title: Parsec

text: The word "parsec" is a portmanteau of "parallax of one second" and was coined by the British astronomer Herbert Hall Turner in 1913 to make calculations of astronomical distances from only raw observational data easy for astronomers. Partly for this reason, it is the unit preferred in astronomy and astrophysics, though the light-year remains prominent in popular science texts and common usage. Although parsecs are used for the shorter distances within the Milky Way, multiples of parsecs are required for the larger scales in the universe, including kiloparsecs (kpc) for the more distant objects within and around the Milky Way, megaparsecs (Mpc) for mid-distance galaxies, and gigaparsecs (Gpc) for many quasars and the most distant galaxies.


title: Parsec

text: In August 2015, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) passed Resolution B2 which, as part of the definition of a standardized absolute and apparent bolometric magnitude scale, mentioned an existing explicit definition of the parsec as exactly  au, or approximately  metres (based on the IAU 2012 exact SI definition of the astronomical unit). This corresponds to the small-angle definition of the parsec found in many astronomical references.


title: Parsec

text: The parsec is defined as being equal to the length of the adjacent leg (opposite leg being 1 AU) of an extremely elongated imaginary right triangle in space. The two dimensions on which this triangle is based are its shorter leg, of length one astronomical unit (the average Earth-Sun distance), and the subtended angle of the vertex opposite that leg, measuring one arcsecond. Applying the rules of trigonometry to these two values, the unit length of the other leg of the triangle (the parsec) can be derived.


title: Parsec

text: One of the oldest methods used by astronomers to calculate the distance to a star is to record the difference in angle between two measurements of the position of the star in the sky. The first measurement is taken from the Earth on one side of the Sun, and the second is taken approximately half a year later, when the Earth is on the opposite side of the Sun. The distance between the two positions of the Earth when the two measurements were taken is twice the distance between the Earth and the Sun. The difference in angle between the two measurements is twice the parallax angle, which is formed by lines from the Sun and Earth to the star at the distant vertex. Then the distance to the star could be calculated using trigonometry. The first successful published direct measurements of an object at interstellar distances were undertaken by German astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel in 1838, who used this approach to calculate the 3.5-parsec distance of 61 Cygni.


title: Parsec

text: The parallax of a star is defined as half of the angular distance that a star appears to move relative to the celestial sphere as Earth orbits the Sun. Equivalently, it is the subtended angle, from that star's perspective, of the semimajor axis of the Earth's orbit. The star, the Sun and the Earth form the corners of an imaginary right triangle in space: the right angle is the corner at the Sun, and the corner at the star is the parallax angle. The length of the opposite side to the parallax angle is the distance from the Earth to the Sun (defined as one astronomical unit, au), and the length of the adjacent side gives the distance from the sun to the star. Therefore, given a measurement of the parallax angle, along with the rules of trigonometry, the distance from the Sun to the star can be found. A parsec is defined as the length of the side adjacent to the vertex occupied by a star whose parallax angle is one arcsecond.


title: Parsec

text: The use of the parsec as a unit of distance follows naturally from Bessel's method, because the distance in parsecs can be computed simply as the reciprocal of the parallax angle in arcseconds (i.e. if the parallax angle is 1 arcsecond, the object is 1 pc from the Sun; if the parallax angle is 0.5 arcseconds, the object is 2 pc away; etc.). No trigonometric functions are required in this relationship because the very small angles involved mean that the approximate solution of the skinny triangle can be applied.


title: Parsec

text: Though it may have been used before, the term "parsec" was first mentioned in an astronomical publication in 1913. Astronomer Royal Frank Watson Dyson expressed his concern for the need of a name for that unit of distance. He proposed the name "astron", but mentioned that Carl Charlier had suggested "siriometer" and Herbert Hall Turner had proposed "parsec". It was Turner's proposal that stuck.


title: Parsec

text: By the 2015 definition, of arc length subtends an angle of at the center of the circle of radius . That is, 1 pc = 1 au/tan() ≈ 206,264.8 au by definition. Converting from degree/minute/second units to radians,


title: Parsec

text: In the diagram above (not to scale), S represents the Sun, and E the Earth at one point in its orbit. Thus the distance ES is one astronomical unit (au). The angle SDE is one arcsecond ( of a degree) so by definition D is a point in space at a distance of one parsec from the Sun. Through trigonometry, the distance SD is calculated as follows:


title: Parsec

text: A corollary states that a parsec is also the distance from which a disc one astronomical unit in diameter must be viewed for it to have an angular diameter of one arcsecond (by placing the observer at D and a diameter of the disc on ES).


title: Parsec

text: Mathematically, to calculate distance, given obtained angular measurements from instruments in arcseconds, the formula would be:


title: Parsec

text: where "θ" is the measured angle in arcseconds, Distance is a constant ( or ). The calculated stellar distance will be in the same measurement unit as used in Distance (e.g. if Distance = , unit for Distance is in astronomical units; if Distance = , unit for Distance is in light-years).


title: Parsec

text: The length of the parsec used in IAU 2015 Resolution B2 (exactly astronomical units) corresponds exactly to that derived using the small-angle calculation. This differs from the classic inverse-tangent definition by about , i.e. only after the 11th significant figure. As the astronomical unit was defined by the IAU (2012) as an exact SI length in metres, so now the parsec corresponds to an exact SI length in metres. To the nearest meter, the small-angle parsec corresponds to .


title: Parsec

text: The parallax method is the fundamental calibration step for distance determination in astrophysics; however, the accuracy of ground-based telescope measurements of parallax angle is limited to about , and thus to stars no more than distant. This is because the Earth's atmosphere limits the sharpness of a star's image. Space-based telescopes are not limited by this effect and can accurately measure distances to objects beyond the limit of ground-based observations. Between 1989 and 1993, the "Hipparcos" satellite, launched by the European Space Agency (ESA), measured parallaxes for about stars with an astrometric precision of about , and obtained accurate measurements for stellar distances of stars up to away.


title: Parsec

text: ESA's "Gaia" satellite, which launched on 19 December 2013, is intended to measure one billion stellar distances to within , producing errors of 10% in measurements as far as the Galactic Centre, about away in the constellation of Sagittarius.


title: Parsec

text: Distances expressed in fractions of a parsec usually involve objects within a single star system. So, for example:


title: Parsec

text: Distances expressed in parsecs (pc) include distances between nearby stars, such as those in the same spiral arm or globular cluster. A distance of is denoted by the kiloparsec (kpc). Astronomers typically use kiloparsecs to express distances between parts of a galaxy, or within groups of galaxies. So, for example (NB one parsec is approximately equal to ):


title: Parsec

text: Astronomers typically express the distances between neighbouring galaxies and galaxy clusters in megaparsecs (Mpc). A megaparsec is one million parsecs, or about 3,260,000 light years. Sometimes, galactic distances are given in units of Mpc/"h" (as in "50/"h" Mpc", also written ""). "h" is a constant (the "dimensionless Hubble constant") in the range reflecting the uncertainty in the value of the Hubble constant "H" for the rate of expansion of the universe: . The Hubble constant becomes relevant when converting an observed redshift "z" into a distance "d" using the formula .


title: Parsec

text: One gigaparsec (Gpc) is one billion parsecs — one of the largest units of length commonly used. One gigaparsec is about , or roughly of the distance to the horizon of the observable universe (dictated by the cosmic background radiation). Astronomers typically use gigaparsecs to express the sizes of large-scale structures such as the size of, and distance to, the CfA2 Great Wall; the distances between galaxy clusters; and the distance to quasars.


title: Parsec

text: To determine the number of stars in the Milky Way, volumes in cubic kiloparsecs (kpc) are selected in various directions. All the stars in these volumes are counted and the total number of stars statistically determined. The number of globular clusters, dust clouds, and interstellar gas is determined in a similar fashion. To determine the number of galaxies in superclusters, volumes in cubic megaparsecs (Mpc) are selected. All the galaxies in these volumes are classified and tallied. The total number of galaxies can then be determined statistically. The huge Boötes void is measured in cubic megaparsecs.


title: Parsec

text: In physical cosmology, volumes of cubic gigaparsecs (Gpc) are selected to determine the distribution of matter in the visible universe and to determine the number of galaxies and quasars. The Sun is currently the only star in its cubic parsec, (pc) but in globular clusters the stellar density could be from .


title: Parsec

text: The observational volume of gravitational wave interferometers (e.g., LIGO, Virgo) is stated in terms of cubic megaparsecs (Mpc) and is essentially the value of the effective distance cubed.


title: Parsec

text: The parsec was seemingly used incorrectly as a measurement of time by Han Solo in the first "Star Wars" film, when he claimed his ship, the "Millennium Falcon" "made the Kessel Run in less than 12 parsecs". The claim was repeated in "", but was retconned in "", by stating the "Millennium Falcon" traveled a shorter distance (as opposed to a quicker time) due to a more dangerous route through hyperspace, enabled by its speed and maneuverability. It is also used ambiguously as a spatial unit in "The Mandalorian".


title: Parsec

text: In the 1955 science fiction short story by Isaac Asimov, "Risk", the first hypersonic spaceship is named the "Parsec".


