title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The legal age for non-penetrative sexual contact is 16, and there are no close in age exceptions. If the offender is 18+ it is a 2nd degree felony, and if the offender is under 18 it is a 3rd degree felony.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: A law passed in 2007, as amended, states that people convicted of certain sex crimes involving children may be removed from the sex offender list if they were no more than four years older than their victims, had only that offense on their records, and had victims aged 13–17.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in Georgia is 16 and there is no close-in-age exception, though the offenses are a misdemeanor rather than a felony in cases where the perpetrator is less than 19 years of age "and" is no more than 4 years older than the victim.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The crime of ""statutory rape"" makes it illegal for a perpetrator of any age to have sexual intercourse with someone under the age of 16 that they are not married to. This law specifies that a defendant cannot be convicted on the testimony of the victim alone; some other evidence must be present. This offense carries a minimum sentence of 1 year in prison, and a maximum of 20 years. If the offender is 21 years of age or older, the minimum is raised to 10 years in prison, and the offender is subject to sex offender sentencing guidelines. However, if the victim is 14 or 15 years old and the actor is age 18 or younger and within 4 years of the victim's age, the crime is reduced to a misdemeanor with a maximum sentence of 1 year in prison.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The crime ""child molestation"" makes it illegal for anyone to engage in "any immoral or indecent act to or in the presence of or with any child under the age of 16 years with the intent to arouse or satisfy the sexual desires of either the child or the person", as well as electronically transmit any depiction of such an act. It carries a minimum sentence of 5 years and a max of 20 years in prison for a first-time offender, as well as mandatory counseling and sex offender sentencing guidelines. For repeat offenders, the minimum 10 years and the maximum is life imprisonment. This crime has the same close-in-age exception as "statutory rape" stated above if the victim is 14 or 15 years old and the actor is 18 or younger and within 4 years of age.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: A third applicable crime is ""aggravated child molestation"", which is any act of the previously mentioned "child molestation" that causes injuries to the victim, or involves an act of "sodomy" (defined under state law as any act of oral sex or anal sex). This crime carries a sentence of 25 years to life, and lifetime probation thereafter. However, if the victim is 13, 14 or 15 years old, the actor is 18 or younger and within 4 years of age, and the act committed was "sodomy" and did not cause injury, the crime is reduced to a misdemeanor. This exception was added after a landmark case, Wilson v. State of Georgia occurred in 2006 and caused lawmakers to think the statute should have a close-in-age exception. At the time because of the words of the law, a 17-year-old boy was sentenced to 10 years in prison for having consensual oral sex with a 15-year-old girl.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: In June 2005, a bill was proposed before the Georgia General Assembly to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Georgia was resistant to raising its age of consent in the Progressive Era. In 1894, the Georgia Supreme Court reversed the conviction of a man convicted of raping a 10-year-old girl because the age of consent in Georgia was 10 at the time. Nonetheless, the Court recommended raising the Georgia age of consent, saying "the age of consent in many States is higher than in this State, and should be made higher here; and a committee of ladies" is petitioning to do that.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: As it turned out, Georgia's age of consent remained at 10 until 1918, and then it raised to 14. After the 1918 law changes, Georgia still had the lowest age of consent in the country, because all 47 other states had raised their ages of consent to 16 or 18. The Georgia age of consent remained at 14 until 1995, when a bill proposed by Steve Langford to make 16 the age of consent passed.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in Hawaii is 16. There is a close-in-age exemption, which allows those aged 14 and 15 to consent to sex with those less than five years older.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: In the 1990s the age of consent was 14, the lowest in the United States. Avery Chumbley, a member of the Hawaiian Senate, had made efforts to raise the age of consent since 1996. The age of consent was changed to 16 by Act 1, House Bill 236, passed by the Legislature of Hawaii in 2001.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Hawaii first established age of consent for contact/penetration as 10/14 years old in 1869 which lasted until 1912. The legal status from 1913-1924 is unclear, but by 1925 it was set to the higher numbers of 12/16. In both sets of laws these penalties only penalized males contacting females. In 1974 the laws were changed to add the additional requirement that there was a "reckless infliction" of "serious" bodily harm. This requirement was removed in 1986 and the wording was changed to apply to persons of any gender, not only males.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Age of consent in Illinois is 17, and rises to 18 with someone who has a position of authority or trust over the victim. There is no close-in-age exception, crossing the age boundary is "Criminal Sexual Assault".


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Any sexual contact of minors between the ages of 9 and 16 is "Criminal sexual abuse". When the victim is younger than 9 and the perpetrator 13 to 16, the crime becomes "Aggravated Criminal Sexual Assault"; when the victim is younger than 13 and the perpetrator 17 or older, it becomes "Predatory criminal sexual assault of a child". Sex with a victim with severe intellectual disability at any age, or with a family or household member under 18, is "Aggravated criminal sexual abuse", though penetration upgrades it to "Aggravated Criminal Sexual Assault".


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Although Illinois' minimum marriage age (with parental consent or court order) is 16, there is no statutory exception to the age of sexual consent.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Bill 1139 was introduced in 2011 to decriminalize sexual relationships between children 13–16 years old and those fewer than five years older, but the bill failed to pass.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: In 2011 a bill was proposed that would allow people who violated the age of consent laws and were close in age with their victims to petition a judge to be removed from the sex offender registry. This bill, HB 1139, was, written by Republican Party state representative Robert Pritchard. An editorial in the "Chicago Sun-Times" argued in favor of the bill. Emily McAsey, a Democratic state representative from Lockport, stated opposition to the idea, citing that she was "troubled" by the idea of a romantic relationship between a 14-year-old and an 18-year-old. Republican state representative Dennis Reboletti of Elmhurst stated that he did not believe judges should be able to reverse decisions made by prosecutors. The bill passed the Illinois House Judiciary II Committee 4-3 in February 2011 and moved to the Illinois Senate.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: By 2012 Democratic state senator William Haine of Alton sponsored Senate Bill 3359 which included a provision that a person who had sex with a minor between 13 and 17 while he/she was fewer than five years older may petition to be removed from the sex offender registry after serving 10 years. Haine stated that he did not want "Romeo and Juliet" offenders to be on the sex offender registry.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in Indiana is 16. A close-in-age exception allows minors 14–15 years of age to legally consent to sex with a partner who is less than 18 years old.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age limit rises to 18, according to IC35-42-4-7, if the actor is an adult who is the guardian, adoptive parent, adoptive grandparent, custodian, or stepparent of the minor; or a child care worker for the minor; or a military recruiter who is attempting to enlist over the minor.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Any person who engages in sexual intercourse with a child under 14 years of age commits a Class B felony, under "IC 35-42-4-3 Child molesting". Under certain aggravating circumstances, the crime becomes a Class A felony.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in Iowa is 16, with a close-in-age exemption for those aged 14 and 15, who may engage in sexual acts with partners less than 4 years older.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Section 709.4 states: "A person commits sexual abuse in the third degree when the person performs a sex act under any of the following circumstances ... 2(c) The other person is fourteen or fifteen years of age and any of the following are true ... (4) The person is four or more years older than the other person."


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Section 709.15 forbids, amongst other things, sexual contact between a school employee and a "...person who is currently enrolled in or attending a public or nonpublic elementary or secondary school, or who was a student enrolled in or who attended a public or nonpublic elementary or secondary school within thirty days of any violation..." There exist similar laws for those who provide or purport to provide mental health services {§ 709.15}, officers in charge of offenders and juveniles {§ 709.16}.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in Kansas is 16. K.S.A. 21-5503, 21-5504, 21-5506 and 21-5507 prohibit sexual activity with minors aged 14 and 15. K.S.A. 21-5507 allows for a lesser penalty if the minor is 14 or 15 and the offender is under 19 years old. 21-5506 covers indecent liberties with a child and aggravated indecent liberties with a child. Aggravated indecent liberties with a child is sexual intercourse with a child who is 14 or more years of age but less than 16 years of age.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: As per State v. Limon (2005) the previous Kansas age of consent law, which did not apply to homosexuals, was struck down by the Kansas Supreme Court due to 2003's Lawrence v. Texas decision.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in Kentucky is 18. Consensual sex with persons at least age 16 but not yet 18 is permitted only if the actor is less than 10 years older than the younger party. Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) § 510.020 deems a person unable to consent if they are less than 16 years old, or if they are age 16 or 17 and the other party is at least 10 years older. (Prior to July 2018, consensual sex with a person at least age 16 was permissible regardless of the age difference.)


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: In addition to the basic law regarding consent, KRS has additional consent laws covering a variety of other situations:


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: However, KRS § 510.120(2) provides a defense to prosecutions under § 510.120(1)(b) (where the actor is between ages 18 and 21) for sexual abuse in the second degree if the victim is at least 14 and the actor is less than 5 years older. Similarly, it is a defense to the Class B misdemeanor of "sexual abuse in the third degree" (KRS § 510.130), defined as subjecting another person to non-consensual sex, if the lack of consent was due solely to incapacity by age, the victim is 14 or 15 years old, and the actor is under 18.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (1) A person who is seventeen years of age or older has sexual intercourse, with consent, with a person who is thirteen years of age or older but less than seventeen years of age, when the victim is not the spouse of the offender and when the difference between the age of the victim and the age of the offender is four years or greater; or ...


