title: Salton Sea

text: Gravity carries the agricultural runoff downhill through the New and Alamo rivers to the lake. The water is full of salts, selenium, and fertilizers (mainly nitrates). As it drains through the soil, the water leaches out ancient salt deposits that also raise the salinity. Evaporation in the desert heat further concentrates the salt. The transformation of the lake made it increasingly inhospitable to wildlife. Before the end of the decade, fish started dying off and bird populations declined.


title: Salton Sea

text: In the late 1970s, a series of heavy tropical storms caused the water level to rapidly rise and flood its banks. The surrounding towns and businesses were severely damaged, many beyond repair. In 1976, Hurricane Kathleen inundated the lakeshore communities and put Bombay Beach completely underwater. Tourism was drastically reduced, and many of the resorts and associated infrastructure were abandoned. The state began to issue odor advisories as the lake began to stink.


title: Salton Sea

text: In the 1990s, the shores were littered with dead fish as the lake had gotten so salty that large die-offs occurred. Fertilizers in the runoff caused massive blooms of algae. When storms churned the lake, botulism spread among the dying tilapia, which were eaten by the birds. During a four-month long period in 1996, 14,000 birds died from eating the fish, nearly 10,000 of which were pelicans. The carcasses were burned in an incinerator 24 hours a day for weeks. The resulting news coverage conveyed a simplified story that implied the lake was a toxic catastrophe filled with water that could be deadly. As a congressman in 1995, former mayor of nearby Palm Springs, Sonny Bono, advocated for attention to the problems. His wife and some politicians took up the cause as a form of tribute to Bono after his death in a 1998 skiing accident. Congress passed and President Bill Clinton signed into law the Salton Sea Reclamation Act of 1998 (Public Law 105-372). In 1999, the lake began to recede dramatically. The dropping water level stranded many of the remaining boat docks, residences, and businesses. Water-management priorities were changing including diverting water from agricultural areas to cities. The U.S. Department of the Interior prepared a draft Environmental Impact Report in compliance with the Reclamation Act and working in partnership with the Salton Sea Authority. A Strategic Science Plan and the Bureau of Reclamation's Alternatives Appraisal Report were also added to the voluminous studies of the lake. Before the legislative and scientific recommendations were implemented, priorities shifted away from activities at the lake after the September 11 attacks in 2001.


title: Salton Sea

text: In 2003, the Imperial Irrigation District signed the largest agriculture-to-urban water transfer agreement in US history. Much of its water allocation would go to communities along the California coast at a profit. With a 45-year term, the Quantification Settlement Agreement was a means for the San Diego County Water Authority and other districts to obtain additional water for the growing communities they serve. Local agriculture became more efficient at using water which resulted in the shoreline retreating as less run-off flowed into the lake. Farmers installed sprinklers to replace flood irrigation and used soil measurement devices that tell them when to water. As the Salton Sea shrank, it became saltier than ocean water. The California State Legislature, by legislation enacted in 2003 and 2004, directed the secretary of the California Resources Agency to prepare a restoration plan for the Salton Sea ecosystem, and an Environmental Impact Report. The Salton Sea Authority had a consultant study the alternatives and in 2004 issued their preferred alternative. After receiving comments from other agencies, they approved a new report in 2006. They hoped the reports would influence the state as it prepared the proposal mandated by the legislature.


title: Salton Sea

text: The state released an $8.9-billion proposal in 2007 that involved building a horseshoe-shaped outer lake, a berm crossing the center of the lake and an extensive system of dikes, channels and pumps. Due to their concerns about the impact on the lake, the district only approved the water transfer agreement after Governor Gray Davis had signed the 2003 legislation known as the Salton Sea Restoration Act. It stated that it was the "intent of the Legislature that the State of California undertake the restoration of the Salton Sea ecosystem and the permanent protection of the wildlife dependent on that ecosystem". The restoration plan was not implemented as state lawmakers found it too expensive and the Great Recession hit the economy. Repeated delays and dwindling public interest precluded any real change.


title: Salton Sea

text: The lake continued to dry up, exposing more lake bed known as playa, and sending nearby communities clouds of toxic dust. A haze incorporating pesticide plumes, exhaust fumes, factory emissions, and the vaporized dust from the lake regularly hangs over the communities in the valley. With a dense blend of ozone and particulate matter, Imperial County became known for some of the worst air quality in the country.<ref name="Verg 2018/6/6"></ref> Eastern Coachella communities have disproportionately higher rates of asthma and respiratory complications because of high concentrations of contaminants in the air. Over 20% of the children in the region have asthma (with the national rate being less than 10%). Scientists are studying how much of this is due to the Salton Sea dust and what is actually in the windblown particles. Ten schools in the Imperial Valley use green, yellow, and red flags signaling air quality for the many children who have asthma. Green means they join their friends on the playground, whereas red means they stay inside all day. Parents can also receive emailed alerts from the Imperial County Air Pollution Control District. Local activists ask if this is an issue of environmental justice, since the area most impacted is 85% Latinos.<ref name="KPBS 2021/mar/01"></ref> Some 650,000 people, many who are farmworkers, live where there are significant exposure to the dust. The public health impacts of continuing not to meet federal air quality standards include the treatment of child and adult asthma, Cardiac Disease, lung cancer, and increased mortality rates. Lower concentrations of the wind-borne dust travels all the way into Southern California and Arizona. Residents in the Los Angeles Basin, some away, complained about the odor that drifted their way in 2012, after the biomass on the sea bottom was churned by a storm.


title: Salton Sea

text: During the first 15 years after the sale of the Imperial water to San Diego County, the Imperial Irrigation District has been required to put water into the Salton Sea to compensate for the loss of agricultural runoff needed to replenish the sea. As the 2017 deadline for ending the additional mitigation water approached, the district, along with Imperial County, petitioned the California State Water Resources Control Board in 2014 with a demand for state action to fulfill its obligation after years of delays and unfulfilled plans. Pacific Institute, an environmental think tank, was warning that the lack of replenishment water was leading to a "period of very rapid deterioration." The rapidly shrinking sea was a "looming environmental and public health crisis". With the increased shrinkage, dust storms would increase and the rotten-egg smell would reach the coastal cities more frequently.


title: Salton Sea

text: About , or about 10%, of Imperial Valley's arable farmland has been temporarily fallowed to meet the reductions in the water transfer agreement. The farms in the Imperial Valley produce alfalfa, wheat, and vegetables such as carrots and Brussels sprouts. , the most widely planted crop was alfalfa, followed by bermuda grass and sudan grass. A third of the hay produced here was exported to China, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Japan. Most of exported hay feeds dairy cows, while Japan uses it for Kobe beef.


title: Salton Sea

text: On January 1, 2018, 40% less water began flowing into the sea as the 15-year mitigation period ended per the 2003 water transfer agreement. A court decision also forced the Imperial Irrigation District to end a program that had allowed it to equally distribute and cap the amount of water its members receive. Although it had been shrinking for years, this began to lower the water level significantly. As the shore recedes, at least of playa will be exposed by 2045, with additional dust becoming wind blown as the exposed playa dries out. A vertical drop of one foot in the water level can expose thousands of feet of horizontal playa. The state is mainly responsible, as California lawmakers pledged to fund air-quality management projects to mitigate impacts from the 2003 water transfer agreement. Over the years, local, state and federal bodies have found minimal success dealing with the dust from the exposed playa. To reduce wind-borne dust, the district has a program known as vegetation enhancement and surface roughening, which includes plowing furrows on newly exposed playa within property owned by the district.


title: Salton Sea

text: Fugitive dust, consisting of very small particles suspended in air, is being studied to distinguish between playa dust and desert emissions that are primarily made up of mineral dust from soil. The Imperial County Air Quality Management District, the South Coast Air Quality Management District, and the University of California at Riverside School of Medicine along with the environmental justice group Comite Civico Del Valle are using mobile and stationary air quality monitoring units in the effort to protect the health of the nearby residents.


title: Salton Sea

text: The Salton Sea Task Force was formed by the state in 2015 by Governor Jerry Brown's administration. The Natural Resources Agency released the Salton Sea Management Program (SSMP) in March 2017. The SSMP proposes constructing of habitat restoration and dust suppression projects on lakebed areas that have been, or will be, exposed at the Salton Sea by the year 2028. This will improve conditions for residents and wildlife.<ref name="DS 2020/01/07"></ref> The initial 10-year plan will cover less than half of the dry lakebed that researchers say will be exposed during that time. The state initially budgeted $80.5 million to begin designing the wetlands without a commitment that the program will ever be fully funded. The projected cost to design and construct the improvements is $383 million.<ref name="DS 2017/03/16"></ref> The focus was no longer on restoring the lake but presenting a feasible plan with a budget that legislators would gradually fund over the ten-year period. The 10-year plan won't fix everything so state and local officials continue to seek ways to deal with the problems. Salton Sea Management Program Monitoring and Adaptive Management Implementation Plan is being developed that will prioritize and phase-in implementation of the 2013 USGS Salton Sea Ecosystem Monitoring and Assessment Plan.


title: Salton Sea

text: The first state-funded project was the Torres-Martinez Wetland Project. The Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians partnered with the state to restore shallow wetlands along the northern edge of the sea that was destroyed by a massive storm in 2012. This prototype project was completed in April 2018.


title: Salton Sea

text: In November 2019, an emergency was declared because of the "heavily polluted New River, which empties into the Salton Sea". The Imperial County Board of Supervisors were hoping that this would accelerate the restoration projects by enabling the state to obtain federal funding. Nearly all the state's funding comes from bond measures for the Salton Sea projects. Since 2000, California voters have approved five bond measures .


