title: Anschluss

text: The newly installed Nazis, within two days, transferred power to Germany, and "Wehrmacht" troops entered Austria to enforce the "Anschluss". The Nazis held a controlled plebiscite ("Volksabstimmung") in the whole Reich within the following month, asking the people to ratify the "fait accompli", and claimed that 99.7561% of the votes cast in Austria were in favor.


title: Anschluss

text: Although the Allies were committed to upholding the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and those of St. Germain, which specifically prohibited the union of Austria and Germany, their reaction was only verbal and moderate. No military confrontation took place, and even the strongest voices against the annexation, particularly Fascist Italy, France, and Britain (the "Stresa Front") remained at peace. The loudest verbal protest was voiced by the government of Mexico.


title: Anschluss

text: The campaign against the Jews began immediately after the "Anschluss". They were driven through the streets of Vienna, their homes and shops were plundered. Jewish men and women were forced to wash away pro-independence slogans painted on the streets of Vienna ahead of the failed 13 March plebiscite. Jewish actresses from the Theater in der Josefstadt were forced to clean toilets by the SA. The process of Aryanisation began, and Jews were driven out of public life within months. These events reached a climax in the Kristallnacht pogrom of 9–10 November 1938. All synagogues and prayer houses in Vienna were destroyed, as well as in other Austrian cities such as Salzburg. The Stadttempel was the sole survivor due to its location in a residential district which prevented it from being burned down. Most Jewish shops were plundered and closed. Over 6,000 Jews were arrested overnight, the majority deported to Dachau concentration camp in the following days. The Nuremberg Laws applied in Austria from May 1938, later reinforced with innumerable anti-Semitic decrees. Jews were gradually robbed of their freedoms, blocked from almost all professions, shut out of schools and universities, and forced to wear the Yellow badge from September 1941.


title: Anschluss

text: The Nazis dissolved Jewish organisations and institutions, hoping to force Jews to emigrate. Their plans succeeded—by the end of 1941, 130,000 Jews had left Vienna, 30,000 of whom went to the United States. They left behind all of their property, but were forced to pay the Reich Flight Tax, a tax on all émigrés from Nazi Germany; some received financial support from international aid organisations so that they could pay this tax. The majority of the Jews who had stayed in Vienna eventually became victims of the Holocaust. Of the more than 65,000 Viennese Jews who were deported to concentration camps, fewer than 2,000 survived.


title: Anschluss

text: The "Anschluss" was given immediate effect by legislative act on 13 March, subject to ratification by a plebiscite. Austria became the province of Ostmark, and Seyss-Inquart was appointed governor. The plebiscite was held on 10 April and officially recorded a support of 99.7% of the voters.


title: Anschluss

text: While historians concur that the votes were accurately counted, the process was neither free nor secret. Officials were present directly beside the voting booths and received the voting ballot by hand (in contrast to a secret vote where the voting ballot is inserted into a closed box). In some remote areas of Austria, people voted to preserve the independence of Austria on 13 March (in Schuschnigg's planned but cancelled plebiscite) despite the "Wehrmacht"s presence. For instance, in the village of Innervillgraten, a majority of 95% voted for Austria's independence. However, in the plebiscite on 10 April, 73.3% of votes in Innervillgraten were in favor of the "Anschluss", which was still the lowest number of all Austrian municipalities. In case of a fair plebiscite, the Anschluss would have been supported only by 20 % of the Austrian population.


title: Anschluss

text: Austria remained part of Germany until the end of World War II. A provisional government in Allied-occupied Austria declared the "Anschluss" "null und nichtig" (null and void) on 27 April 1945. Henceforth, Austria was recognized as a separate country, although it remained divided into occupation zones and controlled by the Allied Commission until 1955, when the Austrian State Treaty restored its sovereignty.


title: Anschluss

text: Germany, which had a shortage of steel and a weak balance of payments, gained iron ore mines in the Erzberg and 748 million RM in the reserves of Austria's central bank Oesterreichische Nationalbank, more than twice its own cash. In the years that followed, some bank accounts were transferred from Austria to Germany as "enemy property accounts".


title: Anschluss

text: Austria in the first days of Nazi Germany's control had many contradictions: at one and the same time, Hitler's regime began to tighten its grip on every aspect of society, beginning with mass arrests as thousands of Austrians tried to escape; yet other Austrians cheered and welcomed the German troops entering their territory.


title: Anschluss

text: In March 1938 the local Gauleiter of Gmunden, Upper Austria, gave a speech to the local Austrians and told them in plain terms that all "traitors" of Austria were to be thrown into the newly opened concentration camp at Mauthausen-Gusen. The camp became notorious for its cruelty and barbarism. During its existence an estimated 200,000 people died, half of whom were directly killed.


title: Anschluss

text: The antigypsy sentiment was implemented initially most harshly in Austria when between 1938-1939 the Nazis arrested around 2,000 Romani men who were sent to Dachau and 1,000 Romani women who were sent to Ravensbrück. Starting in 1939, Austrian Romani had to register themselves to local authorities. The Nazis began to publish articles linking the Romani with criminality. Until 1942, the Nazis had made a distinction between "pure Gypsies" and "Gypsy "Mischlinges". However, Nazi racial research claimed that 90% of Romani were of mixed ancestry. Subsequently, the Nazis ordered that the Romani were to be treated on the same level as the Jews.


title: Anschluss

text: After breaking off the negotiations regarding the position of the Catholic Church in Austria, Cardinal Theodor Innitzer (a political figure of the CS) was intimidated into supporting the Anschluss after being assaulted. Vatican Radio, however, broadcast a strong denunciation of the German action, and Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, the Vatican Secretary of State, ordered Innitzer to report to Rome. Before meeting the Pope, Innitzer met Pacelli, who had been outraged by Innitzer's statement. He told Innitzer to retract his statement; he was made to sign a new statement, issued on behalf of all the Austrian bishops, that stated: "The solemn declaration of the Austrian bishops... was clearly not intended to be an approval of something that was not and is not compatible with God's law". The Vatican newspaper reported that the German bishops' earlier statement had been issued without approval from Rome. The Vatican condemned Nazism in its newspaper L'Osservatore Romano, and forbade Catholics from following their ideas or supporting Anschluss.


title: Anschluss

text: Robert Kauer, president of the minority Lutheran Church in Austria, greeted Hitler on 13 March as "saviour of the 350,000 German Protestants in Austria and liberator from a five-year hardship". Karl Renner, the most famous Social Democrat of the First Republic, announced his support for the "Anschluss" and appealed to all Austrians to vote in favour of it on 10 April.


title: Anschluss

text: The international response to the "Anschluss" was publicly moderate. "The Times" commented that 300 years before, Scotland had joined England as well and that this event would not really differ much. On 14 March, the British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain spoke about the "Austrian situation" in the House of Commons. He noted that the British ambassador in Berlin objected to the use of "coercion, backed by force" that would undermine Austria's independence. Within this speech Chamberlain also said, "The hard fact is that nothing could have arrested what has actually happened [in Austria] unless this country and other countries had been prepared to use force." Chamberlain informed the Foreign Policy Committee that the Anschluss would not alter the National Government's European policy.


title: Anschluss

text: On 18 March 1938, the German government communicated to the Secretary General of the League of Nations about the inclusion of Austria. And next day in Geneva, the Mexican Delegate to the International Office of Labor, Isidro Fabela, voiced an energetic protest, stronger than that expressed by European countries, denouncing the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany.


title: Anschluss

text: The word "Anschluss" is properly translated as "joinder," "connection," "unification," or "political union." In contrast, the German word "Annektierung" (military annexation) was not, and is not commonly used now, to describe the union of Austria and Germany in 1938. The word "Anschluss" had been widespread before 1938 describing an incorporation of Austria into Germany. Calling the incorporation of Austria into Germany an "Anschluss," that is a "unification" or "joinder," was also part of the propaganda used in 1938 by Nazi Germany to create the impression that the union was not coerced. Hitler described the incorporation of Austria as a "Heimkehr", a return to its original home. The word "Anschluss" has endured since 1938.


title: Anschluss

text: Some sources, like the "Encyclopædia Britannica", describe the "Anschluss" as an "annexation" rather than a union.


title: Anschluss

text: The "Anschluss" was among the first major steps in Austrian-born Hitler's desire to create a Greater German Reich that was to include all ethnic Germans and all the lands and territories that the German Empire had lost after the First World War. Although Austria was predominantly ethnically German and had been part of the Holy Roman Empire until it dissolved in 1806 and the German Confederation until 1866 after the defeat in the Austro-Prussian War, it had never been a part of the German Empire. The unification of Germany brought about by Otto von Bismarck created that Prussian-dominated entity in 1871, with Austria, Prussia's rival for dominance of the German states, explicitly excluded.


title: Anschluss

text: Prior to annexing Austria in 1938, Nazi Germany had remilitarized the Rhineland, and the Saar region was returned to Germany after 15 years of occupation through a plebiscite. After the "Anschluss", Hitler targeted Czechoslovakia, provoking an international crisis which led to the Munich Agreement in September 1938, giving Nazi Germany control of the industrial Sudetenland, which had a predominantly ethnic German population. In March 1939, Hitler then dismantled Czechoslovakia by recognising the independence of Slovakia and making the rest of the nation a protectorate. That same year, Memelland was returned from Lithuania.


title: Anschluss

text: With the "Anschluss", the Republic of Austria ceased to exist as an independent state. At the end of World War II, a Provisional Austrian Government under Karl Renner was set up by conservatives, Social Democrats and Communists on 27 April 1945 (when Vienna had already been occupied by the Red Army). It cancelled the "Anschluss" the same day and was legally recognized by the Allies in the following months. In 1955 the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state.


title: Anschluss

text: The Moscow Declaration of 1943, signed by the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom, included a "Declaration on Austria", which stated:


title: Anschluss

text: The governments of the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States of America are agreed that Austria, the first free country to fall a victim to Hitlerite aggression, shall be liberated from German domination.


title: Anschluss

text: They regard the annexation imposed on Austria by Germany on 15 March 1938, as null and void. They consider themselves as in no way bound by any changes effected in Austria since that date. They declare that they wish to see re-established a free and independent Austria and thereby to open the way for the Austrian people themselves, as well as those neighbouring States which will be faced with similar problems, to find that political and economic security which is the only basis for lasting peace.


title: Anschluss

text: Austria is reminded, however, that she has a responsibility, which she cannot evade, for participation in the war at the side of Hitlerite Germany, and that in the final settlement account will inevitably be taken of her own contribution to her liberation.


