title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Ibn Muʿādh al-Jayyānī is one of the several Islamic mathematicians on whom the law of sines is attributed; he wrote ""The Book of Unknown Arcs of a Sphere"" in the 11th century. This formula relates the lengths of the sides of any triangle, rather than only right triangles, to the sines of its angles. According to the law,


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: where , and are the lengths of the sides of a triangle, and , and are the opposite angles (see figure).


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Alhazen discovered the sum formula for the fourth power, using a method that could be generally used to determine the sum for any integral power. He used this to find the volume of a paraboloid. He could find the integral formula for any polynomial without having developed a general formula.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) was a significant figure in the history of scientific method, particularly in his approach to experimentation, and has been described as the "world's first true scientist".


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Avicenna made rules for testing the effectiveness of drugs, including that the effect produced by the experimental drug should be seen constantly or after many repetitions, to be counted. The physician Rhazes was an early proponent of experimental medicine and recommended using control for clinical research. He said: "If you want to study the effect of bloodletting on a condition, divide the patients into two groups, perform bloodletting only on one group, watch both, and compare the results."


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Astronomy in Islam was able to grow greatly because of several key factors. One factor was geographically. The Islamic world was close to the ancient lands of the Greeks, which held valuable ancient knowledge of the heavens in Greek manuscripts. During the new Abbasid Dynasty after the movement of the capital in 762 AD to Baghdad, translators were sponsored to translate Greek texts into Arabic. This translation period led to many major scientific works from Galen, Ptolemy, Aristotle, Euclid, Archimedes, and Apollonius being translated into Arabic. From these translations previously lost knowledge of the cosmos was now being used to advance current astrological thinkers. The second key factor of astronomies growth was the religious observances followed by Muslims which expected them to pray at exact times during the day. These observances in timekeeping led to many questions in previous Greek mathematical astronomy, especially their timekeeping.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: The Astrolabe was a Greek invention which was an important piece of Arabic astronomy. An Astrolabe is a handheld two-dimensional model of the sky which can solve problems of spherical astronomy. It is made up of lines of altitude and azimuth with an index, horizon, hour circle, zenith, Rete, star pointer, and equator to accurately show where the stars are at that given moment. Use of the astrolabe is best expressed in Al-Farghani's treatise on the astrolabe due to the mathematical way he applied the instrument to astrology, astronomy, and timekeeping. The earliest known Astrolabe in existence today comes from the Islamic period. It was made by Nastulus in 927-28 AD and is now a treasure of the Kuwait National Museum.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: In about 964 AD, the Persian astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, writing in his "Book of Fixed Stars", described a "nebulous spot" in the Andromeda constellation, the first definitive reference to what is now known to be the Andromeda Galaxy, the nearest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: One of the largest advances in Islamic astronomy was the rejection of the Ptolemaic system of the planets. This system developed by Ptolemy placed the sun, moon, and other planets in orbit around the Earth. Ptolemy thought that the planets moved on circles called epicycles and that their centers rode on deferents. The deferents were eccentric, and the angular motion of a planet was uniform around the equant which was a point opposite the deferent center. Simply, Ptolemy's models were a mathematical system for predicting the positions of the planets. One of the first to criticize this model was Ibn al-Haytham, a leader of physics in the 11th century in Cairo. Then in the 13th century Nasir al-Din al-Tusi constructed the Maragha Observatory in what is today Iran. Al-Tusi found the equant dissatisfying and replaced it by adding a geometrical technique called a Tusi-couple, which generates linear motion from the sum of two circular motions. Then, Ibn al-Shatir who was working in Damascus in 1350 AD employed the Tusi-couple to successfully eliminate the equant as well as other objectionable circles that Ptolemy had used. This new model properly aligned the celestial spheres and was mathematically sound. This development by Ibn al-Shatir, as well as the Maragha astronomers remained relatively unknown in medieval Europe.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: The Tusi couple was later employed in Ibn al-Shatir's geocentric model and Nicolaus Copernicus' heliocentric model although it is not known who the intermediary is or if Copernicus rediscovered the technique independently. The names for some of the stars used, including Betelgeuse, Rigel, Vega, Aldebaran, and Fomalhaut are several of the names that come directly from Arabic origins or are the translations of Ptolemy's Greek descriptions which are still in use today.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Alhazen played a role in the development of optics. One of the prevailing theories of vision in his time and place was the emission theory supported by Euclid and Ptolemy, where sight worked by the eye emitting rays of light, and the other was the Aristotelean theory that sight worked when the essence of objects flows into the eyes. Alhazen correctly argued that vision occurred when light, traveling in straight lines, reflects off an object into the eyes. Al-Biruni wrote of his insights into light, stating that its velocity must be immense when compared to the speed of sound.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: The early Islamic period saw the establishment of some of the longest lived theoretical frameworks in alchemy and chemistry. The sulfur-mercury theory of metals, first attested in pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's "Sirr al-khalīqa" ("The Secret of Creation", c. 750–850) and in the Arabic writings attributed to Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (written c. 850–950), would remain the basis of all theories of metallic composition until the eighteenth century. Likewise, the "Emerald Tablet", a compact and cryptic text that all later alchemists up to and including Isaac Newton (1642–1727) would regard as the foundation of their art, first occurs in the "Sirr al-khalīqa" and in one of the works attributed to Jābir.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Substantial advances were also made in practical chemistry. The works attributed to Jābir, and those of the Persian alchemist and physician Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (c. 865–925), contain the earliest known systematic classifications of chemical substances. However, alchemists were not only interested in identifying and classifying chemical substances, but also in artificially creating them. Significant examples from the medieval Islamic world include the synthesis of ammonium chloride from organic substances as described in the works attributed to Jābir, and Abū Bakr al-Rāzī's experiments with vitriol, which would eventually lead to the discovery of mineral acids like sulfuric acid and nitric acid by thirteenth century Latin alchemists such as pseudo-Geber.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Al-Biruni (973–1048) estimated the radius of the earth as 6339.6 km (modern value is c. 6,371 km), the best estimate at that time.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: In the cardiovascular system, Ibn al-Nafis in his "Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon" was the first known scholar to contradict the contention of the Galen School that blood could pass between the ventricles in the heart through the cardiac inter-ventricular septum that separates them, saying that there is no passage between the ventricles at this point. Instead, he correctly argued that all the blood that reached the left ventricle did so after passing through the lung. He also stated that there must be small communications, or pores, between the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein, a prediction that preceded the discovery of the pulmonary capillaries of Marcello Malpighi by 400 years. The "Commentary" was rediscovered in the twentieth century in the Prussian State Library in Berlin; whether its view of the pulmonary circulation influenced scientists such as Michael Servetus is unclear.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: In the nervous system, Rhazes stated that nerves had motor or sensory functions, describing 7 cranial and 31 spinal cord nerves. He assigned a numerical order to the cranial nerves from the optic to the hypoglossal nerves. He classified the spinal nerves into 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 3 sacral, and 3 coccygeal nerves. He used this to link clinical signs of injury to the corresponding location of lesions in the nervous system.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Modern commentators have likened medieval accounts of the "struggle for existence" in the animal kingdom to the framework of the theory of evolution.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Thus, in his survey of the history of the ideas which led to the theory of natural selection, Conway Zirkle noted that al-Jahiz was one of those who discussed a "struggle for existence", in his "Kitāb al-Hayawān" (Book of Animals), written in the 9th century.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: In the 13th century, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi believed that humans were derived from advanced animals, saying, "Such humans [probably anthropoid apes] live in the Western Sudan and other distant corners of the world. They are close to animals by their habits, deeds and behavior." In 1377, Ibn Khaldun in his Muqaddimah stated, "The animal kingdom was developed, its species multiplied, and in the gradual process of Creation, it ended in man and arising from the world of the monkeys."


