the reflex of "[He] is like the Ibis") is an ancient Egyptian deity. In art, he was often depicted as a man with the head of an ibis or a baboon, animals sacred to him. His feminine counterpart was Seshat, and his wife was Ma'at. He was the god of the moon, wisdom, writing, hieroglyphs, science, magic, art, and judgment. His Greek equivalent is Hermes.


title: Thoth

text: Thoth's chief temple was located in the city of Hermopolis ( , Egyptological pronunciation: "Khemenu", "Shmun"). Later known as "el-Ashmunein" in Egyptian Arabic, the Temple of Thoth was mostly destroyed before the beginning of the Christian era, but its very large pronaos was still standing in 1826.


title: Thoth

text: In Hermopolis, Thoth led "the Ogdoad", a pantheon of eight principal deities, and his spouse was Nehmetawy. He also had numerous shrines in other cities.


title: Thoth

text: Thoth played many vital and prominent roles in Egyptian mythology, such as maintaining the universe, and being one of the two deities (the other being Ma'at) who stood on either side of Ra's solar barque. In the later history of ancient Egypt, Thoth became heavily associated with the arbitration of godly disputes, the arts of magic, the system of writing, and the judgment of the dead.


title: Thoth

text: The Egyptian pronunciation of "ḏḥwty" is not fully known, but may be reconstructed as *"ḏiḥautī," perhaps pronounced * or *. This reconstruction is based on the Ancient Greek borrowing ' () or ' and the fact that the name was transliterated into Sahidic Coptic variously as "Thoout", "Thōth", "Thoot", "Thaut", "Taauto"s ("Τααυτος"), "Thoor" ("Θωωρ"), as well as Bohairic Coptic "Thōout". These spellings reflect known sound changes from earlier Egyptian such as the loss of "ḏ" palatalization and merger of "ḥ" with "h" i.e. initial "ḏḥ > th > tʰ." The loss of pre-Coptic final "y/j" is also common. Following Egyptological convention, which eschews vowel reconstruction, the consonant skeleton "ḏḥwty" would be rendered "Djehuti" and the god is sometimes found under this name. However, the Greek form "Thoth" is more common.


title: Thoth

text: According to Theodor Hopfner, Thoth's Egyptian name written as "ḏḥwty" originated from "ḏḥw", claimed to be the oldest known name for the ibis, normally written as "hbj". The addition of "-ty" denotes that he possessed the attributes of the ibis. Hence Thoth's name would mean "He who is like the ibis", according to this interpretation.


title: Thoth

text: Other forms of the name "ḏḥwty" using older transcriptions include "Jehuti, Jehuty, Tahuti, Tehuti, Zehuti, Techu," or "Tetu". Multiple titles for Thoth, similar to the pharaonic titulary, are also known, including "A", "Sheps", "Lord of Khemennu", "Asten", "Khenti", "Mehi", "Hab", and "A'an".


title: Thoth

text: In addition, Thoth was also known by specific aspects of himself, for instance the Moon god Iah-Djehuty ("j3ḥ-ḏḥw.ty)", representing the Moon for the entire month.


title: Thoth

text: Thoth has been depicted in many ways depending on the era and on the aspect the artist wished to convey. Usually, he is depicted in his human form with the head of an ibis. In this form, he can be represented as the reckoner of times and seasons by a headdress of the lunar disk sitting on top of a crescent moon resting on his head. When depicted as a form of Shu or Ankher, he was depicted to be wearing the respective god's headdress. Sometimes he was also seen in art to be wearing the Atef crown or the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. When not depicted in this common form, he sometimes takes the form of the ibis directly.


title: Thoth

text: He also appears as a dog-faced baboon or a man with the head of a baboon when he is A'an, the god of equilibrium. In the form of A'ah-Djehuty he took a more human-looking form. These forms are all symbolic and are metaphors for Thoth's attributes. Thoth is often depicted holding an ankh, the Egyptian symbol for life.


title: Thoth

text: Thoth's roles in Egyptian mythology were many. He served as scribe of the gods, credited with the invention of writing and Egyptian hieroglyphs. In the underworld, Duat, he appeared as an ape, Aani, the god of equilibrium, who reported when the scales weighing the deceased's heart against the feather, representing the principle of Maat, was exactly even.


title: Thoth

text: The ancient Egyptians regarded Thoth as One, self-begotten, and self-produced. He was the master of both physical and moral (i.e. divine) law, making proper use of Ma'at. He is credited with making the calculations for the establishment of the heavens, stars, Earth, and everything in them.