title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: In early August, a low pressure area formed southwest of Taiwan on August 1. Two days later, the disturbance strengthened into a tropical depression according to the JMA, and the JTWC designated the depression as "Tropical Depression 08W". 08W dissipated on August 4, as it made landfall on Huidong County in Guangdong. On August 8, a tropical depression formed east of Vietnam. The JMA classified the system as a tropical storm and was given the name "Mulan". The JTWC classified Mulan as a monsoon depression. Mulan travelled across the South China Sea and passed the Qiongzhou Strait before making landfall on Northern Vietnam and dissipating on August 11. On August 10, another low pressure area formed northwest of Iwo Jima. The JMA named the system as "Meari" as it reached tropical storm status. Meari made landfall near Shizuoka Prefecture before it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by August 14. The storm disturbed multiple events held in Japan and caused some transportation in the country to be suspended. Additionally, causing minor damages to houses. On August 14, the JMA began tracking a weak tropical depression that formed west of the International Date Line. The depression only lasted until the next day. On August 19, the JMA began tracking a low pressure area north of Palau. The system was then named "Ma-on" by the JMA as it reached tropical storm status on August 22. The storm further strengthened into a severe tropical storm on the same day. Ma-on first made landfall over Maconacon in the province of Isabela before exiting the Philippine Area of Responsibility on August 24. Ma-on then made its second landfall near Yangjiang, China the next day and its final landfall in Northern Vietnam before it was last noted on August 26. Ma-on killed at seven people in the Philippines and Vietnam and caused moderate damages to infrastructures in both countries. On August 21 after Ma-on formed, another tropical depression formed northeast of Guam. Due to favoritable conditions, the depression rapidly intensified into a tropical storm and was named "Tokage" by the JMA. Three days later, the JTWC upgraded Tokage into a typhoon, with the JMA following suit 3 hours later. Tokage reached its peak intensity as a Category 3 before entering hostile environments east of Japan. Tokage became an extratropical storm on August 25 before it was last noted south of Alaska. Additionally, on August 22, a tropical depression formed north of Typhoon Tokage. However, it dissipated on the same day. Nearing the end of August on the 28th, a tropical depression formed southeast of Japan. The depression was named "Hinnamnor" by the JMA 6 hours later upon formation. Hinnamnor later strengthened into the basin's first Category 5-equivalent typhoon. Hinnamnor headed west towards the Ryuku Islands and stalled south of the prefecture while maintaining its strength. On August 30, another tropical depression formed south of intensifying Typhoon Hinnamnor. The depression was named "Gardo" by the PAGASA. Gardo was short lived and its structure was absorbed by Typhoon Hinnamnor near Taiwan. Hinnamnor later headed north in the East China Sea and restrengthened into a Category 3-equivalent typhoon. The typhoon then made landfall near Busan in South Korea and the JMA declared Hinnamnor as an extratropical low as it was located in the Sea of Japan. Hinnamnor killed at least 12 people and caused widespread damage across South Korea and Japan. Additionally, Hinnamnor's outer bands brought heavy rain across Taiwan and the Philippines causing moderate damage.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On September 5, a tropical depression formed near the Japanese island of Iwo-To. The JTWC designated the system as Invest 91W upon formation. The depression later intensified into a tropical storm and was named "Muifa" by the JMA. Muifa then intensified further into a Category 1 typhoon as it was located south of Okinawa. The typhoon reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 typhoon and passed the Yaeyama Islands on September 12 as it headed north very slowly while weakening. Muifa then slightly regained its strength in the East China Sea and made landfall near Shanghai in China two days later. The typhoon suspended several flights and port activities within the city. Muifa also became the strongest typhoon to strike Shanghai, beating the previous record set by Typhoon Gloria in 1949. Muifa then degenerated into a remnant low over the Chinese mainland until it was last noted on September 16. On September 9, a tropical depression formed west of Wake Island. The JTWC later designated the depression as 15W. It was then named "Merbok" as it strengthened into a tropical storm on September 12. Merbok then further intensified into a Category 1 typhoon before it headed north and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by September 15. Merbok's remnants later brought gale force winds along Alaska. It then entered the Bering Sea, generating a dangerous storm surge which inundated several coastal villages and towns. Despite the impact, no injuries were reported. On September 11, the JMA began tracking a weak tropical depression which formed east of Iwo-To. The JTWC followed suit and designated the system as 16W on the next day. The depression later strengthened into a tropical storm and was named "Nanmadol" by the JMA. Nanmadol then intensified into a Category 1 typhoon on the same day. It further reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 typhoon as it approached Japan. The approaching typhoon prompted the JMA to issue a special warning which advised at least 4 million people to evacuate. Nanmadol then made landfall on the island of Kyushu. The typhoon then turned east before weakening further on September 19. Nanmadol killed at least 2 people and left more than 70 people injured. Additionally, the typhoon left more than 200,000 people without electricity.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: After Nanmadol, the monsoon trough east of the Philippines set up, and a tropical disturbance embedded in it got upgraded by the Japan Meteorological Agency into a tropical depression. On the following day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center designed the depression as 17W. Two days later, as it was approaching Japan, it intensified into a tropical storm, and was given the international name of "Talas". However, soon after, Talas weakened back into a tropical depression and dissipated as it made its approach towards Southern Japan. Despite this short duration, Talas killed at least three people and caused a power outage across Japan's Shizuoka Prefecture. Another system in the monsoon trough formed in the Philippine Sea after Talas, and the JMA began tracking the system as a tropical depression. The depression was in a favorable environment for development and made the JTWC to classify the system as 18W on the next day. As the system formed within the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), it was given the name Karding by the agency. On September 23, the depression intensified into a tropical storm, and was named "Noru". After being initially sheared, Noru began a period of explosive intensification, developing a pinhole eye and intensifying briefly into a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon as it approached Luzon, Philippines. Noru however weakened due to increasing shear, and made its first landfall over the Polillo Islands in the municipality of Burdeos, Quezon. Shortly after, Noru rapidly weakened back into a Category 2-equivalent typhoon shortly before its second landfall over Dingalan, Aurora. Noru then entered the South China Sea where the typhoon re-intensified back into a Category 3-equivalent typhoon. Noru then re-developed a pinhole eye and reintensified into a Category 4 in the South China Sea, before getting sheared and striking Vietnam as a strong Category 2 before heading inland the Indochina Peninsula. Shortly after Noru's formation the JMA began tracking another tropical depression southeast of Japan. The depression was then named "Kulap" shortly after. Kulap gradually intensified in the open Pacific Ocean, becoming a typhoon as per the Joint Typhoon Warning Center by September 28. As the Philippines was still reeling from the effects of Super Typhoon Noru, PAGASA named Tropical Depression Luis in the Philippine Sea, with JTWC later designating Luis as 20W. Luis left the PAR shortly after without affecting the country. Outside the PAR, the storm began intensifying and was classified as a tropical storm which was then named "Roke" by the JMA. It quickly reached Category 1 strength and hours later on September 29, as a Category 2 typhoon. The intensification didn't last long and like Kulap, it didn't impact any areas. Roke eventually became an extratropical cyclone. However, Roke's remnants later developed into a subtropical storm.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On October 11, a depression named Maymay by the PAGASA, formed off the coast of the Philippines. Maymay was rather short lived and dissipated the next day. Despite the depression being short-lived, two people were killed from the storm and the storm caused infrastructure and agricultural damage. On the next day, another tropical depression classified as 21W formed east of the Mariana Islands. 21W was also short lived and never made landfall. On October 13, another tropical depression formed west of the Philippines in the South China Sea. The depression reached tropical storm status and was named "Sonca" by the JMA. Sonca made landfall in Quang Ngai Province, Vietnam and dissipated shortly after. 10 fatalities were reported in the region due to the heavy precipitation from the storm. On the same day Sonca formed, another tropical depression formed in the Philippine Sea. The storm was named "Nesat" on October 15, as the storm passed just north of the island of Luzon. Nesat then entered the South China Sea where it intensified further into a typhoon. Nesat reached its peak intensity as a Category 2 typhoon and began losing its strength as it approached Vietnam. Nesat dissipated on October 20, off the coast of Hainan Island. During its lifespan, Nesat caused minor damage across the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Hong Kong. However, no fatalities were reported. On October 18, Tropical Storm "Haitang" formed after interacting with a non-tropical low and degenerating Tropical Depression 21W since October 14. Haitang was also short lived and became extratropical the next day. On the same day Haitang formed, another tropical depression formed south of Okinawa. The depression was classified as 25W as it headed west before it dissipated in the South China Sea without intensifying further. However, two reported deaths were reported from 25W in the Philippines. On October 26, a tropical depression formed in the Philippine Sea. As the system approached the Philippines, the JMA classified the low as a tropical storm where it named it "Nalgae". Nalgae (Paeng) intensified into a severe tropical storm hours before striking the island of Catanduanes and the rest of the Bicol Region. Nalgae traveled across the Philippine archipelago, making 5 landfalls according to the PAGASA before emerging into the South China Sea where it further strengthened into a Category 1 typhoon, as per the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. As the typhoon approached the coast of China, Nalgae weakened back into a tropical storm due to hostile conditions and made landfall over Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai. Nalgae became the first tropical cyclone to make landfall over the country since Nepartak in 2003. Nalgae also caused heavy damage and flooding across the Philippines and killed at least 154 people in the country alone. On October 28, as Nalgae ravaged Southern Luzon, a tropical depression formed southeast of the Philippines, passing near Palau, with the PAGASA naming it as "Queenie". On November 1, the JMA classified the system as a tropical storm and named it "Banyan". Banyan however weakened back into a tropical depression the next day due to strong wind shear and dissipated before reaching the Philippines, only delivering some rainshowers as a remnant low. On November 11, a tropical depression formed near Wake Island. The JMA later named the system "Yamaneko" as it reached tropical storm status. Yamaneko was a short lived system and dissipated three days later. Yamaneko was an out to sea storm, harming no land area near it, and a relatively weak system in terms of intensity.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On December 9, a tropical depression formed east of the Philippines. The system continued to drift towards the Philippines and began to turn eastwards, where the system was named "Pakhar" by the JMA and "Rosal" by the PAGASA, as it reached tropical storm status. Pakhar's close approach to the Bicol Region and Polillo, Quezon prompted the PAGASA to raise Tropical Cyclone Warning Signal (TCWS) #1 in some areas in Southern Luzon. Pakhar killed 8 people indirectly from a flood that swept away a jeep in Rizal as it was making its close approach to the archipelago. Pakhar then intensified further, but later rapidly weakening and dissipating by December 12 from high vertical wind shear and dry air sent by the northeast monsoon, making its circulation exposed.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: A tropical disturbance formed after crossing Palawan on late March. The disturburance then, developed into a low-pressure area southeast of Da Nang, Vietnam, where it developed into the first tropical depression of the season, at 18:00 UTC on March 29. At 21:00 UTC at the same day, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) for the system after its development of a tropical depression. On the next day, the agency upgraded to a tropical depression, assigning it the designation "01W". Shortly after, the agency issued their final advisory on the system after it made landfall in the southeastern part of Vietnam on March 30, shortly after dissipating.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: In Vietnam, floods caused by the storm have killed six people. The storm left one missing and eight injured. Flooding also caused two houses to collapse.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: The JTWC first noted the existence of a tropical disturbance on April 3. Favorable conditions near the system helped it develop, with the JMA recognizing the system as a tropical depression on April 6. Later in the day, the JTWC issued a TCFA for the system. The following day, the JTWC recognized the system as a tropical depression and gave it the designation "02W". At 21:00 UTC, the JTWC then upgraded it to a tropical storm. On April 8, the system developed into a tropical storm and was named "Malakas" by the JMA. Malakas continued traveling over the Pacific Ocean, and began to slowly intensify, becoming a severe tropical storm on the April 11, then a typhoon by April 12. At around the same time, it entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), receiving the local name of "Basyang" from the PAGASA at 03:00 UTC. Malakas then lingered for a while at the border of the PAR before eventually exiting 5 hours later, while intensifying into a Category 2-equivalent typhoon. Malakas then continued its intensification, reaching Category 3-equivalent status later that day, and into a Category 4-equivalent typhoon on April 13, reaching its peak intensity. The following day, Malakas weakened to a Category 3-equivalent typhoon as its eye structure degraded. It further weakened to Category 1-equivalent status later in the day. By April 15, it began its transition into an extratropical cyclone, with its structure rapidly deteriorating. The JTWC gave their final warning on the system at 09:00 UTC of the same day, while the JMA did the same around 18:00 UTC.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On April 8, the JTWC noted the persistence of an area of convection west-northwest of Palau. Since the storm's conditions were favorable for development, the JMA included the storm in its weather summary as a tropical depression off the coast east of Visayas later that day. Around the same time, the PAGASA announced that the system had developed into a tropical depression, was named "Agaton" by the agency. The PAGASA began issuing Tropical Cyclone Bulletins (TCBs) for the storm later that day. On the next day, the JTWC later issued a TCFA for the system. At 03:00 UTC, the agency upgraded it to a tropical depression and assigned it the identifier "03W". On April 10, the JMA upgraded it to a tropical storm, assigning it the name "Megi". It made its first landfall in Calicoan Island, Guiuan at 07:30 PHT (23:30 UTC). Megi then stalled in the Leyte Gulf for hours before making its second landfall in Basey, Samar.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: Megi then weakened into a tropical depression after lingering over the islands of Samar and Leyte, and the PAGASA removed all warning signals as it dissipated into a remnant low on the midnight of April 13.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: From April 8 to April 10, the storm meandered along the Eastern Visayas region, dumping heavy rain on the region. The PAGASA raised storm signals up to Signal No. 2 during the storm's onslaught. Cebu City was placed under a state of calamity following the heavy rain. Megi killed 214 people which made it the deadliest April tropical cyclone on record in the Philippines, injured eight people and left 134 people missing, and capsized a cargo boat in Ormoc following strong rains, winds, and flash floods that also displaced over 136,390 individuals. The Department of Agriculture estimated agricultural damage to reach ₱3.27 billion, while the Department of Public Works and Highways estimated infrastructural damage at ₱1.45 billion. Total damage from the storm is thus valued at ₱4.72 billion (US$90.8 million).