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: The Banū Mūsā brothers, in their Book of Ingenious Devices, describe an automatic flute player which may have been the first programmable machine. The flute sounds were produced through hot steam and the user could adjust the device to various patterns so that they could get various sounds from it.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Ibn Khaldun is regarded to be among the founding fathers of modern sociology, historiography, demography, and economics.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Archiving was a respected position during this time in Islam though most of the governing documents have been lost over time. However, from correspondence and remaining documentation gives a hint of the social climate as well as shows that the archives were detailed and vast during their time. All letters that were received or sent on behalf of the governing bodies were copied, archived and noted for filing. The position of the archivist was seen as one that had to have a high level of devotion as they held the records of all pertinent transactions.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: The earliest known Islamic hospital was built in 805 in Baghdad by order of Harun Al-Rashid, and the most important of Baghdad's hospitals was established in 982 by the Buyid ruler 'Adud al-Dawla. The best documented early Islamic hospitals are the great Syro-Egyptian establishments of the 12th and 13th centuries. By the tenth century, Baghdad had five more hospitals, while Damascus had six hospitals by the 15th century and Córdoba alone had 50 major hospitals, many exclusively for the military.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: The typical hospital was divided into departments such as systemic diseases, surgery, and orthopedics, with larger hospitals having more diverse specialties. "Systemic diseases" was the rough equivalent of today's internal medicine and was further divided into sections such as fever, infections and digestive issues. Every department had an officer-in-charge, a presiding officer and a supervising specialist. The hospitals also had lecture theaters and libraries. Hospitals staff included sanitary inspectors, who regulated cleanliness, and accountants and other administrative staff. The hospitals were typically run by a three-man board comprising a non-medical administrator, the chief pharmacist, called the shaykh saydalani, who was equal in rank to the chief physician, who served as mutwalli (dean). Medical facilities traditionally closed each night, but by the 10th century laws were passed to keep hospitals open 24 hours a day.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: For less serious cases, physicians staffed outpatient clinics. Cities also had first aid centers staffed by physicians for emergencies that were often located in busy public places, such as big gatherings for Friday prayers. The region also had mobile units staffed by doctors and pharmacists who were supposed to meet the need of remote communities. Baghdad was also known to have a separate hospital for convicts since the early 10th century after the vizier ‘Ali ibn Isa ibn Jarah ibn Thabit wrote to Baghdad's chief medical officer that "prisons must have their own doctors who should examine them every day". The first hospital built in Egypt, in Cairo's Southwestern quarter, was the first documented facility to care for mental illnesses. In Aleppo's Arghun Hospital, care for mental illness included abundant light, fresh air, running water and music.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Medical students would accompany physicians and participate in patient care. Hospitals in this era were the first to require medical diplomas to license doctors. The licensing test was administered by the region's government appointed chief medical officer. The test had two steps; the first was to write a treatise, on the subject the candidate wished to obtain a certificate, of original research or commentary of existing texts, which they were encouraged to scrutinize for errors. The second step was to answer questions in an interview with the chief medical officer. Physicians worked fixed hours and medical staff salaries were fixed by law. For regulating the quality of care and arbitrating cases, it is related that if a patient dies, their family presents the doctor's prescriptions to the chief physician who would judge if the death was natural or if it was by negligence, in which case the family would be entitled to compensation from the doctor. The hospitals had male and female quarters while some hospitals only saw men and other hospitals, staffed by women physicians, only saw women. While women physicians practiced medicine, many largely focused on obstetrics.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Hospitals were forbidden by law to turn away patients who were unable to pay. Eventually, charitable foundations called waqfs were formed to support hospitals, as well as schools. Part of the state budget also went towards maintaining hospitals. While the services of the hospital were free for all citizens and patients were sometimes given a small stipend to support recovery upon discharge, individual physicians occasionally charged fees. In a notable endowment, a 13th-century governor of Egypt Al-Mansur Qalawun ordained a foundation for the Qalawun hospital that would contain a mosque and a chapel, separate wards for different diseases, a library for doctors and a pharmacy and the hospital is used today for ophthalmology. The Qalawun hospital was based in a former Fatimid palace which had accommodation for 8,000 people – "it served 4,000 patients daily." The waqf stated, ... The hospital shall keep all patients, men and women, until they are completely recovered. All costs are to be borne by the hospital whether the people come from afar or near, whether they are residents or foreigners, strong or weak, low or high, rich or poor, employed or unemployed, blind or sighted, physically or mentally ill, learned or illiterate. There are no conditions of consideration and payment, none is objected to or even indirectly hinted at for non-payment.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Arabic scholars used their natural and cultural resources to contribute to the strong development of pharmacology. They believed that God had provided the means for a cure for every disease. However, there was confusion about the nature of some ancient plants that existed during this time.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: A prominent figure that was influential in the development of pharmacy used the name Yūhannā ibn Māsawaiyh (circa 777-857). He was referred to as "The Divine Mesue" and "The Prince of Medicine" by European scholars. Māsawaiyh led the first private medical school in Baghdad and wrote three major pharmaceutical treatises. These treatises consisted of works over compound medicines, humors, and pharmaceutical recipes that provided instructions on how they were to be prepared. In the Latin West, these works were typically published together under the title "Opera Medicinalia" and were broken up into "De simplicubus", "Grabadin", and "Canones universales". Although Māsawaiyh's influence was so significant that his writings became the most dominant source of pharmaceutical writings, his exact identity remains unclear.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: In the past, all substances that were to be introduced into, on or near the human body were labeled as medicine, ranging from drugs, food, beverages, even perfumes to cosmetics. The earliest distinction between medicine and pharmacy as disciplines began in the seventh century, when pharmacists and apothecaries appeared in the first hospitals. Demand for drugs increased as the population increased. By the ninth century where pharmacy was established as an independent and well-defined profession by Muslim scholars. It is said by many historians that the opening of the first private pharmacy in the eighth century marks the independence of pharmacy from medicine.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: The emergence of medicine and pharmacy within the Islamic caliphate by the ninth century occurred at the same time as rapid expansion of many scientific institutions, libraries, schools, hospitals and then pharmacies in many Muslim cities. The rise of alchemy during the ninth century also played a vital role for early pharmacological development. While Arab pharmacists were not successful in converting non-precious metals into precious metals, their works giving details of techniques and lab equipment were major contributors to the development of pharmacy. Chemical techniques such as distillation, condensation, evaporation and pulverization were often used.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: The Qur'an provided the basis for the development of professional ethics where the rise of ritual washing also influenced the importance of hygiene in pharmacology. Pharmacies were periodically visited by government inspectors called muhtasib, who checked to see that the medicines were mixed properly, not diluted and kept in clean jars. Work done by the muhtasib was carefully outlined in manuals that explained ways of examining and recognizing falsified drugs, foods and spices. It was forbidden for pharmacists to perform medical treatment without the presence of a physician, while physicians were limited to the preparation and handling of medications. It was feared that recipes would fall into the hands of someone without the proper pharmaceutical training. Licenses were required to run private practices. Violators were fined or beaten.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: The theory of Humorism was largely dominant during this time. Arab physician Ibn Zuhr provided proof that scabies is caused by the itch mite and that it can be cured by removing the parasite without the need for purging, bleeding or other treatments called for by humorism, making a break with the humorism of Galen and Avicenna. Rhazes differentiated through careful observation the two diseases smallpox and measles, which were previously lumped together as a single disease that caused rashes. This was based on location and the time of the appearance of the symptoms and he also scaled the degree of severity and prognosis of infections according to the color and location of rashes. Al-Zahrawi was the first physician to describe an ectopic pregnancy, and the first physician to identify the hereditary nature of haemophilia.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: On hygienic practices, Rhazes, who was once asked to choose the site for a new hospital in Baghdad, suspended pieces of meat at various points around the city, and recommended building the hospital at the location where the meat putrefied the slowest.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Al-Razi is sometimes called the "Father of pediatrics" for writing the monograph, "The Diseases of Children" treating paediatrics as an independent field of medicine.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: For Islamic scholars, Indian and Greek physicians and medical researchers Sushruta, Galen, Mankah, Atreya, Hippocrates, Charaka, and Agnivesa were pre-eminent authorities. In order to make the Indian and Greek tradition more accessible, understandable, and teachable, Islamic scholars ordered and made more systematic the vast Indian and Greco-Roman medical knowledge by writing encyclopedias and summaries. Sometimes, past scholars were criticized, like Rhazes who criticized and refuted Galen's revered theories, most notably, the Theory of Humors and was thus accused of ignorance. It was through 12th-century Arabic translations that medieval Europe rediscovered Hellenic medicine, including the works of Galen and Hippocrates, and discovered ancient Indian medicine, including the works of Sushruta and Charaka. Works such as Avicenna's "The Canon of Medicine" were translated into Latin and disseminated throughout Europe. During the 15th and 16th centuries alone, "The Canon of Medicine" was published more than thirty-five times. It was used as a standard medical textbook through the 18th century in Europe.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Al-Zahrawi was a tenth century Arab physician. He is sometimes referred to as the "Father of surgery". He describes what is thought to be the first attempt at reduction mammaplasty for the management of gynaecomastia and the first mastectomy to treat breast cancer. He is credited with the performance of the first thyroidectomy. He wrote three textbooks on surgery, including "Manual of Medial Practitioners" which contains a catalog of 278 instruments used in surgery


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: In the thirteenth century, Ibn al-Quff was a physician and surgeon who published numerous books, commentaries, treatises on surgery. Most notably, he wrote "Basics in the Art of Surgery", a general medical manual covering anatomy, drugs therapy and surgical care, which was by far the largest Arabic text on surgery during the entire medieval period.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Apart from the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates, navigable rivers were uncommon in the Middle East, so transport by sea was very important. Navigational sciences were highly developed, making use of a rudimentary sextant (known as a kamal). When combined with detailed maps of the period, sailors were able to sail across oceans rather than skirt along the coast. Muslim sailors were also responsible for reintroducing large, three-masted merchant vessels to the Mediterranean. The name caravel may derive from an earlier Arab boat known as the "qārib".


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Many Muslims went to China to trade, and these Muslims began to have a great economic influence on the country. Muslims virtually dominated the import/export industry by the time of the Sung dynasty (960–1279). Muhammad al-Idrisi created the Tabula Rogeriana, the best maps of the Middle Ages, used by various explorers such as Christopher Columbus and Vasco Da Gama for their voyages in America and India.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: The Arabs of Al-Andalus exerted a large impact on Spanish agriculture, including the restoration of Roman-era aqueducts and irrigation channels, as well as the introduction of new technologies such as the "acequias" (derived from the qanats of Persia) and Persian gardens (such as at the Generalife). In Spain and Sicily, the Arabs introduced crops and foodstuffs from the Persia and India such as rice, sugarcane, oranges, lemons, bananas, saffron, carrots, apricots and eggplants, as well as restoring cultivation of olives and pomegranates from Greco-Roman times. The Palmeral of Elche in southern Spain is a UNESCO World Heritage site that is emblematic of the Islamic agricultural legacy in Europe.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: The 13th century Seljuq poet Rumi wrote some of the finest poetry in the Persian language and remains one of the best selling poets in America. Other famous poets of the Persian language include Hafez (whose work was read by William Jones, Thoreau, Goethe, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Friedrich Engels), Saadi (whose poetry was cited extensively by Goethe, Hegel and Voltaire), Ferdowsi, Omar Khayyam and Amir Khusrow.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: "One Thousand and One Nights", an anthology of Middle Eastern folk tales compiled in the Arabic language during the time of the Abbasid Caliphate, has had a large influence on Western and Middle Eastern literature and popular culture with such classics as Aladdin, Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves and Sinbad the Sailor. The folk-tale 'Sinbad the Sailor' even draws inspiration directly from Hellenistic literature like the Homeric epics (translated from Greek to Arabic in the 8th century CE) and Alexander Romances (tales of Alexander the Great popular in Europe, the Middle East and India).


