title: Vikrant Rona

text: Fascinated by the recent turn of events, Panna decides to investigate the murders as well. This leads to her finding an old lady in the haunted ancestral house and Suresh Krishna's head in a box. Panna inquires about the old lady named Deyyu, where she finds out that she is Nittoni's mother. Nittoni was the caretaker of the village's temple, who was framed by Janardhan and Vishwanath, for stealing the temple jewelry (which was done by Sanju), due to which Nittoni, along with his wife and children: Madhava, Raghava and his younger daughter were killed leaving Deyyu insane. Vikrant learns that the place where the child was hung, is actually headed by a smuggler, Moose Kunni. He brings him in for interrogation, but to no avail. While roaming in the forest, Panna and Munna find a devil-like figure, with a finger wound, keeping his hands near a fire. She complains to Vikrant about this, but finds a similar finger wound on his hand, which makes her believe that Vikrant is the devil and might be connected to Nittoni's family.


title: Vikrant Rona

text: When they reach his house, they see Vikrant dressed in a costume with the same weird make-up on his face. Vikrant arrives at Moose Kunni's factory and thrashes the workers, along with hanging and killing Moose Kunni. Vikrant meets Sanju and Panna, who ask Vikrant about being the devil and his appearance at his house, where he tells that he made himself as the devil in order to flush out the real devil out. Later, Vikrant reveals a bigger fact about Sanju, thus leaving everyone shocked. At night, another attempt is made to kill Vikrant which fails again. Vikrant deduces that Eknath and Moose Kunni (who was actually killed by Eknath) are the mastermind behind Suresh Krishna's murder (based on the clue mentioned by the latter, on the 1 note), as they were involved in smuggling. With the help of Panna, Vikrant learns that the dead children's parents are actually the classmates of Madhava and Raghava.


title: Vikrant Rona

text: They also find out that one dead body was not found at the time of Nittoni family's death and deduce that Madhava is still alive and may be responsible for the killings. After meeting Lawrence Pinto, Vikrant deduces that Lawrence Pinto is actually Madhava looking at the Shiva tattoo on his chest. In the Kamarottu house, Madhava abducts Panna and Munna, and brings them to the temple. Vikrant reaches the temple, where after searching the belongings of Madhava's, it is revealed that Vikrant is actually connected to Madhava and for the very reason, has suffered personal loss his wife and daughter Geethanjali "Guddi" in the hands of Madhava, who is on a mission to exact vengeance on the people directly/indirectly responsible for ill-treating his family.


title: Vikrant Rona

text: Madhava knocks out Vikrant and takes him to an underground tunnel, where Panna,Munna are about to be hung. Here it is revealed that the his wife and daughter were killed while they were visiting through the village for a marriage. Upon gaining consciousness, Vikrant also deduces that Raghava is alive. When Sanju arrives, it is revealed that, to everybody's astonishment, that he is actually Raghava. Raghava has been masquerading as Sanju, after he caught and killed the real Sanju, for stealing the jewelry of the temple, when the villagers killed their parents and sister. An enraged Vikrant fights with both Raghava and Madhava, which leads to Madhava and Deyyu getting killed. Raghava fights with Vikrant, with Vikrant gaining the upper hand. He kills and throws Raghava into a waterfall, thus avenging his personal loss. Panna and Munna are reunited with Vishwanath, where Vikrant keeps Sanju's death as a secret from Sakhu, on Janardhan's request.


title: Vikrant Rona

text: Sudeepa and Anup Bhandari were to collaborate for a project titled "Billa Ranga Baasha"; however, the film was put on hold as Sudeepa heard another script from Anup Bandari. Sudeepa decided to produce the film with newcomers playing the lead roles but decided that he himself will star in the film after listening to the script. "Vikrant Rona" is produced by Manjunath Gowda's Shalini Arts. Alankar Pandian of Invenio Origin joined the film as a co-producer.


title: Vikrant Rona

text: Primary photoshoot began on 1 March 2020, and filming started on 2 March at Hyderabad under the title "Phantom". Actor Sudeepa began filming "Kotigobba 3" and "Phantom" simultaneously. The producers originally planned to cast Sudeep's nephew Sanchith Sanjeev, but went with Nirup Bhandari instead. When the team preparing for second schedule COVID-19 pandemic hits badly and the works stopped. On 13 June, the crew announced they would resume shooting in July.


title: Vikrant Rona

text: Then on 16 July 2020, they resumed their work amid pandemic at Annapurna Studios, Hyderabad, by constructing huge dense forest set. Most of the filming done in Annapurna Studios and Ramoji Film City Hyderabad. Other shoots were done in Malshej Ghat, Mahabaleshwar and Kerala. This was the first Kannada movie to use the advanced real-time 3D creation tool "Unreal Engine".


title: Vikrant Rona

text: Jacqueline Fernandez was roped in to play a prominent role along with a song appearance, while Anup Bhandari's brother Nirup Bhandari and other actors and actresses like Neetha Ashok, Ravishankar Gowda, Madhusudhan Rao and Vasuki Vaibhav appear in other pivotal roles.


title: Vikrant Rona

text: Music director B. Ajaneesh Loknath composed the songs and background music for the movie and its his first collaboration with actor Sudeepa. The music rights of the film are owned by Lahari Music and T-Series.


title: Vikrant Rona

text: The film was released worldwide on 28 July 2022 with 3D version in more than 3000 screens. Earlier the film was scheduled to release on 19 August 2021. However, it was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic to 24 February 2022, and later to 28 July 2022. In addition to the original Kannada, the film was dubbed and released in Tamil, Hindi, Telugu, and Malayalam and other languages. The film released in 3000 screens including 450 in Karnataka. The film was released in 87 screens in Kolkata.


title: Vikrant Rona

text: The film was initially planned to be made on a budget of 15 crore, however, the budget was increased to 75 crore due to the scale of the film with including promotional budget . The Telugu version was released in 370 screens in the first week and continued to be screened in 320 theatres in the second week.


title: Vikrant Rona

text: The Hindi version of the film is distributed by Salman Khan Films and PVR Pictures all over North India. The Middle East region rights have been bought by One Twenty 8 Media. The Kerala distribution rights of the film are acquired by Dulquer Salmaan's Wayfarer Films. The Tamil Nadu distribution rights of the film was acquired by Zee Studios while the Andhra Pradesh and Telangana distribution rights were acquired by Cosmos Entertainment.


title: Vikrant Rona

text: The satellite and digital rights of the Kannada version have been purchased by Zee Kannada and ZEE5, respectively. It was officially announced by Zee Kannada head Raghavendra Hunsur in his channel's show, Zee Kutumba Awards in 2021. The film digitally streamed on ZEE5 on 2 September 2022. The Hindi, Tamil and Telugu versions were digitally streamed on Disney+ Hotstar from 16 September 2022.


title: Vikrant Rona

text: "Vikrant Rona" received negative reviews from critics. Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The convoluted plot and stilted dialogues of this Kiccha Sudeep-starrer mar the experience". A critic for "Bollywood Hungama" rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "VIKRANT RONA fails to impress due to the poor script, direction and length". Bharathi Pradhan of "Lehren" rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Vikrant will even sing you a lullaby. Whether in Kannada or Hindi, you'll go zzzzz". Saibal Chatterjee of "NDTV" rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote ""Vikrant Rona" isn't interested in specificities. It seeks to overwhelm with the scale of its ambition. It falls well short of greatness but never stops trying". Nandini Ramnath of "Scroll.in" rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Focused on creating a visually evocative setting and showcasing leading man Sudeep's cool moves, "Vikrant Rona" is happy to miss the wood for the trees". Deepa Gahlot of "Rediff" rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "The plot keeps getting weirder by the minute, and scenes leapfrog round with no control. The end result is bafflement and boredom". Rohit Bhatnagar of "The Free Press Journal" rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film has an interesting premise, but it's weaker on the screenplay front and does not hold your attention for long". Sowmya Rajendran of "The News Minute" rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote ""Vikrant Rona" has been marketed as an "action adventure fantasy" film — but strangely, it doesn't fall into any of the three genres". A critic for "The Hans India" rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Except for the lavish sets and proceedings, the film fell low on emotions. In trying to emulate his predecessors, Anup Bhandari failed to recreate the emotions which impacted him badly". Soundarya Athimuthu of "The Quint" rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Vikrant Rona tries to be smart with its detailing in the plot".


title: Vikrant Rona

text: Renuka Vyavahare of "The Times of India" gave the film 3 out of 5 and wrote ""Vikrant Rona" could evolve into a decent mystery series ahead packed with more dark adventures if the makers get rid of the unnecessary fluff. With so much potential, we wish this mysterious fantasy had risen to the occasion sooner." Shrishti Negi of "News18" gave the film's rating 3 out of 5 and wrote "Overall, Vikrant Rona is a treat for hardcore Kiccha Sudeep fans who have been waiting for this film with bated breath. The film releases in theatres today." Subham Kulkarni of "Koimoi" gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Vikrant Rona is indeed a unique film but with lot of things that can kill the impact. Maybe call this one a stepping stone to a comic book inspired universe that will be amazing someday."


title: Vikrant Rona

text: The film grossed ₹35 crores on the first day including ₹16 crores to ₹17.8 crores from Karnataka alone. The first day domestic net collections were reported to be around ₹19.6 crores. The Hindi version collected ₹1 crore nett on the first day which was reported to be higher than the Hindi dubbed versions of "Vikram", "777 Charlie", "Beast" and "Valimai". The Telugu version grossed ₹2 crores on the opening day. On the second day, the Hindi version collected ₹75 lakhs in northern belt which was reported to be more than the second day collection of "Vikram" in North India. The film was reported to have collected ₹55–₹60 crores in two days from all its versions. The three-day worldwide collection was estimated to be around ₹80– ₹85 crores. The film was reported to have collected ₹20 to ₹25 crores on second day and ₹23 to ₹25 crores on third day. The film collected ₹25 crores to ₹29 crores on the fourth day."The Indian Express" reported the four-day weekend collection to be ₹ 95 crores and "The Telegraph" reported it to be ₹96 crores while "The Times of India" estimated it to be around ₹ 105 crores. According to "News 18", the film grossed ₹110 crores in four days whereas "Hindustan Times" estimated it to be around ₹115–₹120 crores. The Hindi version was reported to have collected ₹5.96 crores in first four days. By the end of fifth day, the worldwide gross was estimated to be around ₹110 crores to ₹134 crores. The Telugu Version was reported to have grossed ₹10 crores in six days. The film was reported to have grossed ₹5.5–6 crore on the seventh day. Though few sources reported that the film grossed ₹158.5 crores in seven days, other sources reported that the film crossed the ₹150 crore mark in 8 days. The film grossed ₹3 crore on day 10 and ₹3.5 crore on day 11. The total 11 day collection of the Hindi version was reported to be around ₹9.7 crores. However, "The Indian Express" reported that the 11 day worldwide gross of the film from all five versions to be ₹86 crore based on a report by consultancy firm Ormax Media which had considered collections until July end but published in mid-August. The film collected ₹1 crore each on Day 12 and Day 13. The film was reported to have grossed ₹200 crores at the end of two weeks thereby becoming the third Kannada film to reach that milestone after "" and "". At the end of 16 days, it was reported that the film collected ₹14 crores nett from the Hindi version and ₹7.5 crores nett from the Telugu version. "Zee News" and "WION" reported that the film had grossed ₹210 crores at the end of 27 days.