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: Eliud Kipchoge ( ; born 5 November 1984) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in the marathon and formerly specialized at the 5000 metre distance. Widely regarded as the greatest marathon runner of all time, he is the 2016 and 2020 Olympic marathon champion and the world record holder in the marathon with a time of 2:01:09 set at the 2022 Berlin Marathon. He has run four of the six fastest marathons in history.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: Kipchoge claimed his first individual world championship title in 2003 by winning the junior race at the World Cross Country Championships, and setting a world junior record over 5000 m on the track. At the age of eighteen, he became the senior 5000 m world champion at the 2003 World Championships with a championships record, then followed with an Olympic bronze for Kenya in 2004 and a bronze at the 2006 World Indoor Championships. A five-time World Championship 5000 m finalist, Kipchoge took silver medals at the 2007 World Championships, 2008 Beijing Olympics and 2010 Commonwealth Games.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: He switched to road running in 2012 and made the second-fastest half marathon debut ever, at 59:25. In his marathon debut, he won the 2013 Hamburg Marathon in a course record time. His first victory at a World Marathon Major came at the Chicago Marathon in 2014, and he went on to become series champion for 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2022. He has won the London Marathon a record four times, and also shares the record for most Berlin Marathon wins with four, tied with Haile Gebrselassie. With 15 victories out of his 17 marathons, Kipchoge's only losses have been a second-place finish behind Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich at the 2013 Berlin Marathon, where Kipsang broke the world record, and an eighth-place finish at the 2020 London Marathon. Kipchoge's current world record run broke by 30 seconds his own 2018 world record, which was in turn a 78-second improvement over the existing best, the greatest improvement in a marathon world record time since 1967.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: On 12 October 2019, Kipchoge ran the marathon distance for the in Vienna, achieving a time of 1:59:40.2. The run did not count as a new marathon record, as standard competition rules for pacing and fluids were not followed and it was not an open event.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: Kipchoge was appointed Elder of the Order of the Golden Heart by President Uhuru Kenyatta in October 2019, in recognition of his sub-two hour marathon.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: Kipchoge was born on 5 November 1984 in Kapsisiywa, Nandi County, in Kenya. He graduated from the Kaptel Secondary School in Nandi County in 1999 but did not run seriously or as a profession then. He ran to school on a daily basis. Kipchoge was raised by a single mother (a teacher), and only knew his father from pictures. He is the youngest of four children. He met his trainer Patrick Sang (a former Olympic medalist in the steeplechase) in 2001 at the age of 16.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: Kipchoge's wife and three children live in Eldoret, Kenya. He lives and trains in Kaptagat, 30 km (19 miles) from Eldoret.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: In 2002, he won at the Kenyan trials for the 2002 IAAF World Cross Country Championships junior race. At the World Cross Country Championships, held in Dublin, Kipchoge finished fifth in the individual race and was part of the Kenyan junior team that won gold. Kipchoge also won the 5000 metres race at the Kenyan trial for the 2002 World Junior Championships in Athletics, but fell ill and missed the championships. At the 2003 IAAF World Cross Country Championships he won the junior race.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: He set a world junior record in the 5000 m at the 2003 Bislett Games, running a time of 12:52.61 minutes. This stood as the world and African junior record until 2012, when it was improved to 12:47.53 minutes by Hagos Gebrhiwet of Ethiopia.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: Kipchoge won a gold medal at the 5000 m final at the 2003 World Championships in Paris, outsprinting runner-up Hicham El Guerrouj, the world record holder in the 1500 metres and mile, by four hundredths of a second in 12:52.79.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: In July, he participated in the Golden League 2004 Roma Meeting. In the 5000 m event, he dipped first among the starters with 12:46.53, which made him the sixth-fastest ever in the event.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: In 2004, Kipchoge won a bronze medal at the 5000 m final at the 2004 Athens Olympics, behind El Guerrouj and Kenenisa Bekele. He also won the Trofeo Alasport cross country race earlier that season.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: At the end of the year, Kipchoge won the San Silvestre Vallecana New Year's Eve 10 km road race in a time of 26:54 minutes, which beat his own course record by 40 seconds. This time was also better than the 10K road world record at the time, but was run on a downhill course.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: Kipchoge won a silver medal at the 5000 m final of the 2007 World Championships at Osaka in 13:46.00, behind Bernard Lagat (13:45.87).


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: During the 2008 Olympics held in Beijing, China, Kipchoge won a silver medal in the 5000 m event with a time of 13:02.80; although better than the previous Olympic record of 13:05.59, it was not enough to match Kenenisa Bekele's pace, who won the gold medal for this race. On the circuit, he won the Great Yorkshire Run 10K and Campaccio Cross Country that year.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: He failed to reach the podium at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, finishing in fifth place. He also finished ninth in the 3000 m at the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Final.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: He made his debut on the 2010 IAAF Diamond League by winning the 5000 m Qatar Athletic Super Grand Prix in a meet record time.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: Kipchoge then went on to enter the Carlsbad 5000 in California, United States. The Carlsbad 5 km road race is the venue for the world best times for a 5k road race for men and women respectively. The fastest to cover the track was Sammy Kipketer in 2000, with 12:59.52 min. Kipchoge made a world best attempt and although he won the race, weather affected his chances and he finished in 13:11, the fourth-fastest ever for the course up to that point in time.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: In the first athletics final of the 2010 Commonwealth Games, he attempted to win the 5000 m Commonwealth title. Ugandan runner Moses Kipsiro held a slender lead over him in the final stages of the race and Kipchoge ended up in second place, taking the silver medal some seven-hundredths of a second behind. He flew back to Europe immediately after to take part in the Belgrade Race through History the following day. His shoe fell off in the first kilometre and, after putting it back on, he made up much ground on the field to eventually take second place two seconds behind Josphat Menjo.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: At the start of 2011, he won the short race at the Great Edinburgh Cross Country, ahead of Asbel Kiprop. He attempted to retain his title at the Carlsbad 5000 in April but came a close second behind Dejen Gebremeskel. In May he raced the 3000 metres (finished third) in Doha, with a time of 7:27.66 and ranked him as the 12th-fastest at the distance up to this point. Kipchoge was chosen to represent Kenya at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics and reached the 5000 m final for the fifth consecutive time, although he only managed seventh place on this occasion.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: Kipchoge returned to the Edinburgh Cross Country in 2012, but this time he finished third behind Asbel Kiprop and Britain's Jonathan Hay. He was also third at the Carlsbad 5000 in March. He attempted to gain a place on the 10,000 m Olympic team at the Prefontaine Classic, but fell back in the late stages of the Kenyan trial race, finishing seventh. A seventh-place finish in the Kenyan 5000 m trial race meant he would not make a third consecutive Olympic team.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: He made his half marathon debut in the Lille Half Marathon. The run was won by a new course record time of 59:05 (previously 59:36 by ilahun Regassa set in 2008) by Ezekiel Chebii (former pb 59:22), trailed by Bernard Koech 59:10, and Kipchoge earned a third place with 59:25. His time of 59:25 became the second fastest Half Marathon debut, only second to Moses Mosop's 59:20 in Milan in 2010.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: On 6 October 2012, Kipchoge ran at the 2012 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in Kavarna, Bulgaria. Zsersenay Tadese of Eritrea won in 1:00:19 and Kipchoge placed sixth in 1:01:52.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: Kipchoge opened his 2013 season with a win at the Barcelona Half Marathon in a time of one hour and four seconds. Making his marathon debut in April, he demonstrated a smooth transition to the longer distance by taking the Hamburg Marathon title with a run of 2:05:30 hours, beating the field by over two minutes and setting a new course record. In August 2013, he won the Half Marathon of Klagenfurt in 1:01:02 minutes.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: Then, he raced in the 2013 Berlin Marathon and finished second in 2:04:05, the fifth-fastest time in history, in his second-ever marathon, behind Wilson Kipsang, who set a new marathon world record with 2:03:23. Third place went to Geoffrey Kamworor of Kenya with 2:06:26. This was one of 11 world records since 1977 set at the Berlin Marathon (as of 2019).


