title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: The program suffered from problems such as software integration glitches that extended the schedule by three months, followed by a nine-month delay caused by undiscovered stall characteristics that required aircraft modification. The stall problem was caused by the additional power of the engines and the increase in propeller blades from 4 to 6, which changed the aerodynamics so that the aircraft had a greater tendency to stall and roll at lower speeds.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: Lockheed Martin spent five months making 20 unsuccessful attempts at aerodynamic solutions, but the stall problems were so varied that the fixes it tried to make applied only to specific conditions (such as only during power off, or only at full power). Lockheed Martin changed the cockpit to include a stick pusher, which takes control and automatically pushes down the aircraft's nose if the pilot doesn't respond to stall warnings. The stick pusher was meant to be a temporary addition until Lockheed Martin could find an aerodynamic fix for all of the new stall conditions.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: In late 1997, the company discovered that directional problems could be caused by ice build-ups. Because the AE 2100 engines were more powerful and fuel-efficient than the Allison T56 engines that they replaced, the engines no longer produced enough bleed air to continuously warm the tail. This situation had been anticipated, but the cyclic system that replaced the old de-icing system was found to be insufficient when the C-130J flew in extreme conditions. This problem forced the company to extend the de-icing system higher and lower on the vertical stabilizer to prevent ice formation, causing another delay of five months. These issues resulted in Lockheed Martin exceeding its initial C-130J development budget of US$300 million. By May 1998, Lockheed had spent over US$900 million in development costs for the C-130J. By the end of 1998, the company owed the RAF about US$50 million in penalties due to the delivery delays.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: FAA type certification occurred in September 1998 following 4,000 hours of flight testing. Deliveries commenced in 1999 as the Hercules C4 (C-130J-30) and Hercules C5 (C-130J). The standard C-130J had a flyaway cost of in 2008.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: On 23 December 2004, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz approved a program budget decision that ended the procurement of C-130J for the Air Force and completed the remaining KC-130J order for the Marine Corps in 2006, which would save US$5 billion in the Pentagon budget. Deficiencies with the C-130J that were cited to support the decision included being unable to drop heavy equipment, the inability to perform combat search-and-rescue missions, cold-weather performance issues, the risk of paratroopers hitting the fuselage when jumping out of the aircraft, major cost increases, and inadequate radar to fly into hurricanes. U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld reversed this decision on May 10, 2005, after members of Congress stated that the canceling the pre-existing orders of 62 total Air Force aircraft over the following 5 years would result in about US$2 billion in termination costs to the government, which would have exceeded the cost of buying the aircraft.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: In mid-June 2008, the United States Air Force awarded a $470 million contract to Lockheed Martin for six modified KC-130J aircraft for use by the Air Force and Special Operations Command. The contract led to C-130J variants that will replace aging HC-130s and MC-130s. The HC-130J Combat King II personnel recovery aircraft completed developmental testing on 14 March 2011. The final test point was air-to-air refueling, and was the first ever boom refueling of a C-130 where the aircraft's refueling receiver was installed during aircraft production. This test procedure also applied to the MC-130J Combat Shadow II aircraft in production for Air Force Special Operations Command.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: With the addition of the Marine Corps ISR / Weapon Mission Kit, the KC-130J tanker variant will be able to serve as an overwatch aircraft and can deliver ground support fire in the form of Hellfire or Griffin missiles, precision-guided bombs, and eventually 30mm Mk44 Bushmaster II cannon fire in a later upgrade. This capability, designated as "Harvest HAWK" (Hercules Airborne Weapons Kit), can be used in scenarios where precision is not a requisite, such as area denial. The aircraft retains its original capabilities in refueling and transportation. The kit can be removed within a day if necessary.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: The United States Navy is considering replacing its fleet of E-6B Mercury aircraft with C-130J-30 Hercules aircraft in the Take Charge And Move Out (TACAMO) survivable nuclear communications role. The U.S. Navy's Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) posted a solicitation for fatigue test aircraft to a government procurement website on 18 December 2020. It is to award Lockheed Martin a contract for three "stretched" Hercules in fiscal years 2022 and 2023 for testing and analysis for the TACAMO mission.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: Externally similar to the classic Hercules in general appearance, the J-model features considerably updated technology. These differences include new Rolls-Royce AE 2100 D3 turboprop engines, Dowty R391 six-bladed composite scimitar propellers that have blade tips swept by 35 degrees, digital avionics (including head-up displays (HUDs) for each pilot), and reduced crew requirements. These changes have improved performance over its C-130E/H predecessors, such as 40% greater range, 21% higher maximum speed, and 41% shorter takeoff distance. Because of the deicing problem discovered late in the certification program, the C-130J includes a black rubber deicing boot at the bottom of the vertical fin, which is another visual difference from previous versions of the Hercules. The J-model is available in a standard-length or stretched "-30" variant.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: As a cargo and airlift aircraft, the C-130J's crew includes two pilots and one loadmaster (no navigator or flight engineer), while specialized USAF variants (e.g., AC-130J, EC-130J, MC-130J, HC-130J, WC-130J) may have larger crews, such as navigators/Combat Systems Officers or other specialized officer and enlisted air crew. The U.S. Marine Corps KC-130J uses a crew chief for expeditionary operations. The C-130J's cargo compartment is approximately long, high, and wide, and loading is from the rear of the fuselage.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: The aircraft can be configured with the "enhanced cargo handling system". The system consists of a computerized loadmaster's station from which the user can remotely control the under-floor winch and configure the flip-floor system to palletized roller or flat-floor cargo handling. Initially developed for the USAF, this system enables rapid role changes to be carried out and so extends the C-130J's time available to complete taskings.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: The Super Hercules has been used extensively by the USAF and USMC in Iraq and Afghanistan. Canada has also deployed its CC-130J aircraft to Afghanistan.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: C-130Js from several countries have been deployed in support of the US Operation Odyssey Dawn and NATO's Operation Unified Protector during the 2011 Libyan civil war.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: From the first flight on 5 April 1996 to 30 April 2013, 290 C-130J Super Hercules aircraft operated by 13 nations surpassed 1 million flight hours.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: In January 2013, it was reported that some of Canada's CC-130J transports had counterfeit Chinese microchips in their cockpit displays that were made by an American Lockheed contractor L3 Communications. These parts are more likely to fail and result in failures such as blank instrument screens during flight. A 14-month investigation by the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee concluded that counterfeit parts in the Hercules and other American-made military equipment are prone to failure with potentially "catastrophic consequences." The U.S. congressional investigation reported the fake Hercules microchips were originally made by the Korean electronics giant Samsung in the 1990s, and more than a decade later, had been recycled, refurbished and remarked to appear genuine by a different supplier from China. Samsung later stated that "it is not possible to project the reliability" of the altered parts. The U.S. investigation reported that the problems on the Hercules first came to light in 2010 when the instrument panel failed on a U.S. Air Force aircraft during active duty.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: On 20 August 2013, the Indian Air Force performed the highest landing of a C-130J at the Daulat Beg Oldi airstrip in Ladakh at the height of .


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: The Modular Airborne FireFighting System (MAFFS) is a self-contained unit used for aerial firefighting that can be loaded onto a C-130 Hercules, which then allows the aircraft to be used as an air tanker against wildfires. This allows the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) to use military aircraft from the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve to serve as an emergency backup resource to the civilian air tanker fleet. The latest generation MAFFS II system was used for the first time on a fire in July 2010, using the C-130J Super Hercules. The 146th Airlift Wing was the first to transition to the MAFFS II system in 2008, and it remains the only unit flying the new system on the C-130J aircraft.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: The largest operator of the new model is the U.S. Air Force, which has ordered the aircraft in increasing numbers. Current operators of the C-130J are the USAF (including the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard), United States Marine Corps (being their fourth variant after KC-130F, KC-130R and KC-130T,) United States Coast Guard, Royal Air Force, Indian Air Force, Royal Canadian Air Force, Royal Australian Air Force, Royal Danish Air Force, Royal Norwegian Air Force, Israeli Air Force, and the Italian Air Force. As of March 2022, a total of 500 units have been produced.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: The Royal Australian Air Force was the second international customer for the C-130J-30, with an initial order of twelve aircraft. An order for two more aircraft was planned, but was replaced by the purchase of a fifth Boeing C-17 Globemaster III. On 2 November 2022, the US State Department approved the possible sale of 24 C-130Js worth up to $6.35 billion to the Australian Air Force.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: The Royal Norwegian Air Force ordered four C-130J-30s in 2007 to replace six aging C-130Hs in need of repairs. Aircraft were delivered from November 2008 to 2010. One of these was lost in March 2012.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: The Canadian Forces signed a US$1.4 billion contract with Lockheed Martin for seventeen new C-130J-30s in January 2008, as part of the procurement process to replace the existing C-130E and H models. The C-130J is officially designated as the "CC-130J Hercules" in Canadian service. The first C-130J was delivered to CFB Trenton in June 2010. The final C-130J was delivered in May 2012.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: The Indian Air Force purchased six C-130J-30s in early 2008 at a cost of up to US$1.059 billion for its special operations forces in a package deal with the US government under its Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program. India has options to buy six more aircraft. The Indian government decided not to sign the Communications Interoperability and Security Memorandum of Agreement (CISMOA), which resulted in the exclusion of high precision GPS and other sensitive equipment. The IAF added similar equipment produced indigenously to the aircraft after delivery. In October 2011, India announced its intent to exercise the option for the six additional aircraft, following the C-130J's favorable performance in the 2011 Sikkim earthquake relief operations. In July 2012, the U.S. accepted India's request for the six more C-130Js through the FMS program. In December 2013, India's CCS approved the order for 6 more aircraft.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: Qatar ordered four C-130Js in October 2008, along with spare parts and training for the Qatar Emiri Air Force. The contract is worth a total of US$393.6 million and deliveries are scheduled to begin in 2011.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: The United Arab Emirates Air Force announced an order for twelve C-130J transports at the 2009 IDEX, with an announced value of US$1.3 billion. The United Arab Emirates requested 12 C-130Js through a Direct Commercial Sale in December 2009, with logistics support, training and related systems to be provided through a Foreign Military Sales program. A contract with Lockheed Martin has not been signed.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: The Israeli Air Force is seeking to purchase nine C-130J-30s. In April 2010 Israel ordered one C-130J-30 with delivery in 2013, and was in contract talks for two more aircraft in June 2010. An option for a second C-130J-30 was exercised in April 2011, along with planning and advance long lead procurement of aircraft components to support the third C-130J Israeli aircraft. The first Israeli C-130J was delivered in June 2013 and was modified with Israeli-unique systems in the United States prior to its arrival in Israel in April 2014. Israel ordered a fourth C-130J-30 in July 2013. The C-130J's local name is "Shimshon".