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Calligraphy, an essential aspect of written Arabic, developed in manuscripts and architectural decoration. This form of visual art can be found adorning the walls of palaces, the interior and domes of mosques as well as the surrounding structure of minbars. Calligraphy would use a variety of stylised and standardised scripts, two major scripts among them being "kufic" and "naskh." Ceramics, metalwork and glassware were also brilliantly decorated with geometric patterns and vibrant colors.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Manuscript illumination was an important art, and Persian miniature painting flourished in the Persianate world, and went on to influence miniature art in the Ottoman and Mughal court between the 16th–17th centuries. Very few surviving records of wall painting exists, especially ones that represented the human face. A rare example of this are the early 9th-century fragments from the ruins of the Dar al-Khilafah palace at Samarra from the Abbasid period. These are fragments of larger wall paintings depicting harem women, period-era clothing and animals.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: The ninth and tenth centuries saw a flowering of Arabic music. Philosopher and esthete Al-Farabi, at the end of the ninth century, established the foundations of modern Arabic music theory, based on the maqammat, or musical modes. His work was based on the music of Ziryab, the court musician of Andalusia. Ziryab was a renowned polymath, whose contributions to western civilization included formal dining, haircuts, chess, and more, in addition to his dominance of the world musical scene of the ninth century.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: The Sumerians and Akkadians, the Greeks, and the Persians all used math to create notes used on lutes and lyres and other stringed instruments. Using the idea that a plucked or bowed string produces a note, they noticed the difference in tone when a string is stopped. "The great discovery" was hearing the double octave, that halving a string produces a note one octave above the string. Written as a ratio 2:1.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: They measured the ratios of string lengths on one side and the other of where the string was pressed, creating ratios. Those ratios allowed them to compare sounds, for example third intervals, fourths, fifths. They were able to tune one string against another in those intervals on lutes, lyres, harps, zithers. Lutes gave them the further ability to create those intervals on a single string, by adding frets at mathematically spaced distances, based on the ratios. Unlike modern instruments, where frets may be permanently fixed into the neck, as on a guitar, the older instruments used gut strings tied around the neck for frets, and this made their instruments adjustable. Early musicians could tune their instruments to different modes. Lute players could tune the strings to different intervals, and could further adjust the frets for the modes.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: The mixing cultures of Central Asia and Arabia produced several thinkers who wrote about music, including something about the lute in their works, including Al-Kindi (c. 801 – c. 873), Ziryab (789–857), Al-Farabi (c. 872 – c. 950), Avicenna (c. 980 – 1037), and Safi al-Din al-Urmawi (1216–1294). They wrote in Arabic, what had become the useful lingua-Franca of their time, and took part in Muslim society and culture. However they were brought up in Central Asia.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: The Arabs had a musical scale, described by al-Farabi, in use by some through the 13th century A.D. That tanbar scale, which divided the string into "40 equal parts" may have been a leftover from Babylon and Assyria. However, the Arabs traded with and conquered the Persians, and they adopted Persian scales for their lutes, just as they adopted Persian short-necked lutes.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Ziryab moved from Baghdad to al-Andalus, where he set up a school of music and was one of the first to add a fifth string or course to oud, "between 822 and 852). Al-Andalus, where he settled would become a center of musical instrument development for Europe.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Al-Kindi was a polymath who wrote as many as 15 music-related treatises. He was among the first to apply Greek musical theory to Central Asian-Arabian short lutes. He added semi-tones between the nut and the first string. He also added a fifth string to his oud in the east, as Ziryab had done in the west.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Al-Farabi "fully incorporated the works of Aristoxenus and Ptolemy into his theory of tetrachords", and wrote among books in many subjects, the Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir, the "Major Book of Music", in which he detailed how to tune an oud, using mathematical ratios. He gave instruction for both 10 frets and 12, telling where to place the tied (and moveable) gut-string frets on the neck. His way of tuning allowed a "12-fret ‘ud tuning — which results ... 'double-octave' scale", with 22 notes in each octave.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: The Great Mosque of Kairouan (in Tunisia), the ancestor of all the mosques in the western Islamic world excluding Turkey and the Balkans, is one of the best preserved and most significant examples of early great mosques. Founded in 670, it dates in its present form largely from the 9th century. The Great Mosque of Kairouan is constituted of a three-tiered square minaret, a large courtyard surrounded by colonnaded porticos, and a huge hypostyle prayer hall covered on its axis by two cupolas.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: The Great Mosque of Samarra in Iraq was completed in 847. It combined the hypostyle architecture of rows of columns supporting a flat base, above which a huge spiralling minaret was constructed.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: The beginning of construction of the Great Mosque at Cordoba in 785 marked the beginning of Islamic architecture in Spain and Northern Africa. The mosque is noted for its striking interior arches. Moorish architecture reached its peak with the construction of the Alhambra, the magnificent palace/fortress of Granada, with its open and breezy interior spaces adorned in red, blue, and gold. The walls are decorated with stylized foliage motifs, Arabic inscriptions, and arabesque design work, with walls covered in geometrically patterned glazed tiles.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Many traces of Fatimid architecture exist in Cairo today, the most defining examples include the Al Azhar University and the Al Hakim mosque.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Economic historian Joel Mokyr has argued that Islamic philosopher al-Ghazali (1058–1111), the author of Incoherence of the Philosophers, "was a key figure in the decline in Islamic science" and that this led to a cultural shift shunning away from scientific thinking. However, it is argued that al-Ghazali was instead an admirer and adherent of philosophy but was criticizing the use of philosophy in religious matters only. Additionally, Saliba (2007) has pointed out that the golden age did not slow down after al-Ghazali, who lived in the 11th century, while others extend the golden age to around the 16th to 17th centuries.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Ahmad Y. al-Hassan has rejected the thesis that lack of creative thinking was a cause, arguing that science was always kept separate from religious argument; he instead analyzes the decline in terms of economic and political factors, drawing on the work of the 14th-century writer Ibn Khaldun.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Several other contemporary scholars have analysed the decline in terms of political and economic factors. Current research has led to the conclusion that "the available evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that an increase in the political power of these elites caused the observed decline in scientific output." The decline could be part of a larger trend where the non-Western world fell behind the West in the Great Divergence. In 1206, Genghis Khan established the Mongol Empire which, during the 13th century, conquered most of the Eurasian land mass, including China in the east and much of the old Islamic caliphate (as well as Kievan Rus') in the west. The destruction of Baghdad and the House of Wisdom by Hulagu Khan in 1258 has been seen by some as the end of the Islamic Golden Age. However, while cultural influence used to radiate outward from Baghdad, after the fall of Baghdad, Iran and Central Asia saw a cultural flourishing by benefiting from increased cross-cultural access to East Asia under Mongol rule.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: Mohammed Yusuf Khan (; 11 December 1922 – 7 July 2021), better known by his stage name Dilip Kumar, was an Indian actor who worked in Hindi cinema. Credited with pioneering method acting in cinema, he dominated the Indian movie scene from late 1940s throughout 1960s, being referred to as ""Abhinay Samrat"" (Hindi for "Emperor of Acting") by the audience. Kumar holds the record for most wins for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor (eight, which was later equalled by Shah Rukh Khan) and was also the inaugural recipient of the award. He holds the best box-office record for a star (male or female) in Hindi cinema with over eighty-percent box-office successes.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: In a career spanning over five decades, Kumar worked in around 60 films in a variety of roles. He debuted as an actor in the film "Jwar Bhata" (1944), produced by Bombay Talkies. Following a series of unsuccessful ventures, he had his first box office hit in "Jugnu" (1947). Kumar found further success with the romantic "Andaz" (1949), the swashbuckling "Aan" (1952), the social drama "Daag" (1952), the dramatic "Devdas" (1955), the comical "Azaad" (1955), the romantic social "Naya Daur" (1957), the noir mystery "Madhumati" (1958), the comedy-drama "Paigham" (1959) the epic historical "Mughal-E-Azam" (1960), the social dacoit crime drama "Gunga Jumna" (1961), and the comedy drama "Ram Aur Shyam" (1967). All three "Andaz", "Aan" and "Naya Daur" briefly became the highest-grossing Indian film up to that point, a feat later achieved by "Mughal-e-Azam", which sustained the record for 15 years. As of 2021, the latter remains the highest-grossing Indian film when adjusted for inflation.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: The 1970s saw Kumar's career take a downturn, marked by three consecutive commercial underperformers, namely "Dastaan" (1972), "Sagina" (1974) and "Bairaag" (1976). In 1976, he went on a five-year hiatus from film performances and returned with the revolutionary drama "Kranti", which was the highest-grossing Indian film of the year. He continued to play leading roles in films such as "Shakti" (1982), "Karma" (1986), and "Saudagar" (1991). His last on-screen appearance was in the commercially unsuccessful "Qila" (1998), which saw him in a dual role. Kumar later served as a member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of India's parliament, from 2000 to 2006.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: Kumar's personal life was the subject of much media attention, however, he himself had largely avoided media limelight and endorsements. He was in a long-term relationship with actress and frequent co-star Madhubala that ended after the "Naya Daur" court case in 1957. He married actress Saira Banu in 1966 and resided in Bandra, a suburb of Mumbai, until his death in 2021. For his contributions to film, the Government of India awarded him with the Padma Bhushan in 1991 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2015, the country's third and second-highest civilian awards respectively. He was also awarded India's highest accolade in the field of cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1994. In 1998, the Government of Pakistan conferred Kumar with Nishan-e-Imtiaz, their highest civilian decoration, making him the only Indian to have received the honour. The house that Kumar grew up in, located in Peshawar, was declared a national heritage monument in 2014 by the Pakistani government.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: Dilip Kumar was born as Mohammad Yusuf Khan on 11 December 1922, into a Hindko-speaking Awan Muslim family at his family home in the Qissa Khawani Bazaar neighbourhood of Peshawar, a city in the North-West Frontier Province of British India. He was one of the twelve children of Lala Ghulam Sarwar Khan and his wife Ayesha Begum. His father was a fruit merchant.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: Khan was schooled at the Barnes School in Deolali (now in Maharashtra), where his father owned orchards. He grew up in the same neighbourhood in Peshawar as Raj Kapoor, his childhood friend, and later his colleague in the film industry. In 1940, he moved to Pune and set up a dry fruit supply shop and a canteen. Despite hailing from Peshawar, Khan's family decided to remain in Bombay following the partition of the India in 1947.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: Khan never acted under his birth name, debuting in "Jwar Bhata" in 1944 under the stage name Dilip Kumar. In his autobiography, "", he wrote that the name was a suggestion from Devika Rani, who was one of the producers on "Jwar Bhata". In an interview in 1970, he said that he adopted this name out of fear of his father, who never approved of his acting career because of the general poor image of cinema back then.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: Kumar's first film was "Jwar Bhata" in 1944, which went unnoticed. After two more unsuccessful films, it was his fourth film "Jugnu" (1947), in which he starred alongside Noor Jehan, that became his first major hit at the box office. His next major hits were the 1948 films "Shaheed" and "Mela". Both "Jugnu" and "Shaheed" were the highest grossing Hindi films of their respective year of release.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: He got his breakthrough role as an actor in 1949 with Mehboob Khan's "Andaz", in which he starred alongside Raj Kapoor and Nargis. At the time of its release, "Andaz" was the highest-grossing Indian film ever, until its record was broken by Kapoor's "Barsaat" that same year. "Shabnam" was another box office hit that was also released in 1949.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: The 1950s was Kumar's most successful and prolific decade with him playing leading roles in several box office hits such as "Jogan" (1950), "Babul" (1950), "Deedar" (1951), "Tarana" (1951), "Daag" (1952), "Aan" (1952), "Uran Khatola" (1955), "Insaniyat" (1955), "Devdas" (1955), "Naya Daur" (1957), "Yahudi" (1958), "Madhumati" (1958) and "Paigham" (1959).