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: On 2 February, Kipchoge participated in the Ras al-Khaimah Half Marathon. He placed sixth with a time of 1:00:50. The run was won by Mosinet Geremew (Ethiopia) in 1:00:05. Kipchoge ran 2:04:42 to win the 2015 London Marathon in April. He also won the 2015 Berlin Marathon later in the year. His win and then-personal best time (2:04:00) occurred even though his shoes malfunctioned, causing his insoles to flap out of both shoes from 10 km onward; rather than risk time lost from an adjustment, he finished the race with bloodied, blistered feet.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: In April, Kipchoge won the 2016 London Marathon for the second consecutive year in a time of 2:03:05. His performance broke the course record in London, and became the second-fastest marathon time in history, missing Dennis Kimetto's world record by 8 seconds.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: As the prerace favourite, during the 2016 Rio Summer Olympics, Kipchoge gained a gold medal in the marathon event. On the last day of the Olympic Games on 21 August 2016, he won in a time of 2:08:44. The runner up was Feyisa Lilesa (Ethiopia) in 2:09:54 and the bronze medal went to Galen Rupp (USA), doing his second marathon, crossing the finish line in 2:10:05. When the halfway point after 21.0975 km was reached, 37 men were within 10 seconds of the lead runner. The participants' field diminished to 3 lead runners shortly before 34 km. Kipchoge made his final move on silver medal winner Lilesa around 36 km into the race. He covered the first half of the race in 1:05:55 while doing the second half in 1:02:49, which amounts to a difference of more than 3 minutes, a negative split. The winning gap between Kipchoge and Lilesa by 70 seconds was the largest victory margin since the 1972 Olympic marathon. Kipchoge's winning time of 2:08:44 was, as of August 2021, his slowest marathon time. One hundred fifty-five runners started the race, which amounted to the largest field in Olympic history; 140 of them finished the race. With this win, Kipchoge became the second Kenyan male after Sammy Wanjiru in Beijing 2008 to win an Olympic marathon gold medal. At the same Olympics, the women's marathon was won by Jemima Sumgong, who in turn became the first female Kenyan winner.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: On 20 November 2016, Kipchoge ran in the Airtel Delhi Half Marathon, winning the race clocking a time of 59:44.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: On 6 May, Kipchoge, along with Zersenay Tadese (then world record holder in the half marathon) and Lelisa Desisa (2 time Boston Marathon winner), attempted the first sub-two-hour assisted marathon, in the Nike Breaking2 project on the Monza Formula 1 racetrack near Milan, Italy. All 3 runners ran a test 2 months before the attempt. The target time was 1 hour for a half Marathon. Kipchoge finished first in 59:17. The course was measured at 2400 m per lap. During the 2-hour attempt, the runners were paced by a lead car and 30 supporting pacers joining in stages (both considered illegal under IAAF rules). The race started at 5:45h local time on the 2.4 km track. Kipchoge finished in 2:00:25, while the other two had to slow and finished far behind. The runners planned even 14:13 5k splits to break 2 hours. His 5k splits were: 14:14, 14:07, 14:13, 14:15, 14:14, 14:17, 14:17, 14:27, and 6:20 to finish. The 5k split times from 25k and further would be world records: 25k in 1:11:03, 30k in 1:25:20, 35k in 1:39:37, 40k in 1:54:04.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: On 24 September, he won the 2017 Berlin Marathon in a time of 2:03:32. In rainy conditions, he finished 14 seconds ahead of Guye Adola who ran his first marathon, and set the fastest marathon debut ever. Former marathon world record holder Wilson Kipsang and 2016 winner Kenenisa Bekele failed to finish.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: Kipchoge won the London Marathon against a field that included Mo Farah, Kenenisa Bekele, and defending champion Daniel Wanjiru.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: On 16 September, Kipchoge won the 2018 Berlin Marathon in a time of 2:01:39, breaking the previous world record by 1 minute and 18 seconds (2:02:57 set by fellow countryman Dennis Kimetto at the Berlin Marathon in 2014). It was the greatest improvement in a marathon world record time since 1967. He finished 4:43 min ahead of second-placed fellow Kenyan Amos Kipruto. The world record holder from 2013, Wilson Kipsang of Kenya, came in third at 2:06:48.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: Following his performances in the 2018 season, Kipchoge received numerous accolades and awards. He was named IAAF World Athlete of the Year together with Caterine Ibargüen, who received the female World Athlete of the Year award. On 11 January 2019, Kipchoge was named the 2018 Sportsman of the Year at the Kenyan Sports Personality of the Year Awards in Mombasa, Kenya.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: Kipchoge won the 2019 London Marathon in a time of 2:02:37, the second fastest marathon of all time, behind his 2018 Berlin Marathon win. He became the first man to win the event four times and set a new course record, beating his own 2016 London Marathon best by 28 seconds. The lead runner passed the half marathon mark in 1:01:37. Mosinet Geremew (Ethiopia) finished as the runner up in 2:02:55 and Mule Wasihun (Ethiopia) came in third place in 2:03:16. The British runner Mo Farah, a four-time Olympic gold medalist and a pre-race favourite, finished 5th.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: In May 2019, a few days after his London Marathon win, Kipchoge announced another take on the sub-two-hour marathon, named the . On 12 October 2019 in Vienna's Prater park, he ran 4.4 laps of the Hauptallee in 1:59:40, becoming the first person in recorded history to break the two-hour barrier over a marathon distance.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: The effort did not count as a new world record under IAAF rules due to the setup of the challenge. Specifically, it was not an open event, Kipchoge was handed fluids by his support team throughout, the run featured a pace car, and included rotating teams of other runners pacing Kipchoge in a formation designed to reduce wind resistance and maximise efficiency. The achievement was recognised by Guinness World Records with the titles 'Fastest marathon distance (male)' and 'First marathon distance run under two hours'.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: Kipchoge placed 8th in the 2020 London Marathon in October with a time of 2:06:49, the lowest finish of his marathoning career.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: In preparation for the delayed 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, he won the "NN Mission Marathon", which was held at Enschede Airport Twente in the Netherlands on 18 April 2021, in a time of 2:04:30. Jonathan Korir finished as the runner up with a personal best of 2:06:40.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: Kipchoge successfully defended his title from the Rio Olympics by winning the gold medal in the men's marathon at the Tokyo Games in a time of 2:08:38, becoming only the third person to successfully defend their gold medal in the men's marathon, after Abebe Bikila in 1960 and 1964, and Waldemar Cierpinski in 1976 and 1980. He was the favourite to win and attacked around the 30 km mark, looking back only once afterwards. The silver medal went to Abdi Nageeye (Netherlands) who finished 80 seconds after Kipchoge. Bashir Abdi (Belgium) came in third for a bronze medal with 2:10:00. Kipchoge was the oldest Olympic marathon winner since Carlos Lopes won in 1984 at the age of 37. The run was staged 500 miles north of Tokyo in Sapporo with 106 runners participating in the race. A documentary on the Ineos 1:59 Challenge, titled "", was released digitally on-demand on 24 August 2021.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: On 20 January, Kipchoge announced his desire to win all 6 Abbott World Marathons Majors (he had already won 3, the London, Berlin, and Chicago marathons, by that time). This was followed up by an announcement on 18 February that he would be participating in the 2021 Tokyo Marathon (which would be held on 6 March 2022 due to COVID-19 restrictions in 2021), and that the majority of his recent training has been dedicated towards this goal. He won the Tokyo Marathon with a time of 2:02:40 – a course and all-comers' record. Amos Kipruto of Kenya finished second with a personal best of 2:03:13, and Tamirat Tola from Ethiopia came in third in a time of 2:04:14.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: On 25 September, Kipchoge won decisively the 2022 Berlin Marathon in a time of 2:01:09, beating by 30 seconds his own previous world record which he set on the same course in 2018. With his fourth victory in Berlin, he equalled the record achievement of Haile Gebrselassie. He finished 4:49 min ahead of second-placed compatriot Mark Korir while Ethiopia's Tadu Abate took third place with a time of 2:06:28. Kipchoge achieved halfway in 59:51 which, being at the time the fastest split in marathon history, would have been a world record in the standalone half-marathon in 1993, and was only 26 seconds off his best in that distance. He slowed down later with second half in 61:18. It was the eighth time in a row that men's record was set in Berlin.


title: Eliud Kipchoge

text: (*) Officially billed as the 2021 Tokyo Marathon, the race took place on 6 March 2022 after the 2021 edition was postponed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a consequence of this postponement, the 2022 Tokyo Marathon was cancelled.


title: Stockard Channing

text: Stockard Channing (born Susan Antonia Williams Stockard; February 13, 1944) is an American actress. She is known for playing Betty Rizzo in the film "Grease" (1978) and First Lady Abbey Bartlet in the NBC television series "The West Wing" (1999–2006). She is also known for originating the role of Ouisa Kittredge in the stage and film versions of "Six Degrees of Separation"; the 1993 film version earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. She was also one of two comic foils of The Number Painter on "Sesame Street".


title: Stockard Channing

text: Channing won the 1985 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for the Broadway revival of "A Day in the Death of Joe Egg", and won Emmy Awards for "The West Wing" and "The Matthew Shepard Story", both in 2002. She won a Daytime Emmy Award in 2004 for her role in "Jack". Her film appearances include "The Fortune" (1975), "The Big Bus" (1976), "The Cheap Detective" (1978), "Heartburn" (1986), "To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar" (1995), "Up Close & Personal" (1996), "Practical Magic" (1998), and Woody Allen's "Anything Else" (2003). She also played the recurring role of Veronica Loy on the CBS drama "The Good Wife" (2012–16).


title: Stockard Channing

text: Channing was born in Manhattan, and she grew up on the Upper East Side. She was the daughter of Mary Alice (née English), who came from a large Brooklyn Irish Catholic family, and Lester Napier Stockard (died 1960), who was in the shipping business. Her elder sister is Lesly Stockard Smith, former mayor of Palm Beach, Florida.


title: Stockard Channing

text: Channing is an alumna of the Madeira School in McLean, Virginia, a boarding school for girls, which she attended after starting at the Chapin School in New York City. She studied history and literature at Radcliffe College of Harvard University in Massachusetts and graduated "summa cum laude" in 1965. She received her acting training at HB Studio in New York City.


title: Stockard Channing

text: Channing started her acting career with the experimental Theatre Company of Boston; she performed in the group's Off-Broadway 1969 production of the Elaine May play "Adaptation/Next". She performed in a revival of "Arsenic and Old Lace" directed by Theodore Mann as part of the Circle in the Square at Ford's Theatre program in 1970. In 1971, she made her Broadway debut in "Two Gentlemen of Verona — The Musical", working with playwright John Guare. She also appeared on Broadway in 1973 in a supporting role in "No Hard Feelings" at the Martin Beck Theatre.


title: Stockard Channing

text: Channing made her television debut on "Sesame Street" in the role of The Number Painter's female victim. She landed her first leading role in the 1973 television movie "The Girl Most Likely To...", a black comedy written by Joan Rivers about an ugly duckling woman, made newly beautiful by plastic surgery after an auto accident, who vows murderous revenge on all who had scorned her. For the role, Channing went through a considerable transformation, with the syndicated column "TV Scout" reporting months later, "It was a great make-up job — at least the part that made very pretty Stockard look so ugly. She had her cheeks puffed out with cotton and her nose was wadded, too, to make it thick and off-center. Very thick eyebrows were drawn on her face and she wore padded clothes to make her look fat. Making her look beautiful was easy."


title: Stockard Channing

text: After some small parts in feature films, Channing co-starred with Warren Beatty and Jack Nicholson in Mike Nichols' "The Fortune" (1975). Despite Channing being tagged "the next big thing" in cinema, and the actress herself considering this some of the best work of her career, the movie did poorly at the box office and did not prove to be the breakthrough role Channing hoped it would be. On May 22, 1977, she, along with Ned Beatty, starred in the pilot for the short-lived TV series "Lucan". Lucan, played by Kevin Brophy, is a 20-year-old who has spent the first 10 years of his life running wild in the forest. After being raised by wolves, Lucan strikes out on his own in search of his identity.


title: Stockard Channing

text: In 1977, at the age of 33, Channing was cast for the role of high school teenager Betty Rizzo in the hit musical "Grease". The film was released in 1978 and her performance earned her the People's Choice Award for Favorite Motion Picture Supporting Actress.


title: Stockard Channing

text: In addition, during the second half of the 1970s, Channing played a mischievous car thief in Jerry Schatzberg's 1976 dramedy "Sweet Revenge" (which competed at the Cannes Film Festival), Joseph Bologna's love interest in the disaster film spoof "The Big Bus" (also 1976), Peter Falk's secretary in the 1978 Neil Simon film "The Cheap Detective", and real-life deaf stuntwoman and (still current) female land speed record holder Kitty O'Neil in the TV movie "Silent Victory: The Kitty O'Neil Story" (1979).


title: Stockard Channing

text: Channing starred in two short-lived sitcoms on CBS in 1979 and 1980: "Stockard Channing in Just Friends" and "The Stockard Channing Show". In both shows, she co-starred with actress Sydney Goldsmith, who played her best friend in both. When her Hollywood career faltered after these failures, Channing returned to her theatre roots. Nevertheless, she continued to appear in movies, often in supporting roles, including 1983's "Without a Trace" (alongside Kate Nelligan and Judd Hirsch), Mike Nichols' 1986 "Heartburn" (re-teaming with Nichols and Jack Nicholson, and co-starring Meryl Streep), "The Men's Club" (also 1986; featuring Roy Scheider, Harvey Keitel, and Jennifer Jason Leigh), "A Time of Destiny" (1988; with William Hurt, Timothy Hutton, and Melissa Leo), and "Staying Together" (1989; directed by Lee Grant, and co-starring Melinda Dillon and Levon Helm.)