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in Maine is 16. Teenagers aged 14 and 15 may engage in sexual intercourse with partners who are less than 5 years older.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: A. The person engages in a sexual act with another person, not the actor's spouse, who is either 14 or 15 years of age and the actor is at least 5 years older than the other person.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: However, Chapter 272, Section 4 sets another age of consent at 18 when the victim is "of chaste life" and the perpetrator induces them.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in Michigan is 16, unless one is an authority figure in which case the age of consent is 18. There is no close-in-age exemption.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (1) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the third degree if the person engages in sexual penetration with another person and if any of the following circumstances exist:


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: In March 2012 the Michigan Senate passed a bill which was to prohibit sexual relations between students of any age and teachers. It passed 36-2.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: If the actor is in a position of authority, the age of consent is 18. Children under age 16 are considered incapable of consent (but it is a lesser offense if the older party is less than 36 months older). If the younger party is 13, 14 or 15, the other person must be no more than 24 months older for acts of penetration, and 48 months older for sexual activity not amounting to penetration. The specifics of these laws are covered under Sections 609.34x of the Minnesota Criminal Code. Specifically sections 609.341 Definitions, 609.342 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the First Degree, 609.343 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the Second Degree, 609.344 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the Third Degree, 609.345 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the Fourth Degree, and 609.3451 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the Fifth Degree.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: "§ 97-3-65. Statutory rape; enhanced penalty for forcible sexual intercourse or statutory rape by administering certain substances".


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (1) A person is guilty of sexual battery if he or she engages in sexual penetration with: ... (c) A child at least fourteen (14) but under sixteen (16) years of age, if the person is thirty-six (36) or more months older than the child ...


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in Missouri is 17. There is a 4-year "close in age" exception for minors aged 14–16, but NO exception for those aged 13 or below.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Mistake as to the age of the victim may be a defense in some circumstances as defined in RSMo 566.020.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Statutory rape and sodomy, RSMo §§ 566.032 and 566.062 involve a victim less than 14 years of age. Statutory rape and sodomy in the second degree, RSMo §§ 566.034 and 566.064 involve a victim less than 17 years of age and an accused who is 21 years of age or older. The crime of Child molestation in the fourth degree, RSMo § 566.071, occurs when a person, "being more than 4 years older than the child less than 17 years of age, subjects the child to sexual contact".


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: While the statutory titles are cast in terms of Rape and Sodomy, the statutes prohibit conduct that is described as "sexual intercourse" and "deviant sexual intercourse". Those terms are defined in RSMo § 566.010.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: 566.034. 1. A person commits the crime of statutory rape in the second degree if being twenty-one years of age or older, he has sexual intercourse with another person who is less than seventeen years of age.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: 566.064. 1. A person commits the crime of statutory sodomy in the second degree if being twenty-one years of age or older, he has deviate sexual intercourse with another person who is less than seventeen years of age.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: 566.071. 1. A person commits the offense of child molestation in the fourth degree if, being more than four years older than a child who is less than seventeen years of age, subjects the child to sexual contact.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: 566.069. 1. A person commits the offense of child molestation in the third degree if he or she subjects a child who is less than fourteen years of age to sexual contact.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: 2. The offense of child molestation in the third degree is a class C felony, unless committed by the use of forcible compulsion, in which case it is a class B felony.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: In addition Nebraska has a law prohibiting "lewdly inducing" a person under 17 to "carnally know" any other person.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (2) Sexual assault in the first degree is a Class II felony. The sentencing judge shall consider whether the actor caused serious personal injury to the victim in reaching a decision on the sentence.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (3) Any person who is found guilty of sexual assault in the first degree for a second time when the first conviction was pursuant to this section or any other state or federal law with essentially the same elements as this section shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of twenty-five years in prison.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (2) Sexual assault of a child in the first degree is a Class IB felony with a mandatory minimum sentence of fifteen years in prison for the first offense.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (3) Any person who is found guilty of sexual assault of a child in the first degree under this section and who has previously been convicted


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (4) In any prosecution under this section, the age of the actor shall be an essential element of the offense that must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: NRS 200.364 Definitions. As used in NRS 200.364 to 200.3774, inclusive, unless the context otherwise requires:


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: ... 3."Statutory sexual seduction" means: (a) Ordinary sexual intercourse, anal intercourse, cunnilingus or fellatio committed by a person 18 years of age or older with a person under the age of 16 years; or (b) Any other sexual penetration committed by a person 18 years of age or older with a person under the age of 16 years with the intent of arousing, appealing to, or gratifying the lust or passions or sexual desires of either of the persons.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in New Hampshire is 16. Sexual penetration with a person at least 13 but younger than 16 years old is always illegal, but is only a misdemeanor if the age difference is under 4 years, and in that case the "offender" is not required to register as a sex offender. Sexual contact (without penetration) is legal between those 13–15 years of age and partners less than 5 years older. However, if the partner is acting "in loco parentis", e.g. as a teacher or a guardian, the minimum age is 18. NH Criminal code Section 632-A:3 and Section 632-A:2


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: There is an exception. If the victim is "less than 18" and the partner is a parent, guardian, sibling or any other person closer than a fourth cousin or has any type of authority over the victim (for example, a teacher) then the assailant may be charged with a crime. For instance, it's criminal for a manager of any age to have sex with a 17-year-old subordinate, even if the sex is consensual.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: State law specifies (by not saying anything) that minors between 13 and 15 years old may, in general, engage in a consensual sexual relationship with someone up to four years older. Therefore, for example, it is legal for a 14-year-old male or female to engage in consensual sex with a person up to 18 years of age.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Specifically, NJ state law details three circumstances of sexual assault under which the age of consent is pertinent.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: For aggravated sexual assault (a crime of the first degree), a person must have committed sexual penetration (that is, intercouse, oral or anal sex or something inserted) while either (1) the victim was under 13 or (2) the assailant exercised some legal or occupational authority over the victim who was between 13 and 15. (All other conditions for aggravated sexual assault do not impact the NJ age of consent.)


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: First, a person must have committed sexual contact (that is, intentional touching of intimate parts for sexual gratification) while the victim was under 13 and the assailant was over four years older. Or, second, a person must have committed sexual penetration (defined above under aggravated sexual assault) while "not" using force and either (1) the victim was 16 or 17 and one of the following conditions was true:


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: or (2) the victim was between 13 and 15 and the assailant was over four years older. (All other conditions for simple sexual assault do not impact the NJ age of consent.)


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: In a period before 1979 the age of consent was raised to 16. In May 1979 the New Jersey Legislature passed a bill sponsored by Christopher Jackman, the assembly speaker, changed the age of consent to 13. This bill was scheduled to go into effect on September 1, 1979. By June 1979 there were reports Governor of New Jersey Brendan T. Byrne had refused to sign the bill into law. The coordinator for New Jersey Majority Women, Elizabeth Sadowski, asked for a postponement of this bill.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent for penetrative sexual activity in New Mexico is 16 with age gap, marital, and school employee provisions.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: This was also confirmed by the Supreme Court of New Mexico in "Perez v State (1990)", in which it was determined that mistake of age may be a potential defense to charges of criminal sexual penetration where the victim is over 13 years of age. The court stated; "The fact that knowledge of a child's age is not an essential element of the crime does not dispose of defendant's argument that mistake of fact may be raised as a defense. It simply means that the state does not have to prove defendant knew the victim was under the age of sixteen. Whether or not mistake of fact may be raised as a defense depends on whether the legislature intended the crime to be a strict liability offense or whether criminal intent is required."


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: In "State v Samora (2016)", the Supreme Court of New Mexico hold that "Unlike in "Moore", where the victim was fourteen years old, whether J.Z. consented to sex with Defendant was legally relevant to the CSP-felony charge because sixteen-year-old J.Z. could have legally consented to sex with Defendant.".


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The statutes of enticement of a child and criminal sexual communication with a child also apply in cases where the victim is younger than 16.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: For non-penetrative contact, the minimum age specified is 13. This increases to 18 if the defendant is in a position of authority, and uses this authority to coerce the minor to submit.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: 30-6-3 stipulates the crime of "contributing to the delinquency of minor" for any act or omission of duty that causes or tends to cause the delinquency of any person under 18 years. It is a 4th degree felony, but not a sexual offense.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: "Sex", as used above, refers to the four conspicuous types of sexual acts, including "sexual intercourse", "oral sexual conduct" (both types), and "anal sexual conduct". The latter three acts were known by statute as "deviant sexual intercourse" prior to 2003.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Non-intercourse sexual activity is also regulated based on age. Non-intercourse sexual activity, called "sexual contact" is defined as ""any touching of the sexual or other intimate parts of a person not married to the actor for the purpose of gratifying sexual desire of either party. It includes the touching of the actor by the victim, as well as the touching of the victim by the actor, whether directly or through clothing."" (NY Penal Law § 130.00[3].) If the person is underage such "sexual contact" can constitute the crime of "sexual abuse".