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: The Kuwait Air Force signed a contract for three KC-130J air refueling tankers in May 2010, with deliveries to begin in late 2013. The KC-130Js will refuel its F-18s and augment its fleet of three militarized L-100s.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: Oman increased its C-130J order in August 2010 by adding two C-130Js to the single C-130J-30 ordered in 2009. Deliveries are to be completed by early 2014. The Royal Saudi Air Force has purchased two KC-130Js to be delivered in 2016.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: In July 2013, the C-130J became part of a competition in the Peruvian Air Force for a medium transport aircraft. The Super Hercules was a candidate along with the EADS CASA C-295, the Alenia C-27J Spartan, the Antonov An-70, and the upgraded Antonov An-32. The Peruvian Air Force selected the C-27J in November 2013.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: In 2015, the French Air Force ordered 4 Super Hercules to supplement existing capabilities due to the ongoing problems and delays of the ordered Airbus A400M, through FMS the French got 2 C-130J in 2017/2018 and 2 KC-130J in 2018/2019 (helicopter refuelling capability), especially supporting French overseas operations in Africa.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: In January 2017, German defence minister announced the intention to purchase 3 C-130J and 3 KC-130J Hercules to acquire tactical airlift capabilities due to the delayed deliveries of the Airbus A400M. Together with the C-130J of the French Air Force this will form a joint air transport squadron.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: In September 2018, Indonesia's state-owned news agency Antara reported that minister of defence Ryamizard Ryacudu said Indonesia is looking to acquire 5 C-130J Super Hercules aircraft.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: In June 2019, New Zealand's Minister of Defence Ron Mark identified the C-130J-30 as the preferred replacement for the Royal New Zealand Air Force's five remaining C-130Hs that are planned to be in service until 2023. In November 2019 the US Defense Security Cooperation Agency notified Congress of the potential sale of five C-130Js, 24 engines and related equipment for an estimated cost of US$1.4 billion. The sale was confirmed in June 2020, with the planes expected to be delivered between 2024 and 2025.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: In September 2020, Philippine Air Force chief Allen T. Paredes planned to acquire 5 C-130J-30 aircraft. The quantity was later reduced to 2 after government funds were prioritized for the COVID-19 pandemic response.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: In September 2021, it was reported that Indonesia ordered 5 C-130J-30 aircraft from Lockheed Martin for the Indonesian Air Force back in 2019, with the first aircraft already under construction.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: In January 2022, the United States Department of State announced its approval of Egypt's request to purchase 12 C-130J aircraft with related equipment and notified Congress.


title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: In November 2022, the US agreed to a Foreign Military Sales purchase by Australia of 24 C-130J-30 aircraft, that will effectively double the RAAF fleet after the existing aircraft have been retired.


title: Chicken Run

text: Chicken Run is a 2000 stop-motion animated comedy film produced by Pathé and Aardman Animations in partnership with DreamWorks Animation. Aardman’s first feature-length film and DreamWorks Animation's fourth film, it was directed by Peter Lord and Nick Park from a screenplay by Karey Kirkpatrick and based on an original story by Lord and Park. The film stars the voices of Julia Sawalha, Mel Gibson, Tony Haygarth, Miranda Richardson, Phil Daniels, Lynn Ferguson, Timothy Spall, Imelda Staunton, and Benjamin Whitrow. The plot centres on a group of British anthropomorphic chickens who see an American rooster named Rocky Rhodes as their only hope to escape the farm when their owners want to turn them into meat pies.


title: Chicken Run

text: Released to critical acclaim, "Chicken Run" was also a commercial success, grossing over $224 million, becoming the highest-grossing stop-motion animated film in history and the biggest success in DreamWorks Animation history until "Shrek" in 2001 doubled it.


title: Chicken Run

text: A flock of chickens live on an egg farm set up like a prisoner-of-war camp. The farm is run by a middle-aged childless couple, the cruel Mrs. Tweedy and her oafish husband Mr. Tweedy, who kill and eat any chicken that is no longer able to lay eggs. The chickens try to escape frequently, but are always caught. Frustrated at the minuscule and declining profits that the farm generates, Mrs. Tweedy spots a magazine advertisement and gets an idea of converting the farm to automated production and having a machine turn the chickens into meat pies, despite Mr. Tweedy's reluctance. Mr. Tweedy suspects the chickens' sapience and wonders if they are plotting, but Mrs. Tweedy dismisses his theories.


title: Chicken Run

text: One day, the chickens' leader, Ginger, witnesses an American rooster named Rocky Rhodes crash-land in the farm's coop; the chickens put his damaged wing in a cast and hide him from the Tweedys, who were promised a handsome reward by Rocky's owner for his return. Interested in Rocky's apparent flying abilities, Ginger begs him to help teach her and the chickens to fly. Rocky gives them training lessons while Mr. Tweedy builds the pie machine. Ginger suspects that Tweedys plan to kill the chickens after they increase their food whilst apparently not being concerned that they have not laid any eggs. After Ginger and Rocky get into an argument over alerting the others to the impending prospect of death, Rocky holds a morale-boosting dance party during which it is revealed that his wing is healed; Ginger insists he demonstrates flying the next day, but Mr. Tweedy finishes the pie machine and puts Ginger in it for a test run. Rocky saves her and inadvertently sabotages the machine, buying them time to warn the chickens and plan an escape from the farm.


title: Chicken Run

text: The next day, Ginger finds Rocky has left, leaving behind part of a poster revealing him as a former cannon stunt actor who is unable to fly, depressing her and the others. After a fight breaks out, Ginger is inspired by elderly rooster Fowler's stories of his time in the Royal Air Force to create a plane to flee the farm.


title: Chicken Run

text: The chickens—with help from Nick and Fetcher (two rats who smuggle contraband in exchange for eggs)—assemble parts for the plane as Mr. Tweedy fixes the machine. Mrs. Tweedy orders Mr. Tweedy to gather all the chickens for the machine, but the chickens attack him, leaving him bound and gagged as they finish the plane. Meanwhile, Rocky encounters a billboard advertising Mrs. Tweedy's chicken pies and returns to the farm out of guilt for abandoning the chickens. An alerted Mrs. Tweedy attacks Ginger as she helps the plane take off but is subdued by Rocky, who leaves with Ginger by holding onto a line of Christmas lights snagged by the departing plane. Mrs. Tweedy follows by climbing up the lights with an axe; Ginger dodges an axe swipe which cuts through the line, sending Mrs. Tweedy falling into the safety valve of the pie machine and causing it to explode. Having freed himself, Mr. Tweedy reminds Mrs. Tweedy of his warning that the chickens were sapient, causing her to scream in anger. The still-standing barn door then collapses which lands on Mrs. Tweedy, crushing her.


title: Chicken Run

text: The chickens celebrate their victory while Ginger and Rocky kiss, and they fly to an island that they make their home. During the credits, Nick and Fetcher discuss starting their own chicken farm so they can have all the eggs they could eat, but then end up arguing over whether the chicken or the egg came first on top of a chicken sanctuary "Keep Off" sign.


title: Chicken Run

text: "Chicken Run" was first conceived in 1995 by Aardman co-founder Peter Lord and "Wallace and Gromit" creator Nick Park. According to Park, the project started as a spoof on the 1963 film "The Great Escape". "Chicken Run" was Aardman Animations' first feature-length production, which would be executive produced by Jake Eberts. Nick Park and Peter Lord, who run Aardman, directed the film, while Karey Kirkpatrick scripted the film with additional input from Mark Burton and John O'Farrell.


title: Chicken Run

text: Pathé agreed to finance the film in 1996, putting their finances into script development and model design. DreamWorks officially came on board in 1997. They beat out studios like Disney, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Bros. and largely won due to the perseverance of DreamWorks co-chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg; as a company they were eager to make their presence felt in the animation market in an attempt to compete with Disney's dominance of the field. Katzenberg explained that he had "been chasing these guys for five or six years, ever since I first saw "Creature Comforts"." DreamWorks secured their first animated feature with the film, and they handled distribution in all territories except Europe, which Pathé handled. The two studios co-financed the film. DreamWorks also retains rights to worldwide merchandising. Principal photography began on 29 January 1998. During the production of the film, 30 sets were used with 80 animators working along with 180 people working overall. Despite this, one minute of film was completed with each week of filming, production wrapped on 18 June 1999.


title: Chicken Run

text: John Powell and Harry Gregson-Williams composed the music for the film, which was released on 20 June 2000 under the RCA Victor label.


title: Chicken Run

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported approval rating and an average rating of , based on reviews. The website's critics consensus reads: ""Chicken Run" has all the charm of Nick Park's "Wallace & Gromit", and something for everybody. The voice acting is fabulous, the slapstick is brilliant, and the action sequences are spectacular." At Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 88 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Chicken Run

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave three and a half stars out of four, writing: "So it truly is a matter of life and death for the chickens to escape from the Tweedy Chicken Farm in "Chicken Run", a magical new animated film that looks and sounds like no other. Like the otherwise completely different "Babe", this is a movie that uses animals as surrogates for our hopes and fears, and as the chickens run through one failed escape attempt after another, the charm of the movie wins us over."


title: Chicken Run

text: "Chicken Run" has been noted for its depiction of feminism, revolution, Marxism, and fascism. According to Florentine StrzeIczyk, "Chicken Run" points to the way that masculinity and femininity are mediated in popular film genres. It also receives attention for its female-led cast. Film School Rejects called the movie feminist, noting that "the stereotypical 'woman’s work' of these female chickens (such as their sewing and knitting) is crucial in constructing their mechanism for escape and vital towards the revolution itself." The Islamic Republic of Iran News Network argued it was a way to smuggle Zionism and Western propaganda.


title: Chicken Run

text: On opening weekend, the film grossed $17,506,162 for a $7,027 average from 2,491 theatres. Overall, the film placed second behind "Me, Myself & Irene". In its second weekend, the film held well as it slipped only 25% to $13,192,897 for a $4,627 average from expanding to 2,851 theatres and finishing in fourth place. The film's widest release was 2,953 theatres, after grossing $106,834,564 domestically with an additional $118,000,000 overseas for a worldwide total of $224,834,564. Produced on an estimated budget of $42–45 million, the film was a huge box office hit. To date, it is still the highest grossing stop motion animated movie.