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: A low-pressure area west of Luzon developed into a tropical depression on June 28. At 20:00 PHT (12:00 UTC), the PAGASA had recognized the storm's development into a tropical depression, began issuing advisories, and named the system "Caloy". The following day, the JTWC issued a TCFA for the system. Caloy remained almost stationary in the South China Sea before slowly moving northwestwards, eventually leaving the Philippine Area of Responsibility by 15:00 UTC. As the PAGASA issued its last bulletin on the tropical depression, the JTWC began issuing warnings for the storm and was given the designation "04W". Later, the Japan Meteorological Agency upgraded Caloy into a tropical storm, naming it "Chaba". Chaba continued to intensify in the South China Sea, later being upgraded into a severe tropical storm east of Hainan. Typhoon Chaba's outer rainbands produced at least three tornadoes, which impacted Shantou, Chaozhou, and Foshan. On July 1 at 21:00 UTC, the JTWC upgraded Chaba to a typhoon, with the JMA doing the same 3 hours later on July 2 at 0:00 UTC. Later that day at 07:00 UTC, it made landfall on Maoming. Shortly after its landfall, both the JMA and the JTWC assessed that Chaba lost typhoon status, downgrading Chaba to a severe tropical storm and to a tropical storm respectively. The JTWC then issued their final warning on Chaba at 15:00 UTC. Shortly after, the JMA downgraded Chaba to a tropical storm; it was further downgraded to a tropical depression on July 3 at 06:00 UTC.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On June 30, the JTWC began issuing TCFAs for a tropical disturbance in the Philippine Sea, south-southeast of Kadena Air Base in Japan. At 14:00 PHT (06:00 UTC), the PAGASA recognized the disturbance's formation into a tropical depression, began issuing tropical cyclone bulletins, and named the system "Domeng". The JMA recognized the storm as a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC on the same day; the JTWC followed shortly after. On the next day, the Japan Meteorological Agency upgraded Domeng into a tropical storm and named it "Aere" as it was east of Batanes. Aere then continued to track north and at 03:00 UTC on July 2, Aere left the Philippine Area of Responsibility; the PAGASA released its final bulletin on the storm shortly after. Later that day, Aere made landfall over Okinawa. On July 3 at 09:00 UTC, the JTWC downgraded Aere to a tropical depression. However, three days later, the JTWC released another unofficial bulletin, reclassifying this disturbance as a subtropical storm, with an estimated pressure of 1000 hPa.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On July 26, a low-pressure area northwest of the Mariana Islands developed into a tropical depression. The system tracked northwest along the periphery of a subtropical high, with limited intensification. After some development while over the Philippine Sea on July 28, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm, giving it the name "Songda". The JTWC recognized the system's formation into a tropical depression on July 29, three days after the JMA. Songda continued tracking northwestwards, passing over the waters of Kagoshima Prefecture on July 30, slowing down over the Yellow Sea. It then recurved towards mainland Korea, losing its strength as it entered unfavorable conditions which sheared its center. Songda dissipated on August 1; its remnants made landfall over North Korea on August 2.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: Songda caused heavy rainfall over the Kyushu and Shikoku regions of Japan and over Jeju Island in South Korea. Despite strong winds and around 206 millimeters of rain, no damages were reported on Jeju Island.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: A low-pressure area from a massive monsoon gyre developed into a tropical depression southeast of the Ryukyu Islands on July 29. The PAGASA followed suit in upgrading it, then named the system "Ester". Trases moved generally northward over the Philippine Sea, maintaining its strength as it did so. Trases exited the Philippine Area of Responsibility at 05:00 PHT (21:00 UTC) on July 31; the PAGASA issued their last bulletin on the storm at 11:00 PHT (03:00 UTC). As Trases neared the Okinawa Islands, the JMA upgraded it into a tropical storm, and it was given the name "Trases".