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: It is "not" a defense that the perpetrator believed the victim was older than is later proven. (NY Penal Law § 15.20[3]).


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The "only" minimum age for a "perpetrator" of first degree rape/criminal sexual act with a victim under 11 (NY Penal Law §§ 130.35[3] & 130.50[3]), sexual abuse in the first and second degrees (NY Penal Law §§ 130.65[3] & 130.60[2]), and misdemeanor sexual misconduct (NY Penal Law § 130.20) is provided by the defense of infancy found at NY Penal Law § 30.00(1). That age is 16 years old. Someone under that age may be adjudicated a juvenile delinquent, but may not commit these crimes. "On the other hand", someone who is 16 years old commits a crime by voluntarily having sex with anyone who cannot themselves legally consent to sex, including another 16-year-old, even if this "victim" is actually older. ("People v. Bowman", 88 Misc. 2d 50; 387 N.Y.S.2d 982 [City Crim. Ct. 1976]; "Matter of Jessie C.", 164 A.D.2d 731; 565 N.Y.S.2d 941 [4 Dept., 1991].) In effect, mutual crimes are committed when two unmarried 16-year-old individuals voluntarily have sex with each other in New York State, each being the "victim" of the other.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: It appears that the crime of "Predatory sexual assault against a child", a class A-II felony, effectively subsumes all instances of "statutory" first degree rape/criminal sexual act where the victim is under 13 (NY Penal Law §§ 130.35[4], 130.50[4]) and the perpetrator over 18. (NY Penal Law § 130.96.) Thus, any person who commits one of these lesser offenses would necessarily commit the greater offense of "Predatory sexual assault against a child." ("See, People v. Lawrence,"


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: There are other special offenses, namely "Course of sexual conduct against a child in the first degree" and "Course of sexual conduct against a child in the second degree" that punish sex with an underage person combined with an additional illegal sexual act during wide time periods. These do not subject a person to more punishment than the crimes listed above but provide only a gimmick for prosecutors to avoid the requirement that an individual sex act be specified in a rape indictment. ("See, People v. Beauchamp," 74 N.Y.2d 639; 539 N.E.2d 1105 [1989].)


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: No employee of a K-12 school can have any sexual activity with any student at that school except when married to the person {§ 14‑27.7}; this is a felony unless the actor is less than 4 years older than the student and is not a teacher, administrator, student teacher, safety officer, or coach. This prohibition covers adults and students who were at the school at the same time, and continues in force as long as the younger person is a student at any K-12 school, regardless of age.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Any sexual intercourse with a person under 16 years of age is prohibited unless the defendant is less than 4 years older than the victim except when married to the person {§ 14‑27.2, 14‑27.4 & 14‑27.7A}.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (a) A defendant is guilty of a Class B1 felony if the defendant engages in vaginal intercourse or a sexual act with another person who is 13, 14, or 15 years old and the defendant is at least six years older than the person, except when the defendant is lawfully married to the person.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (b) A defendant is guilty of a Class C felony if the defendant engages in vaginal intercourse or a sexual act with another person who is 13, 14, or 15 years old and the defendant is more than four but less than six years older than the person, except when the defendant is lawfully married to the person.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in North Dakota is 18, with a close-in-age exemption for minors aged 15–17 as long as the older partner is less than three years older.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: 1.A person who engages in a sexual act with another, or who causes another to engage in a sexual act, is guilty of an offense if ... the victim is less than fifteen years old


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Section 12.1-20-05 of the code refers to sexual acts between adults and teenagers aged 15, 16 and 17:


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Under section "12.1-20-07. Sexual assault.", an adult who has sexual contact with or causes someone else to have sexual contact with a person under the age of 18 is guilty of a class C felony if the adult is at least 22 years of age, or class A misdemeanor if the adult is aged 18–21.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: In North Dakota law, "minor" refers to individuals under the age of 18 and "adult" refers to individuals aged 18 or older.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in Ohio is 16 as specified by Section 2907.04 of the Ohio Revised Code. However, there exists a close-in-age exception where a minor 13 or older can consent to sex as long as their partner is also at least 13 but less than 18 years old.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Non-penetrative sexual contact is permitted between 13- to 15-year-olds and anyone less than 4 years older, even if the older person is 18 or older.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: It is illegal for a person of any age to have sex with a child beneath 13 years of age who they are not married to.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: However, the preceding statute, Section 2907.03, specifies that sexual conduct between anyone under 18 and a teacher, administrator, or coach of the school they attend, a cleric, or other person in authority, is punishable as a felony of the third degree.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Laws against "contributing to the unruliness or delinquency of a child" (§ 2919.24) and "interference with custody" (§ 2919.23) may be used against those who have sex with those who are 16 and 17 if a parent or guardian complains. These two crimes are not considered to be sexual offenses. In 1989 Donald Edgar Lukens was prosecuted under the misdemeanor charge "contributing to the delinquency and unruliness of a child" for having sex with a 16-year-old girl. At the time he was 58 years old, and he received a 30-day jail sentence.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in Oklahoma is 16. A close-in-age exemption applies if the minor was over the age of 14 and the actor was age 18 or younger.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: An employee of a school system who has sexual conduct with a student of that school system aged between 16 and 19 may face criminal charges in Oklahoma: "Rape is an act of sexual intercourse involving vaginal or anal penetration accomplished with a male or female who is not the spouse of the perpetrator and who may be of the same or the opposite sex as the perpetrator under any of the following circumstances ... Where the victim is at least sixteen (16) years of age and is less than twenty (20) years of age and is a student, or under the legal custody or supervision of any public or private elementary or secondary school, junior high or high school, or public vocational school, and engages in sexual intercourse with a person who is eighteen (18) years of age or older and is an employee of the same school system" 21 O.S. § 1111 (OSCN 2020)


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in Oregon is 18. Sexual offenses are defined under the Oregon Revised Statutes Chapter 163. With regards to age only, the following offenses are defined.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Additionally, Oregon has a three-year rule defined under ORS 163.345. However, this does not apply to Rape 1, or Sodomy 1, effectively limiting the age to 12. However, a person within the three-year limit can still be charged with Sexual Misconduct (Class C Misdemeanor) under ORS 163.445, if the victim was under 15 years of age (163.345(3)).


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in Pennsylvania is 16 years of age for sexual consent. The age of consent was previously 14 but it was increased to 16 in 1995.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Teenagers aged 13, 14 and 15 may or may not be able to legally engage in sexual activity with partners who are less than 4 years older. Such partners could not be prosecuted under statutory rape laws, but may be liable for other offenses, even when the sexual activity is consensual.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: In December 2011 the Pennsylvania Legislature passed an amendment stating that an employee of a school who engages in sexual relations with any student or athletic player under the age of 18 may receive a third-degree felony charge. In 2014 Governor of Pennsylvania Tom Corbett signed into law an amendment making this law apply to athletic coaches who work outside of an educational setting. Historically Pennsylvania prosecutors were only allowed to issue misdemeanor charges such as corruption of minors against teachers and coaches who had sex with 16 and 17-year-old students. In addition to the corruption of minors charge, Pennsylvania prosecutors have also brought child endangerment charges against schoolteachers who had sex with 16 and 17-year-old students.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Under Pennsylvania law, a defendant is strictly liable for the offense of rape, a felony of the first degree, when the complainant is 12 or younger. Pennsylvania has enacted several other strict liability sexual offenses when the complainant is under 16, but 13 years old or older.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Except as provided in section 3121 (relating to rape), a person commits a felony of the second degree when that person engages in sexual intercourse with a complainant under the age of 16 years and that person is four or more years older than the complainant and the complainant and the person are not married to each other.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (8) the complainant is less than 16 years of age and the person is four or more years older than the complainant and the complainant and the person are not married to each other.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (b) Aggravated indecent assault of a child.--A person commits aggravated indecent assault of a child when the person violates subsection (a)(1), (2), (3), (4), (5) or (6) and the complainant is less than 13 years of age.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (7) who is less than 16 years of age and the person is four or more years older than the complainant and the complainant and person are not married to each other.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: When the alleged victim is 16 or older and less than 18 years of age, and the alleged offender is over the age of 18, the Commonwealth may charge the offense of corruption of minors or unlawful contact with a minor, even if the activity was consensual:


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (1) Whoever, being of the age of 18 years and upwards, by any act corrupts or tends to corrupt the morals of any minor less than 18 years of age, or who aids, abets, entices or encourages any such minor in the commission of any crime, or who knowingly assists or encourages such minor in violating his or her parole or any order of court, commits a misdemeanor of the first degree.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The crime of corruption of minors is usually a crime that accompanies another "more serious" crime such as statutory rape or involuntary deviate sexual intercourse or accompanies some drug or alcohol use, possession or sale. Tending to corrupt like contributing to delinquency is a broad term involving conduct toward a child in an unlimited variety of ways which tends to produce or to encourage or to continue conduct of the child which would amount to delinquent conduct.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The question of whether consensual intercourse with a minor 16 years or older tends to corrupt the morals of that minor is a jury question to be decided by the "common sense of the community".


