title: Tsai Ing-wen

text: On 24 May 2017, the Constitutional Court ruled that the constitutional right to equality and freedom of marriage guarantees same-sex couples the right to marry under the Constitution of the Republic of China. The ruling ("Judicial Yuan Interpretation No. 748") gave the Legislative Yuan two years to bring the marriage laws into compliance, after which registration of such marriages would come into force automatically. Following the ruling, progress on implementing a same-sex marriage law was slow due to government inaction and strong opposition from some conservative people and Christian groups. In November 2018, the Taiwanese electorate passed referendums to prevent recognition of same-sex marriages in the Civil Code and to restrict teaching about LGBT issues. The Government responded by confirming that the Court's ruling would be implemented and that the referendums could not support laws contrary to the Constitution.


title: Tsai Ing-wen

text: On 20 February 2019, a draft bill entitled the "Act for Implementation of J.Y. Interpretation No. 748" was released. The draft bill would grant same-sex married couples almost all the rights available to heterosexual married couples under the Civil Code, with the exception that it only allows adoption of a child genetically related to one of them. The Executive Yuan passed it the following day, sending it to the Legislative Yuan for fast-tracked review. The bill was passed on 17 May, signed by the President on 22 May and took effect on 24 May 2019 (the last day possible under the Court's ruling).


title: Tsai Ing-wen

text: The Act on Promoting Transitional Justice () was passed by the Legislative Yuan on 5 December 2017. The act sought to rectify injustices committed by the authoritarian Kuomintang government of the Republic of China on Taiwan, and to this end established the Transitional Justice Commission to investigate actions taken from 15 August 1945, the date of the Hirohito surrender broadcast, to 6 November 1992, when president Lee Teng-hui lifted the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion for Fujian Province, Republic of China, ending the period of mobilization. This time period, in particular, includes the February 28 Incident as well as White Terror. The committee's main aims include: making political archives more readily available, removing authoritarian symbols, redressing judicial injustice, and producing a report on the history of the period which delineates steps to further promote transitional justice. Thus far, the commission has exonerated political criminals from the martial law era, made recommendations on the removal of authoritarian symbols, and declassified government documents from the martial law era.


title: Tsai Ing-wen

text: The Act Governing the Handling of Ill-gotten Properties by Political Parties and Their Affiliate Organizations was passed in July and Wellington Koo, one of the main authors of the Act, was named as the committee chairman in August. The stated goal of the act is to investigate state assets which were illegally transferred to private political parties and affiliates during the martial law era, and therefore applies only to political parties officially formed before the end of martial law. This effectively limits its scope to the KMT, which has insisted that it has been illegally and unconstitutionally persecuted and that the investigation is a political witch hunt. However, the ruling Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) maintained that the means are necessary for achieving transitional justice and leveling the playing field for all political parties. Thus far, the committee has determined that the China Youth Corps, Central Motion Picture Corp., National Women's League, and the Broadcasting Corporation of China were KMT-affiliated organizations and either froze their assets or ordered them to forfeit them. The KMT had difficulty paying salaries as its assets were frozen during the investigation.


title: Tsai Ing-wen

text: The KMT challenged the constitutionality of the Ill-gotten Properties Act, asserting that the law deprived the right of citizens to form political parties by depriving those parties of assets needed for their operation. In August 2020, the Constitutional Court ruled that the law was constitutional. In its interpretation, Judicial Yuan secretary-general Lin Hui-Huang wrote that the law was a form of transitional justice and viewed it as a corrective measure for actions during the martial law period which were legal in form but contrary to the principles of constitutional democracy.


title: Tsai Ing-wen

text: Tsai's paternal grandfather came from a prominent Hakka family in Fangshan, Pingtung. Her grandmother, from Shizi, Pingtung, was of aboriginal Paiwan descent. Tsai's father, Tsai Chieh-sheng () owned a car repair business. Tsai's mother is Chang Chin-fong (), the last of her father's four mistresses. Tsai is the youngest of her parents' four children. She also has seven elder half-siblings on her father's side and a half-brother on her mother's side. She is the first Taiwanese president of aboriginal descent, and the second of Hakka descent after Lee Teng-hui.


title: Tsai Ing-wen

text: Tsai is unmarried and has no children, making her Taiwan’s first unmarried president. Tsai is known to be a cat lover, and her two cats, "Think Think" and "Ah Tsai", featured prominently in her election campaign. In October 2016, she adopted three retired guide dogs, named Bella, Bunny, and Maru.


title: Tsai Ing-wen

text: According to traditional Chinese genealogical naming practices, Tsai's name should have been , since her generation name is (), not (). However, her father believed the former to have too many strokes for the girl to learn, so she was instead named , which can be literally translated by its individual parts as "heroic" and "literature". The word 英文 is coincidentally also the Chinese name for the English language, as "yīng" is also used as a phonetic approximation of the first syllable of "England". Tsai also has an Paiwan name, Tjuku.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: The Cannes Festival (; ), until 2003 called the International Film Festival (') and known in English as the Cannes Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres, including documentaries, from all around the world. Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually (usually in May) at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. The festival was formally accredited by the FIAPF in 1951.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+, Pierre Lescure, took over as President of the Festival, while Thierry Frémaux became the General Delegate. The board of directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the Festival.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: It is one of the "Big Three" major European film festivals, alongside the Venice Film Festival in Italy and the Berlin International Film Festival in Germany, as well as one of the "Big Five" major international film festivals, which consists of the three major European film festivals, the Toronto International Film Festival in Canada, and the Sundance Film Festival in the United States.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: The Cannes Film Festival has its origins in 1938 when Jean Zay, the French Minister of National Education, on the proposal of high-ranking official and historian Philippe Erlanger and film journalist Robert Favre Le Bret decided to set up an international cinematographic festival. They found the support of the Americans and the British.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: Its creation can be largely attributed to the French desire to compete with the Venice Film Festival, which at the time was the only international film festival and had shown a lack of impartiality with its fascist bias during those years. The political interference seemed evident in the 1937 edition when Benito Mussolini meddled to ensure that French pacifist film "La Grande Illusion" would not win.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: The last straw was in the 1938 event when Mussolini and Adolf Hitler respectively overruled the jury's decision in order to award the "Coppa Mussolini" (Mussolini Cup) for the Best film to Italian war film "Luciano Serra, Pilot", produced under the supervision of Mussolini's son, and the "Coppa Mussolini" for the Best foreign film to "Olympia", a German documentary film about the Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics produced in association with the Nazi Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda despite the fact that the regulations at that time prohibited awarding a documentary.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: Outraged by the decision and as a measure of protest, the French, British, and American jury members decided to withdraw from the festival with the intention of not returning. This snub encouraged the French to found a free festival. Thus, on May 31, 1939, the city of Cannes was finally selected as the location for the festival over Biarritz and the town hall along with the French government signed the International Film Festival's official birth certificate with the name of "Le Festival International du Film".


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: The reason for deciding Cannes was because of its touristic appeal as a French Riviera resort town and also because the city hall offered to increase the municipality's financial participation, including the commitment of building a dedicated venue for the event. The first edition was planned to be held from 1 to 20 September 1939 in an auditorium at the Municipal Casino and Louis Lumière was going to be the honorary president. Its aim was "encouraging the development of all forms of cinematographic art and foster a spirit of collaboration between film-producing countries".


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: Hollywood stars of the moment like Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, Tyrone Power, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Mae West, Norma Shearer, Paul Muni, James Cagney, Spencer Tracy, and George Raft arrived thanks to an Ocean liner chartered by MGM (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer). On 31 August, the opening night gala took place with the private screening of the American film "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" starring Charles Laughton and Maureen O'Hara and directed by William Dieterle. The next day, on 1 September, German troops invaded Poland. As a result, the festival was postponed for 10 days and it would be resumed if the circumstances allowed it. However, the situation only worsened and on 3 September, France and the United Kingdom declared war against Germany, sparking the Second World War. The French government ordered a general mobilization and this prevented the festival from continuing so it was finally cancelled.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: In 1946, the festival was relaunched and from 20 September to 5 October 1946, twenty-one countries presented their films at the First Cannes International Film Festival, which took place at the former Casino of Cannes. In 1947, amid serious problems of efficiency, the festival was held as the "Festival du film de Cannes", where films from sixteen countries were presented. The festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 due to budgetary problems.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: In 1949, the "Palais des Festivals" was expressly constructed for the occasion on the seafront promenade of La Croisette, although its inaugural roof, while still unfinished, blew off during a storm. In 1951, the festival was moved to spring to avoid direct competition with the Venice Festival which was held in autumn.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: During the early 1950s, the festival attracted much tourism and press attention, with showbiz scandals and high-profile personalities' love affairs. At the same time, the artistic aspect of the festival started developing. Because of controversies over the selection of films, the Critics' Prize was created for the recognition of original films and daring filmmakers. In 1954, the Special Jury Prize was awarded for the first time. In 1955, the Palme d'Or was created, replacing the "Grand Prix du Festival" which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Río was the first female member of the jury for the official selection.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: In 1959, the "Marché du Film" (Film Market) was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce. Still, in the 1950s, some outstanding films, like "Night and Fog" in 1956 and "Hiroshima, My Love" in 1959 were excluded from the competition for diplomatic concerns. Jean Cocteau, three times president of the jury in those years, is quoted to have said: "The Cannes Festival should be a no man's land in which politics has no place. It should be a simple meeting between friends."