title: Anschluss

text: The declaration was mostly intended to serve as propaganda aimed at stirring Austrian resistance. Although some Austrians aided Jews and are counted as Righteous Among the Nations, there never was an effective Austrian armed resistance of the sort found in other countries under German occupation.


title: Anschluss

text: The Moscow Declaration is said to have a somewhat complex drafting history. At Nuremberg, Arthur Seyss-Inquart and Franz von Papen, in particular, were both indicted under count one (conspiracy to commit crimes against peace) specifically for their activities in support of the Austrian Nazi Party and the "Anschluss", but neither was convicted of this count. In acquitting von Papen, the court noted that his actions were in its view political immoralities but not crimes under its charter. Seyss-Inquart was convicted of other serious war crimes, most of which took place in Poland and the Netherlands, was sentenced to death and executed.


title: Anschluss

text: After World War II many Austrians sought comfort in the idea of Austria as being the first victim of the Nazis. Although the Nazi party was promptly banned, Austria did not have the same thorough process of denazification that was imposed on Germany. Lacking outside pressure for political reform, factions of Austrian society tried for a long time to advance the view that the "Anschluss" was only an annexation at the point of a bayonet.


title: Anschluss

text: This view of the events of 1938 has deep roots in the 10 years of Allied occupation and the struggle to regain Austrian sovereignty: the "victim theory" played an essential role in the negotiations for the Austrian State Treaty with the Soviets, and by pointing to the Moscow Declaration, Austrian politicians heavily relied on it to achieve a solution for Austria different from the division of Germany into separate Eastern and Western states. The state treaty, alongside the subsequent Austrian declaration of permanent neutrality, marked important milestones for the solidification of Austria's independent national identity during the course of the following decades.


title: Anschluss

text: As Austrian politicians of the left and right attempted to reconcile their differences to avoid the violent conflict that had dominated the First Republic, discussions of both Austrian Nazism and Austria's role during the Nazi-era were largely avoided. Still, the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) had advanced, and still advances, the argument that the establishment of the Dollfuss dictatorship was necessary to maintain Austrian independence. On the other hand, the Austrian Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) argues that the Dollfuss dictatorship stripped the country of the democratic resources necessary to repel Hitler; yet it ignores the fact that Hitler himself was a native of Austria.


title: Anschluss

text: It has also helped the Austrians develop their own national identity as before. After World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany the political ideology of Pan-Germanism fell into disfavor and is now seen by the majority of German-speaking people as taboo. Unlike earlier in the 20th century when there was no Austrian identity separate from a German one, in 1987 only 6% of the Austrians identified themselves as "Germans." A survey carried out in 2008 found that 82% of Austrians considered themselves to be their own nation.


title: Anschluss

text: For decades, the victim theory remained largely undisputed in Austria. The public was rarely forced to confront the legacy of Nazi Germany. One of those occasions arose in 1965, when Taras Borodajkewycz, a professor of economic history, made anti-Semitic remarks following the death of Ernst Kirchweger, a concentration camp survivor killed by a right-wing protester during riots. It was not until the 1980s that Austrians confronted their mixed past on a large scale. The catalyst for the "Vergangenheitsbewältigung" (struggle to come to terms with the past) was the Waldheim affair. Kurt Waldheim, a candidate in the 1986 Austrian presidential election and former UN Secretary-General, was accused of having been a member of the Nazi party and of the Sturmabteilung (SA). He was later absolved of direct involvement in war crimes. The Waldheim affair started the first serious discussions about Austria's past and the "Anschluss".


title: Anschluss

text: Another factor was the rise of Jörg Haider and the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) in the 1980s. The party had combined elements of the pan-German right with free-market liberalism since its foundation in 1955, but after Haider ascended to the party chairmanship in 1986, the liberal elements became increasingly marginalized. Haider began to openly use nationalist and anti-immigrant rhetoric. He was criticised for using the "völkisch" (ethnic) definition of national interest ("Austria for Austrians") and his apologetics for Austria's past, notably calling members of the Waffen-SS "men of honour". Following a dramatic rise in electoral support in the 1990s that peaked in the 1999 elections, the FPÖ entered a coalition with the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP), led by Wolfgang Schüssel. This was condemned in 2000. The coalition prompted the regular "Donnerstagsdemonstrationen" (Thursday demonstrations) in protest against the government, which took place on the Heldenplatz where Hitler had greeted the masses during the "Anschluss". Haider's tactics and rhetoric, often criticised as sympathetic to Nazism, forced Austrians to reconsider their relationship to the past. Haider's coalition partner, former Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel, in a 2000 interview with "The Jerusalem Post", reiterated the "first victim" theory.


title: Anschluss

text: The political discussions and soul-searching were reflected in other aspects of culture. Thomas Bernhard's last play, "Heldenplatz" (1988), generated controversy even before it was produced, fifty years after Hitler's entrance to the city. Bernhard made the historic elimination of references to Hitler's reception in Vienna emblematic of Austrian attempts to claim its history and culture under questionable criteria. Many politicians called Bernhard a "Nestbeschmutzer" (damaging the reputation of his country) and openly demanded that the play should not be staged in Vienna's Burgtheater. Waldheim, still president, called the play "a crude insult to the Austrian people".


title: Anschluss

text: In the Federal Republic of Germany the "Vergangenheitsbewältigung" ("struggle to come to terms with the past") has been partially institutionalised in literary, cultural, political, and educational contexts. Austria formed a "Historikerkommission" ("Historian's Commission" or "Historical Commission") in 1998 with a mandate to review Austria's role in the Nazi expropriation of Jewish property from a scholarly rather than legal perspective, partly in response to continuing criticism of its handling of property claims. Its membership was based on recommendations from various quarters, including Simon Wiesenthal and Yad Vashem. The Commission delivered its report in 2003. Noted Holocaust historian Raul Hilberg refused to participate in the Commission and in an interview he stated his strenuous objections in terms both personal and in reference to larger questions about Austrian culpability and liability, comparing what he thought to be relative inattention by the World Jewish Congress to the settlement governing the Swiss bank holdings of those who died or were displaced by the Holocaust.


title: Anschluss

text: The Simon Wiesenthal Center continues to criticise Austria (as recently as June 2005) for its alleged historical and ongoing unwillingness aggressively to pursue investigations and trials against Nazis for war crimes and crimes against humanity from the 1970s onwards. Its 2001 report offered the following characterization:


title: Anschluss

text: Given the extensive participation of numerous Austrians, including at the highest levels, in the implementation of the Final Solution and other Nazi crimes, Austria should have been a leader in the prosecution of Holocaust perpetrators over the course of the past four decades, as has been the case in Germany. Unfortunately relatively little has been achieved by the Austrian authorities in this regard and in fact, with the exception of the case of Dr. Heinrich Gross which was suspended this year under highly suspicious circumstances (he claimed to be medically unfit, but outside the court proved to be healthy) not a single Nazi war crimes prosecution has been conducted in Austria since the mid-1970s.


title: Anschluss

text: In 2003, the Center launched a worldwide effort named "Operation: Last Chance" in order to collect further information about those Nazis still alive that are potentially subject to prosecution. Although reports issued shortly thereafter credited Austria for initiating large-scale investigations, there has been one case where criticism of Austrian authorities arose recently: The Center put 92-year-old Croatian Milivoj Asner on its 2005 top ten list. Asner fled to Austria in 2004 after Croatia announced it would start investigations in the case of war crimes he may have been involved in. In response to objections about Asner's continued freedom, Austria's federal government deferred to either extradition requests from Croatia or prosecutorial actions from Klagenfurt, claiming reason of dementia in 2008. Milivoj Ašner died on 14 June 2011 at the age of 98 in his room in a Caritas nursing home still in Klagenfurt.


title: Aurélien Tchouaméni

text: Aurélien Djani Tchouaméni (born 27 January 2000) is a French professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for La Liga club Real Madrid and the France national team.


title: Aurélien Tchouaméni

text: Tchouaméni was born in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, but grew up in Bordeaux, Gironde. He is of Cameroonian descent.


title: Aurélien Tchouaméni

text: Tchouaméni made his first team debut for Bordeaux in a 1–0 UEFA Europa League away win to Latvian side Ventspils in the second qualifying round on 26 July 2018, starting the match and playing 89 minutes. He scored his first goal of his senior club career on 9 August, netting the final goal in Bordeaux's 3–1 Europa League away victory over Mariupol.


title: Aurélien Tchouaméni

text: On 29 January 2020, Tchouaméni signed a four-and-a-half-year deal with Ligue 1 side Monaco. After about a year playing for the club, he registered his first league goal, netting the second goal in a 3–1 win against Marseille on 23 January 2021. On 14 May 2022, he delivered an assist for his captain Wissam Ben Yedder and, thus, participated in the ninth win in a row for his side.


title: Aurélien Tchouaméni

text: On 11 June 2022, it was announced that Tchouaméni would be transferred to La Liga side Real Madrid on 1 July 2022, signing a six-year contract with the club. The transfer fee was reported to be €80 million, which could rise to €100 million due to additional fees.


title: Aurélien Tchouaméni

text: On 26 August 2021, Tchouaméni received his first call up to the France senior squad. On 1 September, he made his international debut in a 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifying game against Bosnia and Herzegovina replacing Thomas Lemar in the 46th minute. On 25 March 2022, Tchouaméni scored his first goal for the national team in a friendly against Ivory Coast. In November 2022, he was named in the final squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. On 11 December, he scored his first World Cup goal in a 2–1 win over England in the quarter-finals.


title: Super Sentai

text: In every "Super Sentai" series, the protagonists are a team of people who – using wrist-worn or hand-held devices – transform into superheroes and gain superpowers – color-coded uniforms, signature weapons, sidearms, and fighting skills – to battle a group of otherworldly supervillains that threaten to take over the Earth. In a typical episode, the heroes thwart the enemies' plans and defeat an army of enemy soldiers and the monster of the week before an enlarged version of the monster confronts them, only to be defeated again when the heroes fight it with their mecha. Each Sentai series is set in its own unique fictional universe; various TV, video, and film specials feature a team-up between one or more teams.


title: Super Sentai

text: The first two "Super Sentai" series were created by Shotaro Ishinomori, then known for the 1971–1973 "Kamen Rider" TV series and the long-running manga "Cyborg 009". He developed "Himitsu Sentai Gorenger", which ran from 1975 to 1977, and "J.A.K.Q. Dengekitai", released in 1977. Toei Company put the franchise on hiatus in 1978, collaborating with Marvel Comics to produce a live-action "Spider-Man" series, which added giant robots to the concept of "tokusatsu" shows. The giant robot concept was carried over to Toei and Marvel's next show, "Battle Fever J", released in 1979, and was then used throughout the Super Sentai series.


title: Super Sentai

text: In 1993, American production company Saban Entertainment adapted 1992's "Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger" into "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" for the Fox Kids programming block, combining the original Japanese action footage with new footage featuring American actors for the story sequences. Since then, nearly every "Super Sentai" series that followed became a new season of "Power Rangers". Some countries, such as France, Brazil, Thailand, and the Philippines, switched from broadcasting "Super Sentai" to "Power Rangers". In 2002, Saban sold the "Power Rangers" franchise to Disney's Buena Vista division, who owned it until 2010, broadcasting "Power Rangers" on ABC Kids, ABC Family, Jetix, and Toon Disney. On 12 May 2010, Saban bought the franchise back from Disney, moving the show to the Nickelodeon network for 2011 with "Power Rangers Samurai". On 1 May 2018, toy company Hasbro announced they had acquired the "Power Rangers" franchise from Saban Capital Group for $522 million.


title: Super Sentai

text: "Power Rangers Dino Force Brave" is a 2017 South Korean tokusatsu television show produced by Daewon Media, the same company which distributes the Super Sentai series in South Korea under the "Power Rangers" label. It serves as a sequel to the 2013 Super Sentai series "Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger".


title: Super Sentai

text: The following releases were on Super Video or Special DVD bundled with special issues of Kodansha's "Televi Magazine":


title: Super Sentai

text: Although the Super Sentai series originated in Japan, various Sentai series have been imported and dubbed in other languages for broadcast in several other countries.


title: Super Sentai

text: "Bioman", "Flashman", "Maskman", "Liveman", "Turboranger", "Fiveman", and "Jetman" were broadcast in France in the 1980s and early 1990s, with "Maskman" and "Liveman" marketed as "Bioman 2" and "Bioman 3", respectively. Additionally, "Liveman", "Turboranger", "Fiveman" and "Jetman" were broadcast in Spain and Portugal. "Denjiman" and "Goggle-V" were broadcast in Italy. In addition, some episodes of "Bioman" and "Turboranger" were released on VHS in Greece. In 1985, Bioman became the first Super Sentai series to be aired in the United Kingdom. By the early 1990s, the Sentai broadcasts were replaced by "Power Rangers".


title: Super Sentai

text: Super Sentai has been broadcast in South Korea, dubbed in Korean. The first such series was "Choushinsei Flashman" which aired as "Jigu Bangwidae Flash Man" ("Earth Defence Squadron Flashman"), released in video format in 1989 by the Daeyung Panda video company; this was followed by "Hikari Sentai Maskman" and "Chodenshi Bioman". Throughout the 1990s, "Dai Sentai Goggle Five", "Dengeki Sentai Changeman", "Choujyu Sentai Liveman", and "Kousoku Sentai Turboranger" were also released in video format. In the 2000s and early 2010s, Tooniverse (formerly Orion Cartoon Network), JEI-TV (Jaeneung Television), Champ TV/Anione TV (Daewon Broadcasting), Cartoon Network South Korea, and Nickelodeon South Korea have broadcast Super Sentai series a year following their original Japanese broadcast, but have changed the titles to "Power Rangers". Recently, there have been broadcasts of "Bakuryuu Sentai Abaranger", "Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger", "Mahō Sentai Magiranger", "GoGo Sentai Boukenger", "Juken Sentai Gekiranger", "Engine Sentai Go-onger", "Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger", "Tensou Sentai Goseiger", "Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger", "Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters", "Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger", "Ressha Sentai ToQger", "Shuriken Sentai Ninninger", "Doubutsu Sentai Zyuohger", "Uchu Sentai Kyuranger", "Kishiryu Sentai Ryusoulger," "Kaitou Sentai Lupinranger VS Keisatsu Sentai Patranger," "Kikai Sentai Zenkaiger" and "Avataro Sentai Donbrothers" under the titles of "Power Rangers Dino Thunder", "Power Rangers S.P.D.", "Power Rangers Magic Force", "Power Rangers Treasure Force", "Power Rangers Wild Spirits", "Power Rangers Engine Force", "Power Rangers Jungle Force", "Power Rangers Miracle Force", "Power Rangers Captain Force", "Power Rangers Go-Busters", "Power Rangers Dino Force", "Power Rangers Train Force", "Power Rangers Ninja Force", "Power Rangers Animal Force", "Power Rangers Galaxy Force", "Power Rangers Dino Soul" "Power Rangers Lupin Force VS Patrol Force, Power Rangers Zenkaiger" and "Power Rangers Donbrothers" , respectively. Furthermore, "Power Rangers Dino Force" has the South Korea-exclusive sequel called "Power Rangers Dino Force Brave". Currently South Korea is re airing "Power Rangers Animal Force" and airing "Power Rangers Donbrothers".


title: Super Sentai

text: "Choushinsei Flashman" and "Choujyu Sentai Liveman" were broadcast in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru in the early 1990s, and as reruns in the early 2000s. "Flashman" arrived with Spanish dubbing done in Brazil and "Liveman" in Venezuela.


title: Super Sentai

text: "Dengeki Sentai Changeman", "Flashman", "Maskman" and "Goggle V" were broadcast in Brazil. The first season to air was "Changeman" in 1988, on TV Manchete (now RedeTV), and caused a tremendous impact in its time, considered a cult classic.


title: Super Sentai

text: After Honolulu's KIKU-TV had success with "Android Kikaider" (marketed as "Kikaida") and "Kamen Rider V3" in the 1970s, multiple Super Sentai series, including "Himitsu Sentai Gorenger" and "Battle Fever J", were brought to the Hawaiian market, broadcast in Japanese with English subtitles by JN Productions. In 1985, Marvel Comics produced a pilot for an American adaptation of "Taiyo Sentai Sun Vulcan", but the show was rejected by the major US TV networks. In 1986, Saban Productions produced a pilot for an American adaptation of "Choudenshi Bioman" titled "Bio Man". In 1987, some episodes of "Kagaku Sentai Dynaman" were dubbed and aired as a parody on the USA Network television show "Night Flight". Starting in 1993, footage from "Super Sentai" was extensively used in the American-produced "Power Rangers" franchise.


title: Super Sentai

text: On 25 July 2014, Shout! Factory announced that they would release "Zyuranger" on DVD in the United States. Since then, Shout! has been the official distributor of "Super Sentai" DVDs in North America, and as of 2019 has released all subsequent series up to "Hurricaneger", plus "Jetman". After "Jetman", a release was announced of the series "Fiveman", but was put on hiatus due to Hasbro's acquisition of the "Power Rangers" franchise. In June 2022, it was announced they would resume production/distribution of Super Sentai DVD sets in North America, beginning with "Fiveman".


title: Super Sentai

text: Beginning in 2016, Super Sentai episodes would be available on demand on ShoutFactoryTV.com. These episodes can only be viewed in North America.


title: Super Sentai

text: The Super Sentai Series has been parodied and emulated in various ways throughout the world. The term "Sentai" is also occasionally used to describe shows with premises like the Super Sentai Series.


title: Super Sentai

text: "Jushi Sentai France Five" (later known as "Shin Kenjushi France Five") is a French online mini-series that was released in six installments from 2000 to 2013. The series was so popular in Japan that Akira Kushida recorded its second opening theme.


title: Super Sentai

text: Known as Ronin Warriors in the English dub, this anime involved five young warriors each in possession of mystical armor and weapons which allowed them to transform into more powerful forms in the manner of Super Sentai.


title: Super Sentai

text: Naoko Takeuchi used the "Super Sentai" Series as inspiration for the creation of the Sailor Soldiers in "Sailor Moon".


title: Super Sentai

text: The fourth entry of the Digimon anime involved five young kids (eventually six) to gain Digivices known as D-tectors which contained the spirits of ancient heroes known as the Ten Legendary Warriors that allowed them to transform into Digimon forms to fight off monsters in a manner reminiscent of Super Sentai.


title: Super Sentai

text: The Jeanne d'Arc PSP game made by Level 5 which depicts the title character (voiced by Kari Wahlgren) in a fantasy universe based on the historical story has her and certain others with the power to transform into armored warriors akin to Super Sentai.


title: Super Sentai

text: The PSP prequel entry to the Kingdom Hearts video game franchise made by Square-Enix involves the main characters (Terra, Aqua, and Ventus) transforming into magical armor akin to Super Sentai.


title: Super Sentai

text: As part of the "Omoikkiri Ii!! TV" television program, a series of features was produced on various spas and onsen around Japan titled . This featured "tokusatsu" and drama actors Takashi Hagino (Changéríon of "Choukou Senshi Changéríon" and Kamen Rider Ouja of "Kamen Rider Ryuki") as , Kento Handa (Kamen Rider Faiz of "Kamen Rider 555") as , Kengo Ohkuchi (Emperor Z of "Ressha Sentai ToQger") as , Masashi Mikami (Bouken Blue in "GoGo Sentai Boukenger") as , and Kohei Murakami (Kamen Rider Kaixa in "Kamen Rider 555") as .


title: Super Sentai

text: In 2013, Gainax produced , a 13-episode miniseries of live-action shorts which parodied the Super Sentai Series. The series' characters are all former members of a fighting group called . "EA's Rock" is broadcast on the Tōmeihan Net 6 Japanese Association of Independent Television Stations as well as Nico Nico Douga.


title: Super Sentai

text: is a Toei-produced parody series that premiered in April 2012 on BS Asahi and Tokyo MX. "Akibaranger" is made for adult fans who were fans of the Super Sentai Series as children. The story features three otaku who live in the Akihabara district of Tokyo who receive technology from a scientist to fight an evil threat that at first only exists in their delusions, but eventually starts materializing itself in the real world. Like "Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger", "Akibaranger" features guest appearances by veteran Super Sentai actors (as themselves rather than their characters), and voice actors and musicians who have worked in anime and "tokusatsu". A second season aired in April 2013.


title: Super Sentai

text: The manga/anime franchise Bleach has referenced Super Sentai twice. First with Nelliel Tu Odelschwanck and her Fracción (Dondochakka Birstanne, Pesche Guatiche, and Bawabawa) taking Sentai poses and introductions when they first encounter the protagonists in Hueco Mundo. The second is when Kisuke Urahara establishes the team of Karakura Raizer (lead by Kon) to protect Karakura Town in the heroes' absence, with their powers and introductions clearly inspired from Super Sentai teams.


title: Super Sentai

text: The manga/anime series Love After World Domination is a satire on the Super Sentai genre, with a team of multi-color heroes who can don spandex power suits to fight against an organization bent on world domination.


title: Super Sentai

text: Akira Toriyama was inspired to create the Ginyu Force for the "Dragon Ball" manga after seeing his children watch "Super Sentai".


title: Super Sentai

text: The anime series "Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS" (2017) pays homage to the "Super Sentai" series, with the character Shima occasionally performing Sentai moves. The English dub adds a joke referring to a Sentai move as "the dab", referencing how the dab dance move in 2010s American popular culture has a striking resemblance to Sentai moves that have appeared in the "Super Sentai" series since the 1970s (and the localised "Power Rangers" series since the 1990s).


title: Super Sentai

text: Germa 66's Vinsmoke commanders bear a resemblance to Super Sentai series, as they bear similar color-coded designs and epithets: Reiju is "Poison Pink", Ichiji "Sparking Red", Niji "Electric Blue", Yonji "Winch Green", and Sanji "Stealth Black". These colors are also prominently incorporated into their clothing and hair color (except for Sanji).


title: Super Sentai

text: The Red/Blue/Pink/Green team alignment matches that of "J.A.K.Q. Dengekitai", the first and only Sentai squad which started with four members.


title: Super Sentai

text: The clone soldiers used by the Germa likewise resemble the various foot soldiers used by the villains in Sentai series.


title: Super Sentai

text: The Pretty Cure franchise largely resembles Super Sentai as a tokusatsu-style magical girl series with varying teams of girls over the years, as well as the fact that it is long-aired alongside Super Sentai on TV on Sunday mornings.


title: Christopher Nkunku

text: Christopher Alan Nkunku (born 14 November 1997) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder or forward for Bundesliga club RB Leipzig and the France national team.


title: Christopher Nkunku

text: Nkunku is a graduate of the Paris Saint-Germain Academy and made his professional debut for the club in December 2015. He made 78 appearances for them and won three Ligue 1 titles, the Coupe de France twice and the Coupe de la Ligue twice. Nkunku joined German side RB Leipzig in July 2019, with whom he won the Bundesliga Player of the Season award and the DFB-Pokal in the 2021–22 season.


title: Christopher Nkunku

text: Nkunku represented France at multiple youth international levels, before making his debut for the senior national team in March 2022.


title: Christopher Nkunku

text: Christopher Alan Nkunku was born on 14 November 1997 in Lagny-sur-Marne, Seine-et-Marne. He began playing football with AS Marolles as a six-year-old. In 2009, he joined Fontainebleau, where he was spotted by scouts of several professional clubs. Despite his young age and childlike physique, he was noted for "his speed, his technique and his vision of the game", as recalled by Norbert Boj in 2020, former head of the Fontainebleau football school. He would line up in all positions across the midfield, a versatility he, according to another coach at the club, owed to his "technical prowess, obviously, but especially his intelligence of play".


title: Christopher Nkunku

text: Due to being considered too young and light, Nkunku was not signed by Lens, Le Havre and Monaco; clubs where he had been on trials. He eventually signed with Paris Saint-Germain, where he was able to progress through the youth sides of INF Clairefontaine at U15-level. Spending the weekdays at Clairefontaine and playing only on weekends with Paris Saint-Germain, he made the permanent move to the French powerhouse at the age of fifteen.


title: Christopher Nkunku

text: Nkunku joined the Paris Saint-Germain youth system in 2010. He was a member of the youth team who were runners-up in the 2015–16 UEFA Youth League. He made his professional debut at the age of 18 on 8 December 2015, in a UEFA Champions League match against Shakhtar Donetsk, replacing Lucas Moura after 87 minutes in a 2–0 home win. He scored his first professional goal in a 7–0 home win against Bastia in the Coupe de France on 7 January 2017. On 10 March 2018, he scored his first brace as a professional, in a 5–0 win against Metz.


title: Christopher Nkunku

text: On 18 July 2019, RB Leipzig announced Nkunku's signing on a five-year deal for an approximate €13 million transfer fee plus bonuses. He made his debut for the club on 11 August in a DFB-Pokal match against VfL Osnabrück, which ended in a 3–2 victory. His Bundesliga debut followed a week later, scoring his first competitive goal on the first matchday of the 2019–20 season in a 4–0 win over regional rivals Union Berlin.


title: Christopher Nkunku

text: On 22 February 2020, Nkunku provided four assists in a 5–0 victory over Schalke 04. In doing so, he became just the second player in recent Bundesliga history to register four assists in a single match, after Szabolcs Huszti in 2012.


title: Christopher Nkunku

text: On 15 September 2021, Nkunku scored a hat-trick for Leipzig in their 6–3 defeat to Manchester City in a 2021–22 UEFA Champions League group stage match. He was the first player in the club's history to score a hat-trick in the Champions League. On 25 September 2021, Nkunku scored a brace in a 6–0 win against Hertha BSC. A week later, he scored another brace in a win against VfL Bochum, making this the first time he scored back-to-back braces in his career. In May 2022, he won the 2021–22 Bundesliga Player of the Season award after scoring 20 times and assisting 13 goals in 34 league games.


title: Christopher Nkunku

text: Nkunku was born in France and is of Congolese descent. He was a French youth international, representing the country at under-16, under-19, under-20 and under-21 levels. He made three appearances for the under-20 team at the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup.


title: Christopher Nkunku

text: Nkunku was called up to the senior France squad for the first time for friendly matches against Ivory Coast and South Africa on 25 and 29 March 2022, respectively. He made his debut as a starter in the game against Ivory Coast. On 9 November 2022, he was named in the 25-man French squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. On 15 November, he sustained a knee injury after colliding with Eduardo Camavinga during training at Clairefontaine, which forced him to drop out prior to the competition.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: James William Buffett (born December 25, 1946) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, author, actor, and businessman. He is best known for his music, which often portrays an "island escapism" lifestyle. Together with his Coral Reefer Band, Buffett has recorded hit songs including "Margaritaville" (ranked 234th on the Recording Industry Association of America's list of "Songs of the Century") and "Come Monday". He has a devoted base of fans known as "Parrotheads".


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Aside from his career in music, Buffett is also a bestselling author and was involved in two restaurant chains named after two of his best-known songs; he currently owns the Margaritaville Cafe restaurant chain and co-developed the now defunct Cheeseburger in Paradise restaurant chain. Buffett is one of the world's richest musicians, with a net worth as of 2017 of $900 million.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett was born on Christmas Day 1946, in Pascagoula, Mississippi, and spent part of his childhood in Mobile, Alabama. He later lived in Fairhope, Alabama. He is the son of Mary Lorraine ("née" Peets) and James Delaney Buffett Jr. During his grade school years, he attended St. Ignatius School, where he played the trombone in the school band. As a child he was exposed to sailing through his grandfather and these experiences would go on to influence his later music. He graduated from McGill Institute for Boys in 1964. He began playing guitar during his first year at Auburn University before continuing his college years at Pearl River Community College and the University of Southern Mississippi in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, where he received a bachelor's degree in history in 1969. He is an initiate of Kappa Sigma fraternity at the University of Southern Mississippi. After graduating from college, Buffett worked as a correspondent for "Billboard" magazine in Nashville, breaking the news of the separation of Flatt and Scruggs.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett married Margie Washichek in 1969; they divorced in 1971. Buffett spent years working as the first mate on the yacht of industrialist Foster Talge on the "Petticoat III" in Key West while perfecting the "Caribbean Rock n' Roll" genre. Buffett and his second wife, Jane (née Slagsvol) have two daughters, Savannah Jane and Sarah Delaney (Sarah was almost named Sara Loraine, after her grandmother, but was named Sarah Delaney after her grandfather), and an adopted son, Cameron Marley, and reside in Sag Harbor, New York, and West Palm Beach, Florida. They separated in the early 1980s, but reconciled in 1991. Buffett also owns a home in Saint Barts, a Caribbean island where he lived on and off in the early 1980s while he was part owner of the Autour de Rocher hotel and restaurant. He spends part of the summer traveling about the East Coast on his sailboat. An avid pilot, Buffett owns a Dassault Falcon 900 that he often uses while on concert tour and traveling worldwide. He has also owned a Boeing Stearman, Cessna Citation, Lake Amphibian, and Grumman Albatross.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: On Thursday, August 25th, 1994 around 3:00 pm Eastern time, Jimmy Buffett crashed his Grumman G-44 Widgeon, N1471N, while attempting to takeoff in the waters off Nantucket, Massachusetts. The airplane nosed over, and Jimmy was able to swim to safety, sustaining only minor injuries.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: His father died May 1, 2003, at the age of 83 and then his mother died four months later on September 25.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: In 2015, Buffett spoke at the University of Miami's graduation ceremony and received an honorary doctorate in music. Wearing flip flops and aviator sunglasses, he told graduates, from a line in his song "The Pascagoula Run", that "it's time to see the world, time to kiss a girl, and time to cross the wild meridian."


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett is a supporter of the Democratic Party and has hosted fundraisers for Democratic politicians, including one for Hillary Clinton in 2016.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett began his musical career in Nashville, Tennessee, during the late 1960s as a country artist and recorded his first album, the country-tinged folk rock record "Down to Earth," in 1970. During this time, Buffett could be frequently found busking for tourists in New Orleans. Fellow country singer Jerry Jeff Walker took him to Key West on a busking expedition in November 1971. Buffett then moved to Key West and began establishing the easy-going beach-bum persona for which he is known. He started out playing for drinks at the Chart Room Bar in the Pier House Motel. Following this move, Buffett combined country, rock, folk, calypso and pop music with coastal as well as tropical lyrical themes for a sound sometimes called "Gulf and Western" (or tropical rock). Today, he is a regular visitor to the Caribbean island of Saint Barts and other islands where he gets inspiration for many of his songs and some of the characters in his books.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: With the untimely death of friend and mentor Jim Croce in September 1973, ABC/Dunhill Records tapped Buffett to fill his space. Earlier, Buffett had visited Croce's farm in Pennsylvania and met with Croce in Florida.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett's second release was 1973's "A White Sport Coat and a Pink Crustacean". Albums "Living & Dying in 3/4 Time" and "A1A" both followed in 1974, "Havana Daydreamin'" appeared in 1976, and "Changes in Latitudes, Changes in Attitudes" followed in 1977, which featured the breakthrough hit song "Margaritaville".