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (a) Offense defined.--A person commits an offense if he is intentionally in contact with a minor, or a law enforcement officer acting in the performance of his duties who has assumed the identity of a minor, for the purpose of engaging in an activity prohibited under any of the following, and either the person initiating the contact or the person being contacted is within this Commonwealth:


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (4) Obscene and other sexual materials and performances as defined in section 5903 (relating to obscene and other sexual materials and performances).


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (6) Sexual exploitation of children as defined in section 6320 (relating to sexual exploitation of children).


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: There is also a "corruption of minors" statute against adults corrupting the morals of minors under 18 years of age. However, the corruption of minors statute only applies to perpetrators 18 years of age and older. In 2005 JoAnne Epps, a former prosecutor and Temple University Beasley School of Law dean of academic affairs, stated that the corruption of minors charge is considered to be a separate crime from that of statutory rape; she stated that the consideration of whether a minor is consenting to sexual activity is a separate issue from whether someone is corrupting the minor's morals.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in Rhode Island is 16. Sexual intercourse with a minor aged 14–15 by an actor 18 or older is third degree sexual assault, sexual intercourse with a minor under the age of 14 by an actor of any age is child molestation. However, there is a close-in-age exception that allows people aged 16–17 to have sex with a minor aged 14 or 15, but not younger.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: § 11-37-6 Third degree sexual assault. – A person is guilty of third degree sexual assault if he or she is over the age of eighteen (18) years and engaged in sexual penetration with another person over the age of fourteen (14) years and under the age of consent, sixteen (16) years of age.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: § 11-37-8.1 First degree child molestation sexual assault. – A person is guilty of first degree child molestation sexual assault if he or she engages in sexual penetration with a person fourteen (14) years of age or under.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: § 16-3-651. Criminal sexual conduct: definitions ... (h) "Sexual battery" means sexual intercourse, cunnilingus, fellatio, anal intercourse, or any intrusion, however slight, of any part of a person's body or of any object into the genital or anal openings of another person's body, except when such intrusion is accomplished for medically recognized treatment or diagnostic purposes.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (2) the actor engages in sexual battery with a victim who is less than sixteen years of age and the actor has previously been convicted of, pled guilty or nolo contendere to, or adjudicated delinquent for an offense listed in Section 23-3-430(C) or has been ordered to be included in the sex offender registry pursuant to § 23-3-430(D).


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (1) the actor engages in sexual battery with a victim who is fourteen years of age or less but who is at least eleven years of age; or


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (2) the actor engages in sexual battery with a victim who is at least fourteen years of age but who is less than sixteen years of age and the actor is in a position of familial, custodial, or official authority to coerce the victim to submit or is older than the victim. However, a person may not be convicted of a violation of the provisions of this item if he is eighteen years of age or less when he engages in consensual sexual conduct with another person who is at least fourteen years of age.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (C) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct with a minor in the third degree if the actor is over fourteen years of age and the actor wilfully and lewdly commits or attempts to commit a lewd or lascivious act upon or with the body, or its parts, of a child under sixteen years of age, with the intent of arousing, appealing to, or gratifying the lust, passions, or sexual desires of the actor or the child. However, a person may not be convicted of a violation of the provisions of this subsection if the person is eighteen years of age or less when the person engages in consensual lewd or lascivious conduct with another person who is at least fourteen years of age.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in South Dakota is 16 and there is no close-in-age exemption, although if the perpetrator is within three years of age of the victim or is under 18 the penalties are reduced.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: 22-22-1. Rape defined—Degrees—Felony. Rape is an act of sexual penetration accomplished with any person under any of the following circumstances: ... (5)If the victim is thirteen years of age, but less than sixteen years of age, and the perpetrator is at least three years older than the victim.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: 22-22-7. Sexual contact with child under sixteen—Felony or misdemeanor. Any person, sixteen years of age or older, who knowingly engages in sexual contact with another person, other than that person's spouse if the other person is under the age of sixteen years is guilty of a Class 3 felony. If the actor is less than three years older than the other person, the actor is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor. If an adult has a previous conviction for a felony violation of this section, any subsequent felony conviction for a violation under this section, is a Class 2 felony. Notwithstanding § 23A-42-2, a charge brought pursuant to this section may be commenced at any time before the victim becomes age twenty-five or within seven years of the commission of the crime, whichever is longer.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: 22-22-7.3. Sexual contact with child under sixteen years of age—Violation as misdemeanor. Any person, younger than sixteen years of age, who knowingly engages in sexual contact with another person, other than his or her spouse, if such other person is younger than sixteen years of age, is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in Tennessee is 18. A close-in-age exemption allows minors aged 13–17 to engage in sexual penetration with partners less than 4 years older. Penalties differ depending on the age of the minor, as well as the age difference between the minor and the offender. (see Article 39-13-506. "Statutory rape").


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Aside from situations involving a position of authority, the only age limit for non-penetrative sexual contact appears to be 13.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in Texas is 17. Though there is a specific law targeting "sexual performance", which requires a visual representation (like a video or a part in a play). A Texas court case decision, Ex parte Fujisaka, argued that these two laws, specifying different ages below which a sexual act may be considered a criminal act, are to be treated independently of each other'.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Section 43.25(b) "Sexual Performance by a Minor" makes it a crime to employ, authorize, or induce a child younger than 18 years of age to engage in a sexual performance or to engage in sexual conduct without any requirement of performance. A parent or legal guardian or custodian of a child younger than 18 years of age commits an offense if he/she consents to the participation by the child in a sexual performance. When inducement is an element of 43.25(b), it is not required that there be a threat, promise of payment or other specific incentive or even verbal persuasion for the inducement to be proven.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Some confusion arises regarding the applicability of section 43.25 to mere "sexual conduct", due to the section title "sexual performance by a child" and other provisions that seem to suggest that the intention of this section is to criminalize commercial sexual performances by a minor. However, in John Perry DORNBUSCH, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas as well as in "Summers v. State", 11-92-057-CR, 845 S.W.2d 440 (1992), the decisions support the interpretation that section 43.25(b) is not limited to cases involving "sexual performance" as defined by section 43.25(a)(1).


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Section 33.021 "Online Solicitation of a Minor" is a criminal offense that makes it illegal for someone 17 years and older to intentionally or knowingly communicate certain sexual content or try to induce or solicit a minor under 17 years of age, or any communication, language, or material, including a photographic or video image, that relates to or describes sexual conduct.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Section 21.12 "Improper Relationship Between Educator and Student" prohibits all sexual contact between an employee of a school (including educators)], and a student enrolled at the primary or secondary school or school district where said employee works (unless the student is the employee's spouse). No age is specified by the statute (thus, even if the student has reached the age of consent, it is still a violation), and violations are a second degree felony. People convicted under 21.12 do not have to register as sex offenders. The law exists to prevent scenarios where a teacher or employee coerces a student into a sexual relationship in exchange for higher grades or other favors.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: In 2003, Helen Giddings, a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives, first authored the anti student-teacher sex bill but only intended for it to take effect if the student is 17 or younger. Warren Chisum of Pampa removed the maximum age from the bill. The bill was passed in 2003. Shortly after the law passed, a teacher engaged in sexual intercourse with her 18-year-old student, and a Texas court refused to indict her. In 2011 an amendment made it illegal for a teacher to having sexual relations with any student in the teacher's school district, not just the teacher's school. Afterwards, criminal prosecutions of teachers in relationships with students going to other schools in the same school district, including teachers of other educational levels, began occurring. In response to this law, Houston lawyer Dick DeGuerin stated "Unless there's real strong evidence of a teacher trading sex for grades or using improper influence, then it's a statute that is really open to abuse."