title: Salton Sea

text: In February 2020, the California Natural Resources Agency finished the "Bruchard Road Dust Suppression Project" which, although only , was the first dust suppression project to be completed under the Salton Sea Management Program: Phase 1: 10 Year Plan (August 2018). Construction began on the ambitious Species Conservation Habitat Project in January 2021 on the small delta of the New River. The $206.5 million project is building ponds and wetlands on both sides of the mouth of this highly polluted river on the southern bank of the sea.<ref name="DS 2021/01/13"></ref> The federal government said in November 2022, it will spend $250 million over four years for the project.


title: Salton Sea

text: Many concepts have been proposed on how to deal with the problems. The idea of importing seawater from the Pacific Ocean or the Sea of Cortez in Mexico has been around for a long time. The area's plentiful geothermal power could be used to desalinate the water. Around 2004, Aqua Genesis Ltd proposed such a project that would sell the nonsaline water. Their proposal involved the construction of over of pipes and tunneling that would have provided of water to Southern California coastal cities each year. Berkshire Hathaway Energy has a subsidiary that already operates 10 geothermal plants in the area, and was developing a seawater desalination proposal.


title: Salton Sea

text: In 2018, the California Natural Resources Agency requested proposals to increase waterflow to the sea to reduce dust and dust-borne toxins. The 11 proposals ranged in cost from $300 million to several billion dollars.<ref name="DS 2018/04/16"></ref>


title: Salton Sea

text: A June 9, 2020, research report stated that the cost of "transferring water from agricultural users to the Salton Sea" would be lower and achievable using existing infrastructure. The aqueduct proposal, and others, hung on the outcome of a feasibility study. The state-appointed panel of experts rejected the idea after a yearlong review.


title: Salton Sea

text: The water of the Salton Sea has a salinity of 44 grams of salt per liter, greater than that of the Pacific Ocean (35 g/L). The lack of an outflow means the Salton Sea does not have a natural stabilization system; it is very dynamic. Fluctuations in the water level caused by variations in agricultural runoff, the ancient salt deposits in the lake bed, and the relatively high salinity of the inflow feeding the sea are all causing increasing salinity. The concentration has been increasing at a rate of about 3% per year. About 3.6 million tonnes of salt are deposited in the valley each year. An undated report on the University of California: Imperial County website provided these specifics: "Salton Sea salinity is about 44,000 mg/L, that is about 4.4% salt. The amount of salts that is deposited in the Imperial Valley agricultural land with irrigation water is about 4 million tons of salts annually. To maintain crop productivities, equal amount of salts must be leached from the root zone".


title: Salton Sea

text: Fertilizer runoffs have resulted in eutrophication, with large algal blooms and elevated bacterial levels. By the 1970s, the runoff which was full of salty chemicals led to a warning that the salinity of the lake would no longer sustain wildlife. By January 2020, the salinity of the Salton Sea was double that of the Atlantic Ocean. Both the hypersalinity and presence of contaminants in the Salton Sea triggered massive die-offs in the fish and avian populations; salt water carries less oxygen than fresh water, which was further depleted by algal blooms and by extreme temperatures during the summer period.


title: Salton Sea

text: The desert pupfish is the only native fish species in the sea, and is a federally listed endangered species in the United States. This freshwater fish, notable for its ability to withstand the rising salinity of the Salton Sea, can survive salinities ranging from freshwater to twice as salty as seawater.


title: Salton Sea

text: The body was initially a freshwater lake and was stocked with tilapia, gulf croaker, orangemouth corvina, and sargo, which sustained an important sport fishery and provided food for birds. By the 1960s, its rising salinity had begun to jeopardize some of these species. A September 2019 report stated that 20 years earlier, "there were some 100 million fish in the Sea. Now, more than 97% of those fish are gone". It is now too saline for most species of fish. Massive fish kills involve the oxygen-depleting combination of summer sun and salt. The fish suffocate as salt water carries less oxygen than fresh water. The dead fish wash up in mass quantities on the beaches.


title: Salton Sea

text: Introduced tilapia (hybrid Mozambique × Wami) can tolerate the high salinity levels and pollution. As of 2014, other fresh and brackish water fish species lived in the rivers and canals that fed the Salton Sea, including redbelly tilapia, threadfin shad, carp, red shiner, channel catfish, white catfish, largemouth bass, mosquitofish, and sailfin molly.


title: Salton Sea

text: Tilapia populations have reached such low volumes such that the fish-eating birds in the area cannot be sustained anymore. Scientists have approximated that if the sea's salinity reaches levels of 70 ppt (more likely to occur than not due to the end of mitigation flows at the start of 2018), there won't be any species of fish left that will be able to survive in the sea's main body. As the decline of Tilapia populations in the Salton Sea continues, there has been an immense proliferation of the water boatman population which do serve as feed for "a limited number of aquatic and shorebird species". A direct concern of the potential eradication of fish species from the sea include mosquito production, which is usually abundant in high salinity salt marshes but have been low due to the presence of fish. There have been worries about this potential outcome as mosquitoes in warm regions have been known to "act as vectors of West Nile virus, Western equine encephalitis and St. Louis encephalitis".


title: Salton Sea

text: The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment developed a safe eating advisory for fish caught in the Salton Sea based on levels of mercury or PCBs found in local species. As of 2009, all species were considered acceptable for all populations.


title: Salton Sea

text: The Salton Sea has been termed a "crown jewel of avian biodiversity" by Milt Friend of the Salton Sea Science Office. It hosts "the most diverse and probably most significant populations of bird life in the continental United States, rivaled only by Big Bend, Texas;" over 400 species have been documented. The Salton Sea is also a major resting stop on the Pacific Flyway. A December 2018 report by the National Geographic Society stated: "Nearly all of California's population of eared grebes, for example, stop over at the lake, and at least a third of all the white pelicans living in North America ..." The report expressed concern about the reducing input of water into the Sea and the increasing salinity. "Without that extra water, the lake's shrinking will start to accelerate—making it saltier, smaller, less welcoming to the birds that rely on it during migration".<ref name="NG 2018/12"></ref>


title: Salton Sea

text: Both the hypersalinity and presence of contaminants in the Salton Sea triggered massive die-offs in the fish and avian populations and the contamination promoted the outbreak and spread of diseases such as avian cholera. In turn, the loss of several species of fish that the avian population depended on for food increased their risk of starvation, exacerbating their decline. Birdwatchers in 2017 reported that most of the American white pelicans, double-crested cormorants, and eared grebes have disappeared.


title: Salton Sea

text: According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, the area roughly within of the sandy shoreline of the Salton Sea would have a saltbush/greasewood ("40") vegetation type and a Great Basin shrubland ("7") vegetation form.


title: Salton Sea

text: This saline, endorheic rift lake on the San Andreas Fault at the southern end of the U.S. state of California lies between, and within, the Imperial and Coachella valleys, all of which lie within the larger Salton Trough, a pull-apart basin that stretches to the Gulf of California in Mexico. The lake occupies the lowest elevations of the trough, known as the Salton Sink, where the lake surface is below sea level as of January 2018. The deepest point of the lake is only higher than the lowest point of Death Valley.


title: Salton Sea

text: The Salton Sea is about , though it varies in dimensions and area with fluctuations in agricultural runoff and rainfall. The New, Whitewater, and Alamo rivers, combined with agricultural runoff, are the primary sources that feed the lake. With an estimated surface area of or , the Salton Sea is the largest lake in California by surface area.<ref name="DS 2019/03/01"></ref> The average annual inflow is less than , which is enough to maintain a maximum depth of and a total volume of about . However, due to changes in water apportionments agreed upon for the Colorado River under the Quantification Settlement Agreement of 2003, the surface area of the sea is expected to decrease by 60% between 2013 and 2021.


title: Salton Sea

text: The land under the lake is a patchwork of ownership spread across three primary entities: the federal government – mostly the Bureau of Reclamation and the Bureau of Land Management, the Imperial Irrigation District (IID), and the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians.


title: Salton Sea

text: According to the Köppen climate classification system, the Salton Sea has a Hot desert climate ("BWh"). According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the Plant Hardiness zone is 9b with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of 28.5 °F (−1.9 °C). The temperature of the surface water changes with the seasonally varying air temperature. Winter surface water can reach temperatures as low as and summer surface water highs can reach .


title: Salton Sea

text: The Salton Sea and surrounding basin sits over the San Andreas Fault, San Jacinto Fault, Imperial Fault Zone, and a "stepover fault" shear zone system. Geologists have determined that previous flooding episodes from the Colorado River have been linked to earthquakes along the San Andreas Fault. Sonar and other instruments were used to map the Salton Sea's underwater faults during the study. During the period when the basin was filled by Lake Cahuilla, a much larger inland sea, earthquakes higher than magnitude 7 occurred roughly every 180 years, the last one occurring within decades of 1700. Computer models suggest the normal faults in the area are most vulnerable to deviatoric stress loading by filling in of water. Currently, a risk still exists for an earthquake of magnitude 7 to 8. Simulations also showed, in the Los Angeles area, shaking and thus damage would be more severe for a San Andreas earthquake that propagated along the fault from the south, rather than from the north. Such an earthquake also raises the risk for soil liquefaction in the Imperial Valley region.


title: Salton Sea

text: The effective drainage divide that separates the Salton Sea from the Gulf of California is about in elevation and is located near Delta, northeastern Baja California State, Mexico, south-southeast of Mexicali. Past sea level rise may partially be responsible for the salinity of the lake, while potential future changes in sea levels could occur. However, other factors such as hydrothermal vents, diffusion of salt from minerals and sediment, including concentrated brine, and evaporites are another contributor to salinity, as is the recent lowering of lake levels raising the salinity, though sedimentary records show the lake surface elevation reached levels above world sea level in the 1500s.


title: Salton Sea

text: Evidence of geothermal activity is visible. The Salton Buttes are volcanoes in the geothermal field of the same name. Mudpots and mud volcanoes are found on the eastern side of the Salton Sea, including the mobile Niland Geyser. The area is used for geothermal electricity generation, with plants located along the southeastern shore of the Salton Sea in Imperial County.