title: Stockard Channing

text: Channing played the female lead in the Broadway show, "They're Playing Our Song" (1980–81). Channing then took the part of the mother (Sheila) in the 1981 Long Wharf Theater (New Haven) production of Peter Nichols' "A Day in the Death of Joe Egg". She reprised the role in the Roundabout Theater Company production, first Off-Broadway in January 1985 and then on Broadway in March 1985, and won the 1985 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play.


title: Stockard Channing

text: Channing continued her return to the stage by teaming up again with playwright John Guare. She received Tony Award nominations for her performances in his plays, "The House of Blue Leaves" (1986) and "Six Degrees of Separation" (1990), for which she also won an Obie Award. The Alan Ayckbourn play "Woman in Mind" received its American premiere Off-Broadway in February 1988 at the Manhattan Theatre Club. The production was directed by Lynne Meadow and the cast included Channing in the role of Susan, for which she won a Drama Desk Award for Best Actress. When once asked if Susan was Channing's most fully realized character, the actress replied: Well, you like to think that they're all fully realized because what you're doing is different from what anyone else is seeing. You do a character but how much of it is on film, or how much of it is seen by an audience, is really up to the director, the piece, or the audience. And so, I just do these people. And flesh them out. I think anything else is not my job.


title: Stockard Channing

text: Channing made her London theatre debut in 1992 at the Royal Court Theatre in John Guare's Six Degrees of Separation, which then transferred for a season at the Comedy Theatre in the West End. In 2017 she returned to London to appear in Apologia at the Trafalgar Studios and again in 2021 in Night Mother at the Hampstead Theatre.


title: Stockard Channing

text: She also garnered recognition for her work in television during this time. She was nominated for an Emmy Award for the CBS miniseries "Echoes in the Darkness" (1987) and won a CableACE Award for the Harvey Fierstein-scripted "Tidy Endings" (HBO, 1988). Other TV movie credits during the latter half of the 1980s include the CBS teenage drug abuse-themed "Not My Kid" (1985; co-starring George Segal), Hallmark's domestic drama "The Room Upstairs" (1987; with Sam Waterston, Joan Allen, and Sarah Jessica Parker), and the HBO thriller "Perfect Witness" (1989; alongside Brian Dennehy and Aidan Quinn.)


title: Stockard Channing

text: Channing reprised her lead role as an Upper East Side matron in the film version of "Six Degrees of Separation". She was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for her performance. She then made several films in quick succession: "To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar" as Carol Ann and "Smoke" (both 1995); a cameo appearance in "The First Wives Club"; "Up Close and Personal" (as Marcia McGrath); and "Moll Flanders" (all 1996). For "Smoke" she was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Supporting Actress and for "Moll Flanders" she was nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress, Drama.


title: Stockard Channing

text: Channing kept busy with film, television, and stage roles throughout the late 1990s. She starred in the USA Network film "An Unexpected Family" in 1996 and its sequel, "An Unexpected Life", in 1998. She was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award as Best Supporting Female for her performance as one-half of an infertile couple in "The Baby Dance" (also 1998). On stage, she performed at Lincoln Center in Tom Stoppard's "Hapgood" (1995) and the 1997 revival of Lillian Hellman's "The Little Foxes". During this period, Channing voiced Barbara Gordon in the animated series, "Batman Beyond".


title: Stockard Channing

text: Channing was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress three times in the 1990s: in 1991, for "Six Degrees of Separation"; in 1992, for "Four Baboons Adoring the Sun"; and in 1999, for "The Lion in Winter".


title: Stockard Channing

text: In 1999, Channing took on the role of First Lady Abbey Bartlet in the NBC television series "The West Wing". She was a recurring guest star for the show's first two seasons; she became a regular cast member in 2001. In the seventh and final season of "The West Wing" (2005–2006), Channing appeared in only four episodes (including the series finale) because she was co-starring (with Henry Winkler) in the CBS sitcom "Out of Practice" at the same time. "Out of Practice" was cancelled by CBS after one season.


title: Stockard Channing

text: Channing received several awards in 2002. She won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her work on "The West Wing". That same year, she also won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress in a Television Movie or Miniseries for her portrayal of Judy Shepard in "The Matthew Shepard Story", a docudrama about Matthew Shepard's life and murder.


title: Stockard Channing

text: Channing received the 2002 London Film Critics Circle Award (ALFS) for Best Actress of the Year for her role in the film "The Business of Strangers". For "The Business of Strangers," she was also nominated for the American Film Institute Best Actress award. In 2003, she was awarded the Women in Film Lucy Award.


title: Stockard Channing

text: In 2005, Channing won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in a Children/Youth/Family Special for "Jack" (2004), a Showtime TV movie about a young man struggling to understand why his father left the family for another man. Channing played Jack's mother.


title: Stockard Channing

text: She was selected for the second narrator of the Animal Planet hit series "Meerkat Manor" in 2008, replacing Sean Astin, who did the first three seasons. In November 2008 she returned to Broadway as Vera Simpson in the musical "Pal Joey" and was nominated for the 2009 Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical.


title: Stockard Channing

text: In 2005, Channing starred in "Out of Practice" with Henry Winkler, receiving an Emmy nomination for her role. She played the role of Lydia Barnes, ex-wife of Stewart Barnes (Winkler), and had two sons and a lesbian daughter (Christopher Gorham, Paula Marshall, Ty Burrell). The show aired for one season (22 episodes).


title: Stockard Channing

text: From 2012, Channing played a recurring role in "The Good Wife". She played the role of the title character's mother, Veronica Loy until the final season in 2016.


title: Stockard Channing

text: She returned to the stage in June 2010, to Dublin's Gaiety Theatre to play Lady Bracknell in Rough Magic Theatre Company's production of Oscar Wilde's "The Importance of Being Earnest". Channing appeared in the play "Other Desert Cities" Off-Broadway at Lincoln Center and then on Broadway, as of October 2011. Channing was nominated for the Drama Desk Award, Outstanding Actress in a Play, and the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play for "Other Desert Cities". In 2018, she played the lead in "Apologia", which had a limited run in London, and then moved to the Roundabout Theatre Co. in NYC.


title: Stockard Channing

text: Channing has been married and divorced four times; she has no children. She married Walter Channing Jr. in 1963 and kept the amalgamated name "Stockard Channing" after they divorced in 1967. Her second husband was Paul Schmidt, a professor of Slavic languages (1970–76), and her third was writer-producer David Debin (1976–80). Her fourth husband was businessman David Rawle (1980–88). Channing was in a long term relationship with cinematographer Daniel Gillham from 1990 until his death in 2014. They met on the set of "A Time of Destiny". As of 2019, Channing is believed to be residing in London in the UK.


title: Lio Tipton

text: Lio Tipton (born Analeigh Tipton; November 9, 1988) is an American actor and fashion model. Tipton is known for being the last eliminated on Cycle 11 of "America's Next Top Model" and for their roles in the films "Crazy, Stupid, Love" (2011), "Warm Bodies" (2013), and "Two Night Stand" (2014).


title: Lio Tipton

text: Tipton was born on November 9, 1988, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. They began ice skating at two and a half years old. When Tipton was eight years old, their family relocated to Sacramento, California and they went to school in Placerville, California.


title: Lio Tipton

text: Tipton competed in four U.S. Synchronized Skating Championships. Tipton and their pair partner, Phillip Cooke, twice became regional champions, and competed twice at the U.S. Junior Figure Skating Championships on the Juvenile level. Tipton retired from competitive skating at 16 but continued to skate in charity ice shows for AIDS foundations and to rebuild a rink damaged in a fire.


title: Lio Tipton

text: Prior to "America's Next Top Model", Tipton was signed to I Model & Talent in Los Angeles and walked in Los Angeles Fashion Week for designer Kelly Nishimoto's Fall 2008 collection, Imasu.


title: Lio Tipton

text: Tipton became the last eliminated on Cycle 11 of "America's Next Top Model" in 2008. They were recruited through Myspace and asked to audition in Los Angeles. At the beginning of the show, Tipton revealed that they once encountered sex traffickers posing as modeling agents. They were then sold to a Saudi Arabian prince, but managed to get out of the situation before the deal was finalized. Tipton was called first twice, one for the first CoverGirl commercial, which Tyra Banks deemed "the best CoverGirl commercial in the history of "America's Next Top Model."" They also won the go-sees challenge by booking all three of their go-sees and getting back on time. They were subsequently eliminated in the finale after forgetting their lines in the second CoverGirl commercial, which left Samantha Potter and McKey Sullivan to walk in the finale runway show.


title: Lio Tipton

text: Tipton signed with Ford Models in Los Angeles and Abrams Artists Agency, in both the commercial and theatrical divisions. They appeared in Spain's "Marie Claire", "Seventeen" magazine's December 2008–January 2009 edition, a several-page spread in "Maxim", and in "Vogue". They were also featured in ads for Forever 21 and Guess.


title: Lio Tipton

text: In 2010, they modeled Geren Ford's pre-fall 2010 collection. For Los Angeles Fashion Week, they walked for Skingraft and David Alexander for the S/S 2010 season.


title: Lio Tipton

text: Tipton and Samantha Potter appeared as guest stars on an episode of the television series "The Big Bang Theory" in 2008 and by themself in a different role in 2015. Tipton played a babysitter who has a crush on Steve Carell's character in "Crazy, Stupid, Love", prompting "The New York Times" to call them a "face to watch".


title: Lio Tipton

text: Tipton was cast in the third season of HBO's TV comedy "Hung", portraying Sandee, a young gigolo's scheming fiancée. They played a supporting role in the zombie-apocalyptic horror-romance "Warm Bodies", directed by Jonathan Levine. They had a small role opposite Scarlett Johansson in the 2014 science fiction action film "Lucy". They had their first lead role in "Two Night Stand", directed by Max Nichols, which was released on September 26, 2014.


title: Lio Tipton

text: In 2018, Tipton played Avery's date, Lauren, on the new season of "Murphy Brown" (S1:E7, "A Lifetime of Achievement").