title: Chicken Run

text: "Chicken Run" was released on VHS and DVD in the United States on November 21, 2000. Universal Pictures Home Entertainment released "Chicken Run" on Blu-ray in North America on January 22, 2019.


title: Chicken Run

text: A sequel to "Chicken Run" was confirmed on 26 April 2018. It was also announced that Aardman would be reuniting with StudioCanal and Pathé. DreamWorks Animation will have no involvement due to ending their partnership with Aardman after the release of "Flushed Away" in 2006. Sam Fell is attached to direct, with Paul Kewley and Park producing. The original "Chicken Run" writers Kirkpatrick and John O'Farrell will return for the sequel. Aardman co-founders Lord and David Sproxton will serve as executive producers.


title: Chicken Run

text: On 30 June 2020—the 20th anniversary of the film's release in U.K. cinemas—Netflix announced that it had negotiated with Pathé to acquire the rights to the sequel. Fell was able to give more details about the sequel, which will follow from the ending of the first film, where the chickens have settled into their new safe area. Molly, the chick of Ginger and Rocky, begins to outgrow the area, just as word of a new threat to the chickens arrives. Principal photography was expected to commence in 2021.


title: Chicken Run

text: Aardman said that Gibson would not return as Rocky. Although no explanation was provided by the producers, it was speculated that the decision was made after Winona Ryder accused Gibson of making an antisemitic joke to her, while attending a party in 1995. In July 2020, Sawalha revealed Aardman's intention to recast her role of Ginger, saying her voice now sounded too old, and commented "I have officially been plucked, stuffed & roasted". The decision was met with widespread criticism with some finding the decision ageist.


title: Chicken Run

text: In January 2022, the title was revealed as "Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget" and was announced for a 2023 release on Netflix. Zachary Levi, Thandiwe Newton, Romesh Ranganathan and Daniel Mays were revealed to be replacing Gibson, Sawalha, Spall and Daniels as the voices of Rocky, Ginger, Nick and Fetcher; David Bradley will voice Fowler due to Whitrow's death in 2017, while Horrocks, Staunton and Ferguson will reprise their roles as Babs, Bunty and Mac. Bella Ramsey has been cast as Molly, while Nick Mohammed and Josie Sedgwick-Davies will voice two new characters, Dr. Fry and Frizzle, respectively.


title: Chicken Run

text: "Chicken Run" is a stealth-based 3-D platformer based on the movie. It was released in November 2000 on most consoles. The game is a loose parody of the film "The Great Escape", which is set during World War II.


title: RWBY

text: RWBY (pronounced "Ruby") is an American anime-influenced computer-animated web series created by Monty Oum for Rooster Teeth. It is set in the fictional world of Remnant, where young people train to become warriors (called "Huntsmen" and "Huntresses") to protect their world from monsters called Grimm. The name "RWBY" is derived from the four main protagonists' forenames: Ruby, Weiss, Blake, and Yang, and their respective theme colors (red, white, black and yellow).


title: RWBY

text: Following several promotional trailers, the first episode was screened at the Rooster Teeth convention event RTX and then released on their website in July 2013. Subsequent episodes were released approximately weekly, first to Rooster Teeth's subscribers and then to YouTube a week later. Oum died in 2015, during production of the third season for the series. This resulted in a delay in the production, as well as an overall shift in the series production and release schedule. Despite the death of its creator, the remaining crew members confirmed their intention to continue the series. As of December 2022, the website has aired eight volumes. The ninth volume is currently in production and will begin airing in early 2023.


title: RWBY

text: The first three volumes of "RWBY" earned acclaim, with praise going towards its animation and soundtrack; it became an instant viral hit after the airing of its pilot. The series has been dubbed in Japanese and broadcast by Tokyo MX, in partnership with Warner Bros. Japan, and has spawned several spin-off media, such as the video game "RWBY: Grimm Eclipse" and the animated series "RWBY Chibi" in 2016.


title: RWBY

text: "RWBY" had been a long-standing concept of Oum's for years before it began development. Towards the end of his work on the 10th season of Rooster Teeth's "Red vs. Blue", he developed the color-coding approach to character names and design as a hook for the series. During production on "Red vs. Blue" season 10, Oum asked series creator Burnie Burns if they could produce "RWBY" following the conclusion of that season. Burns, worried for the production schedule, told Oum "If you finish Season 10, then you can do whatever you want." Production on "RWBY" began as intended, with the first trailer being finished within two weeks and premiering after the credits of the "Red vs. Blue" season 10 finale on November 5, 2012.


title: RWBY

text: Oum designed the characters with assistance from artist Ein Lee, utilizing designs inspired by classic fairy tale characters. Each character has an associated color, and it is the first letters of the main character's colors, red, white, black, and yellow, that give the series its name. The series was originally written by Oum, along with fellow Rooster Teeth employees Miles Luna and Kerry Shawcross. Oum was initially concerned about a story focusing on female characters being developed by a primarily male crew, but said they managed to do well developing the female characters. Regarding the design, Oum wanted to "present a two-dimensional, toon-shaded look, but with all of the depth and complexity of a 3D-animated production". Volumes 1 to 3 were animated by the internal animation team of Rooster Teeth's studios in Austin using Smith Micro's Poser software, out of assets built on Autodesk Maya; however, starting with Volume 4, the production switched to using Maya entirely alongside additional modelling and animation being outsourced to the Monterrey-based studio CGBot. The series' music is composed by Jeff Williams, who previously composed the soundtracks for Seasons 8–10 of "Red vs. Blue", and features vocals by Williams' daughter, Casey Lee Williams.


title: RWBY

text: The story takes place in the world of Remnant, composed of four kingdoms that are plagued by malevolent creatures known as the "Creatures of Grimm". Prior to the events of the series, the world was overseen by two opposing deities, the Gods of Light and Darkness. Humanity is obliterated by the gods due to the actions of Salem, a vengeful woman cursed with immortality for trying to manipulate them into reviving her beloved Ozma. Ozma was subsequently reincarnated into a world abandoned by the gods, to guide a new human race towards harmony. Eventually, the discovery of the element Dust triggers a technological and industrial revolution among humans.


title: RWBY

text: In the present day, having formed a cabal to guard their world's secrets, Ozma's current incarnation Ozpin establishes academies in the four kingdoms of Remnant to train students to battle malevolent creatures known as the Grimm. The academies secretly conceal four relics that, if united, would summon the gods back to Remnant to judge humanity.


title: RWBY

text: The series focuses on four girls that enrolled in Beacon Academy in the kingdom of Vale: Ruby Rose, Weiss Schnee, Blake Belladonna (of the half-human, half-animal Faunus race), and Ruby's half-sister Yang Xiao Long. Together, they form team RWBY ("ruby"). At the time of their formation, numerous Dust thefts are carried out in Vale by local crime lord Roman Torchwick with the aid of the White Fang, a pro-Faunus terrorist group. Team RWBY proceeds to investigate their connection to Salem's apprentice Cinder Fall, and her scheme to destroy Beacon and plunge Remnant into chaos.


title: RWBY

text: Throughout the first volume, team RWBY (Ruby, Weiss, Blake, and Yang) and team JNPR ("juniper") (Jaune, Nora, Pyrrha, and Ren) are introduced. In this volume, the main characters attend Beacon Academy, and throughout the episodes, the audience sees what their lives at Beacon Academy are like. At the end of the volume, it expands the view of the world in which RWBY takes place. In the second volume, the main characters have settled into the academy and have become comfortable in their lifestyle. There is an introduction and uncovering more details about the antagonists within the show. The next volume shows the Vytal Festival Tournament. This tournament takes place among many fighters and students. While this tournament is proceeding, the antagonists begin their nefarious plan.


title: RWBY

text: In volume four, the two teams are separated from each other in different parts of the world. Each new group has problems and situations they must handle within their part of the world. In volume five, Ruby, Nora, Jaune, Ren, and Qrow finally reach their destination. Others plan to meet up but take a detour, while others continue to deal with problems wherever they split up previously. In the next volume, the team is successful in getting what they needed from their destinations, but things do not go as planned as they are separated again. In volume seven, they successfully arrive at the kingdom of Atlas and work with others towards a common goal. However, the antagonists are continuing to cause chaos and destruction and grow as a looming threat. In the most recent eighth volume, the team continues to defend itself from previous forces of evil and even the kingdom's own military general. After a tragic battle, Team RWBY along with Jaune and Neopolitan fall into a void which transports them to an unknown island that is located in the "Ever After"—an alternate world beyond Remnant that is set to serve as the anticipated setting of the upcoming ninth volume.


title: RWBY

text: A series of four promotional trailers, one for each lead character, was released. They were primarily produced by Oum and assistant animator Shane Newville. Each trailer begins by unveiling one of the four primary characters and then showing a detailed action sequence. The "Red" trailer was shown after the credits for "Red vs. Blue's" season 10 finale in November 2012. It was followed by the "White" trailer in February 2013. The "Black" trailer was unveiled at a PAX East panel at the end of March and was the first to include voice-acted dialogue. Following the premiere of the "Black" trailer, Oum noted with regret that the first two trailers were shorter and had less character development. The "Yellow" trailer was shown at Rooster Teeth's A-Kon panel on June 1, 2013. Music from the trailers was sold as digital downloads at several online retailers.


title: RWBY

text: On July 5, 2013, at the "RWBY" panel for their RTX 2013 event, Rooster Teeth premiered the first episode of "RWBY", and would post the episode to their website on July 18.


title: RWBY

text: Following the premiere of "RWBY" in July 2013, Rooster Teeth posted new episodes for the first season, subtitled "Volume 1", streaming weekly on their website, with access two hours early for their sponsors. The new episode would be uploaded to YouTube the next week. On August 16, 2013, streaming site Crunchyroll announced it would simulcast "RWBY". "Volume 1" ran for 16 episodes, varying in length. "Volume 1" concluded in November 2013, and was then released to DVD and Blu-ray.


title: RWBY

text: The second season, subtitled "Volume 2", was screened at RTX on July 4, 2014, and premiered on July 24. It consisted of 12 episodes, with the final episode released on October 30, after which it was released on DVD and Blu-ray.


title: RWBY

text: On February 1, 2015, Rooster Teeth announced that both volumes of "RWBY" so far were available for streaming on Netflix.


title: RWBY

text: "Volume 3" premiered on October 24, 2015, along with an episode of the "RWBY" backstory series "World of Remnant". For "Volume 4", Rooster Teeth producer and co-director Gray G. Haddock said that Miles Luna and Kerry Shawcross were writing for the series. The season debuted on October 22, 2016. In January 2017, a fifth season was announced to be in development, and was released on October 14.