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: In 1962, the International Critics' Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors from all over the world, not succumbing to commercial tendencies. In 1965 Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the jury, while the next year Sophia Loren became president.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May. Some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. On 18 May filmmaker Louis Malle along with a group of directors took over the large room of the "Palais" and interrupted the projections in solidarity with students and labour on strike throughout France, and in protest to the eviction of the then President of the Cinémathèque Française. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors' Society (SRF) that same year. In 1969 the SRF, led by Pierre-Henri Deleau created the Directors' Fortnight ("Quinzaine des Réalisateurs"), a new non-competitive section that programs a selection of films from around the world, distinguished by the independent judgment displayed in the choice of films.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: During the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new president, and Maurice Bessy the General Delegate. He introduced important changes in the selection of the participating films, welcoming new techniques, and relieving the selection from diplomatic pressures, with films like "MASH", and later "Chronicle of the Years of Fire" marking this turn. In some cases, these changes helped directors like Andrei Tarkovsky overcome problems of censorship in their own country. Also, until that time, the different countries chose the films that would represent them in the festival. Yet, in 1972, Bessy created a committee to select French films, and another for foreign films.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the position of General Delegate, introducing the Caméra d'Or award, for the best first film of any of the main events, and the Un Certain Regard section, for the non-competitive categories. Other changes were the decrease of length of the festival down to thirteen days, thus reducing the number of selected films; also, until that point the Jury was composed by Film Academics, and Jacob started to introduce celebrities and professionals from the film industry.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: In 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the festival, while the Directors' Fortnight remained in the old building. The new building was nicknamed "The Bunker", provoking much criticism, especially since it was hardly finished at the event and several technical problems occurred. In 1984 Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. In his term, the Festival started including films from more countries, like Philippines, China, Cuba, Australia, India, New Zealand and Argentina. In 1987, for the first time of the Festival, a red carpet was placed at the entrance of the Palais. In 1989, during the first Cinéma & liberté forum, hundred directors from many countries signed a declaration "against all forms of censorship still existing in the world".


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: In 1998, Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection: la Cinéfondation, aiming to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities. The Cinéfondation was completed in 2000 with "La Résidence", where young directors could refine their writing and screenplays, and in 2005, "L'Atelier", which helps twenty directors per year with the funding of their films. Gilles Jacob was appointed Honorary President in 2000, and in 2002, the Festival officially adopted the name "Festival de Cannes".


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: During the 2000s, the Festival started focusing more on the technological advances taking place in the film world, especially the digital techniques. In 2004, the restored historical films of the Festival were presented as "Cannes Classics", which included documentaries. In 2007, Thierry Frémaux became General Delegate. In 2009, he extended the Festival in Buenos Aires, as "La Semana de Cine del Festival de Cannes", and in 2010, he created the "Cannes Court Métrage" for the Short Film competition.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: On 20 March 2020, organizers announced the postponement of the Cannes Film Festival 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic; the festival was later cancelled outright. Spike Lee, director of "Do The Right Thing" and "BlacKkKlansman", had been chosen to lead the jury panel. In 2019, the jury panel had been led by Alejandro González Iñárritu, director of "Birdman". Lee was later invited to head the jury of the 2021 Cannes Film Festival, held in July of that year.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: In 2022, the festival denied press accreditation to Russian journalists associated with outlets who are not opposed to the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian war. On the opening night of the festival, the president of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelensky, made a video appearance where he talked about the war and the role of cinema in it.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: In recent years, a number of gender and sexual controversies have surrounded the Cannes Film Festival. These include "Heelgate" in which numerous female attendees of a red carpet premiere were stopped from entering in 2015 for wearing flat soled shoes instead of high heels. The incident caused numerous female celebrities to wear flat soled shoes or no shoes at all to other red carpet premiers in a show of solidarity and protest.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: As a result of the past sexual controversies and the MeToo movement that arose out of the Harvey Weinstein scandal, in 2018, Cannes Film Festival officials announced the creation of a telephone hotline during the festival in which victims could report incidents of sexual harassment and other crimes. The hotline is in collaboration with the French government.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: General Delegate Thierry Frémaux reportedly 'banned' selfies on the red carpet of the festival in 2015.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: In 2017, along with the 70th anniversary events of the Festival, the issue of changing the rules on theatrical screening caused controversy. In 2018, the enforcement of theatrical screening in France resulted in Netflix withdrawing their films from the festival.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: There are at least twenty two films that premiered at Cannes which have garnered controversies, including boos and walkouts, some of which went on to receive the top honors of the festival. Included on that list are the following: Scorsese's "Taxi Driver", Lynch's "Wild at Heart", Cronenberg's "Crash", Weerasethakul's "Tropical Malady", Von Trier's "Antichrist", Refn's "Drive", Malick's "The Tree of Life", and Assayas' "Personal Shopper."


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: The President of the Festival, who represents the Festival in front of financial partners, the public authorities and the media, is elected by the board of directors of the Festival, officially named the "French Association of the Film Festival".


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: The Board is composed of authorities of the world of cinema, as well as of public authorities which subsidize the event. The President has a renewable 3-year mandate and appoints the members of his team, including the General Delegate, with the approval of the board of directors. Sometimes a President, after his last term, becomes the Honorary President of the Festival.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: The General Delegate is responsible for the coordination of the events. When Gilles Jacob passed from General Delegate to the position of the President, in 2001, two new positions were created to take over his former post, the General Director to oversee the smooth running of the event, and the artistic director, responsible for the selection of films. However, in 2007, the Artistic Director Thierry Frémaux, became again the General Delegate of the Festival.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: Prior to the beginning of each event, the Festival's board of directors appoints the juries who hold sole responsibility for choosing which films will receive a Cannes award. Jurors are chosen from a wide range of international artists, based on their body of work and respect from their peers. The appointment of the President of the Jury is made following several annual management proposals made in the fall and submitted to the Festival's board of directors for validation.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: The festival has become an important showcase for European films. Jill Forbes and Sarah Street argue in "European Cinema: An Introduction" (), that Cannes "became...extremely important for critical and commercial interests and for European attempts to sell films on the basis of their artistic quality" (page 20). Forbes and Street also point out that, along with other festivals such as the Venice Film Festival and Berlin International Film Festival, Cannes offers an opportunity to determine a particular country's image of its cinema and generally foster the notion that European cinema is "art" cinema.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: Additionally, given massive media exposure, the non-public festival is attended by many stars and is a popular venue for film producers to launch their new films and to attempt to sell their works to the distributors who come from all over the globe.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: Though most of the media attention the festival receives is journalistic in nature, the festival has been explored from the standpoint of fiction by novelists over the years.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: J. G. Ballard's "Super-Cannes" is about the European elite who live in a closed society by the festival. Michael Grothaus’ "Epiphany Jones" is a social satire about the festival and film industry and explores sex trafficking that occurs during the festival. The book was named one of the best Hollywood novels of all time by "Entertainment Weekly". Iain Johnstone's "Cannes: The Novel" is a dystopian tale about terrorists holding the festival hostage.


title: Cannes Film Festival

text: In addition to fictional works, the festival has been examined in contexts ranging from the cultural to the historical in a host of non-fiction books.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: Maharshi () is a 2019 Indian Telugu-language action drama film directed by Vamshi Paidipally and produced by Sri Venkateswara Creations, Vyjayanthi Movies, and PVP Cinema. It stars Mahesh Babu, Allari Naresh and Pooja Hegde. The music was composed by Devi Sri Prasad. The film was released on 9 May 2019.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: "Maharshi" received mixed reviews from critics. Although cast performances, action sequences, plot, emotional quotient and technical aspects were praised, the film was criticized for its predictable and lengthy narrative. With a worldwide gross of 145–200 crore worldwide, "Maharshi" is the third highest grossing Telugu film of 2019 and one of the highest-grossing Telugu films. At 67th National Film Awards, "Maharshi" won the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment and Best Choreography. The film also won five SIIMA Awards and two Zee Cine Awards Telugu.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: K. Rishi Kumar becomes the CEO of a US-based software company, "Origin". One day, he meets his close friend Kanna and his college friends and lecturers at a surprise party in New York.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: 7 years ago, hailing from a middle-class family in Hyderabad, Rishi dreams of achieving in the software industry and has a tense relationship with his father, K. Satyanarayana, a clerk in a private company who was constantly pressurized by moneylenders and financers. This led Rishi to beat a bank manager who pressures his father. Rishi moves to Vizag for his post-graduation in IIET and befriends his classmates Pooja and Ravi Shankar. Ajay, who is a topper in the college's entrance exam, becomes jealous after seeing Rishi surpass him in all the exams. MP Bhanu Prasad, Ajay's father offers Rishi money in exchange for stepping down as the topper, but Rishi refuses.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: Later, Rishi declines Pooja's proposal, feeling that it would hinder his career, and tells her that she is a burden in his heart and it affects his career. Rishi's friendship with Ravi is also spoiled when Ravi tries to mend their relationship. Ajay is selected by a top company "Origin" with the highest package in the college. However, he learns that Rishi developed an AI-based operating system and used it to get a much better opportunity in the same company. Ajay conspires to stop Rishi from attending the campus interview by accusing him of stealing the examination papers. However, Rishi is found innocent and allowed to write his exams. Within a short time, he moves to New York and becomes a leading executive in "Origin". However, the sudden demise of his father leaves him shattered, following which he takes his mother to New York.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: At the present, Rishi is devastated to learn from his professor Chandrasekhar that Ravi took the blame for stealing the examination papers to save him and Ravi told Chandrashekhar not to let Rishi know about it. Ravi's father committed suicide after hearing the news of Ravi's rustication, and his marriage with his girlfriend Pallavi is called off. Rishi reunites with Ravi in the latter's hometown, where he learns that Ravi has been protesting alone against a company that plans to take away the village farmland for laying oil pipelines.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: Rishi asks Vivek Mittal, a corporate businessman behind the project to exclude the village, but the latter declines, saying that it's a government project. Hence, Rishi sets up his own office in the village to attract media attention and to set a stage for Ravi to express his concerns. Pooja, now working in a gaming company, is sent by her boss, along with an assistant, to meet Rishi regarding sponsorship for a new game which she reluctantly agrees. Rishi talks to Pallavi's father and helps fix the broken alliance. Ravi is then made the village leader to express their concerns of the people to the government.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: Vivek provides compensation to the villagers and also gives money to one of the neighboring villagers to stop further growth of the issue. His henchmen also try to eliminate Ravi, but Rishi saves him. Ravi is hospitalized, and Vivek uses the opportunity to frame Rishi as the conspirator and make him leave the village. Rishi's mother reveals his father's part in helping the farmers and tells him to return to the village to finish what he started.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: After a farmer inspires him to practice farming, Rishi helps the farmers grow crops by leasing them and paying more money than Vivek. In a press meeting, Rishi makes a speech emphasizing the importance of agriculture and the losses faced due to the farmer's suicides. The farmers realize the value of their land, and Pooja reconciles with Rishi. Rishi's efforts are appreciated by the CM, and Ajay, now a leading banking official helps Rishi by exposing Vivek's misdeeds to escape from the debtors, and Vivek gets arrested. Rishi resigns as the CEO of Origin and decides to stay in his homeland promoting agriculture.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: After successfully producing three films – "Munna" (2007)", Brindavanam" (2010) and "Yevadu" (2014) – Dil Raju announced his fourth collaboration with Vamshi Paidipally in early 2018, under Sri Venkateswara Creations. The film was launched under the tentative title "#SSMB25", before the title "Maharshi" was confirmed on 9 August 2018. Speaking to Hemanth Kumar of "Firstpost" about the script writing, Vamshi said "One of the toughest parts while writing the script was adding multiple layers to the protagonist's journey. “We were quite clear that we weren’t going to tell a story. It had to be like a semi-biopic. We didn’t want to treat the character like a hero right from the beginning. It's about a character who becomes a hero in the end".