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: In Utah, the minimum age to consent to sexual conduct is 18. (All ages mentioned are "at the time of the act".) Under the Romeo & Juliet exception, it is legal for minors aged 16 and 17 to engage in consensual sexual conduct with partners who are less than 7 years older, and up to 10 years older if the older reasonably didn't know the minor's age.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: An individual commits unlawful sexual conduct with a minor if they are 10 or more years older, or seven or more years older but less than 10 years older and knew or reasonably should have known the age of the minor and (under circumstances not amounting to rape, object rape, forcible sodomy, forcible sexual abuse, aggravated sexual assault, unlawful sexual activity with a minor, or an attempt to commit any of those offenses):


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (ii) engages in any sexual act with the minor involving the genitals of one individual and the mouth or anus of another individual, regardless of the sex of either participant—a third-degree felony;


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (iii) causes the penetration, however slight, of the genital or anal opening of the minor by any foreign object, substance, instrument, or device, including a part of the human body, with the intent to cause substantial emotional or bodily pain to any individual or with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any individual, regardless of the sex of any participant—a third-degree felony; or


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (iv) touches the anus, buttocks, pubic area, or any part of the genitals of the minor, or touches the breast of a female minor, or otherwise takes indecent liberties with the minor, with the intent to cause substantial emotional or bodily pain to any individual or with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any individual regardless of the sex of any participant—a class A misdemeanor.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: An individual commits sexual abuse of a minor if the individual is four years or more older than the minor and (under circumstances not amounting to rape, object rape, forcible sodomy, aggravated sexual assault, unlawful sexual activity with a minor, or an attempt to commit any of those offenses) the individual touches the anus, buttocks, pubic area, or any part of the genitals of the minor, or touches the breast of a female minor, or otherwise takes indecent liberties with the minor, with the intent to cause substantial emotional or bodily pain to any individual or with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any individual regardless of the sex of any participant. This is a class A misdemeanor.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Here, "Adolescent" means a person in the transitional phase of human physical and psychological growth and development between childhood and adulthood who is 12 years of age or older, but under 18 years of age.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: "Unlawful adolescent sexual activity" means sexual activity between adolescents under circumstances not amounting to rape, rape of a child, object rape, object rape of a child, forcible sodomy, sodomy on a child, aggravated sexual assault, sexual abuse of a child, or incest.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (d) No person shall engage in a sexual act with a child who is under the age of 18 and is entrusted to the actor's care by authority of law or is the actor's child, grandchild, foster child, adopted child, or stepchild.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in Virginia is 18, with a close-in-age exception that allows teenagers aged 15 to 17 to engage in sexual acts but only with a partner younger than 18.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The state code defines felony statutory rape as crimes against those under 15, while adults who have sex with minors over 15 can be prosecuted for a misdemeanor offense, "contributing to the delinquency of a minor."


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Section § 18.2-63 of the Code refers to minors younger than 15, while § 18.2-371 is about 15-, 16- and 17-year-olds.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: If any person carnally knows, without the use of force, a child thirteen years of age or older but under fifteen years of age, such person shall be guilty of ... felony ... For the purposes of this section, (i) a child under the age of thirteen years shall not be considered a consenting child and (ii) "carnal knowledge" includes the acts of sexual intercourse, cunnilingus, fellatio, analingus, anal intercourse, and animate and inanimate object sexual penetration.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: § 18.2-371. Causing or encouraging acts rendering children delinquent, abused, etc.; penalty; abandoned infant.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Any person 18 years of age or older, including the parent of any child, who (i) willfully contributes to, encourages, or causes any act, omission, or condition which renders a child delinquent, in need of services, in need of supervision, or abused or neglected as defined in § 16.1-228, or (ii) engages in consensual sexual intercourse with a child 15 or older not his spouse, child, or grandchild, shall be guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: As of 2013 the state was attempting to prosecute a 47-year-old man who had oral sex with a 17-year-old girl with a "crimes against nature" law, an anti-sodomy which forbids people from engaging in anal and oral sex and makes these acts a felony offense. The 47-year-old had been convicted under a misdemeanor offense and his lawyers did not challenge that conviction. In addition, the man had to serve one year in prison and register as a sex offender due to the sodomy charge. In March 2013 the U.S. Court of Appeals overturned the sodomy conviction, saying it was unconstitutional according to the 2003 Lawrence v. Texas decision. Attorney General of Virginia Ken Cuccinelli asked the U.S. Supreme Court to do a rehearing, arguing that the state's sodomy laws may still constitutionally apply to 16- and 17-year-olds. Dahlia Lithwick of "Slate" stated that this scenario would cause problems for homosexual teenagers. In October of that year the Supreme Court denied the petition.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: It is also illegal to engage in sexual acts with someone younger than 18 under three different sets of circumstances, enumerated in RCW 9A.44.096. Foster parents with their foster children; school teachers and school administration employees over their students (including, as interpreted by the Washington State Supreme Court, students up to age 21); The third set of circumstances require all of the following situations occur in tandem: The older person is 60 months or older than the 16- or 17-year-old, the person is in a "significant relationship" as defined by RCW 9A.44.010, and such older person abuses the relationship to have sexual contact.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Several have reported that the immoral communication with a minor statute exists and places the age of consent at 18 due to the inability to "communicate" to 16- and 17-year-olds about sexual activity. These reports are incorrect. The Washington Court of Appeals, Division 1 decided in the case of "State v. Danforth", 56 Wn. App. 133, 782 P.2d 1091 (1989) that such communication has to be for the purposes of committing an illegal act under RCW Chapter 9.68A. Danforth's conviction was overturned by that ruling. However, the Washington Supreme Court in the case of "State v. McNallie", 120 Wn.2d 925, 846 P.2d 1358 (1993) overturned the scope of the "Danforth" ruling (though not the result; Danforth would have still had his conviction overturned under the "McNallie" standard), applying the communication statute to encompass all sexual misconduct with a minor, not just those under RCW Chapter 9.68A, which deal mostly with illegal child pornography and prostitution. In "State v. Luther", the Court of Appeals concluded, that "the Legislature never intended that RCW 9.68A.090 proscribe communications about sexual conduct that would be legal if performed, and that conclusion makes it unnecessary to consider constitutional argument based on procedural due process."


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Due to these cases, it is clear that communications with 16- and 17-year-olds just for general sexual activity is legal, as long as such conduct discussed is not about illegal conduct or would be illegal in real life (such as the teacher/student circumstance, the foster parent/foster child circumstance, the significant relationship abuse circumstance, or asking for illegal pictures or attempting to bring such younger people into prostitution).


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: A state statute makes it illegal for a teacher and a "minor" student defined as "at least sixteen years old". The Washington State Supreme Court ruled that this policy affects all high school students up to 21 years of age, which under state law is the age cap for enrollment in high school.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (2) The person, being sixteen years old or more, engages in sexual intercourse or sexual intrusion with another person who is less than sixteen years old and who is at least four years younger than the defendant and is not married to the defendant.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in Wisconsin is 18 and there is no close-in-age exception. There is, however, a marital exception which allows a person to have sex with a minor 16 or older if they are married to the minor. If the minor is below 16 both sexual intercourse and any sexual contact are a felony; sexual intercourse with a minor 16-17 by a perpetrator who is not married to the minor is a Class A misdemeanor. However, Wisconsin has a child enticement law that prohibits people of any age from taking people under 18 to a private area such as a room and exposing a sex organ to them or having the minor expose their sex organ to them. This is a Class B or C felony.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Whoever has sexual intercourse with a child who is not the defendant's spouse and who has attained the age of 16 years is guilty of a Class A misdemeanor.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: 948.02 Sexual assault of a child. ( ... ) (2) Second degree sexual assault. Whoever has sexual contact or sexual intercourse with a person who has not attained the age of 16 years is guilty of a Class C felony.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: 948.02(4) Marriage not a bar to prosecution. A defendant shall not be presumed to be incapable of violating this section because of marriage to the complainant.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Sexual intercourse with a child younger than 13 carries the highest penalties, it is a Class B felony. 948.02 (e) Whoever has sexual contact with a child who has not attained the age of 13 years is guilty of a class b felony.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Wisconsin law contains an unusual provision making it a Class F felony for a person responsible for a child under the age of 16 years such as a parent to not prevent their child from having sexual contact with another person if it was realistically possible for them to do so and they were aware that the other person intended to have sex with their child. (3) Failure to act. A person responsible for the welfare of a child who has not attained the age of 16 years is guilty of a Class F felony if that person has knowledge that another person intends to have, is having or has had sexual intercourse or sexual contact with the child, is physically and emotionally capable of taking action which will prevent the intercourse or contact from taking place or being repeated, fails to take that action and the failure to act exposes the child to an unreasonable risk that intercourse or contact may occur between the child and the other person or facilitates the intercourse or contact that does occur between the child and the other person.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Child Enticement. Section 948.07, Wisconsin Statutes, prohibits causing or enticing a child into any vehicle, building, room, or secluded place with the intent to: commit an act of first or second-degree sexual assault; cause the child to engage in prostitution; expose a sex organ to the child or cause the child to expose a sex organ; or take pictures or make audio recordings of the child engaging in sexually explicit conduct (Class BC felony).


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: In the cases of Pierson v. State and Moore v. State, the Wyoming Supreme Court held that sexual activity with minors aged 16 or 17 could be charged under Section 14-3-105 of Wyoming Statutes. That statute was repealed in 2007 and re-codified as Section 6-2-316, which provides, in pertinent part as follows:


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (a) Except under circumstance constituting sexual abuse of a minor in the first or second degree as defined by W.S. 6-2-314 and 6-2-315, an actor commits the crime of sexual abuse of a minor in the third degree if: ... (iv) Being seventeen (17) years of age or older, the actor knowingly takes immodest, immoral or indecent liberties with a victim who is less than seventeen (17) years of age and the victim is at least four (4) years younger than the actor.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent in the Northern Mariana Islands is 16, according to Sections 1306–1309 of the Commonwealth Code. There is a close-in-age exemption permitting minors below age 16 to engage in sexual activity with those "less than three years" older. Under the same provisions, it is also illegal for any person aged 16 or older to aid, encourage, induce or cause minors under 13 to engage in any sexual contact with anyone else, or minors aged 13–15 and at least 3 years younger than the offender to engage in sexual penetration with another person.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: The age of consent rises to 18 when the older partner – being age 18 or older – is the parent, stepparent, adopted parent, or legal guardian of the younger person, or when the older partner has or occupies a position of authority over the younger person. This does not apply for minors aged 16 or 17 as long as the older partner is "less than three years" older and is not the younger person's parent, stepparent, adopted parent or legal guardian. According to section 1317, a position of authority "means an employer, youth leader, scout leader, coach, teacher, counselor, school administrator, religious leader, doctor, nurse, psychologist, guardian ad litem, babysitter, or a substantially similar position, and a police officer or probation officer other than when the officer is exercising custodial control" over a person under 18.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: According to Section 1310, affirmative defenses for the crimes outlined in Sections 1306–1309 exists for consensual activity between legal spouses and for cases where the defendant reasonably believed that a minor age 13 or older was of legal age.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Sections 1303 and 1304 of the Commonwealth Code also criminalize sexual activity with people aged 18 or 19, if they are "committed to the custody of the Department of Public


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Health and Environmental Services under the Commonwealth's civil or criminal laws, and the offender is the legal guardian of the person".