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: During the 1980s, Buffett made far more money from his tours than his albums and became known as a popular concert draw. He released a series of albums during the following 20 years, primarily to his devoted audience, and also branched into writing and merchandising. In 1985, Buffett opened a "Margaritaville" retail store in Key West, and in 1987, he opened the Margaritaville Cafe.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: In 1994, Buffett dueted with Frank Sinatra on a cover of "Mack the Knife" on Sinatra's final studio album, "Duets II". In 1997, Buffett collaborated with novelist Herman Wouk to create a musical based on Wouk's novel, "Don't Stop the Carnival". Broadway showed little interest in the play (following the failure of Paul Simon's "The Capeman"), and it ran only for six weeks in Miami. He released an album of songs from the musical in 1998.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: In August 2000, Buffett and the Coral Reefer Band played on the White House lawn for then-President Bill Clinton.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: In 2003, he partnered in a partial duet with Alan Jackson for the song "It's Five O'Clock Somewhere", a number-one hit on the country charts. This song won the 2003 Country Music Association Award for Vocal Event of the Year. This was Buffett's first award in his 30-year recording career.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett's album "License to Chill", released on July 13, 2004, sold 238,600 copies in its first week of release according to Nielsen Soundscan. With this, Buffett topped the U.S. pop albums chart for the first time in his career.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett continues to tour every year, although he has shifted recently to a more relaxed schedule of around 20–30 dates, with infrequent back-to-back nights, preferring to play only on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays. This schedule provided the title of his .


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: In the summer of 2005, Buffett teamed up with Sirius Satellite Radio and introduced Radio Margaritaville. Until this point, Radio Margaritaville was solely an online channel. Radio Margaritaville has remained on the service through Sirius' merger with XM Radio and currently appears as XM 24. The channel broadcasts from the Margaritaville Resort Orlando in Kissimmee, Florida.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: In August 2006, he released the album "Take the Weather with You". The song "Breathe In, Breathe Out, Move On" on this album is in honor of the survivors of 2005's Hurricane Katrina. Buffett's rendition of "Silver Wings" on the same album was made as a tribute to Merle Haggard. On August 30, 2007, he received his star on the Mohegan Sun Walk of Fame.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: On April 20, 2010, a double CD of performances recorded during the 2008 and 2009 tours called "Encores" was released exclusively at Walmart, Walmart.com, and Margaritaville.com.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett partnered in a duet with the Zac Brown Band on the song "Knee Deep"; released on Brown's 2010 album "You Get What You Give", it became a hit country and pop single in 2011. Also in 2011, Buffett voiced Huckleberry Finn on "", which was released on Mailboat Records. The project is a benefit for the Mark Twain Boyhood Home & Museum and includes Clint Eastwood as Mark Twain, Garrison Keillor as the narrator, and songs by Brad Paisley, Sheryl Crow, Ricky Skaggs, Vince Gill, Emmylou Harris, and others.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Of the over 30 albums Jimmy Buffett has released, as of October 2007, eight are Gold albums and nine are Platinum or Multiplatinum. In 2007, Buffett was nominated for the CMA Event of the Year Award for his song "Hey Good Lookin'" which featured Alan Jackson and George Strait.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: In 2020 Buffett released "Songs You Don't Know by Heart," a fan-curated collection of his lesser-known songs rerecorded on his collection of notable guitars.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett began calling his music "drunken Caribbean rock 'n' roll" as he says on his 1978 live album "You Had To Be There". Earlier, Buffett himself and others had used the term "Gulf and Western" to describe his musical style and that of other similar-sounding performers. The name derives from elements in Buffett's early music including musical influence from country, along with lyrical themes from the Gulf Coast. A music critic described Buffett's music as a combination of "tropical languor with country funkiness into what some [have] called the Key West sound, or Gulf-and-western." The term is a play on the form of "Country & Western" and the name of the former conglomerate and Paramount Pictures parent Gulf+Western. In 2020, The Associated Press described Buffett's sound as a "special Gulf Coast blend of country, pop, folk and rock, topped by Buffett's swaying voice. Few can mix steelpans, trombones and pedal steel guitar so effortlessly." The "DC Metro Theatre Arts" magazine, in a review for Buffett's musical "Escape to Margaritaville", described Buffett's music as "blend[ing] Caribbean, country, rock, folk, and pop music into a good-natured concoction variously classified as "trop rock" or "Gulf and western"."


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Other performers identified as Gulf and Western are often deliberately derivative of Buffett's musical style and some are tribute bands, or in the case of Greg "Fingers" Taylor, a former member of Buffett's Coral Reefer Band. They can be heard on Buffett's online Radio Margaritaville and on the compilation album series "Thongs in the Key of Life". Gulf and Western performers include Norman "the Caribbean Cowboy" Lee, Jim Bowley, Kenny Chesney, and Jim Morris.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Parrot Head or parrothead is a commonly used nickname for Buffett fans with "parakeets" or "keets" used for younger fans, or children of Parrotheads. At a Buffett 1985 concert at the Timberwolf Amphitheater in Cincinnati, Ohio Buffett commented about everyone wearing Hawaiian shirts and parrot hats and how they kept coming back to see his shows, just like Deadheads. Timothy B. Schmit, then a member of the Coral Reefer Band, coined the term "Parrot Head" to describe them. In 1989, the first Parrothead club was founded in Atlanta. Subsequent Events range from single-act concerts or happy hours to the annual Meeting of the Minds in Key West, Florida, which attracts approximately 5,000 Parrotheads. In 2011, there were 239 Parrothead Club chapters in the United States, Canada and Australia, spanning 3 countries, 47 states and 3 Canadian provinces with total membership of almost 28,000. The Pikes Peak Hash House Harriers and Harriettes have an annual Parrot Head Hash weekend hosted by Yeastee Boy and Bread Box.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett has written three number-one best sellers. "Tales from Margaritaville" and "Where Is Joe Merchant?" both spent over seven months on "The New York Times" Best Seller fiction list. His memoir "A Pirate Looks at Fifty," published in 1998, went straight to number one on the "New York Times" Best Seller nonfiction list, making him one of the few authors to have reached number one on both the fiction and nonfiction lists.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett also co-wrote two children's books, "The Jolly Mon" and "Trouble Dolls," with his eldest daughter, Savannah Jane Buffett. The original hardcover release of "The Jolly Mon" included a cassette tape recording of the two reading the story accompanied by an original score written by Michael Utley.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett's novel "A Salty Piece of Land" was released on November 30, 2004, and the first edition of the book included a CD single of the song "A Salty Piece of Land", which was recorded for "License to Chill". The book was a "New York Times" best seller soon after its release.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett is one of several popular "philosophers" whose quotations appear on the road signs of Project HIMANK in the Ladakh region of Northern India.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett wrote the soundtrack for, and co-produced and played a role in, the 2006 film "Hoot," directed by Wil Shriner and based on the book by Carl Hiaasen, which focused on issues important to Buffett, such as conservation. The film was not a critical or commercial success. Among his other film music credits are the theme song to the short-lived 1993 CBS television series "Johnny Bago"; "Turning Around" for the 1985 film "Summer Rental" starring John Candy; "I Don't Know (Spicoli's Theme)" for the film "Fast Times at Ridgemont High"; "Hello, Texas" for the 1980 John Travolta film "Urban Cowboy"; and "If I Have To Eat Someone (It Might As Well Be You)" for the animated film "", which was sung in the film by rap artist Tone Loc.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: In addition, Buffett has made several cameo appearances, including in "Repo Man", "Hook", "Cobb", "Hoot", "Congo", and "From the Earth to the Moon". He also made cameo appearances as himself in "Rancho Deluxe" (for which he also wrote the music) and in "FM". He made a guest appearance in the second season of "Hawaii Five-0" on CBS in 2011 and returned in April 2013, March 2015, January 2017, March 2018, May 2019, and March 2020 playing Frank Bama. Buffett reportedly was offered a cameo role in "", but declined the offer. In 1997, Buffett collaborated with novelist Herman Wouk on a musical production based on Wouk's 1965 novel "Don't Stop the Carnival". In the "South Park" episode "Tonsil Trouble", an animated version of Buffett (but not voiced by Buffett) was seen singing "AIDSburger in Paradise" and "CureBurger in Paradise". Jimmy has also appeared on the "Sesame Street" special, "Elmopalooza", singing "Caribbean Amphibian" with the popular Muppet, Kermit the Frog. Buffett appeared in an episode of "Hawaii Five-0" in November 2011. He played a helicopter pilot named Frank Bama, a character from his novel "Where Is Joe Merchant?". Another character mentioned that he preferred "margaritas"; Buffett's character replied, "Can't argue with you there." He reprised the role with a brief cameo visiting McGarret on the March 30, 2018, episode "E Ho'oko Kuleana".


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett made a cameo in the 2015 film "Jurassic World", where he is seen holding two margaritas while the dinosaurs are set loose in the park.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: In 2017, Buffett was the musical guest on the "" episode "Rogue Nation", playing the song "I Will Play for Gumbo" in Dwayne Pride's (Scott Bakula) newly rebuilt bar.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett has taken advantage of his name and the fan following for his music to launch several business ventures, usually with a tropical theme. He opened the Margaritaville Cafe in Key West, Florida, in 1987. He owns LandShark Bar & Grill in Baltimore, Maryland and previously owned Cheeseburger in Paradise Restaurant. As a baseball fan, he was part-owner of two minor-league teams: the Fort Myers Miracle and the Madison Black Wolf. Buffett has also licensed Margaritaville Tequila, Margaritaville Footwear, and a Margaritaville Foods, including chips, salsa, guacamole, shrimp, chicken, and more. Between his businesses, album sales, and tours, he was estimated by "Forbes" to earn US$50.5 million in 2017 and to have a net worth of $950 million.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: In 1993, he launched Margaritaville Records, with distribution through MCA Records. His MCA record deal ended with the release of 1996's "Christmas Island" and he took Margaritaville Records over to Chris Blackwell's Island Records for a two-record deal, 1998's "Don't Stop The Carnival" and 1999's "Beach House on the Moon". In the fall of 1999, he started Mailboat Records to release live albums. He entered into a partnership with RCA Records for distribution in 2005 and 2006 for the two studio albums "License To Chill" and "Take The Weather With You".


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: In 2006, Buffett launched a cooperative project with the Anheuser-Busch brewing company to produce beer under the Margaritaville Brewing label called LandShark Lager.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Margaritaville Casino opened at the Resorts Casino Hotel in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in May 2013. The center features a restaurant, two bars, a coffee shop, a retail store, and a gaming area.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: From May 8, 2009, through January 5, 2010, Sun Life Stadium (formerly Dolphin Stadium) in Miami, the home of the Miami Dolphins, was named LandShark Stadium pursuant to an eight-month naming rights deal. Buffett also wrote new lyrics for the team to his 1979 song "Fins", which is played during Dolphins home games. Despite Buffett's partnership with the Dolphins, Buffett is a diehard New Orleans Saints fan, having attended the team's first game at Tulane Stadium in 1967 and later had Saints head coach Sean Payton serve as an honorary member of the Coral Reefer Band at a concert in New Orleans on April 1, 2012, in protest of Payton's suspension by the National Football League as a result of the Saints' bounty scandal.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: In 2012, a "Margaritaville Online" game was released by THQ for Facebook. The game was discontinued two years later. In 2016, it was announced that Buffett had partnered with FunPlus to develop a new Margaritaville game.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Latitude Margaritaville is a $1 billion retirement village planned in Daytona Beach, Florida. The project is a joint venture between Minto Communities and Buffett's Margaritaville Holdings, with the development being built on land close to LPGA Boulevard and about a mile to the west of Interstate 95.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: As of 2021, the community has sold over 1,000 homes and will have 3,900 homes upon completion. Prices currently range from the low $200,000s to the low $500,000s.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Minto Communities and Margaritaville Holdings have since announced and began selling in Latitude Margaritaville Hilton Head in Bluffton, South Carolina and Latitude Margaritaville Watersound in Panama City Beach, Florida.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: In 2018, Buffett teamed with businessman Beau Wrigley and Surterra Holdings, Inc. to license "Coral Reefer" brand marijuana by summer 2019.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: In 1994, Buffett began developing a musical based on Herman Wouk's 1965 novel, "Don't Stop the Carnival". Buffett wrote the music and lyrics and Wouk wrote the book for the show. "Don't Stop the Carnival" debuted in Miami, Florida in 1997 to negative reviews from critics. In response, the producers approached Buffett and told him that Wouk needed to be fired and a more experienced playwright needed to rewrite Wouk's script. Buffett refused to remove Wouk from the project and any further productions of the show were canceled. Buffett turned the show into an album that was released in 1998.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: A new musical, "Escape to Margaritaville", opened at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego in May 2017 and ran until July. The show then performed limited runs in New Orleans, Houston, and Chicago, and was well received by critics. The show features a book by Greg Garcia and Mike O'Malley and uses Buffett's classic songs, some of which he rewrote the lyrics to in order to better fit in the context of the story. The show began previews at the Marquis Theatre on Broadway on February 16, 2018, and officially opened on March 15 under the direction of Tony winner Christopher Ashley. The Broadway production received mixed reviews from New York critics. In June that same year, the producers announced that the production would close on July 1 after 29 previews and 124 regular performances. Along with the announcement of the show's Broadway closing, it was announced that a national tour would launch in Providence, Rhode Island, in the fall of 2019.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett has been involved in many charity efforts. In 1981, the Save the Manatee Club was founded by Buffett and former Florida governor Bob Graham. West Indian manatee In 1989, legislation was passed in Florida that introduced the "Save the Manatee" license plate, and earmarked funding for the Save the Manatee Club. One of the two manatees trained to interact with researchers at Mote Marine Laboratory is named Buffett after the singer. Buffett is also a longtime supporter of and major donor to the Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: On November 23, 2004, Buffett raised funds with his Surviving the Storm hurricane relief concert in Orlando, Florida, to provide relief for hurricane victims in Florida, Alabama and the Caribbean affected by the four major hurricanes that year.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett performed in Hong Kong on January 18, 2008, for a concert that raised US$63,000 for the Foreign Correspondents' Club Charity Fund. This was his first concert in Hong Kong and it sold out within weeks. Not only did Buffett perform for the groundlings for free, but he also paid for the concertgoers' tequila and beer.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: On July 11, 2010, Buffett, a Gulf Coast native, put on a free concert on the beach in Gulf Shores, Alabama. The concert was Buffett's response to the BP oil disaster in the Gulf. The concert was aired on CMT television. The 35,000 free tickets were given away within minutes to help draw people back to Alabama's beaches. Buffett played several popular songs including "Fins", "Son of a Son of a Sailor", "A Pirate Looks at Forty" and modified versions of "Margaritaville" (where the lyrics were changed in the chorus to "now I know, it's all BP's fault") and "When the Coast is Clear" (the lyrics in the chorus also referencing the Deepwater Horizon disaster: "That's when it always happens / When greed and crude collide"). The concert featured Jesse Winchester and Allen Toussaint.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: The earliest controversy with Buffett was his recording of "God's Own Drunk" on the album "Living and Dying in 3/4 Time". In 1983, the son of the late entertainer Lord Buckley sued Buffett for $11 million for copyright infringement, claiming that Buffett took parts of the monologue from Buckley's "A Tribute to Buckley" and claimed it as his own work in "God's Own Drunk". The suit also alleged that Buffett's "blasphemous" rendition presented to the public a distorted impression of Lord Buckley. A court injunction against Buffett prevented him from performing the song until the lawsuit was settled or resolved, so starting in 1983, Buffett would get to the part of his show where he would normally perform "God's Own Drunk", he would say that he was not allowed to play it because of the lawsuit and instead played a song he wrote called "The Lawyer and the Asshole" in which he accuses Buckley's son and lawyers of being greedy and tells them to "kiss his ass."


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: In January 1996, Buffett's Grumman HU-16 airplane named "Hemisphere Dancer" was shot at by Jamaican police, who believed the craft to be smuggling marijuana. The aircraft sustained minimal damage. The plane was carrying Buffett, as well as U2's Bono, his wife and two children, and Island Records producer Chris Blackwell, and co-pilot Bill Dindy. The Jamaican government acknowledged the mistake and apologized to Buffett, who penned the song "Jamaica Mistaica" for his "Banana Wind" album based on the experience.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett's 1999 song "Math Suks" caused a brief media frenzy. The song was in fact promptly condemned by the US National Council of Teachers of Mathematics and the National Education Association for its alleged negative effect on children's education. Comedian Jon Stewart also criticized the song on "The Daily Show" during a segment called "Math Is Quite Pleasant".


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: On February 4, 2001, he was ejected from the American Airlines Arena in Miami during a basketball game between the Miami Heat and the New York Knicks for cursing. After the game, referee Joe Forte said that he ordered him moved during the fourth quarter because "there was a little boy sitting next to him and a lady sitting by him. He used some words he knows he shouldn't have used." Forte apparently did not know who Buffett was, and censured Heat coach Pat Riley because he thought Riley—who was trying to explain to him who Buffett was—was insulting him by asking if he had ever been a "Parrothead", the nickname for Buffett fans. Buffett did not comment immediately after the incident, but discussed it on "The Today Show" three days later.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: On October 6, 2006, it was reported that Buffett had been detained by French customs officials in Saint Tropez for allegedly carrying over 100 pills of ecstasy.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett's luggage was searched after his Dassault Falcon 900 private jet landed at Toulon-Hyères International Airport. He paid a fine of $300 and was released. A spokesperson for Buffett stated the pills in question were prescription drugs, but declined to name the drug or the health problem for which he was being treated. Buffett released a statement that the "ecstasy" was in fact a B-vitamin supplement known as Foltx.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Before 2003, songs almost always played at every Buffett show were known as the Big 8. The "Big 8" were:


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: All of the “Big Eight” songs were released prior to 1980 and all were included on the compilation album "Songs You Know By Heart", which is Buffett's best-selling album. "One Particular Harbor" was added to the regular set list in the late 1990s, with "Son of a Son of a Sailor" and It's Five O'Clock Somewhere in the early 2000s. After 2004, "Why Don't We Get Drunk" was removed from the full-time list (although still played on some tours), creating a list of ten songs that are played at almost all of Buffett's concerts. Versions of Van Morrison's "Brown Eyed Girl" and Crosby, Stills and Nash's "Southern Cross" have been included on every tour during this time, although not at every performance. In the years 2010–2016, in 262 advertised appearances Buffett performed the song "Margaritaville" 248 times, "Son of a Son of a Sailor" 236, "Volcano" 235, "Changes in Latitudes, Changes in Attitudes" 235, "Come Monday" 235, "Fins" 232, "A Pirate Looks at Forty" 232, "Cheeseburger in Paradise" 228, "Five O'Clock Somewhere" 225, "One Particular Harbour" 221, and "Southern Cross" 220. (Many of the performances without the full group of songs had short set lists, such as guesting on television shows).


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: In an interview on KLBJ radio in Austin, Texas, on May 2, 2013, Buffett humorously referred to the fact that they have to "play the ten that everyone wants, or else we'll get killed", and then went on to play "It's Five O'Clock Somewhere" on air.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: On January 26, 2011 (Australia Day), Buffett was performing a concert in Australia at Sydney's Hordern Pavilion and fell off the stage after an encore. A concert-goer said, "He just went over to the edge of the stage, like he had numerous times through the night, just to wave, and people were throwing stuffed toys and things at him. And he just took one step too many and just disappeared in a flash. He didn't have time to put his arms out to save himself or anything, he just dropped." Coincidentally, one of Australia's leading trauma surgeons was at the concert and close to the stage; Dr. Gordian Fulde treated Buffett at the scene. Fulde said, "I thought he'd broken his neck... I heard the clunk of his head on a metal ledge, he has a deep gash on his scalp, which is all right now... But at first I thought: this guy is going to be a spinal injury." Dr Fulde turned him on his side so he could breathe and administered first aid. Buffett regained consciousness within a few minutes. He was then transported to St Vincent's Hospital Emergency center for treatment and was discharged the next day. Buffett returned to Australia in 2012 for two shows in Brisbane and Melbourne, and made much fun of the incident during those shows. In the Melbourne show in the historic Palais Theatre in the Melbourne beachside suburb of St. Kilda, he presented additional verses of "Margaritaville" in which he made humorous references to the accident.


title: Jimmy Buffett

text: Buffett's hometown of Pascagoula, Mississippi, named a bridge after him in his honor. (Buffett Bridge)


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: Serial Experiments Lain (stylized as serial experiments lain) is a Japanese anime television series created and co-produced by Yasuyuki Ueda, written by Chiaki J. Konaka and directed by Ryūtarō Nakamura. Animated by Triangle Staff and featuring original character designs by Yoshitoshi ABe, the series was broadcast for 13 episodes on TV Tokyo and its affiliates from July to September 1998. The series follows Lain Iwakura, an adolescent girl in suburban Japan, and her relation to the Wired, a global communications network similar to the internet.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: "Lain" features surreal and avant-garde imagery and explores philosophical topics such as reality, identity, and communication. The series incorporates creative influences from computer history, cyberpunk, and conspiracy theory. Critics and fans have praised "Lain" for its originality, visuals, atmosphere, themes, and its dark depiction of a world fraught with paranoia, social alienation, and reliance on technology considered insightful of 21st century life. It received the Excellence Prize at the Japan Media Arts Festival in 1998.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: Lain Iwakura, a junior high school girl, lives in suburban Japan with her middle-class family, consisting of her inexpressive older sister Mika, her emotionally distant mother, and her computer-obsessed father; Lain herself is somewhat awkward, introverted, and socially isolated from most of her school peers. The status-quo of her life becomes upturned by a series of bizarre incidents that start to take place after she learns that girls from her school have received an e-mail from a dead student, Chisa Yomoda, and she pulls out her old computer in order to check for the same message. Lain finds Chisa telling her via email that she is not dead but has merely "abandoned her physical self" and is alive deep within the virtual realm of the Wired itself, where she claims she has found "God" there. From this point, Lain is caught up in a series of cryptic and surreal events that see her delving deeper into the mystery of the network in a narrative that explores themes of consciousness, perception, and the nature of reality.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: "The Wired" is a virtual realm that contains and supports the very sum of "all" human communication and networks, created with the telegraph, televisions, and telephone services, and expanded with the Internet, cyberspace, and subsequent networks. The series assumes that the Wired could be linked to a system that enables unconscious communication between people and machines without physical interface. The storyline introduces such a system with the Schumann resonances, a property of the Earth's magnetic field that theoretically allows for unhindered long-distance communications. If such a link were created, the network would become equivalent to Reality as the general consensus of all perceptions and knowledge. The increasingly thin invisible line between what is real and what is virtual/digital begins to slowly shatter.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: Masami Eiri is introduced as the project director on Protocol Seven (the next-generation Internet protocol in the series' time-frame) for major computer company Tachibana General Laboratories. He had secretly included code of his very own creation to give himself absolute control of the Wired through the wireless system described above. He then "uploaded" his own consciousness into the Wired and "died" a few days after, leaving only his physical self behind. These details are unveiled around the middle of the series, but this is the point where the story begins. Masami later explains that Lain is the artifact by which the wall between the virtual and material worlds is to fall, and that he needs her to go into the Wired and "abandon the flesh", as he did, to achieve his plan. The series sees him trying to convince her through interventions, using the promise of unconditional love, romantic seduction and charm, and even, when all else fails, threats and force.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: In the meantime, the anime follows a complex game of hide-and-seek between the "Knights of the Eastern Calculus" (based on the Knights of the Lambda Calculus), hackers whom Masami claims are "believers that enable him to be a God in the Wired", and Tachibana General Laboratories, who try to regain control of Protocol Seven. In the end, the viewer sees Lain realizing, after much introspection, that she has absolute control over everyone's mind and over reality itself. Her dialogue with different versions of herself shows how she feels shunned from the material world, and how she is afraid to live in the Wired, where she has the possibilities and responsibilities of an almighty goddess. The last scenes feature her erasing everything connected to herself from everyone else's memories of her and everything else that has happened since the premiere. She is last seen, unchanged, encountering her oldest and closest friend Alice once again, who is now married. Lain promises herself that she and Alice will surely meet again anytime as Lain can literally go and be anywhere she desires between both worlds.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: "Serial Experiments Lain" was conceived, as a series, to be original to the point of it being considered "an enormous risk" by its producer Yasuyuki Ueda.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: Producer Ueda had to answer repeated queries about a statement made in an "Animerica" interview. The controversial statement said "Lain" was "a sort of cultural war against American culture and the American sense of values we <nowiki>[Japan]</nowiki> adopted after World War II". He later explained in numerous interviews that he created "Lain" with a set of values he took as distinctly Japanese; he hoped Americans would not understand the series as the Japanese would. This would lead to a "war of ideas" over the meaning of the anime, hopefully culminating in new communication between the two cultures. When he discovered that the American audience held the same views on the series as the Japanese, he was disappointed.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: The "Lain" franchise was originally conceived to connect across forms of media (anime, video games, manga). Producer Yasuyuki Ueda said in an interview, "the approach I took for this project was to communicate the essence of the work by the total sum of many media products". The scenario for the video game was written first, and the video game was produced at the same time as the anime series, though the series was released first. A dōjinshi titled "The Nightmare of Fabrication" was produced by Yoshitoshi ABe and released in Japanese in the artbook "An Omnipresence in Wired". Ueda and Konaka declared in an interview that the idea of a multimedia project was not unusual in Japan, as opposed to the contents of "Lain", and the way they are exposed.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: The authors were asked in interviews if they had been influenced by "Neon Genesis Evangelion", in the themes and graphic design. This was strictly denied by writer Chiaki J. Konaka in an interview, arguing that he had not even seen "Evangelion" until he finished the fourth episode of "Lain". Being primarily a horror movie writer, his stated influences are Godard (especially for using typography on screen), "The Exorcist", "Hell House", and Dan Curtis's "House of Dark Shadows". Alice's name, like the names of her two friends Julie and Reika, came from a previous production from Konaka, "Alice in Cyberland", which in turn was largely influenced by "Alice in Wonderland". As the series developed, Konaka was "surprised" by how close Alice's character became to the original "Wonderland" character.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: Vannevar Bush (and memex), John C. Lilly, Timothy Leary and his eight-circuit model of consciousness, Ted Nelson and Project Xanadu are cited as precursors to the Wired. Douglas Rushkoff and his book "Cyberia" were originally to be cited as such, and in "Lain" Cyberia became the name of a nightclub populated with hackers and techno-punk teenagers. Likewise, the series' "deus ex machina" lies in the conjunction of the Schumann resonances and Jung's collective unconscious (the authors chose this term over Kabbalah and Akashic Record). Majestic 12 and the Roswell UFO incident are used as examples of how a hoax might still affect history, even after having been exposed as such, by creating sub-cultures. This links again to Vannevar Bush, the alleged "brains" of MJ12. Two of the literary references in "Lain" are quoted through Lain's father: he first logs onto a website with the password "" ("Think Blue, Count Two" is an Instrumentality of Man story featuring virtual persons projected as real ones in people's minds); and his saying that "madeleines would be good with the tea" in the last episode makes "Lain" "perhaps the only cartoon to allude to Proust".


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: Yoshitoshi ABe confesses to have never read manga as a child, as it was "off-limits" in his household. His major influences are "nature and everything around him". Specifically speaking about Lain's character, ABe was inspired by Kenji Tsuruta, Akihiro Yamada, Range Murata and Yukinobu Hoshino. In a broader view, he has been influenced in his style and technique by Japanese artists Kyosuke Chinai and Toshio Tabuchi.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: The character design of Lain was not ABe's sole responsibility. Her distinctive left forelock for instance was a demand from Yasuyuki Ueda. The goal was to produce asymmetry to reflect Lain's unstable and disconcerting nature. It was designed as a mystical symbol, as it is supposed to prevent voices and spirits from being heard by the left ear. The bear pajamas she wears were a demand from character animation director Takahiro Kishida. Though bears are a trademark of the Konaka brothers, Chiaki Konaka first opposed the idea. Director Nakamura then explained how the bear motif could be used as a shield for confrontations with her family. It is a key element of the design of the shy "real world" Lain (see "mental illness" under Themes). When she first goes to the Cyberia nightclub, she wears a bear hat for similar reasons. Retrospectively, Konaka said that Lain's pajamas became a major factor in drawing fans of "moe" characterization to the series, and remarked that "such items may also be important when making anime".


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: ABe's original design was generally more complicated than what finally appeared on screen. As an example, the X-shaped hairclip was to be an interlocking pattern of gold links. The links would open with a snap, or rotate around an axis until the moment the " X " became a " = ". This was not used as there is no scene where Lain takes her hairclip off.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: "Serial Experiments Lain" is not a conventionally linear story, being described as "an alternative anime, with modern themes and realization". Themes range from theological to psychological and are dealt with in a number of ways: from classical dialogue to image-only introspection, passing by direct interrogation of imaginary characters.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: Communication, in its wider sense, is one of the main themes of the series, not only as opposed to loneliness, but also as a subject in itself. Writer Konaka said he wanted to directly "communicate human feelings". Director Nakamura wanted to show the audience — and particularly viewers between 14 and 15—"the multidimensional wavelength of the existential self: the relationship between self and the world".


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: Loneliness, if only as representing a lack of communication, is recurrent through "Lain". Lain herself (according to Anime Jump) is "almost painfully introverted with no friends to speak of at school, a snotty, condescending sister, a strangely apathetic mother, and a father who seems to want to care but is just too damn busy to give her much of his time". Friendships turn on the first rumor; and the only insert song of the series is named "Kodoku no shigunaru", literally "signal of loneliness".


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: Mental illness, especially dissociative identity disorder, is a significant theme in "Lain": the main character is constantly confronted with alter-egos, to the point where writer Chiaki Konaka and Lain's voice actress Kaori Shimizu had to agree on subdividing the character's dialogues between three different orthographs. The three names designate distinct "versions" of Lain: the real-world, "childish" Lain has a shy attitude and bear pajamas. The "advanced" Lain, her Wired personality, is bold and questioning. Finally, the "evil" Lain is sly and devious, and does everything she can to harm Lain or the ones close to her. As a writing convention, the authors spelled their respective names in kanji, katakana, and roman characters (see picture).


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: Reality never has the pretense of objectivity in "Lain". Acceptations of the term are battling throughout the series, such as the "natural" reality, defined through normal dialogue between individuals; the material reality; and the tyrannic reality, enforced by one person onto the minds of others. A key debate to all interpretations of the series is to decide whether matter flows from thought, or the opposite. The production staff carefully avoided "the so-called God's Eye Viewpoint" to make clear the "limited field of vision" of the world of "Lain".