title: RWBY

text: In 2017, Rooster Teeth announced that Rooster Teeth First members would get episodes one week earlier than the general public.


title: RWBY

text: On September 15, 2018, Rooster Teeth CEO Matt Hullum announced that "RWBY" Volume 6 will be released exclusively on the company's website. This decision was made after many of Rooster Teeth's videos on YouTube were demonetized for various reasons. Instead, Volume 6 was released per episode on a weekly basis in YouTube alongside the Volume 7 premiere at Rooster Teeth's website on November 2, 2019. On October 28, 2020, all episodes of RWBY, save the trailers, character shorts, and the first episode, were removed from YouTube in an effort to promote Rooster Teeth's website and mobile, TV, and game console apps. Volume 8 premiered on November 7, 2020, and the series went into a hiatus on December 19 of the same year. Premieres resumed on February 6, 2021.


title: RWBY

text: The Blu-ray and DVD releases in Australia were handled by Hanabee Entertainment. The first volume was released in the UK by Animatsu Entertainment on May 4, 2015, on DVD.


title: RWBY

text: On August 15, 2014, Rooster Teeth announced that a Japanese dub was being developed by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Japan. Warner Bros. has also acquired local merchandising rights as well. Volume 3 was screened in select theaters on December 3, 2016. Volume 4 was released in select theaters for a limited two-week run from October 7 to 20, 2017. To promote Volume 4, Volumes 1–3 were condensed into 12 episodes for broadcast on Tokyo MX and AbemaTV in July 2017 under the title "RWBY 1–3: The Beginning".


title: RWBY

text: "RWBY" has been adapted into a manga series written and illustrated by Shirow Miwa. It has been published in Shueisha's monthly "seinen" magazine "Ultra Jump". The first arc of the manga closely followed the storyline of the four trailers, while subsequent chapters explored original storylines.


title: RWBY

text: The first chapter was released in the "Ultra Jump" December issue, on November 19, 2015. It had colored center and back pages, along with additional art from the manga.


title: RWBY

text: The English translation was published in Viz Media's "Weekly Shonen Jump" manga anthology and released for audiences worldwide on October 31, 2016, as previously stated.


title: RWBY

text: Like the series, the "RWBY" manga follows the members of Team RWBY—Ruby Rose, Weiss Schnee, Blake Belladonna, and Yang Xiao Long—and their adventures as they train to become Huntresses at a prestigious school known as Beacon Academy. The manga delves into the backstories and motivations of the four main characters, giving new insights and context, with appearances from many of the other characters in the main series. The manga also explains some concepts and elements of the setting, such as the Grimm and Dust. The remaining six chapters cover an original story chronologically set between Volumes 1 and 2 involving teams RWBY and JNPR fighting King Taijitu merged by a Grimm that was accidentally let loose as Torchwick investigated a possible entrance to Mountain Glenn.


title: RWBY

text: The final chapter was published in the February 2017 issue of "Ultra Jump" in January, with a teaser about a second volume.


title: RWBY

text: RWBY: Official Manga Anthology is a manga adaption of RWBY. It consists of side stories that follow the plot of the show, put together by multiple manga artists. It was released in a multi-volume format.


title: RWBY

text: On December 23, 2016, Japanese entertainment company Home-sha announced "Vol. 1: Red Like Roses", the first volume of RWBY: Official Manga Anthology and stated it was coming in Spring 2017. It was later announced on March 25, 2017, that it would be released on May 19, 2017. The second volume, "Vol. 2: Mirror Mirror", was released on June 19, 2017. The third volume, "Vol. 3: From Shadows", was released on September 19, 2017. The fourth volume, "Vol. 4: I Burn", was released on October 19, 2017.


title: RWBY

text: RWBY: The Official Manga is a manga adaptation written by manga artist Bunta Kinami. The manga debuted on November 19, 2018, in "Weekly Shonen Jump", and on December 20, 2018, in "Shōnen Jump+". Shueisha published the first "tankōbon" volume digitally on August 19, 2019. The series manga finished on June 25, 2020.


title: RWBY

text: RWBY: After the Fall is the first companion book in a series written by E. C. Myers and published by Scholastic on June 25, 2019. It details the adventures of Team CFVY ("coffee") following the events of the "Volume 3" finale, as the team travels to Shade Academy in Vacuo to continue their training and deals with the personal and global aftermath of the Fall of Beacon.


title: RWBY

text: RWBY: Before The Dawn is a direct sequel to the first companion book "After the Fall" written by E. C. Myers and released by Scholastic on July 21, 2020. The book takes place sometime after the start of "Volume 6", following Team CFVY and Team SSSN ("sun") as they investigate a mysterious organization called The Crown.


title: RWBY

text: The World of RWBY: The Official Companion was published on October 29, 2019, by Viz Media featuring behind the scenes information, interviews and concept art from the show.


title: RWBY

text: RWBY: Fairy Tales of Remnant is a book featuring original fairy tales created for the fictional "RWBY" universe. It was written by E. C. Myers, illustrated by Violet Tobacco, and published by Scholastic. It was released on September 15, 2020.


title: RWBY

text: RWBY: Roman Holiday is a novel written by E.C. Myers released on September 7, 2021. The book is a prequel centered on the characters Roman Torchwick and Neopolitan.


title: RWBY

text: A hack and slash video game based on the series, "" was developed by Rooster Teeth Games and released on July 5, 2016.


title: RWBY

text: At the Evo 2017 gaming event, it was announced that the fighting game "" would feature cross-over characters from "BlazBlue", "Persona 4 Arena (Ultimax)", "Under Night In-Birth", and "RWBY", followed by "Arcana Heart", "Senran Kagura" and "Akatsuki Blitzkampf" as of 2019. Ruby Rose was a featured participant in the game's first teaser trailer, and Weiss was confirmed in the second character introduction trailer. Blake and Yang were added as the game's free downloadable content. At Evo 2019, it was announced that Neopolitan (incorrectly referred to as Neo Politan in-game) would be added to the game as part of a 2.0 update scheduled for November 21, 2019.


title: RWBY

text: NHN Entertainment developed a tower defense mobile game based on the show, RWBY: Amity Arena, which was released for Android and iOS devices in October 2018 and shutdown in early 2021. Rooster Teeth Games published two mobile games, also available on Steam, in 2019, the collectible card game RWBY Deckbuilding Game, and the puzzle game RWBY: Crystal Quest. RWBY Deckbuilding Game was discontinued on April 30, 2020.


title: RWBY

text: A new "RWBY" game published by WayForward and Arc Systems Works titled RWBY: Arrowfell was released on consoles and PC on November 15, 2022.


title: RWBY

text: "RWBY Chibi" is a comedic animated spin-off of "RWBY" compromising 57 three- to six-minute-long episodes in three seasons. It was first announced as part of Rooster Teeth's 13th-anniversary celebration on April 1, 2016, and Episode 1 premiered on May 7, 2016. Its first season concluded on October 15, 2016. Each episode consists of several scenes where aspects of RWBY's characters are usually exaggerated for comic effect. The episodes follow no strict chronological order, nor do they follow the strict canon of the main show. In January 2017, Rooster Teeth confirmed that a second season would launch that May. A third season started in January 2018, shortly after the main show's Volume 5 ended. After the series was put on indefinite hiatus, more RWBY Chibi skits were produced as a part of Rooster Teeth's animated anthology series "Neon Konbini".


title: RWBY

text: "CRWBY: Behind the Episode" is a behind the scenes documentary about the production of RWBY featuring interviews with the production crew. The show aired weekly during "Volume 5" and "Volume 6". The first season is exclusive for Rooster Teeth FIRST members. The second season is free to watch on YouTube and Rooster Teeth.


title: RWBY

text: "RWBY Rewind" is a talk show that went live weekly only for FIRST members on Rooster Teeth during the fifth and sixth Volumes. The show featured discussion about the most recent episode and one guest from the production crew. The first season is exclusive for Rooster Teeth FIRST members. The second season is free to watch on YouTube and Rooster Teeth.


title: RWBY

text: "Talk CRWBY to Me" is a behind the scenes podcast hosted by Kerry Shawcross about the production of RWBY featuring members from the different departments within Rooster Teeth Animation. The podcast started airing weekly only for FIRST members on May 23, 2020, and concluded after eight episodes on July 11, 2020.


title: RWBY

text: "RWBY: The Grimm Campaign" is a Rooster Teeth FIRST exclusive "Dungeons and Dragons" campaign featuring Kerry Shawcross as Pyke Rite, Laura Yates as Arrastra Skye, Chad James as Asher Mora and Chris Kokkinos as Fenix Nemean. It premiered on Rooster Teeth FIRST on August 15, 2020. The campaign features an early version of the digital tabletop software TaleSpire with custom models from the RWBY universe.


title: RWBY

text: "RWBY: Fairy Tales" is an animated production for Rooster Teeth featuring original fairy tales from the world of Remnant. It was released on October 30, 2021, for FIRST members and for everyone else the next day. The first season concluded on December 4, 2021.


title: RWBY

text: An anime television series titled was announced on March 25, 2022. The anime series premiered on July 3, 2022 on Tokyo MX, BS11, and MBS, and is produced by Shaft and directed by Toshimasa Suzuki, with Kenjirou Okada in charge of chief direction, Gen Urobuchi in charge of animation concept, and Tow Ubukata in charge of script; in addition, Huke designed the character concepts, and Nobuhiro Sugiyama designed the characters for animation. Nobuko Toda and Kazuma Jinnouchi are composing the music. The cast for the Japanese dub of the original series are reprising their roles. Void_Chords feat. L performed the opening theme song "Beyond Selves", while Ruby's Japanese voice actress, Saori Hayami, performed the ending theme song "Awake". Crunchyroll will stream the series with both English and Japanese (with English subtitles) audio.


title: RWBY

text: A manga adaptation of "RWBY: Ice Queendom" illustrated by Kumiko Suekane launched in ASCII Media Works's "shōnen" manga magazine "Dengeki Daioh" on June 27, 2022.


title: RWBY

text: A direct-to-video film, "Justice League x RWBY: Super Heroes and Huntsmen," was announced on July 1, 2022. It will be a crossover with characters from DC Comics, produced by Rooster Teeth in collaboration with Warner Bros. Animation and Warner Bros. Home Entertainment. It is scheduled to be made in two parts, with part one released sometime in 2023.