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Article 142.- Sexual Assault.- Any person who performs sexual penetration, whether vaginal, anal, oral-genital, digital or instrumental under any of the following circumstances shall incur a second degree felony:


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (a) When the victim has not attained the age of sixteen (16) years at the time of the commission of the crime


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Article 144.- Lewd Acts.- Any person who without the intention to consummate the crime of sexual assault described in Article 142 submits another person to an act that tends to awaken, excite or satisfy the sexual passion or desire of the accused, under any of the following circumstances hereinbelow, shall incur a third degree felony.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: "NOTE: "mistake of fact as to the victim's age is not a defense"." The age of consent is 18. There is however a close-in-age exemption that allows minors 16 and 17 years old to consent with someone no more than five years older than themselves and minors 13 to 15 years old to consent with one another, but not with anyone 16 or over.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Article § 1700. "Aggravated rape in the first degree" bans sexual intercourse or sodomy with a child under 13. Sexual acts with minors are aggravated by the use of force, intimidation, or the perpetrator's position of authority, and by the fact that the minor, being under 16 and not the perpetrator's spouse, is residing in the same household as the perpetrator.(see Article § 1700, Article § 1702, Article § 1708).


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: (a) Any person over 18 years of age who perpetrates under circumstances not amounting to rape in the first degree, an act of sexual intercourse or sodomy with a person not the perpetrator's spouse who is at least 16 years but less than 18 years of age, and the perpetrator is 5 years or older than the victim, is guilty of rape in the second degree and shall be imprisoned not more than 10 years.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Any person under 18 years of age but over 16 years of age who perpetrates an act of sexual intercourse or sodomy with a person not the perpetrator's spouse who is under 16 years of age but over 13 years of age, under circumstances not amounting to rape in the first degree, is guilty of rape in the third degree and shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Family Division of the Superior Court


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: "Sexual contact", that is, non-penetrative sex, defined as "the intentional touching of a person's intimate parts, whether directly or through clothing, to arouse or to gratify the sexual desires of any person" is not permitted with children under 16, but a close-in-age exemption allows those aged at least 13 to engage in such acts with partners under 18.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: A person over eighteen years of age who engages in sexual contact with a person not the perpetrator's spouse who is over thirteen but under sixteen years of age is guilty of unlawful sexual contact in the second degree and shall be imprisoned not more than 1 year


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island, are under the jurisdiction of the US Federal Government Department of the Interior, as part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. As such, all US Federal laws regarding age of consent would be applicable.


title: Ages of consent in the United States

text: Midway Atoll is under the jurisdiction of the US Federal Government Department of the Interior (administered as a National Wildlife Refuge). As such, all US Federal laws regarding age of consent would be applicable.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: Phase One of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is a series of American superhero films produced by Marvel Studios based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics. The phase began in 2008 with the release of "Iron Man" and concluded in 2012 with the release of "The Avengers". Kevin Feige produced every film in the phase, alongside Avi Arad for "Iron Man" and "The Incredible Hulk", with Gale Anne Hurd also producing "The Incredible Hulk". The six films of the phase grossed over $3.8 billion at the global box office and received generally positive critical and public response.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: Samuel L. Jackson appeared the most in the phase, starring or making cameo appearances in five of the Phase One films, while "The Avengers" actors – Robert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson, and Jeremy Renner – signed contracts to star in numerous films. Marvel Studios created three short films for their Marvel One-Shots program to expand the MCU, while each of the feature films received tie-in or adaption comic books and tie-in video games. Phase One, along with and , make up The Infinity Saga.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: Marvel gained the film rights to Iron Man in November 2005 from New Line Cinema. In February 2006, Marvel announced that they had gained the film rights to Hulk from Universal, in exchange for letting Universal own the distribution rights to "The Incredible Hulk" and the right of first refusal to pick up the distribution rights to any future Marvel Studios-produced "Hulk" films. In April 2006, Thor was announced to be a Marvel Studios production. Soon after, Lions Gate Entertainment dropped the Black Widow project it had been working on since 2004, giving the rights back to Marvel.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: Kevin Feige was named President of Production at Marvel Studios in March 2007 as "Iron Man" began filming. After the successful opening weekend of "Iron Man" in May 2008, Marvel announced that "Iron Man 2" would be released on April 30, 2010, followed by "Thor" on June 4, 2010, "The First Avenger: Captain America" on May 6, 2011, and the team-up film "The Avengers" on July 15, 2011, which would feature Iron Man, the Hulk, Captain America, and Thor. In March 2009, Marvel adjusted their release schedule, moving "Thor" first to June 17, 2011 and later May 20, 2011, "The First Avenger: Captain America" to July 22, 2011, and "The Avengers" to May 4, 2012.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: In January 2010, "Thor"s release date moved once again, to May 6, 2011. That April, Marvel changed the title of "The First Avenger: Captain America" to "". On October 18, 2010, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures acquired the distribution rights for "The Avengers" from Paramount Pictures, with Paramount's logo and credit remaining on the films and on July 2, 2013, Disney purchased the distribution rights to "Iron Man", "Iron Man 2", "Thor" and "Captain America: The First Avenger" from Paramount. Edgar Wright's pitch for "Ant-Man" in 2006 helped shape the early films of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Feige said some of the MCU was changed to "accommodate this version" of the film, as that version "helped to dictate what we did with the roster for "Avengers" the first time. It was a bit of both in terms of his idea for the "Ant-Man" story influencing the birth of the MCU in the early films leading up to "Avengers"."


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: Billionaire industrialist Tony Stark builds himself a suit of armor after he is taken captive by a terrorist organization. Free from his captors, he decides to upgrade and don his armor in order to hunt down weapons that were sold under the table.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: In April 2006, Marvel hired Jon Favreau to direct "Iron Man", with the writing teams of Art Marcum and Matt Holloway and Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby writing competing scripts. Favreau consolidated both into one script, which was then polished by John August. Robert Downey, Jr. was cast in the title role in September 2006, after growing out a goatee and working out to convince the filmmakers he was right for the part. Principal photography began on March 12, 2007, with the first few weeks spent on Stark's captivity in Afghanistan, which was filmed in Inyo County, California. Production also occurred on the former Hughes Company soundstages in Playa Vista, Los Angeles, California, with additional filming at Edwards Air Force Base and Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada. "Iron Man" premiered at the Greater Union theater in George Street, Sydney, on April 14, 2008, and was released internationally on April 30, and in the United States on May 2.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury, who approaches Stark regarding the "Avenger Initiative". Favreau said that he included the scene as "a little tip of the hat for the fans...a way to sort of tee up "The Avengers"." Jackson was only on set for a day, with a skeleton crew to avoid the news of his cameo leaking. Captain America's shield is also visible in the background of a scene; it was added by an ILM artist as a joke, and Favreau decided to leave it in the film.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: After being exposed to gamma radiation that causes him to transform into the monstrous Hulk, scientist Bruce Banner goes on the run and isolates himself from his love, Betty Ross. Hunted by the military, Banner seeks to cure himself and prevent his condition from being weaponized.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: In January 2006, Marvel reclaimed the film rights for the Hulk character from Universal Pictures after Universal failed to meet a deadline to develop a sequel to director Ang Lee's 2003 film "Hulk". Universal retained distribution rights for future "Hulk" films. Instead of moving forward with a sequel, Marvel hired Louis Leterrier to direct "The Incredible Hulk", a reboot. Leterrier initially turned down the job out of respect for Lee, but later reconsidered and signed on. The script was written by Zak Penn, who drafted a treatment for the 2003 film. In April 2006, Edward Norton entered negotiations to portray Bruce Banner and rewrite Penn's script, although Penn received sole credit for the screenplay. Production began on July 9, 2007 and filming primarily took place in Toronto, with additional filming in New York City and Rio de Janeiro. The film premiered at the Gibson Amphitheatre on June 8, 2008, and was released on June 13.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: The film takes place simultaneously with the events of "Iron Man 2" and "Thor", the former of which is set six months after the events of "Iron Man". Downey briefly reprised his role from "Iron Man" as Tony Stark in a cameo appearance at the end of the film. Downey said that the filmmakers "were just cross-pollinating our superheroes. It happens to be a scene where I basically approach [actor William Hurt's character General Ross], and we may be considering going into some sort of limited partnership together. The great thing is he—and I don't want to give too much away—but he's in disrepair at the time I find him. It was really fun seeing him play this really powerful character who's half in the bag." In addition, Captain America is briefly seen frozen in ice in an alternate opening of the film, included in the DVD release.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: After Tony Stark reveals himself to be Iron Man, the U.S. government demands he hand over his technology. Meanwhile, a rival industrialist and a Russian scientist conspire to use his own technology against him.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: Immediately following the successful release of "Iron Man" in May 2008, Marvel Studios announced it was developing a sequel, "Iron Man 2". Favreau returned as director and Justin Theroux was hired to write the screenplay, which would be based on an original story by Favreau and Downey. In October 2008, Downey signed a new four-picture deal, that retroactively included the first film, to reprise his role and Don Cheadle was hired to replace Terrence Howard as James Rhodes. Jackson signed on to reprise his role as Nick Fury from the "Iron Man" post-credits sequence in up to nine films, and Scarlett Johansson was cast as the Black Widow, as part of a multi-film commitment. Principal photography began April 6, 2009, at the Pasadena Masonic Temple in Pasadena, California. The majority of filming took place at Raleigh Studios in Manhattan Beach, California. Other locations included Edwards Air Force Base, Monaco, and the Sepulveda Dam. "Iron Man 2" premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California on April 26, 2010, and was released internationally between April 28 and May 7 before releasing in the United States on May 7.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: The film is set six months after the events of "Iron Man", and takes place simultaneously with the events of "The Incredible Hulk" and "Thor". The filmmakers continued to refer to other Marvel films by again including Captain America's shield. Favreau explained, "We introduced Captain America's shield briefly in one shot in the last film. So now it really was in his room, so we had to figure out how to deal with the reality that the shield was in his workshop." A scene toward the end of "Iron Man 2" in a S.H.I.E.L.D. safe house contains several Easter eggs, ranging from footage from "The Incredible Hulk" displayed on a monitor to pointers on a map indicating several locales related to other Marvel films, including one pointing toward a region of Africa in reference to the Black Panther. A young Peter Parker appears as the child wearing an Iron Man mask whom Stark saves from a drone; the appearance was confirmed in June 2017 by Spider-Man actor Tom Holland, Kevin Feige and "" director Jon Watts. The film's post-credits scene shows the discovery of Thor's hammer in a crater.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: Thor, crown prince of Asgard, is banished to Earth and stripped of his powers after he reignites a dormant war. As his brother, Loki, plots to take the throne for himself, Thor must prove himself worthy and reclaim his hammer Mjolnir.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: Mark Protosevich was hired to develop a script for "Thor" in April 2006, after the rights were acquired from Sony Pictures. In August 2007 Marvel hired Matthew Vaughn to direct the film, however he exited the project in May 2008. In September 2008, Kenneth Branagh entered into negotiations to replace Vaughn. In May 2009, Chris Hemsworth was in negotiations to portray the titular character, and Tom Hiddleston was set to play his brother, Loki. Both actors were contracted to star in several films. Marvel hired the writing team of Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz to write a new script for the film, which was then rewritten by Don Payne. Production began on January 11, 2010 in Los Angeles, California, before moving to Galisteo, New Mexico in March. "Thor" had its world premiere on April 17, 2011 at the Event Cinemas theater in George Street, Sydney and a U.S. premiere on May 2 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California. The film was released internationally from April 21 to 30, and on May 6 in the United States.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: The film takes place simultaneously with the events of "The Incredible Hulk" and "Iron Man 2", the latter of which is set six months after the events of "Iron Man". Clark Gregg, who appeared in "Iron Man" and "Iron Man 2" as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson, reprised the role in "Thor". About his role in "Thor" he stated, "Agent Coulson was one of the guys who wasn't really in the comic books, and he [had] a very kind of small role in "Iron Man". And I was just very lucky that they chose to expand that character and [chose] to put him more into the universe of it." After signing on to appear as Clint Barton / Hawkeye in "The Avengers", Jeremy Renner made a cameo appearance as the character during a scene in "Thor". Branagh said that they "were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp", and that he was thrilled when the producers told him they wanted to use Renner's Hawkeye for that role. The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Loki, watching as Erik Selvig and Nick Fury discuss the Tesseract. The scene was directed by Joss Whedon, who directed "The Avengers". Stellan Skarsgård, who plays Selvig, said the scene was not included when he first read the screenplay for "Thor", and that he was sent pages for the scene after agreeing to appear in "The Avengers".


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: In 1943, Steve Rogers is deemed physically unfit to enlist in the U.S. Army and fight the German Reich in World War II. Recruited for a secret military operation, he is physically transformed into a super-soldier dubbed Captain America and must battle the Red Skull, head of a Nazi science division known as Hydra.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: In April 2006, Marvel hired David Self to write the script for a "Captain America" film. Joe Johnston signed on to direct in November 2008, and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely were hired to rewrite the script. In March 2010, Chris Evans was cast as Captain America and Hugo Weaving was cast as the Red Skull. Production began on June 28, 2010 in the United Kingdom, with locations in London, Caerwent, Manchester and Liverpool. The film premiered on July 19, 2011, at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California, and was released in the United States on July 22, and in international markets starting July 27.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: The Tesseract from the "Thor" post-credits scene appears as a MacGuffin in "Captain America: The First Avenger". In the film, Dominic Cooper portrays a young Howard Stark, the father of Tony Stark, who hosts an early version of the Stark Expo, the fair Tony hosts in "Iron Man 2". The final scene of the film includes a brief appearance by Jackson's Nick Fury followed by a teaser trailer for "Marvel's The Avengers" after the credits.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: Nick Fury, the director of S.H.I.E.L.D., gathers the superheroes Iron Man, Thor, Captain America, the Hulk, Black Widow, and Hawkeye to fight Thor's brother Loki, who plots to subjugate the Earth.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: Zak Penn, who wrote "The Incredible Hulk", was hired to write a script for "The Avengers" in June 2007. In April 2010, Joss Whedon closed a deal to direct the film, and to rework Penn's script. Marvel announced that Edward Norton would not be reprising the role of Bruce Banner / Hulk, and in July 2010, Mark Ruffalo was cast in his place. Downey, Evans, Hemsworth, Johansson, Renner, Hiddleston, and Jackson reprised their respective roles from previous films. Principal photography began in April 2011 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, before moving to Cleveland, Ohio in August, and New York City in September. The premiere was held on April 11, 2012 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California, and the film was released in the United States on May 4.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: Gwyneth Paltrow, who portrayed Pepper Potts in "Iron Man" and "Iron Man 2", was included in the film at Downey's insistence. Prior to this, Whedon had not intended the film to include supporting characters from the heroes' individual films, commenting, "You need to separate the characters from their support systems in order to create the isolation you need for a team." Gregg also returns as Phil Coulson, along with Maximiliano Hernández as Jasper Sitwell from "Thor". The supervillain Thanos appears in a mid-credits scene, portrayed by Damion Poitier.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: Marvel One-Shots are a series of direct-to-video short films that are included as special features in the MCU films' Blu-ray and digital distribution releases. They are designed to be self-contained stories that provide more backstory for characters or events introduced in the films.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: During Phase One, Marvel Studios lined up some of their films' stories with references to one another, though they had no long-term plan for the shared universe's timeline at that point. "Iron Man 2" is set six months after the events of "Iron Man", and around the same time as "Thor" according to comments made by Nick Fury. The official tie-in comic "Fury's Big Week" confirmed that "The Incredible Hulk", "Iron Man 2", and "Thor" all took place within a week, a year before the crossover film "The Avengers". Writers Chris Yost and Eric Pearson tried to follow the logic of the films' timeline when plotting the comic, and received "the seal of approval" from Feige and Marvel Studios on the final timeline. As promotion ahead of the release of "The Avengers", Marvel released an official infographic detailing this timeline in May 2012.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: The One-Shot "The Consultant" is set after the events of "Iron Man 2" and "The Incredible Hulk", with "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor's Hammer" set before the events of "Thor" and "Item 47" set after "The Avengers".