title: Van Helsing (film)

text: Van Helsing is a 2004 action gothic horror film written and directed by Stephen Sommers. It stars Hugh Jackman as Dutch monster hunter Van Helsing, and Kate Beckinsale as Anna Valerious. "Van Helsing" is both a homage and tribute to the Universal Horror Monster films from the 1930s and 1940s (also produced by Universal Pictures which were in turn partially based on novels by Bram Stoker and Mary Shelley), of which Sommers is a fan.


title: Van Helsing (film)

text: The eponymous character was inspired by the Dutch vampire hunter Abraham Van Helsing from Irish author Bram Stoker's novel "Dracula". Distributed by Universal Pictures, the film includes a number of monsters such as Count Dracula (and other vampires), Frankenstein's monster, Duergar, Mr. Hyde and werewolves in a way similar to the multi-monster movies that Universal produced in the 1940s, such as "Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man", "House of Frankenstein" and "House of Dracula". The film received mostly negative reviews but grossed $300 million worldwide against a budget of $160–170 million.


title: Van Helsing (film)

text: In 1887 Transylvania, Doctor Victor Frankenstein, aided by his assistant Igor and Count Dracula, creates a monster. Dracula kills Frankenstein and as an angry mob storms the Castle, the monster flees to a windmill with Frankenstein's body. The mob burns down the windmill, seemingly killing the monster. A year later, monster hunter Gabriel Van Helsing travels to Notre-Dame de Paris and kills Dr. Jekyll after a brawl with Mr. Hyde. Helsing pursues evil on behalf of the Holy Order, which has protected mankind "from time immemorial". Van Helsing, who remembers nothing before he was found crawling up the steps of a church nearly dead, hopes to earn pardon for his forgotten sins and regain his memory.


title: Van Helsing (film)

text: At the Order's Vatican City headquarters, Van Helsing is tasked with travelling to Transylvania, destroying Dracula and protecting Anna and Velkan Valerious, the last of an ancient Romanian family. Their ancestor vowed that his descendants would kill Dracula or spend eternity in Purgatory. In Transylvania, Anna and Velkan attempt to kill a werewolf controlled by Dracula, but it falls with Velkan into a deep river gorge, managing to bite him in the process.


title: Van Helsing (film)

text: Van Helsing and Carl, a friar and weapons inventor, arrive at a village and join Anna's fight with Dracula's brides – Verona, Marishka and Aleera, slaying Marishka in the process. That night, Velkan visits Anna to warn her of Dracula's plans but transforms into a werewolf and escapes. Van Helsing and Anna pursue Velkan to Frankenstein's castle. They stumble upon Dracula's plan to duplicate Frankenstein's experiments to give life to thousands of his undead children, using Velkan as a conduit.


title: Van Helsing (film)

text: During the fray, Dracula confronts Van Helsing, whom he regards as an ancient rival. Dracula's spawn come to life before dying, due to lacking Frankenstein's original formula. Van Helsing and Anna escape and stumble upon Frankenstein's monster at the windmill, who reveals that he's the key to Frankenstein's machine to give life to Dracula's brood. Eavesdropping on their discussion, Velkan escapes with this new information.


title: Van Helsing (film)

text: In Anna's castle, Carl discovers a hidden painting of two rival knights. It comes to life, revealing the knights as a vampire and a werewolf in battle. While attempting to bring the monster to Rome, Van Helsing and his crew are ambushed by the brides and Velkan, near Budapest. Verona and Velkan are killed, but Van Helsing is bitten. Aleera kidnaps Anna and offers to trade her for the monster at a masquerade ball. Van Helsing locks the monster in a crypt, but the undead retrieve him for Dracula. Van Helsing and Carl rescue Anna and escape from the masquerade guests, revealed to be vampires.


title: Van Helsing (film)

text: At Anna's castle, Carl explains that Dracula is the son of Valerious the Elder. When he was killed in 1462 by the "Left Hand of God", Dracula made a pact with the Devil and lived again. Valerious was told to kill Dracula and gain salvation for his entire family. Unable to kill his son, he imprisoned him in an icy fortress. A fragment the Cardinal gave Van Helsing opens a path to Dracula's castle.


title: Van Helsing (film)

text: They find the monster, who reveals that Dracula possesses a cure for lycanthropy because only a werewolf can kill him. Van Helsing, fighting the curse, sends Anna and Carl to retrieve the cure, killing Igor and Aleera in the process. Van Helsing attempts to free the monster but is struck by lightning, bringing Dracula's children to life. Dracula and Van Helsing turn into their bestial forms and battle. Whilst both briefly return to their human forms, Dracula reveals that it was Van Helsing who killed him and offers to restore his memory. Van Helsing refuses and kills Dracula after reverting back to his werewolf form, triggering his brood's deaths. Anna arrives and injects the cure into Van Helsing, but is killed by him in the process.


title: Van Helsing (film)

text: Van Helsing and Carl burn Anna's body on a cliff overlooking the sea. Frankenstein's monster departs by raft, and Van Helsing sees Anna's spirit reuniting with her family in Heaven. Van Helsing and Carl ride off into the sunset.


title: Van Helsing (film)

text: Vivendi Universal Games published a "Van Helsing" video game for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Game Boy Advance. The game follows a similar plot to the film, has gameplay similar to "Devil May Cry" and the PS2 and Xbox versions feature the voice talent of many of the actors including Hugh Jackman.


title: Van Helsing (film)

text: Van Helsing also features in a slot game produced by International Game Technology. The game is available in real world casinos and online, though users in Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Russia, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, and the US are excluded from playing the online games.


title: Van Helsing (film)

text: The film earned $51 million at #1 during the opening weekend of May 7–9, 2004. The film eventually grossed US$300,257,475 worldwide, of which US$120,177,084 was from the US.


title: Van Helsing (film)

text: "Van Helsing" received mostly negative reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 24% of 226 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 4.28/10. The site's consensus calls the film a "hollow creature feature that suffers from CGI overload". Metacritic rated it 35/100 based on 38 reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale. James Berardinelli of "ReelViews" gave an extremely negative review, rating the film half a star out of four and calling it "the worst would-be summer blockbuster since "Battlefield Earth"". Furthermore, he wrote: "There are quite a few unintentionally funny moments, although the overall experience was too intensely painful for me to be able to advocate it as being "so bad, it's good". ... Some, however, will doubtless view it as such. More power to them, since sitting through this movie requires something more than a strong constitution and a capacity for self-torture".


title: Van Helsing (film)

text: Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" greatly disliked the film: "Writer-director Stephen Sommers (...) throws together plot strains from various horror movies and stories and tries to muscle things along with flash and dazzle. But his film just lies there, weighted down by a complete lack of wit, artfulness and internal logic. ... What Sommers tries to do here is use action as the only means of involving an audience. So story is sacrificed. Character development is nonexistent, and there are no attempts to incite emotion. Instead, Sommers tries to hold an audience for two hours with nothing up his sleeve but colored ribbons, bright sparklers and a kazoo. What he proves is that this is no way to make movies". Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun Times" gave the film 3 stars out of 4 stating that "at the outset, we may fear Sommers is simply going for f/x overkill, but by the end, he has somehow succeeded in assembling all his monsters and plot threads into a high-voltage climax. "Van Helsing" is silly, spectacular and fun". The film has earned some warmer reevaluation due to the failure of 2017's "The Mummy".


title: Van Helsing (film)

text: In May 2012, Universal Pictures announced that they would be rebooting the film with Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci as a two-year deal to produce a modern reimagining and Tom Cruise to star as the title character and also produce the film. In October, Rupert Sanders entered early negotiations to direct the film. By November 2015, Jon Spaihts and Eric Heisserer signed onto the project as co-screenwriters, though Cruise left his role with the film. However, in the following year, Cruise was cast to appear in Kurtzman's "The Mummy", which was released in theaters on June 9, 2017. Following the poor critical and financial reception to the film, Universal restructured their plan for rebooted adaptations of their Classic Monsters to be stand-alone in nature.


title: Van Helsing (film)

text: By December 2020, the reboot was back in development. Julius Avery will serve as director, in addition to doing a rewrite of an original script by Eric Pearson. James Wan will serve as producer. The project will be a joint production venture between Universal Pictures and Atomic Monster Productions.


title: X

text: X, or x, is the twenty-fourth and third-to-last letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is (pronounced ), plural "exes". X is regularly pronounced as "ks".


title: X

text: In Ancient Greek, 'Χ' and 'Ψ' were among several variants of the same letter, used originally for and later, in western areas such as Arcadia, as a simplification of the digraph 'ΧΣ' for . In the end, more conservative eastern forms became the standard of Classical Greek, and thus 'Χ' "(Chi)" stood for (later ; palatalized to in Modern Greek before front vowels). However, the Etruscans had taken over 'Χ' from western Greek, and it therefore stands for in Etruscan and Latin.


title: X

text: The letter 'Χ' ~ 'Ψ' for was a Greek addition to the alphabet, placed after the Semitic letters along with "phi" 'Φ' for .


title: X

text: In English orthography, is typically pronounced as the voiceless consonant cluster when it follows the stressed vowel (e.g. "ox"), and the voiced consonant when it precedes the stressed vowel (e.g. "exam"). It is also pronounced when it precedes a silent and a stressed vowel (e.g. "exhaust"). Before , or , it can be pronounced or (e.g. "sexual" and "luxury"); these result from earlier and . It also makes the sound in words ending in "-xion" (except for "axion"). When ends a word, it is always (e.g. "fax"), except in loan words such as "faux" (see French, below).