title: RWBY

text: In the film "Doctor Sleep", the character Abra Stone has "RWBY" posters and a statue of the character Emerald Sustrai in her room, and also wears Emerald's hair in a dream sequence. The filmmakers decided to bring in the references suggested by Abra's portrayer Kyliegh Curran, who is a fan of "RWBY".


title: RWBY

text: The music for all volumes of "RWBY" has been composed primarily by Jeff Williams, with additional composition by Steve Goldshein, Mason Lieberman, and Alex Abraham. Williams was a member of the band Trocadero, who did the music for Rooster Teeth's "Red vs. Blue", and eventually composed by himself the music for the three seasons of "Red vs. Blue" that preceded "RWBY". Most of the vocals are provided by Williams' daughter Casey Lee Williams, with some additional vocals by Lamar Hall and Sandy Casey.


title: RWBY

text: The soundtrack features a variety of genres, most notably intense, fast-paced rock music. In an interview with Rooster Teeth, Williams mentioned that he uses his lyrics to foreshadow future events on occasion. In developing the songs, Williams uses the show's script and picks out random words and phrases that he thinks are cool. He would also get advanced knowledge as to the character's development, their background stories and lives. He then picks out the emotions related to the scene, adds tempo, drumbeats, rhythm, and eventually composes the song from there.


title: RWBY

text: "RWBY" has received mixed reviews from critics ever since its debut. Commentators discussing the promotional trailers lauded the show's animation style and its musical soundtrack. The trailers prompted enthusiastic anticipation for the series premiere. When the first episode premiered at RTX, it was popular with attendees to the point that seating was full at all three screenings. Amanda Rush, writing for Crunchyroll, noted the anime and Western influences of the series, and praised it as "quick-witted, exciting, lovely to look at" saying fans of anime would enjoy it. The "Yakima Herald-Republic" called it "thrilling" and "captivating" and praised its "beautiful" 3D character animation. The "Austin Chronicle" described the premiere as making Oum the "rock star" of Rooster Teeth. By mid-2013, the series had reportedly contributed to a 9% increase in views for Rooster Teeth's official YouTube channel. "Kotaku"'s Richard Eisenbeis praised the series for its clever use of fairytale elements, fun and enjoyable dialogue, and the fighting choreography, but was critical about the short nature of the episodes, stating that, "The biggest drawback in doing a micro-series ... is that there is precious little time for good characterization". He was also critical of the technical issues of the animation, mentioning that the animation is good when the audience is unable to see the character's feet. He believes that "RWBY" is "a good first step into a world of possibilities."


title: RWBY

text: Rachel Sandell of Collider recommended watching each season as a feature-length film, and argued the pacing the series has "always been a strange experience". She also said the pacing of early seasons "seems strange" and argued that the series took a "long time" to solidify its plot, but stated that more recent episodes are "more consistent" in their structure, and said the series is "engrossing, charming, and fun". Ruth Johnson of ComicsBeat argued that the series has expanded so much over its run since Season 1 that it can be "hard to keep track of all the storylines", but praised the voice acting, animation, and writers, and said that show is "consistently...growing stronger." Eric Francisco of "Inverse" described the series as "beautiful" and "captivating". Anime News Network reviewer Michael Basile reflected on the series eight volumes, concluding that the plot structure, writing, and pacing has changed since the beginning of the series, praising the writing of General Ironwood and the show's seventh volume, but criticizing the writing, "lack of creativity" in fight scenes, the show's tone, and called Volume 8 "nasty and mean-spirited". He also expressed the belief that the show's ninth volume would give the series a "directional reset" and said that he hoped the writing would improve.


title: RWBY

text: Lindsay Jones (Ruby Rose) said "We were worried about the reception we’d get, since we’re a western company producing something normally related to Japan. Funnily enough, we showed our Japanese cohorts "RWBY" and they started arguing about whether it was anime or not! But seeing the reception from audiences is so surreal, and we never expected it." A Movie Pilot blog listed the "RWBY"-as-anime topic among its "flame wars you don't want to be part of". Anime News Network writers Paul Jensen and James Beckett wrote: "We don't have any formal reviews of RWBY here on ANN, but it is kind of cool to see an American production make it to the release encyclopedia." Michael Mauer of "The Cornell Daily Sun" wrote that the issue was still being debated among the anime community, while Sabrina Pyun of ComicsVerse wrote "The show is known for many things, from its dubious status as an anime to its unique 3D animation style." However, mainstream news articles dated after Hullum's statement and previewing later seasons and the franchise have referred to "RWBY" as an American anime, including "Variety", Collider, iDigitalTimes, "Entertainment Weekly", "Adweek", and "Deadline Hollywood".


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: Pinkerton is a private security guard and detective agency established around 1850 in the United States by Scottish-born cooper Allan Pinkerton and Chicago attorney Edward Rucker as the North-Western Police Agency, which later became Pinkerton & Co, and finally the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. It is currently a subsidiary of Securitas AB. Pinkerton became famous when he claimed to have foiled a plot to assassinate president-elect Abraham Lincoln in 1861. Lincoln later hired Pinkerton agents to conduct espionage against the Confederacy and act as his personal security during the Civil War.


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: The Pinkerton National Detective Agency hired women and minorities from its founding, a practice uncommon at the time, as they were useful as spies. At the height of their power, the Pinkerton Detective Agency was the largest private law enforcement organization in the world.


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: Following the Civil War, the Pinkertons began conducting operations against organized labor. During the labor strikes of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, businesses hired the Pinkerton Agency to infiltrate unions, supply guards, keep strikers and suspected unionists out of factories, and recruit goon squads to intimidate workers. During the Homestead Strike of 1892, Pinkerton agents were called in to reinforce the strikebreaking measures of industrialist Henry Clay Frick, who was acting on behalf of Andrew Carnegie, the head of Carnegie Steel. Tensions between the workers and strikebreakers erupted into violence which led to the deaths of three Pinkerton agents and nine steelworkers. During the late nineteenth century, the Pinkertons were also hired as guards in coal, iron, and lumber disputes in Illinois, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. Pinkertons were also involved in other strikes such as the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and the Battle of Blair Mountain in 1921.


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: During the 20th century, Pinkerton rebranded itself into a personal security and risk management firm. The company has continued to exist in various forms through to the present day, and is now a division of the Swedish security company Securitas AB, operating as "Pinkerton Consulting & Investigations, Inc. d.b.a. Pinkerton Corporate Risk Management". The former Government Services division, PGS, now operates as "Securitas Critical Infrastructure Services, Inc.".


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: In the 1850s, Allan Pinkerton, a Scottish immigrant met Chicago attorney Edward Rucker in a local Masonic Hall. The two men formed the North-Western Police Agency, later known as the Pinkerton Agency. Pinkerton used his skills in espionage to attract clients and begin growing the agency.


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: Historian Frank Morn writes: "By the mid-1850s a few businessmen saw the need for greater control over their employees; their solution was to sponsor a private detective system. In February 1855, Allan Pinkerton, after consulting with six midwestern railroads, created such an agency in Chicago."


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: Among the business's early operations was to safely deliver the newly elected President of the United States Abraham Lincoln to Washington, D.C., in light of an assassination threat. Pinkerton detective Kate Warne was assigned and successfully delivered Lincoln to the U.S. capital city through a series of disguises and related tactics that required her to stay awake throughout the entire long journey. As a result of the public notoriety of this success, the business adapted an open eye as its logo and the slogan, "We never sleep."


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: In 1871, Congress appropriated $50,000 (about ) to the new Department of Justice to form a sub-organization devoted to "the detection and prosecution of those guilty of violating federal law." The amount was insufficient to fashion an internal investigating unit, so they contracted out the services to the Pinkerton National Detective Agency.


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: However, as news leaked about the Pinkerton's involvement in strikebreaking became public knowledge, lawmakers began pushing against the government contracts with the Pinkertons. The Pinkertons reached their zenith in the 1870s and 80s which saw them frequently engage in violent crackdowns against striking workers. The most notable example of this was the involvement of the Pinkertons in the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. However, it was the confrontation in Homestead, Pennsylvania in 1892 that led to a national outcry against the Pinkerton Detective Agency. Following the strike, Congress took swift action against the Pinkertons and passed the Anti-Pinkerton Act in 1893, which severely curtailed the relationship between the federal government and the agency. The act states that, "individual employed by the Pinkerton Detective Agency, or similar organization, may not be employed by the Government of the United States or the government of the District of Columbia."


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: In the 1870s, Franklin B. Gowen, then president of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, hired the agency to "investigate" the labor unions in the company's mines. A Pinkerton agent, James McParland, using the alias "James McKenna", infiltrated the Molly Maguires, a 19th-century secret society of mainly Irish-American coal miners, leading to the downfall of the labor organization.


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: The incident inspired Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes novel "The Valley of Fear" (1914–1915). A Pinkerton agent also appears in a small role in "The Adventure of the Red Circle", a 1911 Holmes story. A 1970 film, "The Molly Maguires", was loosely based upon the incident as well.


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: On July 6, 1892, during the Homestead Strike, 300 Pinkerton agents from New York and Chicago were called in by Carnegie Steel's Henry Clay Frick to protect the Pittsburgh-area mill and strikebreakers. This resulted in a firefight and siege in which 16 men were killed, and 23 others were wounded. Following the confrontation the Governor of Pennsylvania, Robert E. Pattinson mobilized state law enforcement and the National Guard. Private and government forces broke the strike and workers returned to the steel mill.


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: The strike, dubbed "The Battle of Homestead" by local media ignited a firestorm around the United States. Americans were outraged at the conduct of the Pinkertons and how strikers were treated. The Homestead Strike of 1892 is regarded as a turning point in American labor history and prompted Congress to begin a crackdown on the Pinkertons.


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: As a legacy of the Pinkertons' involvement, a bridge connecting the nearby Pittsburgh suburbs of Munhall and Rankin was named Pinkerton's Landing Bridge.


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: Harry Orchard was arrested by the Idaho police and confessed to Pinkerton agent James McParland that he assassinated former Governor Frank Steunenberg of Idaho in 1905. Orchard testified (unsuccessfully), under threat of hanging, against Western Federation of Miners president Big Bill Haywood, naming him as having hired the hit. With a stirring defense by Clarence Darrow, Haywood and the other defendants of the WFM were acquitted in a nationally publicized trial. Orchard received a death sentence, but it was commuted.