title: Dilip Kumar

text: He formed popular on-screen pairings with many of the top actresses at the time including Vyjayanthimala, Madhubala, Nargis, Nimmi, Meena Kumari and Kamini Kaushal.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: Together with fellow contemporaries Raj Kapoor and Dev Anand, he dominated the 1950s which is considered a part of the golden era of Hindi cinema. Though the three did not appear in any one film together, Kumar did appear with Raj Kapoor in " Andaz" (1949) and Dev Anand in "Insaniyat".


title: Dilip Kumar

text: Several of his films established his screen image as the "Tragedy King". Kumar briefly suffered from depression due to portraying many tragic roles and on the advice of his psychiatrist, he also took on light-hearted roles. Mehboob Khan's big-budget 1952 swashbuckling musical "Aan" featured him in one of his first lighter roles and marked his first film to be shot in technicolor. "Aan" was the first Indian film to have a wide release across Europe with a lavish premiere in London. "Aan" was the highest-grossing Indian film ever at the time, domestically and overseas. He had further success with lighter roles as a thief in the comedy "Azaad" (1955), and as a royal prince in the musical "Kohinoor" (1960). By this time, he had developed his distinct, signature style of understated acting of mumbling his dialogues while giving myriad expressions and meanings to lines that his characters uttered.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: He was the first actor to win the Filmfare Best Actor Award (for "Daag") and went on to win it a further seven times. 9 of his 21 films in the 1950s were ranked in the Top 30 highest-grossing films of the decade.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: In 1960, he portrayed Prince Salim in K. Asif's big-budget epic historical film "Mughal-e-Azam", which was the highest-grossing film in Indian film history for 15 years until it was surpassed by the 1975 film "Sholay". If adjusted for inflation, "Mughal-e-Azam" was the highest-grossing Indian film through to the early 2010s, equivalent to over 1000 crore in 2011.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: The film was originally shot in black and white, with only two songs and the climax scenes shot in colour. 44 years after its original release, it was fully colourised and theatrically re-released in 2004 and was once again a box office success.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: In 1961, Kumar wrote, produced, and starred in "Ganga Jamuna" opposite his brother Nasir Khan, playing the title roles. Kumar produced the film under his production company Citizens and it would be the only film he produced. He chose the shade of saree that his co-star Vyjayanthimala would wear in every scene. The film received the National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film in Hindi, the Paul Revere Silver Bowl at the Boston International Film Festival, the Special Honour Diploma from the Czechoslovak Academy of Arts in Prague, and the Special Prize at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: In 1962, British director David Lean offered him the role of "Sherif Ali" in his film "Lawrence of Arabia" (1962), but Kumar declined to perform in the movie. The role eventually went to Omar Sharif, the Egyptian actor. Kumar commented in his much later released autobiography, "he thought Omar Sharif had played the role far better than he himself could have". Kumar was also being considered for a leading role opposite Elizabeth Taylor in a film that Lean was working on called "Taj Mahal", before the project was cancelled.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: His next film "Leader" (1964) was a below-average grosser at the box office. Kumar was also credited with writing the story of this film. His next film "Dil Diya Dard Liya" (1966) was Kumar's first box office flop in a decade. It was rumoured that he had ghost directed the film but the final credit was given to Abdul Rashid Kardar. In 1967, Kumar played a dual role of twins separated at birth in the hit film "Ram Aur Shyam". In 1968, he starred alongside Manoj Kumar in "Aadmi" which was an average grosser at the box office. That same year, he starred in "Sunghursh" with Vyjayanthimala which was their last film together which created a total of seven hit films together.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: In 1970, Kumar played the title role in "Gopi" which marked his first pairing with wife Saira Banu and was a box office success. That same year, he acted opposite Banu again in the Bengali language film "Sagina Mahato". This was his only appearance in a Bengali film. In 1972, he once again played dual roles as twin brothers in "Dastaan" which was a box office flop and began a decline in Kumar's career as a leading man. A Hindi remake of "Sagina Mahato", simply titled "Sagina" was made in 1974 with both Kumar and Banu reprising their roles which also failed to do well at the box office. In 1976, he played triple roles as a father and twin sons in "Bairaag". Though his performance in triple roles was acclaimed, the film was his third consecutive failure at the box office. He personally regarded M. G. Ramachandran's performance in "Enga Veettu Pillai" better than his role in "Ram Aur Shyam". He regards his performance in "Bairaag" much higher than that of "Ram Aur Shyam". The rise of actors like Rajesh Khanna , Amitabh Bachchan and Sanjeev Kumar led to Kumar losing film offers from 1970 to 1980. He took a five-year hiatus from films from 1976 to 1981.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: In 1981, he returned to films as a character actor playing mature elderly roles. His comeback film was the star-studded historical epic "Kranti" which was the biggest hit of the year. Appearing alongside an ensemble cast including Manoj Kumar, Shashi Kapoor, Hema Malini and Shatrughan Sinha, he played the title role as a revolutionary fighting for India's independence from British rule. In the post-"Kranti" phase, Kumar reinvented himself to play the "Angry Old Man" to great effect in a series of films like "Vidhaata" (1982), "Shakti" (1982), "Duniya" (1984), etc"." In 1982, he collaborated with director Subhash Ghai for the first time with "Vidhaata", in which he starred alongside Sanjay Dutt, Sanjeev Kumar and Shammi Kapoor. "Vidhaata" was the highest grossing film of the year. Later that year he starred alongside Amitabh Bachchan in Ramesh Sippy's "Shakti", which was an average grosser at the box office, but won him critical acclaim and his eighth and final Filmfare Award for Best Actor. In 1984, he starred in Yash Chopra's social crime drama "Mashaal" opposite Anil Kapoor, which failed at the box office, but his performance was critically acclaimed. He also appeared alongside Rishi Kapoor in "Duniya" (1984) and Jeetendra in "Dharm Adhikari" (1986).