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: After the script work was done for a long time, principal photography of the film began in June 2018. A brief first schedule of the filming took place in Hyderabad, Goa and Dehradun. The team next headed to the United States for a two-month long schedule. The major part of the film in the second schedule was shot in New York. After a delay in the U.S. schedule, filming in the region was completed by November 2018.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: Soon, the team resumed the shoot in Hyderabad at Ramoji Film City, where a fictional village set was constructed. Vamshi initially planned to shoot the film at a real village, but later decided to shoot it in a set, as they realized that controlling the crowd in real places is tough and risky. It was reported that the set was constructed at a cost of ₹8 crore. The schedule lasted until the third week of December 2018. The team then took brief break, with Mahesh Babu and his family going to Dubai for a short holiday. Filming was resumed in the second week of January 2019. The schedule took place in Pollachi, Tamil Nadu, and was completed within the same month. The next schedule took place in February 2019. In February Sri Venkateswara Creations announced that the filming would be completed by 15 March 2019, except for two songs. However, the shooting of the film was wrapped up on 18 April 2019.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: The film's soundtrack album and background music were composed by Devi Sri Prasad. All lyrics were written by Sri Mani. The complete soundtrack album was released on 1 May 2019 at the film's pre-release event, where various music artistes performed the songs.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: The film was originally scheduled to release on 25 April 2019. On 6 March 2019, Dil Raju announced that the film would be postponed due to delay in the post-production work. The film was released theatrically on 9 May 2019. "Maharshi" was released on 8 May 2019 (a day before its official release in India) across 2500 screens in the United States. In Bengaluru, the film was released across 400 screens, thus becoming the first Telugu film to have a high screen count, of the time.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: On 8 May 2019, a day before the release of the film, a few officers from the Income Tax Department made a raid at Dil Raju's office and his house, in Hyderabad.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: The film was also dubbed and released in 2020 in Tamil (as "Ungalukkaga Oruvan"), Kannada (as "Veera Maharshi") and Malayalam.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: The film's pre-release business, which includes theatrical, overseas, satellite, digital, music and dubbing rights, were sold for ₹150 crore. The worldwide theatrical rights of the film were sold for ₹100 crore. The region-wise breakdown of the rights are: ₹24 crore (Nizam), ₹12.60 crore (ceded), ₹9.60 (Uttarandhra), ₹7.70 (Guntur) ₹7.20 (East Godavari), ₹6 crore (West Godavari), ₹6 crore (Krishna), ₹2.90 (Nellore) ₹8.3 crore (Karnataka), ₹1.7 crore (rest of India) and ₹14 crore (overseas). Hindi dubbing rights of the film were sold to Goldmines Telefilms for ₹20 crore. The other area-wise distributors are: Narasimha Reddy (ceded region), Great India Films (United States), Southern Star International (Australia and New Zealand), Vintage Creations (East Godavari), Adhitya Films (West Godavari), Phars Film (United Arab Emirates), Sri Venkateswara Creations (Nizam and Uttarandhra), V Movies (Guntur), Rising Star Entertainment (United Kingdom), G3 Movies (Krishna) and Swagath Enterprises (Karnataka).


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: A 43-second video titled "#MeetRishi" was released on 9 August 2018, coinciding with Mahesh Babu's birthday. The video revealed the character played by Babu in the film. On 10 March 2019, Mahesh Babu shared a few behind-the-scenes pictures in the social media. The official teaser of the film titled "#JoinRishi" was released on Ugadi, 6 April 2019. To promote the film, a pre-release event was held on 1 May 2019, at People's Plaza, Necklace Road, Hyderabad. The official trailer and complete audio album of the film were released at the event. Various music artistes of the soundtrack album performed songs from the film. Vijay Deverakonda and Venkatesh were the chief guests of the event. On 16 May 2019, an interactive event titled "Maharshulatho Maharshi" was held in Hyderabad, in which Paidipally and Babu had an interaction/interview with the farmers. Later, a similar event titled "Repati Maharshulatho Maharshi" was held, in which both of them interacted with the school students of The Hyderabad Public School. Eight days after the release, an event was held at Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, to celebrate the film's success. The event, titled "Maharshi Vijayotsavam", was held on 18 May 2019. In June 2019, the event "Celebrating Maharshi" was held at Shilpakala Vedika, Hyderabad, to celebrate the film's 50 day run in 211 movie theaters across India.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: The satellite rights of the film were purchased by Sun TV Network for ₹25 crore, and the Telugu version was sold for Gemini TV for ₹16.5 crore. The film's Telugu version television premiere took place on Gemini TV on 6 October 2019, coinciding with Dussehra.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: Its premiere on television registered a target rating point (TRP) rating of 9.3, whereas its fifth-time premiere on the channel registered a TRP rating of 10.28. On an average, the TRP ratings of other premieres are also more than 4.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: The film's digital rights were acquired by Amazon Prime Video for ₹11 crores, and it premiered on 3 July 2019, 54 days after the film's theatrical release. The digital and satellite rights of the Tamil and Kannada dubbed versions of the film were acquired by Star India. The Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam dubbed versions of the film premiered on Star Vijay, Star Suvarna and Zee Keralam respectively, on 18 October 2020.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: "Maharshi" received mixed reviews from the critics who praised the cast performances, action sequences, technical aspects, plot and emotional quotent while criticising the predictable and lengthy narration. Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of "The Hindu" wrote, "At the heart of Maharshi is a story that could have been leveraged to make a compelling social drama that also traces the transformative journey of an ambitious man. But there’s a huge gap between what it could have been and what it is". "The Times of India"'s Neeshita Nyayapati gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and wrote that "Watch it not just for Mahesh Babu and Allari Naresh’s performances but also for the story, if you don’t mind all the bells and whistles it comes with. It might not be entertaining all through, thanks to the draggy bits, but its heart is in the right place". Writing for "Hindustan Times", Karthik Kumar opined "Maharshi is a problematic film with big ideas but it tugs at heartstrings. Take out the farming sub-plot, Maharshi would’ve been a tiresome watch in which Rishi just won’t shut up with his sermons on success". "Sify" criticized the film's narration and duration. The reviewer felt that the film has predictable storyline, lacks any shred of originality, the second half is totally unsatisfied and the emotional core is not convincing. "Sakshi Post" opined that acting performances of Babu and Naresh and the direction are the film's positives, while Devi's soundtrack and poor screenplay are the drawbacks of the film.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: "News18" stated "Maharshi exudes a sense of comfort and happiness in the midst of the wreckage and targeting". "India Today" gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Maharshi has a meaty story in between several sub-plots. If only it was crisp and to the point. If only. Mahesh Babu's Maharshi is not about a business tycoon coming back to his motherland. He has a bigger purpose here". Hemanth Kumar of "Firstpost" praised cinematography, performances of lead actors and film score, adding: ""Maharshi" is a well-intentioned drama and has some beautifully written sequences; however, it holds back on a lot of things it wants to say for so long that it makes you feel restless at times". A critic of "Deccan Chronicle" too praised cinematography, performances of lead actors and film score, giving a rating of three-and-half out of five. Gabbeta Ranjith Kumar of "The Indian Express" cited the film as "crowd pleaser", giving a final verdict – "Vamshi Paidipally handles an emotionally intense subject well. But, the director could have paid more attention to Maharshi’s run-time. He could have chopped two masala songs which act as speed bumps."