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: Pinkerton agents were hired to track western outlaws Jesse James, the Reno Gang, and the Wild Bunch (including Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid). On March 17, 1874, two Pinkerton Detectives and a deputy sheriff, Edwin P. Daniels, encountered the Younger brothers (associates of the James–Younger Gang); Daniels, John Younger, and one Pinkerton agent were killed. In Union, Missouri, a bank was robbed by George Collins, aka Fred Lewis, and Bill Randolph; Pinkerton Detective Chas Schumacher trailed them and was killed. Collins was hanged on March 26, 1904, and Randolph was hanged on May 8, 1905, in Union. Pinkertons were also hired for transporting money and other high-quality merchandise between cities and towns, which made them vulnerable to outlaws. Pinkerton agents were usually well paid and well armed.


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: George Thiel, a former Pinkerton employee, established the Thiel Detective Service Company in St. Louis, Missouri, a competitor to the Pinkerton agency. Thiel's agency operated in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: Due to its conflicts with labor unions, the word "Pinkerton" continues to be associated by labor organizers and union members with strikebreaking. Pinkertons diversified from labor spying following revelations publicized by the La Follette Committee hearings in 1937, and the firm's criminal detection work also suffered from the police modernization movement, which saw the rise of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the bolstering of detective branches and resources of the public police. With less of the labor and criminal investigation work on which Pinkertons thrived for decades, the company became increasingly involved in protection services, and in the 1960s, even the word "detective" disappeared from the agency's letterhead. The company now focuses on threat intelligence, risk management, executive protection, and active shooter response.


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: In 1999, the company was bought by Securitas AB, a Swedish security company, for $384 million, followed by the acquisition of the William J. Burns Detective Agency (founded in 1910), longtime Pinkerton rival, to create (as a division of the parent) Securitas Security Services USA. Today, the company's headquarters are located in Ann Arbor, Michigan.


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

text: Pinkerton has not gotten entirely away from its anti-labor past; in 2020 they were hired by Amazon to spy on warehouse workers for signs of union activity. It was revealed in 2022 that Starbucks had hired a former Pinkerton employee as part of their union busting efforts.


title: T-62

text: The T-62 is a Soviet main battle tank that was first introduced in 1961. As a further development of the T-55 series, the T-62 retained many similar design elements of its predecessor including low profile and thick turret armour. In contrast with previous tanks, which were armed with rifled tank guns, the T-62 was the first production tank armed with a smoothbore tank gun that could fire APFSDS rounds at higher velocities.


title: T-62

text: While the T-62 became the standard tank in the Soviet arsenal, it did not fully replace the T-55 in export markets due to its higher manufacturing costs and maintenance requirements compared to its predecessor. Although it was followed by later models in successor states of the Soviet Union, the T-62 remained in reserve in the former USSR and in frontline use by other countries. Design features of the T-62 became standardized in subsequent Soviet and Russian mass-produced tanks.


title: T-62

text: By the late 1950s, Soviet commanders realised that the T-55's 100 mm gun could not penetrate the frontal armour of newer Western tanks, such as the Centurion and M48 Patton, with standard armour-piercing shells. While 100 mm high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) ammunition could have done the job, they were much less accurate than APDS shells, and the relatively low flight velocity resulted in poorer accuracy if used on moving targets. It was decided to up-gun the T-55 with a 115 mm smoothbore gun, able to fire kinetic energy penetrator armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS) rounds.


title: T-62

text: Trials showed that the T-55 was inherently unsuited to mount the larger weapon and work began on a new tank. The bigger gun required a bigger turret and turret ring to absorb the higher recoil. This in turn necessitated a larger hull, as the T-55 hull was simply too small to accept the new turret. The T-62 thus took shape, marking an evolutionary improvement on the T-55.


title: T-62

text: After delivery of the T-54 design, its lead designer Alexander Morozov turned his attention to a new design, the Ob'yekt 430. Ob'yekt 430 had a hull of welded rolled steel plates and a turret of cast and forged steel. The turret had three-layer armour with an overall thickness of 185 mm to 240 mm. It was armed with the new 100 mm D-54TS tank gun.


title: T-62

text: During this period, simpler upgrades to the existing T-54 design were assigned to a young engineer, Leonid N. Kartsev, the head of the OKB-520 design bureau of Uralvagonzavod factory (UVZ) in Nizhny Tagil. He had already led the development of the relatively minor upgrades to the T-54 that produced the T-54A (Ob'yekt 137G) and T-54B (Ob'yekt 137G2) and began the development of a more major update as the T-54M (Ob'yekt 139).


title: T-62

text: When the T-54M was abandoned, he and his design team started working on a new tank, called Ob'yekt 140. The new tank had a suspension with six light road wheels made of aluminium. The turret was cast and armed with the same D-54TS tank gun and included the Molniya two-plane stabilization system. The tank carried 50 rounds and was powered by a V-36 diesel engine developed by engineer Artiemejev. The engine was placed on the bottom of the hull, a solution that reduced the height of the engine compartment. The Ob'yekt 140 weighed 37.6 tonnes.


title: T-62

text: In 1957, Uralvagonzavod built two Ob'yekt 140 prototypes which were put on trials soon after. The trials showed that because of the complicated construction of many of the tank's systems, Kartsev's tank would be expensive in serial production and hard to maintain.


title: T-62

text: Forced to abandon the Ob'yekt 140 project, Kartsev started working on yet another T-54 modernisation called the Ob'yekt 155. This design was more similar to the original T-54, but incorporated one useful feature from the Ob'yekt 140; the upper fuel tanks were fitted with mounts for tank gun ammunition. This increased the ammunition load carried by the tank to 45 rounds.


title: T-62

text: At the end of 1958, Kartsev decided to modernise the Ob'yekt 140 turret. He fitted it with a cartridge-case ejector and mounted it onto a stretched T-55 chassis. He also considered that designs based on already produced vehicles had a higher chance of acceptance. The Ob'yekt 140 turret diameter, bigger than the T-55 turret by 249 mm, made redesigning the central part of the hull necessary.


title: T-62

text: Kartsev changed the arrangement of the torsion beams, which was necessary to keep the tank's weight balanced. The tank received the designation "Ob'yekt 165" and in November 1958 three prototypes were built. In January 1962, the Ob'yekt 165 was accepted for service under the name T-62A. In the same year, Factory #183 produced five tanks that were put into experimental service.


title: T-62

text: While working on a new tank, Kartsev was looking for a more powerful tank gun. The 100 mm D-10T and D-54 tank guns had a fierce opponent in the form of the British L7A1 tank gun. The Soviets decided to "recaliber" the already existing 100 mm D-54TS tank gun. The modifications done to the gun included removing the rifling of the gun, reducing the profile of the bullet chamber, removing the muzzle brake, lengthening the gun tube, adding an automatic cartridge-case ejector, and adding a bore evacuator in the middle of the gun tube (as opposed to the D-45TS tank gun, which had a bore evacuator in the base of the gun tube).


title: T-62

text: The new 115 mm tank gun was designated U-5TS "Molot" Rapira. It was the first smoothbore tank gun. When it went into serial production, it received the designation 2A20. It was put in trials against the D-10TS tank gun, which armed the T-54B as well as some T-55 and T-55A medium tanks. These trials showed that the under-calibre projectiles fired from the U-5TS had a nearly 200 m/sec higher muzzle velocity. It became apparent that the maximum range of the new tank gun was almost double that of the D-10TS. The only serious drawback of the U-5TS tank gun was the fact that it was not as accurate as the D-10TS, because of the lack of rifling. However, the greater range of the gun and its extremely high muzzle velocity made the poor accuracy less of an issue.


title: T-62

text: The new U-5TS smoothbore tank gun was fitted into the Ob'yekt 140 turret at the end of 1960. The new tank received the designation "Ob'yekt 166". In 1960, both Ob'yekt 165 and Ob'yekt 166 prototypes passed their trials. The Uralvagonzavod was preparing to start serial production of the new tank, though the General Armoured Directorate (GBTU) was paying much more attention to Morozov's Ob'yekt 430, which was in development since early 1952.


title: T-62

text: Morozov was supported by General Ustinov, who was in charge of the Soviet military industry at the time. He did not see it as necessary to produce the new tank from Uralvagonzavod but soon the situation changed dramatically with the appearance of a new American main battle tank, the M60. In 1961, Soviet military intelligence discovered that Britain was working on a new main battle tank armed with a 120 mm tank gun. Because of this, Marshal Vasily Chuikov, Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Army's Ground Forces, demanded an explanation of the "Kartsev's tanks" case.


title: T-62

text: At a conference of GBTU and the Soviet ground forces committee, it became apparent that Morozov's Ob'yekt 430 tank was only 10% better than the serial T-55. Because of this, Morozov's project was deemed a complete failure. Though the representatives of Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau disclosed their work on the improved Ob'yekt 432 (which would ultimately become the T-64), Chuikov demanded that production of the Ob'yekt 166 medium tank be started immediately.


title: T-62

text: The OKB-520 design bureau of Uralvagonzavod provided another design, the Ob'yekt 167, which was the Ob'yekt 166 with a new more powerful V-26 engine using a charger, developing 700 hp (522 kW). Two prototypes were built in the middle of 1961 and passed the trials. This time the GBTU decided not to wait for the new medium tank to pass trials and sent the Ob'yekt 166 into mass production in July 1961. The Ob'yekt 165 also entered service in very small numbers, under the designation T-62A.


title: T-62

text: The T-62 has a typical tank layout: driver's compartment at the front, fighting compartment in the centre and engine compartment in the rear. The four-man crew consists of the commander, driver, gunner and loader. Although the T-62 is very similar to the T-55 and makes use of many of the same parts, there are some differences. These include the hull, which is a few centimetres longer and wider, the different road wheels, and differences in characteristic uneven gaps between road wheels. Unlike the T-54 and T-55 medium tanks, the gaps between the last three pairs of road wheels are larger than the rest.


title: T-62

text: The armament consists of the 115 mm U-5TS "Molot" (2A20) Rapira smoothbore tank gun with a two-axis "Meteor" stabiliser and 7.62 mm PKT coaxial general-purpose machine gun mounted on the right of the main gun. The 12.7 mm DShK 1938/46 antiaircraft heavy machine gun is mounted on the loader's hatch. It was optional until 1972 when all newly built tanks were fitted with the AA heavy machine gun.


title: T-62

text: The tank carries 40 rounds for the main gun. 4 rounds are placed in the turret, and the rest are stored in the back of the fighting compartment and in the front of the hull, to the right of the driver. It carries 2,500 rounds for the coaxial machine gun. All of the vehicle's armament is mounted in or on the round cast egg-shaped turret from the Ob'yekt 140 prototype main battle tank, mounted over the third pair of road wheels.