title: Lio Tipton

text: Tipton announced in June 2021 that they are queer and non-binary, and use "they/them" pronouns. Tipton married entertainment executive Chaz Salembier in October 2022.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is a 1998 American black comedy adventure film adapted from Hunter S. Thompson's 1971 novel of the same name. It was co-written and directed by Terry Gilliam, and stars Johnny Depp and Benicio del Toro as Raoul Duke and Dr. Gonzo, respectively. The film details the duo's journey through Las Vegas as their initial journalistic intentions devolve into an exploration of the city under the influence of psychoactive substances.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics and was a financial failure, but has since become a cult classic among film fans.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: In 1971, Raoul Duke and Dr. Gonzo speed across the Nevada desert. Duke, under the influence of mescaline, complains of a swarm of giant bats, and inventories their drug stash. They pick up a young hitchhiker and explain their mission: Duke has been assigned by a magazine to cover the Mint 400 motorcycle race in Las Vegas. They bought excessive drugs for the trip, and rented a red Chevrolet Impala convertible. The hitchhiker flees on foot at their behavior. Trying to reach Vegas before the hitchhiker can go to the police, Gonzo gives Duke part of a sheet of Sunshine Acid, then informs him that there is little chance of making it before the drug kicks in. By the time they reach the strip, Duke is in the full throes of his trip and barely makes it through the hotel check-in, hallucinating that the clerk is a moray eel and that his fellow bar patrons are orgiastic lizards.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: The next day, Duke arrives at the race and heads out with his photographer, Lacerda. Duke becomes irrational and believes that they are in the middle of a battlefield, so he fires Lacerda and returns to the hotel. After consuming more mescaline, as well as huffing diethyl ether, Duke and Gonzo arrive at the Bazooko Circus casino but leave shortly afterwards, the chaotic atmosphere frightening Gonzo. Back in the hotel room, Duke leaves Gonzo unattended, and tries his luck at Big Six. When Duke returns he finds that Gonzo, high on LSD, has trashed the room, and is in the bathtub clothed, attempting to pull the tape player in with him as he wants to hear the song better. He pleads with Duke to throw the machine into the water when the song "White Rabbit" peaks. Duke agrees, but instead throws a grapefruit at Gonzo's head before running outside and locking Gonzo in the bathroom. Duke attempts to type his reminisces on hippie culture, and flashes back to San Francisco where a hippie licks spilled LSD off his sleeve.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: The next morning, Duke awakens to an exorbitant room service bill and no sign of Gonzo (who has returned to Los Angeles while Duke slept), and attempts to leave town. As he nears Baker, California, a patrolman stops him for speeding, and advises him to sleep at a nearby rest stop. Duke instead heads to a payphone and calls Gonzo, learning that he has a suite in his name at the Flamingo Las Vegas so he can cover a district attorney's convention on narcotics. Duke checks into his suite, only to be met by an LSD-tripping Gonzo and a young girl called Lucy, who Gonzo explains has come to Las Vegas to meet Barbra Streisand, and that this was her first LSD trip. Duke convinces Gonzo to ditch Lucy in another hotel before her trip wears off.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: Gonzo accompanies Duke to the convention, and the pair discreetly snort cocaine as the guest speaker delivers a comically out-of-touch speech about "marijuana addicts" before showing a brief film. Unable to take it, Duke and Gonzo flee back to their room, only to discover that Lucy has called. Their trips mostly over, Gonzo deals with Lucy over the phone (pretending that he is being savagely beaten by thugs) as Duke attempts to mellow out by trying some of Gonzo's stash of adrenochrome. However, the trip spirals out of control, and Duke is reduced to an incoherent mess before he blacks out.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: After an unspecified amount of time passes, Duke wakes up to a complete ruin of the once pristine suite. After discovering his tape recorder, he attempts to remember what has happened. As he listens, he has brief memories of the general mayhem that has taken place, including Gonzo threatening a waitress at a diner, himself convincing a distraught cleaning woman that they are police officers investigating a drug ring, and attempting to buy an orangutan.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: Duke drops Gonzo off at the airport, driving right up to the airplane, before returning to the hotel one last time to finish his article. He then speeds back to Los Angeles.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: In January 1976, "Texas Monthly" announced that Larry McMurtry had signed a contract to write a screenplay for a film adaptation. Martin Scorsese, Ralph Bakshi and Oliver Stone each tried to get the film off the ground, but were unsuccessful and moved on.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: Rhino Films began work on a film version as early as 1992. Head of Production and the film's producer Stephen Nemeth originally wanted Lee Tamahori to direct, but he wasn't available until after the January 1997 start date. Depp wanted Bruce Robinson to direct, but he was "unavailable... by choice". Rhino appealed to Thompson for an extension on the film rights but the author and his lawyers denied the extension. Under pressure, Rhino countered by green-lighting the film and hiring Alex Cox to direct within a few days. According to Nemeth, Cox could "do it for a price, could do it quickly and could get this movie going in four months."


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: Rhino hired Terry Gilliam and was granted an extension from Thompson but only with the stipulation that the director made the film. Rhino did not want to commit to Gilliam in case he didn't work out. Thompson remembers, "They just kept asking for more [time]. I got kind of agitated about it because I thought they were trying to put off doing it. So I began to charge them more... I wanted to see the movie done, once it got started." The studio threatened to make the film with Cox and without Depp and del Toro. The two actors were upset when producer Laila Nabulsi told them of Rhino's plans. Universal Pictures stepped in to distribute the film. Depp and Gilliam were paid $500,000 each but the director still did not have a firm deal in place. In retaliation, Depp and Gilliam locked Rhino out of the set during filming.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: During the initial development to get the film made, Jack Nicholson and Marlon Brando were originally considered for the roles of Duke and Gonzo but they both grew too old. Afterward, Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi were considered for the duo, but that fell apart when Belushi died. John Malkovich was later considered for the role of Duke, but he grew too old as well. At one point John Cusack was almost cast (Cusack had previously directed the play version of "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas", with his brother playing Duke). However, after Hunter S. Thompson met with Johnny Depp he became convinced that no one else could play him. When Cox and Davies started writing the screenplay, Depp and del Toro committed to starring in the film.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: Gilliam said in an interview that his films are actor-led, the performance of the two characters in "Fear and Loathing" is hyper realistic but truthful: "I am interested in real people in bizarre, twisted environments that force them to act... to react against."


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: Dr. Gonzo is based on Thompson's friend Oscar Zeta Acosta, who disappeared sometime in 1974. Thompson changed Acosta's ethnic identity to "Samoan" to deflect suspicion from Acosta, who was in trouble with the Los Angeles County Bar Association. He was the "Chicano lawyer" notorious for his party binges.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: The lead actors undertook extraordinary preparations for their respective roles. Del Toro gained more than 45 pounds (18 kg) in nine weeks before filming began, eating 16 donuts a day, and extensively researched Acosta's life. In the spring of 1997, Depp moved into the basement of Thompson's Owl Farm home and lived there for four months, doing research for the role as well as studying Thompson's habits and mannerisms. The actor went through Thompson's original manuscript, mementos and notebooks that he kept during the actual trip. Depp remembers, "He saved it all. Not only is [the book] true, but there's more. And it was worse." Depp even traded his car for Thompson's red Chevrolet Caprice convertible, known to fans as The Great Red Shark, and drove it around California during his preparation for the role. Many of the costumes that Depp wears in the film are genuine articles of clothing that Depp borrowed from Thompson, and the writer himself shaved Depp's head to match his own natural male pattern baldness. Other props, such as Duke's cigarette filter (a TarGard Permanent Filter System), Hawaiian shirts, hats, a patchwork jacket, a silver medallion (given to him by Oscar Acosta) and IDs, belonged to Thompson.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: Cox started writing the screenplay with Tod Davies, a UCLA Thompson scholar. During pre-production, Cox and producer Laila Nabulsi had "creative differences" and she forced Rhino to choose between her and Cox. She had an arrangement with Thompson to produce the film and the studio fired Cox and paid him $60,000 in script fees. Thompson's disapproval of the Cox/Davies script treatment is documented in the film "Breakfast with Hunter."


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: The decision was made to not use the Cox/Davies script, which gave Gilliam only ten days to write another. Gilliam has stated in an interview "When we were writing the script, we really tried not to invent anything. We sort of cannibalized the book." The director enlisted the help of Tony Grisoni and they wrote the script at Gilliam's home in May 1997. Grisoni remembers, "I'd sit at the keyboard, and we'd talk and talk and I'd keep typing." One of the most important scenes from the book that Gilliam wanted to put in the film was the confrontation between Duke and Dr. Gonzo and the waitress of the North Star Coffee Lounge. The director said, "This is two guys who have gone beyond the pale, this is unforgivable – that scene, it's ugly. My approach, rather than to throw it out, was to make that scene the low point."


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: Initially, the studio wanted Gilliam to update the book for the 1990s, which he considered, "And then I looked at the film and said, 'No, that's apologizing. I don't want to apologize for this thing. It is what it is.' It's an artifact. If it's an accurate representation of that book, which I thought was an accurate representation of a particular time and place and people." Gilliam, while speaking to "Sight & Sound" magazine, highlighted if he had updated the movie to the 1990s it would just "be a story about two people going to excess". Keeping it set in the 70's, using the backdrop of the Vietnam War and a perceived loss of the American dream, offers reasoning to the characters actions.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: When the film approached release, Gilliam learned that the Writers Guild of America (WGA) would not allow Cox and Davies to be removed from the credits even though none of their material was used in the production of the film. According to WGA rules, Gilliam and Grisoni had to prove that they wrote 60% of their script. The director said, "But there have been at least five previous attempts at adapting the book, and they all come from the book. They all use the same scenes." Gilliam remarked in an interview, "The end result was we didn't exist. As a director, I was automatically deemed a 'production executive' by the guild and, by definition, discriminated against. But for Tony to go without any credit would be really unfair." David Kanter, agent for Cox and Davies, argued, "About 60 percent of the decisions they made on what stays in from the book are in the film – as well as their attitude of wide-eyed anarchy." According to the audio commentary by Gilliam on the Criterion Collection DVD, during the period where it appeared that only Cox and Davies would be credited for the screenplay, the film was to begin with a short scene in which it is explained that no matter what is said in the credits, no writers were involved in the making of the film. When this changed in early May 1998 after the WGA revised its decision and gave credit to Gilliam and Grisoni first and Cox and Davies second, the short was not needed. Angered over having to share credit, Gilliam publicly burned his WGA card at a 22 May book signing on Broadway.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: According to Gilliam, there was no firm budget in place when filming started. He felt that it was not a well-organized film and said, "Certain people didn't... I'm not going to name names but it was a strange film, like one leg was shorter than the other. There was all sorts of chaos." While Depp was on location in Los Angeles, he got a phone call from comedian Bill Murray who had played Thompson in "Where the Buffalo Roam". He warned Depp, "Be careful or you'll find yourself ten years from now still doing him… Make sure your next role is some drastically different guy."