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: Krishna Sripada of "The News Minute" gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and opined that the film is "strictly for the fans", writing that ""Maharshi" has plenty to keep the fans whistling. Naresh's character is well-written, and it is his role that offers the pivotal turning point in the movie. Which makes you wonder why he watches a big chunk of the climax from the sidelines, as if he were there only for emotion-capture, like the relative of a "KBC" contestant." He further wrote "Prakash Raj, Rao Ramesh and Tanikella Bharani - we have almost lost the art of making our character artists important in giving more and more space to the hero. I mean, come on, even Iron Man concedes space to others. Mahesh does these roles effortlessly and one wonders if there is a pattern behind three successive social-message-based, larger-than-life movies. A change, maybe? One for the actor in him, and not just to please the fans!". Sankeertana Varma of "Film Companion" opined the same, stating, ""Maharshi" might just be a delightful movie for a Mahesh Babu fan—after all, it’s mostly him achieving this and that, and running to save people left and right—but for a fan of the movies, it offers nothing."


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: "The Quint" also criticized film's weak narration, predictable storyline, while appreciated Vamshi's work and DSP's score composition. About Vamshi's work, the critic wrote "Like Vamshi Paidipalli’s previous film "Oopiri", "Maharshi" oozes with the intense desire to share something of value with the audience. The message that farmers need to be valued. And that youngsters can achieve anything they set their mind to." Murali Krishna CH of "The New Indian Express" called it "an overlong melodramatic journey," criticizing its runtime. "[T]he journey of Mahesh Babu's Rishi is way too long and demands much patience on our part," he added. In contrast, a critic of "The Free Press Journal" rated the film four out of five, writing ""Maharshi" exudes a sense of comfort and happiness in the midst of the wreckage and targeting." "Business Standard" too gave a rating of 4 out of 5, writing "The first-half with its quaint college is heartwarming without trying to be excessively cute. Mahesh Babu's transformative performance from arrogant conceit to conscientious farmer is arguably his best to date."


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: On opening day, the film collected a gross collection of 59 crore worldwide. In the Telugu-speaking states of India, it collected a gross collection of 33.3 crore and a distributors' share collection of 24.6 crore. On its opening day, the film collected a gross of $511,000 (3.57) at the United States box office, AU$100,000 in Australia and 23 lakhs in Chennai. In its second day of release, the film earned a distributors' share of 32.57 crore in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. In three days, the film collected a gross of $1,158,000 at the United States box office.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: In the first extended weekend (Thursday release), the film grossed 100 crore worldwide and entered the 100 Crore Club. By the end of its first weekend, the film had earned a distributors' share collection of 3.45 crore in Bengaluru. On the fifth day, it grossed over 6 crore in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, totalling 75 crore gross and 53.45 share, in the region. By the sixth day of its release, it had collected a gross of $1,500,000 in the United States, making it the sixth film to cross the mark in Babu's career. In seven days, it grossed over 8 crore at the United Arab Emirates box office. In 11 days, the film collected 72.79 crore in Telugu-speaking states (Andhra Pradesh and Telangana). By the end of its theatrical run, the film had grossed between 187200 crore worldwide, while in the international market the film earned a gross collection of 25 crore and a distributors' share collection of 12.50 crore.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: Although "Maharshi" received mixed reviews from critics, it was featured on the various year-end best film charts. "Hindustan Times" considered Allari Naresh's performance in the film as one his five best performances in his career. Several popular personalities in India praised the film including Chiranjeevi, Sudheer Babu, AR Murugadoss, Sukumar, Ileana D'Cruz, Harish Shankar, Srinu Vaitla, Karan Johar, Samantha Akkineni, Shruti Haasan. On 14 May 2019, Vice President of India Venkaiah Naidu, has lauded the film through his Twitter account, and wrote that "By portraying a rural theme, the film highlights the need for farm conservation and support for the elderly. Maharshi is a remarkable film that everyone needs to watch. It showcases the glory of the rural population and the importance of agriculture."


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: After the release of the film, the concept of weekend farming (also known as weekend agriculture) gained more attention. A new internet challenge. i.e. Agriculture Challenge was started, with several people do farming in the weekends. "The Statesman" reported that the film has created a social impact on the youth and raised awareness about the issues faced by farmers in the rural heartland. In February 2020, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies organized the contest "Campus Farming". 250 students of the university participated in this contest.


title: Maharshi (2019 film)

text: At an event in May 2019, Mahesh Babu revealed that the character he played and the film made a huge impact on his life. He further said that "Once you live in a village, it becomes a part of you. Two years ago, when I first heard the script, I was a different man, the film has changed me and helped me reconnect with my roots. I’m a new Mahesh Babu today".


title: Western Australia

text: Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western ( 2527013 / 7688287 * 100.0 ) round 0 percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. Western Australia is Australia's largest state, with a total land area of . It is the second-largest country subdivision in the world, surpassed only by Russia's Sakha Republic. the state has 2.76 million inhabitants  (2762.2 / 25756.6 * 100) round 0 percent of the national total. The vast majority (92 percent) live in the south-west corner; 79 percent of the population lives in the Perth area, leaving the remainder of the state sparsely populated.


title: Western Australia

text: The first Europeans to visit Western Australia belonged to the Dutch Dirk Hartog expedition, who visited the Western Australian coast in 1616. The first permanent European colony of Western Australia occurred following the landing by Major Edmund Lockyer on 26 December 1826 of an expedition on behalf of the New South Wales colonial government. Lockyer established a convict-supported military garrison at King George III Sound, at present-day Albany, and on 21 January 1827. He formally took possession for the British Crown of the western part of the continent that was not already claimed by the Crown. This was followed by the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829, including the site of the present-day capital, Perth.


title: Western Australia

text: York was the first inland settlement in Western Australia. Situated east of Perth, it was settled on 16 September 1831. Western Australia achieved responsible government in 1890 and federated with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901.


title: Western Australia

text: Today, Western Australia's economy mainly relies on mining, oil and gas, services and construction. The state produces 46 percent of Australia's exports. Western Australia is the largest iron ore producer in the world. Its motto is "Cygnis Insignis" ("Bearing the Sign of the Swan"). Its nickname is "The Wildflower State".


title: Western Australia

text: The first modern human inhabitants of Australia arrived from the north about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago. Over thousands of years they eventually spread across the whole landmass. These Indigenous Australians were long established throughout Western Australia by the time European explorers began to arrive in the early 17th century.


title: Western Australia

text: The first Europeans to visit Western Australia were those of the Dutch Dirk Hartog expedition, who on 25 October 1616 landed at what is now known as Cape Inscription, Dirk Hartog Island. For the rest of the 17th century, other Dutch and British navigators encountered the coast of what Abel Tasman named New Holland in 1644, usually unintentionally as demonstrated by the many shipwrecks along the coast of ships that deviated from the Brouwer Route (because of poor navigation and storms). By the late 18th century, British and French sailors had begun to explore the Western Australian coast. The Baudin expedition of 1800–03 included the coast of Western Australia and resulted in the Freycinet Map of 1811, the first published map featuring the full outline of Australia. The name New Holland remained in popular and semi-official use until at least the mid-1850s; that is, it was in use for about 206 years in comparison to the name Australia which to date has been in use for about floor( ( - ) / 365.25 ) years.


title: Western Australia

text: The origins of the present state began with the establishment by Lockyer of a convict-supported settlement from New South Wales at King George III Sound. The settlement was formally annexed on 21 January 1827 by Lockyer when he commanded the Union Jack be raised and a feu de joie fired by the troops. The settlement was founded in response to British concerns about the possibility of a French colony being established on the coast of Western Australia. On 7 March 1831 it was transferred to the control of the Swan River Colony, and named Albany in 1832.


title: Western Australia

text: In 1829 the Swan River Colony was established on the Swan River by Captain James Stirling. By 1832, the British settler population of the colony had reached around 1,500, and the official name of the colony was changed to Western Australia on 6 February that year. The two separate townsites of the colony developed slowly into the port city of Fremantle and the state's capital, Perth. York was the first inland settlement in Western Australia, situated east of Perth and settled on 16 September 1831. York was the staging point for early explorers who discovered the rich gold reserves of Kalgoorlie.


title: Western Australia

text: Population growth was very slow until significant discoveries of gold were made in the 1890s around Kalgoorlie.


title: Western Australia

text: In 1887, a new constitution was drafted, providing for the right of self-governance of European Australians, and in 1890, the act granting self-government to the colony was passed by the British Parliament. John Forrest became the first Premier of Western Australia.


title: Western Australia

text: In 1896, after discoveries of gold at Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie, the Western Australian Parliament authorised the raising of a loan to construct a pipeline to transport of water per day to the burgeoning population on the goldfields. The pipeline, known as the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme, was completed in 1903. O'Connor, Western Australia's first engineer-in-chief, designed and oversaw the construction of the pipeline. It carries water from Perth to Kalgoorlie, and is attributed by historians as an important factor driving the state's population and economic growth.


title: Western Australia

text: Following a campaign led by Forrest, residents of the colony of Western Australia voted in favour of federation, resulting in Western Australia officially becoming a state on 1 January 1901.


title: Western Australia

text: Western Australia is bounded to the east by longitude 129°E, the meridian 129 degrees east of Greenwich, which defines the border with South Australia and the Northern Territory, and bounded by the Indian Ocean to the west and north. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) designates the body of water south of the continent as part of the Indian Ocean; in Australia it is officially gazetted as the Southern Ocean.


title: Western Australia

text: The total length of the state's eastern border is . There are of coastline, including of island coastline. The total land area occupied by the state is .


title: Western Australia

text: The bulk of Western Australia consists of the extremely old Yilgarn craton and Pilbara craton which merged with the Deccan Plateau of India, Madagascar and the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons of Southern Africa, in the Archean Eon to form Ur, one of the oldest supercontinents on Earth (3 – 3.2  billion years ago). In May 2017, evidence of the earliest known life on land may have been found in 3.48-billion-year-old geyserite and other related mineral deposits (often found around hot springs and geysers) uncovered in the Pilbara craton.


title: Western Australia

text: Because the only mountain-building since then has been of the Stirling Range with the rifting from Antarctica, the land is extremely eroded and ancient, with no part of the state above 1,245 metres (4,085 ft) AHD (at Mount Meharry in the Hamersley Range of the Pilbara region). Most of the state is a low plateau with an average elevation of about 400 metres (1,200 ft), very low relief, and no surface runoff. This descends relatively sharply to the coastal plains, in some cases forming a sharp escarpment (as with the Darling Range/Darling Scarp near Perth).


title: Western Australia

text: The extreme age of the landscape has meant that the soils are remarkably infertile and frequently laterised. Even soils derived from granitic bedrock contain an order of magnitude less available phosphorus and only half as much nitrogen as soils in comparable climates in other continents. Soils derived from extensive sandplains or ironstone are even less fertile, nearly devoid of soluble phosphate and deficient in zinc, copper, molybdenum and sometimes potassium and calcium.


title: Western Australia

text: The infertility of most of the soils has required heavy application by farmers of fertilizers. These have resulted in damage to invertebrate and bacterial populations. The grazing and use of hoofed mammals and, later, heavy machinery through the years have resulted in compaction of soils and great damage to the fragile soils.


title: Western Australia

text: Large-scale land clearing for agriculture has damaged habitats for native flora and fauna. As a result, the South West region of the state has a higher concentration of rare, threatened or endangered flora and fauna than many areas of Australia, making it one of the world's biodiversity "hot spots". Large areas of the state's wheatbelt region have problems with dryland salinity and the loss of fresh water.


title: Western Australia

text: The southwest coastal area has a Mediterranean climate. It was originally heavily forested, including large stands of karri, one of the tallest trees in the world. This agricultural region is one of the nine most bio-diverse terrestrial habitats, with a higher proportion of endemic species than most other equivalent regions. Thanks to the offshore Leeuwin Current, the area is one of the top six regions for marine biodiversity and contains the most southerly coral reefs in the world.


title: Western Australia

text: Average annual rainfall varies from 300 millimetres (12 in) at the edge of the Wheatbelt region to 1,400 millimetres (55 in) in the wettest areas near Northcliffe, but from November to March, evaporation exceeds rainfall, and it is generally very dry. Plants are adapted to this as well as the extreme poverty of all soils.


title: Western Australia

text: The central two-thirds of the state is arid and sparsely inhabited. The only significant economic activity is mining. Annual rainfall averages less than 300 millimetres (8–10 in), most of which occurs in sporadic torrential falls related to cyclone events in summer.


title: Western Australia

text: An exception to this is the northern tropical regions. The Kimberley has an extremely hot monsoonal climate with average annual rainfall ranging from 500 to 1,500 millimetres (20–60 in), but there is a very long almost rainless season from April to November. Eighty-five percent of the state's runoff occurs in the Kimberley, but because it occurs in violent floods and because of the insurmountable poverty of the generally shallow soils, the only development has taken place along the Ord River.


title: Western Australia

text: Snow is rare in the state and typically occurs only in the Stirling Range near Albany, as it is the only mountain range far enough south and sufficiently elevated. More rarely, snow can fall on the nearby Porongurup Range. Snow outside these areas is a major event; it usually occurs in hilly areas of southwestern Australia. The most widespread low-level snow occurred on 26 June 1956 when snow was reported in the Perth Hills, as far north as Wongan Hills and as far east as Salmon Gums. However, even in the Stirling Range, snowfalls rarely exceed and rarely settle for more than one day.


title: Western Australia

text: The highest observed temperature of 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) was recorded in Onslow on 13 January 2022. The lowest temperature recorded was −7.2 °C (19.0 °F) at Eyre Bird Observatory on 17 August 2008.


title: Western Australia

text: Western Australia is home to around 630 species of birds (depending on the taxonomy used). Of these around 15 are endemic to the state. The best areas for birds are the southwestern corner of the state and the area around Broome and the Kimberley.


title: Western Australia

text: The Flora of Western Australia comprises 10,162 published native vascular plant species, along with a further 1,196 species currently recognised but unpublished. They occur within 1,543 genera from 211 families; there are also 1,276 naturalised alien or invasive plant species, more commonly known as weeds. In the southwest region are some of the largest numbers of plant species for its area in the world.


title: Western Australia

text: Western Australia's ecoregions include the sandstone gorges of The Kimberley on the northern coast, and below that the drier Victoria Plains tropical savanna inland, and the semi-desert Pilbara shrublands, Carnarvon xeric shrublands, and Western Australian mulga shrublands to the southwest. Southwards along the coast are the Southwest Australia savanna and the Swan Coastal Plain around Perth, with the jarrah-karri forest and shrublands on the southwest corner of the coast around the Margaret River wine-growing area. Going east along the Southern Ocean coast is the Goldfields-Esperance region, including the Esperance mallee and the Coolgardie woodlands inland around town of Coolgardie. Deserts occupy the interior, including the Great Sandy-Tanami desert, Gibson Desert, Great Victoria Desert, and Nullarbor Plain.


title: Western Australia

text: In 1831 Scottish botanist Robert Brown produced a scientific paper, "General view of the botany of the vicinity of Swan River". It discusses the vegetation of the Swan River Colony.


title: Western Australia

text: Europeans began to settle permanently in 1826 when Albany was claimed by Britain to forestall French claims to the western third of the continent. Perth was founded as the Swan River Colony in 1829 by British and Irish settlers, though the outpost languished. Its officials eventually requested convict labour to augment its population. In the 1890s, interstate immigration, resulting from a mining boom in the Goldfields region, resulted in a sharp population increase.


title: Western Australia

text: Western Australia did not receive significant flows of immigrants from Britain, Ireland or elsewhere in the British Empire until the early 20th century. At that time, its local projects—such as the Group Settlement Scheme of the 1920s, which encouraged farmers to settle the southwest—increased awareness of Australia's western third as a destination for colonists.


title: Western Australia

text: Led by immigrants from the British Isles, Western Australia's population developed at a faster rate during the twentieth century than it had previously. After World War II, both the eastern states and Western Australia received large numbers of Italians, Croatians and Macedonians. Despite this, Britain has contributed the greatest number of immigrants to this day. Western Australia—particularly Perth—has the highest proportion of British-born of any state: 10.3% in 2011, compared to a national average of 5.1%. This group is heavily concentrated in certain parts, where they account for a quarter of the population.


title: Western Australia

text: Perth's metropolitan area (including Mandurah) had an estimated population of 2,043,138 in June 2017 (79% of the state). Other significant population centres include Bunbury (73,989), Geraldton (37,961), Kalgoorlie-Boulder (30,420), Albany (33,998), Karratha (16,446), Broome (14,501) and Port Hedland (14,285).


title: Western Australia

text: 3.1% of the population, or 75,978 people, identified as Indigenous Australians (Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders) in 2016.


title: Western Australia

text: At the 2016 census, 75.2% of inhabitants spoke only English at home, with the next most common languages being Mandarin (1.9%), Italian (1.2%), Vietnamese (0.8%), Cantonese (0.8%) and Tagalog (0.6%).


title: Western Australia

text: According to the 2021 census, Christianity is the major religious affiliation in WA, followed by 41.1% of its population. In 1971, Christianity was followed by 85.5% of the population and it has been declining since, while the percentage of people who identified as having no religious affiliation has increased from 8.7% in 1971 to 42.9% in 2021.


title: Western Australia

text: Western Australia's economy is largely driven by extraction and processing of a diverse range of mineral and petroleum commodities. The structure of the economy is closely linked to these natural resources, providing a comparative advantage in resource extraction and processing. As a consequence:


title: Western Australia

text: In 2019 Western Australia's overseas exports accounted for 46% of the nation's total. The state's major export commodities included iron-ore, petroleum, gold, alumina, nickel, wheat, copper, lithium, chemicals and mineral sands.


title: Western Australia

text: Western Australia is the world's largest iron-ore producer (32% of the world's total), and extracts 67% (6% of world production) of Australia's 324 tonnes of gold. It is a major world producer of bauxite, which is processed into alumina at four refineries providing 11% of total world production. Diamonds are extracted at the world's largest diamond mine in the far north Kimberley region. Coal mined at Collie is the main fuel for baseload electricity generation in the state's south-west.


title: Western Australia

text: Agricultural production in WA is a major contributor to the state and national economy. Although tending to be highly seasonal, in the period 2010–2019 wheat production in WA has averaged nearly 10 million tonnes ($2.816 billion in 2019), accounting for half the nation's total and providing $2–3 billion in export income.


title: Western Australia

text: Other significant farm output includes wool, beef, lamb, barley, canola, lupins, oats and pulses. There is a high level of overseas demand for live animals from WA, driven mainly by southeast Asia's feedlots and Middle Eastern countries, where Islamic dietary laws and a lack of storage and refrigeration facilities favour live animals over imports of processed meat. About half of Australia's live cattle exports come from Western Australia.


title: Western Australia

text: Resource sector growth in recent years has resulted in significant labour and skills shortages, leading to recent efforts by the state government to encourage interstate and overseas immigration. According to the 2006 census, the median individual income was A$500 per week in Western Australia (compared to A$466 in Australia as a whole). The median family income was A$1246 per week (compared to A$1171 for Australia). Recent growth has also contributed to significant rises in average property values in 2006, although values plateaued in 2007.


title: Western Australia

text: Located south of Perth, the heavy industrial area of Kwinana had the nation's largest oil refinery with a capacity of 146,000 barrels of oil per day, producing most of the state's petrol and diesel. Kwinana also hosts alumina and nickel processing plants, port facilities for grain and other bulk exports, and support industries for mining and petroleum such as heavy and light engineering, and metal fabrication. Shipbuilding (e.g. Austal) and associated support industries are found at nearby Henderson, just north of Kwinana. Significant secondary industries include cement and building product manufacturing, flour milling, food processing, animal feed production, automotive body building and printing.


title: Western Australia

text: Western Australia has a significant fishing industry. Products for local consumption and export include western rock lobsters, prawns, crabs, shark and tuna, as well as pearl fishing in the Kimberley region of the state. Processing is conducted along the west coast. Whaling was a key marine industry but ceased at Albany in 1978.


title: Western Australia

text: Western Australia has the world's biggest plantations of both Indian sandalwood (northern WA) and Australian sandalwood (semi-arid regions), which are used to produce sandalwood oil and incense. The WA sandalwood industry provides about 40 per cent of the international sandalwood oil market.


title: Western Australia

text: In recent years, tourism has grown in importance, with significant numbers of visitors to the state coming from the UK and Ireland (28%), other European countries (14%) Singapore (16%), Japan (10%) and Malaysia (8%). Revenue from tourism is a strong economic driver in many of the smaller population centres outside of Perth, especially in coastal locations.


title: Western Australia

text: Tourism forms a major part of the Western Australian economy with 833,100 international visitors making up 12.8% of the total international tourism to Australia in the year ending March 2015. The top three source markets include the United Kingdom (17%), Singapore (10%), and New Zealand (10%) with the majority of purpose for visitation being holiday/vacation reasons. The tourism industry contributes $9.3 billion to the Western Australian economy and supports 94,000 jobs within the state. Both directly and indirectly, the industry makes up 3.2% of the state's economy whilst comparatively, WA's largest revenue source, the mining sector, brings in 31%.


title: Western Australia

text: Tourism WA is the government agency responsible for promoting Western Australia as a holiday destination.


title: Western Australia

text: Western Australia was granted self-government in 1890 with a bicameral Parliament located in Perth, consisting of the Legislative Assembly (or "lower house"), which has 59 members; and the Legislative Council (or "upper house"), which has 36 members. Suffrage is universal and compulsory for citizens over 18 years of age.


title: Western Australia

text: With the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901, Western Australia became a state within Australia's federal structure; this involved ceding certain powers to the Commonwealth (or Federal) government in accordance with the Constitution; all powers not specifically granted to the Commonwealth remained solely with the State. However over time the Commonwealth has effectively expanded its powers through broad interpretation of its enumerated powers and increasing control of taxation and financial distribution (see Federalism in Australia).


title: Western Australia

text: Whilst the sovereign of Western Australia is the King of Australia (Charles III) and executive power is nominally vested in his state representative, the Governor (currently Chris Dawson), executive power rests with the premier and ministers drawn from the party or coalition of parties holding a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly. Mark McGowan is the premier, having defeated Colin Barnett at the state election on 11 March 2017 and retained power at the 2021 election.


title: Western Australia

text: Secessionism has been a recurring feature of Western Australia's political landscape since shortly after European settlement in 1826. Western Australia was the most reluctant participant in the Commonwealth of Australia. Western Australia did not participate in the earliest federation conference. Longer-term residents of Western Australia were generally opposed to federation; however, the discovery of gold brought many immigrants from other parts of Australia. It was these residents, primarily in Kalgoorlie but also in Albany who voted to join the Commonwealth, and the proposal of these areas being admitted separately under the name Auralia was considered.


title: Western Australia

text: In a referendum in April 1933, 68% of voters voted for the state to leave the Commonwealth of Australia with the aim of returning to the British Empire as an autonomous territory. The State Government sent a delegation to Westminster, but the British Government ruled the referendum invalid and therefore no action was taken.


title: Western Australia

text: Western Australia is divided into 139 Local Government Areas, including Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Their mandate and operations are governed by the Local Government Act 1995.


title: Western Australia

text: Education in Western Australia consists of one year of pre-school at age 4 or 5, followed by six years of primary education for all students as of 2015. At age 12 or 13, students begin six years of secondary education. Students are required to attend school up until they are 16 years old. Sixteen and 17 year olds are required to be enrolled in school or a training organisation, be employed or be in a combination of school/training/employment. Students have the option to study at a TAFE college after Year 10, or continue through to Year 12 with vocational courses or a university entrance courses.


title: Western Australia

text: There are five universities in Western Australia. They consist of four Perth-based public universities, being the University of Western Australia, Curtin University, Edith Cowan University and Murdoch University; and one Fremantle-based private Roman Catholic university, the University of Notre Dame Australia. The University of Notre Dame is also one of only two private universities in Australia, along with Bond University, a not-for-profit private education provider based in Gold Coast, Queensland.


title: Western Australia

text: Western Australia has two daily newspapers: the Seven West Media-owned tabloid "The West Australian" and the "Kalgoorlie Miner". Also published is one weekend paper, "The Weekend West", and one Sunday tabloid newspaper, which is also owned by Seven West Media after purchase from News Corporation's "The Sunday Times". There are also 17 weekly community newspapers with distribution from Yanchep in the north to Mandurah in the south. There are two major weekly rural papers in the state, "Countryman" and the Australian Community Media-owned "Farm Weekly". The national broadsheet publication "The Australian" is also available, although with sales per capita lagging far behind those in other states. "WAtoday" is an online newspaper owned by Nine Entertainment, focusing its coverage on Perth and Western Australia.


title: Western Australia

text: Regional WA has a similar availability of stations as Perth. Geographically, it is one of the largest television markets in the world, including almost one-third of the continent.


title: Western Australia

text: Pay TV services are provided by Foxtel, which acquired many of the assets and all the remaining subscribers of the insolvent Galaxy Television satellite service in 1998. Some metropolitan suburbs are serviced by Pay TV via cable; however, most of the metropolitan and rural areas can only access Pay TV via satellite.


title: Western Australia

text: Perth has many radio stations on both AM and FM frequencies. ABC stations include ABC NewsRadio (6PB 585 AM), ABC Radio Perth (6WF 720 AM), Radio National (6RN 810 AM), ABC Classic FM (6ABC 97.7FM) and Triple J (6JJJ 99.3FM). The six commercial stations are: Triple M (6PPM), Nova 93.7 (6PER), Mix 94.5 (6MIX), 96FM (6NOW) and AM 882 (6PR), AM 1080 (6iX) and AM 1116 (6MM)


title: Western Australia

text: The leading community radio stations are Curtin FM 100.1, 6RTR FM 92.1, Sonshine FM 98.5 (6SON) and 91.3 SportFM (6WSM).


title: Western Australia

text: Western Australia is home to one of the country's leading performance training institutions, the acclaimed Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA), as well as a burgeoning theatrical and musical scene. Notable musicians and bands to have been born in or lived in Western Australia include Adam Brand, Ammonia, Karnivool, Birds of Tokyo, Bon Scott, Eskimo Joe, Johnny Young, Gyroscope, the John Butler Trio, Tame Impala, Kevin Mitchell, Tim Minchin, Troye Sivan, The Kill Devil Hills, Pendulum, The Pigram Brothers, Rolf Harris, Stella Donnelly and The Triffids. The West Australian Music Industry Awards (WAMis) have been awarded every year to the leading musicians and performers in WA since 2001.


title: Western Australia

text: Notable actors and television personalities from Western Australia include Heath Ledger, Sam Worthington, Ernie Dingo, Jessica Marais, Megan Gale, Rove McManus, Isla Fisher, and Melissa George. Films and television series filmed or partly filmed in Western Australia include "Rabbit-Proof Fence", "The Heights", "Mystery Road", "These Final Hours", "Cloudstreet", "Jasper Jones", "Australia", "Bran Nu Dae", "Red Dog", "" and "Last Train to Freo".


title: Western Australia

text: Noted Western Australian Indigenous painters and artisans include Jack Dale Mengenen, Paddy Bedford, Queenie McKenzie, and siblings Nyuju Stumpy Brown and Rover Thomas.


title: Western Australia

text: The West Australian Symphony Orchestra (WASO) is based at the Perth Concert Hall. Other concert, performance and indoor sporting venues in Western Australia include His Majesty's Theatre, the State Theatre Centre of Western Australia, the Crown Theatre and Perth Arena, which opened in 2012. Performing arts companies based in Perth include the West Australian Ballet, the West Australian Opera, the Black Swan State Theatre Company and the Perth Theatre Company.


title: Western Australia

text: Western Australia has served as the setting for a number of works of Australian literature. Prominent authors include Katharine Susannah Prichard, Randolph Stow, Tim Winton, Kim Scott, Sally Morgan, Joan London, Mary Durack and Craig Silvey.