title: Salton Sea

text: The geothermal activity below the Salton Sea loosens up lithium that can be mined. Due to increased demand for lithium, which is crucial for electric-vehicle battery production, the Salton Sea area is attracting attention, and the extraction of lithium is expected to boost the local economy. The brine contains lithium, calcium, sodium and other minerals that are very complex to separate. The California Energy Commission estimates the sea might produce 600k metric tons of lithium carbonate per year.


title: Salton Sea

text: In July 2021, General Motors announced that it was partnering with Controlled Thermal Resources to develop a combined lithium extraction and power generation facility in the Hell's Kitchen geothermal field in the Salton Sea, employing a closed-loop process. Brine will be extracted from the ground, with geothermal steam being used to drive a turbine generating electricity, and reacting with the brine to separate the lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate used for battery production.


title: Salton Sea

text: Berkshire Hathaway Energy has a subsidiary that operates 10 geothermal plants in the area. Berkshire's BHE Renewables division plans to open a lithium carbonate pilot plant in the spring of 2023.


title: Salton Sea

text: The U.S. Navy conducted a preliminary inspection of the Salton Sea in January 1940, and the Salton Sea Test Base (SSTB, run by Sandia Labs) was initially commissioned as the Naval Auxiliary Air Station Salton Sea, in October 1942. The SSTB, just to the southeast of Salton City, originally functioned as an operational and training base for seaplanes. Additional activities at the base included experimental testing of solid-fuel plane-launched rockets, jet-assist take-off testing, aeroballistic testing of inert atomic weapon test units at land and marine target areas, training bombing at marine targets, testing of the effects of long-term storage on atomic weapons, testing of the Project Mercury space capsule parachute landing systems, parachute training and testing, and military training exercises. The base was abandoned in 1978.


title: Salton Sea

text: The Salton Sea had some success as a resort area, with Salton City, Salton Sea Beach, and Desert Shores, on the western shore and Desert Beach, North Shore, and Bombay Beach, built on the eastern shore in the 1950s. Due to the increasing salinity and pollution of the lake over the years from agricultural runoff and other sources, the communities substantially shrank in size, or have been abandoned. The smell of the lake, combined with the stench of the decaying fish, also contributed to the decline of the tourist industry around the Salton Sea. The US Geological Survey describes the smell as "objectionable", "noxious", "unique", and "pervasive".


title: Salton Sea

text: A 2020 article provided this comment about the settlements around the Salton Sea: Since 2011, Bombay Beach and its surrounds have been reinvented as a destination for desert art. It's not alone in that distinction – south of the city lie the towns of Niland and Slab City, other areas that have attracted artists and led to creations like East Jesus and Salvation Mountain.


title: Salton Sea

text: Some people are visiting the Salton Sea and the surrounding settlements to explore the abandoned structures and see the squatter settlement of Slab City. The town of Niland is southeast of the sea, with a population of 1,006. In late June 2020, a fire in Niland caused a great deal of damage, displacing 112 people; by that time, the estimated population had diminished to 500.


title: Salton Sea

text: The population of Bombay Beach declined for years and the buildings were rotting away, but some people had moved into the settlement. A news item in April 2018 stated that it was "enjoying a rebirth of sorts with an influx of artists, intellectuals and hipsters who have turned it into a bohemian playground". The population estimate for 2020 was 415 persons, higher than the official census number of 295 in 2010.


title: Salton Sea

text: The Salton Sea State Recreation Area offers hunting, fishing, swimming, and camping to visitors on the northeastern side of the sea.


title: Salton Sea

text: "Low barometric pressure and greater water density make the Salton Sea the fastest body of water in the world for speedboat racing," according to an article in the January–February 1950 issue of "National Motorist" magazine. (This statement, however, erroneously conflates low barometric pressure with low altitude, when in fact the opposite is true, and the extremely low altitude of the region provides "higher" barometric pressure, beneficial for internal combustion engines) "The low altitude was thought to be ideal for carburetion and there was talk that this was the 'fastest body of water in the world.'" Beginning in the late 1920s, these properties have made the Salton Sea attractive as a venue for such races.


title: Salton Sea

text: Although these natural advantages were at first attacked as unfair by other courses, by the mid 1930s the Salton Sea racing organization was backed by the National Power Boat Association and attracting some of the best boats and drivers in the US. Races were held at Desert Beach annually between 1941 and 1951 and subsequently at other beaches, ultimately on the west side of the Sea.


title: Salton Sea

text: From 1961 through 1965, the Sea hosted the Salton City 500, a marathon endurance race which attracted drivers as notable as Mickey Thompson and astronaut Gordon Cooper.


title: Salton Sea

text: After a lengthy hiatus, in 2008 racing returned when new world records were set by a sprint boat at the Salton Sea Speed Week. The winner of the bathtub race of 1970 crossed the to the east shore and back in one hour and four minutes.


title: Versace

text: Gianni Versace S.r.l. (), usually referred to as Versace ( ), is an Italian luxury fashion company founded by Gianni Versace in 1978 known for flashy prints and bright colors. The company produces Italian-made ready-to-wear and accessories, as well as "haute couture" under its Atelier Versace brand and licenses its name and branding to Luxottica for eyewear. Being Gianni Versace a native of Calabria, in the ancient Magna Grecia (Greater Greece), the company logo is inspired by Medusa, a figure from Greek mythology.


title: Versace

text: In 1972, Gianni Versace designed his first collections for Callaghan, Genny, and Complice. In 1978, the company launched under the name "Gianni Versace Donna” and opened its first boutique in Milan's Via della Spiga. Gianni independently controlled much of the brand, from designing to retailing. In 1982, the company expanded its offerings to include accessories, jewelry, home furnishings, and china. In 1993, Donatella Versace added the Young Versace and Versus lines. In 1994, the brand gained international coverage from the black Versace dress of Elizabeth Hurley, referred in the media as "that dress".


title: Versace

text: Versace has designed for various music artists, including stage and album cover costumes for Elton John in 1992 and outfits for Michael Jackson. Versace also designed clothing for the Princess of Wales and Princess Caroline of Monaco.


title: Versace

text: After the murder of Gianni Versace in 1997, his sister Donatella, formerly vice-president, took over as creative director, and his older brother Santo Versace became CEO. Donatella's daughter Allegra Versace was left a 50 percent stake in the company, which she assumed control of on her eighteenth birthday.


title: Versace

text: In 2000, the green Versace dress worn by Jennifer Lopez at the Grammy Awards gained extensive media attention. The dress was voted the fifth most iconic dress of all time and Elizabeth Hurley's black Versace dress was voted most iconic dress of all time, according to a 2008 "Daily Telegraph" poll.


title: Versace

text: With the company's profits in decline in the early 2000s, Fabio Massimo Cacciatori was hired as interim CEO to reorganise and restructure Versace Group in 2003. Cacciatori resigned in December 2003 due to "disputes with the Versace family". In 2004, Giancarlo di Risio from IT Holding became CEO, until he resigned in 2009 due to disagreements with Donatella. In May 2016, the Versace Group appointed Jonathan Akeroyd as CEO and board member.


title: Versace

text: , more than 1500 boutiques operate worldwide; the first boutique outside of Italy opened in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1991.


title: Versace

text: In September 2018, Michael Kors offered to buy Versace for two billion euros. Versace announced all Blackstone and Versace family shares were sold to Michael Kors Limited. The acquisition was completed in December 2018, with Donatella Versace remaining head of creative design. In January 2019, Gianni Versace S.r.l. joined Capri Holdings Limited, forming a new global fashion luxury group alongside Michael Kors and Jimmy Choo.


title: Versace

text: In 2018, Versace stopped using fur in its products and in 2020 announced it would stop using kangaroo leather. In October 2018, Versace announced its first Pre-Fall season show in New York, scheduled on Gianni Versace's December 2 birth date. In 2021, Versace opened its first SoHo, New York boutique.


title: Versace

text: Soheil Abedian, of Sunland Group, approached Versace in 1997 proposing a luxury hotel built for the Versace brand. The first Palazzo Versace opened on Australia's Gold Coast on 15 September 2000. The hotel was sold to a Chinese consortium in December 2012. The second Palazzo, the Palazzo Versace Dubai, was completed in December 2015 and is located on the foreshore of Dubai Creek. A third Palazzo, the Palazzo Versace Macau, is under construction as part of a partnership with Macau's largest casino operator SJM Holdings. The Palazzo Versace hotels are the world's first fashion-branded hotels.


title: Versace

text: In August 2019, Versace produced a range of tops suggesting Hong Kong and Macau were separate countries. Versace apologized, saying it made a mistake in the design and would destroy the offending clothing. In response to the controversy, Yang Mi ended her relationship as brand ambassador for Versace.


title: Joseph Quinn (actor)

text: Joseph Quinn (born 1993 or 1994) is a British actor, best known for his role as Eddie Munson in the fourth season of the Netflix series "Stranger Things". Prior to his role in "Stranger Things", Quinn has appeared on British television in "Dickensian" (2016), the miniseries "Howards End" (2017) and "Catherine the Great" (2019). He has also had supporting roles in the BBC series "Les Misérables" and "Strike".


title: Joseph Quinn (actor)

text: Quinn was born in London, England. Raised in South London, he attended Emanuel, an independent school, from 2007 to 2012; he received a bursary as part of their drama scholar program. He subsequently attended drama school at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, graduating in 2015.


title: Joseph Quinn (actor)

text: Following school, he was cast in the main role of Arthur Havisham in the BBC One television series "Dickensian". The show premiered in December 2015. During the following years, he acted on the London stage at the National Theatre and Off West End. He starred in the 2017 four-part series "Howards End" as Leonard Bast, a young bank clerk, opposite Hayley Atwell. In the same year, he starred in the short film "KIN", and appeared in Season 7 of the HBO series "Game of Thrones" as Koner, a Stark soldier. In 2019, he portrayed Will Ladislaw in a BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Middlemarch.


title: Joseph Quinn (actor)

text: Quinn acted also in theatre plays, one of which he won an award for, as "Best actor in a studio production" at the Manchester Theatre Awards 2017 for his performance in "Wish List".


title: Joseph Quinn (actor)

text: In 2022, he portrayed Eddie Munson in the fourth season of "Stranger Things". He was cast in the role in 2019, with filming for the season taking place in 2021. Quinn was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Streaming Series for his role. In August 2022, Quinn signed with CAA.


title: Joseph Quinn (actor)

text: On August 23, 2022, a reboot of the "Lords of the Fallen" video game was announced, with a trailer narrated by Quinn. Quinn became the official face for the Gris Dior fragrance in October 2022.


title: Joseph Quinn (actor)

text: At the Newport Beach Film Festival Honors on 16 October 2022, "Variety" named Quinn as one of their "10 Actors to Watch". In November 2022, British GQ named Quinn to its list of Men of the Year Honourees.


title: Management

text: Management (or managing) is the administration of an organization, whether it is a business, a nonprofit organization, or a government body. It is the art and science of managing resources of the business.


title: Management

text: Management includes the activities of setting the strategy of an organization and coordinating the efforts of its employees (or of volunteers) to accomplish its objectives through the application of available resources, such as financial, natural, technological, and human resources. "Run the business" and "Change the business" are two concepts that are used in management to differentiate between the continued delivery of goods or services and adapting of goods or services to meet the changing needs of customers - see trend. The term "management" may also refer to those people who manage an organization—managers.


title: Management

text: Some people study management at colleges or universities; major degrees in management includes the Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.), Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA.), Master of Business Administration (MBA.), Master in Management (MSM or MIM) and, for the public sector, the Master of Public Administration (MPA) degree. Individuals who aim to become management specialists or experts, management researchers, or professors may complete the Doctor of Management (DM), the Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), or the PhD in Business Administration or Management. In the past few decades, there has been a movement for evidence-based management.


title: Management

text: In smaller organizations, a manager may have a much wider scope and may perform several roles or even all of the roles commonly observed in a large organization.


title: Management

text: Social scientists study management as an academic discipline, investigating areas such as social organization, organizational adaptation, and organizational leadership.


title: Management

text: The English verb "manage" has its roots by the XV century French verb 'mesnager', which often referred in equestrian language "to hold in hand the reins of a horse". Also the Italian term "maneggiare" (to handle, especially tools or a horse) is possible. In Spanish, "manejar" can also mean to rule the horses. These three terms derive from the two Latin words "manus" (hand) and "agere" (to act).


title: Management

text: The French word for housekeeping, "ménagerie", derived from "ménager" ("to keep house"; compare "ménage" for "household"), also encompasses taking care of domestic animals. "Ménagerie" is the French translation of Xenophon's famous book "Oeconomicus" () on household matters and husbandry. The French word "mesnagement" (or "ménagement") influenced the semantic development of the English word "management" in the 17th and 18th centuries.


title: Management

text: Management involves identifying the mission, objective, procedures, rules and manipulation of the human capital of an enterprise to contribute to the success of the enterprise. Scholars have focused on the management of individual, organizational, and inter-organizational relationships. This implies effective communication: an enterprise environment (as opposed to a physical or mechanical mechanism) implies human motivation and implies some sort of successful progress or system outcome. As such, management is not the manipulation of a mechanism (machine or automated program), not the herding of animals, and can occur either in a legal or in an illegal enterprise or environment. From an individual's perspective, management does not need to be seen solely from an enterprise point of view, because management is an essential function in improving one's life and relationships. Management is therefore everywhere and it has a wider range of application. Communication and a positive endeavor are two main aspects of it either through enterprise or through independent pursuit. Plans, measurements, motivational psychological tools, goals, and economic measures (profit, etc.) may or may not be necessary components for there to be management. At first, one views management functionally, such as measuring quantity, adjusting plans, and meeting goals, but this applies even in situations where planning does not take place. From this perspective, Henri Fayol (1841–1925)considers management to consist of five functions:


title: Management

text: In another way of thinking, Mary Parker Follett (1868–1933), allegedly defined management as "the art of getting things done through people". She described management as a philosophy.


title: Management

text: Critics, however, find this definition useful but far too narrow. The phrase "management is what managers do" occurs widely, suggesting the difficulty of defining management without circularity, the shifting nature of definitions and the connection of managerial practices with the existence of a managerial cadre or of a class.


title: Management

text: One habit of thought regards management as equivalent to "business administration" and thus excludes management in places outside commerce, as for example in charities and in the public sector. More broadly, every organization must "manage" its work, people, processes, technology, etc. to maximize effectiveness. Nonetheless, many people refer to university departments that teach management as "business schools". Some such institutions (such as the Harvard Business School) use that name, while others (such as the Yale School of Management) employ the broader term "management".


title: Management

text: English-speakers may also use the term "management" or "the management" as a collective word describing the managers of an organization, for example of a corporation.


title: Management

text: Historically this use of the term often contrasted with the term "labor" – referring to those being managed.


title: Management

text: But in the present era the concept of management is identified in the wide areas and its frontiers have been pushed to a broader range. Apart from profitable organizations, even non-profit organizations apply management concepts. The concept and its uses are not constrained. Management as a whole is the process of planning, organizing, directing, leading and controlling.


title: Management

text: Most organizations have three management levels: first-level, middle-level, and top-level managers. First-line managers are the lowest level of management and manage the work of non-managerial individuals who are directly involved with the production or creation of the organization's products. First-line managers are often called supervisors, but may also be called line managers, office managers, or even foremen. Middle managers include all levels of management between the first-line level and the top level of the organization. These managers manage the work of first-line managers and may have titles such as department head, project leader, plant manager, or division manager. Top managers are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the plans and goals that affect the entire organization. These individuals typically have titles such as executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, or chairman of the board.


title: Management

text: These managers are classified in a hierarchy of authority, and perform different tasks. In many organizations, the number of managers in every level resembles a pyramid. Each level is explained below in specifications of their different responsibilities and likely job titles.


title: Management

text: The top or senior layer of management is a small group which consists of the board of directors (including non-executive directors, executive directors and independent directors), president, vice-president, CEOs and other members of the C-level executives. Different organizations have various members in their C-suite, which may include a chief financial officer, chief technology officer, and so on. They are responsible for controlling and overseeing the operations of the entire organization. They set a "tone at the top" and develop strategic plans, company policies, and make decisions on the overall direction of the organization. In addition, top-level managers play a significant role in the mobilization of outside resources. Senior managers are accountable to the shareholders, the general public and to public bodies that oversee corporations and similar organizations. Some members of the senior management may serve as the public face of the organization, and they may make speeches to introduce new strategies or appear in marketing.


title: Management

text: The board of directors is typically primarily composed of non-executives who owe a fiduciary duty to shareholders and are not closely involved in the day-to-day activities of the organization, although this varies depending on the type (e.g., public versus private), size and culture of the organization. These directors are theoretically liable for breaches of that duty and typically insured under directors and officers liability insurance. Fortune 500 directors are estimated to spend 4.4 hours per week on board duties, and median compensation was $212,512 in 2010. The board sets corporate strategy, makes major decisions such as major acquisitions, and hires, evaluates, and fires the top-level manager (chief executive officer or CEO). The CEO typically hires other positions. However, board involvement in the hiring of other positions such as the chief financial officer (CFO) has increased. In 2013, a survey of over 160 CEOs and directors of public and private companies found that the top weaknesses of CEOs were "mentoring skills" and "board engagement", and 10% of companies never evaluated the CEO. The board may also have certain employees (e.g., internal auditors) report to them or directly hire independent contractors; for example, the board (through the audit committee) typically selects the auditor.


title: Management

text: Helpful skills of top management vary by the type of organization but typically include a broad understanding of competition, world economies, and politics. In addition, the CEO is responsible for implementing and determining (within the board's framework) the broad policies of the organization. Executive management accomplishes the day-to-day details, including: instructions for preparation of department budgets, procedures, schedules; appointment of middle level executives such as department managers; coordination of departments; media and governmental relations; and shareholder communication.


title: Management

text: Consist of general managers, branch managers and department managers. They are accountable to the top management for their department's function. They devote more time to organizational and directional functions. Their roles can be emphasized as executing organizational plans in conformance with the company's policies and the objectives of the top management, they define and discuss information and policies from top management to lower management, and most importantly they inspire and provide guidance to lower-level managers towards better performance.


title: Management

text: Middle management is the midway management of a categorized organization, being secondary to the senior management but above the deepest levels of operational members. An operational manager may be well-thought-out by middle management or may be categorized as non-management operate, liable to the policy of the specific organization. The efficiency of the middle level is vital in any organization since they bridge the gap between top level and bottom level staffs.


title: Management

text: Line managers include supervisors, section leaders, forepersons and team leaders. They focus on controlling and directing regular employees. They are usually responsible for assigning employees' tasks, guiding and supervising employees on day-to-day activities, ensuring the quality and quantity of production and/or service, making recommendations and suggestions to employees on their work, and channeling employee concerns that they cannot resolve to mid-level managers or other administrators. First-level or "front line" managers also act as role models for their employees. In some types of work, front line managers may also do some of the same tasks that employees do, at least some of the time. For example, in some restaurants, the front line managers will also serve customers during a very busy period of the day. In general, line managers are considered part of the workforce and not part of the organization's proper management despite performing traditional management functions.


title: Management

text: Some front-line managers may also provide career planning for employees who aim to rise within the organization.


title: Management

text: Colleges and universities around the world offers bachelor's degrees, graduate degrees, diplomas and certificates in management; generally within their colleges of business, business schools or faculty of management but also in other related departments. In the 2010s era, there has been an increase in online management education and training in the form of electronic educational technology (also called e-learning). Online education has increased the accessibility of management training to people who do not live near a college or university, or who cannot afford to travel to a city where such training is available.


title: Management

text: While some professions require academic credentials in order to work in the profession (e.g., law, medicine, engineering, which require, respectively the Bachelor of Law, Doctor of Medicine and Bachelor of Engineering degrees), management and administration positions do not necessarily require the completion of academic degrees. Some well-known senior executives in the US who did not complete a degree include Steve Jobs, Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerberg. However, many managers and executives have completed some type of business or management training, such as a Bachelor of Commerce or a Master of Business Administration degree. Some major organizations, including companies, non-profit organizations and governments, require applicants to managerial or executive positions to hold at minimum bachelor's degree in a field related to administration or management, or in the case of business jobs, a Bachelor of Commerce or a similar degree.


title: Management

text: At the undergraduate level, the most common business programs are the Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) and Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.).


title: Management

text: These typically comprise a four-year program designed to give students an overview of the role of managers in planning and directing within an organization.


title: Management

text: Course topics include accounting, financial management, statistics, marketing, strategy, and other related areas.


title: Management

text: There are many other undergraduate degrees that include the study of management, such as Bachelor of Arts degrees with a major in business administration or management and Bachelor of Public Administration (B.P.A), a degree designed for individuals aiming to work as bureaucrats in the government jobs.


title: Management

text: Many colleges and universities also offer certificates and diplomas in business administration or management, which typically require one to two years of full-time study.


title: Management

text: At the graduate level students aiming at careers as managers or executives may choose to specialize in major subareas of management or business administration such as entrepreneurship, human resources, international business, organizational behavior, organizational theory, strategic management, accounting, corporate finance, entertainment, global management, healthcare management, investment management, sustainability and real estate.


title: Management

text: A Master of Business Administration (MBA) is the most popular professional degree at the master's level and can be obtained from many universities in the United States. MBA programs provide further education in management and leadership for graduate students. Other master's degrees in business and management include Master of Management (MM) and the Master of Science (M.Sc.) in business administration or management, which is typically taken by students aiming to become researchers or professors.


title: Management

text: There are also specialized master's degrees in administration for individuals aiming at careers outside of business, such as the Master of Public Administration (MPA) degree (also offered as a Master of Arts in Public Administration in some universities), for students aiming to become managers or executives in the public service and the Master of Health Administration, for students aiming to become managers or executives in the health care and hospital sector.


title: Management

text: Management doctorates are the most advanced terminal degrees in the field of business and management. Most individuals obtaining management doctorates take the programs to obtain the training in research methods, statistical analysis and writing academic papers that they will need to seek careers as researchers, senior consultants and/or professors in business administration or management. There are three main types of management doctorates: the Doctor of Management (D.M.), the Doctor of Business Administration (D.B.A.), and the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Business Administration or Management. In the 2010s, doctorates in business administration and management are available with many specializations.


title: Management

text: While management trends can change so fast, the long-term trend in management has been defined by a market embracing diversity and a rising service industry. Managers are currently being trained to encourage greater equality for minorities and women in the workplace, by offering increased flexibility in working hours, better retraining, and innovative (and usually industry-specific) performance markers. Managers destined for the service sector are being trained to use unique measurement techniques, better worker support and more charismatic leadership styles. Human resources finds itself increasingly working with management in a training capacity to help collect management data on the success (or failure) of management actions with employees.


title: Management

text: Evidence-based management is an emerging movement to use the current, best evidence in management and decision-making. It is part of the larger movement towards evidence-based practices. Evidence-based management entails managerial decisions and organizational practices informed by the best available evidence. As with other evidence-based practice, this is based on the three principles of: 1) published peer-reviewed (often in management or social science journals) research evidence that bears on whether and why a particular management practice works; 2) judgement and experience from contextual management practice, to understand the organization and interpersonal dynamics in a situation and determine the risks and benefits of available actions; and 3) the preferences and values of those affected.


title: Management

text: Some see management as a late-modern (in the sense of late modernity) conceptualization. On those terms it cannot have a pre-modern history – only harbingers (such as stewards). Others, however, detect management-like thought among ancient Sumerian traders and the builders of the pyramids of ancient Egypt. Slave-owners through the centuries faced the problems of exploiting/motivating a dependent but sometimes unenthusiastic or recalcitrant workforce, but many pre-industrial enterprises, given their small scale, did not feel compelled to face the issues of management systematically. However, innovations such as the spread of Arabic numerals (5th to 15th centuries) and the codification of double-entry book-keeping (1494) provided tools for management assessment, planning and control.


title: Management

text: With the changing workplaces of industrial revolutions in the 18th and 19th centuries, military theory and practice contributed approaches to managing the newly popular factories.


title: Management

text: Given the scale of most commercial operations and the lack of mechanized record-keeping and recording before the industrial revolution, it made sense for most owners of enterprises in those times to carry out management functions by and for themselves. But with growing size and complexity of organizations, a distinction between owners (individuals, industrial dynasties or groups of shareholders) and day-to-day managers (independent specialists in planning and control) gradually became more common.


title: Management

text: The field of management originated in ancient China, including possibly the first highly centralized bureaucratic state, and the earliest (by the second century BC) example of an administration based on merit through testing. Some theorists have cited as providing lessons for civilian managers. For example, Chinese general Sun Tzu in his 6th-century BC work "The Art of War" recommends (when re-phrased in modern terminology) being aware of and acting on strengths and weaknesses of both a manager's organization and a foe's. The writings of influential Chinese Legalist philosopher Shen Buhai may be considered to embody a rare premodern example of abstract theory of administration. American philosopher Herrlee G. Creel and other scholars find the influence of Chinese administration in Europe by the 12th century. Thomas Taylor Meadows, Britain's consul in Guangzhou, argued in his "Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China" (1847) that "the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only," and that the British must reform their civil service by making the institution meritocratic. Influenced by the ancient Chinese imperial examination, the Northcote–Trevelyan Report of 1854 recommended that recruitment should be on the basis of merit determined through competitive examination, candidates should have a solid general education to enable inter-departmental transfers, and promotion should be through achievement rather than "preferment, patronage, or purchase". This led to implementation of Her Majesty's Civil Service as a systematic, meritocratic civil service bureaucracy. Like the British, the development of French bureaucracy was influenced by the Chinese system. Voltaire claimed that the Chinese had "perfected moral science" and François Quesnay advocated an economic and political system modeled after that of the Chinese. French civil service examinations adopted in the late 19th century were also heavily based on general cultural studies. These features have been likened to the earlier Chinese model.


title: Management

text: Various ancient and medieval civilizations produced "mirrors for princes" books, which aimed to advise new monarchs on how to govern. Plato described job specialization in 350 BC, and Alfarabi listed several leadership traits in AD 900. Other examples include the Indian "Arthashastra" by Chanakya (written around 300 BC), and "The Prince" by Italian author


title: Management

text: Written in 1776 by Adam Smith, a Scottish moral philosopher, "The Wealth of Nations" discussed efficient organization of work through division of labour.


title: Management

text: Smith described how changes in processes could boost productivity in the manufacture of pins. While individuals could produce 200 pins per day, Smith analyzed the steps involved in manufacture and, with 10 specialists, enabled production of 48,000 pins per day.


title: Management

text: Classical economists such as Adam Smith (1723–1790) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) provided a theoretical background to resource allocation, production (economics), and pricing issues. About the same time, innovators like Eli Whitney (1765–1825), James Watt (1736–1819), and Matthew Boulton (1728–1809) developed elements of technical production such as standardization, quality-control procedures, cost-accounting, interchangeability of parts, and work-planning. Many of these aspects of management existed in the pre-1861 slave-based sector of the US economy. That environment saw 4 million people, as the contemporary usages had it, "managed" in profitable quasi-mass production


title: Management

text: Salaried managers as an identifiable group first became prominent in the late 19th century. As large corporations began to overshadow small family businesses the need for personnel management positions became more necessary. Businesses grew into large corporations and the need for clerks, bookkeepers, secretaries and managers expanded. The demand for trained managers led college and university administrators to consider and move forward with plans to create the first schools of business on their campuses.


title: Management

text: At the turn of the twentieth century the need for skilled and trained managers had become increasingly apparent. The demand occurred as personnel departments began to expand rapidly. In 1915, less than one in twenty manufacturing firms had a dedicated personnel department. By 1929 that number had grown to over one-third. Formal management education became standardized at colleges and universities. Colleges and universities capitalized on the needs of corporations by forming business schools and corporate placement departments. This shift toward formal business education marked the creation of a corporate elite in the US.


title: Management

text: By about 1900 one finds managers trying to place their theories on what they regarded as a thoroughly scientific basis (see scientism for perceived limitations of this belief). Examples include Henry R. Towne's "Science of management" in the 1890s, Frederick Winslow Taylor's "The Principles of Scientific Management" (1911), Lillian Gilbreth's "Psychology of Management" (1914), Frank and Lillian Gilbreth's "Applied motion study" (1917), and Henry L. Gantt's charts (1910s). J. Duncan wrote the first college management textbook in 1911. In 1912 Yoichi Ueno introduced Taylorism to Japan and became the first management consultant of the "Japanese management style". His son Ichiro Ueno pioneered Japanese quality assurance.


title: Management

text: The first comprehensive theories of management appeared around 1920. The Harvard Business School offered the first Master of Business Administration degree (MBA) in 1921. People like Henri Fayol (1841–1925) and Alexander Church (1866–1936) described the various branches of management and their inter-relationships. In the early 20th century, people like Ordway Tead (1891–1973), Walter Scott (1869–1955) and J. Mooney applied the principles of psychology to management. Other writers, such as Elton Mayo (1880–1949), Mary Parker Follett (1868–1933), Chester Barnard (1886–1961), Max Weber (1864–1920), who saw what he called the "administrator" as bureaucrat, Rensis Likert (1903–1981), and Chris Argyris (born 1923) approached the phenomenon of management from a sociological perspective.


title: Management

text: The 1930s and 1940s saw the development of a militarization trend in management in parts of Eurasia – both the NKVD (in the Soviet Union) and the SS (in the Greater Germanic Reich), for example, managed labor camps as industrial enterprises using slave labor supervised by uniformed cadres.


title: Management

text: Peter Drucker (1909–2005) wrote one of the earliest books on applied management: "Concept of the Corporation" (published in 1946). It resulted from Alfred Sloan (chairman of General Motors until 1956) commissioning a study of the organisation. Drucker went on to write 39 books, many in the same vein.


title: Management

text: H. Dodge, Ronald Fisher (1890–1962), and Thornton C. Fry introduced statistical techniques into management-studies. In the 1940s, Patrick Blackett worked in the development of the applied-mathematics science of operations research, initially for military operations. Operations research, sometimes known as "management science" (but distinct from Taylor's scientific management), attempts to take a scientific approach to solving decision-problems, and can apply directly to multiple management problems, particularly in the areas of logistics and operations.


title: Management

text: Some of the later 20th-century developments include the theory of constraints (introduced in 1984), management by objectives (systematised in 1954), re-engineering (early 1990s), Six Sigma (1986), management by walking around (1970s), the Viable system model (1972), and various information-technology-driven theories such as agile software development (so-named from 2001), as well as group-management theories such as Cog's Ladder (1972) and the notion of "thriving on chaos" (1987).


title: Management

text: As the general recognition of managers as a class solidified during the 20th century and gave perceived practitioners of the art/science of management a certain amount of prestige, so the way opened for popularised systems of management ideas to peddle their wares. In this context many management fads may have had more to do with pop psychology than with scientific theories of management.


title: Management

text: In the 21st century observers find it increasingly difficult to subdivide management into functional categories in this way. More and more processes simultaneously involve several categories. Instead, one tends to think in terms of the various processes, tasks, and objects subject to management.


title: Management

text: Branches of management theory also exist relating to nonprofits and to government: such as public administration, public management, and educational management. Further, management programs related to civil-society organizations have also spawned programs in nonprofit management and social entrepreneurship.


title: Management

text: Note that many of the assumptions made by management have come under attack from business-ethics viewpoints, critical management studies, and anti-corporate activism.


title: Management

text: As one consequence, workplace democracy (sometimes referred to as Workers' self-management) has become both more common and more advocated, in some places distributing all management functions among workers, each of whom takes on a portion of the work. However, these models predate any current political issue, and may occur more naturally than does a command hierarchy. All management embraces to some degree a democratic principle—in that in the long term, the majority of workers must support management. Otherwise, they leave to find other work or go on strike. Despite the move toward workplace democracy, command-and-control organization structures remain commonplace as "de facto" organization structures. Indeed, the entrenched nature of command-and-control is evident in the way that recent layoffs have been conducted with management ranks affected far less than employees at the lower levels. In some cases, management has even rewarded itself with bonuses after laying off lower-level workers.


title: Management

text: According to leadership-academic Manfred F.R. Kets de Vries, a contemporary senior-management team will almost inevitably have some personality disorders.


title: Management

text: In profitable organizations, management's primary function is the satisfaction of a range of stakeholders. This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating valued products at a reasonable cost (for customers), and providing great employment opportunities for employees. In case of nonprofit management, one of the main functions is, keeping the faith of donors. In most models of management and governance, shareholders vote for the board of directors, and the board then hires senior management. Some organizations have experimented with other methods (such as employee-voting models) of selecting or reviewing managers, but this is rare.


title: Management

text: According to Fayol, management operates through five basic functions: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling.


title: Peter Krause

text: Peter William Krause (; born August 12, 1965) is an American actor, director, and producer. He has played lead roles in multiple television series, portraying Casey McCall on "Sports Night" (1998–2000), Nate Fisher on "Six Feet Under" (2001–2005), Nick George on "Dirty Sexy Money" (2007–2009), Adam Braverman on "Parenthood" (2010–2015), Benjamin Jones on "The Catch" (2016–2017), and Bobby Nash on "9-1-1" (2018–present).


title: Peter Krause

text: For his work on "Six Feet Under", Krause was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, and seven Screen Actors Guild Awards, winning twice for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series.


title: Peter Krause

text: Krause was born on August 12, 1965, in Alexandria, Minnesota. His parents, Wanda Marie Krause ("née" Johnson) and William Popham "Bill" Krause, were both teachers in Minnesota. He was raised in Roseville, Minnesota, a suburb of St. Paul, and has two siblings, Amy and Michael.


title: Peter Krause

text: As a teenager, Krause was active in track and field and gymnastics and attended Alexander Ramsey High School in Roseville, Minnesota. He graduated from high school in 1983 and was a pre-medical student at Gustavus Adolphus College in St. Peter until he discovered acting in his junior year and changed his final major to English Literature. In college, he performed in plays such as Paul Sills' "Story Theatre", Caryl Churchill's "Cloud 9", and Harold Pinter's "The Dumb Waiter", which all led to his full commitment to acting. After graduating from college in 1987, Krause moved to New York City and completed a Master of Fine Arts degree in acting from New York University's Graduate Acting Program at the Tisch School of the Arts in 1990. While in New York City, he worked as a bartender at Broadway's Palace Theatre with Aaron Sorkin, who later created and executive produced "Sports Night", which starred Krause.


title: Peter Krause

text: While attending Tisch School of the Arts, he starred in productions of "Macbeth", "Uncle Vanya", and "Arms and the Man". Shortly after graduation, Krause moved to Los Angeles after landing a regular role on Carol Burnett's sketch comedy series "Carol & Company".


title: Peter Krause

text: In 1987, Krause made his first feature film appearance in an American slasher film, "Blood Harvest". After earning an M.F.A. degree from the New York University Tisch School of the Arts in 1990, he moved to Los Angeles and made his first television appearance, playing various roles in Carol Burnett's comedy anthology series "Carol & Company" from 1990 to 1991. In the early 1990s, he appeared in TV shows such as "Seinfeld", "Beverly Hills, 90210" and "Ellen". Starting in 1996, Krause appeared in a recurring role as Cybill Shepherd's son-in-law Kevin on her sitcom "Cybill" for four seasons.


title: Peter Krause

text: From 1998 to 2000, Krause also portrayed the character Casey McCall on the ABC network's comedy "Sports Night". Although the show received considerable critical acclaim, it struggled to find an audience and was canceled after two seasons.


title: Peter Krause

text: Krause starred in the HBO drama series "Six Feet Under" from 2001 to 2005. He received seven award nominations (including three Emmy nominations) for his portrayal of funeral director Nate Fisher.


title: Peter Krause

text: In December 2006, he played the lead role, Detective Joe Miller, in the Sci Fi Channel miniseries "The Lost Room".


title: Peter Krause

text: From 2007 to 2009, Krause portrayed young lawyer Nick George in ABC's drama "Dirty Sexy Money" alongside veteran actor Donald Sutherland. He had initially turned down the role three times. He also served as a series producer. From 2010 to 2015, he played Adam Braverman in the NBC comedy-drama "Parenthood." He directed three episodes for the show. Krause appeared in the 2011 fantasy film "Beastly", based on Alex Flinn's 2007 novel of the same name. From 2016 to 2017, he starred opposite Mireille Enos in the ABC crime drama series "The Catch", produced by Shonda Rhimes.


title: Peter Krause

text: In August 2017, Krause was cast in the Ryan Murphy-produced drama "9-1-1", which focuses on the lives of first responders. He plays a fire captain named Bobby Nash and is an executive producer of the series. He is the narrator of "Citizen Hearst", an Insignia Films documentary about William Randolph Hearst which originally aired as an "American Experience" two-part series on September 27 and 28, 2021.


title: Peter Krause

text: Krause and his former girlfriend Christine King have a son, Roman, who was born in 2001. In 2010, Krause entered a relationship with actress Lauren Graham. They first met in 1995 when they both appeared in the sitcom "Caroline in the City", then became a couple while co-starring on "Parenthood". In June 2022, it was reported that the couple had ended their relationship in 2021 after 11 years together.


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Bernadette Peters ("née" Lazzara; born February 28, 1948) is an American actress, singer, and children's book author. Over a career spanning more than six decades, she has starred in musical theatre, television and film, performed in solo concerts and released recordings. She is a critically acclaimed Broadway performer, having received seven nominations for Tony Awards, winning two (plus an honorary award), and nine Drama Desk Award nominations, winning three. Four of the Broadway cast albums on which she has starred have won Grammy Awards.


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Regarded by many as the foremost interpreter of the works of Stephen Sondheim, Peters is particularly noted for her roles on the Broadway stage, including in the musicals "Mack and Mabel" (1974), "Sunday in the Park with George" (1984), "Song and Dance" (1985), "Into the Woods" (1987), "The Goodbye Girl" (1993), "Annie Get Your Gun" (1999), "Gypsy" (2003), "A Little Night Music" (2010), "Follies" (2011), and "Hello, Dolly!" (2018).


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Peters first performed on the stage as a child and then a teenaged actress in the 1960s, and in film and television in the 1970s. She was praised for this early work and for appearances on, among other programs, "The Muppet Show" and "The Carol Burnett Show", and for her roles in films including "Silent Movie", "The Jerk", "Pennies from Heaven" and "Annie". In the 1980s, she returned to the theatre, where she became one of the best-known Broadway stars over the next three decades. She also has recorded six solo albums and several singles, as well as many cast albums, and performs regularly in her own solo concert act. Peters continues to act on stage, in films and on television in such series as "Smash" and "Mozart in the Jungle". She has been nominated for four Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards, winning once.