title: X

text: There are very few English words that start with (the fewest of any letter). When does start a word, it is usually pronounced 'z' (e.g. "xylophone", "xenophobia", and "xanthan"). When starting in some names or as its own representation it is pronounced 'eks', in rare recent loanwords or foreign proper names, it can also be pronounced (e.g. the obsolete Vietnamese monetary unit "xu") or (e.g. Chinese names starting with Xi like Xiaomi or Xinjiang). Many of the words that start with are of Greek origin, or standardized trademarks ("Xerox") or acronyms ("XC"). In abbreviations, it can represent "trans-" (e.g. "XMIT" for transmit, "XFER" for transfer), "cross-" (e.g. "X-ing" for crossing, "XREF" for cross-reference), "Christ-" (e.g. "Xmas" for Christmas, "Xian" for Christian), the "crys-" in crystal ("XTAL"), or various words starting with "ex-" (e.g. "XL" for extra large, "XOR" for exclusive-or).


title: X

text: X is the third least frequently used letter in English (after and ), with a frequency of about 0.15% in words.


title: X

text: In Latin, stood for . In some languages, as a result of assorted phonetic changes, handwriting adaptations or simply spelling convention, has other pronunciations:


title: X

text: Additionally, in languages for which the Latin alphabet has been adapted only recently, has been used for various sounds, in some cases inspired by European usage, but in others, for consonants uncommon in Europe. For these no Latin letter stands out as an obvious choice, and since most of the various European pronunciations of can be written by other means, the letter becomes available for more unusual sounds.


title: X

text: In mathematics, "x" is commonly used as the name for an independent variable or unknown value. The modern tradition of using "x", "y" and "z" to represent an unknown ("incognita") was introduced by René Descartes in "La Géométrie" (1637). As a result of its use in algebra, X is often used to represent unknowns in other circumstances (e.g. X-rays, Generation X, "The X-Files", and "The Man from Planet X"; see also Malcolm X).


title: X

text: On some identification documents, the letter X represents a non-binary gender, where F means female and M means male.


title: X

text: It is also sometimes used as a typographic approximation for the multiplication sign, . In mathematical typesetting, "x" meaning an algebraic variable is normally in italic type (formula_1), partly to avoid confusion with the multiplication symbol. In fonts containing both "x" (the letter) and × (the multiplication sign), the two glyphs are dissimilar.


title: X

text: It can be used as an abbreviation for 'between' in the context of historical dating; e.g., '1483 x 1485'.


title: X

text: Maps and other images sometimes use an X to label a specific location, leading to the expression "X marks the spot".


title: X

text: In art or fashion, the use of X indicates a collaboration by two or more artists, e.g. Aaron Koblin x Takashi Kawashima. This application, which originated in Japan, now extends to other kinds of collaboration outside the art world. This usage mimics the use of a similar mark in denoting botanical hybrids, for which scientifically the multiplication × is used, but informally a lowercase "x" is also used.


title: X

text: At the end of a letter or other correspondence, 'x' can mean a kiss; the earliest example of this usage cited by the "Oxford English Dictionary" is from 1878.


title: X

text: In the C programming language, "x" preceded by zero (as in 0x or 0X) is used to denote hexadecimal literal values.


title: Lisa Rinna

text: Lisa D. Rinna (born Elizabeth Deann Rinna; July 11, 1963) is an American actress and television personality. As an actress, she is best known for her roles as Billie Reed on the NBC daytime soap opera "Days of Our Lives" and Taylor McBride on Fox's television drama "Melrose Place". Since 2014, Rinna has been a main cast member on Bravo's hit reality television series "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills." Other television credits include being a contestant on NBC's "The Celebrity Apprentice" and ABC's "Dancing with the Stars", as well as guest-starring roles on series such as "Entourage", "The Middle", "Veronica Mars", "Community", and "8 Simple Rules". Rinna made her Broadway debut in "Chicago" as Roxie Hart in June 2007.


title: Lisa Rinna

text: She was the host of Soapnet's talk show "Soap Talk" (2002–2006), for which she earned four Emmy nominations for Outstanding Talk Show Host. Rinna has also written three books: "Starlit"; "The Big, Fun, Sexy Sex Book"; and The New York Times best-seller "Rinnavation". Her other ventures include a fashion line for QVC named The Lisa Rinna Collection and the cosmetics collection Rinna Beauty.


title: Lisa Rinna

text: Lisa Rinna was born July 11, 1963 in Newport Beach, California to Lois Irene (née DeAndrade) and Frank Rinna. She is of Italian, Portuguese, and English descent. When Lisa was seven, her older half sister Laurene passed away. During that same year, her family relocated to Medford, Oregon, when her father was transferred there for job-related reasons, and she spent the remainder of her childhood there. Rinna graduated from Medford Senior High School in 1981. After graduating, Rinna moved to San Francisco, California, to pursue a career as a model. She started her career by appearing in commercials. "I think I got my SAG card doing a Mervyn's commercial,” she told the "Los Angeles Times".


title: Lisa Rinna

text: At age 21, Rinna appeared in the music video for John Parr's single "Naughty Naughty," as the passenger in Parr's car. Rinna later appeared as the girlfriend of Jason Bateman's character in several episodes of "The Hogan Family" in 1990. In 1992, she first received national recognition when she originated the character of Billie Reed on NBC's "Days of Our Lives". She departed in 1995, though she has reprised the role in 2002, 2012, and 2018. She later switched from daytime to primetime, portraying Taylor McBride on Aaron Spelling's "Melrose Place" from 1996 to 1998. Rinna has starred in two projects opposite husband Harry Hamlin, the teen crime-drama "Veronica Mars", and the Lifetime television film "Sex, Lies & Obsession" which was based on a true story about her husband Harry Hamlin's sex addiction and alcoholism. Her previous Lifetime film, "Another Woman's Husband", boasted one of the highest ratings for a movie on Lifetime since 1999. In 2001, Rinna played the role of Veronica Simpson in the comedy film "Good Advice" (2001) alongside Charlie Sheen and Denise Richards.


title: Lisa Rinna

text: From June to July 2007, Rinna starred in the Broadway production of "Chicago", in the role of Roxie Hart, alongside her husband, who played the role of Billy Flynn. In 2007, she portrayed Donna Devaney on HBO's "Entourage", in the episode ""'. In 2008, she appeared in Disney Channel's musical comedy television series "Hannah Montana", in the role of Mr. Dontzig's cousin Francesca. She also guest-starred on an episode of "Movie Stars" for the WB, the first-ever on-screen appearance she shared opposite her husband. In 2009, Rinna stated that she would love to reprise her role of Taylor McBride on the CW's revival "Melrose Place", if given the offer; however, the series was cancelled after only one season. In 2011, Rinna guest-starred on Nickelodeon's "Big Time Rush" as Brooke Diamond. Later that year, it was confirmed that Rinna would again reprise the role of Billie Reed on "Days of Our Lives". She reported to work in December, with her first scenes airing March 9, 2012. However, in August 2012, it was confirmed by "The Huffington Post" that Rinna would once again leave the soap to develop a panel-focused talk show. She had guest roles in several television series, including "", "The Hotwives of Las Vegas, The Guest Book", "Awkward." and "This Close".


title: Lisa Rinna

text: From 2002 to 2006, Rinna was the host of "Soap Talk", the daily lifestyle show that aired on Soapnet, for which she received four Daytime Emmy Award nominations. In 2006, Rinna competed in the second season of "Dancing with the Stars" with professional dancer Louis van Amstel. She was eliminated in round seven based on audience voting, despite having higher marks from the judges than fellow celebrity dancer Jerry Rice. In August 2007, Rinna replaced Joan Rivers as the host of TV Guide Network's red carpet coverage. In addition to subsequently guest-hosting "Live with Regis and Kelly", Rinna also hosted the TV makeover program "Merge" on Lifetime.


title: Lisa Rinna

text: In 2008, "TV Guide" reported that Rinna and Hamlin had signed a deal to create a reality television series based on their family life. The series, titled "Harry Loves Lisa", premiered on TV Land on October 6, 2010, and ran for 6 episodes. In 2010, she was also featured as a guest judge on the fourth episode of the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race". In 2011, Rinna participated in season 4 of "The Celebrity Apprentice". She was eliminated after being the project manager on the second task, writing and performing a children's book. Rinna returned to the show in its sixth season as one of the "All-Stars" contestants. After being eliminated from that roster, she appeared on the May 13, 2013 episode of "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon" with Lil Jon to talk about their time on the show. In 2014, she was one of the contestants on ABC's game show "Sing Your Face Off".


title: Lisa Rinna

text: In 2014, Rinna joined the cast of "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills" for the show's fifth season. "Los Angeles Times" wrote that since joining the show, "she's endeared herself to viewers with her self-deprecating attitude—poking fun at herself, including her enhanced lips and the haircut she's sported for decades. And she's had a hand in some of the show's most memorable moments."


title: Lisa Rinna

text: In 1998, Rinna, while six months pregnant with Delilah Belle Hamlin, the first of Harry Hamlin's and her two daughters, posed for a nude pictorial ("Melrose Mom," its title, paid tribute to her role in "Melrose Place") and cover shoot for the September issue of "Playboy" magazine. She later recounted the instructions given to her by "Playboy" photographer Deborah Anderson: "'I do not want you long and sinewy and angular and muscular. I want you soft...' This was really hard for me because being 35 years old and posing for "Playboy", you want to amp it up." In May 2009, she posed again for "Playboy" and, this time, was also its cover model.


title: Lisa Rinna

text: She has also graced the covers of "CVLUX", "Living Well", "Soap Opera Magazine" and "Soap Opera Digest". Rinna has appeared in commercials and print ads throughout her career. In 2008, she appeared in print ads for Mars Inc's M&M candies with Joey Fatone as part of the "There's an M&M in everyone" advertising campaign. In 2012, Rinna appeared in an infomercial for abdominal muscle toner "The Flex Belt" alongside Adrianne Curry, Denise Richards and Janet Evans. She has appeared in a television commercial for Taco Bell and infomercial for Winsor Pilates. In 2012 to benefit the charity Dress for Success, she modeled an adult incontinence brief made by Depend under a tight-fitting evening gown. She appeared in print ads and commercials for Depend and, according to reports, Depend paid her $2 million to be their celebrity spokesperson. In September 2019, she walked the runway for Kyle Richards' and Shahida Clayton's new women's clothing brand at New York Fashion Week.


title: Lisa Rinna

text: Rinna and her husband Harry Hamlin jointly owned the Belle Gray clothing boutique in Sherman Oaks, California in 2011. They closed the store in 2012 because, by then, both had grown too busy with their respective acting careers to manage it. In June 2019, Rinna launched an activewear collaboration with retailer Goldsheep. Proceeds from the collaboration benefited The Trevor Project, a national organization providing crisis intervention and suicide-prevention services to LGBTQ youth.