title: T-62

text: The T-62 was armed with the world's first smoothbore tank gun, giving it considerably greater muzzle velocity than the Western 90 mm and 105 mm tank guns of its time. It can fire BM-3 APFSDS-T, BK-4, BK-4M HEAT and OF-18 Frag-HE rounds. The 115 mm gun introduced the first successful APFSDS ammunition, albeit with a steel penetrator. A smoothbore gun allowed a significantly better performance (from 10% to 20%) over HEAT ammunition, which was considered the main ammunition type for fighting enemy armour at medium and long ranges.


title: T-62

text: The gun can be elevated or depressed between −6° and +16°. It is reloaded manually and gets automatically reset to +3.5° of elevation after it is fired if the stabiliser is enabled. Empty cartridges are automatically ejected outside the vehicle through a small hatch in the rear of the turret. The gun has a range of effective fire of about 4 km during day conditions and 800 m (with the use of night vision equipment) at night. This tank was fitted with a Meteor two-axis stabiliser, it allows the T-62 to aim and fire while moving, according to tests conducted by the US army the Meteor gave the T-62 a first hit probability of 70% for a moving target at 1000 meters with the tank moving up to 20 km/per hour. This gave the tank a good advantage in dynamic battlefields and breakthrough operations, especially in Central Europe where most of tank battles would take place under the 1500 meters range.


title: T-62

text: The T-62 uses torsion bar suspension. It has five pairs of rubber-tired road wheels, a drive sprocket at the rear and idler at the front on each side, with no return rollers. The first and last road wheels each have a hydraulic shock absorber. The tank is powered by the V-55 12-cylinder 4-stroke one-chamber 38.88-litre water-cooled diesel engine developing 581 hp (433 kW) at 2,000 rpm. This is the same engine as the one used in the T-55.


title: T-62

text: Because the T-62 weighs more than the T-55, it is less manoeuvrable. Like the T-55, the T-62 has three external diesel fuel tanks on the right fender and a single auxiliary oil tank on the left fender. The tank carries 960 litres of fuel in its internal and external fuel tanks. Two optional 200-litre drum-type fuel tanks can be fitted on the rear of the vehicle for an increased operational range.


title: T-62

text: The T-62 has 5% thicker armour on the front of the hull (102 mm at 60°) and 15% thicker armour on the front of the turret (242 mm) than the T-54/T-55. The turret armour is 153 mm thick on the sides, 97 mm thick on the rear and 40 mm thick on the roof. The hull armour is 79 mm thick on the upper sides, 46 mm thick at 0° on the rear and 20 mm thick on the bottom. Although the armour on the front of the hull is thicker than in the T-55, the lower side armour (15 mm) and the roof armour (31 mm) are actually thinner.


title: T-62

text: One of the many similarities between the T-54/T-55 and T-62 tanks is their ability to create a smoke screen by injecting diesel fuel into the exhaust system. Like the T-54 and T-55, the T-62 has an unditching beam mounted at the rear of the hull. The tank can be fitted with a thin snorkel for operational usage and a large diameter snorkel for training. The thin snorkel can be disassembled and carried in the back of the turret when not used.


title: T-62

text: The commander's cupola is located on the left of the top of the turret. The loader has a single-piece hatch located on the right side of the turret and further back than the commander's cupola. The loader's hatch has a periscope vision block that can be used to view the areas in front of and behind the vehicle. The commander's cupola has four periscopes, two are located in the hatch cover while the other two are located in the forward part of the cupola.


title: T-62

text: The driver has a single piece hatch located on the left front of the vehicle, directly in front of the left side of the turret. The tank uses the same sights and vision devices as the T-55 except for the gunner, who received a new TSh-2B-41 sight which has x4 or x7 magnification. It is mounted coaxially with an optic rangefinder.


title: T-62

text: The gunner has two periscope vision blocks, one of which is used in conjunction with the main searchlight mounted coaxially on the right side of the main armament. There are two other smaller searchlights. One of these is used by the commander and is mounted on his cupola. The tank has two headlights on the right front of the vehicle, one of which is infrared while the other one is white.


title: T-62

text: Curved handrails around the turret allow easier entry for the commander, the gunner, and the loader. They also help the infantry to mount and dismount the tank while performing a tank desant. The tank has a box-shaped radiation detector/actuator mounted on the right-hand side of the turret, behind the compressed air tanks.


title: T-62

text: While the T-62 did not feature an automatic loader (as would become characteristic of later Soviet tanks), it had a unique "ejection port" built into the back of the turret, which would open as the main gun recoiled, ejecting spent shell casings outside. This was considered advantageous since the spent casings would otherwise clutter the floor of the tank and fill the interior with noxious burnt-propellant fumes. There is a blower mounted in the rear of the turret, to the left of the spent cartridge ejection port.


title: T-62

text: The T-62 shares some of the T-55's limitations: a cramped crew compartment, limited depression of the main gun and vulnerable fuel and ammunition storage areas. Opening the ejection port under NBC (nuclear, biological, or chemical) conditions would potentially expose the crew to contamination, but the danger is limited in time and the internal overpressure makes a penetration by external agents quite unlikely.


title: T-62

text: Each time the gun is fired, the tube must go into detent for cartridge ejection; though the system can be deactivated making this unnecessary or in case of facing an NBC environment. The T-62 maximum average rate of fire is limited to 8 rounds per minute, which falls behind the capabilities of Western 105 mm gun equipped tanks.


title: T-62

text: It takes 20 seconds for the T-62's turret to rotate through a full 360°, which is 5 seconds longer than the time needed by the US M60A1 Patton tank.


title: T-62

text: The turret also cannot be traversed with the driver's hatch open. Although the tank commander may override the gunner and traverse the turret, he cannot fire the main gun from his position. He is also unable to override the gunner in the elevation of the main gun, causing target acquisition problems.


title: T-62

text: The US Army considered the T-62's gun more accurate than that of the M60A1 within 1500 meters, but less accurate at greater ranges.


title: T-62

text: To fire the 12.7 mm antiaircraft heavy machine gun, the loader must be partially exposed, making him vulnerable to suppressive fire, and he must leave his main gun loading duties unattended.


title: T-62

text: According to military author Bryan Perrett, the T-62 never enjoyed the commercial success of the T-54/T-55 series for numerous reasons. First, the T-62 was more than twice the price of the T-55, and many Warsaw Pact nations passed on the new tank because they did not feel that the improvements inherent in it warranted the cost. Secondly, in 1968, a 100 mm HVAPDS tank shell capable of piercing Western armour was developed. Use of this shell made the T-55 gun almost as effective as the T-62s, undercutting the T-62's original selling point: a bigger, more powerful gun.


title: T-62

text: Third, the T-62 was, according to Perrett, almost immediately surpassed on its introduction by the new Western MBTs, the Chieftain and M60. Finally, the T-62 could not keep up with the new Soviet BMP-1 – the principal infantry fighting vehicle that the T-62 was supposed to accompany. All of these factors combined to ensure that long-term investment in the T-62 was not viable and a new Soviet MBT had to be developed.


title: T-62

text: In July 1961, Uralvagonzavod in Nizhny Tagil, Malyshev Factory in Kharkiv, Ukraine and Omsk Factory No. 183 replaced part of their T-55 production with the T-62. The original plans were that the T-62 would be produced until Morozov's Ob'yekt 432 tank was developed. T-62 production was maintained at Uralvagonzavod until 1973 when it was replaced on the production lines by the T-72. Until the end of production 20,000 T-62 tanks were produced by Uralvagonzavod. Production in the Soviet Union was stopped in 1975.


title: T-62

text: North Korea produced the T-62 under license until the 1980s. In the early 1990s, the North Korean Second Machine Industry Bureau designed a lighter copy of the T-62 which is mass-produced and is known locally as the Ch'ŏnma-ho I (Ga).


title: T-62

text: The T-62 entered service with the Soviet Army in July 1961. Because of the firepower of the new 115 mm gun, it was considered to be a formidable tank for the time, despite its drawbacks. Along with the T-55, the T-62 was one of the most common tanks in the Soviet inventory. The two tanks together once comprised approximately 85% of the Soviet army's tanks.


title: T-62

text: Later in the 1970s, the T-62 was rendered obsolete and was put into reserve service. The T-72 and T-80 later succeeded it.


title: T-62

text: The T-62 saw combat for the first time during the 1969 Sino–Soviet border conflict during which one was disabled and captured by the People's Liberation Army. The T-62 (No. 545) was hit by a rocket-propelled grenade fired from the Type-56 (Chinese copy of RPG-2) RPG launcher on the morning of 15 March 1969 during a PLA counterattack. The RPG penetrated the left side of the hull, killing the driver. This tank was later studied and the information gathered from those studies was used for the development of the Type 69 main battle tank.


title: T-62

text: During the Soviet–Afghan War, the T-62 was a primary tank used by the Soviet army. The Soviets used tanks in several ways, with the use of many in fire support bases, while other were employed for convoy protection or as infantry support. Towards the end of the war T-62Ms, using the BDD appliqué armour, appeared in large numbers. According to US sources, nearly 325 T-62s fell victim to Mujahideen attacks, especially from anti-tank land mines and RPGs. Others fell into the hands of the Afghan Mujahideen after they were left behind by withdrawing Soviet forces.


title: T-62

text: The T-62 and T-55 are now mostly used by Russian reserve units for a possible secondary mobilization while some are kept in storage. The active duty and primary mobilization units mainly use the T-80, T-72 and T-64, with a smaller number of T-90 tanks in service in active units. They were retired from active combat service after the 2008 Russo-Georgian War to be put in storage to be reactivated in case of war. During the Vostok 2018 military exercise, multiple T-62M and T-62MVs were reactivated from storage and mobilised, in an effort to assess how quickly Russian forces could be readied for a major conflict.


title: T-62

text: During the second war the 160th Guards Tank Regiment (5th Guards Tank Division, Siberian Military District) and the 93rd MVD Mechanized Tank Regiment each had 69 T-62 tanks. Some T-62s were used on train platforms. Up to 380 Russian tanks were used in 1999–2000, including about 150 T-62s.


title: T-62

text: T-62s of the Russian Ground Forces were deployed in the Russo-Georgian war. In one case a T-62M belonging to the Russian army was destroyed by a Georgian RPG in the streets of Tskhinvali. In this instance the rocket penetrated the turret of the T-62M, killing the driver and gunner. Russian MVD also used T-62s.


title: T-62

text: At the end of May 2022, Ukraine reported that Russian forces were using T-62 tanks in the area of Melitopol. Ukrainian Intelligence stated that Russia has pulled out T-62 tanks from storage in Siberia. In late May, T-62M and T-62MV were reported as being on trains that arrived in Ukraine. Other T-62 have been reported being sent towards Mykolaiv and Kryvyi Rih on 5 June. In early June, T-62 with improvised slat armour at the top of the turret, colloquially known as "cope cages" to some and also fitted to more modern Russian T-72 and T-80 tanks, were spotted in Kherson Oblast. In late June, the Head of North Ossetia–Alania Sergey Menyaylo declared that the Ossetian volunteers in the Alania Battalion has received a tank unit consisted of T-62 tanks. According to Russian website "Voennoe Obozrenie", The tanks were intended to support infantry units and not expected to engage Ukrainian tanks.


title: T-62

text: On 7 July, Ukraine reported to have destroyed a T-62M with the use of a commercial drone and a bomb. In the unverified video a hatch has been left open on the T-62M and a Ukrainian drone then dropped a bomb through the open hatch. The bomb used was a modified RGD-5 hand grenade however the tank appeared to be intact. The tank may have been abandoned due to maintenance issues.


title: T-62

text: In Kherson, Russian forces used T-62 tanks to provide artillery support. In October, the Bulgarian press reported that the Russian Army was in the process of reactivating and modernizing up to 1,000 T-62s to replace tank losses sustained in Ukraine.


title: T-62

text: , according to the Oryx blog at least 57 T-62M,T-62MV and T-62 Obr. 1967 were lost by Russian forces in Ukraine.


title: T-62

text: The People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) began ordering T-62s from the Soviet Union in 1980 and received them by late 1985. Most of the tanks were delivered in the wake of Operation Askari, which saw multiple T-54s and T-55s knocked out by South African expeditionary forces using light anti-tank weapons and highly mobile Eland-90 and Ratel-90 armoured cars. As a result of the destruction and capture of Angolan T-54/55s during Operation Askari, the Soviet military mission in Angola committed to drastically accelerate the transfer of more sophisticated weaponry to FAPLA, including T-62s. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, FAPLA had received 175 second-hand T-62s from Soviet reserve stocks by the end of 1985. South African intelligence reported that no more than 30 were in active service between late 1985 and 1986, possibly because most of the FAPLA crews were still being trained.


title: T-62

text: FAPLA deployed its T-62s for the first time during Operation Second Congress, a failed 1986 offensive against the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) near Mavinga. A number of T-62s were lost during the 1986 campaign, with some being abandoned on the battlefield and others destroyed by UNITA insurgents or South African air strikes. FAPLA T-62s were present during the initial phase of Operation Saluting October, a similar offensive undertaken the following year, but did not see action in the ensuing 1987-88 Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. FAPLA ordered another 135 T-62s from the Soviet Union to replace tank losses in 1987. Another 24 were purchased from Bulgaria and taken into service by the new Angolan Armed Forces in 1993.


title: T-62

text: The only other Warsaw Pact member to operate T-62s on a mass scale was Bulgaria which bought 250 T-62s, which were delivered between 1970 and 1974. After the war in Afghanistan, Bulgaria received a number of T-62s from the Soviet Union in the 1980s. These were modified, but due to several problems, they were quickly withdrawn from service and some were sold to Angola and Yemen. Many were converted into TV-62 and TV-62M armoured recovery vehicles and their turrets were scrapped. The TV-62M is the standard armoured recovery vehicle of the Bulgarian Army.


title: T-62

text: Both Poland and Czechoslovakia evaluated the vehicle but refused it because of the high price and low update value compared to the T-55.


title: T-62

text: Before 1973 Israeli intelligence confirmed T-62 tanks had arrived in Egypt. In response, Israeli commandos raided Egyptian positions in order to capture the tanks and analyze them. During the Yom Kippur war, the T-62 was an effective adversary for Israeli Patton and Centurion main battle tanks armed with 105 mm tank guns. The T-62 had an advantage in its better night-fighting capability, but Syrian losses were heavy.


title: T-62

text: The Israelis captured hundreds of these tanks from the Syrians in 1973, and put some of them into service as the Tiran-3. About 120 Tiran-3 were modernised and received the designation Tiran-6. Only a small number were converted because the new US made M60 main battle tanks started arriving in Israel.


title: T-62

text: A small tank brigade consisting of two enlarged tank regiments, each equipped with 46 Tiran-6 tanks, was formed. The Tiran-6 is used by reserve units. The Israelis have sold the rest to assorted countries.


title: T-62

text: Israel sent a number of captured T-62 tanks to the U.S. Army and Germany for examination purposes. The firing tests done on these tanks helped to develop new ammunition and the German 120 mm gun to be used in the Leopard 2 tank.


title: T-62

text: In 1974, the Iraqi Army acquired 100 T-62s and 600 more in 1976, which were delivered through to 1979. In 1982 a further 2,150 were ordered, which were delivered by 1989. These tanks saw service in the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict from 1974 to 1991.


title: T-62

text: In the Iran–Iraq War, Iraqi T-62s performed well against opposing Iranian tanks, such as M47s, M48s, M60A1s and Chieftains. In Operation Nasr, the biggest tank battle of the war, Iran lost 214 Chieftain and M60A1 tanks, while Iraq lost 45 T-62s. The remaining Iranian armour turned about and withdrew. Approximately 200 T-62s were lost in the entire war.


title: T-62

text: Libyan T-62s were first deployed against the Chadian National Armed Forces (FANT) in the Aouzou Strip around September 1986. The tanks also formed an integral part of a brigade-sized, combined arms task force ordered to drive Chadian troops loyal to the Transitional Government of National Unity (GUNT) from the Tibesti Mountains the following December. During the Toyota War, a few T-62s were destroyed at medium range by MILAN anti-tank missiles mounted on Chadian technicals. According to French after-action reports released in March 1988, several were also knocked out by FANT Panhard AML-90 armoured cars with flank or rear shots.


title: T-62

text: The first T-62s arrived in Cuba in 1976. Currently approximately 400 are in service with the Cuban armed forces and about 100 are in storage. They are modernised to the T-62M standard with additional armour, laser equipment and fire control systems.


title: T-62

text: A Cuban armoured brigade with T-62s saw action against the Somali National Army during the Ogaden War in Ethiopia. Cuban T-62s were deployed to Angola during Havana's lengthy intervention in that country. Along with T-55s and T-54Bs, they were initially utilitised for defending strategic installations, such as Matala, the site of an important Angolan hydroelectric plant manned by Soviet engineers. The more ubiquitous T-55 was favoured for combat duty, and during the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale only a single battalion of Cuban T-62s took part in the fighting.


title: T-62

text: This was altered in March 1988, when Cuba began marshalling a combined arms division to carry out a flanking manoeuvre towards the South-West African (Namibian) border. It included a brigade with at least 40 T-62s, identified alternatively as 40 Tank Brigade, 80 Tank Brigade, or the "Havana Tank Regiment". The Cuban tanks clashed with defending South African armoured units at Cuamato and again at Calueque without sustaining serious losses.


title: T-62

text: During the Ogaden War, Cuban T-62s were used against the Somali National Army. The Ethiopian Army later purchased T-62s and used them against guerrillas.


title: T-62

text: Iraqi-operated T-62s were badly outperformed by the American M1 Abrams, M2/M3 Bradley infantry fighting vehicles and the British Challenger 1 tanks in the 1990–1991 Gulf War. The lack of high powered optics, thermal sights and ballistic computers of Iraqi tanks compared to their adversaries made the T-62 and other Iraqi armoured fighting vehicles extremely vulnerable and unable to retaliate against Coalition vehicles. The Iraqi 3rd Armoured Division alone lost about a hundred T-62 tanks, while no Abrams or Challengers were lost to enemy fire.


title: T-62

text: Israel captured a small number of Syrian T-62s and made limited adaptions for Israeli service, including US-made radio equipment. The Tiran 6 was not as extensively modified as the Tirans 4 and 5. It is reputed that some Tiran-6s were fitted with "Blazer" reactive armour tiles on the glacis and turret, but that remains to be proven by photographic evidence.


title: T-62

text: A large open stowage bin was fitted to the turret rear, where stowed gear could, unfortunately, obstruct the hatch for the automatic cartridge case ejection system, with a lidded bin on the right of the turret. These bins were similar to those fitted on Tirans 4 and 5. The original 115 mm gun was retained, making IDF dependent on captured ammunition.


title: T-62

text: The commander's 12.7 mm DShK 1938/46 antiaircraft heavy machine gun was replaced by an M1919 Browning 7.62mm machine gun, with a mount for a second Browning on the loader's hatch. An M2 Browning 12.7mm machine gun could be mounted on the mantlet of the main gun as a ranging gun. Tiran 6 was apparently only deployed operationally during Operation Peace For Galilee and was withdrawn from service shortly afterwards as the arrival of further stocks of M60 and M60A1 from the USA made it unnecessary to use the T-62.


title: Roland Orzabal

text: Roland Orzabal (born Roland Jaime Orzabal de la Quintana; 22 August 1961) is a British musician, singer-songwriter, record producer, and author. He is best known as a co-founder of Tears for Fears, of which he is the main songwriter and joint vocalist. Orzabal has been the only constant member of the band, having appeared on every Tears for Fears studio album. He has also achieved success as a producer of artists such as Oleta Adams. In 2014, Orzabal published his first novel, a romantic comedy.


title: Roland Orzabal

text: Orzabal was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire. He was initially raised in nearby Havant. Orzabal's father, George Orzabal de la Quintana, was a Frenchman of Argentinian and Spanish roots and was often so ill that he was rarely seen by his children. Orzabal began writing songs when he was 7 years old. The family later moved to Bath, where he attended Culverhay School (now Bath Community Academy) and became a member of the Zenith Youth Theatre Company.


title: Roland Orzabal

text: Orzabal met Curt Smith while both were in their early teens in Bath, Somerset. In the late 1970s, they formed a mod music group, Graduate, along with three other members. Following the release of their debut album, "Acting My Age", the group disbanded. Orzabal and Smith briefly joined Neon and then went on to form Tears for Fears, a new wave music/synthpop outfit directly inspired by the writings of the American psychologist Arthur Janov. Orzabal sings and plays guitar for the band, while Smith sings and plays bass guitar. Orzabal is also the band's main songwriter.