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: Trases then passed over Okinawa, and later made landfall in Jeju Island. The JTWC issued a TCFA. Later, they upgraded Trases into a tropical depression, and gave the designation of 07W. Trases then interacted with the nearby Tropical Depression Songda, and made a second landfall on the mainland of South Korea on August 1. Not long after, the JMA downgraded Trases into a tropical depression, and the JTWC issued their last advisory on it as it lingered near the western coast of South Korea.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On August 2, the JTWC noted an area of disorganized convection in the South China Sea, approximately to the south-southeast of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Under a favorable environment of warm sea surface temperatures, low wind shear, and moderate equatorial outflow, the convection rapidly consolidated a low-level circulation center which led the JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert by the next day. The JMA then upgraded the system into a tropical depression by 18:00 UTC the same day. The JTWC subsequently followed suit, designating the depression as 08W by early August 4. The system then struck Huidong County, Guangdong at 01:40 UTC that same day, according to the China Meteorological Administration, prompting the JTWC to issue its final advisory eight hours after landfall.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On August 5, the JTWC noticed an area of convection with a consolidating low-level circulation center at approximately to the south of Manila, Philippines. The system then subsequently moved over Luzon and emerged into the South China Sea, where it organized but its circulation remained broad, having two distinct vortices present in satellite imagery. The JMA then upgraded the system into a tropical depression by 00:00 UTC on August 8. The JTWC designated the system as a "monsoon depression" six hours later due to many centers present in the system, before issuing a TCFA as it was steadily organizing with its radius of maximum winds shrinking. By the next day, the JMA upgraded it into a tropical storm, and it was given the name "Mulan". The JTWC, however, did not recognize Mulan as tropical, due to its huge radius of maximum winds which "are typically present in monsoonal depressions." The storm did not intensify further, according to the JMA, and by 02:50 UTC on August 10, Mulan made landfall on the coastal areas of Xuwen County in Zhanjiang, Guangdong. The JTWC subsequently canceled the TCFA and downgraded its formation chances to medium. The JMA then downgraded the storm into a tropical depression as it moved inland in Vietnam by the next day, and was last noted six hours later the same day.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: Heavy rainfall in Vietnam caused flash flooding which resulted in the deaths of six people. The northern region of the country experienced torrential rainfall of about . The storm also caused agricultural damages of an estimated ₫2.5 million (US$106,850) after about 30,000 lobsters have died due to the effects of the storm.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: A low-pressure area developed into a tropical depression northwest of Iwo Jima on August 10. After JMA named the system "Meari", the JTWC followed suit in an unofficial bulletin, classifying this system as a tropical storm. However, according to the agency, because of colder waters, the storm returned to the Pacific Ocean after threatening the southern coast of Japan without causing major impacts.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: In preparation for Meari, government officials in Tokyo warned of heavy rains and strong winds. The final day of the Rock in Japan Festival was cancelled and ticket refunds were distributed. Three J1 League games in Tokyo and Kanagawa Prefecture were also cancelled. About 72,000 residents were evacuated in Shizuoka; two landslides were reported which isolated five houses. Power outages affected 1,200 homes in Shimizu and another 2,200 were affected in Kakegawa. Parts of the Shin-Tōmei Expressway, connecting Tokyo to Nagoya, were closed as a result of heavy rains, while tunnel speed limits were lowered. Rainfall also affected flights and bullet train services, the latter of which affecting 92,000 people. An elderly man in Hamamatsu sustained forehead injuries after being knocked down by strong winds.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On August 19, the JMA began tracking a low pressure area in the Philippine Sea, around north of Palau. The low pressure area slowly moved westwards, eventually developing into a tropical depression on August 20. The following day, the PAGASA also announced the system's formation into a tropical depression, and as a result of its position within the PAR, assigned it the name "Florita". Shortly afterwards, the JTWC designated the system as "10W". Florita remained relatively weak, having an exposed circulation. By August 22, it was upgraded to tropical storm, being designated "Ma-on" by the Japan Meteorological Agency, with the JTWC later following suit.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On the evening of August 22, the exposed low-level circulation center was obscured by a convection burst, which later turned into a central dense overcast, which prompted the JMA to upgrade Ma-on into a severe tropical storm. At 10 a.m. PHT, Ma-on made landfall at Maconacon, Isabela as a high-end severe tropical storm, just short of typhoon intensity, according to the PAGASA. Four fatalities occurred; infrastructural damage was at an estimated ₱499 million (US$8.88 million). Damage in the agricultural sector was at around ₱14.3 million (US$253,800).


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On the morning of August 25, Ma-on made landfall in Guangdong, China. Shortly after, the system moved westward to the Gulf of Tonkin. Later, the storm made its final landfall in Móng Cái, Quảng Ninh Province in Vietnam.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On August 21, the JMA noted that a tropical depression had formed to the northeast of Guam. Under a favorable environment of warm sea surface temperatures, low wind shear, and very good poleward outflow, the system rapidly intensified to become Tropical Storm Tokage by early next day. Moving north-northwest, Tokage would intensify into a severe tropical storm later by the same day, and by 09:00 UTC on August 23, the JTWC upgraded Tokage to a typhoon, with the JMA following suit three hours later. The storm would peak six hours later according to the JMA, with 10-minute sustained winds of and a pressure of 970 hPa, while the JTWC estimated Tokage to have peaked at 00:00 UTC the next day, with 1-minute sustained winds of , making Tokage a Category 3-equivalent typhoon on the Saffir-Simpson scale. After peaking, Tokage rapidly weakened under high wind shear as it curved northeastwards due to a deep-layered subtropical ridge positioned to the east of the storm, and commenced extratropical transition by 03:00 UTC on August 25. The storm would complete its transition 12 hours later, with the JTWC issuing its final advisory, and the JMA following suit three hours later.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On August 27, the JTWC began monitoring a disturbance located 461 nautical miles off Iwo Jima, which they labeled "Invest 90W." Following organization, the agency issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) at 04:10 UTC the next day. 6 hours later, it intensified into a tropical storm, being named "Hinnamnor" by the JMA. Moving due west, Hinnamnor steadily strengthened, gaining Category 1-equivalent winds of on August 29. At the same time, the JMA upgraded Hinnamnor to a typhoon. The system underwent rapid intensification, and proceeded to gain Category 3-equivalent winds at 12:00 UTC the same day. Quickly strengthening overnight, the storm quickly grew with Category 5-equivalent winds of , with a minimum pressure of with a pinhole eye. Hinnamnor then weakened following an eyewall replacement cycle, slowing down as it neared Okinawa. As it stalled south of the Prefecture, the storm re-intensified, with an intense central dense overcast forming along with a larger eye.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On August 31, at 5:30 p.m. PHT (09:30 UTC), Hinnamnor entered the PAGASA's Philippine Area of Responsibility and was named "Henry".


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: In Ifugao, a man was buried in the landslide due to heavy rains caused by the typhoon. Several flights were canceled to and from Okinawa. When the typhoon made landfall in South Korea, it brought severe impacts. 60,000 homes were left without electricity and an elderly woman died due to currents. Another 9 people are missing. In the city of Pohang, South Korea, seven people were killed in the flooding of an underground parking garage. Hinnamnor caused >$1 billion in damages.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On August 30 at 00:00 UTC, the JMA began tracking a westward-moving tropical depression. A few hours later, the PAGASA gave it the local name "Gardo" due to it being inside their area of responsibility. The JTWC issued a TCFA for the system, and would then upgrade the system to a tropical depression, designating it as "13W". Due to its proximity to Typhoon Hinnamnor, its outflow fully exposed 13W's circulation. On September 1, the JMA, the JTWC, and the PAGASA issued their final warnings on the system as it was absorbed into Hinnamnor.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: The JTWC detected a disturbance at approximately from Iwo-To. According to the agency, the cyclone achieved a favorable environment for a more comprehensive intensification because of the warm waters (between ) and was designated as "Invest 91W". A day later, the cyclone became a tropical storm according to the JTWC, being SSE of Kadena Air Base. The JMA, however, had not released any bulletin to designate this system until then. When the storm entered PAGASA's area of responsibility, it was named "Inday"; in its first bulletin, the agency stated that the storm was unlikely to impact the Philippines. Within the PAR, the storm strengthened into a severe tropical storm according to PAGASA. Muifa then intensified into a typhoon according to the JTWC, as it reached in sustained one-minute winds. Muifa continued intensifying, with the JTWC then assessing that Muifa reached Category 3-equivalent status on September 10. Then strengthening a bit more to a Category 4-equivalent typhoon. On September 12, Muifa hit Ishigaki Island; it left the PAR the same day in the afternoon. With winds of , the typhoon made landfall in Zhoushan around 20:30 local time, making a second landfall shortly after in Shanghai. It is the most powerful typhoon to strike Shanghai on record. Muifa was downgraded to a tropical storm when it made landfall according to the JTWC. Muifa was downgraded to a tropical depression again by the JTWC on its last bulletin for the system.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On September 13, China issued an orange alert (Signal #2) on Muifa, warning that it could impact the Taiwan Strait, in addition to the provinces of Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang, and Shanghai. Several flights departing from the airports in Zhoushan, Ningbo and Shanghai were suspended due to Muifa. Activities in the Port of Shanghai were also suspended.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On 06:00 UTC of September 9, the JMA briefly tracked a weak tropical depression to the east of Iwo To, Japan. The JMA re-upgraded the system to a tropical depression two days later. On September 12, the JTWC designated the system "16W" and it was located approximately southwest of Iwo-To. On the same day, the JMA and the JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical storm, with the JMA assigning it the name "Nanmadol". The storm then reached typhoon status on September 15. Nanmadol rapidly intensified into a very strong typhoon, according to the JTWC's thirteenth bulletin. Nanmadol then entered the PAGASA's Philippine Area of Responsibility at 09:40 UTC on September 16, and was given the name "Josie", however, it quickly left the PAR, just over four hours later, at 14:00 UTC on the same day. A system pressure of 910 hPa (mbar) was then recorded, the lowest so far this season. When it made landfall in southern Japan, the typhoon was downgraded to Category 3-equivalent status upon reaching Kyushu Islands. Upon directly impacting the country, it was downgraded again to Category 1-equivalent status. On its way to northeast Japan post-landfall, the cyclone was downgraded to a tropical storm by the JTWC. The JMA also followed suit and downgraded it to a severe tropical storm. In its twenty-ninth bulletin, the JTWC reported that Nanmadol was weakening as it moved over land in Japan and would be downgraded to an extratropical cyclone.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: Before the cyclone hit the country, the JMA issued a special warning that Nanmadol could cause severe damage, and at least 4 million people have been advised to leave their homes. Exceptionally high volumes of precipitation were recorded and resulted in flooding in streets, destruction of building walls. and destroyed power poles. At least 2 people died and another 70 people were injured. More than 200,000 people were left without electricity. In South Korea, the winds and rain caused by the typhoon also caused inconvenience. One person was injured, more than 700 people were evacuated from their homes, fallen trees were reported, and some locations in the southeast portion of the country were left without electricity.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On 00:00 UTC of September 9, the JMA began tracking a weak tropical depression that had developed west of Wake Island. The JMA downgraded the system to a low-pressure area shortly thereafter. However, on the next day, the JMA re-upgraded the system to a tropical depression. The JTWC followed suit and began issuing advisories, assigning it the designation "15W". In its fifth bulletin, the JTWC stated that 15W turned into a tropical storm when it reached one-minute sustained winds. The JMA named the system "Merbok" on September 12, due to it having achieved 10-minute sustained winds of . Later that day, Merbok reached severe tropical storm status. The next day, the JTWC reported that Merbok became a Category 1 typhoon, reaching sustained winds of . On September 15, the JTWC gave its final bulletin on Merbok, noting that it had moved away from habitable areas.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: After transitioning into an extratropical cyclone, the system tracked generally northeastward and continued to deepen as it approached the western Aleutian Islands. It crossed the islands, entering the Bering Sea late on as it maintained hurricane-force winds and reached its minimum central barometric pressure of early the next day. The storm track generated a large dynamic fetch across the Bering Sea, which contributed to a dangerous storm surge that inundated several coastal villages and towns in western Alaska. Governor Mike Dunleavy declared a state of emergency in the region before the cyclone hit. Water levels in Unalakleet peaked at around , which was among its largest peaks on record. Significant flooding and gale force winds were also reported in Golovin, Nome, Shaktoolik and Kotlik. Despite the widespread coastal flooding, no injuries were reported.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On September 20, a disturbance turned into a tropical depression according to the JMA. The JTWC reported that the low pressure encountered favorable environments for intensification by warm waters and low wind shear. The next day, the JTWC designated the system as "17W" as it was upgraded into a tropical depression. On September 23, the cyclone was upgraded to a tropical storm according to the JTWC's sixth bulletin. The storm was named "Talas" by the JMA. When it made landfall in southern Japan, it was downgraded to a tropical depression according to the seventh JTWC bulletin.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: A 10 to 12 centimeters total hourly, total 30 to 42 centimeters in twelve hours precipitation hit in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka City and other areas of Shizuoka Prefecture. A landslide hit Ōigawa Railway in Kawane, two transmission towers collapsed in Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, and 119,200 customers were affected by power outages in Shizuoka Prefecture, according to Heita Kawakatsu, Governor of Shizuoka. According to the official report, Talas killed three people and injured six others.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On September 21, a disturbance developed into tropical depression near the Philippines, according to the JMA. The JTWC designated this disturbance as "Invest 95W" and issued a bulletin noting that the low pressure system could have reasonable intensification due to low wind shear and warmer water. Hours later, the JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical depression, designating it as "18W". The PAGASA then followed suit on 00:00 UTC of September 22, and the tropical depression was assigned the name "Karding". A few hours later, the system reached tropical storm intensity and the JMA assigned it the name "Noru". The PAGASA raised TCWS #1 at 21:00 UTC on September 23, with TCWS #3 being raised a day later as the storm rapidly intensified into a typhoon. On 24 September, Noru entered the Philippine area of responsibility and reached typhoon intensity. Noru then underwent explosive intensification, during which, according to the JTWC, Noru's 1-minute sustained winds increased by . PAGASA raised signal No. 4 on the same day, informing that the north of Luzon could be severely impacted by the cyclone. At 00:00 UTC on September 25, the JTWC classified Karding as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon. PAGASA then followed and upgraded Noru to a super typhoon. At 5:30 p.m. Philippine Standard Time, according to the PAGASA, Noru struck Burdeos, Polillo Islands, Quezon Province. When it made landfall in the northern Philippines, the cyclone was downgraded to Category 4 according to the JTWC. At 8:20pm PHT, Noru struck Dingalan in the province of Aurora as a typhoon according to PAGASA. The terrain of the Sierra Madre mountain range weakened Noru as it passed through Central Luzon.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: Noru then slightly re-intensified in the West Philippine Sea, leaving the PAGASA's area of responsibility on Monday morning.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) of the Philippines reported at least ₱304 million (US$6.18 million) in infrastructural damages and ₱3.08 billion (US$62.5 million) in agricultural damages, totalling to ₱3.38 billion (US$68.7 million). 40 people have been reported dead following the typhoon, another 5 remain missing.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On September 24, the JTWC released a first report on a low pressure system and because it entered warmer waters and low wind shear, the agency named it "Invest 96W". The next day, JMA classified the system as a tropical depression. Hours later, the JTWC followed suit, and designated him "19W".