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: Theology plays its part in the development of the story too. "Lain" has been viewed as a questioning of the possibility of an infinite spirit in a finite body. From self-realization as a goddess to deicide, religion (the title of a layer) is an inherent part of "Lain" background.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: "Lain" contains extensive references to Apple computers, as the brand was used at the time by most of the creative staff, such as writers, producers, and the graphical team. As an example, the title at the beginning of each episode is announced by the Apple computer speech synthesis program PlainTalk, using the voice ""Whisper"", e.g. codice_1. Tachibana Industries, the company that creates the NAVI computers, is a reference to Apple computers: the tachibana orange is a Japanese variety of mandarin orange. NAVI is the abbreviation of Knowledge Navigator, and the HandiNAVI is based on the Apple Newton, one of the world's first PDAs. The NAVIs are seen to run "Copland OS Enterprise" (this reference to Copland was an initiative of Konaka, a declared Apple fan), and Lain's and Alice's NAVIs closely resembles the Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh and the iMac respectively. The HandiNAVI programming language, as seen on the seventh episode, is a dialect of Lisp; the Newton also used a Lisp dialect (NewtonScript). The program being typed by Lain can be found in the CMU AI repository; it is a simple implementation of Conway's Game of Life in Common Lisp.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: During a series of disconnected images, an iMac and the Think Different advertising slogan appears for a short time, while the "Whisper" voice says it. This was an unsolicited insertion from the graphic team, also Mac-enthusiasts. Other subtle allusions can be found: "Close the world, Open the nExt" is the slogan for the "Serial Experiments Lain" video game. NeXT was the company that produced NeXTSTEP, which later evolved into Mac OS X after Apple bought NeXT. Another example is "To Be Continued." at the end of episodes 1–12, with a blue "B" and a red "e" on "Be"; this matches the original logo of Be Inc., a company founded by ex-Apple employees and NeXT's main competitor in its time.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: "Serial Experiments Lain" was first aired on TV Tokyo and its affiliates on July 6, 1998, and concluded on September 28, 1998, with the thirteenth and final episode. The series consists of 13 episodes (referred to in the series as "Layers") of 24 minutes each, except for the sixth episode, "Kids" (23 minutes 14 seconds). In Japan, the episodes were released in LD, VHS, and DVD with a total of five volumes. A DVD compilation named ""Serial Experiments Lain DVD-BOX Яesurrection"" was released along with a promo DVD called ""LPR-309"" in 2000. As this box set is now discontinued, a rerelease was made in 2005 called ""Serial Experiments Lain TV-BOX"". A 4-volume DVD box set was released in the US by Pioneer/Geneon. A Blu-ray release of the anime was made in December 2009 called ""Serial Experiments Lain Blu-ray Box| RESTORE"". The anime series returned to US television on October 15, 2012, on the Funimation Channel.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: The series' opening theme, "Duvet", was written and performed by Jasmine Rodgers and the British band Bôa. The ending theme, , was written and composed by Reichi Nakaido.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: The anime series was licensed in North America by Pioneer Entertainment (later Geneon USA) on VHS and DVD in 1999. However, the company closed its USA division in December 2007 and the series went out-of-print as a result. However, at Anime Expo 2010, North American distributor Funimation announced that it had obtained the license to the series and re-released it in 2012.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: "Serial Experiments Lain" was first broadcast in Tokyo at 1:15 a.m. JST. The word "weird" appears almost systematically in English language reviews of the series, or the alternatives "bizarre", and "atypical", due mostly to the freedoms taken with the animation and its unusual science fiction themes, and due to its philosophical and psychological context. Critics responded positively to these thematic and stylistic characteristics, and it was awarded an Excellence Prize by the 1998 Japan Media Arts Festival for "its willingness to question the meaning of contemporary life" and the "extraordinarily philosophical and deep questions" it asks.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: According to Christian Nutt from "Newtype USA", the main attraction to the series is its keen view on "the interlocking problems of identity and technology". Nutt saluted Abe's "crisp, clean character design" and the "perfect soundtrack" in his 2005 review of series, saying that ""Serial Experiments Lain" might not yet be considered a true classic, but it's a fascinating evolutionary leap that helped change the future of anime." "Anime Jump" gave it 4.5/5, and Anime on DVD gave it A+ on all criteria for volume 1 and 2, and a mix of A and A+ for volume 3 and 4.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: "Lain" was subject to commentary in the literary and academic worlds. The "Asian Horror Encyclopedia" calls it "an outstanding psycho-horror anime about the psychic and spiritual influence of the Internet". It notes that the red spots present in all the shadows look like blood pools (see picture). It notes the death of a girl in a train accident is "a source of much ghost lore in the twentieth century", more so in Tokyo.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: The "Anime Essentials" anthology by Gilles Poitras describes it as a "complex and somehow existential" anime that "pushed the envelope" of anime diversity in the 1990s, alongside the much better known "Neon Genesis Evangelion" and "Cowboy Bebop". Professor Susan J. Napier, in her 2003 reading to the American Philosophical Society called "The Problem of Existence in Japanese Animation" (published 2005), compared "Serial Experiments Lain" to "Ghost in the Shell" and Hayao Miyazaki's "Spirited Away". According to her, the main characters of the two other works cross barriers; they can cross back to our world, but Lain cannot. Napier asks whether there is something to which Lain should return, "between an empty 'real' and a dark 'virtual'". Mike Toole of Anime News Network named "Serial Experiments Lain" as one of the most important anime of the 1990s.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: Despite the positive feedback the television series had received, Anime Academy gave the series a 75%, partly due to the "lifeless" setting it had. Michael Poirier of "EX" magazine stated that the last three episodes fail to resolve the questions in other DVD volumes. Justin Sevakis of Anime News Network noted that the English dub was decent, but that the show relied so little on dialogue that it hardly mattered.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: The first original soundtrack, "Serial Experiments Lain Soundtrack", features music by Reichi Nakaido: the ending theme and part of the television series' score, alongside other songs inspired by the series. The second, "Serial Experiments Lain Soundtrack: Cyberia Mix", features electronica songs inspired by the television series, including a remix of the opening theme "Duvet" by DJ Wasei. The third, "lain BOOTLEG", consists of the ambient score of the series across forty-five tracks. "BOOTLEG" also contains a second mixed-mode data and audio disc, containing a clock program and a game, as well as an extended version of the first disc – nearly double the length – across 57 tracks in 128 kbit/s MP3 format, and sound effects from the series in WAV format. Because the word "bootleg" appears in its title, it is easily confused with the Sonmay counterfeit edition of itself, which only contains the first disc in an edited format. All three soundtrack albums were released by Pioneer Records.


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: The series' opening theme, "Duvet", was written and performed in English by the British rock band Bôa. The band released the song as a single and as part of the EP "Tall Snake", which features both an acoustic version and DJ Wasei's remix from "Cyberia Mix".


title: Serial Experiments Lain

text: On November 26, 1998, Pioneer LDC released a video game with the same name as the anime for the PlayStation. It was designed by Konaka and Yasuyuki, and made to be a "network simulator" in which the player would navigate to explore Lain's story. The creators themselves did not call it a game, but "Psycho-Stretch-Ware", and it has been described as being a kind of graphic novel: the gameplay is limited to unlocking pieces of information, and then reading/viewing/listening to them, with little or no puzzle needed to unlock. Lain distances itself even more from classical games by the random order in which information is collected. The aim of the authors was to let the player get the feeling that there are myriads of informations that they would have to sort through, and that they would have to do with less than what exists to understand. As with the anime, the creative team's main goal was to let the player "feel" Lain, and "to understand her problems, and to love her". A guidebook to the game called "Serial Experiments Lain Official Guide" () was released the same month by MediaWorks.


title: Harry Shum Jr.

text: Harry Shum Jr. (born April 28, 1982) is an American actor, dancer, choreographer, and singer. He is best known for his roles as Mike Chang on the Fox television series "Glee" (2009–15), Benson Kwan on the ABC television series "Grey's Anatomy" (2005-), and as Magnus Bane on the Freeform television series "Shadowhunters" (2016–19). He was nominated for four Screen Actors Guild Awards for his performance in "Glee", winning once. He won the award for The Male TV Star of 2018 in the E! People's Choice Awards for "Shadowhunters".


title: Harry Shum Jr.

text: Shum has appeared in the films "" (2008), "Step Up 3D" (2010), "White Frog" (2012), "Revenge of the Green Dragons" (2014), "" (2016), "Crazy Rich Asians" (2018), the Hulu web series "The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers" (2010–2011) and the YouTube Originals series "Single by 30" (2016). In 2020, he starred in Universal's romantic drama "All My Life". In 2021 Shum starred in the thriller "Broadcast Signal Intrusion" and appeared in Netflix's holiday rom-com "Love Hard." In 2022, Shum had a secondary role in A24's critically acclaimed film "Everything Everywhere All At Once," and is set to star in a "Crazy Rich Asians" spinoff centered around his and Gemma Chan's characters.


title: Harry Shum Jr.

text: Shum was born in Limón, Costa Rica, the son of Chinese immigrants. His mother is a native of Hong Kong and his father is from Guangzhou, China. They relocated to Costa Rica, where Shum and his two older sisters were born. When Shum was six years old, the family moved to San Francisco, California. He stated, "I feel I have the best of so many worlds. I speak Spanish and Cantonese. Spanish is actually my first language before I learned Cantonese and English." He later stated that he has not spoken Spanish fluently since the age of 6.


title: Harry Shum Jr.

text: Shum spent most of his schooling years in San Luis Obispo County, California and graduated from Arroyo Grande High School in 2000. Initially, he had been more interested in theater and sports but found a passion for dance after auditioning for his high school dance team on a dare. Shum attended San Francisco State University for a year, before dropping out to pursue a dance career. In an interview, he said that his earliest motivations to dance were from watching Ginuwine, Dru Hill, and Usher, before becoming influenced by dancers like Gene Kelly and Michael Jackson.


title: Harry Shum Jr.

text: Shum began his dance career in Los Angeles. As a 18-year-old, he was spotted by choreographers Rosero McCoy and Jamal Sims to go on a UK tour with the singer Kaci. He steadily built his career, appearing as the only male dancer on BET's "Comic View", and starred in a series of Apple iPod advertisements as dancing silhouettes. He joined Beyoncé, Alicia Keys, and Missy Elliott in their co-headlining tour "Ladies First" in 2004, while working as a backup dancer for artists including Jennifer Lopez, Jessica Simpson, and Mariah Carey. He appeared in several music videos of songs including "Lose My Breath" by Destiny's Child and "It's Like That" by Mariah Carey. Shum also worked as a dance instructor.