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Peters was born into a Sicilian-American family in Ozone Park in the New York City borough of Queens, the youngest of three children. Her mother, Marguerite (née Maltese), started her in show business by putting her on the television show "Juvenile Jury" at the age of three and a half. Her father, Peter Lazzara, drove a bread delivery truck. Her siblings are casting director Donna DeSeta and Joseph Lazzara. She appeared on the television shows "Name That Tune" and several times on "The Horn and Hardart Children's Hour" at age five.


title: Bernadette Peters

text: In January 1958, at age nine, she obtained her Actors Equity Card in the name Bernadette Peters to avoid ethnic typecasting, with the stage name taken from her father's first name. She made her professional stage debut the same month in "This Is Goggle", a comedy directed by Otto Preminger that closed during out-of-town tryouts before reaching New York. She then appeared on NBC television as Anna Stieman in "A Boy Called Ciske", a Kraft Mystery Theatre production, in May 1958, and in a vignette entitled "Miracle in the Orphanage", part of "The Christmas Tree", a Hallmark Hall of Fame production, in December 1958. with fellow child actor Richard Thomas and veteran actors Jessica Tandy and Margaret Hamilton. She first appeared on the New York stage at age 10 as Tessie in the New York City Center revival of "The Most Happy Fella" (1959). In her teen years, she attended Quintano's School for Young Professionals, a now-defunct private school.


title: Bernadette Peters

text: At age 13, Peters appeared as one of the "Hollywood Blondes" and was an understudy for "Dainty June" in the second national tour of "". During this tour, Peters first met her long-time accompanist, conductor and arranger Marvin Laird, who was the assistant conductor for the tour. Laird recalled, "I heard her sing an odd phrase or two and thought, 'God that's a big voice out of that little girl'". The next summer, she played Dainty June in summer stock, and in 1962 she recorded her first single. In 1964, she played Liesl in "The Sound of Music" and Jenny in "Riverwind" in summer stock at the Mt. Gretna Playhouse (Pennsylvania), and "Riverwind" again at the Bucks County Playhouse in 1966. Upon graduation from high school, she started working steadily, appearing Off-Broadway in the musicals "The Penny Friend" (1966) and "Curley McDimple" (1967) and as a standby on Broadway in "The Girl in the Freudian Slip" (1967). She made her Broadway debut in "Johnny No-Trump" in 1967, and next appeared as George M. Cohan's sister Josie opposite Joel Grey in "George M!" (1968), winning the Theatre World Award.


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Peters's performance as "Ruby" in the 1968 Off-Broadway production of "Dames at Sea", a parody of 1930s musicals, brought her critical acclaim and her first Drama Desk Award. She had appeared in an earlier 1966 version of "Dames at Sea" at the Off-Off-Broadway performance club Caffe Cino. Peters had starring roles in her next Broadway vehicles—Gelsomina in the 1969 musical version of the Italian film of the same name, "La Strada" (for which she won good reviews but the show closed after one performance) and Hildy in a revival of "On the Town" (1971), for which she received her first Tony Award nomination. She played Mabel Normand in "Mack and Mabel" (1974), receiving another Tony nomination. Clive Barnes wrote: "With the splashy "Mack & Mabel" ... diminutive and contralto Bernadette Peters found herself as a major Broadway star." The "Mack and Mabel" cast album became popular among musical theatre fans. She moved to Los Angeles in the early 1970s to concentrate on television and film work.


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Peters has appeared in 33 feature films or television movies beginning in 1973, including the 1976 Mel Brooks film "Silent Movie" (for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award), the musical "Annie" (1982), "Pink Cadillac" (1989), in which she co-starred with Clint Eastwood, and Woody Allen's "Alice" (1990).


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Peters starred opposite Steve Martin in "The Jerk" (1979), in a role that he wrote for her, and again in "Pennies from Heaven" (1981), for which she won the Golden Globe Award as Best Motion Picture Actress in a Comedy or Musical. In "Pennies from Heaven", she played Eileen Everson, a schoolteacher turned prostitute. Of her performance in "Pennies From Heaven", John DiLeo wrote that she "is not only poignant as you'd expect but has a surprising inner strength." Pauline Kael wrote in "The New Yorker": "Peters is mysteriously right in every nuance."


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Peters appeared with three generations of the Kirk Douglas family in the 2003 film "It Runs in the Family", in which she played the wife of Michael Douglas's character. In May 2006, she appeared in the movie "Come le formiche" ("Wine and Kisses") with F. Murray Abraham, filmed in Italy, playing a rich American who becomes involved with an Italian family that owns a vineyard. The DVD was released in 2007 in Italy. She starred in a 2012 film titled "Coming Up Roses", playing a former musical comedy actress with two daughters.


title: Bernadette Peters

text: In 1982, Peters returned to the New York stage after an eight-year absence, in one of her few non-musical stage appearances, the Off-Broadway Manhattan Theatre Club production of the comedy-drama "Sally and Marsha", for which she was nominated for a Drama Desk Award. She then returned to Broadway as Dot/Marie in the Stephen Sondheim–James Lapine musical "Sunday in the Park with George" in 1984, for which she received her third Tony Award nomination. "The New York Times" theatre critic Frank Rich called her performance "radiant". She recorded the role for PBS in 1986, winning a 1987 ACE Award. Her next role was Emma in Andrew Lloyd Webber's "Song and Dance" on Broadway in 1985, winning her first Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical. Frank Rich wrote in an otherwise negative review of the show that Peters "has no peer in the musical theater right now."


title: Bernadette Peters

text: She then created the role of the Witch in Sondheim-Lapine's "Into the Woods" (1987). Peters is "considered by many to be the premier interpreter of [Sondheim's] work," according to writer Alex Witchel. Raymond Knapp wrote that Peters "achieved her definitive stardom" in "Sunday in the Park With George" and "Into the Woods". Sondheim has said of Peters, ""Like very few others, she sings and acts at the same time," he says. "Most performers act and then sing, act and then sing ... Bernadette is flawless as far as I'm concerned. I can't think of anything negative."" Peters continued her association with Sondheim by appearing in a 1995 benefit concert of "Anyone Can Whistle", playing the role of Fay Apple. Additionally, she appeared in several concerts featuring Sondheim's work, and performed at his 1993 Kennedy Center Honors ceremony.


title: Bernadette Peters

text: She next starred in the musical adaptation of Neil Simon's "The Goodbye Girl" with music by Marvin Hamlisch (1993). Peters won her second Tony for Best Leading Actress in a Musical for her performance as Annie Oakley in the 1999 Broadway revival of "Annie Get Your Gun". Among many glowing notices, critic Lloyd Rose of "The Washington Post" commented: "[Peters] banishes all thoughts of Ethel Merman about two bars into her first number, 'Doin' What Comes Natur'lly.' Partly this is because Merman's Annie was a hearty, boisterous gal, while Peters plays an adorable, slightly goofy gamine. ... For anyone who cares about the American musical theater, the chance to see Peters in this role is reason enough to see the show." "Playbill" went even further: "Arguably the most talented comedienne in the musical theatre today, Peters manages to extract a laugh from most every line she delivers."


title: Bernadette Peters

text: In 2003, Peters starred as Mama Rose in the Broadway revival of "", earning another Tony nomination. Ben Brantley in "The New York Times" wrote, ""Working against type and expectation under the direction of Sam Mendes, Ms. Peters has created the most complex and compelling portrait of her long career, and she has done this in ways that deviate radically from the Merman blueprint."" In 2006, she participated in a reading of the Sondheim-Weidman musical "Bounce". In 2007, she participated in a charity reading of the play "Love Letters", with actor John Dossett. Peters starred in the Broadway revival of Sondheim's "A Little Night Music" (2010), succeeding Catherine Zeta-Jones in the role. "The New York Times" reviewer wrote of her performance,


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Peters's next stage appearance was in the role of Sally Durant Plummer in the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts production of the Sondheim–Goldman musical "Follies" in 2011. One critic wrote: "Peters ... exquisitely captures the character's unfathomable sadness and longing. It's a star turn, for sure, but one that brings attention to itself because of its truthfulness. Not surprisingly, her rendition of 'Losing My Mind' is simply shattering." She reprised the role in the Broadway revival at the Marquis Theatre, later in 2011, and received a nomination for the Drama Desk Award, Outstanding Actress in a Musical.


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Peters starred in the Sondheim and Wynton Marsalis staged concert revue titled "A Bed and a Chair: A New York Love Affair" at New York City Center in 2013. This collaboration between Encores! and Jazz at Lincoln Center was directed by John Doyle, with jazzy arrangements of Sondheim's songs. Peters sang "Broadway Baby", "The Ladies Who Lunch", "Isn't He Something?", "I Remember" and "With So Little to Be Sure Of", among others. Jesse Green, in his review in "New York Magazine"s "Vulture" site, commented: "[W]hat a wrenching (and funny) actress Peters remains, not on top of her voice but through it." Brantley, in "The New York Times" wrote: "As a singer and actress, she just can't help being ardent, full-throated and sincere. She also reminds us here of her considerable and original comic gifts."


title: Bernadette Peters

text: She returned to Broadway in the title role of the 2017 revival of "Hello, Dolly!" at the Shubert Theatre. Succeeding Bette Midler, Peters began performances on January 20, 2018. Marilyn Stasio wrote in "Variety": ""This Dolly's personal style is to twinkle and charm people into getting her way. (Her 'So Long, Dearie' is an irresistible gem.) She also has the acting chops to moisten eyeballs when she entreats her late husband to bless her renouncement of widowhood and rejoin the human race in 'Before the Parade Passes By'."" Peters played her final performance as Dolly on July 15, 2018.


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Peters has been nominated for the Tony Award seven times, winning twice, and has also received an honorary Tony Award. She has also been nominated for the Drama Desk Award nine times, winning three times, for "Annie Get Your Gun", "Song and Dance" and "Dames at Sea".


title: Bernadette Peters

text: At the 66th Tony Awards in 2012, Peters was presented with the honorary Isabelle Stevenson Award for "making a substantial contribution of volunteered time and effort on behalf of one or more humanitarian, social service or charitable organizations, regardless of whether such organizations relate to the theatre", specifically for her work with Broadway Barks. In making the announcement for this award, the Tony official site noted "With a rich generosity of spirit, Bernadette Peters' devotion to charitable causes is perhaps only outweighed by her much fêted dedication to performing. ... Peters' efforts are held in the highest regard on Broadway and beyond." BC/EFA's Tom Viola said, "Bernadette's boundless compassion and generosity represent the best in all of us."