title: Western Australia

text: The public Art Gallery of Western Australia is part of the Perth Cultural Centre. Founded in 1895, it houses the State Art Collection, comprising works from local and international artists, dating back to the 1800s. The Perth Cultural Centre is also home to the Western Australian Museum, State Library of Western Australia, State Records Office, and Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts (PICA).


title: Western Australia

text: International sporting events hosted in the past in Western Australia include the Tom Hoad Cup (water polo), the Perth International (golf), the 2006 Gravity Games (extreme sports), the 2002 Women's Hockey World Cup, the 1991 FINA World Aquatics Championships, the World Rally Championships and the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games.


title: Western Australia

text: Western Australia's largest sports stadium is Perth Stadium, also known by naming rights sponsorship as Optus Stadium. It has a capacity of over 60,000 people and is primarily used for Australian rules football and cricket.


title: Western Australia

text: Winemaking regions are concentrated in the cooler climate of the south-western portion of the state. Western Australia produces less than 5% of the country's wine output, but in quality terms is considered to be very much near the top. Major wine producing regions include: Margaret River, The Great Southern, Swan Valley as well as smaller districts including Blackwood Valley, Manjimup, Pemberton, Peel, Chittering Valley, Perth Hills, and Geographe.


title: Western Australia

text: In 1981, a sister state agreement was drawn up between Western Australia and Hyōgo Prefecture in Japan that was aimed at improving cultural ties between the two states. To commemorate the 10th anniversary of this agreement, the Hyōgo Prefectural Government Cultural Centre was established in Perth in 1992. Prior to that, the Western Australian government opened an office in Kobe, the largest city in Hyōgo, to facilitate maintenance of the relationship in 1989.


title: Western Australia

text: Following the Great Hanshin earthquake that devastated southern Hyōgo in January 1995, Western Australian groups and businesses raised funds and provided materials, whilst individuals travelled to Hyōgo to help with emergency relief and the subsequent reconstruction process. The two governments signed a memorandum of understanding on the 20th anniversary in 2001 that aimed to improve the economic relationship between the two states.


title: Western Australia

text: Further to the sister state relationship, the City of Rockingham in Western Australia and the City of Akō in Hyōgo signed a sister city agreement in 1997. It is one of nine sister city relationships between Western Australian and Japanese cities.


title: Western Australia

text: "West Australia" and its related demonym "West Australian" are occasionally used, including in the names of the main daily newspaper, "The West Australian", and the state-based West Australian Football League, but are rarely used in an official sense. The terms "Westralia" and "Westralian" were regularly used in the 19th and 20th century. The terms are still found in the names of certain companies and buildings, e.g. Westralia House in Perth and Westralia Airports Corporation, which operates Perth Airport, as well as in the names of several ships.


title: Central limit theorem

text: In probability theory, the central limit theorem (CLT) establishes that, in many situations, when independent random variables are summed up, their properly normalized sum tends toward a normal distribution even if the original variables themselves are not normally distributed.


title: Central limit theorem

text: The theorem is a key concept in probability theory because it implies that probabilistic and statistical methods that work for normal distributions can be applicable to many problems involving other types of distributions.


title: Central limit theorem

text: This theorem has seen many changes during the formal development of probability theory. Previous versions of the theorem date back to 1811, but in its modern general form, this fundamental result in probability theory was precisely stated as late as 1920, thereby serving as a bridge between classical and modern probability theory.


title: Central limit theorem

text: If formula_1 are random samples drawn from a population with overall mean formula_2 and finite variance and if formula_3 is the sample mean of the first formula_4 samples, then the limiting form of the distribution, \right )}</math>,}} with formula_5, is a standard normal distribution.


title: Central limit theorem

text: For example, suppose that a sample is obtained containing many observations, each observation being randomly generated in a way that does not depend on the values of the other observations, and that the arithmetic mean of the observed values is computed. If this procedure is performed many times, the central limit theorem says that the probability distribution of the average will closely approximate a normal distribution.


title: Central limit theorem

text: The central limit theorem has several variants. In its common form, the random variables must be independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.). In variants, convergence of the mean to the normal distribution also occurs for non-identical distributions or for non-independent observations, if they comply with certain conditions.


title: Central limit theorem

text: The earliest version of this theorem, that the normal distribution may be used as an approximation to the binomial distribution, is the de Moivre–Laplace theorem.


title: Central limit theorem

text: Let formula_6 be a sequence of random samples — that is, a sequence of i.i.d. random variables drawn from a distribution of expected value given by formula_2 and finite variance given by Suppose we are interested in the sample average


title: Central limit theorem

text: By the law of large numbers, the sample averages converge almost surely (and therefore also converge in probability) to the expected value formula_2 as


title: Central limit theorem

text: The classical central limit theorem describes the size and the distributional form of the stochastic fluctuations around the deterministic number formula_2 during this convergence. More precisely, it states that as formula_4 gets larger, the distribution of the difference between the sample average formula_3 and its limit when multiplied by the factor formula_14 approximates the normal distribution with mean 0 and variance For large enough , the distribution of formula_3 gets arbitrarily close to the normal distribution with mean formula_2 and variance


title: Central limit theorem

text: The usefulness of the theorem is that the distribution of formula_17 approaches normality regardless of the shape of the distribution of the individual Formally, the theorem can be stated as follows:


title: Central limit theorem

text: In the case convergence in distribution means that the cumulative distribution functions of formula_17 converge pointwise to the cdf of the formula_19 distribution: for every real


title: Central limit theorem

text: where formula_21 is the standard normal cdf evaluated The convergence is uniform in formula_22 in the sense that


title: Central limit theorem

text: The theorem is named after Russian mathematician Aleksandr Lyapunov. In this variant of the central limit theorem the random variables formula_25 have to be independent, but not necessarily identically distributed. The theorem also requires that random variables formula_26 have moments of some order and that the rate of growth of these moments is limited by the Lyapunov condition given below.


title: Central limit theorem

text: is satisfied, then a sum of formula_27 converges in distribution to a standard normal random variable, as formula_4 goes to infinity:


title: Central limit theorem

text: If a sequence of random variables satisfies Lyapunov's condition, then it also satisfies Lindeberg's condition. The converse implication, however, does not hold.


title: Central limit theorem

text: In the same setting and with the same notation as above, the Lyapunov condition can be replaced with the following weaker one (from Lindeberg in 1920).


title: Central limit theorem

text: Proofs that use characteristic functions can be extended to cases where each individual formula_34 is a random vector in with mean vector formula_35 and covariance matrix formula_36 (among the components of the vector), and these random vectors are independent and identically distributed. Summation of these vectors is being done component-wise. The multidimensional central limit theorem states that when scaled, sums converge to a multivariate normal distribution.


title: Central limit theorem

text: be the -vector. The bold in formula_34 means that it is a random vector, not a random (univariate) variable. Then the sum of the random vectors will be


title: Central limit theorem

text: The central limit theorem states that the sum of a number of independent and identically distributed random variables with finite variances will tend to a normal distribution as the number of variables grows. A generalization due to Gnedenko and Kolmogorov states that the sum of a number of random variables with a power-law tail (Paretian tail) distributions decreasing as formula_46 where formula_47 (and therefore having infinite variance) will tend to a stable distribution formula_48 as the number of summands grows. If formula_49 then the sum converges to a stable distribution with stability parameter equal to 2, i.e. a Gaussian distribution.


title: Central limit theorem

text: A useful generalization of a sequence of independent, identically distributed random variables is a mixing random process in discrete time; "mixing" means, roughly, that random variables temporally far apart from one another are nearly independent. Several kinds of mixing are used in ergodic theory and probability theory. See especially strong mixing (also called α-mixing) defined by formula_50 where formula_51 is so-called strong mixing coefficient.


title: Central limit theorem

text: The assumption formula_54 cannot be omitted, since the asymptotic normality fails for formula_55 where formula_56 are another stationary sequence.


title: Central limit theorem

text: There is a stronger version of the theorem: the assumption formula_57 is replaced with and the assumption formula_58 is replaced with


title: Central limit theorem

text: Existence of such formula_60 ensures the conclusion. For encyclopedic treatment of limit theorems under mixing conditions see .


title: Central limit theorem

text: The central limit theorem has a proof using characteristic functions. It is similar to the proof of the (weak) law of large numbers.


title: Central limit theorem

text: Assume formula_63 are independent and identically distributed random variables, each with mean formula_2 and finite variance The sum formula_65 has mean formula_66 and variance Consider the random variable


title: Central limit theorem

text: where in the last step we defined the new random variables each with zero mean and unit variance The characteristic function of formula_68 is given by


title: Central limit theorem

text: where in the last step we used the fact that all of the formula_70 are identically distributed. The characteristic function of formula_71 is, by Taylor's theorem,


title: Central limit theorem

text: where formula_73 is "little notation" for some function of formula_74 that goes to zero more rapidly than By the limit of the exponential function the characteristic function of formula_75 equals


title: Central limit theorem

text: All of the higher order terms vanish in the limit The right hand side equals the characteristic function of a standard normal distribution formula_61, which implies through Lévy's continuity theorem that the distribution of formula_68 will approach formula_79 as Therefore, the sample average


title: Central limit theorem

text: The central limit theorem gives only an asymptotic distribution. As an approximation for a finite number of observations, it provides a reasonable approximation only when close to the peak of the normal distribution; it requires a very large number of observations to stretch into the tails.


title: Central limit theorem

text: The convergence in the central limit theorem is uniform because the limiting cumulative distribution function is continuous. If the third central moment formula_82 exists and is finite, then the speed of convergence is at least on the order of formula_83 (see Berry–Esseen theorem). Stein's method can be used not only to prove the central limit theorem, but also to provide bounds on the rates of convergence for selected metrics.