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: Shooting on location in Las Vegas began on 3 August 1997 and lasted 56 days. The production ran into problems when they wanted to shoot in a casino. They were only allowed to film between two and six in the morning, given only six tables to put extras around and insisted that the extras really gamble. Exterior shots of the Bazooko Casino were filmed in front of the Stardust hotel/casino with the interiors constructed with a Warner Bros. Hollywood soundstage. To get the period look of Vegas in the 1970s, Gilliam and Pecorini used rear-projection footage from the old television show, "Vega$". According to the cinematographer, this footage heightened the film's "already otherworldly tone an extra notch."


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: Nicola Pecorini was hired based on an audition reel he sent Gilliam that made fun of the fact that he had only one eye (he lost the other to retinal cancer). According to Pecorini, the look of the film was influenced by the paintings of Robert Yarber that are "very hallucinatory: the paintings use all kinds of neon colors, and the light sources don't necessarily make sense." According to Gilliam, they used him as a guide "While mixing our palette of deeply disturbing fluorescent colors."


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: For the desert scenes, Pecorini wanted a specific, undefined quality without a real horizon to convey the notion that the landscape never ended and to emphasize "a certain kind of unreality outside the characters' car, because everything that matters to them is within the Red Shark." For the scene where Duke hallucinates a lounge full of lizards, the production was supposed to have 25 animatronic reptiles but they only received seven or eight. The production used motion-control techniques to make it look like they had a whole room of them and made multiple passes with the cameras outfitting the lizards with different costumes each time.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: During production, it was Gilliam's intention that it should feel like a drug trip from beginning to end. He said in an interview, "We start out at full speed and it's WOOOO! The drug kicks in and you're on speed! Whoah! You get the buzz – it's crazy, it's outrageous, the carpet's moving and everybody's laughing and having a great time. But then, ever so slowly, the walls start closing in and it's like you're never going to get out of this fucking place. It's an ugly nightmare and there's no escape." To convey the effects of the various drugs, Gilliam and Pecorini assembled a list of "phases" that detailed the "cinematic qualities" of each drug consumed. For ether, Pecorini said they used a "loose depth of field; everything becomes non-defined"; for adrenochrome, "everything gets narrow and claustrophobic, move closer with lens"; mescaline was simulated by having "colors melt into each other, flares with no sources, play with color temperatures"; for amyl nitrite, the "perception of light gets very uneven, light levels increase and decrease during the shots"; and for LSD, "everything extremely wide, hallucinations via morphs, shapes, colors, and sound."


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: Pecorini and Gilliam decided they wanted the film to be shot wide-angle but because of the small budget they couldn't afford the downfalls of anamorphic lenses so they paired the Arriflex 535, Arri BL-4S and the Arri 35-iii with a set of Zeiss Standard Primes and Kodak's 250D Vision 5246 filmstock in order to achieve the saturated look the film has.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: The music belongs to the psychedelic rock and classic rock genre. The soundtrack contains songs used in the film with sound bites of the film before each song. Most of the music is present in the soundtrack with a few exceptions: the Lennon Sisters' version of "My Favorite Things" from "The Sound of Music" which plays at the beginning of the picture, Jefferson Airplane's "Somebody to Love" which is heard during a flashback, Debbie Reynolds' "Tammy", Perry Como's "Magic Moments", Beck, Bogert & Appice's "Lady", Tom Jones' "It's Not Unusual", Frank Sinatra's "You're Getting to Be a Habit with Me", Combustible Edison's "Spy vs Spy", the Out-Islanders' "Moon Mist" from "Polynesian Fantasy", Robert Goulet's "My Love, Forgive Me", and a recording of "Ball and Chain" by Janis Joplin.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: The Rolling Stones song "Jumping Jack Flash" is heard at the conclusion of the film as Thompson drives out of Las Vegas. Gilliam could not pay $300,000 (half of the soundtrack budget) for the rights to "Sympathy for the Devil" by the Rolling Stones, which plays a prominent role in the book.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas" underwent preview test screenings – a process that Gilliam does not enjoy. "I always get very tense in those (test screenings), because I'm ready to fight. I know the pressure from the studio is, 'somebody didn't like that, change it! The filmmaker said that it was important to him that Thompson like the film and recalls the writer's reaction at a screening, "Hunter watched it for the first time at the premiere and he was making all this fucking noise! Apparently it all came flooding back to him, he was reliving the whole trip! He was yelling out and jumping on his seat like it was a roller coaster, ducking and diving, shouting 'SHIT! LOOK OUT! GODDAMN BATS!' That was fantastic – if he thought we'd captured it, then we must have done it!" Thompson himself stated, "Yeah, I liked it. It's not my show, but I appreciated it. Depp did a hell of a job. His narration is what really held the film together, I think. If you hadn't had that, it would have just been a series of wild scenes."


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas" debuted at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival and Gilliam said, "I'm curious about the reaction... If I'm going to be disappointed, it's because it doesn't make any waves, that people are not outraged."


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: By the time "Fear and Loathing" was released as a Criterion Collection DVD in 2003, Thompson showed his approval of the Gilliam version by recording a full-length audio commentary for the film and participating in several DVD special features.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: On an audio commentary track in the Criterion edition of the DVD, Gilliam expresses great pride in the film and says it was one of the few times where he did not have to fight extensively with the studio during the filming. Gilliam chalks this up to the fact that many of the studio executives read Thompson's book in their youth and understood it could not be made into a conventional Hollywood film. However, he does express frustration with the advertising campaign used during its initial release, which he says tried to sell it as wacky comedy. The film was later released by Universal Studios on HD DVD and, subsequently, Blu-ray; Criterion released the film on Blu-ray on 26 April 2011.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: The film opened in wide release on 22 May 1998 and grossed $3.3 million in 1,126 theaters on its first weekend. The film went on to gross $10.6 million, well below its budget of $18.5 million. However, the movie reignited interest in Thompson's novel. Vintage Press reported an initial reprint of 100,000 copies to tie in with the film's release, but demand was higher than expected and forced the novel to go back to print a further five times.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: Gilliam wanted to provoke strong reactions to his film as he said in an interview, "I want it to be seen as one of the great movies of all time, and one of the most hated movies of all time." "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas" polarized critics; it currently has a 49% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 69 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The site's critical consensus calls the film "visually creative, but also aimless, repetitive, and devoid of character development." Metacritic calculated an average score of 41 out of 100 based on 19 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: In "The New York Times", Stephen Holden wrote, "Even the most precise cinematic realizations of Mr. Thompson's images don't begin to match the surreal ferocity of the author's language." Stephen Hunter, in his review for "The Washington Post", wrote, "It tells no story at all. Little episodes of no particular import come and go...But the movie is too grotesque to be entered emotionally." Mike Clark, of "USA Today", found the film "simply unwatchable." In "The Guardian", Gaby Wood wrote: "After a while, though, the ups and downs don't come frequently enough even for the audience, and there's an element of the tedium usually found in someone else's druggy experiences." Roger Ebert found the film disgraceful, giving it one star out of four and calling it:


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: Gene Siskel's "thumbs-up" review at the time also noted the film successfully captured the book's themes into film, adding "What the film is about and what the book is about is using Las Vegas as a metaphor for – or a location for – the worst of America, the extremes of America, the money obsession, the visual vulgarity of America." Michael O'Sullivan gave the film a positive review in "The Washington Post". "What elevates the tale from being a mere drug chronicle is the same thing that lifted the book into the realm of literature. It's the sense that Gilliam, like Thompson, is always totally in command of the medium, while abandoning himself utterly to unpredictable forces beyond his control." "Empire" magazine voted the film the 469th greatest film in their "500 Greatest Movies of All Time" list.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: Andrew Johnston, writing in "Time Out New York", observed: ""Fear" is really a Rorschach test of a movie – some people will see a godawful mess, rendered inaccessible by the stumbling handheld camera and Depp's nearly incomprehensible narration. Others will see a freewheeling comedy, a thinking person's Cheech and Chong film. It all depends on your mood, expectations and state of mind (for the record, I was stone sober and basically enjoyed myself)."


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: The film has been re-screened at various cinemas such as The Prince Charles Cinema in Leicester Square, London and a special screening from original VHS tape at Swordtail Studio London in 2016.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: The increased attention for the film has also led some news outlets to reconsider the mixed original reception of the film; Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club argued in his more recent review of the film that it "would have had a greater impact had it been produced at the time, when "Brewster McCloud" proved that anything was possible, but short of a time machine, Gilliam does what he can to bring the era back to life."


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: The film was nominated for a variety of awards that both praised and condemned it. Terry Gilliam was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival while Johnny Depp won the Best Foreign Actor award from the Russian Guild of Film Critics in 1998.


title: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

text: However, Depp and Del Toro were also nominated by the Stinkers Bad Movie Awards for Worst On-Screen Couple, and during the same awards Del Toro's portrayal of Dr. Gonzo was also nominated for the Worst Supporting Actor.


title: Alex Albon

text: Alexander Albon Ansusinha (; , , born 23 March 1996) is a Thai-British racing driver currently competing in Formula One for Williams Racing, under the Thai flag. Albon previously raced in Formula One for Scuderia Toro Rosso and Red Bull Racing and in DTM for AF Corse.


title: Alex Albon

text: After becoming part of the Red Bull Junior Team in 2012, he was promoted to open-wheel cars for the 2012 Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 season. He spent three years in the series and finished third in the 2014 championship. He moved to the FIA Formula 3 European Championship in 2015, where he finished seventh. He signed with ART Grand Prix to contest the 2016 GP3 Series and ended the season as runner-up behind teammate Charles Leclerc.


title: Alex Albon

text: In 2017 Albon moved up to the FIA Formula 2 Championship with ART, where he finished his maiden year tenth in the standings. He then switched to the DAMS team for , winning four races and finishing third in the championship. He made his Formula One début in with Toro Rosso alongside Daniil Kvyat. After twelve races, Albon was promoted to Red Bull Racing, partnering Max Verstappen and replacing Pierre Gasly. He took his first podium finish – and the first in a World Championship Formula One race for a Thai driver – at the 2020 Tuscan Grand Prix. After two seasons in Formula One, Albon was demoted to a test and reserve driver role with Red Bull for and his seat was taken by Sergio Pérez. Albon returned to Formula One in , driving for Williams, with which he is due to stay for 2023.