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: The next day, the cyclone intensified and the JTWC in its second bulletin, classified it as a "tropical storm". The JMA followed suit and called it "Kulap". The JMA quickly classified it as a "severe tropical storm" but the JTWC went further and upgraded it to a Category 1 typhoon. Upon threatening the Japanese coast, the cyclone continued its course until it was downgraded to a tropical storm, according to bulletins released by the two agencies. By moving to cooler areas and without threatening any habitable areas, the system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, prompting the agencies to issue their final advisories on the system.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On September 27, the JMA began to monitor a weak tropical depression that had developed in the Philippine Sea and had been designated as "Invest 98W" by the JTWC. The agency said in a TCFA bulletin that because it was in warmer waters and low shear, there was scope for broader intensification. The prediction was confirmed, and a few hours later, it was classified as a tropical depression, being called "20W". The following day, the storm entered the PAGASA's area of responsibility and was called "Luis", but it did not directly threaten the Philippines and left the PAGASA’s area of responsibility a few hours later. Subsequently, the cyclone gained strength and reached a "tropical storm" according to the second JTWC bulletin. The JMA named the system "Roke". Two days later, the JTWC and JMA classified it as a Category 1 typhoon, The intensification did not last long and Roke was downgraded to a tropical storm. Having the same fate as its predecessor Kulap, the JTWC released a final bulletin in which Roke had been downgraded to an extratropical cyclone. However, the cyclone intensified into a subtropical storm according to the JTWC's special bulletin. On October 1, it weakened into a subtropical depression.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On October 9, the JTWC started to monitor a persisting area of convection with a poorly-defined circulation at approximately to the east of Manila, Philippines. Under a favorable environment of warm sea surface temperatures, low to moderate wind shear, and strong poleward outflow, the system continued to organize before PAGASA upgraded it as a tropical depression, naming it as Maymay, late on October 10. The JMA subsequently followed suit by the next day. Later that same day, the JTWC issued a TCFA on Maymay, noting that the storm's center was tucked beneath the southeast side of an intense but disorganized convection. However, the storm's convective structure was detached from the main center due to a TUTT cell to the northeast of it, which made the storm weaken as it moved northwestwards, prompting the JMA to downgrade Maymay into a low-pressure area on October 12. The PAGASA subsequently followed suit late on the same day, and JTWC cancelled their TCFA by October 13.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: Though short-lived, Maymay killed two people in Cagayan, Philippines. The Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office (PDDRMO) in Cagayan estimated infrastructure and agricultural damage at ₱533 million (US$9.16 million) and 33,432 individuals were impacted by Maymay.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On October 12, the JTWC started to monitor an organizing area of convection with a fully obscured low-level center at approximately to the west of Saipan. Within a favorable environment of low wind shear, warm sea surface temperatures, and fair equatorial outflow, the agency would later issue a TCFA for the system four hours later, and initiate advisories on Tropical Depression 21W at 15:00 UTC the same day, noting the convection of the system became compact and symmetrical, and was displaced slightly from the center. The JMA followed suit three hours later. The system soon became severely sheared by the next day as wind shear increased dramatically while it continued moving eastward, before it got embedded into a convergent outer boundary of a deep TUTT cell positioned towards the northwest, helping the storm re-organize and intensify into a tropical storm by October 14. The storm, however, accelerated north-northeastwards at that point, as it got embedded under strong southerly flow within the eastern periphery of a broad subtropical upper-level low that would later become Tropical Storm Haitang, and it soon opened up into a tropical wave later the same day.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: Late on October 11, the JTWC started to monitor a scattered area of convection with a poorly-organized broad low-level center at approximately to the west-southwest of Manila, Philippines. Within a marginally favorable environment of no distinct outflow established, low to moderate wind shear, and warm sea surface temperatures, the system slightly organized by the next day, with flaring convection and its center remaining exposed. Nonetheless, the JMA upgraded the system into a tropical depression on October 13. The JTWC later issued a TCFA on the system on the same day, noting fragmented deep convection was wrapping into its broad low-level center. By the next day, the JTWC initiated advisories on the storm, designating it as 22W. Moving westward, the storm intensified into a tropical storm six hours later, with the JMA naming it as Sonca. Sonca failed to intensify further as its center remained exposed, with deep convection displaced to the west due to strong wind shear, and it soon made landfall on Da Nang, Vietnam late on the same day, promping the JTWC to issue their final advisory on the system. The JMA followed suit by October 15, as Sonca weakened into a tropical depression.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: As Sonca moved inland, it brought heavy rainfall to central Vietnam, with of rain fell in Da Nang during a 24-hour period on ; this resulted in major flooding throughout the region, with 10 fatalities reported. Initial estimated economic losses in Da Nang City caused by Sonca's heavy precipitation are around 1.48 trillion VND (US$60.8 million). Infrastructure losses in Thừa Thiên Huế province reached 337 billion VND (US$13.5 million). 2 people were killed and 4 injured in the province.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: Nesat formed from an area of disturbed weather east of the Philippines, and on October 13, entered the PAGASA's Philippine Area of Responsibility and was named "Neneng" by the agency. Neneng continued to intensify in the Philippine Sea and was given the international name of "Nesat" by the Japan Meteorological Agency. On October 16, at 3:50 a.m. Philippine Standard Time, the PAGASA noted that Nesat (Neneng) made its first landfall in the island of Calayan in the province of Cagayan as a severe tropical storm. According to the PAGASA, Nesat underwent "extreme" rapid intensification and became a typhoon after it passed through the Luzon Strait. A day after, Nesat exited the PAR, and the PAGASA stopped issuing advisories on the system.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: Flooding in northern Luzon caused damage to buildings and infrastructure. According to NDRRMC, 103,662 people were impacted when Nesat moved through, with 4,459 displaced; there were no fatalities. A final report by PDRRMO estimated infrastructure and agricultural damage at ₱474.2 million (US$8.15 million).