title: Lisa Rinna

text: In April 2012, Rinna brought her collection to QVC as the Lisa Rinna Collection, which has been a success.


title: Lisa Rinna

text: In September 2020, Rinna announced that she will be launching Rinna Beauty, with its lip kits named Birthday Suit, Legends Only, and No Apologies.


title: Lisa Rinna

text: In August 2022, Rinna announced on an episode of "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills" she is in the process of entering the alcoholic beverage industry with a product called Rinna Rosé.


title: Lisa Rinna

text: Rinna's staple bangs-and-back hairstyle and her cosmetically enhanced lips have made her an easily recognisable figure in popular culture.


title: Lisa Rinna

text: The introduction of Rinna on Season 5 of RHOBH is said to have 'saved' the series after significantly low ratings the previous season. She previously was considered to become an original cast member for its first season, however executive producer Andy Cohen stated that Rinna, as a famous public figure already, didn't need to be there from the start and first must let the other women establish themselves and the show first. It is one of the first examples pertaining to the Housewives trope of casting already publicly-established women, for example, coming after Kandi Burruss of Atlanta.


title: Lisa Rinna

text: Rinna's hyperbolic and exaggerated communication style is synonymous with her character on RHOBH and screen-grabs and scenes from her time on the show have garnered extensive attention in meme-form, such as Rinna crying after a conflict with Kim Richards at a reunion show, and smashing a glass at a restaurant in Amsterdam after Richards threatened to expose some information about Rinna's husband. This scene is considered to be a defining moment from the show and the entire franchise and has been parodied, such as on RuPaul's Drag Race. Rinna has popularised phrases like "Own it!" and "Don't talk about my husband".


title: Lisa Rinna

text: A running joke in the public sphere surrounding Rinna, sometimes dubbed the "QVC queen", is her willingness to try anything and everything to put her name out there and 'secure a check', whether that be on "Housewives" or within other brands, one popular one being the front-woman for adult diaper brand Depends. Additionally, in 2022, a resurgence of a promotional image from confectionary company M&M in collaboration with The Oscars depicted Rinna as an M&M on the red carpet of The Academy Awards. The 'Lisa Rinna M&M' became an instant meme of Twitter and TikTok, usually accompanied by the song "After Like" by K-Pop girl group Ive. Additionally, in her most recent appearing seasons on RHOBH, Rinna is the self-professed villain of the show, and has had multiple feuds with her cast members, famously including Brandi Glanville, Kim Richards, Yolanda Hadid, Lisa Vanderpump, Dorit Kemsley, Camille Grammer, Denise Richards, Garcelle Beauvais, Sutton Stracke and Kathy Hilton. Hilton has stated if Rinna and fellow cast member Erika Girardi star in the upcoming thirteenth season, she will not return.


title: Lisa Rinna

text: Rinna married actor Harry Hamlin on March 29, 1997, in Beverly Hills, California. The couple have two daughters, Delilah Belle (born June 10, 1998) and Amelia Gray (born June 13, 2001). Rinna is also stepmother to Hamlin's son Dimitri Alexander from his relationship with Ursula Andress.


title: Lisa Rinna

text: She has acknowledged having plastic surgery and having silicone, Botox and Juvéderm injections. Although she remains fond of Botox, she has said that using Juvéderm was a mistake.


title: Lisa Rinna

text: In June 2021, Backgrid, a celebrity photograph agency, sued Rinna for copyright infringement after she posted eight of their photographs to her instagram, where she has almost 3 million followers. The company has requested damages of $1.2 million. Other celebrities, such as Emily Ratajkowski, Ariana Grande, Gigi Hadid, and Jennifer Lopez have also been sued for posting paparazzi photographs on their instagrams. Rinna has called the lawsuit "shocking" because she and the paparazzi have always been on good terms.


title: Lisa Rinna

text: On November 15, 2021, Rinna announced that her mother Lois, who was featured in "The Real Housewives" franchise, had died after suffering a stroke.


title: The Stranger (British TV series)

text: The Stranger is an eight-part British mystery thriller miniseries written primarily by Danny Brocklehurst and based on the 2015 Harlan Coben novel of the same title. The miniseries premiered on Netflix on 30 January 2020. It stars Richard Armitage, Siobhan Finneran and Hannah John-Kamen. It was filmed in and around Manchester and Stockport.


title: The Stranger (British TV series)

text: A mysterious stranger, a woman in her 20s wearing a baseball cap, approaches Adam Price and tells him a secret. His wife goes missing as a result of the disclosure. As the story progresses, the stranger is revealed to be connected with more secrets.


title: The Stranger (British TV series)

text: It was announced in January 2019 that Netflix had begun development of a miniseries based on the 2015 Harlan Coben novel, with the adaptation being written by Danny Brocklehurst and with Richard Armitage set to star. By March, the cast was rounded out, with the additions including Siobhan Finneran, Hannah John-Kamen, Jennifer Saunders, Anthony Head and Stephen Rea.


title: The Stranger (British TV series)

text: Filming began in March 2019, taking place in Manchester. Scenes were shot in Bury and Bolton in April, and in Stockport in June.


title: The Stranger (British TV series)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 83% approval rating for the miniseries with an average rating of 6.63/10, based on 24 reviews. The website's critical consensus states, "If not quite as addicting [addictive] as its source material, "The Stranger" has a strong cast and enough tension to keep viewers on the edge of their seats." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: "Auld Lang Syne" (: note "s" rather than "z") is a popular song, particularly in the English-speaking world. Traditionally, it is sung to bid farewell to the old year at the stroke of midnight on New Year's Eve. By extension, it is also often heard at funerals, graduations, and as a farewell or ending to other occasions; for instance, many branches of the Scouting movement use it to close jamborees and other functions.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: The text is a Scots-language poem written by Robert Burns in 1788 but based on an older Scottish folk song. In 1799, it was set to a traditional tune, which has since become standard. "Auld Lang Syne" is listed as numbers 6294 and 13892 in the Roud Folk Song Index.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: The poem's Scots title may be translated into standard English as "old long since" or, less literally, "long long ago", "days gone by", "times long past" or "old times". Consequently, "For auld lang syne", as it appears in the first line of the chorus, might be loosely translated as "for the sake of old times".


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: The phrase "Auld Lang Syne" is also used in similar poems by Robert Ayton (1570–1638), Allan Ramsay (1686–1757), and James Watson (1711), as well as older folk songs predating Burns. Matthew Fitt uses the phrase "in the days of auld lang syne" as the equivalent of "once upon a time" in his retelling of fairy tales in the Scots language.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: Robert Burns sent a copy of the original song to the Scots Musical Museum in 1788 with the remark, "The following song, an old song, of the olden times, and which has never been in print, nor even in manuscript until I took it down from an old man." Some of the lyrics were indeed "collected" rather than composed by the poet; the ballad "Old Long Syne" printed in 1711 by James Watson shows considerable similarity in the first verse and the chorus to Burns's later poem, and is almost certainly derived from the same "old song".


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: There is some doubt as to whether the melody used today is the same one Burns originally intended, but it is widely used in Scotland and in the rest of the world.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: Singing the song on Hogmanay or New Year's Eve very quickly became a Scots custom that soon spread to other parts of the British Isles. As Scots (not to mention English, Welsh and Irish people) emigrated around the world, they took the song with them.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: <score lang="lilypond" vorbis="1">\relative c' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"bagpipe" \key f \major \time 4/4 \partial 4 c4 | f4. f8 f4 a4 | g4. f8 g4 a4 | f4. f8 a4 c4 | d2. d4 | c4. a8 a4 f4 | g4. f8 g4 a4 | f4.( d8) d4( c4) | f2. d'4 | c4.( a8) a4( f4) | g4. f8 g4 d'4 | c4.( a8) a4( c4) | d2. d4 | c4. a8 a4 f4 | g4. f8 g4 a4 | f4.( d8) d4( c4) | f2. \bar "|." } \addlyrics { Should auld ac -- quain -- tance be for -- got and ne -- ver brought to mind? Should auld ac -- quain -- tance be for -- got and auld lang syne?


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: For auld lang syne, my jo, For auld lang syne. We'll tak a cup o' kind -- ness yet for auld lang syne }</score>


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: The tune to which "Auld Lang Syne" is commonly sung is a pentatonic Scots folk melody, probably originally a sprightly dance in a much quicker tempo. The song originally had another melody, which can be traced to around 1700 and was deemed "mediocre" by Robert Burns. The famous melody was first used in 1799, in the second volume of George Thomson's "Select Songs of Scotland."


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: Older versions of the original song which use other melodies have survived in isolated Scottish communities. The American folk song collector James Madison Carpenter collected a version of "Auld Lang Syne" which appears to be distantly related to the original folk song version from a man named William Still of Cuminestown, Aberdeenshire in the early 1930s. William Still can be heard singing the song on the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library website.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: The song begins by posing a rhetorical question: Is it right that old times be forgotten? The answer is generally interpreted as a call to remember long-standing friendships. Alternatively, "Should" may be understood to mean "if" (expressing the conditional mood) referring to a possible event or situation.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: George Thomson's "Select Songs of Scotland" was published in 1799 in which the second verse about greeting and toasting was moved to its present position at the end.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: Most common usage of the song involves only the first verse and the chorus. The last lines of both of these are often sung with the extra words "For the sake of" or "And days of", rather than Burns's simpler lines. This makes the song strictly syllabic, with just one note per syllable.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: English composer William Shield seems to quote the "Auld Lang Syne" melody briefly at the end of the overture to his opera "Rosina" (1782), which may be its first recorded use. The contention that Burns borrowed the melody from Shield is for various reasons highly unlikely, although they may very well both have taken it from a common source, possibly a strathspey called "The Miller's Wedding" or "The Miller's Daughter". The problem is that tunes based on the same set of dance steps necessarily have a similar rhythm, and even a superficial resemblance in melodic shape may cause a very strong apparent similarity in the tune as a whole. For instance, Burns' poem "Comin' Thro' the Rye" is sung to a tune that might also be based on the "Miller's Wedding". The origin of the tune of "God Save the King" presents a very similar problem and for just the same reason, as it is also based on a dance measure. (See the note in the William Shield article on this subject.)


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: In 1792, the Austrian composer Joseph Haydn arranged Auld Lang Syne as one of over 400 Scottish folk song arrangements commissioned by George Thomson and the publishers William Napier and William Whyte; his arrangement may have helped popularise the song. Ludwig van Beethoven also wrote an arrangement of Auld Lang Syne (WoO 156/11) published as part of his "12 Scottish Folksongs" (1814). Both of these classical versions use the original brisk strathspey rhythm.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: In 1855, different words were written for the Auld Lang Syne tune by Albert Laighton and titled, "Song of the Old Folks". This song was included in the tunebook, "Father Kemp's Old Folks Concert Tunes" published in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1860. For many years it was the tradition of the Stoughton Musical Society to sing this version in memory of those who had died that year.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: Songwriter George M. Cohan quotes the first line of the "Auld Lang Syne" melody in the second to last line of the chorus of “You're a Grand Old Flag”. It is plain from the lyrics that this is deliberate; the melody is identical except the first syllable of the word "forgot".


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: John Philip Sousa quotes the melody in the Trio section of his 1924 march "Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company".


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: English composer of light music Ernest Tomlinson wrote a "Fantasia on Auld Lang Syne" (1976), which in its 20 minutes weaves in 152 quotations from pieces by other popular and classical composers.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: In the Sacred Harp choral tradition, an arrangement of it exists under the name "Plenary". The lyrics are a "memento mori" and begin with the words "Hark! from the tomb a doleful sound". Another Christian setting, using the name "Fair Haven" for the same tune, uses the text "Hail! Sweetest, Dearest Tie That Binds" by Amos Sutton. In a similar vein, in 1999 Cliff Richard released a setting of the Lord's prayer (as "The Millennium Prayer") to the melody.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: British soldiers in World War I trenches sang "We're Here Because We're Here" to the tune of "Auld Lang Syne".


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: "Auld Lang Syne" is traditionally sung at the conclusion of New Year gatherings in Scotland and around the world, especially in English-speaking countries.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: At Hogmanay in Scotland, it is common practice that everyone joins hands with the person next to them to form a great circle around the dance floor. At the beginning of the last verse ("And there's a hand, my trusty fiere!/and gie's a hand o' thine!"), everyone crosses their arms across their breast, so that the right hand reaches out to the neighbour on the left and vice versa. When the tune ends, everyone rushes to the middle, while still holding hands. When the circle is re-established, everyone turns under the arms to end up facing outwards with hands still joined. The tradition of singing the song when parting, with crossed hands linked, arose in the mid-19th century among Freemasons and other fraternal organisations.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: Outside Scotland the hands are often crossed from the beginning of the song, at variance with Scottish custom. The Scottish practice was demonstrated by Queen Elizabeth II at the Millennium Dome celebrations for the year 2000. Some press outlets berated her for not "properly" crossing her arms, unaware that she was correctly following the Scottish tradition.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: As well as celebrating the New Year, "Auld Lang Syne" is very widely used to symbolise other "endings/new beginnings" – including farewells, funerals (and other memorials of the dead), graduations, the end of a (non-New Year) party, jamborees of the Scout Movement, the election of a new government, the last lowering of the Union Jack as a British colony achieves independence and even as a signal that a retail store is about to close for the day. The melody is also widely used for other words, especially hymns, the songs of sporting and other clubs, and even national anthems (South Korea in the 1940s, and the Maldives until 1972). In Scotland and other parts of Britain, in particular, it is associated with celebrations and memorials of Robert Burns. The following list of specific uses is far from comprehensive.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: "Auld Lang Syne" has been translated into many languages, and the song is widely sung all over the world. The song's pentatonic scale matches scales used in Korea, Japan, India, China and other Asian countries, which has facilitated its "nationalisation" in the East. The following particular examples mostly detail things that are special or unusual about the use of the song in a particular country.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: The strong and obvious associations of the song and its melody have made it a common staple for film soundtracks from the very early days of "talking" pictures to the present—a large number of films and television series' episodes having used it for background, generally but by no means exclusively to evoke the New Year.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: The first recording of the song was made on wax cylinder in 1898 by the Englishmen Charles Samuel Myers and Alfred Cort Hadden, who sang it in a demonstration of the new technology whilst on an expedition to record Aboriginal Australian music with figures including Charles Seligman, W. H. R Rivers and Sidney Herbert Ray. The original 1898 recording can be heard online via the British Library Sound Archive website.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: The first commercial recording was probably that of Frank C Stanley, who recorded the song in 1910 (which can be heard above).


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: As a standard in music, "Auld Lang Syne" has since been recorded many times, in every conceivable style, by many artists, both well-known and obscure.


title: Auld Lang Syne

text: In late 1999, an instrumental rendition by American saxophonist Kenny G reached No. 7 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 upon release as a single. At the time of charting it was the oldest-written song to make the Hot 100 charts.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the University of Oxford, the oldest university in the English-speaking world; it has buildings in every style of English architecture since late Anglo-Saxon. Oxford's industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing, information technology and science.


title: Oxford

text: The history of Oxford in England dates back to its original settlement in the Saxon period. Originally of strategic significance due to its controlling location on the upper reaches of the River Thames at its junction with the River Cherwell, the town grew in national importance during the early Norman period, and in the late 12th century became home to the fledgling University of Oxford. The city was besieged during The Anarchy in 1142.


title: Oxford

text: The university rose to dominate the town. A heavily ecclesiastical town, Oxford was greatly affected by the changes of the English Reformation, emerging as the seat of a bishopric and a full-fledged city. During the English Civil War, Oxford housed the court of Charles I and was when the city stood at the heart of national affairs.


title: Oxford

text: The city began to grow industrially during the 19th century, and had an industrial boom in the early 20th century, with major printing and car-manufacturing industries. These declined, along with other British heavy industry, in the 1970s and 1980s, leaving behind a city which had developed far beyond the university town of the past.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford's latitude and longitude are or (at Carfax Tower, which is usually considered the centre). Oxford is north-west of Reading, north-east of Swindon, east of Cheltenham, east of Gloucester, south-west of Milton Keynes, south-east of Evesham, south of Rugby and west-north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames (also sometimes known as the Isis locally, supposedly from the Latinised name ) run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre. These rivers and their flood plains constrain the size of the city centre.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford has a maritime temperate climate (Köppen: "Cfb"). Precipitation is uniformly distributed throughout the year and is provided mostly by weather systems that arrive from the Atlantic. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Oxford was on 24 December 1860. The highest temperature ever recorded in Oxford is on 19 July 2022. The average conditions below are from the Radcliffe Meteorological Station. It boasts the longest series of temperature and rainfall records for one site in Britain. These records are continuous from January 1815. Irregular observations of rainfall, cloud and temperature exist from 1767.


title: Oxford

text: The driest year on record was 1788, with of rainfall. Whereas, the wettest year was 2012, with . The wettest month on record was September 1774, with a total fall of . The warmest month on record is July 1983, with an average of and the coldest is January 1963, with an average of . The warmest year on record is 2014, with an average of and the coldest is 1879, with a mean temperature of . The sunniest month on record is May 2020, with 331.7 hours and December 1890 is the least sunny, with 5.0 hours. The greatest one-day rainfall occurred on 10 July 1968, with a total of . The greatest known snow depth was in February 1888.


title: Oxford

text: The city centre is relatively small, and is centred on Carfax, a crossroads which forms the junction of Cornmarket Street (pedestrianised), Queen Street (mainly pedestrianised), St Aldate's and the High Street ("the High"; blocked for through traffic). Cornmarket Street and Queen Street are home to Oxford's chain stores, as well as a small number of independent retailers, one of the longest established of which was Boswell's, founded in 1738. The store closed in 2020. St Aldate's has few shops but several local government buildings, including the town hall, the city police station and local council offices. The High (the word "street" is traditionally omitted) is the longest of the four streets and has a number of independent and high-end chain stores, but mostly university and college buildings. The historic buildings mean the area is regularly used by film and TV crews.


title: Oxford

text: Aside from the city centre, there are several suburbs and neighbourhoods within the borders of the city of Oxford, including:


title: Oxford

text: Oxford is at the centre of the Oxford Green Belt, which is an environmental and planning policy that regulates the rural space in Oxfordshire surrounding the city which aims to prevent urban sprawl and minimize convergence with nearby settlements. The policy has been blamed for the large rise in house prices in Oxford, making it the least affordable city in the United Kingdom outside of London, with estate agents calling for brownfield land inside the green belt to be released for new housing. The vast majority of the area covered is outside of the city, but there are some green spaces within that which are covered by the designation such as much of the Thames and river Cherwell flood-meadows, and the village of Binsey, along with several smaller portions on the fringes. Other landscape features and places of interest covered include Cutteslowe Park and the mini railway attraction, the University Parks, Hogacre Common Eco Park, numerous sports grounds, Aston's Eyot, St Margaret's Church and well, and Wolvercote Common and community orchard.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford's economy includes manufacturing, publishing and science-based industries as well as education, research and tourism.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford has been an important centre of motor manufacturing since Morris Motors was established in the city in 1910. The principal production site for Mini cars, owned by BMW since 2000, is in the Oxford suburb of Cowley. The plant, which survived the turbulent years of British Leyland in the 1970s and was threatened with closure in the early 1990s, also produced cars under the Austin and Rover brands following the demise of the Morris brand in 1984, although the last Morris-badged car was produced there in 1982.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford University Press, a department of the University of Oxford, is based in the city, although it no longer operates its own paper mill and printing house. The city is also home to the UK operations of Wiley-Blackwell, Elsevier and several smaller publishing houses.


title: Oxford

text: The presence of the university has given rise to many science and technology based businesses, including Oxford Instruments, Research Machines and Sophos. The university established Isis Innovation in 1987 to promote technology transfer. The Oxford Science Park was established in 1990, and the Begbroke Science Park, owned by the university, lies north of the city. Oxford increasingly has a reputation for being a centre of digital innovation, as epitomized by Digital Oxford. Several startups including Passle, Brainomix, Labstep, and more, are based in Oxford.


title: Oxford

text: The presence of the university has also led to Oxford becoming a centre for the education industry. Companies often draw their teaching staff from the pool of Oxford University students and graduates, and, especially for EFL education, use their Oxford location as a selling point.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford has numerous major tourist attractions, many belonging to the university and colleges. As well as several famous institutions, the town centre is home to Carfax Tower and the University Church of St Mary the Virgin, both of which offer views over the spires of the city. Many tourists shop at the historic Covered Market. In the summer, punting on the Thames/Isis and the Cherwell is a common practice. As well as being a major draw for tourists (9.1 million in 2008, similar in 2009), Oxford city centre has many shops, several theatres and an ice rink.


title: Oxford

text: There are two small shopping malls in the city centre: the Clarendon Centre and the Westgate Centre. The Westgate Centre is named for the original West Gate in the city wall, and is at the west end of Queen Street. A major redevelopment and expansion to , with a new John Lewis department store and a number of new homes, was completed in October 2017. Blackwell's Bookshop is a bookshop which claims the largest single room devoted to book sales in the whole of Europe, the Norrington Room (10,000 sq ft).


title: Oxford

text: There is a long history of brewing in Oxford. Several of the colleges had private breweries, one of which, at Brasenose, survived until 1889. In the 16th century brewing and malting appear to have been the most popular trades in the city. There were breweries in Brewer Street and Paradise Street, near the Castle Mill Stream. The rapid expansion of Oxford and the development of its railway links after the 1840s facilitated expansion of the brewing trade. As well as expanding the market for Oxford's brewers, railways enabled brewers further from the city to compete for a share of its market. By 1874 there were nine breweries in Oxford and 13 brewers' agents in Oxford shipping beer in from elsewhere. The nine breweries were: Flowers & Co in Cowley Road, Hall's St Giles Brewery, Hall's Swan Brewery (see below), Hanley's City Brewery in Queen Street, Le Mills's Brewery in St. Ebbes, Morrell's Lion Brewery in St Thomas Street (see below), Simonds's Brewery in Queen Street, Weaving's Eagle Brewery (by 1869 the Eagle Steam Brewery) in Park End Street and Wootten and Cole's St. Clement's Brewery.


title: Oxford

text: The Swan's Nest Brewery, later the Swan Brewery, was established by the early 18th century in Paradise Street, and in 1795 was acquired by William Hall. The brewery became known as Hall's Oxford Brewery, which acquired other local breweries. Hall's Brewery was acquired by Samuel Allsopp & Sons in 1926, after which it ceased brewing in Oxford. Morrell's was founded in 1743 by Richard Tawney. He formed a partnership in 1782 with Mark and James Morrell, who eventually became the owners. After an acrimonious family dispute this much-loved brewery was closed in 1998, the beer brand names being taken over by the Thomas Hardy Burtonwood brewery, while the 132 tied pubs were bought by Michael Cannon, owner of the American hamburger chain Fuddruckers, through a new company, Morrells of Oxford. The new owners sold most of the pubs on to Greene King in 2002. The Lion Brewery was converted into luxury apartments in 2002. Oxford's first legal distillery, the Oxford Artisan Distillery, was established in 2017 in historic farm buildings at the top of South Park.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford is a very green city, with several parks and nature walks within the ring road, as well as several sites just outside the ring road. In total, 28 nature reserves exist within or just outside Oxford ring road, including:


title: Oxford

text: In addition to the larger airports in the region, Oxford is served by nearby Oxford Airport, in Kidlington. The airport is also home to CAE Oxford Aviation Academy and Airways Aviation airline pilot flight training centres, and several private jet companies. The airport is also home to Airbus Helicopters UK headquarters.


title: Oxford

text: Direct trains run from Oxford station to where there is an interchange with the Heathrow Express train links serving Heathrow Airport. Passengers can change at Reading for connecting trains to Gatwick Airport. Some CrossCountry trains run direct services to Birmingham International, as well as to Southampton Airport Parkway further afield.


title: Oxford

text: Bus services in Oxford and its suburbs are run by the Oxford Bus Company and Stagecoach Oxfordshire as well as other operators including Arriva Shires & Essex and Thames Travel. Oxford has one of the largest urban park and ride networks in the United Kingdom. Its five sites, at Pear Tree, Redbridge, Seacourt, Thornhill, Water Eaton and Oxford Parkway have a combined capacity of 4,930 car parking spaces, served by 20 Oxford Bus Company double decker buses with a combined capacity of 1,695 seats. Hybrid buses began to be used in Oxford in 2010, and their usage has been expanded. In 2014 Oxford Bus introduced a fleet of 20 new buses with flywheel energy storage on the services it operates under contract for Oxford Brookes University. Most buses in the city now use a smartcard to pay for journeys and have free WiFi installed.


title: Oxford

text: The Oxford to London coach route offers a frequent coach service to London. The Oxford Tube is operated by Stagecoach Oxfordshire and the Oxford Bus Company runs the Airline services to Heathrow and Gatwick airports. There is a bus station at Gloucester Green, used mainly by the London and airport buses, National Express coaches and other long-distance buses including route X5 to Milton Keynes and Cambridge and Stagecoach Gold routes S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S8 and S9.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford railway station is half a mile (about 1 km) west of the city centre. The station is served by CrossCountry services to Bournemouth and Manchester Piccadilly; Great Western Railway (who manage the station) services to London Paddington, Banbury and Hereford; and Chiltern Railways services to London Marylebone. Oxford has had three main railway stations. The first was opened at Grandpont in 1844, but this was a terminus, inconvenient for routes to the north; it was replaced by the present station on Park End Street in 1852 with the opening of the Birmingham route. Another terminus, at Rewley Road, was opened in 1851 to serve the Bletchley route; this station closed in 1951. There have also been a number of local railway stations, all of which are now closed. A fourth station, , is just outside the city, at the park and ride site near Kidlington. The present railway station opened in 1852.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford is the junction for a short branch line to Bicester, a remnant of the former Varsity line to Cambridge. This Oxford–Bicester line was upgraded to running during an 18-month closure in 2014/2015 – and is scheduled to be extended to form the planned East West Rail line to Milton Keynes. East West Rail is proposed to continue through (for ) to Bedford, Cambridge, and ultimately Ipswich and Norwich, thus providing alternative route to East Anglia without needing to travel via, and connect between, the London mainline terminals.


title: Oxford

text: Chiltern Railways operates from Oxford to London Marylebone via , having sponsored the building of about 400 metres of new track between Bicester Village and the Chiltern Main Line southwards in 2014. The route serves High Wycombe and London Marylebone, avoiding London Paddington and Didcot Parkway.


title: Oxford

text: In 1844, the Great Western Railway linked Oxford with London Paddington via and ; in 1851, the London & North Western Railway opened its own route from Oxford to London Euston, via Bicester, and Watford; and in 1864 a third route, also to Paddington, running via , and , was provided; this was shortened in 1906 by the opening of a direct route between High Wycombe and London Paddington by way of . The distance from Oxford to London was via Bletchley; via Didcot and Reading; via Thame and Maidenhead; and via Denham.


title: Oxford

text: Only the original () route is still in use for its full length, portions of the others remain. There were also routes to the north and west. The line to was opened in 1850, and was extended to Birmingham Snow Hill in 1852; a route to Worcester opened in 1853. A branch to Witney was opened in 1862, which was extended to in 1873. The line to Witney and Fairford closed in 1962, but the others remain open.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford was historically an important port on the River Thames, with this section of the river being called the Isis; the Oxford-Burcot Commission in the 17th century attempted to improve navigation to Oxford. Iffley Lock and Osney Lock lie within the bounds of the city. In the 18th century the Oxford Canal was built to connect Oxford with the Midlands. Commercial traffic has given way to recreational use of the river and canal. Oxford was the original base of Salters Steamers (founded in 1858), which was a leading racing-boatbuilder that played an important role in popularising pleasure boating on the Upper Thames. The firm runs a regular service from Folly Bridge downstream to Abingdon and beyond.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford's central location on several transport routes means that it has long been a crossroads city with many coaching inns, although road traffic is now strongly discouraged from using the city centre. The Oxford Ring Road or A4142 (southern part) surrounds the city centre and close suburbs Marston, Iffley, Cowley and Headington; it consists of the A34 to the west, a 330-yard section of the A44, the A40 north and north-east, A4142/A423 to the east. It is a dual carriageway, except for a 330-yard section of the A40 where two residential service roads adjoin, and was completed in 1966.


title: Oxford

text: On 28 February 2022 a zero-emission pilot area became operational in Oxford City Centre. Zero emission vehicles can be used without incurring a charge but all petrol and diesel vehicles (including hybrids) incur a daily charge if they are driven in the zone between 7am and 7pm.


title: Oxford

text: A consultation on the introduction of a wider Zero Emission Zone is expected in the future, at a date to be confirmed.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford has eight bus gates, short sections of road where only buses and other authorised vehicles can pass.


title: Oxford

text: Six further bus gates are currently proposed. A council-led consultation on the traffic filters ended on 13 October 2022. In a decision made on 29 November 2022, Oxfordshire County Council cabinet approved the introduction on a trial basis, for a minimum period of six months. The trial will begin after improvement works to Oxford railway station are complete, which is expected to be by Christmas 2023. The additional bus gates have been controversial; Oxford University and Oxford Bus Company support the proposals but more than 3,700 people have signed an online petition opposing the new traffic filters for Marston Ferry Road and Hollow Way, and hotelier Jeremy Mogford has argued they would be a mistake. In November 2022, Mogford announced that his hospitality group The Oxford Collection had joined up with Oxford Business Action Group (OBAG), Oxford High Street Association (OHSA), ROX (Backing Oxford Business), Reconnecting Oxford, Jericho Traders, and Summertown traders to launch a legal challenge to the new bus gates.


title: Oxford

text: The city is served by the M40 motorway, which connects London to Birmingham. The M40 approached Oxford in 1974, leading from London to Waterstock, where the A40 continued to Oxford. When the M40 extension to Birmingham was completed in January 1991, it curved sharply north, and a mile of the old motorway became a spur. The M40 comes no closer than away from the city centre, curving to the east of Otmoor. The M40 meets the A34 to the north of Oxford.


title: Oxford

text: There are two universities in Oxford, the University of Oxford and Oxford Brookes University, as well as the specialist further and higher education institution Ruskin College that is an Affiliate of the University of Oxford. The Islamic Azad University also has a campus near Oxford. The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world, and one of the most prestigious higher education institutions of the world, averaging nine applications to every available place, and attracting 40% of its academic staff and 17% of undergraduates from overseas. In September 2016, it was ranked as the world's number one university, according to the "Times Higher Education World University Rankings". Oxford is renowned for its tutorial-based method of teaching.


title: Oxford

text: The University of Oxford maintains the largest university library system in the United Kingdom, and, with over 11 million volumes housed on of shelving, the Bodleian group is the second-largest library in the United Kingdom, after the British Library. The Bodleian Library is a legal deposit library, which means that it is entitled to request a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom. As such, its collection is growing at a rate of over three miles (five kilometres) of shelving every year.