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Peters was nominated for Emmy Awards for her guest starring roles on "The Muppet Show" (1977), "Ally McBeal" (2001) and "Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist" (2021). On "The Muppet Show", Peters sang the song "Just One Person" to Robin the Frog. She was one of the Muppets' guests when they hosted "The Tonight Show" in 1979, again singing "Just One Person" to Robin, and she appeared in other episodes with the Muppets. Peters was also nominated for a 2003 Daytime Emmy Award, Outstanding Performer in a Children's Special, for her work in the 2002 made-for-television movie "Bobbie's Girl". She won the 1987 "CableACE Award" for her role as Dot in the television version of "Sunday in the Park with George".


title: Bernadette Peters

text: She performed and presented at the Academy Awards broadcasts in 1976, 1981, 1983, 1987 and 1994. Peters has been a presenter at the annual Tony Awards ceremony and also co-hosted the ceremony with Gregory Hines in 2002. She also hosted "Saturday Night Live" in November 1981. Peters has appeared on many TV variety shows, with stars such as Sonny and Cher and George Burns. She made 11 guest appearances on "The Carol Burnett Show" as well as appearing with Burnett in the made-for-television version of "Once Upon a Mattress" and the 1982 film "Annie". She also performed at the Kennedy Center Honors ceremony for Burnett in 2003. Peters appeared on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" and on the day-time talk show "Live with Regis and Kelly", both as a co-host and a guest. Peters voiced Rita the stray cat in the "Rita and Runt" segments of the animated series "Animaniacs" in the 1990s. Peters, as Rita, sang both original songs written for the show and parodies of Broadway musical numbers. She appeared on "Inside the Actors Studio" in November 2000, discussing her career and craft.


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Peters has also appeared in such television movies as "The Last Best Year" (1990), "Cinderella" (1997; receiving a nomination for the "Golden Satellite Award" for her role), and "Prince Charming" (2003). She co-starred in her own television series, "All's Fair", with Richard Crenna in 1976–77. She played a young, liberal photographer, who becomes romantically involved with an older, conservative columnist. Although Peters was praised for her charismatic performance, the show ran for only one season. Peters was nominated for a Golden Globe award as Best TV Actress – Musical/Comedy. In March 2005, she made a pilot for an ABC situation comedy series titled "Adopted", co-starring with Christine Baranski, but it was not picked up. Peters appeared in the Lifetime television movie "Living Proof", which was first broadcast on October 18, 2008. She played the role of Barbara, an art teacher with breast cancer, who is initially reluctant to participate in the study for the cancer drug Herceptin. Andrew Gans of "Playbill" wrote, "Peters is able to choose from an expansive emotional palette to color the character, and her performance... is moving, humorous and ultimately spirit-raising".


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Peters's television work also includes guest appearances on several television series. She appeared as the sharp-tongued sister of Karen Walker (Megan Mullally) on the penultimate episode of the NBC series "Will & Grace", "Whatever Happened to Baby Gin?" (May 2006); as a defense attorney on the NBC series, "" (November 2006); as a judge on the ABC series "Boston Legal" (May 2007); and as an accident victim in "Grey's Anatomy" (September 2008). Of her role in "Grey's Anatomy", "TV Guide" wrote: "Peters is especially fine as she confronts a life spinning out of control. I'd make her an early contender for a guest-actor Emmy nomination." In January, February and May 2009, she appeared in the ABC series "Ugly Betty" in five episodes as Jodie Papadakis, a magazine mogul running the YETI (Young Editors Training Initiative) program that Betty and Marc are in. Her appearance at the Adelaide Cabaret Festival in June 2009 was filmed and broadcast in Australia later that month.


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Peters first appeared in the NBC series "Smash" in the March 2012 episode "The Workshop", as Leigh Conroy, Ivy's mother, a retired Broadway star, who feels competitive because of her daughter's blossoming career. She visits the workshop and sings "Everything's Coming Up Roses" (from "") at the urging of the workshop cast. She also appeared in the season 1 finale, "Bombshell" (May 2012), to celebrate Ivy's presumed role as Marilyn, in "The Parents" episode (April 2013), where, as Leigh, she sings an original Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman song, "Hang the Moon", and in the episodes "Opening Night" (April 2013) and "The Phenomenon" (May 2013).


title: Bernadette Peters

text: From 2014 to 2018, Peters played Gloria Windsor, the chairwoman of the orchestra board in "Mozart in the Jungle", a web video series by Amazon Studios based on Blair Tindall's memoir of the same name. The show was picked up for a second and third season. She was a guest star in the 2014 Bravo television series "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce" in the episode "Rule #21: Leave Childishness to Children". Peters played the recurring role of Lenore Rindell, a financial scammer, in the CBS television series "The Good Fight", in 2017 and 2018. In 2020, she played Ms. Freesia in the series "Katy Keene". She next played Deb in "Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist" (2020–2021) and is set to repeat the role in the upcoming TV movie, "Zoey's Extraordinary Christmas" (2021).


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Peters has recorded six solo albums and several singles. Three of her albums have been nominated for the Grammy Award. Peters's 1980 single "Gee Whiz", remaking Carla Thomas' 1960 Memphis soul hit, reached the top forty on the U.S. "Billboard" pop singles charts. She has recorded most of the Broadway and off-Broadway musicals she has appeared in, and four of these cast albums have won Grammy Awards.


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Peters's debut album in 1980 (an LP), titled "Bernadette Peters" contained 10 songs, including "If You Were The Only Boy", "Gee Whiz", "Heartquake", "Should've Never Let Him Go", "Chico's Girl", "Pearl's a Singer", "Other Lady", "Only Wounded", "I Never Thought I'd Break" and "You'll Never Know". The original cover painting by Alberto Vargas was one of his last works, created at the age of 84. According to "The New York Daily News", Peters "persuaded him to do one last 'Vargas Girls' portrait... She just went to his California retreat, asked him to do one more, he looked at her and said, 'You ARE a Vargas girl!'" She kept the original painting. The original title planned for the album was "Decades". "Rolling Stone" wrote of her debut album:


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Her next solo album, "Now Playing" (1981), featured songs by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, Carole Bayer Sager and Marvin Hamlisch, and Stephen Sondheim (for example, "Broadway Baby"). "Bernadette Peters" was re-released on CD in 1992 as "Bernadette", with the 1980 Vargas cover art, and included some of the songs from "Now Playing". In 1996, she was nominated for a Grammy Award for her best-selling album, "I'll Be Your Baby Tonight", which includes popular songs by John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Lyle Lovett, Hank Williams, Sam Cooke and Billy Joel, as well as Broadway classics by Leonard Bernstein and Rodgers and Hammerstein. The live recording of her 1996 Carnegie Hall concert, "Sondheim, Etc. – Bernadette Peters Live At Carnegie Hall", also was nominated for a Grammy Award.


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Peters's next studio album, in 2002, "Bernadette Peters Loves Rodgers and Hammerstein", consisted entirely of Rodgers and Hammerstein songs, including two that she often sings in her concerts, "Some Enchanted Evening" and "There Is Nothin' Like a Dame". This album, which reached position 14 on the "Billboard" "Top Internet Albums" chart, was her third album in a row nominated for a Grammy Award. It formed the basis of her Radio City Music Hall solo concert debut in June 2002. Her last solo album, titled "Sondheim Etc., Etc. Live At Carnegie Hall: The Rest of It", was released in 2005. It consists of all of the songs (and patter) from her 1996 Carnegie Hall concert that were not included in the earlier recording. Additionally, Peters has recorded songs on other albums, such as "Dublin Lady" on John Whelan's "Flirting with the Edge" (Narada, 1998). On the Mandy Patinkin "Dress Casual" 1990 album, Patinkin and Peters recorded the songs from Stephen Sondheim's 1966 television play, "Evening Primrose". On the tribute album "" Peters sings "Trust Your Heart".


title: Bernadette Peters

text: In "The New York Times" review of the 1986 Broadway cast recording of "Song and Dance" (titled "Bernadette Peters in Andrew Lloyd Webber<nowiki>'</nowiki>s 'Song & Dance"'), Stephen Holden opined the recording was:


title: Bernadette Peters

text: In 2003, Andrew Gans wrote in "Playbill.com" of Peters's recording sessions for "Gypsy": "What is it about her voice that is so moving? Part womanly and part girlish, it is a powerful instrument, not only in volume (though that is impressive) but in the wealth of emotion it is able to convey. ... her voice – that mix of husky, sweet, rounded, vibrato-filled tones – induces a response that spans the emotional scale." Of her "Rose's Turn", Gans wrote: "...her rendition of this song may be the highlight of a career already filled with many highlights: She has taken a song that has been delivered incredibly by others and brought it to a new level." Of her performance on the recording of "Follies" (2011), Steven Suskin wrote in "Playbill.com": "This is a fine Sally, the sort of Sally you'd expect to get from an actress like – well, Bernadette Peters. The performance on the CD is compelling; either this is simply the magic of the recording studio or Peters has changed what she does and how she does it." "The New York Times Magazine" reported that Peters is among hundreds of artists whose recording material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.


title: Bernadette Peters

text: Peters has been performing her solo concert in the United States and Canada for many years. She made her solo concert debut at Carnegie Hall in New York City in 1996, devoting the second half to the work of Stephen Sondheim. She performed a similar concert in London, which was taped and released on video, and also aired on U.S. Public Television stations in 1999. She continues to perform her solo concert at venues around the U.S., such as the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts in Miami, and with symphony orchestras such as the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, the Dallas Symphony, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic at Walt Disney Hall.