title: Alex Albon

text: Albon was born at the Portland Hospital in London, England on 23 March 1996. His father, Nigel Albon is a former British racing driver who participated in the British Touring Car Championship and Porsche Carrera Cup. His mother, Kankamol, is from Thailand.


title: Alex Albon

text: Growing up in Bures, Suffolk alongside a younger brother, Luca, and three sisters, Chloe, Zoe and Alicia, Albon attended Ipswich School before leaving to pursue his professional racing career, citing Michael Schumacher and Valentino Rossi as being inspirational figures when he was younger. Albon holds dual British and Thai nationality, and races under the Thai flag. Albon is known to practise Buddhism.


title: Alex Albon

text: Albon started competitively racing karts in 2005 at the age of 8, competing locally and winning his local Hoddesdon Championship. In 2006 Albon started racing in the cadet class, finishing 1st at the Kartmasters British Grand Prix and participating in the Super 1 National Honda Cadet Championship finishing 1st in 2006 and 2nd in 2007. In 2008 he moved up to the KF3 class where he stayed until 2010. During this time Albon won the Kartmasters British Grand Prix, Formula Kart Stars Championship, KF Winter Series, Super 1 National KF3 Championship, CIK-FIA World Cup, and CIK-FIA European Championship. In 2011 Albon graduated to KF1 placing 2nd in the WSK Euro Series and 2nd at the CIK-FIA World Championship.


title: Alex Albon

text: From karting Albon graduated to the Formula Renault 2.0 Eurocup series where he drove for EPIC Racing in 2012 alongside Kevin Giovesi, Konstantin Tereschenko, Kevin Jörg, Dennis Wusthoff and Christof von Grunigen and finished 38th out of 49 in the championship after having a tough year and being unable to score points.


title: Alex Albon

text: In 2013 Albon joined KTR to race in the 2013 Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 season alongside Yu Kanamaru and Ignazio D'Agosto finishing 16th out of 36 in the championship. Albon managed to secure one fastest lap and one pole position in the 2013 season, both of them coming at the Red Bull Ring in Austria. He finished the 2013 season with 22 points. In 2014 Albon raced alongside Gregor Ramsay, Jules Gounon and Callan O'Keefe and enjoyed a much more successful year. He was once again unable to find a win at any of the 14 races but managed to get one pole position at the Nürburgring and finished 3rd in the drivers' championship with 117 points.


title: Alex Albon

text: In 2015, Albon switched to European Formula 3, racing at Signature with teammate Dorian Boccolacci. He finished seventh overall, with two pole positions (scored at the Norisring), 5 podiums (including four rookie wins), and 187 points overall.


title: Alex Albon

text: In December 2015, Albon partook in post-season testing with ART Grand Prix. In 2016, Albon raced for ART in the GP3. Albon claimed four wins and finished as runner-up in the championship to teammate Charles Leclerc.


title: Alex Albon

text: In 2017, Albon graduated to the FIA Formula 2 Championship, with ART. His teammate for the season would be Nobuharu Matsushita, who at the time was also signed as a development driver for McLaren. He made his debut in Bahrain, where he started in 9th place on the starting grid for the feature race and finished 6th. For the sprint race, Albon qualified 3rd on the grid, behind Luca Ghiotto and his teammate, Matsushita. However, mechanical problems forced Matsushita to start from the pitlane promoting Albon to second. Albon struggled for grip for the majority of the race and finished in 7th position.


title: Alex Albon

text: At the Spanish round Albon placed 3rd on the provisional starting grid for the feature race. Charles Leclerc led into turn one, but found himself under fire from Ghiotto and Albon after locking up. Leclerc began to pull away from Ghiotto, who began to fall into the clutches of Albon, who subsequently made a move into turn one and took second place from


title: Alex Albon

text: Ghiotto. Leclerc pitted on lap seven, along with Matsushita, leaving Albon with the lead of the race. Sergio Canamasas ground to a halt on lap 10 owing to problems with the car. Despite this, he did not pull off the track to retire – instead remaining on the track and gesturing to the marshals asking for a push-start. The dangerous position of the car initially brought out the virtual safety car and eventually, the safety car itself. As the race resumed, Leclerc and Ghiotto began to scythe through the pack. Oliver Rowland eventually pressured Albon into a mistake to take the lead of the race, although both still had an impending pitstop to make. With the fresh rubber, Albon and Rowland were staging a comeback with both drivers challenging for the podium toward the latter stages of the race, Albon later finished the race in 5th position. In the sprint race, Albon started 4th on the grid and enjoyed a well-fought battle with Leclerc for the majority of the race and after battling for several laps, Leclerc finally passed Albon for fifth place. Later in the race however Albon dropped back, finishing the race in 8th position.


title: Alex Albon

text: At the Monaco round, Albon qualified second on the grid with a time of 1:19.321 seconds. In qualifying, the grid was separated into two Groups due to safety concerns over the short and tight nature of the circuit. Albon was part of the 'Group B' qualifying and managed to gain the fastest time in that group, only qualifying 12 hundredths of a second behind Leclerc who qualified in Group A. After an aborted start due to Antonio Fuoco and Sean Gelael's engines stalling on the grid, Leclerc led into the first corner, followed by Albon. A concertina effect occurred at the Grand Hotel Hairpin as Canamasas was spun, causing Gelael to lose his front wing and bringing out a local yellow. Later in the race, Albon found himself stuck behind the slower moving Norman Nato and Jordan King, which eventually caused him to lose places, finishing the race in a disappointing 4th position. In the Sprint Race, Albon started 5th on the grid, and after a very tight race, he dropped back to finish in 6th position. Albon missed the Baku round of the Championship due to injury. Albon had sustained a broken collarbone whilst out on a mountain biking training ride, and was unable to compete due to the over-the-shoulder seat belts used in Formula 2.


title: Alex Albon

text: Albon was back in action for the fifth round of the championship, stating that his initial feeling on returning to action after breaking his collarbone was "a lot better" than he expected. He confirmed that the bone was still "clearly broken" following an x-ray on the Tuesday before the race weekend, and explained that the main issue he is having in the car is a "numb feeling" from the scar he received during successful surgery after the crash. Albon finished the practice session in 8th, which showed that despite the injury, the chance for his first podium in Formula 2 was a possibility. Albon qualified in 4th for the Feature Race, however, he was later promoted to third on the provisional starting grid after Sérgio Sette Câmara was disqualified after the qualifying session after failing to provide the required 1 litre fuel sample. Albon finished the Feature Race in 5th position, after losing places to Oliver Rowland and Nicholas Latifi (both racing for DAMS) whose car proved to have a lot of pace. For the Sprint Race, Albon started the race 4th on the grid and managed to move up the grid to clinch his first podium in Formula 2, finishing behind Artem Markelov. He would later score another podium at the sprint race at the season finale in Abu Dhabi, finishing in second after being overtaken by Leclerc on the final lap. He finished 10th in the drivers' championship in his first F2 season, scoring 86 points.


title: Alex Albon

text: In April 2018, DAMS announced that they signed Albon for the 2018 season to partner Nicholas Latifi. While initially only confirmed for the opening round, he was later confirmed as a full-time driver for the team the following month. He started the season with fourth place in the feature race in Bahrain before finishing thirteenth in the sprint race.


title: Alex Albon

text: For the next round in Baku, Albon started from pole for the feature race and followed it up with his first win in F2, while in the sprint race he finished thirteenth again.


title: Alex Albon

text: At the next two rounds in Barcelona and Monaco, Albon took two more pole positions but finished fifth in the feature race in Spain after getting away slowly while in the sprint he finished second behind Jack Aitken. In Monaco, however, it was a weekend to forget for the Thai driver, as in the feature race, he collided with Nyck de Vries as he was entering the pitlane, spinning him around in the pitlane entrance, while in the sprint race he collided with Campos' Roy Nissany approaching the Nouvelle Chicane.


title: Alex Albon

text: Another retirement would follow in the feature race at Le Castellet after he suffered an engine failure. In the sprint race, he finished seventh, one place ahead of Latifi. After finishing fifth in both races at the Red Bull Ring, Albon won the feature race at Silverstone, before collecting two more wins at the sprint race at the Hungaroring, and the feature race at Sochi. A stall on the grid in the feature race at Abu Dhabi ended his title chances; he finished fourteenth in the feature race and eighth in the sprint race, leaving him third in the drivers' championship behind fellow future F1 drivers George Russell and Lando Norris.


title: Alex Albon

text: Albon was signed by Nissan e.dams alongside Sébastien Buemi as one of its drivers for the 2018–19 Formula E season, but he was released before the start of the season to instead drive in the 2019 Formula One season for Toro Rosso.


title: Alex Albon

text: His place was taken by former F2 colleague Oliver Rowland, who previously competed in the 2015 Punta del Este ePrix as an injury replacement for Mahindra Racing's Nick Heidfeld.


title: Alex Albon

text: On 26 November 2018, it was announced that Albon had been released from his Nissan e.dams Formula E contract after rumours he was to sign for Scuderia Toro Rosso in Formula One. On the same day, Toro Rosso announced Albon would join the team for alongside Daniil Kvyat and thus Albon's relationship with Red Bull, which had ended seven years prior, was restored. He is the second Thai driver to compete in Formula One and the first since Prince Bira competed in .


title: Alex Albon

text: Albon qualified thirteenth and finished fourteenth in his debut race, the . He scored his first points at the following race, the , finishing ninth. A heavy crash in practice for the forced him to miss qualifying and start the race from the pit lane. He recovered in the race to finish tenth and win the "Driver Of The Day" award. He reached the third qualifying session (Q3) for the first time at the and finished the race eighth. Damage caused by contact with Antonio Giovinazzi on the first lap of the later led to Albon's first race retirement.


title: Alex Albon

text: Albon's best qualifying result with Toro Rosso came at the with ninth place, although he failed to score points in the race. Albon started the in sixteenth place. He and Toro Rosso took advantage of changing weather conditions to run as high as fourth and eventually finish sixth, albeit behind teammate Kvyat who claimed the team's first podium finish in over ten years. At this stage of the season, Albon had scored 16 points to Kvyat's 27.


title: Alex Albon

text: After the , Red Bull Racing announced that Albon would be replacing Pierre Gasly and partnering Max Verstappen at the team from the onwards, with Gasly returning to Toro Rosso. On the mid-season change, Red Bull stated: ”The team will use the next nine races to evaluate Alex's performance in order to make an informed decision as to who will drive alongside Max in 2020.”