title: Dilip Kumar

text: His second collaboration with Subhash Ghai came with the 1986 ensemble action film "Karma". "Karma" marked the first film which paired him opposite fellow veteran actress Nutan, although they were paired in an incomplete and unreleased film in the 1950s titled "Shikwa". He acted opposite Nutan again in the 1989 action film "Kanoon Apna Apna" which also reunited him with Sanjay Dutt.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: In 1990, he co-starred with Govinda in the action thriller "Izzatdaar". In 1991, Kumar starred alongside fellow veteran actor Raaj Kumar in "Saudagar", his third and last film with director Subhash Ghai. This was his second film with Raaj Kumar after 1959's "Paigham". "Saudagar" was to be Kumar's penultimate film and last box office success. In 1994, he won the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award for his contributions to the industry.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: In 1991, producer Sudhakar Bokade who had previously worked with Kumar in "Izzatdaar" announced a film titled "Kalinga" which would officially mark Kumar's directorial debut after he had allegedly previously ghost directed "Ganga Jamuna" (1961) and "Dil Diya Dard Liya" (1967). Kumar was also set to star in the title role with the cast including Raj Babbar, Raj Kiran, Amitoj Mann and Meenakshi Seshadri. After being delayed for several years "Kalinga" was eventually shelved in 1996 with 70% filming completed.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: In 1998, Kumar made his last film appearance in the box office flop "Qila", where he played dual roles as an evil landowner who is murdered and as his twin brother who tries to solve the mystery of his death.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: In 2001, Kumar was set to appear in a film titled "Asar – The Impact" alongside Ajay Devgan and Priyanka Chopra, which was shelved due to Kumar's declining health. He was also set to appear in Subhash Ghai's war film "Mother Land", alongside Amitabh Bachchan and Shah Rukh Khan, but this film was shelved after Khan decided to leave the project.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: His classic films "Mughal-e-Azam" and "Naya Daur" were fully colourised and re-released in cinemas in 2004 and 2008 respectively. An unreleased film he had shot and completed titled "Aag Ka Dariya" was set for a theatrical release in 2013 but has not been released to date.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: Kumar was a member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of India's parliament, from 2000 to 2006. He was nominated by the Indian National Congress to represent Maharashtra. Kumar utilised a significant portion of his MPLADS fund towards the construction and improvement of the Bandstand Promenade and the gardens at Bandra Fort at Lands End in Bandra.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: Kumar and Madhubala were drawn to each other during the shooting of "Tarana" (1951). They remained in a relationship for seven years until the Naya Daur court case, during which Kumar testified against Madhubala and her father, ending their relationship. They never worked together again after "Mughal-e-Azam" (1960). Kumar later expressed in his autobiography, "Was I in love with Madhubala as the newspapers and magazines reported at that time? As an answer to this oft-repeated question straight from the horse’s mouth, I must admit that I was attracted to her both as a fine co-star and as a person who had some of the attributes I hoped to find in a woman at that age and time...She, as I said earlier, was very sprightly and vivacious and, as such, she could draw me out of my shyness and reticence effortlessly." However, Kumar shared in his biography that contrary to popular notion, Madhubala’s father Ataullah Khan wasn’t opposed to their match but instead, wanted to turn this marriage into a business venture which did not land well with him. In the late 1950s, Vyjayanthimala was linked by gossip magazines to Kumar, who has acted with her the most compared to any other actress, which resulted in great on-screen chemistry between them. While working for his home production "Gunga Jumna" (1961), Kumar reportedly handpicked the shade of sari that Vyjayanthimala would wear in every scene.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: In 1966, Kumar married actress Saira Banu, who was 22 years younger than him. He later married Hyderabad socialite Asma Sahiba, taking her as a second wife in 1981. That marriage ended in January 1983. Banu and he lived in Bandra. They did not have any children. In his autobiography, "Dilip Kumar: The Substance and the Shadow", he revealed that Banu had conceived in 1972, but developed complications in the pregnancy, leading to the child's death. Following this, they did not try to have children again, believing it to be God's will.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: Kumar was fluent in his native Hindko as well as Urdu, Hindi, Pashto, Punjabi, Marathi, English, Bengali, Gujarati, Persian, and the Bhojpuri and Awadhi dialects. He was also a great music enthusiast and also learnt how to play the sitar for a film. He loved cricket and played it often. He led a cricket team against Raj Kapoor in a friendly cricket match held for charity. Both growing up in Peshawar and in Bombay, Dilip Kumar and his family had a close relationship with the Kapoor family.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: His younger brother Nasir Khan (1924–1974) was also a noted film actor. Two of his younger brothers died after testing positive for COVID-19 in 2020.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: Dilip Kumar died at Hinduja Hospital, Mumbai, on 7 July 2021 at 7:30 am, aged 98. He died after a prolonged illness. He had been suffering from several age-related issues, in addition to testicular cancer and pleural effusion. The Government of Maharashtra approved his burial with state honours under COVID-19 restrictions at the Juhu Muslim Cemetery that same day.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: Expressing their condolences, Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated in a tweet that Kumar would be remembered as a cinematic legend, while the President, Ram Nath Kovind, stated that "he was loved across the subcontinent". The Prime Minister of Pakistan, Imran Khan, also expressed condolences for his death and remembered his efforts in raising funds for the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital in a tweet. The former President of Afghanistan, Hamid Karzai, and the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina, also expressed condolences to Kumar and his family.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: Kumar is widely considered one of the greatest and most influential actors in the history of Indian cinema, and cinema in general. Kumar was a pioneer of method acting, predating Hollywood method actors such as Marlon Brando. He inspired many great Indian cinema actors from contemporaries like Balraj Sahni to succeeding generations of artists, including Amitabh Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan, Kamal Haasan, Mammootty, Aamir Khan, Naseeruddin Shah, Nawazuddin Siddiqui among others. Kumar, who pioneered his own form of method acting without any acting school experience, was described as ""the ultimate method actor"" by renowned filmmaker Satyajit Ray, despite not having worked with him.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: Kumar was popularly referred to as ""Abhinay Samrat"" (Hindi for "Emperor of Acting") by the audience. He was also dubbed in the media as ""Tragedy King"" because of the acclaimed dramatic roles he took early in his career and is also retrospectively known as ""The First Khan"" of Bollywood. Other than these, of recent, he is often referred in the media as ""The Kohinoor of Indian cinema"". Kumar was the biggest Indian star of the 1950s and 1960s era, a national icon and the country's highest paid actor during this period. His prolific period as a leading artist coincides with what retrospectively came to be known as the ""Golden Age of Hindi cinema"", with him playing a key role in its legacy. Film historian Maithili Rao states, "He towered like a mountain in the middle of Hindi film history, obscuring his predecessors and dwarfing his contemporaries."


title: Dilip Kumar

text: He is retrospectively recognised as ""The First Superstar of Indian cinema"". He became one of the earliest and most revered stars in the history of Indian cinema having legions of fans across the subcontinent and among the South Asian diaspora worldwide. In 2013, on the occasion of centenary of Indian cinema, he was declared the "Biggest superstar of all time" by Filmfare after winning a poll of the same title with 31% votes.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: As of 2020, he is by far, the most successful Bollywood star of all time with over eighty percent box-office successes. Trade analysts have acknowledged that many of his films were commercially successful despite their heavy theme and non-commercial nature because the masses gathered in cinemas across India only to see him act, a unique feat as anything such hasn't happened with any other actor. This had been particularly apparent in the late 1940s and early 1950s, a period in which he got the title of ""Tragedy King"" in media outlets. In the review of the last film of his initial phase, the 1976 musical "Bairaag", The Hindu, remarked, "For more than 25 years Dilip Kumar was the king at the box office. His name was almost a guarantee of success not only at the time of the release of the film but even in re-runs his films made more money than fresh releases of many of his contemporaries." Renowned director, Hrishikesh Mukherjee, called him "a phenomenon at the time", stating all his films had the hype, "he was absolutely, almost a one-man industry".


title: Dilip Kumar

text: In the second phase of his career, which saw him playing mature roles that were the main leads of his films driving them to huge success, Box Office India notes, "This was the part of his illustrious career which sets him apart from all other actors as no one else has managed to such success as a character artist." Renowned actor Irrfan Khan, remarked, "Till date, no other actor has had that kind of an impact on people’s hearts. The kind of combination he brought along – of an actor and a star – was never seen before him. It started with him, and ended with him. His career, his working style, his personal lifestyle or his choice of films, nothing sets a wrong example. He is a true legend. These days, the word ‘"legend"’ is used loosely, but I strongly believe that he is the only one who deserves to be called "the legend"".


title: Dilip Kumar

text: Kumar, Raj Kapoor and Dev Anand together formed "the golden trio" of Indian cinema in 1950s and 1960s, with camaraderie between the three contemporary actors, all renowned for their own style. Kumar was the biggest Indian star of this era, a national icon, holding the status of a matinée idol. He was the country's highest paid actor during this period.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: From the independence of India in 1947 to the late 2010s, Kumar held the record of performing in the highest number of highest-grossing films of the year (9 films), until his record was broken by Salman Khan, who performed in 10 such films. However, as per new reports from Box Office India, highest grossing Indian film in 1991 was Kumar's "Saudagar" (1991) instead of Khan's "Saajan" (1991), thus perhaps re-establishing his record.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: He is the only actor in India to have delivered at least one bonafide "hit" at the box office for 15 years straight, from 1947 to 1961. He also did not give a single flop in a period of 15 years and a span of 19 films straight from 1952 to 1965. According to many sources, he is the only Indian actor to have more than one film (3 or 4) among the top 10 highest grossing films of Indian cinema when adjusted for ticket-price inflation. These films are "Naya Daur" (1957), "Mughal-e-Azam" (1960), "Gunga Jumna" (1961), and "Kranti" (1981).


title: Dilip Kumar

text: Over his career, Kumar received eight Filmfare Awards for Best Actor (with 19 total nominations), the most of any actor (and was also its inaugural recipient), and a Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award (1993). He holds the record for most consecutive Filmfare award for Best Actor wins. He also received a Special Recognition Filmfare Award at the 50th Filmfare Awards for being one of the first recipients of Filmfare Awards along with Lata Mangeshkar and Naushad Ali.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: Kumar was appointed Sheriff of Mumbai (an honorary position) for 1980. The Government of India honoured Kumar with the Padma Bhushan in 1991, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1994 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2015. The Government of Andhra Pradesh honoured Kumar with NTR National Award in 1997. He was honoured with CNN-IBN's Lifetime Achievement Award in 2009. The Government of Madhya Pradesh honoured Kumar with Rashtriya Kishore Kumar Samman in 2015.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: The Government of Pakistan conferred Kumar with the Nishan-e-Imtiaz, the highest civilian award in Pakistan, in 1998. The ruling political party of Shiv Sena in Maharashtra, India, had objected to this award and questioned Kumar's patriotism. However, in 1999, in consultation with the then Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Kumar retained the award. Vajpayee declared, "There is no doubt about film star Dilip Kumar's patriotism and commitment to the nation." Kumar later said in his autobiography that returning it "could have only soured relations further and produced bad vibes between India and Pakistan." Many believe this incident prolonged his wait for Bharat Ratna.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: The House of Dilip Kumar in Peshawar, Pakistan, was declared as a national heritage monument in 2014 by the then Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.


title: Dilip Kumar

text: Kumar was voted the "Greatest Indian Actor of All Time" in a Rediff Readers poll in 2011. He holds the Guinness World Record for having received the most awards by an Indian actor. He was honoured by the "World Book of Records" on his 97th birthday for his "matchless contribution to Indian cinema and promoting social causes".