title: Central limit theorem

text: The convergence to the normal distribution is monotonic, in the sense that the entropy of formula_68 increases monotonically to that of the normal distribution.


title: Central limit theorem

text: The central limit theorem applies in particular to sums of independent and identically distributed discrete random variables. A sum of discrete random variables is still a discrete random variable, so that we are confronted with a sequence of discrete random variables whose cumulative probability distribution function converges towards a cumulative probability distribution function corresponding to a continuous variable (namely that of the normal distribution). This means that if we build a histogram of the realizations of the sum of independent identical discrete variables, the curve that joins the centers of the upper faces of the rectangles forming the histogram converges toward a Gaussian curve as approaches infinity, this relation is known as de Moivre–Laplace theorem. The binomial distribution article details such an application of the central limit theorem in the simple case of a discrete variable taking only two possible values.


title: Central limit theorem

text: The law of large numbers as well as the central limit theorem are partial solutions to a general problem: "What is the limiting behavior of as approaches infinity?" In mathematical analysis, asymptotic series are one of the most popular tools employed to approach such questions.


title: Central limit theorem

text: Dividing both parts by and taking the limit will produce , the coefficient of the highest-order term in the expansion, which represents the rate at which changes in its leading term.


title: Central limit theorem

text: Informally, one can say: " grows approximately as ". Taking the difference between and its approximation and then dividing by the next term in the expansion, we arrive at a more refined statement about :


title: Central limit theorem

text: Here one can say that the difference between the function and its approximation grows approximately as . The idea is that dividing the function by appropriate normalizing functions, and looking at the limiting behavior of the result, can tell us much about the limiting behavior of the original function itself.


title: Central limit theorem

text: Informally, something along these lines happens when the sum, , of independent identically distributed random variables, , is studied in classical probability theory. If each has finite mean , then by the law of large numbers, . If in addition each has finite variance , then by the central limit theorem,


title: Central limit theorem

text: In the case where the do not have finite mean or variance, convergence of the shifted and rescaled sum can also occur with different centering and scaling factors:


title: Central limit theorem

text: Distributions which can arise in this way are called "stable". Clearly, the normal distribution is stable, but there are also other stable distributions, such as the Cauchy distribution, for which the mean or variance are not defined. The scaling factor may be proportional to , for any ; it may also be multiplied by a slowly varying function of .


title: Central limit theorem

text: The law of the iterated logarithm specifies what is happening "in between" the law of large numbers and the central limit theorem. Specifically it says that the normalizing function , intermediate in size between of the law of large numbers and of the central limit theorem, provides a non-trivial limiting behavior.


title: Central limit theorem

text: The density of the sum of two or more independent variables is the convolution of their densities (if these densities exist). Thus the central limit theorem can be interpreted as a statement about the properties of density functions under convolution: the convolution of a number of density functions tends to the normal density as the number of density functions increases without bound. These theorems require stronger hypotheses than the forms of the central limit theorem given above. Theorems of this type are often called local limit theorems. See Petrov for a particular local limit theorem for sums of independent and identically distributed random variables.


title: Central limit theorem

text: Since the characteristic function of a convolution is the product of the characteristic functions of the densities involved, the central limit theorem has yet another restatement: the product of the characteristic functions of a number of density functions becomes close to the characteristic function of the normal density as the number of density functions increases without bound, under the conditions stated above. Specifically, an appropriate scaling factor needs to be applied to the argument of the characteristic function.


title: Central limit theorem

text: An equivalent statement can be made about Fourier transforms, since the characteristic function is essentially a Fourier transform.


title: Central limit theorem

text: Let be the sum of random variables. Many central limit theorems provide conditions such that converges in distribution to (the normal distribution with mean 0, variance 1) as . In some cases, it is possible to find a constant and function such that converges in distribution to as .


title: Central limit theorem

text: The logarithm of a product is simply the sum of the logarithms of the factors. Therefore, when the logarithm of a product of random variables that take only positive values approaches a normal distribution, the product itself approaches a log-normal distribution. Many physical quantities (especially mass or length, which are a matter of scale and cannot be negative) are the products of different random factors, so they follow a log-normal distribution. This multiplicative version of the central limit theorem is sometimes called Gibrat's law.


title: Central limit theorem

text: Whereas the central limit theorem for sums of random variables requires the condition of finite variance, the corresponding theorem for products requires the corresponding condition that the density function be square-integrable.


title: Central limit theorem

text: Asymptotic normality, that is, convergence to the normal distribution after appropriate shift and rescaling, is a phenomenon much more general than the classical framework treated above, namely, sums of independent random variables (or vectors). New frameworks are revealed from time to time; no single unifying framework is available for now.


title: Central limit theorem

text: These two -close distributions have densities (in fact, log-concave densities), thus, the total variance distance between them is the integral of the absolute value of the difference between the densities. Convergence in total variation is stronger than weak convergence.


title: Central limit theorem

text: An important example of a log-concave density is a function constant inside a given convex body and vanishing outside; it corresponds to the uniform distribution on the convex body, which explains the term "central limit theorem for convex bodies".


title: Central limit theorem

text: Another example: where and . If then factorizes into which means are independent. In general, however, they are dependent.


title: Central limit theorem

text: The condition ensures that are of zero mean and uncorrelated; still, they need not be independent, nor even pairwise independent. By the way, pairwise independence cannot replace independence in the classical central limit theorem.


title: Central limit theorem

text: The distribution of need not be approximately normal (in fact, it can be uniform). However, the distribution of is close to (in the total variation distance) for most vectors according to the uniform distribution on the sphere .


title: Central limit theorem

text: A similar result holds for the number of vertices (of the Gaussian polytope), the number of edges, and in fact, faces of all dimensions.


title: Central limit theorem

text: A linear function of a matrix is a linear combination of its elements (with given coefficients), where is the matrix of the coefficients; see Trace (linear algebra)#Inner product.


title: Central limit theorem

text: A random orthogonal matrix is said to be distributed uniformly, if its distribution is the normalized Haar measure on the orthogonal group ; see Rotation matrix#Uniform random rotation matrices.


title: Central limit theorem

text: The central limit theorem may be established for the simple random walk on a crystal lattice (an infinite-fold abelian covering graph over a finite graph), and is used for design of crystal structures.


title: Central limit theorem

text: A simple example of the central limit theorem is rolling many identical, unbiased dice. The distribution of the sum (or average) of the rolled numbers will be well approximated by a normal distribution. Since real-world quantities are often the balanced sum of many unobserved random events, the central limit theorem also provides a partial explanation for the prevalence of the normal probability distribution. It also justifies the approximation of large-sample statistics to the normal distribution in controlled experiments.


title: Central limit theorem

text: Regression analysis and in particular ordinary least squares specifies that a dependent variable depends according to some function upon one or more independent variables, with an additive error term. Various types of statistical inference on the regression assume that the error term is normally distributed. This assumption can be justified by assuming that the error term is actually the sum of many independent error terms; even if the individual error terms are not normally distributed, by the central limit theorem their sum can be well approximated by a normal distribution.


title: Central limit theorem

text: Given its importance to statistics, a number of papers and computer packages are available that demonstrate the convergence involved in the central limit theorem.


title: Central limit theorem

text: The actual term "central limit theorem" (in German: "zentraler Grenzwertsatz") was first used by George Pólya in 1920 in the title of a paper. Pólya referred to the theorem as "central" due to its importance in probability theory. According to Le Cam, the French school of probability interprets the word "central" in the sense that "it describes the behaviour of the centre of the distribution as opposed to its tails". The abstract of the paper "On the central limit theorem of calculus of probability and the problem of moments" by Pólya in 1920 translates as follows.


title: Central limit theorem

text: A thorough account of the theorem's history, detailing Laplace's foundational work, as well as Cauchy's, Bessel's and Poisson's contributions, is provided by Hald. Two historical accounts, one covering the development from Laplace to Cauchy, the second the contributions by von Mises, Pólya, Lindeberg, Lévy, and Cramér during the 1920s, are given by Hans Fischer. Le Cam describes a period around 1935. Bernstein presents a historical discussion focusing on the work of Pafnuty Chebyshev and his students Andrey Markov and Aleksandr Lyapunov that led to the first proofs of the CLT in a general setting.


title: Central limit theorem

text: A curious footnote to the history of the Central Limit Theorem is that a proof of a result similar to the 1922 Lindeberg CLT was the subject of Alan Turing's 1934 Fellowship Dissertation for King's College at the University of Cambridge. Only after submitting the work did Turing learn it had already been proved. Consequently, Turing's dissertation was not published.


title: Red Sea

text: The Red Sea (; or ; Coptic: ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲁϩ "Phiom Enhah" or ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ "Phiom ǹšari"; Tigrinya: ቀይሕ ባሕሪ "Qeyih Bahri"; ) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. To its north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). It is underlain by the Red Sea Rift, which is part of the Great Rift Valley.


title: Red Sea

text: The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km (169,100 mi), is about 2250 km (1398 mi) long, and — at its widest point — 355 km (220.6 mi) wide. It has an average depth of 490 m (1,608 ft), and in the central "Suakin Trough" it reaches its maximum depth of .


title: Red Sea

text: The Red Sea also has extensive shallow shelves, noted for their marine life and corals. The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 invertebrate species and 200 types of soft and hard coral. It is the world's northernmost tropical sea, and has been designated a Global 200 ecoregion.