title: Alex Albon

text: At the Belgian Grand Prix, Albon was forced to start from seventeenth place due to a power unit change. He recovered to finish fifth in the race after passing Sergio Pérez on the final lap. After sixth-place finishes at the Italian and Singapore Grands Prix, Albon finished fifth at the having crashed in qualifying and started from the pit lane. Albon and Verstappen set identical lap times in qualifying at the and Albon finished a career-best fourth in the race. He finished fifth at both the Mexican and United States Grands Prix, despite taking damage on the opening lap and making three pit stops at the latter. He was in second place on the penultimate lap of the , but was hit by Lewis Hamilton during an overtaking attempt, dropping Albon to fourteenth place at the finish.


title: Alex Albon

text: Albon ended his debut season eighth in the World Drivers' Championship with 92 points. He received the "Rookie of the Year" award at the FIA Prize Giving Ceremony.


title: Alex Albon

text: Albon continued racing for Red Bull alongside Verstappen in . In the closing stages of the season-opening , Albon was in third place at the safety car restart on new soft-compound tyres, behind the leading Mercedes cars on older hard tyres. Albon attempted to overtake Lewis Hamilton but the two made contact, sending Albon into the gravel. Albon later retired with an electrical failure which engine supplier Honda blamed on the collision. He came under pressure from Racing Point's Sergio Pérez in the final laps of the but maintained fourth place after the drivers made contact, damaging Pérez's front wing. Red Bull commented that they were unsure why Albon lacked pace in the race. He started thirteenth and recovered to fifth at the .


title: Alex Albon

text: Albon crashed heavily in practice for the and went on to qualify twelfth. He received a penalty in the race for causing a collision with Kevin Magnussen and dropped to the back of the field before ultimately finishing eighth. He qualified fifth for the but finished sixth after being passed by Renault's Esteban Ocon on the final lap. He was fifteenth at the having taken collision damage and a time penalty on the opening lap. Albon took his maiden Formula One podium at the by overtaking Daniel Ricciardo in the closing laps, the first podium for a Thai Formula One driver.


title: Alex Albon

text: Albon claimed only a single point over the next four races; he finished tenth at the , collided with former teammate Daniil Kvyat and later retired with a damaged radiator at the , was lapped by Verstappen and finished twelfth at the and dropped to fifteenth at the due to a spin with five laps remaining. He took his second Formula One podium at the after Sergio Pérez retired from third place due to an engine failure, making him the first Asian driver to score more than one podium finish in Formula One.


title: Alex Albon

text: Albon finished the season seventh in the World Drivers' Championship, scoring 105 of Red Bull's 319 points.


title: Alex Albon

text: Albon was demoted to the role of test and reserve driver with Red Bull for , his race seat being taken by Sergio Pérez. Following his demotion, Albon remarked that "it hurts" but added that he hoped to return to a race seat for . After finishing his 2021 DTM campaign, he took on a coaching role for AlphaTauri driver Yuki Tsunoda starting from the 2021 Turkish Grand Prix.


title: Alex Albon

text: Albon returned to a Formula One race seat in with Williams, replacing George Russell and partnering former Formula 2 teammate Nicholas Latifi. Red Bull team principal Christian Horner revealed that Albon retained "a link to Red Bull" and that the team had an option to recall him for .


title: Alex Albon

text: In his first race for Williams, the , Albon out-qualified Latifi and finished the race thirteenth. He was in twelfth place in the final laps of the , but failed to finish after a collision with Lance Stroll for which Albon was penalised. He scored his first point for Williams at the by finishing tenth; he started the race from last place and made his mandatory pit stop with one lap remaining. He again started last at the due to a brake fire in qualifying, but recovered to finish the race eleventh. Albon qualified eighteenth for the inaugural Miami Grand Prix and was classified ninth, his second points score of the season. At the British Grand Prix Albon was involved in an opening lap crash with Yuki Tsunoda and Esteban Ocon after he was hit from behind by Sebastian Vettel. He was hospitalised for precautionary checks and suffered no serious injuries.


title: Alex Albon

text: At the Belgian Grand Prix he reached Q3 for the first time with Williams, qualifying ninth and starting sixth due to grid penalties for other drivers. He finished the race tenth, scoring a point. Albon was forced to withdraw from the after suffering from appendicitis and was replaced by Nyck de Vries. Williams later revealed that Albon had suffered anaesthetic-related respiratory failure following his surgery but was recovering well. He recovered in time for the , three weeks later, where he retired with damage from colliding with the barriers. He then retired on the opening lap of the after a collision with Kevin Magnussen. An eighth-place start at the failed to produce points with a thirteenth-place finish. He qualified eleventh at the but a puncture caused his retirement from the sprint, demoting him to the back of the grid for the race. Albon ended the season nineteenth in the World Drivers' Championship, scoring 4 of Williams' 8 points.


title: Alex Albon

text: Albon was retained by Williams for on a multi-year contract and will partner Logan Sargeant, who replaces the departing Nicholas Latifi.


title: Alex Albon

text: Albon participated in 14 out of 16 races of the 2021 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, with Formula E driver Nick Cassidy taking his place for the final two races at the Norisring. He was driving for the Italian outfit AF Corse alongside Formula 2 driver Liam Lawson, with the backing from Red Bull.


title: Alex Albon

text: On 22 August 2021, Albon won his maiden DTM race at the Nürburgring, becoming the first Thai driver to win a DTM race.


title: Resident Evil 7: Biohazard

text: Resident Evil 7: Biohazard is a 2017 survival horror game developed and published by Capcom. The player controls Ethan Winters as he searches for his long-missing wife in a derelict plantation occupied by an infected family, solving puzzles and fighting enemies. "Resident Evil 7" diverges from the more action-oriented "Resident Evil 5" and "Resident Evil 6", returning to the franchise's survival horror roots, emphasizing exploration. It is the first main "Resident Evil" game to use a first-person view.


title: Resident Evil 7: Biohazard

text: "Resident Evil 7" is the first full-length game to use Capcom's in-house RE Engine. The development was led by Koshi Nakanishi, director of the 2012 Nintendo 3DS game "". A year prior to its announcement at E3 2016, it was presented as a virtual reality demo called "Kitchen". The team took inspiration from the 1981 film "The Evil Dead," scaled back the game to one location, and used a first-person perspective to immerse players. Two downloadable content scenarios were released, "Not a Hero" and "End of Zoe."


title: Resident Evil 7: Biohazard

text: "Resident Evil 7" was released in January 2017 for PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One, followed by a cloud version for the Nintendo Switch in May 2018 in Japan and December 2022 worldwide, and PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S versions in June 2022. It also supports the PlayStation VR headset. The game received generally favorable reviews and was considered a return to form for the series; critics praised the gameplay, innovation, and uses of virtual reality, but the boss battles and final chapter drew some criticism. As of June 2022, the game has sold 11 million copies worldwide. It was nominated for several end-of-year accolades. A sequel, "Resident Evil Village", was released on May 7, 2021.


title: Resident Evil 7: Biohazard

text: The player controls Ethan Winters from a first-person perspective as he searches a derelict estate for his missing wife. Although Ethan is a civilian with few combat skills, he is able to arm himself with a variety of weapons including handguns, shotguns, flamethrowers, explosives and chainsaws against the estate's residents, the Baker family, as well as humanoid fungal creatures known as the "Molded" and mutated insects. He can block attacks to reduce damage. Various sections of the game are spent being pursued by members of the Baker family, who, if engaged in combat, can only be temporarily incapacitated. However, these encounters are avoidable by means of stealth, or running away.


title: Resident Evil 7: Biohazard

text: Unlike "Resident Evil 5" and "Resident Evil 6", the gameplay emphasizes horror and exploration over action. The inventory uses a grid-based system with an initial capacity of 12 slots, but may be expanded several times over the course of the game. An item can occupy up to two spaces, and four items may be assigned to the D-pad. Item boxes found in save rooms may be used to manage and store items, and can be retrieved from different item boxes for later use. Items in the inventory can be used, examined, or combined with other items to increase their usefulness. Many of the game's puzzles require that items be examined under certain conditions in order to reveal secrets. Tape recorders can be used to manually save the game's progress, which, depending on the given difficulty level, may require the use of a cassette tape. Videotapes are scattered for Ethan to find, which place the player in the perspective of a different character, often revealing plot information or clues needed to solve a puzzle. The PlayStation 4 version is playable in virtual reality using the PlayStation VR headset.


title: Resident Evil 7: Biohazard

text: Items can be unlocked by completing various in-game objectives (i.e. beating the game in a certain time or on a specific difficulty); these items will then show up in the item box on subsequent playthroughs. These items include glasses that point out the location of items, a powerful handgun, a circular saw, shoes that increase walking speed, and scrolls that decrease damage taken while guarding, among others.


title: Resident Evil 7: Biohazard

text: In 2017, Ethan Winters, a civilian with an unknown background, is drawn to a derelict plantation in Dulvey, Louisiana, by a message from his wife Mia, who has been missing for the past three years. Exploring a seemingly abandoned house, Ethan finds Mia imprisoned in the basement. During their escape, Mia suddenly becomes extremely violent and attacks Ethan, forcing him to kill her. After receiving a call from a woman named Zoe offering assistance, Ethan is attacked again by a revived Mia, cutting his left hand off, and then subdued by Jack Baker, patriarch of the Baker family. He is then dragged to another house where Zoe sews his hand back on. Ethan is held captive by Jack, his wife Marguerite, their son Lucas, and an elderly wheelchair-bound woman. Although Ethan escapes his captors, he is repeatedly confronted by Jack, who demonstrates the ability to regenerate from fatal wounds and dismemberment.


title: Resident Evil 7: Biohazard

text: Zoe again contacts Ethan, revealing she is the Bakers' daughter. Zoe informs Ethan that she, her family, and Mia are all infected with the same ailment, but can be cured with a special serum. Ethan makes his way to an old house to retrieve the serum ingredients, where he manages to kill Marguerite. After recovering the ingredients, Ethan experiences visions of an unknown young girl. Lucas captures Zoe and Mia before Ethan's return, and forces him to navigate a booby-trapped barn to find them. Ethan outwits Lucas, causing him to flee, and frees Zoe and Mia. Zoe then develops two serum doses, but Jack, now heavily mutated, attacks Ethan, who uses one dose to seemingly kill him. Ethan must then choose to cure either Mia or Zoe.