title: Oxford

text: As well as the BBC national radio stations, Oxford and the surrounding area has several local stations, including BBC Radio Oxford, Heart South, Destiny 105, Jack FM, Jack 2 Hits and Jack 3 & Chill, along with Oxide: Oxford Student Radio (which went on terrestrial radio at 87.7 MHz FM in late May 2005). A local TV station, Six TV: The Oxford Channel, was also available but closed in April 2009; a service operated by That's TV, originally called That's Oxford (now That's Oxfordshire), took to the airwaves in 2015. The city is home to a BBC Television newsroom which produces an opt-out from the main "South Today" programme broadcast from Southampton.


title: Oxford

text: Local papers include "The Oxford Times" (compact; weekly), its sister papers the "Oxford Mail" (tabloid; daily) and the "Oxford Star" (tabloid; free and delivered), and "Oxford Journal" (tabloid; weekly free pick-up). Oxford is also home to several advertising agencies. "Daily Information" (known locally as Daily Info) is an events and advertising news sheet which has been published since 1964 and now provides a connected website. "Nightshift" is a monthly local free magazine that has covered the Oxford music scene since 1991.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford is home to many museums, galleries, and collections, most of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions. The majority are departments of the University of Oxford. The first of these to be established was the Ashmolean Museum, the world's first university museum, and the oldest museum in the UK. Its first building was erected in 1678–1683 to house a cabinet of curiosities given to the University of Oxford in 1677. The museum reopened in 2009 after a major redevelopment. It holds significant collections of art and archaeology, including works by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Turner, and Picasso, as well as treasures such as the Scorpion Macehead, the Parian Marble and the Alfred Jewel. It also contains "The Messiah", a pristine Stradivarius violin, regarded by some as one of the finest examples in existence.


title: Oxford

text: The University Museum of Natural History holds the university's zoological, entomological and geological specimens. It is housed in a large neo-Gothic building on Parks Road, in the university's Science Area. Among its collection are the skeletons of a "Tyrannosaurus rex" and "Triceratops", and the most complete remains of a dodo found anywhere in the world. It also hosts the Simonyi Professorship of the Public Understanding of Science, currently held by Marcus du Sautoy. Adjoining the Museum of Natural History is the Pitt Rivers Museum, founded in 1884, which displays the university's archaeological and anthropological collections, currently holding over 500,000 items. It recently built a new research annexe; its staff have been involved with the teaching of anthropology at Oxford since its foundation, when as part of his donation General Augustus Pitt Rivers stipulated that the university establish a lectureship in anthropology.


title: Oxford

text: The Museum of the History of Science is housed on Broad Street in the world's oldest-surviving purpose-built museum building. It contains 15,000 artefacts, from antiquity to the 20th century, representing almost all aspects of the history of science. In the university's Faculty of Music on St Aldate's is the Bate Collection of Musical Instruments, a collection mostly of instruments from Western classical music, from the medieval period onwards. Christ Church Picture Gallery holds a collection of over 200 old master paintings. The university also has an archive at the Oxford University Press Museum. Other museums and galleries in Oxford include Modern Art Oxford, the Museum of Oxford, the Oxford Castle, Science Oxford and The Story Museum.


title: Oxford

text: Art galleries in Oxford include the Ashmolean Museum, the Christ Church Picture Gallery, and Modern Art Oxford. William Turner (aka "Turner of Oxford", 1789–1862), was a watercolourist who painted landscapes in the Oxford area. The Oxford Art Society was established in 1891. The later watercolourist and draughtsman Ken Messer (1931–2018) has been dubbed "The Oxford Artist" by some, with his architectural paintings around the city. In 2018, "The Oxford Art Book" featured many contemporary local artists and their depictions of Oxford scenes. The annual Oxfordshire Artweeks is well-represented by artists in Oxford itself.


title: Oxford

text: Holywell Music Room is said to be the oldest purpose-built music room in Europe, and hence Britain's first concert hall. Tradition has it that George Frideric Handel performed there, though there is little evidence. Joseph Haydn was awarded an honorary doctorate by Oxford University in 1791, an event commemorated by three concerts of his music at the Sheldonian Theatre, directed by the composer and from which his Symphony No. 92 earned the nickname of the "Oxford" Symphony. Victorian composer Sir John Stainer was organist at Magdalen College and later Professor of Music at the university, and is buried in Holywell Cemetery.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford, and its surrounding towns and villages, have produced many successful bands and musicians in the field of popular music. The most notable Oxford act is Radiohead, who all met at nearby Abingdon School, though other well known local bands include Supergrass, Ride, Mr Big, Swervedriver, Lab 4, Talulah Gosh, the Candyskins, Medal, the Egg, Unbelievable Truth, Hurricane No. 1, Crackout, Goldrush and more recently, Young Knives, Foals, Glass Animals, Dive Dive and Stornoway. These and many other bands from over 30 years of the Oxford music scene's history feature in the documentary film "Anyone Can Play Guitar?". In 1997, Oxford played host to Radio 1's Sound City, with acts such as Travis, Bentley Rhythm Ace, Embrace, Spiritualized and DJ Shadow playing in various venues around the city including Oxford Brookes University. It is also home to several brass bands, notably the City of Oxford Silver Band, founded in 1887.


title: Oxford

text: The city's leading football club, Oxford United, are currently in League One, the third tier of league football, though they enjoyed some success in the past in the upper reaches of the league. They were elected to the Football League in 1962, reached the Third Division after three years and the Second Division after six, and most notably reached the First Division in 1985 – 23 years after joining the Football League. They spent three seasons in the top flight, winning the Football League Cup a year after promotion. The 18 years that followed relegation in 1988 saw their fortunes decline gradually, though a brief respite in 1996 saw them win promotion to the new (post Premier League) Division One in 1996 and stay there for three years. They were relegated to the Football Conference in 2006, staying there for four seasons before returning to the Football League in 2010.


title: Oxford

text: They play at the Kassam Stadium (named after former chairman Firoz Kassam), which is near the Blackbird Leys housing estate and has been their home since relocation from the Manor Ground in 2001. The club's notable former managers include Ian Greaves, Jim Smith, Maurice Evans, Brian Horton, Ramon Diaz and Denis Smith. Notable former players include John Aldridge, Ray Houghton, Tommy Caton, Matt Elliott, Dean Saunders and Dean Whitehead. Oxford City F.C. is a semi-professional football club, separate from Oxford United. It plays in the Conference South, the sixth tier, two levels below the Football League in the pyramid. Oxford City Nomads F.C. was a semi-professional football club who ground-shared with Oxford City and played in the Hellenic league.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford University Boat Club compete in the world-famous Boat Race. Since 2007 the club has been based at a training facility and boathouse in Wallingford, south of Oxford, after the original boathouse burnt down in 1999. Oxford Brookes University also has an elite rowing club, and there are public clubs near Donnington Bridge, namely the City of Oxford Rowing Club, Falcon Boat Club and Oxford Academicals Rowing Club.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford University Cricket Club is Oxford's most famous club with more than 300 Oxford players gaining international honours, including Colin Cowdrey, Douglas Jardine and Imran Khan. Oxfordshire County Cricket Club play in the Minor Counties League.


title: Oxford

text: Headington Road Runners are based at the OXSRAD sports facility in Marsh Lane (next to Oxford City F.C.) is Oxford's only road running club with an average annual membership exceeding 300. It was the club at which double Olympian Mara Yamauchi started her running career.


title: Oxford

text: In 2013, Oxford Rugby League entered rugby league's semi-professional Championship 1, the third tier of British rugby league. Oxford Cavaliers, who were formed in 1996, compete at the next level, the Conference League South. Oxford University (The Blues) and Oxford Brookes University (The Bulls) both compete in the rugby league BUCS university League.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford Harlequins RFC is the city's main Rugby Union team and currently plays in the South West Division. Oxford R.F.C is the oldest city team and currently plays in the Berks, Bucks and Oxon Championship. Their most famous player was arguably Michael James Parsons known as Jim Parsons who was capped by England. Oxford University RFC are the most famous club with more than 300 Oxford players gaining International honours; including Phil de Glanville, Joe Roff, Tyrone Howe, Anton Oliver, Simon Halliday, David Kirk and Rob Egerton. London Welsh RFC moved to the Kassam Stadium in 2012 to fulfil their Premiership entry criteria regarding stadium capacity. At the end of the 2015 season, following relegation, the club left Oxford.


title: Oxford

text: There are several field hockey clubs based in Oxford. The Oxford Hockey Club (formed after a merger of City of Oxford HC and Rover Oxford HC in 2011) plays most of its home games on the pitch at Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus and also uses the pitches at Headington Girls' School and Iffley Road. Oxford Hawks has two astroturf pitches at Banbury Road North, by Cutteslowe Park to the north of the city.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford City Stars is the local Ice Hockey Team which plays at Oxford Ice Rink. There is a senior/adults’ team and a junior/children's team. The Oxford University Ice Hockey Club was formed as an official University sports club in 1921, and traces its history back to a match played against Cambridge in St Moritz, Switzerland in 1885. The club currently competes in Checking Division 1 of the British Universities Ice Hockey Association.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford Cheetahs motorcycle speedway team has raced at Oxford Stadium in Cowley on and off since 1939. The Cheetahs competed in the Elite League and then the Conference League until 2007. They were Britain's most successful club in the late 1980s, becoming British League champions in 1985, 1986 and 1989. Four-times world champion Hans Nielsen was the club's most successful rider. Greyhound racing took place at the Oxford Stadium from 1939 until 2012 and hosted some of the sport's leading events such as the Pall Mall Stakes, The Cesarewitch and Trafalgar Cup. The stadium remains intact but unused after closing in 2012.


title: Oxford

text: Oxford Saints is Oxford's senior American Football team. One of the longest-running American football clubs in the UK, the Saints were founded in 1983 and have competed for over 30 years against other British teams across the country.


title: Oxford

text: Eire Óg Oxford is Oxford’s local Gaelic Football team. Originally founded as a hurling club by Irish immigrants in 1959, the club plays within the Hertfordshire league and championship, being the only Gaelic Football club within Oxfordshire. Hurling is no longer played by the club; however, Eire Óg do contribute players to the Hertfordshire-wide amalgamated club, St Declans. Several well-known Irishmen have played for Eire Óg, including Darragh Ennis of ITV’s "The Chase", and Stephen Molumphy, former member of the Waterford county hurling team.


title: Promethazine

text: Promethazine is a first-generation antihistamine, antipsychotic, sedative, and antiemetic used to treat allergies, insomnia, and nausea. It may also help with some symptoms associated with the common cold and may also be used for sedating people who are agitated or anxious, an effect that has led to some recreational use (especially with codeine). Promethazine is available by mouth in syrup or tablet dosage forms, as a rectal suppository, or by injection into a muscle.


title: Promethazine

text: Common side effects of promethazine include confusion and sleepiness; consumption of alcohol or other sedatives can make these symptoms worse. It is unclear if use of promethazine during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe for the baby. Use of promethazine is not recommended in those less than two years old, due to potentially negative effects on breathing. Use of promethazine by injection into a vein is not recommended, due to potential skin damage. Promethazine is in the phenothiazine family of medications. It is also a moderate anticholinergic, which produces its sedative effects. This also means high doses act as a deliriant.


title: Promethazine

text: Promethazine was made in the 1940s by a team of scientists from Rhône-Poulenc laboratories. It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1951. It is a generic medication and is available under many brand names globally. In 2020, it was the 208th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2million prescriptions.


title: Promethazine

text: Because of potential for more severe side effects, this drug is on the list to avoid in the elderly. In many countries (including the US and UK), promethazine is contraindicated in children less than two years of age, and strongly cautioned against in children between two and six, due to problems with respiratory depression and sleep apnea.


title: Promethazine

text: Promethazine is listed as one of the drugs of highest anticholinergic activity in a study of anticholinergenic burden, including long-term cognitive impairment.


title: Promethazine

text: Promethazine in overdose can produce signs and symptoms including CNS depression, hypotension, respiratory depression, unconsciousness, and sudden death. Other reactions may include hyperreflexia, hypertonia, ataxia, athetosis, and extensor-planar reflexes. Atypically and/or rarely, stimulation, convulsions, hyperexcitability, and nightmares may occur. Anticholinergic effects like dry mouth, dilated pupils, flushing, gastrointestinal symptoms, and delirium may occur as well. Treatment of overdose is supportive and based on symptoms.


title: Promethazine

text: Promethazine, a phenothiazine derivative, is structurally different from the neuroleptic phenothiazines, with similar but different effects. It acts primarily as a strong antagonist of the H receptor (antihistamine, "K" = 1.4 nM) and a moderate mACh receptor antagonist (anticholinergic), and also has weak to moderate affinity for the 5-HT, 5-HT, D, and α-adrenergic receptors, where it acts as an antagonist at all sites, as well. New studies have shown that promethazine acts as a strong non-competitive selective NMDA receptor antagonist; which might promote sedation in addition with the strong antihistaminergic effects of the H receptor, but also as a weaker analgesic. It does not however affect the AMPA receptors.


title: Promethazine

text: Solid promethazine hydrochloride is a white to faint-yellow, practically odorless, crystalline powder. Slow oxidation may occur upon prolonged exposure to air, usually causing blue discoloration. Its hydrochloride salt is freely soluble in water and somewhat soluble in alcohol. Promethazine is a chiral compound, occurring as a mixture of enantiomers.


title: Promethazine

text: Promethazine was first synthesized by a group at Rhone-Poulenc (which later became part of Sanofi) led by Paul Charpentier in the early 1940s. The team was seeking to improve on diphenhydramine; the same line on medical chemistry led to the creation of chlorpromazine.


title: Promethazine

text: As of July 2017 it was marketed under many brand names worldwide: Allersoothe, Antiallersin, Anvomin, Atosil, Avomine, Closin N, Codopalm, Diphergan, Farganesse, Fenazil, Fenergan, Fenezal, Frinova, Hiberna, Histabil, Histaloc, Histantil, Histazin, Histazine, Histerzin, Lenazine, Lergigan, Nufapreg, Otosil, Pamergan, Pharmaniaga, Phenadoz, Phenerex, Phenergan, Phénergan, Pipolphen, Polfergan, Proazamine, Progene, Prohist, Promet, Prometal, Prometazin, Prometazina, Promethazin, Prométhazine, Promethazinum, Promethegan, Promezin, Proneurin, Prothazin, Prothiazine, Prozin, Pyrethia, Quitazine, Reactifargan, Receptozine, Romergan, Sominex, Sylomet, Xepagan, Zinmet, and Zoralix.


title: Promethazine

text: The recreational drug lean, also known as purple drank among other names, often contains a combination of promethazine with codeine-containing cold medication.


title: Promethazine

text: In 2009, the US Supreme Court ruled on a product liability case involving promethazine. Diana Levine, a woman with a migraine, was administered Wyeth's Phenergan via IV push. The drug was injected improperly, resulting in gangrene and subsequent amputation of her right forearm below the elbow. A state jury awarded her $6 million in punitive damages.


title: Promethazine

text: The case was appealed to the Supreme Court on grounds of federal preemption and substantive due process. The Supreme Court upheld the lower courts' rulings, stating that "Wyeth could have unilaterally added a stronger warning about IV-push administration" without acting in opposition to federal law. In effect, this means drug manufacturers can be held liable for injuries if warnings of potential adverse effects, approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), are deemed insufficient by state courts.


title: Promethazine

text: On September 9, 2009, the FDA required a boxed warning be put on promethazine for injection, stating the contraindication for subcutaneous administration. The preferred administrative route is intramuscular, which reduces risk of surrounding muscle and tissue damage.


title: Tejasswi Prakash

text: Tejasswi Prakash Wayangankar (born 10 June 1993) is an Indian actress who appears in Hindi television and Marathi Cinema. She made her acting debut with "2612" and later on appeared in "Sanskaar Dharohar Apnon Ki" (2013). Prakash is best known for her roles as Ragini Maheshwari in "Swaragini" (2015–16) and Diya Singh in "Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya" (2017–18) . In 2020, she participated in Colors TV's stunt-based reality show "".


title: Tejasswi Prakash

text: In 2021, she participated in Colors TV's reality show "Bigg Boss 15" and emerged as the winner of the show. Since February 2022, Prakash is portraying the dual role of the female protagonist Pratha Gujral and Prarthna Gujral in Colors TV's thriller franchise "Naagin 6". She made her Marathi film debut with "Mann Kasturi Re" in (2022).


title: Tejasswi Prakash

text: Prakash was born on 10 June 1993 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and raised in a Marathi family. She is an engineer by education. She graduated in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering from Mumbai University.


title: Tejasswi Prakash

text: Prakash began her acting career in 2012, with Life OK's thriller "2612" playing Rashmi Bhargava. In 2013, she was seen playing Dhara Vaishnav in Colors TV's soap opera "Sanskaar - Dharohar Apnon Ki" opposite Jay Soni.


title: Tejasswi Prakash

text: From 2015 to 2016, she portrayed the leading role of Ragini Maheshwari in Colors TV's popular drama romance "Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur" which earned her nominations for Indian Telly Awards and Golden Petal Awards.


title: Tejasswi Prakash

text: In 2017, she was seen portraying Diya Singh in Sony TV's mystery drama "Pehredaar Piya Ki". After Pehredaar Piya Ki ended, Prakash was re-cast as Diya Singh in "Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya" opposite Rohit Suchanti.


title: Tejasswi Prakash

text: In 2018, she was seen portraying Uruvi in Star Plus's Mythological Drama "Karn Sangini" opposite Aashim Gulati.


title: Tejasswi Prakash

text: In 2019, Prakash was seen portraying Mishti Khanna in Voot's romantic drama "Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka" alongside Kunal Jaisingh and Aneri Vajani.


title: Tejasswi Prakash

text: In 2020, she made her reality debut through participating in Colors TV's stunt-based show "" despite being one of the strongest contenders, had to quit the show midway after suffering a severe eye injury which ended her journey at the 6th place.


title: Tejasswi Prakash

text: In 2021, she participated in Colors TV's popular reality show "Bigg Boss 15" where she survived for 17 weeks inside the house and emerged as the winner of the show.


title: Tejasswi Prakash

text: Soon after Bigg Boss 15 ended, In February 2022, she was signed for Ekta Kapoor's popular supernatural franchise "Naagin 6" as the female protagonist Pratha Gujral, a shape-shifting serpent. As a part of the leap track of the same season , she played a double role of a mother-daughter , Pratha Gujral and Prarthna Raichand. Prakash is one of highest paid Indian Television actresses.


title: Tejasswi Prakash

text: In November 2022, Prakash made her Marathi debut alongside Abhiney Berde in romantic drama, "Mann Kasturi Re" directed by Sanket Mane.


title: Tejasswi Prakash

text: Prakash is dating actor and host Karan Kundrra. The two met inside the "Bigg Boss 15" house and eventually started dating after that.


title: Tejasswi Prakash

text: Prakash was included by "Femina India" in their list of Beautiful Indians 2022 for 'Celebs for Good' attributing to her contribution towards the welfare of stray animals and challenged individuals.


title: Albert Finney

text: Albert Finney (9 May 1936 – 7 February 2019) was an English actor. He attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and worked in the theatre before attaining prominence on screen in the early 1960s, debuting with "The Entertainer" (1960), directed by Tony Richardson, who had previously directed him in the theatre. He maintained a successful career in theatre, film and television.


title: Albert Finney

text: He is known for his roles in "Saturday Night and Sunday Morning" (1960), "Tom Jones" (1963), "Two for the Road" (1967), "Scrooge" (1970), "Annie" (1982), "The Dresser" (1983), "Miller's Crossing" (1990), "A Man of No Importance" (1994), "Erin Brockovich" (2000), "Big Fish" (2003), "The Bourne Ultimatum" (2007), "Before the Devil Knows You're Dead" (2007), and the James Bond film "Skyfall" (2012).


title: Albert Finney

text: A recipient of BAFTA, Golden Globe, Emmy, Screen Actors Guild, Silver Bear and Volpi Cup awards, Finney was nominated for an Academy Award five times, as Best Actor four times, for "Tom Jones" (1963), "Murder on the Orient Express" (1974), "The Dresser" (1983), and "Under the Volcano" (1984), and as Best Supporting Actor for "Erin Brockovich" (2000). He received several awards for his performance as Winston Churchill in the 2002 BBC–HBO television biographical film "The Gathering Storm".


title: Albert Finney

text: Finney was born in Salford, Lancashire, the son of Alice (née Hobson) and Albert Finney, a bookmaker. He was educated at Tootal Drive Primary School, Salford Grammar School and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), from which he graduated in 1956.


title: Albert Finney

text: While at RADA Finney made an early TV appearance playing Mr Hardcastle in Oliver Goldsmith's "She Stoops to Conquer." The BBC filmed and broadcast the RADA students' performances at the Vanbrugh Theatre in London on Friday 6 January 1956. Other members of the cast included Roy Kinnear and Richard Briers. Finney graduated from RADA and became a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company.