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: A 10-disc box set titled "Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One – Avengers Assembled" was released on September 25, 2012. The box set includes all six films on Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D, in a replica of Nick Fury's briefcase from "The Avengers". In August 2012, luggage company Rimowa GmbH, which developed the briefcase for "The Avengers", filed suit against Marvel Studios and Buena Vista Home Entertainment in U.S. federal court, complaining that "Marvel did not obtain any license or authorization from Rimowa to make replica copies of the cases for any purpose." The set was delayed to early 2013 for the packaging to be redesigned. The box set, with a redesigned case, was released on April 2, 2013. In addition, the box set included a featurette on the then-upcoming Phase Two films, showing footage and concept art, as well as previously unreleased deleted scenes from all of the Phase One films.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: The films of the phase have been nominated for four Academy Awards, two BAFTA Awards, one Grammy Awards, thirty Saturn Awards (winning eight), three Hugo Awards (winning one), eleven MTV Movie & TV Awards (winning four), and eighteen Visual Effects Society Awards (winning three), among others.


title: Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One

text: In September 2015, Marvel announced the "Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe", named as a nod to the "Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe". The guidebooks are compiled by Mike O'Sullivan and the "Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe" team, with cover art from Mike del Mundo and Pascal Campion, and features facts about the MCU films, film-to-comic comparisons, and production stills. "Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's Iron Man", "Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's Incredible Hulk / Marvel's Iron Man 2", "Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's Thor", and "Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's Captain America: The First Avenger" were released each month from October 2015 to January 2016, respectively.


title: Jim Cummings

text: James Jonah Cummings (born November 3, 1952) is an American voice actor. Since beginning his career in the 1980s, he has appeared in almost 400 roles. Cummings has frequently worked with The Walt Disney Company and Warner Bros., including as the official voice of Winnie the Pooh since 1988, Tigger since 1989, the Tasmanian Devil since 1991, and Pete since 1992. Other notable roles include Fat Cat and Monterey Jack on "" (1989–1990), the title character of "Darkwing Duck" (1991–1992), Dr. Robotnik on the "Sonic the Hedgehog" animated series (1993–1994), Kaa on "Jungle Cubs" (1996–1998), and Cat on "CatDog" (1998–2005).


title: Jim Cummings

text: Born in Youngstown, Ohio, Cummings relocated to New Orleans, where he designed and painted Mardi Gras floats, worked as a river boat deck hand, and sang and played drums in the regionally-successful rock band Fusion. He attended Immaculate Conception and St. Columba grade schools as well as Ursuline High School and graduated from there in 1970.


title: Jim Cummings

text: He later married and moved to Anaheim, California, where he managed a video store in the early 1980s, before launching his voice acting career in late 1984.


title: Jim Cummings

text: Cummings's first voice role was as Lionel the Lion and Aunt Fira in "Dumbo's Circus". Some of Cummings' earliest vocal work was at Disney, where he replaced Sterling Holloway as the voice of Winnie the Pooh in 1988. He was the understudy for Paul Winchell as Tigger, before fully replacing him as the character in 2000's "The Tigger Movie". In 1991, he was hired by Warner Bros. Animation to voice Taz on the animated series "Taz-Mania" and would continue to voice the character in various "Looney Tunes" media.


title: Jim Cummings

text: When actor Jeremy Irons, the voice of Scar in "The Lion King", developed vocal problems during recording of the song "Be Prepared", Cummings replaced him on the remainder of the track along with providing the voice for Ed the hyena. He also provided Scar's voice in a brief nightmare sequence in "". Cummings would later be hired as the singing double for Russell Means in "Pocahontas", the speaking voice of Kekata in "Pocahontas", and the singing voice of Grigori Rasputin in "Anastasia".


title: Jim Cummings

text: In 2018, he became the first voice performer of animation to reprise his role(s) for a live-action Disney film, reprising the roles of Winnie the Pooh and Tigger for the film "Christopher Robin". His performance as Pooh was particularly praised by Richard Lawson of "Vanity Fair", who felt it was "Oscar-worthy" and said that "[a]s Winnie the Pooh … the veteran voice actor gives such sweet, rumpled, affable life to the wistful bear of literary renown that it routinely breaks the heart."


title: Jim Cummings

text: Cummings has two daughters with his former wife Stephanie Jardon. The two were married from 2001 to 2011, when they divorced; in 2019 they became involved in an acrimonious custody dispute. Cummings also has two older daughters from a previous marriage.


title: Star Trek: Enterprise

text: Star Trek: Enterprise, titled simply Enterprise for its first two seasons, is an American science fiction television series created by Rick Berman and Brannon Braga. It originally aired from September 26, 2001, to May 13, 2005 on United Paramount Network (UPN). The sixth series in the "Star Trek" franchise, it is a prequel to "". Set in the 22nd century, a hundred years before the events of "The Original Series", it follows the adventures of the "Enterprise", Earth's first starship capable of traveling at warp five, as it explores the galaxy and encounters various alien species.


title: Star Trek: Enterprise

text: Following the culmination of "" and with "" scheduled to end, Paramount asked Braga and Berman to create a new series to continue the franchise. Rather than setting it in the 24th century alongside "Deep Space Nine" and "Voyager", they decided to set it in an earlier period, allowing them to explore new parts of the "Star Trek" fictional universe. Wanting a more basic, relatable, character-driven series, Berman and Braga concentrated on a core trio: Captain Jonathan Archer (played by Scott Bakula), Commander Trip Tucker (Connor Trinneer), and Sub-commander T'Pol (Jolene Blalock).


title: Star Trek: Enterprise

text: The show broke with "Star Trek" convention in several ways. In addition to dropping the "Star Trek" prefix, "Enterprise" used the pop-influenced song "Faith of the Heart" (performed by Russell Watson) as its theme. It was filmed on the Paramount lot in Los Angeles, California, on the same stages that housed the "Star Trek" series and films since the abandoned "" in the late 1970s.


title: Star Trek: Enterprise

text: The first two seasons were characterized by stand-alone episodes that explored topics like humanity's early relations with the Vulcans, and first encounters with the Klingons and Andorians, aliens already familiar to franchise viewers. Seeking to attract a wider audience, UPN called for changes for "Enterprise"'s . It was renamed "Star Trek: Enterprise", and was changed to focus on action-driven plots and a single, serialized storyline: the crew's mission to prevent the Earth being destroyed by a newly introduced alien species, the Xindi. In 2005, UPN cancelled the series after its fourth season, despite a fan-led campaign to continue it. It was the first time in 18 years that no new "Star Trek" episodes would be produced, the beginning of a hiatus that lasted until the launch of "" in 2017.


title: Star Trek: Enterprise

text: "Star Trek: Enterprise" follows the adventures of the crew of the first starship "Enterprise", designation NX-01. They are the first deep space explorers in Starfleet, using the first warp-five-capable vessel. The Vulcans have withheld advanced technology from humanity since their first contact, concerned that humans were not ready for it. This has delayed human space exploration and caused resentment in Starfleet test pilot Jonathan Archer, whose father developed the Warp 5 engine but did not live to see it used.


title: Star Trek: Enterprise

text: The "Enterprise" was intentionally equipped with less-advanced technologies than those seen in previous series (which occurred later on the "Star Trek" timeline). It had no tractor beam, but utilized grappler cables; and used missiles instead of particle weapons (see Weapons in "Star Trek"); in Season 1, phase cannons were added, similar to those on the "Enterprise" in "The Original Series". It had only limited means of synthesizing foods and other consumable items. Communications Officer Linguist Hoshi Sato's expertise in linguistics helps compensate for the lack of the advanced universal translator.


title: Star Trek: Enterprise

text: The series also showed the crew making first contacts with a number of races previously seen in the franchise. The Klingon, who appear in the pilot "", have the ridged makeup seen in the movie franchise and from "" onwards (excluding ""), rather than the smooth-headed versions seen in "". Berman and Braga attributed this change to advancements in makeup, and felt that such contradictions in continuity were unavoidable. The change in the Klingons' appearance was eventually justified by attributing it to a plague caused by genetic experimentation. Electronics in "Enterprise" were also more compact than those of previous (future) series, as advances in real-world technology made devices seen in "The Original Series" and "Voyager" seem anachronistically oversized.


title: Star Trek: Enterprise

text: The series's first season emphasized a core trio of characters: Jonathan Archer, T'Pol, and Trip Tucker. Other main characters had primary roles in particular episodes, such as "Dear Doctor" and "". The second season saw deepening relationships between characters—for example, the friendship between Tucker and Reed, seen in episodes such as "Two Days and Two Nights"; and the relationship between Tucker and T'Pol, which begins contentiously but leads to romance in later seasons.


title: Star Trek: Enterprise

text: The addition of a futuristic Temporal Cold War element was seen as a "nod to mystery" by Rick Berman, who sought to add an element of "The X-Files" to the series. Berman decided that the full story of the war would be revealed over the course of several years. At the start of the second season, Braga said that the Temporal Cold War storyline would continue to be included if viewers were still interested, but later described it as "strangulating". Initially featured in the pilot episode, "Broken Bow", it featured the Suliban being manipulated by an unknown humanoid figure from the future, nicknamed "Future Guy" by viewers—a moniker later adopted by the series's writers. At the start of the series, Braga said that they did not have a plan for who the character would turn out to be. Ten years after the end of the series, Braga stated that Future Guy was Archer manipulating his own timeline; he and Berman had previously stated that the character was intended to be a Romulan.


title: Star Trek: Enterprise

text: Crewman Daniels (Matt Winston), introduced in the episode "", was revealed as an operative from 900 years in the future who was fighting against the forces which included the Suliban. Archer found that he was being manipulated by those forces, as "Enterprise" was blamed for the destruction of a mining colony in "".