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows is a 2011 period mystery action film and the sequel to the 2009 film "Sherlock Holmes", both which star Robert Downey Jr. as the titular character. The film is directed by Guy Ritchie and produced by Joel Silver, Lionel Wigram, Susan Downey and Dan Lin. The film's screenplay was written by Michele Mulroney and Kieran Mulroney. Downey Jr. and Jude Law reprised their roles as Holmes and Watson, respectively, alongside Noomi Rapace as Simza, Stephen Fry as Mycroft Holmes, Jared Harris as Professor Moriarty, and Rachel McAdams as Irene Adler. Although the film follows an original premise, it incorporates more closely elements of Conan Doyle's short stories, including "The Final Problem" (1893) and "The Adventure of the Empty House" (1903). In the film, Holmes and Watson travel across Europe with a Romani adventuress to foil an intricate plot by their cunning nemesis, Professor Moriarty, to instigate a major European conflict.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: Though the film received mixed reviews from critics, it was commercially successful, with a worldwide gross of over $543 million. A third film was announced although is stuck in development hell.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: In 1891, Irene Adler delivers a package to Dr. Hoffmanstahl, payment for completing a recent surgery, while Hoffmanstahl hands Adler a letter. Hoffmanstahl opens the package, triggering a bomb that is prevented from detonating by Sherlock Holmes. Holmes takes the letter while Adler and Hoffmanstahl escape. Holmes later finds Hoffmanstahl assassinated. Adler meets with Professor Moriarty to explain the events, but Moriarty, deeming her compromised, poisons and kills her. Dr. Watson arrives at 221B Baker Street, where Holmes discloses that he is investigating seemingly unrelated murders, terrorist attacks and business acquisitions that he has connected to Moriarty. After meeting with his brother Mycroft at Watson's bachelor party, Holmes meets with a Roma fortune-teller named Madame Simza, the intended recipient of the letter he took from Adler, sent by her brother René. Holmes defeats an assassin sent to kill Simza, but she flees before Holmes can question her.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: After the wedding of Watson and Mary Morstan, Holmes meets Moriarty for the first time. Moriarty indicates he will kill Watson and Mary if Holmes interferes. Moriarty taunts Holmes about murdering Adler, and Holmes swears revenge. Moriarty's men attack Watson and Mary on a train to their honeymoon to Brighton. Holmes throws Mary from the train into a river, where she is rescued by Mycroft. After defeating Moriarty's men, Holmes and Watson travel to Paris and locate Simza. Holmes tells Simza that she has been targeted because René is working for Moriarty and may have told her his plans. Simza takes the pair to the headquarters of an anarchist group to which she and René belonged; the anarchists have been forced to plant bombs for Moriarty. The trio follow Holmes' deduction that the bomb is in the Paris Opera. However, the bomb is in a nearby hotel; its explosion kills a number of businessmen. The bomb was a cover for the assassination of Alfred Meinhard by Moriarty's henchman, Sebastian Moran.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: Meinhard's death grants Moriarty ownership of Meinhard's arms factory in Germany. Holmes spies on Moriarty, learning he is travelling to Germany. The trio follow him there. At the factory, Moriarty captures, interrogates, and tortures Holmes while Watson fights Moran. Holmes spells out Moriarty's plot, revealing that the Professor acquired shares in multiple war profiteering companies and intends to instigate a world war to make himself a fortune. Watson uses the cannon he was hiding behind to destroy the watchtower in which Moran is concealed. The structure collapses into the warehouse where Moriarty is holding Holmes captive. Watson, Simza, and an injured Holmes reunite and Holmes deduces that Moriarty's final target will be a peace summit in Switzerland, creating an international incident. At the summit, Holmes deduces that René is the assassin and is disguised as one of the ambassadors, having been given radical reconstructive surgery by Hoffmanstahl.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: Holmes and Moriarty meet on a balcony to discuss their plans over a game of chess. Watson and Simza stop René's assassination attempt; René is then killed by Moran. Despite his war being averted, Moriarty remains confident in his victory, warning Holmes that the nations of Europe will go to war with one another regardless of Moriarty's manipulations. Holmes reveals that, while being tortured by Moriarty, he replaced the professor's personal diary that contained his plans and financing with a duplicate. The original was sent to Mary, who decrypted the code using a book Holmes had noticed in Moriarty's office, before passing the information to Inspector Lestrade, who seizes Moriarty's assets and donates his fortune to charities that help war widows and orphans. Holmes and Moriarty anticipate a fight, and both realise that Moriarty will win due to Holmes' injured shoulder. Out of options and with Moriarty vowing to kill Watson and Mary, Holmes grabs Moriarty and lunges backwards over the balcony and into the Reichenbach Falls below, where both are presumed dead.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: Following Holmes's funeral, Watson and Mary prepare to have their belated honeymoon when Watson receives a package containing a breathing device of Mycroft's that Holmes expressed a liking for before the summit. Realizing that Holmes may still be alive, Watson leaves his office to find the delivery man. Holmes, having concealed himself in Watson's office, reads Watson's memoirs on the typewriter and adds a question mark after the words "The End".


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: After the success of the 2009 film "Sherlock Holmes", a sequel was fast-tracked by Warner Bros. with director Guy Ritchie dropping out of an adaptation of "Lobo" and Robert Downey Jr. leaving "Cowboys & Aliens". It was unclear if Rachel McAdams would appear in the film; McAdams said, "If I do, it won't be a very big thing. It's not a lead part." Warner Bros. later confirmed to "Entertainment Weekly" that McAdams would play a part in the sequel but that it would be a cameo. The female lead role was played by Noomi Rapace. Joel Silver, the film's producer, has said that "we always intended to have a different kind of girl for each movie" in the vein of Bond girls. He found it "complicated" to persuade McAdams to return in a smaller role: "She loved being with us, but she hoped to have a bigger role."


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: The film, then under the working title of "Sherlock Holmes 2", was reported to be influenced by Conan Doyle's "The Final Problem". While the film took place a year after the events of the first film, "Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows" was intended to be a stand-alone film that did not require knowledge of the previous movie.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: In October 2010, the steamship PS "Waverley" was chartered on the English Channel for filming, and a large green screen was erected at Didcot Railway Centre, where a large action scene was filmed the following month. In late November, a scene was filmed at Victoria Bridge in Worcestershire, England. In January 2011, scenes were also filmed at Hampton Court Palace and areas in Oxford University.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: In early February 2011, principal photography moved for two days to Strasbourg, France. Shooting took place on, around, and inside Strasbourg Cathedral. The scene was said at the time to be the opening scene of the film, as it covered an assassination and bombing in a German-speaking town.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: The production also filmed at several locations in Kent including Fort Amherst, Knole, and The Historic Dockyard Chatham. The White Cliffs of Dover are also briefly featured in the movie, as is the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich. Several scenes were also filmed at Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: Hans Zimmer composed the film's score. In addition to featuring existing works by Johann Strauss II, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ennio Morricone, and Franz Schubert, Zimmer included elements from authentic Romani music. Zimmer, accompanied by director Guy Ritchie and some of Zimmer's musicians, traveled to France, Italy, and Slovakia to research the local music firsthand and to "listen to as many musicians as we could." Deeply impressed, Zimmer arranged for 13 of the local musicians—with their personal violins and accordions—to join him in Vienna at a studio for a recording session. Zimmer incorporated this Romani music into the score for the film. It was reported a portion of proceeds from the soundtrack would be given to the impoverished Romani villages to help pay for necessities, such as water and heat.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: "Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows" was released on 16 December 2011 in Canada, Mexico, Russia, the United States, the United Kingdom; on 25 December 2011 in most other countries; and on 5 January 2012 in Australia, Poland, and Spain.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 12 June 2012 for Region 1 and 14 May 2012 for Region 2 and Region 4.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: "Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows" earned $186.8 million in North America as well as $357 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $543.4 million. It was the 12th highest-grossing film of 2011 worldwide.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: In North America, it topped the box office on its opening day with $14.6 million, down from the opening-day gross of the previous film, $24.6 million. During the weekend, it grossed $39.6 million, leading the box office but earning approximately two-thirds as much as its predecessor on its opening weekend. By the end of its theatrical run, it became the 9th highest-grossing film of 2011 in the US.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: Outside North America, the film earned $14.6 million on its opening weekend, finishing in third place. It topped the overseas box office during three consecutive weekends in January 2012. It eventually surpassed its predecessor's foreign total of $315 million. In the UK, Ireland, and Malta, its highest-grossing market after North America, the film achieved a first-place opening of £3.83 million ($5.95 million) over a three-day period, compared to the £3.08 million earned in two days by the original film. It earned $42.2 million in total in this market. In the Commonwealth of Independent States and in Italy, the film earned $28.4 million and $24.5 million, respectively.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 59% based on 229 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows" is a good yarn thanks to its well-matched leading men but overall stumbles duplicating the well-oiled thrills of the original." Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, gives the film a score of 48 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale, higher than the previous film's "B".


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: Roger Ebert, who gave the first film three stars, was even more positive in his review for the sequel, awarding it three-and-a-half stars and calling it "high-caliber entertainment" that "add[s] a degree of refinement and invention" to the formula. He also said the writers "wisely devote some of their best scenes to one-on-ones between Holmes and Moriarty." James Berardinelli gave the film three stars out of four, writing, ""A Game of Shadows" is a stronger, better-realized movie that builds upon the strengths of the original and jettisons some of the weaknesses." Conversely, Keith Phipps of "The A.V. Club" felt the film "aims lower than its predecessor's modest ambition and still misses the mark." Several critics felt that McAdams was underused. Joe Morgenstern of "The Wall Street Journal" felt "she vanishes all too soon in this overproduced, self-enchanted sequel, and so does the spirit of bright invention that made the previous film such a pleasant surprise." Scott Mendelson of "The Huffington Post" remarked that she "exhibits far more personality and roguish charm in her few moments here than she did in all of the previous film. Freed from the constraints of being the de-facto love interest, McAdams relishes the chance to go full-villain."