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: Since October 14, a non-tropical low with subtropical characteristics started to persist north of Minamitorishima and northwest of then-degenerating Tropical Depression 21W. The low remained stationary, slowly weakened and acquired more tropical characteristics next three days, and JTWC eventually declared a tropical depression early on October 18 when the system had been deepening again and became compact. Although the JMA reported a gale-force non-tropical low at the same time, the system was soon analyzed as a tropical storm and named "Haitang". The center of the storm soon became weakly-defined as extensive dry air entrained the storm, prompting the JTWC to downgrade the storm into a tropical depression and issue their final advisory late on the same day. The JMA, however, continued to issue advisories on the storm as it moved northeastwards, and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 19.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: Tropical Depression 25W formed northeast of the Philippines. It was expected to be a tropical storm, but never intensified as expected. According to Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office (MDRRMO), two deaths, a fisherman and his wife, were reported due to 25W.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On October 26, the JTWC reported in its TCFA (Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert) that a low pressure area near the Philippines was able to develop because of warm waters and low wind shear. The agency designated it as "Invest 93W". The JMA and the PAGASA then classified the disturbance as a tropical depression, with the latter assigning the name "Paeng" to the system. The JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical depression a day later, at 00:00 UTC on October 27, and it was given the designation "26W". At the same time, the JMA upgraded the typhoon to a tropical storm, and was named "Nalgae". The following day, PAGASA and JTWC classified it as a severe tropical storm approaching the northeast of the Philippines. PAGASA issued danger alerts (Signal No. 3), informing that damage could be registered as Paeng approached the archipelago. On 17:10 UTC on October 28, Nalgae made its first landfall at Virac, Catanduanes, followed by another landfall at Caramoan, Camarines Sur just thirty minutes later. It crossed the Bicol Region and exited into the Sibuyan Sea, and later made its third landfall in Buenavista, Quezon, maintaining its strength as it did so. Nalgae then headed southwestward and struck Mogpog in the island province of Marinduque, then later crossed the Sibuyan Sea again and made its fifth landfall in Sariaya, once again in the province of Quezon, later passing into Laguna. Nalgae then passed through Metro Manila and Rizal, heading into Bulacan by evening of October 29. By the next day, Nalgae weakened into a tropical storm in the West Philippine Sea, but re-intensified into a severe tropical storm a few hours later, and exited the Philippine Area of Responsibility a day later. Upon its exit from Philippine jurisdiction, Nalgae then intensified into a Category 1-equivalent typhoon on JTWC; however, the JMA maintained its severe tropical storm classification for the system. It then approached the Pearl River Delta, prompting officials in Hong Kong and Macau to raise Signal No. 8 from November 1 to 2.At around 04:50 CST on November 3, 2022, Nalgae made its final landfall at Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai as a tropical depression, making it the first tropical cyclone since Nepartak in 2003 to make landfall in China in November.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On October 29, the JTWC released a first TCFA, reporting that a tropical disturbance, designated as "Invest 94W", had formed far from the Philippine Sea. However, hours later, the agency canceled the TCFA over this low-pressure area after it had lost strength. However, the agency released a second TCFA, reporting that the disturbance had re-intensified, and classified the possibility of tropical depression as "high". The JMA went further in a bulletin, and already classified it as a depression. At 21:00 UTC on October 30, the tropical depression was designated "27W". Upon entering the Philippine Area of Responsibility, it was given the local name "Queenie" by PAGASA. Queenie intensified into a tropical storm, and was given the international name "Banyan" by the Japan Meteorological Agency. Banyan then weakened due to strong wind shear, and was downgraded into a tropical depression by the next day. Later that afternoon, the PAGASA had issued their final advisory on Banyan after it dissipated into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants of Banyan continued to cause some rain in eastern Mindanao.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: A tropical depression formed east-northeast of Wake Island on November 11. The system then strengthened to a tropical storm, gaining the name "Yamaneko" from the JMA. The system was short-lived and weakened due to cooler sea temperatures. The system dissipated on the morning of November 14.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: An area of low pressure formed east of Mindanao within the Philippine Sea which would later be designated as an invest which would move generally northwest towards the island of Samar and east of the Visayas region. On December 9, the Low Pressure Area (LPA) was upgraded into a Tropical Depression by the Japan Meteorological Agency and be designated as 29W by the JTWC later on. As it was inside the Philippine Area of Responsibility, it was assigned the name "Rosal" after it was designated as a tropical depression by the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). Rosal's close approach to the archipelago would then prompt the raising of tropical cyclone warning signals across some parts of Bicol Region. The storm would later intensify into a tropical storm and be named "“Pakhar”" by the JMA. By the morning of December 12, Pakhar reached its peak intensity east of the Babuyan Islands and later weaken rapidly by wind shear in the Philippine Sea east of Extreme Northern Luzon. During the early morning hours of December 13, PAGASA would downgrade Pakhar to a remnant low east of northeastern Cagayan, dissipating due to dry air from the northeast monsoon surge, which tore apart Pakhar's circulation.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: Pakhar's trough resulted in heavy rain, which indirectly resulted in 8 deaths in the province of Tanay, Rizal after a jeep was swept away by flash flood.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: A low-pressure area developed into a tropical depression to the northeast of Mindanao early on May 30, but quickly dissipated near Mindanao late on the same day.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On July 22, the JMA began tracking a low pressure area off south of Japan. The following day, the JTWC also began tracking the system, now south-southwest of Iwo Jima, Japan. On July 24, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical depression.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: The JMA started to monitor a weak tropical depression that formed just west of the International Date Line on August 14. The system only persisted until early on the next day.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On September 25, the JMA tracked a weak tropical depression a few hundred miles off the Japanese coast, but it dissipated on the same day.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: On November 15, a low-pressure area and an intertropical convergence zone brought flooding and heavy rain to the Philippines due to the combined effects of the weather systems. Landslides were said to have occurred in some parts of the Philippines. By November 18, extreme flooding was experienced in some parts of Mindanao. The Philippine Red Cross served hot meals to 1,691 displaced people due to the effects of the flood. Localities in Cotabato have also suspended classes. At least 5 casualties have occured.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: Within the Northwest Pacific Ocean, both the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assign names to tropical cyclones that develop in the Western Pacific, which can result in a tropical cyclone having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agency's RSMC Tokyo — Typhoon Center assigns international names to tropical cyclones on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization's Typhoon Committee, should they be judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of . PAGASA names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in their area of responsibility located between 135°E and 115°E and between 5°N and 25°N even if the cyclone has had an international name assigned to it. The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired, by both PAGASA and the Typhoon Committee. Should the list of names for the Philippine region be exhausted then names will be taken from an auxiliary list of which the first ten are published each season. Unused names are marked in .


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: A tropical cyclone is named when it is judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of . The JMA selected the names from a list of 140 names, that had been developed by the 14 members nations and territories of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. Retired names, if any, will be announced by the WMO in 2023; though replacement names will be announced in 2024. During the season, the names Trases, Mulan, Hinnamnor, and Yamaneko were used for the first time after they replaced the names Sarika, Haima, Nock-ten, and Hato which were retired after the 2016 and 2017 seasons. The next 28 names on the naming list are listed here along with their international numeric designation, if they are used.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: This season, PAGASA will use its own naming scheme, that will either develop within or move into their self-defined area of responsibility. The names were taken from a list of names, that was last used during 2018 and are scheduled to be used again during 2026. All of the names are the same except "Obet", "Rosal" and "Umberto" which replaced the names "Ompong", "Rosita" and "Usman" after they were retired. The names "Obet" and "Rosal" were used for the first time this year.


title: 2022 Pacific typhoon season

text: This table summarizes all the systems that developed within or moved into the North Pacific Ocean, to the west of the International Date Line during 2022. The tables also provide an overview of a system's intensity, duration, land areas affected, and any deaths or damages associated with the system.


title: Tarrare

text: Tarrare (; c. 1772 – 1798), sometimes spelled Tarar, was a French showman and soldier noted for his unusual appetite and eating habits. Able to eat vast amounts of meat, he was constantly hungry; his parents could not provide for him and he was turned out of the family home as a teenager. He travelled France in the company of a band of prostitutes and thieves before becoming the warm-up act for a travelling charlatan. In this act, he would swallow corks, stones, live animals, and a whole basketful of apples. He then took this act to Paris where he worked as a street performer.


title: Tarrare

text: At the start of the War of the First Coalition, Tarrare joined the French Revolutionary Army, where even quadrupling the standard military ration was unable to satisfy his large appetite. He would eat any available food from gutters and rubbish heaps but his condition still deteriorated through hunger. He was hospitalised due to exhaustion and became the subject of a series of medical experiments to test his eating capacity, in which, among other things, he ate a meal intended for 15 people in a single sitting, ate live cats, snakes, lizards, and puppies, and swallowed eels whole without chewing. Despite his unusual diet, he was underweight and, with the exception of his eating habits, he showed no signs of mental illness other than what was described as an apathetic temperament.


title: Tarrare

text: General Alexandre de Beauharnais decided to put Tarrare's abilities to military use, and employed him as a courier for the French army, with the intention that he would swallow documents, pass through enemy lines, and recover them from his stool once safely at his destination. Tarrare could not speak German, and on his first mission, he was captured by Prussian forces, severely beaten, and underwent a mock execution before being returned to French lines.


title: Tarrare

text: Chastened by this experience, he agreed to submit to any procedure that might cure his appetite, and was treated with laudanum, tobacco-pills, wine-vinegar, and soft-boiled eggs. The procedures failed, and doctors could not keep him on a controlled diet; he would sneak out of the hospital to scavenge for offal in gutters, rubbish heaps and outside butchers' shops, and attempted to drink the blood of other patients in the hospital and to eat the corpses in the hospital's morgue. After being suspected of eating a toddler, he was ejected from the hospital. He re-appeared four years later in Versailles with a case of severe tuberculosis and died shortly afterwards, following a lengthy bout of exudative diarrhoea.


title: Tarrare

text: Tarrare was born near Lyon, around 1772. His date of birth is unrecorded and it is not even known if Tarrare was his real name or a nickname.


title: Tarrare

text: As a child, Tarrare had a huge appetite and by his teens could eat a quarter of a bullock, weighing as much as Tarrare himself, in a single day. By this time, his parents could not provide for him and had forced him to leave home. For some years after this, he toured the country with a roaming band of thieves and prostitutes, stealing and begging for food, before gaining employment as a warm-up act to a travelling charlatan. Tarrare would draw a crowd by eating corks, stones and live animals, and by swallowing an entire basketful of apples one after the other. He would eat ravenously and was particularly fond of snake-meat.


title: Tarrare

text: In 1788, Tarrare moved to Paris to work as a street performer. He appears to have been successful in general, but on one occasion, the act went wrong and he suffered severe intestinal obstruction. Members of the crowd carried him to the Hôtel-Dieu hospital, where he was treated with powerful laxatives. He made a full recovery and offered to demonstrate his act by eating his surgeon's watch and chain; M. Giraud, the surgeon, was un-impressed by the offer and warned him that if he did so, he would cut Tarrare open to recover the items.


title: Tarrare

text: Despite his unusual diet, Tarrare was slim and of average height. At the age of 17, he weighed only (). He was described as having unusually soft fair hair and an abnormally wide mouth (roughly four inches between his jaws when his mouth was fully extended), in which his teeth were heavily stained and on which the lips were almost invisible. When he had not eaten, his skin would hang so loosely that he could wrap the fold of skin from his abdomen around his waist. When full, his abdomen would distend "like a huge balloon". The skin of his cheeks was wrinkled and hung loosely, and when stretched out, he could hold twelve eggs or apples in his mouth.


title: Tarrare

text: His body was hot to the touch and he sweated heavily; he constantly had foul body-odour; he was described as stinking "to such a degree that he could not be endured within the distance of twenty paces". This smell would get noticeably worse after he had eaten; his eyes and cheeks would become bloodshot, a visible vapour would rise from his body, and he would become lethargic, during which time he would belch noisily and his jaws would make swallowing motions. He had chronic diarrhoea, which was said to be "fetid beyond all conception". Despite his large intake of food, he did not appear either to vomit excessively or to gain weight. Aside from his eating habits, his contemporaries saw no apparent signs of mental illness or unusual behaviour in him, other than an apparently apathetic temperament with "a complete lack of force and ideas".


title: Tarrare

text: The cause of Tarrare's behaviour is not known. While there are other documented cases of similar behaviour from the period, none of the subjects other than Tarrare were autopsied and there have been no modern documented cases resembling Tarrare. Hyperthyroidism can induce an extreme appetite, rapid weight loss, profuse sweating, heat intolerance, and fine hair. Bondeson (2006) speculates that Tarrare had a damaged amygdala; it is known that injuries to the amygdala in animals can induce polyphagia.


title: Tarrare

text: On the outbreak of the War of the First Coalition, Tarrare joined the French Revolutionary Army. However, military rations were insufficient to satisfy his appetite. He would carry out tasks for other soldiers in return for a share of their rations and scavenge on the dungheap for scraps, but this was not enough to satisfy him. He was admitted to the military hospital at Soultz-sous-Forêts with a case of extreme exhaustion. He was granted quadruple rations but remained hungry; he would scavenge for garbage in gutters and refuse containers, eat the scraps of food left by other patients, and creep into the apothecary's room to eat the poultices. Military surgeons could not understand his appetite; Tarrare was ordered to remain in the military hospital to take part in physiological experiments designed by Dr. Courville (surgeon to the 9th Hussar Regiment) and Pierre-François Percy, surgeon-in-chief of the hospital.


title: Tarrare

text: Courville and Percy decided to test Tarrare's capacity for food. A meal had been prepared for 15 labourers near the hospital's gates; although generally hospital-staff restrained Tarrare in the presence of food, on this occasion, Courville allowed him to reach the table undisturbed. Tarrare ate the entire meal of two large meat-pies, plates of grease and salt and four gallons of milk, and then immediately fell asleep; Courville noted that Tarrare's belly became taut and inflated like a large balloon. On another occasion, Tarrare was presented with a live cat. He tore the cat's abdomen open with his teeth and drank its blood, and proceeded to eat the entire cat aside from its bones, before vomiting up its fur and skin. Following this, hospital-staff offered Tarrare a variety of other animals including snakes, lizards and puppies, all of which were eaten; he also swallowed an entire eel without chewing, having first crushed its head with his teeth.


title: Tarrare

text: After several months that he spent as an experimental case, military authorities began to press for Tarrare to be returned to active duty. Dr. Courville was keen to continue his investigations into Tarrare's eating habits and digestive system, and approached General Alexandre de Beauharnais with a suggestion that Tarrare's unusual abilities and behaviour could be put to military use. A document was placed inside a wooden box which was in turn fed to Tarrare. Two days later, the box was retrieved from his excrement, with the document still in legible condition. Courville proposed to de Beauharnais that Tarrare could thus serve as a military courier, carrying documents securely through enemy territory with no risk of them being found if he were searched.


title: Tarrare

text: Tarrare was called on by Beauharnais to demonstrate his abilities before a gathering of the commanders of the Army of the Rhine. Having swallowed the box successfully, Tarrare was given a wheelbarrow filled with of raw bull's lungs and liver as a reward, which he immediately ate in front of the assembled generals.


title: Tarrare

text: Following this successful demonstration, Tarrare became employed officially as a spy of the Army of the Rhine. Although General de Beauharnais was convinced of Tarrare's physical capacity to carry messages internally, he was concerned about his mental state and reluctant to entrust him initially with significant military documents. Tarrare was ordered as his first assignment to carry a message to a French colonel imprisoned by the Prussians near Neustadt; he was told that the documents were of great military significance, but in reality, de Beauharnais had merely written a note asking the colonel to confirm that the message had been received successfully, and if so, to return a reply of any potentially useful information about Prussian troop movements.


title: Tarrare

text: Tarrare crossed Prussian lines under cover of darkness, disguised as a German peasant. Unable to speak German, he soon attracted the attention of local residents, who alerted the Prussian authorities, and he was captured outside Landau. A strip search found nothing suspicious on his person, and despite being whipped by Prussian soldiers, he refused to betray his mission. Brought before the local Prussian commander, General Zoegli, he again refused to talk and was imprisoned. After 24 hours of captivity, Tarrare relented and explained the scheme to his captors. He was chained to a latrine, and eventually, 30 hours after being swallowed, the wooden box emerged. Zoegli was furious when the documents, which Tarrare had said contained vital intelligence, transpired only to be de Beauharnais's dummy-message, and Tarrare was taken to a gallows and the noose placed around his neck. (Some sources state that General Zoegli never retrieved the box, as Tarrare had the presence of mind to recover and eat the stool containing it before it could be seized by the Prussians.) At the last minute, Zoegli relented, and Tarrare was taken down from the scaffold, given a severe beating, and released near the French lines.


title: Tarrare

text: Following this incident, Tarrare was desperate to avoid further military service, and returned to the hospital, telling Percy that he would attempt any possible cure for his appetite. Percy treated him with laudanum without success; further treatments with wine-vinegar and tobacco-pills were likewise unsuccessful. Following these failures, Percy fed Tarrare large quantities of soft-boiled eggs, but this also failed to suppress his appetite. Efforts to keep him on any kind of controlled diet failed; he would sneak out of the hospital to scavenge for offal outside butchers' shops and to fight stray dogs for carrion in gutters, alleys and rubbish heaps. He was also caught several times within the hospital drinking from patients undergoing bloodletting, and attempting to eat the bodies in the hospital's morgue. Other doctors believed that Tarrare was mentally ill and pressed for him to be transferred to a lunatic asylum, but Percy was keen to continue his experiments and Tarrare remained in the military hospital.


title: Tarrare

text: After some time, a 14-month-old child disappeared from the hospital, and Tarrare was immediately suspected. Percy was unable or unwilling to defend him, and the hospital-staff chased Tarrare from the hospital, to which he never returned.


title: Tarrare

text: Four years later, in 1798, a M. Tessier of Versailles hospital contacted Percy to notify him that a patient of theirs wished to see him. It was Tarrare, now bedridden and weak. Tarrare told Percy that he had swallowed a golden fork two years earlier, which he believed was lodged inside him and causing his current weakness. He hoped that Percy could find some way to remove it. Percy, however, recognised that he had advanced tuberculosis. A month later, Tarrare began to experience continuous exudative diarrhoea, dying shortly afterwards.


title: Tarrare

text: The corpse rotted quickly; the surgeons of the hospital refused to dissect it. Tessier, however, wanted to find out how Tarrare differed from the norm internally, and was also curious as to whether the gold fork was actually lodged inside him. At the autopsy, Tarrare's gullet was found to be abnormally wide and when his jaws were opened, surgeons could see down a broad canal into the stomach. His body was found to be filled with pus, his liver and gallbladder were abnormally large, and his stomach was enormous, covered in ulcers and filling most of his abdominal cavity. The fork was never found.


title: Jennifer Landon

text: Jennifer Rachel Landon is an American actress. She is known for her role as Teeter on the Paramount Network series, "Yellowstone" (2020–present). She is also known for her role as Gwen Norbeck Munson in the CBS soap opera "As the World Turns" (2005–2010). For her part on the show, Landon won three consecutive Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series.


title: Jennifer Landon

text: Landon is the daughter of actor Michael Landon and his third wife, Cindy Clerico. She is the half-sister of screenwriter Christopher B. Landon and director Michael Landon, Jr.; actor Mark Landon is her adoptive brother. She graduated from Brentwood School, before moving to New York City to attend New York University, where she appeared in several theater productions. Her paternal grandfather was Jewish, whereas her paternal grandmother was Catholic, although her father was raised Jewish.


title: Jennifer Landon

text: Landon received her first acting job at age five from her father, when he cast her to play a little girl in one of the final episodes of his television series, "Highway to Heaven". Before his death in 1991, Jennifer worked with her father once more when he cast her as Jennifer Kramer in the pilot for what would have been his next television series, "Us".


title: Jennifer Landon

text: In 2004, Landon co-starred in an independent film "L.A. DJ". In early 2005, she was cast to play Gwen Norbeck Munson for one episode on the CBS daytime soap opera "As the World Turns". She was soon signed to a three-year contract with the series. Landon won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series three years in a row for her portrayal. In late 2006, the character's storyline focused on her pursuing a music career recording two singles, "Slide" and "I Saw Love". Performed by Landon, both songs were written by Nini Camps. From April to July 2007, Landon played dual roles on "As the World Turns"; her regular character Gwen Norbeck Munson, and a lookalike named Cleo Babbitt. Landon left the show in 2008, but reprised her role in 2010 for the final two weeks of the series.


title: Jennifer Landon

text: On May 1, 2012, it was announced that Landon would become the third adult actress to portray the role of Heather Stevens on "The Young and the Restless". She portrayed the role for less than a year, before her character was written off. In 2016, she was cast as Lilith Bode, the wife of a serial killer, in the final season of "Banshee".


title: Jennifer Landon

text: In 2020, during the third season of the Paramount network’s series, "Yellowstone", Landon was cast in the role of Teeter.


title: Rosie Perez

text: Rosa Perez (born September 6, 1964) is an American actress, choreographer, dancer, and activist. Her breakthrough came with her portrayal of Tina in the film "Do the Right Thing" (1989), followed by "White Men Can't Jump" (1992). Perez's performance in "Fearless" (1993) earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, among other accolades. Her starring film roles since include "It Could Happen to You" (1994), "The Road to El Dorado" (2000), "Pineapple Express" (2008), and "Birds of Prey" (2020).


title: Rosie Perez

text: Perez earned three Primetime Emmy Award nominations for "In Living Color" (1990–1994) and another Emmy nomination for her work in "The Flight Attendant" (2020–present). She has performed in stage plays on Broadway such as "The Ritz", "Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune", and "Fish in the Dark". She was also a co-host on the ABC talk show "The View" during the series' 18th season.


title: Rosie Perez

text: Perez was born on September 6, 1964, in the Bushwick neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City, to Lydia Pérez and Ismael Serrano, a merchant marine seaman. Her mother Lydia (née Fontañez y Reyes) was born October 13, 1939, in Humacao, Puerto Rico. Her father was from Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. Her mother was married to a man 20 years her senior, Arturo Pérez. Her mother already had five children when she became pregnant with Rosie after having an affair with Serrano. Perez was born at the now-closed Greenpoint Hospital in the Greenpoint neighborhood of Brooklyn.


title: Rosie Perez

text: Perez is one of ten children borne by her mother. Rosie and her siblings grew up in Bushwick while their mother was intermittently jailed. Her mother gave birth to her youngest child while incarcerated. She was for a time raised by an aunt and then, like her siblings, went through group homes and foster care. She and her siblings were often split up. She was transferred to a group foster home and lived in foster care in New York and Peekskill until age eight. She was legally considered a ward of the State of New York until age twelve. Her mother and aunt frequently visited, and her father made an unsuccessful custody bid at one point.


title: Rosie Perez

text: When she was in third grade, Perez learned that she had a speech impediment. She had a strict Catholic upbringing, which she has credited to the influence of the nuns during her childhood. She eventually moved in with paternal aunt, Ana Dominga Otero Serrano-Roque.


title: Rosie Perez

text: She attended Grover Cleveland High School, in the Ridgewood neighborhood of Queens. Her mother died of AIDS-related complications in 1999. When her mother died she was living in poverty in the Woodside houses.


title: Rosie Perez

text: At 19 years old, Perez started her career in the early 1980s as a dancer on "Soul Train." As a student at Los Angeles City College, with plans to major in biochemistry, she said she relieved stress by going to nightclubs for ladies' night. A talent scout from "Soul Train" asked Perez to appear on the show. She was not a professional dancer, but loved it so much she dropped out of school. In 1988, when she was 24 years old, Perez was noticed at the dance club Funky Reggae by Spike Lee, who hired her for her first major acting role in "Do the Right Thing".


title: Rosie Perez

text: Perez later choreographed music videos by Janet Jackson, Bobby Brown, Diana Ross, LL Cool J and The Boys. She was the choreographer for the dancing group the Fly Girls who were featured on the Fox television comedy program "In Living Color" and also worked as a segment producer. She made her Broadway debut in Terrence McNally's "Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune". Perez had her third major role in the hit comedy "White Men Can't Jump" co-starring Wesley Snipes and Woody Harrelson.


title: Rosie Perez

text: Perez was nominated for the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for her role in Peter Weir's 1993 film "Fearless". She attended the ceremony with her father. In 1997, she co-starred with Javier Bardem in "Perdita Durango", a film in which many scenes of excessive violence, sex and nudity were edited out of the version released in the United States but remained intact in the version released throughout Latin America. In 1999, Perez starred in Nancy Savoca's "The 24 Hour Woman." She provides the voices of Click, the camera, on Nick Jr.'s "Go, Diego, Go!" and Chel, a beautiful native woman in the DreamWorks Animation film "The Road to El Dorado". She played corrupt police officer Carol Brazier in the Judd Apatow-produced film "Pineapple Express", co-starring Seth Rogen and James Franco.


title: Rosie Perez

text: Perez appeared on an episode of "" in October 2009 about pedophiles' rights. Executive producer Neal Baer said the writers had Perez in mind when they wrote the role of a young sexual abuse victim's mother. She injured her neck while filming the episode and underwent surgery to heal a herniated disc. One year after the accident, she appeared at the White House in a wheelchair, wearing a neck brace for a meeting with President Obama. In May 2011, Perez filed a lawsuit against the producers of the show, saying the injury she incurred was the result of being "recklessly pulled, grabbed, yanked, wrenched and manhandled" during filming.


title: Rosie Perez

text: In June 2013, she served as the grand marshal for the international Boxing Hall of Fame parade in Canastota, New York. In February 2014, Perez published an autobiography titled "Handbook for an Unpredictable Life: How I Survived Sister Renata and My Crazy Mother, and Still Came Out Smiling..." She is also the reader of the audio CD of this book. Perez said that she did not initially set out to write an autobiography, but rather a book that analyzes the causes and effects of child abuse. She said it was not until about 6 months after the book was published and she heard responses from others that she found the experience cathartic.


title: Rosie Perez

text: On September 3 of the same year, ABC announced Perez would join "The View" as a new co-host alongside moderator Whoopi Goldberg, newcomer Nicolle Wallace, and returning co-host Rosie O'Donnell. The new season began on September 15, 2014. Perez said she was initially hesitant about the job because "I didn't want to be on a show where people were just screaming at each other disrespectfully." She decided to join the cast when she learned that Bill Wolff, whom she knew from "The Rachel Maddow Show", was going to be the new executive producer. In 2015, she returned to Broadway to star in "Fish in the Dark", a play written by Larry David. On July 8, 2015, Perez announced she would be leaving "The View".


title: Rosie Perez

text: In 2018, in a series regular role, Perez portrayed Tracey Wolfe in the NBC musical drama television series "Rise", which ran for one season. She starred in the 2020 superhero film "Birds of Prey", as the DC Entertainment superhero Renee Montoya / Question. Later that year, Perez starred in the comedy-drama series "The Flight Attendant". She earned a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for the role.


title: Rosie Perez

text: In 2021 Perez starred in the film adaptation of the children's book series "Clifford the Big Red Dog".


title: Rosie Perez

text: Perez suffered abuse during her childhood along with her siblings from her mother. As a result, she has suffered from high anxiety, PTSD, and depression but with therapy it has been greatly reduced.


title: Rosie Perez

text: Perez married filmmaker and playwright Seth Zvi Rosenfeld in 1998. The couple divorced in 2001 after ten years together. She married artist Eric Haze on September 15, 2013, in Las Vegas. They had decided to get married the night before, while attending the Floyd Mayweather vs. Saúl Álvarez boxing match. They got married the following morning. They live in Clinton Hill, Brooklyn.


title: Rosie Perez

text: Perez stated on the "Pineapple Express" DVD commentary that she is allergic to dairy products. She was a friend of the late rapper and actor Tupac Shakur.


title: Freya Allan

text: Freya Allan (born 6 September 2001) is an English actress. She is best known for her role as Princess Cirilla of Cintra in the Netflix series "The Witcher". She also appears as young Sam in the 2021 film "Gunpowder Milkshake" and as the younger version of The Widow in the AMC series "Into the Badlands".


title: Freya Allan

text: Freya Allan was born on in Oxford, Oxfordshire, England, and attended Headington School in Oxford. Allan continued her artistic education at the National Film and Television School in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, where, as part of her acting studies, she starred in two short films, "Bluebird" and "The Christmas Tree". Allan went on to study at the Arts University Bournemouth, where she performed the part of Linda in the short film "Captain Fierce".


title: Freya Allan

text: Allan played a minor role in the first episode of the 2019 BBC drama "The War of the Worlds". The same year she appeared on the front cover of "Schön!" magazine, whilst they were celebrating their 10th anniversary.


title: Freya Allan

text: Allan stars alongside Henry Cavill and Anya Chalotra as Ciri in the Netflix original series "The Witcher". This is a fantasy drama adapted by Lauren Schmidt Hissrich from "The Witcher" book series by Polish writer Andrzej Sapkowski. Allan was originally cast for a small role in the first episode but was later recast as Ciri, a main role. Allan lived in Budapest, Hungary for eight months, while the first season of the series was filmed. Allan starred in the second season of "The Witcher", which was produced in London in early 2020 and released in 2021 on Netflix. Allan was nominated for Best Performance by a Younger Actor on a Television Series for the 2021 Saturn Awards. Allan's character Ciri appears together alongside Henry Cavill's Geralt of Rivia in season 2, training to become a fighter.


title: Freya Allan

text: In 2021, Allan was cast in the lead role of the upcoming horror film "Baghead", alongside Ruby Barker. The film will be directed by Alberto Corredor.


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: Threads is a 1984 apocalyptic war drama television film jointly produced by the BBC, Nine Network and Western-World Television Inc. Written by Barry Hines and directed and produced by Mick Jackson, it is a dramatic account of nuclear war and its effects in Britain, specifically on the city of Sheffield in Northern England. The plot centres on two families as a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union erupts. As the nuclear exchange between NATO and the Warsaw Pact begins, the film depicts the medical, economic, social and environmental consequences of nuclear war.


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: Shot on a budget of £400,000, the film was the first of its kind to depict a nuclear winter. It has been called "a film which comes closest to representing the full horror of nuclear war and its aftermath, as well as the catastrophic impact that the event would have on human culture." It has been compared to "The War Game" produced in Britain two decades prior and its contemporary counterpart "The Day After", a 1983 ABC television film depicting a similar scenario in the United States.


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: "Threads" was nominated for seven BAFTA awards in 1985 and won for Best Single Drama, Best Design, Best Film Cameraman and Best Film Editor.


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: In the city of Sheffield, Ruth Beckett and Jimmy Kemp plan to marry after learning of Ruth's unplanned pregnancy. Radio broadcasts indicate that this is a time of escalating tensions in Iran, which has been invaded by the Soviet Union in response to a U.S.-backed coup. The United States mobilizes its own forces and occupies the southern part of the country, and the Soviet Union moves nuclear warheads into the Iranian city of Mashad.


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: Tensions escalate, and U.S. bombers attack the Soviet base at Mashad, resulting in the use of battlefield nuclear weapons by both sides.


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: News of the breakout of hostilities between the U.S. and Soviet forces spurs Britain into panic buying and looting. The British Government enacts the Emergency Powers Act, and local authorities are granted powers to suspend peacetime function and confiscate property and material for civil defence purposes. Travel is restricted to essential services only. In Sheffield, officials move to underground offices beneath the town hall.


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: As the panic escalates, Attack Warning Red is transmitted. Minutes later, a single warhead detonates above the North Sea, which generates an electromagnetic pulse, causing major damage to communications across Britain and north-western Europe. A second wave of attacks target NATO military installations, including RAF Finningley, 17 miles from Sheffield. The detonation and mushroom cloud is seen from Sheffield, which plunges into chaos. A third and final attack targets primary economic targets such as the Tinsley Viaduct. This third attack causes massive structural damage to Sheffield; the blast and heat kill an estimated 12 to 30 million people in the U.K. in the wider exchange.


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: An hour following the attack, prevailing winds have sent fallout from a ground burst at Crewe over Sheffield. Communications between local authorities are shown to be established but limited due to disruption. Fires are left to burn uncontrollably, as the danger of fallout is too great. A month later, soldiers make their way into what remains of the Sheffield Town Hall, where the local authorities were headquartered - all are dead. Elsewhere, the dead begin to mount, neither buried nor cremated, and rats swarm, bringing disease.


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: Due to the vast amounts of atmospheric smoke caused by the worldwide detonations, the sun is blocked out and nuclear winter sends temperatures plummeting, adding to the suffering. In the following year, sunlight returns but with a higher ultraviolet index due to damage to the ozone layer, which in turn increases the likelihood of cataracts and cancer. Crop cultivation is poor due to the lack of fertilizers and equipment. A food merchant is shown selling dead rats. Capital punishment is authorized by the Government, whose attempts to maintain order are largely ignored. Since money serves no value, food takes place as the only form of currency that is awarded for labour and withheld as punishment. Several people, including Ruth, flee to the Buxton countryside, where she gives birth alone, chewing off the umbilical cord with her teeth.


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: Ten years later, what remains of Britain's surviving population has dropped to a medieval level of 4 to 11 million people. Survivors work in cultivating crops, and the generation born after the nuclear explosions suffer from radiation-induced birth defects and poor education.


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: Ruth dies in bed, prematurely aged and blinded by cataracts; Jane, her now nine-year-old mentally impaired daughter, reacts unemotionally to her mother's death. Industry begins to return with limited electricity and steam-powered technology, but the population continues to live in barbaric squalor.


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: Three years after Ruth's death, Jane and two boys are caught stealing food. One of the boys is killed, and Jane and the other boy engage in a struggle for the food that degenerates into rape. Months later, Jane gives birth in a makeshift hospital. The nurse puts the stillborn baby into Jane's arms, and the film ends with Jane screaming.


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: "Threads" was first commissioned (under the working title "Beyond Armageddon") by the Director-General of the BBC Alasdair Milne, after he watched the 1965 drama-documentary "The War Game", which had not been shown on the BBC when it was made, due to pressure from the Wilson government, although it had had a limited release in cinemas. Mick Jackson was hired to direct the film, as he had previously worked in the area of nuclear apocalypse in 1982, producing the BBC "Q.E.D." documentary "A Guide to Armageddon". This was considered a breakthrough at the time, considering the previous banning of "The War Game", which BBC staff believed would have resulted in mass suicides if aired. Jackson subsequently travelled around the UK and the US, consulting leading scientists, psychologists, doctors, defence specialists and strategic experts in order to create the most realistic depiction of nuclear war possible for his next film. Jackson consulted various sources in his research, including the 1983 "Science" article "Nuclear Winter: Global Consequences of Multiple Nuclear Explosions", penned by Carl Sagan and James B. Pollack. Details of a possible attack scenario and the extent of the damage were derived from "Doomsday, Britain after Nuclear Attack" (1983), while the ineffective post-war plans of the UK government came from Duncan Campbell's 1982 exposé "War Plan UK". In portraying the psychological damage suffered by survivors, Jackson took inspiration from the behaviour of the Hibakusha and Magnus Clarke's 1982 book "Nuclear Destruction of Britain". Sheffield was chosen as the main location partly because of its "nuclear-free zone" policy that made the council sympathetic to the local filming and partly because it seemed likely that the USSR would strike an industrial city in the centre of the country.


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: Jackson hired Barry Hines to write the script because of his political awareness. The relationship between the two was strained on several occasions, as Hines spent much of his time on set, and apparently disliked Jackson on account of his middle class upbringing. They also disagreed about Paul Vaughan's narration, which Hines felt was detrimental to the drama. As part of their research, the two spent a week at the Home Office training centre for "official survivors" in Easingwold which, according to Hines, showed just "how disorganised [post-war reconstruction] would be."


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: Auditions were advertised in "The Star", and took place in the ballroom of Sheffield City Hall, where 1,100 candidates turned up. Extras were chosen on the basis of height and age, and were all told to look "miserable" and to wear ragged clothes; the majority were CND supporters. The makeup for extras playing third-degree-burn victims consisted of Rice Krispies and tomato ketchup. The scenes taking place six weeks after the attack were shot at Curbar Edge in the Peak District National Park; because weather conditions were considered too fine to pass off as a nuclear winter, stage snow had to be spread around the rocks and heather, and cameramen installed light filters on their equipment to block out the sunlight. Although Jackson initially considered casting actors from Granada Television's "Coronation Street", he later decided to take a neorealist approach, and opted to cast relatively unknown actors in order to heighten the film's impact through the use of characters the audience could relate to.


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: In order for the horror of "Threads" to work, Jackson made an effort to leave some things unseen: "to let images and emotion happen in people's minds, or rather in the extensions of their imaginations." He later recalled that while BBC productions would usually be followed by phone calls of congratulations from friends or colleagues immediately after airing, no such calls came after the first screening of "Threads". Jackson later "realised...that people had just sat there thinking about it, in many cases not sleeping or being able to talk." He stated that he had it on good authority that Ronald Reagan watched the film when it aired in the US. Along with Hines, Jackson also received a letter of praise from Labour leader Neil Kinnock, stating "the dangers of complacency are much greater than any risks of knowledge."


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: "Threads" was a co-production of the BBC, Nine Network and Western-World Television, Inc. It was first broadcast on BBC Two on 23 September 1984 at 9:30 pm, and achieved the highest ratings on the channel (6.9 million) of the week. It was repeated on BBC One on 1 August 1985 as part of a week of programmes marking the fortieth anniversary of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which also saw the first television screening of "The War Game" (which had been deemed too disturbing for television in the 20 years since it had been made). "Threads" was not shown again on British screens until the digital channel BBC Four broadcast it in October 2003. It was also shown on UKTV Documentary in September 2004 and was repeated in April 2005.


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: "Threads" was broadcast in the United States on cable network Superstation TBS on 13 January 1985, with Ted Turner presenting the introduction. This was followed by a panel discussion on nuclear war. It was also shown in syndication to local commercial stations and, later, on many PBS stations. In Canada, "Threads" was broadcast on Citytv in Toronto, CKVU in Vancouver and CKND in Winnipeg, while in Australia it was shown on the Nine Network on 19 June 1985. Unusually for a commercial network, it broadcast the film without commercial breaks; many commercial outlets in the United States and Canada that broadcast the film also did so without commercial interruption, or interrupting only for disclaimers or promos.


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: In January 2018, journalist Julie McDowall led a distributed viewing of the film, encouraging the audience to share their reactions on Twitter under the hashtag #threaddread, as part of a campaign to ask the BBC to show the movie for the first time since 2003. As of August 2022, the film is available to watch on Britbox, having previously been pulled due to the outbreak of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.


title: Threads (1984 film)

text: "Threads" was not widely reviewed, but the critics who reviewed it at the time of release gave generally positive reviews. John J. O'Connor of "The New York Times" wrote that the film "is not a balanced discussion about the pros and cons of nuclear armaments. It is a candidly biased warning. And it is, as calculated, unsettlingly powerful." Rick Groen of "The Globe and Mail" wrote that "[t]he British crew here, headed by writer Barry Hines and producer/director Mick Jackson, accomplish what would seem to be an impossible task: depicting the carnage without distancing the viewer, without once letting him retreat behind the safe wall of fictitious play. Formidable and foreboding, Threads leaves nothing to our imagination, and Nothingness to our conscience." In his movie guide, Leonard Maltin gave the film a rating of three stars (out of a possible four). He called "Threads" "Britain's answer to "The Day After"" and wrote that the film was "unrelentingly graphic and grim, sobering, and shattering, as it should be."