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: On 24 November 2015, film critic Scout Tafoya of RogerEbert.com included "A Game of Shadows" in his video series "The Unloved", where he highlights films which received mixed to negative reviews yet he believes to have artistic value. He praised the film's deconstruction of action scenes through stylistic editing, one inspired by Soviet montage which was exemplified in Sergei Eisenstein's 1925 film "Battleship Potemkin", as well as the friendship and constant banter between Holmes and Watson at the center of the film, which "highlight[s] the difficulty in achieving lyrical deftness of dialogue in films of this budget", with their friendship reminding Tafoya of how "we can invite danger and fun into our lives in equal measure all the time, but once in a blue moon, they make life worth living." Tafoya considers "A Game of Shadows" to be his eighth favorite film of the 21st century.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: Warner Bros. Pictures announced in October 2011 that the first draft for "Sherlock Holmes 3" was being produced with screenwriter Drew Pearce


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: writing the script; he was later replaced by Justin Haythe. Jude Law commented on the project in late 2013, "We had a meeting earlier this year, the three of us, and I think it's being written now. Warner Bros. have still got to agree to pay for it... I think they want to!" He also said of the delay in getting into production, "I think Warner Bros. wants it, and there's a lot of want from us as a team. We want it to be better than the other two. We want to make sure it's smarter and cleverer, but in the same realm. It's a slow process. We're all busy. So getting us together to try to nail that has taken a little bit longer than we had hoped... I hate celebrating anything I've done, but I'm so proud of those films. I think it was Joel Silver who said, 'Take it out of that dusty room and put it on the street'."


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: In October 2014, Susan Downey stated that a third film was in development: "There's an idea, there's an outline, there is not a script yet. Trust me, the studio would love there to be a script. But our feeling is, we gotta get it right." When asked whether the film would realistically be out within the "next few years", she expressed confidence that it would be, saying, "Yeah. At a certain point it's going to be too long— we've waited too long. We're working as fast and responsibly as we can to get a great script." In May 2015, when asked of the progress of the third film in an interview, Law stated: "There is apparently still a will [to do it], there is a script being written, but I'm not sure."


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: In August 2015, while promoting Ritchie's film "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.", producer Lionel Wigram said that a script for a third film was still being written. Wigram also claimed that both Downey Jr. and Law would reprise their roles from the first two films. In April 2016, Downey confirmed that the film would begin shooting later in the year. That same month, it was announced that James Coyne was hired to rewrite the script. Silver, who will produce the sequel, stated that he hoped it would begin filming in the fall, and that there may be more sequels.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: In October 2016, Warner Bros., Village Roadshow and Team Downey had put together a writers' room with several top names, including Nicole Perlman, Justin Malen, Gary Whitta, Geneva Robertson-Dworet and Kieran Fitzgerald.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: In May 2017, Wigram claimed that shooting may start in late 2018, saying, "It's closer to happening than it's been for a while. With any luck we'll be making it at the end of next year. I hope, we'll see. Fingers crossed." In May 2018, Warner Bros. confirmed a third film was scheduled for release on December 25, 2020, with Downey, Law, and Anderson reprising their roles and Chris Brancato writing the script.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: In March 2019, Warner Bros. announced that the release date had been changed to December 22, 2021. In July 2019, Dexter Fletcher was announced to replace Ritchie as the film's director. That same month, the film was approved a $20.9 million tax break by the California Film Commission, against a projected production budget of $107.8 million.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: The film was supposed to be released on December 22, 2021, with Downey and Law set to return, but it was delayed indefinitely due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

text: By October 2020, Robert Downey Jr. and Susan Downey announced plans to expand the film series into a franchise. Team Downey is working on installments including additional films, spin-offs, television series for HBO Max, and other media in a shared universe. Though they do not intend to copy the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the pair acknowledged that they felt that working with Marvel Studios taught them much with regards to world building. Two television series set in the films' universe are in development for HBO Max.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: The Quarry is a 2022 interactive drama horror video game developed by Supermassive Games and published by 2K. Players assume control of nine teenage counsellors who must survive their last night at Hackett's Quarry summer camp amongst supernatural creatures and violent locals. Players make many choices throughout the game which may significantly affect character development, relationships, the story's plot, and its ending. All nine playable characters may survive or die, depending on the player's decisions.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: Envisioned as the spiritual successor to "Until Dawn" (2015) and inspired by teen slasher and monster films such as "Friday the 13th" and "The Thing", the game features a large ensemble cast including Brenda Song, David Arquette, Halston Sage, Ted Raimi, Ariel Winter, Ethan Suplee, Lance Henriksen, Lin Shaye, Justice Smith, and Grace Zabriskie. "The Quarry" was released on 10 June 2022 for Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: The game received mostly positive reviews from critics, who praised its narrative, characters, cast performances, graphics, and its homage to classic horror movies, though criticism was aimed at its abrupt endings.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: Played from a third-person perspective, the player assumes control of nine different teenagers who must survive a night at the Hackett's Quarry. The player must regularly make different decisions, which can change the character development, the plot, and the relationships between different characters. All nine playable characters may die via multiple ways by the end of the game. Although the game lasts about ten hours, early deaths of certain characters may shorten it.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: The game is divided into ten chapters along with a prologue and epilogue. In between each chapter, as is traditional with Supermassive Games' horror games, there are occasional intermissions with a narrator, this time being fortune teller, Eliza (Grace Zabriskie), addresses the player directly and guides their future choices by reading tarot cards that the player has collected throughout the game.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: Due to the game's branching storyline, it has 186 different endings, affected by player choices, performances in quick-time events, and vigilance in finding evidence and clues determine the game's conclusion, as well as the public's perception of the deaths that occurred at Hackett's Quarry. Once the player completes their first playthrough of the game, they will unlock Death Rewind, which allows them to undo three character deaths in each subsequent playthrough. Players can disable certain gameplay elements such as button mashing, quick-time events, and aiming and shooting, allowing them to progress in the game with minimum input.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: The game features local and online multiplayer. In local multiplayer, players take turns to control different characters, while in the online mode, seven other participating players can vote in key decisions. Players can participate in voting by only downloading the demo version of "The Quarry". The game also features a movie mode in which the player can set the personality traits of different characters and then let the story play out. Downloadable content was also included for purchase which allowed the player to use the "Death Rewind" option at the first playthrough, as well as an "80s throwback" mode which gives the characters alternate outfits which were popular in the 1980s.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: Laura Kearney (Siobhan Williams) and Max Brinly (Skyler Gisondo) drive during nighttime to visit Hackett's Quarry, where the two have been hired as summer camp counselors. The two swerve off the road to avoid hitting something on the road and crash into the woods. A local county sheriff (Ted Raimi) approaches their car and orders them to stay the night at a nearby motel, but the two drive to the camp anyway. Upon arrival, Laura hears a noise coming from a civil defense shelter under the lodge and opens it. Max is attacked by a monster and the sheriff arrives at the camp to sedate Laura, who falls unconscious.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: Two months later, seven camp counselors—Abigail Blyg (Ariel Winter), Dylan Lenivy (Miles Robbins), Emma Mountebank (Halston Sage), Jacob Custos (Zach Tinker), Kaitlyn Ka (Brenda Song), Nick Furcillo (Evan Evagora), and Ryan Erzahler (Justice Smith)— have closed the Hackett's Quarry summer camp due to summer's end and are saying goodbye to a busload of departing children. However, their own plans to return to civilization are derailed by Jacob, who had recently been dumped by Emma. Jacob clandestinely sabotages the camp van in an attempt to spend one more night at the camp and win back Emma. The camp owner, Chris Hackett (David Arquette), asks them to stay locked inside the lodge for the night and tells them he will return with help in the morning. The group instead decides to look for beer, throw a bonfire party, and play a game of Truth or Dare. Kaitlyn dares Emma to kiss Jacob or Nick, Abigail's crush. Emma chooses Nick, kissing him passionately, causing both Abigail and Jacob to storm off.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: Throughout the night, two hunters named Bobby (Ethan Suplee) and Jedediah (Lance Henriksen) stalk the counselors, with the belief that if they capture any they are to dab their heads with wolf's blood. Nick reunites with Abigail in the woods, but a monster attacks them and bites Nick. Jacob reunites with Emma by the lake, where she suggests they enjoy their last night together by swimming. Their frivolity gets interrupted when Jacob hears Abigail's screams and runs into the woods to help her, while Emma swims to an island in the middle of the lake where she is attacked by another monster and is possibly killed. Dylan, Kaitlyn, and Ryan rescue Nick, taking him to the camp lodge to recover. Dylan and Ryan call for outside help by going to Chris Hackett's office, but their attempts to summon first responders are impeded by an abrupt power outage and loss of phone service. The two then proceed to the radio hut on an off chance of broadcasting their distress to any citizens band radio listeners. While heading to the pool house, the counselors briefly see a monster which is killed by a shotgun blast. By the time they reach the swimming pool, there is no monster, but they find the dead body of Kaylee Hackett, Chris' daughter. Nick's condition worsens, and he soon transforms into a werewolf, possibly killing Abigail before scurrying off.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: Laura appears immediately afterwards. She tells them that the sheriff was Chris' brother, Travis Hackett, who imprisoned her and Max for two months without preparing charges against them. During this time, they learned about a werewolf curse which is spread through biting. Laura reveals that Chris and his children, Kaylee and Caleb, become werewolves every full moon. One month earlier, Sheriff Hackett revealed the truth by making Laura watch Max transform under a full moon, where he then gouges her eye in bestial rage. Some time later, the pair escape and head to Hackett's Quarry. Laura learns that the curse can be revoked by killing the infecting werewolf under a full moon's sky and as such she aims to kill Chris to cure Max; Ryan reluctantly agrees to help with Laura's mission. Laura had detained Max on the island, revealing he was the werewolf who attacked Emma. She returned to the island only to find an uncured Max, then returned to the mainland upon realizing the werewolf she killed was not Chris. The two head toward the Hackett residence, where the matriarch, Constance (Lin Shaye), berates Travis for failing to protect their family. It is revealed that Jedediah is the Hackett family patriarch, with Bobby, Chris, and Travis as their sons. Laura and Ryan learn more about the Hackett family's history within their home, and they eavesdrop on the conversation between Constance and Travis. The Hacketts capture them, and a fight ensues. During the commotion, a werewolf Chris attacks his family, as well as Laura and Ryan, who gets the opportunity to kill Chris.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: Depending on who survived the altercation, Travis can reveal to Laura that the curse does not end with Chris' death. He explains that its progenitor was Silas Vorez - the cursed son of the fortune teller Eliza (Grace Zabriskie). Six years ago, the Hackett family visited her freak show, and Chris' children tried to free Silas by starting a fire as a distraction. The sideshow burned down, and Silas bit Caleb upon his freeing, who passed the curse onto Chris and Kaylee. Laura, Ryan, and Travis can drive towards the same spot where Laura and Max crashed two months ago to kill Silas and end the curse permanently.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: In all endings, police and cars from an unknown government agency comes to the location to investigate.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: Afterwards, the fortune teller who has been guiding the player's actions throughout the game reveals herself to be the spirit of Eliza, seeking vengeance on the Hacketts. Depending on whether all of the Hacketts are killed and whether Silas is spared, Eliza will either congratulate the player, be disappointed in the player and banish them from Hackett's Quarry, or be furious with the player and promise to haunt them for the rest of their lives.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: "The Quarry" was developed by British developer Supermassive Games, and was envisioned as a spiritual successor to the studio's "Until Dawn" (2015). It is heavily inspired by teen slasher and monster films, and adheres to established horror movie tropes more firmly than "The Dark Pictures Anthology", Supermassive's other horror franchise. Creative director Will Byles added that while the game is set in modern times, "there's a very '80s feel" about the setting and the characters, citing movies including "Sleepaway Camp" and "Friday the 13th" as major sources of inspiration. The locals living near the Hackett's Quarry have a more "retro" feel and the team was influenced by films such as "The Hills Have Eyes", "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre", and "Deliverance". Supermassive was also inspired by "Evil Dead" and "The Thing". The team wanted the game to feature horror movie tropes from different eras, and Byles went on to compare the game to a horror theme park. While the game pays homage to various horror films, the team learnt from their experience making "Until Dawn", allowing the team to build up players' fear through creating tension rather than relying heavily on jump scares.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: To capture the feelings of a classic horror films, Supermassive recruited a large cast of actors and several genre mainstays to portray the characters in the game, and collaborated with Los Angeles-based production company Digital Domain on the game's motion capture technology. The game's ensemble cast includes David Arquette, Siobhan Williams, Lin Shaye, Lance Henriksen, Grace Zabriskie, Ted Raimi, Ariel Winter, Ethan Suplee, Miles Robbins, Halston Sage, Zach Tinker, Brenda Song, Skyler Gisondo, Evan Evagora, and Justice Smith. According to Byles, the team wrote more than 1,000 pages for the game's script, and the game has a total of 186 different endings.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: While "Until Dawn" was designed to be a solo experience, the team found that players like to play the game in small groups, and acknowledged that "Until Dawn" was a popular game for people to simply watch. Therefore, the game introduced a Movie mode, and expanded the multiplayer options introduced in previous Supermassive games such as "Hidden Agenda" and "The Dark Pictures Anthology" in order to appeal to people who would simply like to watch the game. The accessibility options were also designed to cater to more casual gamers who may not be experienced in playing games. When compared to "The Dark Pictures Anthology", "The Quarry" was designed for a broader audience and had a smaller focus on gameplay.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: Publisher 2K Games and Supermassive officially unveiled the game on 18 March 2022. The game was initially planned to be a Stadia exclusive, but ultimately did not release on the platform due to Google cancelling its plans for first-party titles in February 2021. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X and Series S on 10 June 2022. Players who purchased the Deluxe version of the game would unlock the "Gorefest" option in the Movie mode, which features more brutal imagery when compared to the normal Movie mode. They would also receive additional character outfits, instant access to the Death Rewind feature, and the Horror History Visual Filter Pack, which allows players to change the aesthetic of the game by choosing from three visual filters inspired by horror films in different eras and various styles of horror filmmaking.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: "The Quarry" received "generally favorable" reviews for Microsoft Windows and Xbox Series X and "mixed or average" reviews for PlayStation 5, according to review aggregator Metacritic. "The Quarry" was the fourth best-selling retail video game in the United Kingdom in its week of release. 84% of the game's launch sales in the UK came from PlayStation users.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: "Destructoid" stated that "The Quarry" successfully replicated what made its predecessors unique and praised its ability to "fluctuate between tension, drama, and levity", while writing, "These games are at their best when they leverage classic horror while also infusing some modern touches, meta moments, and well-timed laughs..." "Game Informer" lamented the limited player agency but praised the quality of the "enthralling" choices and engaging narrative. "GameRevolution" thought highly of the title's character development, graphic quality, Movie Mode, and branching narrative design, but felt that the exploration mode was slow and that its camera was claustrophobic. "GamesRadar+" thought that its slow beginning, frequent pacing issues, and excessively large cast of characters hindered the game, but that some engaging plot points, quality voicework, and good graphics somewhat alleviated these issues. "GameSpot" praised the game's snappy dialogue, ensemble cast, love for horror movies, and the "palpable sense of weight behind many choices", but criticized the glacial walking speed of the exploration and the narrative's pacing issues.


title: The Quarry (video game)

text: "IGN" favored the script, cast, and various narrative climaxes, but disliked the lack of player interactivity and the absence of quality-of-life features, concluding, ""The Quarry" is worth playing at least once, but when compared to "Until Dawn", it's one step forward and one step back." "PC Gamer" felt that while the title retained the strengths of the developer's previous games, it only showed marks of improvement through its production values, and stated, "The plot, performances and visual fidelity are worth turning up for, as are some of the shocks, but more than ever much of your involvement seems like protective padding sandwiched between the scripted thrills." "Shacknews" gave high praise to the dynamically branching storylines, unique characters, homages to classic horror, and solid scares, but took minor issue with the fixed camera creating some awkward moments and the inability to fast-forward on repeat playthroughts. "The Guardian" gave it four out of five stars, writing, ""The Quarry"’s charming writing and cinematic presentation make it an engrossing horror caper – even if this is, paradoxically, a game that’s often at its best when you’re not actively playing it."


title: Jane Birkin

text: Jane Mallory Birkin, OBE (born 14 December 1946) is an English-French singer and actress. She attained international fame and notability for her decade-long musical and romantic partnership with Serge Gainsbourg. She also had a prolific career as an actress in British and French cinema.


title: Jane Birkin

text: A native of London, Birkin began her career as an actress, appearing in minor roles in Michelangelo Antonioni's "Blowup" (1966), and "Kaleidoscope" (1966). In 1968, she met Serge Gainsbourg while co-starring with him in "Slogan", which marked the beginning of a years-long working and personal relationship. The duo released their debut album "Jane Birkin/Serge Gainsbourg" (1969), and Birkin also appeared in the controversial film "Je t'aime moi non plus" (1976) under Gainsbourg's direction. Birkin would attain further acting credits in the Agatha Christie adaptations "Death on the Nile" (1978), and "Evil Under the Sun" (1982).


title: Jane Birkin

text: After separating from Gainsbourg in 1980, Birkin continued to work as both an actress and a singer, appearing in various independent films and recording numerous solo albums. In 1991, she appeared in the miniseries "Red Fox", and in the American drama film "A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries", in 1998. In 2016, she starred in the Academy Award-nominated short film "La femme et le TGV", which she said would be her final film role.


title: Jane Birkin

text: Birkin has lived mainly in France since the 1970s. She is the mother of photographer Kate Barry, with her first husband John Barry; actress and singer Charlotte Gainsbourg, with Serge Gainsbourg; and musician Lou Doillon, with Jacques Doillon. In addition to her acting and musical credits, she lent her name to the Hermès Birkin handbag.


title: Jane Birkin

text: Jane Mallory Birkin was born on 14 December 1946, in Marylebone, London. Her mother, Judy Campbell, was an English actress, best known for her work on stage. Her father, David Birkin, was a Royal Navy lieutenant commander and World War II spy. Her brother is screenwriter and director Andrew Birkin. She is first cousin twice removed to theatre and opera director Sophie Hunter. Birkin was raised in Chelsea, and described herself as a "shy English girl."


title: Jane Birkin

text: She attended Miss Ironside's School in Kensington. She was also educated at Upper Chine School, Isle of Wight. At age 17, she met composer John Barry, whom she married in 1965 and with whom she had her first daughter, Kate, in 1967. After the couple divorced in 1968, Birkin returned to live with her family in London, and began to audition for film and television roles in England and Los Angeles, California.


title: Jane Birkin

text: Birkin emerged in the Swinging London scene of the 1960s, appearing in an uncredited part in "The Knack ...and How to Get It" (1965). She had more substantial roles in the counterculture era films "Blowup" and "Kaleidoscope" (both 1966), as a fantasy-like model in the psychedelic film "Wonderwall" (1968) and in the erotic French thriller "La Piscine" (1969). That same year, she auditioned in France for the lead female role in the film "Slogan" (1969). Though she did not speak French she won the role, co-starring alongside Serge Gainsbourg, and she performed with him on the film's theme song, "La Chanson de Slogan" – the first of many collaborations between the two. After filming "Slogan", Birkin relocated to France permanently.


title: Jane Birkin

text: In 1969, Gainsbourg and she released the duet "Je t'aime... moi non plus" ("I love you ... me neither"). Gainsbourg originally had written the song for Brigitte Bardot. The song caused a scandal for its sexual explicitness, and was banned by radio stations in Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom.