title: Citric acid

text: Because it is one of the stronger edible acids, the dominant use of citric acid is as a flavoring and preservative in food and beverages, especially soft drinks and candies. Within the European Union it is denoted by E number E330. Citrate salts of various metals are used to deliver those minerals in a biologically available form in many dietary supplements. Citric acid has 247 kcal per 100 g. In the United States the purity requirements for citric acid as a food additive are defined by the Food Chemicals Codex, which is published by the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP).


title: Citric acid

text: Citric acid can be added to ice cream as an emulsifying agent to keep fats from separating, to caramel to prevent sucrose crystallization, or in recipes in place of fresh lemon juice. Citric acid is used with sodium bicarbonate in a wide range of effervescent formulae, both for ingestion (e.g., powders and tablets) and for personal care ("e.g.", bath salts, bath bombs, and cleaning of grease). Citric acid sold in a dry powdered form is commonly sold in markets and groceries as "sour salt", due to its physical resemblance to table salt. It has use in culinary applications, as an alternative to vinegar or lemon juice, where a pure acid is needed. Citric acid can be used in food coloring to balance the pH level of a normally basic dye.


title: Citric acid

text: Citric acid is an excellent chelating agent, binding metals by making them soluble. It is used to remove and discourage the buildup of limescale from boilers and evaporators. It can be used to treat water, which makes it useful in improving the effectiveness of soaps and laundry detergents. By chelating the metals in hard water, it lets these cleaners produce foam and work better without need for water softening. Citric acid is the active ingredient in some bathroom and kitchen cleaning solutions. A solution with a six percent concentration of citric acid will remove hard water stains from glass without scrubbing. Citric acid can be used in shampoo to wash out wax and coloring from the hair. Illustrative of its chelating abilities, citric acid was the first successful eluant used for total ion-exchange separation of the lanthanides, during the Manhattan Project in the 1940s. In the 1950s, it was replaced by the far more efficient EDTA.


title: Citric acid

text: Citric acid is used as an acidulant in creams, gels, and liquids. Used in foods and dietary supplements, it may be classified as a processing aid if it was added for a technical or functional effect (e.g. acidulent, chelator, viscosifier, etc.). If it is still present in insignificant amounts, and the technical or functional effect is no longer present, it may be exempt from labeling <21 CFR §101.100(c)>.


title: Citric acid

text: Citric acid is used as one of the active ingredients in the production of facial tissues with antiviral properties.


title: Citric acid

text: The buffering properties of citrates are used to control pH in household cleaners and pharmaceuticals.


title: Citric acid

text: Sodium citrate is a component of Benedict's reagent, used for both qualitative and quantitative identification of reducing sugars.


title: Citric acid

text: Citric acid can be used as a lower-odor stop bath as part of the process for developing photographic film. Photographic developers are alkaline, so a mild acid is used to neutralize and stop their action quickly, but commonly used acetic acid leaves a strong vinegar odor in the darkroom.


title: Citric acid

text: Citric acid/potassium-sodium citrate can be used as a blood acid regulator. The citric acid is included to improve palatability


title: Citric acid

text: Citric acid is an excellent soldering flux, either dry or as a concentrated solution in water. It should be removed after soldering, especially with fine wires, as it is mildly corrosive. It dissolves and rinses quickly in hot water.


title: Citric acid

text: Alkali citrate can be used as an inhibitor of kidney stones by increasing urine citrate levels, useful for prevention of calcium stones, and increasing urine pH, useful for preventing uric acid and cystine stones.


title: Citric acid

text: Citric acid is a versatile precursor to many other organic compounds. Dehydration routes give itaconic acid and its anhydride. Citraconic acid can be produced via thermal isomerization of itaconic acid anhydride. The required itaconic acid anhydride is obtained by dry distillation of citric acid. Aconitic acid can be synthesized by dehydration of citric acid using sulfuric acid:


title: Citric acid

text: Acetonedicarboxylic acid can also be prepared by decarbonylation of citric acid in fuming sulfuric acid.


title: Citric acid

text: Although a weak acid, exposure to pure citric acid can cause adverse effects. Inhalation may cause cough, shortness of breath, or sore throat. Over-ingestion may cause abdominal pain and sore throat. Exposure of concentrated solutions to skin and eyes can cause redness and pain. Long-term or repeated consumption may cause erosion of tooth enamel.


title: Shefali Shah

text: Shefali Shah (born Shefali Shetty on 22 May 1973) is an Indian actress of film, television and theatre. Respected for her acting prowess, she works primarily in independent Hindi films and has received local and foreign accolades for her performances. Shah's acting career started on the Gujarati stage before she debuted on television in 1993. After small parts on television and a brief stint with cinema in "Rangeela" (1995), she gained wider recognition in 1997 for her role in the popular series "Hasratein". This was followed by lead roles in the TV series "Adhikar" (1997), "Kabhie Kabhie" (1997) and "Raahein" (1999). A supporting role in the crime film "Satya" (1998) won her positive notice and a Filmfare Critics Award, and she soon shifted her focus to film acting starting with a lead role in the Gujarati drama "Dariya Chhoru" (1999).


title: Shefali Shah

text: Unwilling to compromise her artistic convictions, Shah was selective about her roles through the following decades. This resulted in intermittent film work, mostly in character parts and often to appreciation from critics. She appeared in the international co-production "Monsoon Wedding" (2001) and the mainstream comedy-drama "" (2005). In 2007, her portrayal of Kasturba Gandhi in the biographical drama "Gandhi, My Father" won her the Best Actress prize at the Tokyo International Film Festival, and she received the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for the drama film "The Last Lear". Among her subsequent film roles, she played a leading part in "Kucch Luv Jaisaa" (2011) and was noted for her work in the social problem film "Lakshmi" (2014) and the ensemble drama "Dil Dhadakne Do" (2015).


title: Shefali Shah

text: Shah's career surged upward in the late 2010s as she transitioned to leading roles. She won a Filmfare Short Film Award for her performance in "Juice" (2017) and followed with two Netflix projects: the romantic drama "Once Again" (2018) and the International Emmy Award-winning crime miniseries "Delhi Crime" (2019). Her performance as DCP Vartika Chaturvedi in the latter met with widespread acclaim. Shah wrote and directed two self-starring COVID-19-themed short films in 2020: "Someday" and "Happy Birthday Mummyji", and led the segment "Ankahi" in the anthology film "Ajeeb Daastaans" (2021). Four 2022 projects, including the Disney+ Hotstar webseries "Human", the feature dramas "Jalsa" and "Darlings", as well as the second season of "Delhi Crime", brought Shah further recognition.


title: Shefali Shah

text: Shefali Shetty was born on 22 May 1973 in Mumbai. She is the only child of Mangalorean Sudhakar Shetty, a banker at Reserve Bank of India (RBI), and his Gujarati wife Shobha, a homeopathy doctor. Shah is fluent in Tulu, Hindi, English, Marathi and Gujarati. The family resided in Santa Cruz, Mumbai at the RBI quarters, where she attended Arya Vidya Mandir School. While she was inclined to the arts as a child, including singing and dancing (she is trained in Bharatanatyam), she did not find particular interest in acting. Her first stint with acting happened on Gujarati stage when she was 10; her school teacher's playwright husband asked Shah's mother if she would permit her daughter to play a character based on Damien Thorn from "The Omen" (1976). Shah played the part upon her mother's consent and would not act again until several years later. After her schooling, she enrolled at Mithibai College in Vile Parle, opting to study science, but spent most of her student days working in theatre. Shah was married to television actor Harsh Chhaya from 1994 to 2000. In December 2000, she married director Vipul Amrutlal Shah, with whom she has two sons, Aryaman and Maurya.


title: Shefali Shah

text: In addition to acting, Shah is fond of painting and cooking. Finding painting therapeutic, she says it gives her the creative outlet she craves when not acting in films. She trained for six months at Last Ship, an artists' residency in Bandra, and in 2016 took a course at Metàfora, an art school in Barcelona, Spain. Working mostly with acrylic on canvass as well as charcoal and ink, Shah focuses on perspective art, namely "the marriage of perspective with architectural designs" of places she has visited. She cites Mark Rothko and Jackson Pollock as her sources of inspiration. One of her paintings was on display at Jehangir Art Gallery in Mumbai at an exhibition held by Art for Concern, where it was eventually sold, while a solo show at The Monalisa Kalagram in Pune in 2017 was, by her own admission, unsuccessful.


title: Shefali Shah

text: Shah opened a restaurant named Jalsa in Ahmedabad, Gujarat in 2021, which serves Indian and international cuisines and offers customers different cultural and recreational activities, from pottery and henna decoration to musical performances such as Garba. She directly supervises its cuisine, some of which is based on her home recipes, as well as decor, having designed some of its interiors, including walls hand-painted by her. The restaurant's second outlet was opened in Bangalore, and was positively reviewed by "Lifestyle Asia".


title: Shefali Shah

text: Shah's acting career began with work in inter-collegiate plays in Gujarati during the early 1990s. Her work included roles in several stage dramas including "Ant Vagarni Antakshari" and "Doctor Tame Pan?". A 1995 piece by "Rasa" magazine reported that Shah had proved her abilities to become one of the stars of Gujarati theatre. In one of the plays, she was brought to the attention of a team member of the TV serial "Campus" (1993) who suggested that she audition for a part in it. She was accepted following a screen test. This was followed by several other serials, including the popular Zee TV shows "Tara" and "Banegi Apni Baat" (both 1993–1997), as well as "Naya Nukkad" (1993–1994) on Doordarshan and "Daraar" (1994–1995) on Zee TV.


title: Shefali Shah

text: The year 1995 marked Shah's first film appearance with a brief role in Ram Gopal Varma's "Rangeela". A few days into shooting, she realised the part was different from what she was set up for, and she walked out of the sets as she felt cheated. Shah was reluctant to work in motion pictures after that, and the roles she was offered were mostly small character parts. She continued working in TV series, including Balaji Telefilms' "Mano Ya Na Mano" (1995–1999) and Doordarshan's "Aarohan" (1996–1997) and "Sea Hawks" (1997–1998). An anthology horror series, "Mano Ya Na Mano" starred Shah opposite Durga Jasraj in an episode titled "Kabzaa", directed by Homi Wadia, which was developed into a full-fledged serial called "Kavach" in 2016. "Arohan", starring and produced by Pallavi Joshi, tells the story of a woman who joins the Indian Navy.


title: Shefali Shah

text: In 1997, Shah replaced Seema Kapoor in the TV series "Hasratein" (1996–1999) after over 120 episodes. In her first lead role, she starred as Savi, a married woman in an extramarital affair with a married man. Based on the Marathi novel "Adhantari", the show was popular with audiences and attracted attention for its commentary on the institution of marriage. "India Today" describes it as "one of the prime productions that changed the face of Indian television". The character of Savi, a mature woman with grown up children, was significantly older in age than Shah. Given the age differences, she persuaded director Ajay Sinha to cast her. Bhavya Sadhwani of "IndiaTimes" attributed the show's success with viewers mainly to the "impeccable acting skills" demonstrated by Shah in the part. The serial gained wider public recognition for Shah, and she called it a milestone in her career. Her performance earned her the Zee Woman of the Year award in 1997. Another lead role was given to her in Mahesh Bhatt's weekend soap "Kabhie Kabhie" (1997), which aired on StarPlus.


title: Shefali Shah

text: In 1998, she was offered a small part in Ram Gopal Varma's crime thriller "Satya", which revolves around the Mumbai underworld. Having been disappointed in her previous collaboration with Varma on "Rangeela", she was hesitant on accepting it but found it special and made sure to receive thorough information about it. In a seven-minute role, she played Pyaari Mhatre, the wife of a mafia gangster played by Manoj Bajpayee. Their roles were said to be modelled after Arun Gawli and his wife Asha Gawli. Shah said she instinctively recognised her part and knew exactly how to play it. "Satya" opened to commercial success and major critical acclaim, and Shah's performance in it was favourably reviewed. Anupama Chopra of "India Today" wrote that Shah and her co-actors "are so good that you can almost smell the Mumbai grime on their sweaty bodies". For her portrayal, Shah won the Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress. At the 44th Filmfare Awards, she was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress and was awarded the Critics Award for Best Actress.


title: Shefali Shah

text: Despite the positive reaction to her work in "Satya", Shah did not receive as many film offers as she expected. Following "Hasratein", Shah starred in its successor on Zee TV's prime-time spot, the soap opera "Raahein" (1999). The show was met with approval from viewers and critics alike. She played Preeti, a woman caught between her love life and career ambitions. In contrast to Shah's previous roles, the character of Preeti was 22 years old. Shailaja Bajpai of "The Indian Express" commended Shah's acting talent but thought she was less suitable for such a young-aged part, concluding that she is "brilliantly miscast". During this period she was one of the co-hosts on the musical game show "Antakshari" opposite Annu Kapoor. Among other projects on television, she acted in several episodes of the anthology series "Rishtey" (1999–2001), including the well-received "Highway".


title: Shefali Shah

text: In 1999, she was cast in a Gujarati film "Dariya Chhoru", made by her future husband Vipul Shah. A love story situated on the coast of Saurashtra between a poor man (Jamnadas Majethia) and a wealthy woman (Shah), the film was named Best Film at the Gujarat State Film Awards, where Shah won the Best Actress award. The film, which "The Times of India" said should cater to educated Gujarati viewers, was a box-office success. According to the book "Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas", "Dariya Chhoru" was among the films that started a trend of larger productions in the Gujarati film industry. In the book "Gujarat: A Panorama of the Heritage of Gujarat", the film was praised for its beautiful portrayal and Shah and her colleagues were hailed as screen artists who "could create fresh hopes among the film goers in Gujarat".


title: Shefali Shah

text: Shah's work in the 2000s started with a short appearance in Aditya Chopra's 2000 romance "Mohabbatein". A year later, she was cast in Mira Nair's international co-production "Monsoon Wedding", a comedy-drama which chronicles the reunion of a large Punjabi family for a wedding. Shah played Rhea Verma, an orphaned young woman, aspiring writer and a survivor of child sexual abuse, a character she considered as the most complex in the film. The film opened to considerable international acclaim, receiving the Golden Lion at the 58th Venice International Film Festival and nominations for Best Foreign Language Film at the BAFTA and Golden Globe Awards. Elvis Mitchell of "The New York Times" singled out Shah's part, and Saibal Chatterjee of "Hindustan Times" wrote that she "taps into the depths of a difficult character with amazing ease". The film was a significant box-office success, earning over $33million against its $1.2-million budget.


title: Shefali Shah

text: Shah worked again under her husband Vipul's direction in the family melodrama "" (2005), playing Amitabh Bachchan's wife and Akshay Kumar's mother. She was considered for the part following Bachchan's suggestion against her husband's hesitation. Her casting in the role of a middle-aged mother to Kumar, who in reality is five years her senior, attracted considerable media coverage. She defended her choice of the part, saying she admired the character's traits and found particular challenge in the significant age differences. Her portrayal of Sumitra Thakur, a strict mother who encourages her husband to take extreme measures to discipline their irresponsible son, earned her a second Filmfare nomination for Best Supporting Actress. Derek Elley of "Variety" and Ziya Us Salam of "The Hindu" commended her subtle and composed acting, and Subhash K. Jha of "The Times of India" argued that "it's Shefali Shah as Amitabh Bachchan's wife whose expressive eyes conveying spousal and matriarchal pain that you come home with". She followed with a role in Aparna Sen's English-language drama "15 Park Avenue" (2005).


title: Shefali Shah

text: In 2007, Shah was lauded for her work in two films: Feroz Abbas Khan's biographical film "Gandhi, My Father" and Rituparno Ghosh's English-language film-within-a-film drama "The Last Lear". An Indo-British co-production, "Gandhi, My Father" features Shah in the role of Kasturba Gandhi, who is torn by the lifelong conflict between her husband Mahatma Gandhi and son Hiralal (played by Darshan Jariwala and Akshaye Khanna, respectively). Portraying the character from Kasturba's early adulthood to old age, Shah lost weight to look the part. Khalid Mohamed of "Hindustan Times" called her performance "magnificent" and Roshmila Bhattacharya of "Screen" described her as "brilliant, her sparkling glances, eloquent silences and drooping shoulders effectively conveying the hopelessness and helplessness of a parent whose child has gone astray". She was awarded the Best Actress prize at the Tokyo International Film Festival and the Critics Award for Best Actor – Female at the 2008 Zee Cine Awards.


title: Shefali Shah

text: "The Last Lear" revolves around a Shakespearean theatre actor (played by Amitabh Bachchan). Shah played his troubled and irritable caregiver and live-in partner, a role she considered her best yet, alongside Preity Zinta and Divya Dutta. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival where it was well-received. Rajeev Masand of IBN Live wrote of "the manner she goes from spiteful to soothing" throughout the film, and Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com took note of Shah's commanding presence. The film was named Best Feature Film in English at the 55th National Film Awards, where Shah won the Best Supporting Actress award for what was cited by the jury as an "aggressive portrayal of a Bengali housewife who in time becomes more tolerant of her aging husband's many eccentric guests".


title: Shefali Shah

text: Subhash Ghai's crime thriller "Black & White" (2008) stars Shah as Roma Mathur, a Bengali activist and the wife of an Urdu professor (Anil Kapoor). The film follows the couple's acquaintance with a disguised Islamic fundamentalist plotting a suicide attack at the Red Fort. It generated mixed reviews and so did Shah's performance, which Khalid Mohamed found to be "unusually hammy". Two years later, in view of the lack of substantial film work that would realise her acting potential, Shah's husband Vipul cast her in his Hindi stage production "Bas Itna Sa Khwab", directed by Chandrakant Kulkarni. Based on Kulkarni's Marathi play "Dhyanimani", it marked Shah's return to the stage after a decade and saw her in the role of a middle-class housewife opposite Kiran Karmarkar. She spoke of her acting experience on stage, recounting her full involvement with her character: "I have to literally break down every time, then collect the pieces and put them back together again". Authors Sunil Kant Munjal and S.K. Rai, in the book "All the World is a Stage", lavished her performance: "Those who have not seen Shefali Shah on stage have missed seeing one of the best live performers in this country. For the entire length of a two-hour play she draws the audience in, making them believe her story is part of their story too, that her pain is something they feel too."


title: Shefali Shah

text: After appearing as a psychiatrist in the thriller "Karthik Calling Karthik" in 2010, Shah was cast in the lead part of her husband's production "Kucch Luv Jaisaa" the following year. She played a young housewife who spends a romantic day with a criminal on the run from prison (Rahul Bose). To prepare for the part, Shah visited the Thane Jail and interacted with prisoners to attain better understanding of her character's experience. The film opened to a lukewarm critical response, with critics Subhash K. Jha and Mihir Fadnavis observing that Shah struggles with material that was written with little conviction. Her efforts were better received by Mayank Shekhar, who found her "startlingly expressive" and commended her for exuding "the kind of vulnerability and warmth that's rare to match". After three years of absence from the screen, Shah returned as Jyoti, a brothel madam in Nagesh Kukunoor's 2014 social problem film "Lakshmi", alongside Monali Thakur. Based on the true story of a teenager who is kidnapped and sold into a brothel in Hyderabad, "Lakshmi" released to a positive critical reception for its harshly realistic depiction human trafficking and child prostitution. Sudhish Kamath appreciated Shah's performance in a complex role.


title: Shefali Shah

text: In 2015, Shah starred in Zoya Akhtar's comedy-drama "Dil Dhadakne Do" alongside Anil Kapoor as her husband, and Priyanka Chopra and Ranveer Singh as her children. The story is about a wealthy, dysfunctional family who embark on a cruise to celebrate the 30th wedding anniversary of the parents; Shah played Neelam Mehra, the passive-aggressive matriarch caught in a marriage of convenience and hiding her eating disorder. Shah loved the script and the character but was initially apprehensive about accepting another part of a middle-aged woman and playing a mother to Chopra and Singh; she eventually relented on her husband's advice. "Dil Dhadakne Do" was one of the highest-grossing Hindi films of 2015. A scene where an emotionally collapsing Neelam is seen binging on a cake in front of the mirror was particularly noted by critics. Subhash K. Jha found Shah's performance the most effective of the ensemble cast, arguing she "brings to her character an unfussy pitch-perfection rarely seen in mainstream cinema". She received her third Best Supporting Actress nomination for the film, and was awarded the Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actress as well as a Screen Award for Best Ensemble Cast along with her co-stars in the film.


title: Shefali Shah

text: In "Brothers" (2015), Karan Malhotra's remake of the American sports drama "Warrior" (2011), Shah had a minor supporting role. Her character Maria Fernandes is presented in flashbacks as a woman who accepts the child her adulterous husband had out of wedlock. The film generated mixed-to-negative reviews; Vishal Menon of "The Hindu" thought she had a role which required copious crying but "The Hollywood Reporter" found her performance heartbreaking. Shah voiced the character of Raksha in the Hindi version of the Disney live-action feature "The Jungle Book" (2016). She next played the fictional part of India's Minister of Home Affairs Leena Chowdhury in the action thriller "".


title: Shefali Shah

text: In 2017, Shah acted in "Juice", a short film about gender inequality in middle-class Indian families. Directed by Neeraj Ghaywan, it stars Shah as Manju Singh, a woman who, after hours spent in the kitchen, acts in defiance of her inconsiderate husband. The film and Shah's performance received favourable reviews. Critics noted her ability to communicate emotions through gestures and expressions; Kriti Tulsiani wrote that Shah's "unfazed gazes convey more than words will ever say". The film won two Filmfare Short Film Awards at the 63rd Filmfare Awards: Best Film (fiction) and Best Actress for Shah. In years to follow, she credited "Juice" as the first of several films that helped propel her career forward. In "Once Again" (2018), an Indo-German Netflix romance film, Shah was cast in the lead as a widowed middle-aged restaurateur who falls in love with an ageing film star played by Neeraj Kabi. Shah said she had long awaited a film of the sort, describing herself as "an incurable romantic". She received compliments for her performance, and her chemistry with Kabi drew positive notice. Deepa Gahlot of "Financial Chronicle" appreciated the film's subtlety and took note of Shah's expressive eyes revealing her inner state, an opinion shared by other critics.


title: Shefali Shah

text: Shah's second collaboration with Netflix took place in the 2019 procedural miniseries "Delhi Crime", which was written and directed by Richie Mehta. Based on the aftermath of the 2012 Delhi gang rape, the show stars Shah as Vartika Chaturvedi, a South Delhi Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) who is assigned to investigate a brutal gang rape in Delhi. The character was modelled after former Delhi DCP Chhaya Sharma. Shah found the part "emotionally, physically, mentally" consuming and would often interact with Sharma throughout filming to learn more about the character. The series opened to universally positive reviews from critics, and Shah's performance met with widespread acclaim. Dorothy Rabinowitz of "The Wall Street Journal" commended Shah for "a movingly understated and complex performance" and Namrata Joshi of "The Hindu" wrote: "Shah is on top of her game, conflicted yet sure of herself, vulnerable but strong, swayed by emotions yet never giving in to them, bristling equally with anger, concern, disappointments and dejection." "Delhi Crime" was named Best Drama Series at the 48th International Emmy Awards, and won four Asian Academy Creative Awards, including Best Drama Series and Best Actress for Shah. She hailed the show as a turning point in her life, saying it reassured filmmakers to cast her in primary parts and heralded the busiest period of her career.


title: Shefali Shah

text: In 2020, Shah experimented with writing and directing in two self-starring COVID-19-based short films, "Someday" and "Happy Birthday Mummyji". In "Someday", which marked her directorial debut, she played a frontline healthcare worker who returns home for a seven-day quarantine due to the pandemic and spends time interacting through a door with her elderly mother, who suffers from Alzheimer's disease. Shah conceived the story based on memories from her mother who had turned caregiver to her grandmother, and shot the film with a five-member crew at her residence over a period of two days. The film premiered at the 51st USA Film Festival and was later screened at the 18th Indian Film Festival Stuttgart in Germany. In "Happy Birthday Mummyji", she played Suchi, a housewife whose preparations for her mother-in-law's birthday party are halted by a sudden national curfew, leaving her home alone and decisive to make the most of the rare opportunity to spend time on herself. Shah wrote the script drawing upon her own life experiences and believed Suchi "represents all the women you know". A single-character film, it opened to positive reviews and attracted some notice for a masturbation scene played by Shah.


title: Shefali Shah

text: The 2021 Netflix original anthology film "Ajeeb Daastaans", comprising four short stories, featured Shah in the fourth segment "Ankahi", directed by Kayoze Irani. She played Natasha, an unhappily married woman who struggles with her teenaged daughter's hearing loss and falls in love with a hearing-impaired photographer, played by Manav Kaul. She studied sign language in preparation for the part and revealed to have grown so emotionally invested in the story that it left her heartbroken when filming ended. "Ankahi" was well-received by critics, with particular emphasis placed on Shah and Kaul's performances.


title: Shefali Shah

text: In 2022, Shah starred in "Human", a medical streaming television series. Directed by her husband for Disney+ Hotstar, the show explores the nexus between pharmaceutical companies and large private hospitals who conduct human trials for new drugs on lower-class citizens. She played Dr. Gauri Nath, a powerful and ruthlessly ambitious neurosurgeon with a traumatic childhood who owns Manthan, a self-founded multi-specialty hospital. Shah found the negative character of Gauri to be unlike anyone she had ever known. "Hindustan Times" described Gauri as one of the best characters on Indian digital series yet, calling her an "incredibly disturbed sociopath" and "a vicious snake singularly committed to building her business". Critics reacted positively to Shah's turn, noting her composed demeanor and hushed tone in the part. Later in the year, Shah starred opposite Vidya Balan in the social thriller "Jalsa", an Amazon Prime feature film. Her part is that of Rukhsana, a maid whose daughter becomes the victim of a hit-and-run accident. The film opened to a positive response from critics, and Shah received rave reviews for her understated performance. She was named Best Actress at the annual Indian Film Festival of Melbourne. Anuj Kumar of "The Hindu" commended her performance and character: "At the cost of repeating oneself, the depth of Shefali's eyes and the emotions that they could hold continues to bewitch and baffle. Her Rukhsana is that vulnerable maid from the margins who makes an attempt to hold on to a life of dignity."


title: Shefali Shah

text: In the black comedy "Darlings" (2022), produced for Netflix, Shah and Alia Bhatt star as a mother and daughter who embark on a revenge plan against the latter's abusive husband. Shubhra Gupta complimented Shah for her "powerful act", and Anna M. M. Vetticad wrote of Shah's effective blend of comedy and drama in the part. "Darlings" became the highest-viewed non-English Indian original on Netflix. August 2022 saw the release of the second season of "Delhi Crime", based on the chapter "Moon Gazer" from retired police officer Neeraj Kumar's book "Khaki Files". Addressing new themes such as class prejudice, the show opened to positive reviews and Shah again received favourable comments for holding the show together with both power and vulnerability. According to "Vogue"s Taylor Antrim, Shah is "tremendous in the role" as she "seizes your attention" in her reprisal of Vartika Chaturvedi, who is "intensely serious; fearsome to her subordinates, who call her 'Madam Sir'; and clearly burdened by her job". Shah next appeared in the medical comedy "Doctor G", alongside Ayushmann Khurrana and Rakul Preet Singh.


title: Shefali Shah

text: Shah has been described by critics and the media as one of India's finest actresses. Describing herself as an instinctive actor, she has confessed to not approaching acting as a craft but rather becoming a person and living each character's struggle, which often proves taxing. She explained her technique: "Every role takes away a part of me. It's exhausting, it drains me completely, and then enriches me. It's a cycle, but I don't know any other way". Known for her understated acting style, Shah has been noted for her big, expressive eyes and her ability to emote through minimal facial expressions and gestures, and often through silence. Devansh Sharma described Shah's use of silence as "a leitmotif in all her performances", and Sneha Bengani commented, "Shah has always thrived in silences. Through them, she communicates with easy effortlessness what words almost always fail to." In view of her preference for minimalism, she has gained a reputation for asking directors to cut her lines and scenes. Shah explains that cinema being a powerful visual medium which captures actors' faces, sometimes not much spoken text is required and is often redundant. Due to her eagerness to be thoroughly versed in details about her scripts and parts, Shah often keeps badgering her directors with questions during filming.


title: Shefali Shah

text: Highly selective about her roles and unwilling to compromise her artistic integrity, Shah chooses parts by instinct and maintains that unless completely consumed by a project, she will not commit to it. She does not give importance to the length of a role, but more "the mettle, the potency and the relevance" it has in the film. Some of Shah's characters throughout her career were of women older than herself. Her first roles on television when she was in her early twenties, including Savy, the mother of a teenager in "Hasratein", made several filmmakers offer her parts of women that far surpassed her actual age. She admitted that "Hasratein" had damaged her career in this regard. On one occasion, she had almost played the role of a mother to Amitabh Bachchan, who was twice her age, before she left the project. Although she was initially excited about the acting challenge in playing mature women, she decided to stop accepting such parts, especially after playing the middle-aged part of Bachchan's wife and Akshay Kumar's mother in "Waqt" (2005), because filmmakers sought to typecast her in similar parts. She explained her choice of "Gandhi, My Father" (2017) was different as she played Kasturba Gandhi from the character's early adulthood into her later years. "Dil Dhadakne Do" (2015) was another exception where she was so impressed with the character she could not refuse it.


title: Shefali Shah

text: Shah was one of the leading actresses of Indian television before she left it as she was dissatisfied with the content. Following the positive reaction to her performance in "Satya" in 1998, she expected more film work coming her way whereas the offers she received at the time comprised mostly small character parts. While initially bothered by the limited work available to her in Hindi films, Shah has over years come to terms with the realisation that satisfactory roles would come to her every once in a while. This resulted in numerous gaps between her film appearances. The rise of digital streaming platforms, however, rejuvenated Shah's career, with parts not otherwise available in films and often written specially for her. "Delhi Crime" proved to be a major turning point in her career, as it brought an influx of film offers, mostly of leading roles which would seldom come her way before. Consequently, she embarked on the busiest period of her professional life, working on six projects throughout 2020 in films and roles the kind of which she longed for. She credited digital platforms with giving her opportunity to invest more in her parts: "The web-series format gives me hours to experiment, explore and indulge and understand my character's nuances."


title: Shefali Shah

text: The reception to Shah's performances has been positive from her initial television work. Her early screen persona on television was that of a woman who, according to Chatura Poojari, is "homely, chatty but with a sensible head firmly screwed onto her shoulders — a regular Indian woman who deals with life by wearing a velvet glove over an iron hand". Shah believes her middle-class background has helped her shape a personality which makes her characters relatable. A 1999 article by "The Indian Express" said that she "pulls off each and every character with absolute ease". Subhash K. Jha describes her as "an impossibly skilled actress" and, on another occasion, "an actress who forces you to watch her". Speaking of her eyes, Devansh Sharma wrote in a review of "Once Again" (2018), "Her loquacious eyes express rage with as much ease as they do love." Reviewing "Jalsa" (2022), Monika Rawal Kukreja was highly impressed with Shah's use of just her eyes and expressions to emote. Author and journalist Aparna Pednekar wrote, "Shah's "au naturale" performances come from an instinctive, savage space, with an abundance of layers simmering beneath a placid smile and soft-spoken personality".


title: Military rank

text: Military ranks are a system of hierarchical relationships, within armed forces, police, intelligence agencies or other institutions organized along military lines. The military rank system defines dominance, authority, and responsibility in a military hierarchy. It incorporates the principles of exercising power and authority into the military chain of command—the succession of commanders superior to subordinates through which command is exercised. The military chain of command constructs an important component for organized collective action.


title: Military rank

text: Uniforms denote the bearer's rank by particular insignia affixed to the uniforms on a number of countries. Ranking systems have been known for most of military history to be advantageous for military operations, in particular with regards to logistics, command, and coordination. As time went on and military operations became larger and more complex, military ranks increased and the ranking systems themselves became more complex.


title: Military rank

text: Rank is not only used to designate leadership, but to establish pay-grade as well. As rank increases, pay-grade follows, but so does amount of responsibility.


title: Military rank

text: Within modern armed forces, the use of ranks is almost universal. Communist states have sometimes abolished ranks (e.g., the Soviet Red Army 1918–1935, the Chinese People's Liberation Army 1965–1988, and the Albanian People's Army 1966–1991), but they had to re-establish them after encountering operational difficulties of command and control.


title: Military rank

text: From 501 BC, the Athenians annually elected ten individuals to the rank of "strategos", one for each of the ten "tribes" that had been created with the founding of the democracy. "Strategos" means "army leader" and is usually translated as "general". Originally these generals worked together with the old "polemarchos" ("warlord") but over time the latter figure was absorbed into the generalship: each of the ten generals would rotate as "polemarch" for one day, and during this day his vote would serve as tie-breaker if necessary.


title: Military rank

text: The ten generals were equal to one another. There was no hierarchy among them, however, a basic form of democracy was in effect: For example, at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC, the generals determined the battle plan by majority vote. Particular assignments, however, might have been given to individual generals; inevitably there was a regular division of responsibilities.


title: Military rank

text: The rank that was subordinate to a top general was a "taxiarchos" or "taxiarhos", something akin to the modern brigadier. In Sparta, however, the title was ""polemarchos"". Below this was the "syntagmatarchis", which can be translated as "leader of a regiment" ("syntagma") and was therefore like a modern colonel. Below him was the "tagmatarches", a commanding officer of a "tagma" (near to the modern battalion). The rank was roughly equivalent to the "legatus" of a Roman legion. Next was the "lokhagos", an officer who led an infantry unit called a "lokhos" that consisted of roughly a hundred men, much the same as in a modern company led by a captain.


title: Military rank

text: A Greek cavalry ("hippikon") regiment was called a "hipparchia" and was commanded by an "epihipparch". The unit was split into two and led by two "hipparchos" or hipparch, but Spartan cavalry was led by a "hipparmostes". A "hippotoxotès" was a mounted archer. A Greek cavalry company was led by a "tetrarchès" or "tetrarch".


title: Military rank

text: The rank and file of the military in most of the Greek city states was composed of ordinary citizens. Heavily armed foot soldiers were called "hoplitès" or "hoplites" and a "hoplomachos" was a drill or weapons instructor.


title: Military rank

text: Once Athens became a naval power, the top generals of the land armies had authority over the naval fleets as well. Under them, each warship was commanded by a "trièrarchos" or "trierarch", a word which originally meant "trireme officer" but persisted when other types of vessels came into use. Moreover, as in modern navies, the different tasks associated with running a ship were delegated to different subordinates. Specifically, the "kybernètès" was the helmsman, the "keleustēs" managed the rowing speed, and the "trièraulès" was the flute player who maintained the strike rate for the oarsmen. Following further specialization, the naval "strategos" was replaced by a "nauarchos", a sea officer equating to an admiral.


title: Military rank

text: With the rise of Macedonia under Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great, the Greek military became professional, tactics became more sophisticated and additional levels of ranking developed. Foot soldiers were organized into heavy infantry phalanxes called "phalangites". These were among the first troops ever to be drilled, and they fought packed in a close rectangular formation, typically eight men deep, with a leader at the head of each column (or file) and a secondary leader in the middle so that the back rows could move off to the sides if more frontage was needed.


title: Military rank

text: A "tetrarchia" was a unit of four files and a "tetrarchès" or "tetrarch" was a commander of four files; a "dilochia" was a double file and a "dilochitès" was a double-file leader; a lochos was a single file and a "lochagos" was a file leader; a "dimoiria" was a half file and a "dimoirites" was a half-file leader. Another name for the half file was a "hèmilochion" with a "hèmilochitès" being a half-file leader.


title: Military rank

text: Different types of units, however, were divided differently and therefore their leaders had different titles. For example, under a numbering system by tens, a "dekas" or "dekania" was a unit of ten led by a "dekarchos", a "hekatontarchia" was a unit of one hundred led by a "hekatontarchos" and a "khiliostys" or "khiliarchia" was a unit of a thousand led by a "khiliarchos".


title: Military rank

text: The cavalry, for which Alexander became most famous (in a military sense), grew more varied. There were heavy cavalry and wing cavalry ("ilè") units, the latter commanded by an "ilarchos".


title: Military rank

text: The use of formalized ranks came into widespread use with the Roman legions after the reforms by Marius. Comparisons to modern ranks, however, can only be loose because the Roman army's command structure was very different from the organizational structure of its modern counterparts, which arose from the early modern, Thirty Years' War mercenary companies, rather than from the writings of fourth-century Roman writer Vegetius and Caesar's commentaries on his conquest of Gaul and the civil war.


title: Military rank

text: Military command properly so-called was a political office in Rome. A commander needed to be equipped with imperium, a politico-religious concept. The king who possessed it (the "rex sacrorum") was strictly forbidden to have it to avoid a return to the monarchy. In the republic, commanding was confined to consuls or (seldom) to "praetors", or in cases of necessity a dictator. "Proconsuls", after the establishment of the office, were used. In imperial times, each legion was commanded by the emperor, who was technically either consul or proconsul.


title: Military rank

text: The commander could appoint a deputy, a so-called "legate" ("legatus"). The association of ""legatus"" with "legion" is folk etymology, as the meaning of "legatus" is "proxy" or "envoy". Legates were typically drawn from the Roman Senate for three-year terms. The political nature of high military command was even reflected here, in that legions were always subordinate to the governor, and only the second and further legions stationed in a province had their own "legatus legionis". The real commanders and the legates together were, in modern terms, the general officers.


title: Military rank

text: Immediately beneath the commander (or his legate) were six military tribunes ("tribuni militum"), five of whom were young men of equestrian rank and one of whom was a nobleman who was headed for the senate. The latter is called "laticlavian" tribune ("tribunus laticlavius") and was second in command. If in modern divisions the deputy commander is a brigadier general, the "laticlavian tribune" can perhaps be translated with this rank, though he commanded no formation of his own. The other tribunes are called "tribuni angusticlavii" and are equivalent to staff officers in both senses of the term: of ranks major, lieutenant colonel, colonel, and with administrative duties. They did not command a formation of their own. The term "military tribune" is even sometimes translated into English as "colonel"—most notably by the late classicist Robert Graves in his "Claudius" novels and his translation of Suetonius' "Twelve Caesars"—to avoid confusion with the political "tribunes of the people"; in addition, they must not either be confused with the "military tribunes with consular authority", who in early republican times could replace the consuls.


title: Military rank

text: The third highest officer of a legion, above the "angusticlavian" tribunes, was the "praefectus castrorum". He, too, would have a colonel's rank in modern armies, yet he differed much from the tribunes in that his office was not part of the rather administrative "cursus", but normally filled by former centurions. (Modern armies have a similar distinction on a lower scale—i.e., between commissioned and non-commissioned officers.)


title: Military rank

text: The fighting men in the legion were formed into "ranks", rows of men who fought as a unit. Under Marius's new system, legions were divided into ten cohorts ("cohortes") (roughly equivalent to battalions and immediately subject to the legion), each consisting of three "manipula", each of them of two centuries (a rather small company in modern terms), each consisting of between 60 and 160 men. Each century was led by a centurion ("centurio", traditionally translated as captain), who was assisted by a number of junior officers, such as an "optio". Centuries were further broken into ten "contubernia" of eight soldiers each. The "manipula" were commanded by one of their two centurions, the cohorts by one of their three "manipulum's" centurions; the most senior cohort-commanding centurions was called "primus pilus". The ranks of centurions in the individual cohorts were, in descending order, "pilus prior", "pilus posterior", "princeps prior", "princeps posterior", "hastatus prior", and "hastatus posterior". Individual soldiers were referred to as soldiers ("milites") or legionaries ("legionarii").


title: Military rank

text: There were no ranks in the modern sense of a hierarchy of titles, although the army was organized into a hierarchical command. The organization of the army was based on the decimal system, employed by Modun Chanyu. The army was built upon a squad of ten ("aravt") led by an appointed chief. Ten of these would then compose a company of a hundred ("zuut"), also led by an appointed chief. The next unit was a regiment of a thousand ("myangat") led by an appointed "noyan". The largest organic unit was a ten thousand man unit ("tumen") also led by an appointed "noyan".


title: Military rank

text: The army of ancient Persia consisted of manageable military groupings under the individual commands. Starting at the bottom, a unit of 10 was called a "dathabam" and was led by a "dathapatis". A unit of 100 men was a "satabam" led by a "satapatis". A unit of 1,000 was a "hazarabam" and was commanded by a "hazarapatis". A unit of 10,000 was a "baivarabam" and was commanded by a "baivarapatis". The Greeks called such masses of troops a "myrias" or "myriad". Among mounted troops, an "asabam" was a cavalry unit led by an "asapatis".


title: Military rank

text: Post-classical militaries did not have a unified rank structure; while the feudal lords were in some ways equivalent to modern officers, they didn't have a strict hierarchy—a king was conceived of as first among equals, not a monarch as later or ancient societies understood the concept, and all nobles were theoretically equals (hence "peers"). A nobleman was obligated to bring a set number of troops when asked by his liege-lord, a king or merely a higher-ranked noble who had obtained his service by the gift of land. The troops' lord retained at least nominal control over them—many post-classical military planning sessions involved negotiating each lord's role in the coming battle—and each lord was allowed to leave after a predetermined amount of time had passed.


title: Military rank

text: The command structure of armies was generally loose and varied considerably. Typically, the king and high-ranking lords would call out for all lords to gather their troops for a campaign. They would appoint a renowned noble to organize the assembling forces, the marshal. The term "field marshal" came from the marshal then leading the army on the march, and being in charge of organizing camps and logistics. Tactics for an upcoming battle were often decided by councils of war among the nobles leading the largest forces. Outside of campaigns, the high constable had authority over the local constables, and commanders of the garrisons of major castles. The high constable might have authority in the army due to his role of head of the regular cavalry.


title: Military rank

text: As the European and Asian Middle Ages came to an end, the rank structure of post-classical armies became more formalized. The top officers were known as commissioned officers because their rank came from a royal commission. Army commissions were usually reserved for those of high stature—the aristocracy of mainland Europe and the aristocracy and gentry of Great Britain.


title: Military rank

text: The basic unit of the post-classical army was the company, a band of soldiers assigned (or raised) by a vassal lord on behalf of "his lord" (in later times the king himself). The vassal lord in command of the company was a commissioned officer with the rank of captain. Captain was derived from the Late Latin word "capitaneus" (meaning "head man" or chief).


title: Military rank

text: The commissioned officer assisting the captain with command of the company was the lieutenant. Lieutenant was derived from the French language; the "lieu" meaning "place" as in a position; and "tenant" meaning "holding" as in "holding a position"; thus a "lieutenant" is somebody who holds a position in the absence of their superior. When he was not assisting the captain, the lieutenant commanded a unit called a platoon, particularly a more specialized platoon. The word is derived from the 17th-century French "peloton", meaning a small ball or small detachment of men, which came from "pelote", a ball.


title: Military rank

text: The commissioned officer carrying the (infantry) company's flag was the ensign. The word "ensign" was derived from the Latin word "insignia". In cavalry companies the equivalent rank was cornet. In English usage, these ranks were merged into the single rank of second lieutenant in the 19th century.


title: Military rank

text: Not all officers received a commission from the king. Certain specialists were granted a warrant, certifying their expertise as craftsmen. These warrant officers assisted the commissioned officers but ranked above the non-commissioned officers (NCOs). They received their authority from superior officers rather than the king. The first NCOs were the armed servants (men-at-arms) of the aristocracy, assigned to command, organize and train the militia units raised for battle. After years of commanding a squad, an NCO could be promoted to sergeant, the highest NCO rank. While a sergeant might have commanded a squad upon promotion, he usually became a staff officer. While commissioned staff officers assisted their commander with personnel, intelligence, operations and logistics, the sergeant was a jack of all trades, concerning himself with all aspects of administration to maintain the enlisted men serving under his commander. Over time, sergeants were differentiated into many ranks as various levels of sergeants were used by the commanders of various levels of units.


title: Military rank

text: A corporal commanded a squad. "Squad" derived from the Italian word for a "square" or "block" of soldiers. In fact, "corporal" was derived from the Italian "caporal de squadra" (head of the squad). Corporals were assisted by lancepesades. Lancepesades were veteran soldiers; "lancepesade" was derived from the Italian "lancia spezzata" meaning broken spear—the broken spear being a metaphor for combat experience, where such an occurrence was likely. The first lancepesades were simply experienced privates; who either assisted their corporal or performed the duties of a corporal themselves. It was this second function that made armies increasingly regard their lancepesades as a grade of corporal rather than a grade of private. As a result, the rank of lance corporal was derived from combining lancepesade and corporal.


title: Military rank

text: As the post-classical came to an end, kings increasingly relied on professional soldiers to fill the bottom ranks of their armies instead of militiamen. Each of these professionals began their careers as a private. The private was a man who signed a private contract with the company commander, offering his services in return for pay. The money was raised through taxation; those yeomen (smallholding peasants) who did not fulfill their annual 40-day militia service paid a tax that funded professional soldiers recruited from the yeomanry. This money was handed to the company commanders from the royal treasury, with the company commanders using the money to recruit the troops.


title: Military rank

text: As armies grew larger, composed of multiple companies, one captain was granted general (overall) authority over the field armies by the king. (National armies were the armies of the kings. Field armies were armies raised by the king to enter the battle field in preparation for major battles.) In French history, "lieutenant du roi" was a title borne by the officer sent with military powers to represent the king in certain provinces. A "lieutenant du roi" was sometimes known as a "lieutenant général" to distinguish him from lieutenants subordinate to mere captains. The sergeant acting as staff officer to the captain general was known as the sergeant major general. This was eventually shortened to major general, while captain general began to be addressed, depending on the military branch, as general of the infantry, general of the cavalry or general of the artillery, and these ones, over time, were shortened to simply general. This is the reason a major outranks a lieutenant, but a lieutenant general outranks a major general.


title: Military rank

text: In modern times recruits attending basic training, also referred to as boot camp by some branches, are instructed in the hierarchical structure of military rank. Many new enlisted civilians find it difficult to understand the structure of general staff ranks as stated before, it becomes somewhat complicated to understand when applying basic rationale.


title: Military rank

text: As armies grew bigger, heraldry and unit identification remained primarily a matter of the regiment. Brigades headed by brigadier generals were the units invented as a tactical unit by the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus II ("Gustav II Adolf", who was killed at the battle of Lützen 1632). It was introduced to overcome the normal army structure, consisting of regiments. The so-called ""brigada"" was a mixed unit, comprising infantry, cavalry and normally artillery, designated for a special task. The size of such "brigada" was a reinforced company up to two regiments. The "brigada" was a 17th-century form of the modern "task force". In some armies "brigadier general" has been shortened to "brigadier".


title: Military rank

text: Around the end of the 16th century, companies were grouped into regiments. The officers commissioned to lead these regiments were called "colonels" (column officers). They were first appointed in Spain by King Ferdinand II of Aragon where they were also known as ""coronellos"" (crown officers) since they were appointed by the Crown. Thus the English pronunciation of the word "colonel".


title: Military rank

text: The first colonels were captains granted command of their regiments by commission of the king. The lieutenants of the colonel were the lieutenant colonels. In the 17th century, the sergeant of the colonel was the sergeant major. These were field officers, third in command of their regiments (after their colonels and lieutenant colonels), with a role similar to the older, army-level sergeants major (although on a smaller scale). The older position became known as sergeant major general to distinguish it. Over time, the "sergeant" was dropped from both titles since both ranks were used for commissioned officers. This gave rise to the modern ranks of major and major general.


title: Military rank

text: The full title of sergeant major fell out of use until the latter part of the 18th century, when it began to be applied to the senior non-commissioned officer of an infantry battalion or cavalry regiment.


title: Military rank

text: Regiments were later split into battalions with a lieutenant colonel as a commanding officer and a major as an executive officer.


title: Military rank

text: These are codified in the Geneva Conventions, which distinguish "officers", "non-commissioned officers", and "enlisted men".


title: Military rank

text: Officers are distinguished from other military members (or an "officer in training") by holding a commission; they are trained or training as leaders and hold command positions.


title: Military rank

text: Officers who typically command units or formations that are expected to operate independently for extended periods of time (i.e., brigades and larger, or flotillas or squadrons of ships), are referred to variously as general officers (in armies, marines, and some air forces), flag officers (in navies and coast guards), or air officers (in some Commonwealth air forces).


title: Military rank

text: General-officer ranks typically include (from the most senior) general, lieutenant general, major general, and brigadier general, although there are many variations like division general or (air-, ground-) force general.


title: Military rank

text: Flag-officer ranks, named after the traditional practice of showing the presence of such an officer with a flag on a ship and often land, typically include (from the most senior) admiral, vice admiral and rear admiral. In some navies, such as Canada's, the rank of commodore is a flag rank.


title: Military rank

text: In the United Kingdom and most other Commonwealth air forces, air-officer ranks usually include air chief marshal, air marshal, air vice-marshal and air commodore. For some air forces, however, such as those of Canada, United States and many other air forces, general officer rank titles are used. In the case of the United States Air Force, that service was once part of the U.S. Army and evolved as a separate service in 1947, carrying over its extant officer rank structure. Brazil and Argentina use a system of general officer ranks based on the term brigadier.


title: Military rank

text: In some forces, there may be one or more superior ranks to the common examples, above, that are given distinguishing titles, such as field marshal (most armies of the world, notably excluding the United States) or general of the army (mainly the United States because "marshal" is used as a peace officer's designation), fleet admiral (U.S. Navy), Marshal of the Royal Air Force, or other national air force. These ranks have often been discontinued, such as in Germany and Canada, or limited to wartime or honorific promotion, such as in the United Kingdom and the United States.


title: Military rank

text: In various countries, particularly the United States, these may be referred to as "star ranks" for the number of stars worn on some rank insignia: typically one-star for brigadier general or equivalent with the addition of a star for each subsequent rank. In the United States, five stars has been the highest rank regularly attainable (excluding the marines and coast guard, which have traditionally served as branches of the navy in times of war and thus under the command of a fleet admiral). There also exists the specialty ranks of General of the Armies of the United States and Admiral of the Navy which at their inception were considered senior four star officers but came to be considered six-star rank after the creation of five star officers. To date only one officer has held a six star rank in his lifetime, John J. Pershing. George Washington was posthumously promoted to the post in 1976. Additionally, Admiral George Dewey was promoted to admiral of the navy but died well before statute made it senior to an admiral of the fleet upon the latter's inception.


title: Military rank

text: Some titles are not genuine ranks, but either functions assumed by generals or honorific titles. For instance, in the French Army "général de corps d'armée" is a function assumed by some "généraux de division", and "maréchal de France", which is a distinction denoting the most superior military office, but one that has often neutered the practical command powers of those on whom it is conferred. In the United States Navy, a commodore currently is a senior captain commanding a squadron, air group, or air wing that is too small for a rear admiral to command, although that name has historically been used as a rank. The title (not rank) of commodore can also indicate an officer who is senior to a ship's captain (since only the ship's commanding officer is addressed as captain while under way). Marine captains are sometimes referred to as major to distinguish themselves while shipboard, although this reference is not employed in the U.S. Navy or U.S. Marine Corps.


title: Military rank

text: Field officers, also called "field-grade officers" or "senior officers", are officers who typically command units that can be expected to operate independently for short periods of time (i.e., infantry battalions, cavalry or artillery regiments, warships, air squadrons). Field officers also commonly fill staff positions of superior commands.


title: Military rank

text: The term "field(-grade) officer" is primarily used by armies and marines; air forces, navies and coast guards generally prefer the term "senior officer." The two terms are not necessarily synonymous because the former is frequently used to describe any officer who holds a command position from a platoon to a theater.


title: Military rank

text: Typical army and marine field officer ranks include colonel, lieutenant colonel, major and, in the British army, captains holding an adjutant's or operations officer appointment. In many Commonwealth countries the field rank of brigadier is used, although it fills the position held by brigadier general in other countries. In the United States Army, warrant officers who hold the rank of CW3–CW4 are field grade officers; CW5s are senior field grade officers.


title: Military rank

text: Naval and coast guard senior officer ranks include captain and commander. In some countries, the more senior rank of commodore is also included. In others lieutenant-commanders, as equivalents to army and marine majors, are considered senior officers.


title: Military rank

text: Commonwealth air force senior officer ranks include group captain, wing commander, and squadron leader, where such ranks are still used.


title: Military rank

text: The ranks of junior officers are the three or four lowest ranks of officers. Units under their command are generally not expected to operate independently for any significant length of time. Company grade officers also fill staff roles in some units. In some militaries, however, a captain may act as the permanent commanding officer of an independent company-sized army unit, for example a signal or field engineer squadron, or a field artillery battery.


title: Military rank

text: Typical army company officer ranks include captain and various grades of lieutenant. Typical naval and coast guard junior officer ranks include grades of lieutenant commander, lieutenant, lieutenant junior grade, sub-lieutenant and ensign. Commonwealth (excluding Canada) air force junior officer ranks usually include flight lieutenant, flying officer, and pilot officer.


title: Military rank

text: "The [U.S.] commissioned officer corps is divided into 10 pay grades (O-1 through O-10). Officers in pay grades O-1 through O-3 are considered company grade officers. In the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force, these pay grades correspond to the ranks of second lieutenant (O-1), first lieutenant (O-2), and captain (O-3), and in the Navy, ensign, lieutenant junior grade, and lieutenant. Officers in the next three pay grades (O-4 through O-6) are considered field grade officers. In the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force, these pay grades correspond to the ranks of major (O-4), lieutenant colonel (O-5), and colonel (O-6), and in the Navy, lieutenant commander, commander, and captain. The highest four pay grades are reserved for general officers in the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force, and flag officers in the Navy. The ranks associated with each pay grade are as follows: in the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force, brigadier general (O-7), major general (O-8), lieutenant general (O-9), and general (O-10); in the Navy, rear admiral-lower half, rear admiral-upper half, vice admiral, and admiral."


title: Military rank

text: Officers in training in the Canadian Armed Forces are either naval cadet for naval training or officer cadet for army or air force training.


title: Military rank

text: In the US and several other western forces, officers in training are referred to as student officers, and carry the rank of cadet (army and air force) or midshipman (navy, and in some countries, marines). These officers may be serving at a military academy, or, as common in the United States, as members of a military training unit attached to a civilian college or university, such as an ROTC unit. This is due to a requirement that commissioned officers have at least a four-year collegiate undergraduate degree.


title: Military rank

text: The British Army refers to its trainee officers as officer cadets, who rank as private soldiers at the start of their training, with no authority over other ranks (except when appointed to carry out a role as part of training). Officer cadets are addressed to as "Mister" or "Miss" until the completion of the early stages of their training at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (at which point cadets "pass out" and formally gain their commissions), thereafter other ranks (non-officers) will address them as "Sir" or "Ma'am".


title: Military rank

text: While cadet has always been a rank of limited authority and prestige (cadets and US Navy midshipmen have no authority over commissioned personnel, warrants, or officers, only subordinate cadets), midshipman has historically been a rank with limited leadership responsibility, particularly in the Royal Navy (where cadets are commissioned at the start of their training, unlike their army counterparts). This tradition was continued by the US Navy after its original adoption of the rank, but now US Navy midshipmen are limited in the same manner as cadets in the other US services. Additionally, US Marine officers in training are also midshipmen, trained and educated alongside their naval counterparts, and wear distinctive insignia to indicate their branch of service.


title: Military rank

text: US Coast Guard Academy students are referred to as "cadets", while those attending the military branch's officer candidate school are "officer candidates".


title: Military rank

text: In the US an alternative to spending four years as a cadet or midshipmen is for college graduates with a four-year degree to attend officer candidate school, an intensive twelve-week training course designed to convert college graduates into military officers. Each service has at least one, and usually several, officer candidate school facilities. Students at these programs are called officer candidates.


title: Military rank

text: Warrant officers (as receiving authority by virtue of a warrant) are a hybrid rank treated slightly differently in each country or service. Warrant officers may either be effectively senior non-commissioned officers or an entirely separate grade between commissioned and non-commissioned officers, usually held by specialist personnel.


title: Military rank

text: In the United States, warrant officers are appointed by warrant then commissioned by the President of the United States at the rank of chief warrant officer. Warrant officers range from WO1–CW5. A warrant officer is not a chief warrant officer until they reach W2. CW3–CW4 are field grade officers. Warrant officers in the rank or grade of CW5 are senior field grade officers.


title: Military rank

text: Enlisted personnel are personnel below commissioned rank and make up the vast majority of military personnel. They are known by different names in different countries, such as other ranks (ORs) in the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth countries, and non-commissioned members (NCMs) in Canada.


title: Military rank

text: Non-commissioned officers (NCOs) are enlisted personnel, under the command of an officer, granted delegated authority to supervise other military members or assigned significant administrative responsibilities. They are responsible for the care and direct control of junior military members, often functioning in the smaller field units as executive officers.


title: Military rank

text: Even the most senior NCO officially ranks beneath the most junior commissioned officer or warrant officer. However, most senior NCOs have more experience, possibly including combat, than junior officers. In many armies, because junior officers have a great amount of responsibility and authority but little operational experience, they are paired with senior NCO advisers. In some organizations, senior NCOs may have formal responsibility and informal respect beyond that of junior officers, but less than that of warrant officers. Many warrant officers come from the ranks of mid-career NCOs. In some countries warrant ranks replace senior enlisted ranks.


title: Military rank

text: NCO ranks typically include a varying number of grades of sergeant and corporal (air force, army and marines), or chief petty officer and petty officer (navy and coast guard). In many navies the term 'rating' is used to designate specialty, while "rank" denotes pay grade.


title: Military rank

text: In some countries warrant officers come under the non-commissioned officer branch (senior non-commissioned officiers).


title: Military rank

text: Personnel with no command authority usually bear titles such as private, airman or aircraftman, or seaman (starting with seaman recruit in the United States Navy and Coast Guard). In the United States Marine Corps individuals of all ranks regardless of command status may be referred to as "marine". In the United States Air Force individuals of all ranks regardless of command status may be referred to as "airman". Shortly after the Sailor's Creed was formally instituted, Secretary of the Navy John Dalton directed that the word "sailor" should be capitalized when referring to any uniformed member of the Navy. In some countries and services, personnel in different branches have different titles. These may have a variety of grades, such as private first class, but these usually only reflect variations in pay, not increased authority. These may or may not technically be ranks, depending on the country or service. Each rank gives the individual an indication of how long and how well they have served in combat and training.


title: Military rank

text: Appointment is the instrument by virtue of which the person exercises their authority. Officers are appointed by a royal commission in most monarchies or a presidential commission in many other countries. In the Commonwealth, warrant officers hold a royal or presidential warrant. In the United States, officers are appointed by the president, with the advice and consent of the United States Senate. Most officers are approved "en bloc" by voice vote, but flag officers are usually required to appear before the Armed Services Committee and answer questions to the satisfaction of its members, prior to a vote on their commission.


title: Military rank

text: NCOs are appointed by an instrument of appointment, a written document, often a certificate, usually from the service head. Entry into service is often referred to as enlistment throughout the English-speaking world, even in countries where soldiers do not technically enlist.


title: Military rank

text: Sometimes personnel serve in an appointment which is higher than their actual rank. For instance, commodore used to be an appointment of captain in the Royal Navy and lance corporal used to be an appointment of private in the British Army.


title: Military rank

text: To get a sense of the practical meaning of these ranks—and thus to be able to compare them across the different armed services, different nations, and the variations of titles and insignia—an understanding of the relative levels and sizes of each command is helpful. The ranking and command system used by U.S. Marine ground forces or U.S. Army infantry units can serve as a template for this purpose. Different countries will often use their own systems that do not match the presentation here.


title: Military rank

text: Under this system, starting from the bottom and working up, a corporal leads a fireteam consisting of three other individuals. A sergeant leads a squad consisting of three fireteams. As a result, a full squad numbers 13 individuals. Squads usually have numbered designations (e.g., 1st Squad).


title: Military rank

text: Generally, in most armies and marine units, a lieutenant or equivalent rank leads a platoon, which can consist of three or four squads. For example, in U.S. Marine infantry units, rifle platoons usually consist of three rifle squads of 13 men each, with a Navy corpsman, the platoon leader, and a platoon sergeant (i.e., a staff sergeant who serves as second-in-command). An infantry platoon can number from 42 to 55 individuals, depending on the service. Platoons are usually numbered (e.g., 1st Platoon) or named after their primary function (e.g., service platoon).


title: Military rank

text: A captain or equivalent rank commands a company, usually consisting of four platoons (three line platoons and one heavy weapons platoon). His headquarters can include a first sergeant and as many as seven others. As such, a company can comprise from roughly 175 to 225 individuals. Equivalent units also commanded by captains are batteries (for field artillery units) and detachments. In English speaking countries, a company (or troop in the cavalry, and battery in the artillery) is usually designated by a letter (e.g., "A Company"). In non-English speaking countries, they are usually numbered. In most Commonwealth armies a company is commanded by a major, assisted by a captain.


title: Military rank

text: A lieutenant colonel or equivalent rank commands a battalion or a squadron, often consisting of four companies, plus the various members of his headquarters. A battalion is around 500–1,500 men and usually consists of between two and six companies.


title: Military rank

text: A colonel or equivalent commands a regiment or group, often consisting of four battalions (for an infantry unit) or five to six air groups (for a wing). Battalions and regiments are usually numbered, either as a separate battalion or as part of a regimental structure (e.g., 1-501st Infantry in the US Army).


title: Military rank

text: The next level has traditionally been a brigade, commanded by a brigadier general, and containing two or more regiments. But this structure is considered obsolete today. At the present time, in the U.S. Army, a brigade is roughly equal to or a little larger than a regiment, consisting of three to seven battalions. Strength typically ranges from 1,500 to 3,500 personnel. In the U.S. Marines, brigades are only formed for certain missions. In size and nature they are larger and more varied collections of battalions than is common for a regiment, fitting them for their traditional role as the smallest formation able to operate independently on a battlefield without external logistical tactical support. Brigades are usually numbered (e.g., 2nd Brigade).


title: Military rank

text: The level above regiment and brigade is the division, commanded by a major general and consisting of from 10,000 to 20,000 persons. The 1st Marine Division, for example, is made up of four marine regiments (of the type described above), one assault amphibian battalion, one reconnaissance battalion, two light armored reconnaissance battalions, one combat engineer battalion, one tank battalion, and one headquarters battalion—totalling more than 19,000 marines. (Within the headquarters battalion are one headquarters company, one service company, one military police company, one communications company, and one truck company.) An equivalent elsewhere within the same marine expeditionary force (MEF) might be a MEF logistics group (MLG), which is not a regimental-sized unit (as the word "group" implies), but rather a large support unit consisting of several battalions of support personnel. Divisions are normally numbered, but can be named after a function or personage.


title: Military rank

text: The command sizes for any given rank will vary widely. Not all units are as troop intensive as infantry forces need to be. Tank and artillery crews, for example, involve far fewer personnel. Numbers also differ for non-combat units such as quartermasters, cooks, and hospital staff. Beyond this, in any real situation, not all units will be at full strength and there will be various attachments and detachments of assorted specialists woven throughout the system.


title: Military rank

text: In the U.S. Army, the level above division is a corps. It is commanded by a lieutenant general. In many armies, a corps numbers around 60,000, usually divided into three divisions. Corps (and similar organizations) are normally designated with Roman numerals and their nationality when operating in a combined (international) force—e.g., V (US) Corps, VIII (ROK) Corps, II MEF, I Canadian Corps.


title: Military rank

text: During World War II, due to the large scale of combat, multiple corps were combined into field armies commanded in theory by a general (four stars), but often by a lieutenant general (three stars), and comprising as many as 240,000 troops. Armies are numbered by spelled-out numerals or functional titles, using their nationality in "combined" forces (e.g., Eighth United States Army, Third ROK Army, British Army of the Rhine). These were in their turn formed into army groups, these being the largest field organization handled by a single commander in modern warfare. Army groups included between 400,000 and 1,500,000 troops. Army groups received Arabic numeral designations and national designations when combined- eg 21st Army Group.


title: White Chicks

text: White Chicks is a 2004 American comedy film directed by Keenen Ivory Wayans. It stars Shawn Wayans and Marlon Wayans as two FBI agents who go undercover as women by using whiteface to solve a kidnapping plot. The film was theatrically released in the United States on June 23, 2004, and grossed $113.1 million worldwide against a budget of $37 million.


title: White Chicks

text: The film was nominated for five Razzies, including Worst Picture. Despite negative critical reception, it performed well at the box office, and in the following years, it has come to be regarded as a cult classic.


title: White Chicks

text: Marcus Anthony II and Kevin Copeland are FBI agents who try to collar a drug dealer by selling their product disguised as ice cream. However, their bust fails when a genuine ice-cream salesman shows up first. The two agents are offered a reprieve if they chauffeur the sisters Brittany and Tiffany Wilson, the rich but shallow socialite daughters of Wilson Cruiseliners CEO Andrew Wilson, safely to a weekend-long fashion event in The Hamptons, so they won't become the next victims in a string of high-profile kidnappings. However, the Wilson sisters’ dog leaps out of the vehicle’s window, causing Kevin to reach for its leash to save it. In the process, Kevin loses control of the vehicle, causing an accident where the sisters suffer minor facial scars and refuse to be seen in public in such imperfect condition. Fearing for their jobs, Kevin scares the girls into staying at a hotel while he and Marcus disguise themselves as the sisters and attend the event.


title: White Chicks

text: Kevin, as Brittany, and Marcus, as Tiffany, acquaint themselves with the sisters' three best friends – Lisa Anderson, Karen Googlestein, and Tori Wilson (no relation to Brittany and Tiffany) – and encounter their rivals: the Vandergeld sisters, Heather and Megan. Unbeknownst to Kevin and Marcus, the sisters are being monitored by their colleagues, Vincent Gomez and Jake Harper, and their boss, Chief Elliott Gordon, who are undercover posing as hotel staff. At the hotel, pro basketball player Latrell Spencer, who has an assistant named Tony, takes a shine to Marcus/Tiffany, and Kevin takes a shine to New York One News reporter, Denise Porter.


title: White Chicks

text: At one of the Vandergelds' annual charity auction party that night, Latrell wins a dinner date with Marcus/Tiffany, while Kevin pretends to be Latrell to attract Denise, after hearing that she likes rich men. While the real Latrell takes Marcus/Tiffany to the La Bella restaurant, Kevin uses Latrell's car to drive Denise to Latrell's house, where he begins to solicit information about Ted Burton turning the tables on Warren Vandergeld, Heather and Megan's father. With Kevin becoming romantically involved with Denise and Marcus/Tiffany trying to reject Latrell to no avail, their combined antics put them under Gomez and Harper's suspicion.


title: White Chicks

text: At a nightclub, after winning a dance-off against the Vandergelds, Kevin and Marcus learn from a drunken and heartbroken Karen that Warren Vandergeld is actually penniless and has been taking loans from her father, causing them both to realize that Warren is the mastermind behind the kidnappings. The next day, the real Brittany and Tiffany arrive at the hotel and find out that they are being impersonated. As they arrive in the Hamptons to reveal their "clones", so do Marcus' wife, Gina, and her friend, Shaunice, having assumed that Marcus is cheating on Gina. Gomez and Harper also conclude that the Wilsons are being impersonated by two men and aim to expose them, only to inappropriately strip down the real Brittany and Tiffany in front of Gordon by accident where Tiffany punches Harper in the face. They are subsequently suspended, and a furious Gordon fires Kevin and Marcus after he discovers the truth. Having lost both his job and possibly Gina, Marcus snaps at Kevin for his renegade ways, always dragging him into trouble.


title: White Chicks

text: Later, Kevin and Marcus discover that Warren had funneled large sums of money through his modest charity. Marcus stops Kevin from notifying Gordon, convincing him that they should personally intervene to redeem themselves, and they contact Gomez and Harper to help resolve the case. Under disguise as the Wilson sisters, "they" are chosen to appear in the event's final fashion show, and the Vandergelds are furious that they were kicked off the catwalk by the boss, Aubrey, in favor of the Copelands/Wilsons, but the real Brittany and Tiffany also perform in the event. Karen rejects Heath who callously snubbed her which makes Marcus punch him in the face. During the show, the Vandergeld sisters try to sabotage their "rivals", but end up being humiliated by Karen, Lisa and Tori, who discovered them on the scaffolding above the catwalk.


title: White Chicks

text: However, the real Brittany and Tiffany unmask Kevin and Marcus as imposters, thus causing mass confusion between the group and the audience. Warren uses the opportunity to begin the kidnapping. However, Warren incorrectly captures Marcus/Tiffany and Brittany, which begins a fight between the Copeland brothers and Heath and Russ, a pair of friends Warren hired to get involved with the girls and aid in the kidnappings. Warren soon captures the real sisters and explains his financial troubles to his wife, Elaine, and daughters (who are dismayed to find out that they are broke) not knowing that Denise and her cameraman are recording his confession. In the ensuing fight, Kevin is nearly shot trying to protect Denise, Latrell is shot trying to protect Marcus/Tiffany, and Warren is shot in the shoulder by Kevin.


title: White Chicks

text: Marcus and Kevin successfully capture Warren while Gomez and Harper apprehend Heath and Russ. Afterward, their true identities are revealed to all, and Latrell is dismayed that Marcus is not actually white but he does not seem to care that Marcus is actually a man. While Warren, Heath and Russ are arrested, Gordon reinstates the Copeland brothers, Gomez, and Harper. Marcus clears things with Gina, Kevin and Denise begin a relationship, and Latrell wins over the real Brittany and Tiffany. Tori, Lisa, and Karen admit they liked Brittany and Tiffany a lot more when Marcus and Kevin were them. The five agree to remain friends and go shopping on the next day together.


title: White Chicks

text: Filming occurred partly in Chilliwack, British Columbia, including the exterior scenes at the Hamptons and Victoria, British Columbia. Director Keenen Ivory Wayans also co-wrote and co-produced the film with his brothers.


title: White Chicks

text: "White Chicks" was theatrically released in the United States on June 23, 2004. Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment released the DVD in the United States on October 26, 2004.


title: White Chicks

text: The film grossed $19.7 million in its opening weekend, taking the #2 spot. It finished with $70.8 million at the box office in the United States, and $42.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $113.1 million, against a budget of $37 million. The film was released in the United Kingdom on October 15, 2004, and opened at #2, behind "Shark Tale".


title: White Chicks

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 15% based on 124 reviews and an average rating of 3.72/10, with the site's consensus stating that the film is a "scattershot comedy that's silly and obvious." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 41 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: White Chicks

text: In his negative review, Dave Kehr of "New York Times" stated that "Most movies require some suspension of disbelief. But "White Chicks"... requires something more radical than that. A full frontal lobotomy might be a good place to start." Film critic Richard Roeper put the film at #1 on his list of the worst films of 2004, amongst claims of unconvincing prosthetics and racism. Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film 1 and stars out of four and said "Here is a film so dreary and conventional that it took an act of the will to keep me in the theater." He subsequently named the film the seventh worst film of 2004. Owen Gleiberman from "Entertainment Weekly" said "A tawdry excuse for a movie, but it has a handful of shameless giggles", and rated the film "C+".


title: White Chicks

text: David Rooney of "Variety" gave a positive review, and stated that the film "scores more hits than misses." "USA Today"s Mike Clark rated it 3/4, and said "As with every other genre, there's a right way and a wrong way to handle dude-lawman comedies. "Chicks" does it right a lot of the time."


title: White Chicks

text: "White Chicks" was nominated for five Razzies, including Worst Picture, Worst Actress for the Wayans brothers in drag, Worst Director, Worst Screenplay and Worst Screen Couple. It lost in all categories to "Catwoman" and "Fahrenheit 9/11". At the 2004 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, the film received nominations for Worst Picture, Worst Director (Keenan Ivory Wayans), Most Painfully Unfunny Comedy, Worst On-Screen Couple (Shawn and Marlon Wayans), and Least "Special" Special Effects. Its only win was for Most Painfully Unfunny Comedy.


title: White Chicks

text: In August 2009, a sequel to the film was announced by Sony, though they later canceled the project. In April 2014, Marlon Wayans expressed interest in a sequel. A sequel was confirmed to be in the works in March 2018. On June 30, 2019, Terry Crews confirmed a sequel on the program "Watch What Happens Live". Marlon Wayans confirmed that this information was not meant to leak, and that the deal had not yet been confirmed.


title: Grey DeLisle

text: Grey DeLisle (; born Erin Grey Van Oosbree; August 24, 1973), sometimes credited as Grey Griffin, is an American voice actress, comedian and singer-songwriter. DeLisle is known for various roles in animated productions and video games. On September 27, 2018, she released her debut comedy act, titled "My First Comedy Special". On November 10, 2019, "The Simpsons" producers announced that DeLisle would replace Russi Taylor as the voice of Martin Prince and Sherri and Terri, after Taylor's death in July 2019.


title: Grey DeLisle

text: In 2022, she was nominated for the Children's and Family Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice Performance in an Animated Program for her work on "The Loud House".


title: Grey DeLisle

text: DeLisle was born in Fort Ord, California, to truck driver George Van Oosbree and singer Joanna Ruth, and grew up in a Mexican-American household. She has described herself as "a 75% white woman raised by my Mexican grandma". Her parents separated when she was young. She has two brothers. DeLisle's mother became a born-again Pentecostal when she was eleven and she was later raised by her maternal grandmother, Eva Flores, a vocalist who performed with salsa musician Tito Puente. She credits her father's love of country music as the biggest influence on her musical taste. She attended Chula Vista High School in the same graduating class as Mario Lopez. In her late teens, she started singing old gospel tunes, and entered the world of comedy on the advice of a friend. In her comedy routine, DeLisle imitated voices. Her impressions earned the attention of a casting director and was advised to take up voice acting. At this time, she went back to her musical ambitions but also took classes in voice-overs. She soon began working with talent agent Sandy Schnarr.


title: Grey DeLisle

text: In the "Scooby-Doo" franchise, DeLisle began voicing Daphne Blake with the direct-to-video film "Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase", a role she inherited from her friend and teacher Mary Kay Bergman following the latter's suicide. She later said of Bergman, "It was an interesting turn of events to get to play Daphne, but I'm so glad that I have the role, and I was glad that I was able to carry that on for her. She set the bar very high." DeLisle also credited the work for helping her maintain her music career, stating "I think Daphne just saved country music." In 2019, Warner Bros. announced that Amanda Seyfried would be voicing Daphne in the animated film "Scoob!" instead of DeLisle. Both DeLisle and Matthew Lillard, the current voice of Shaggy Rogers were upset about not being contacted about the decision to recast for their roles for the film. Around the time of the film's release, DeLisle said that she did not bear any hard feelings towards Seyfried or her performance in it.


title: Grey DeLisle

text: DeLisle has also done some modeling; she appears on the cover art for the 2017 Nintendo Switch game "1-2-Switch" as a woman who appears on the upper-right corner, with her nose doctored to be larger than it actually is.


title: Grey DeLisle

text: Her first marriage was to Christopher DeLisle in 1992. The two later divorced in 1993. In 2002, she married Murry Hammond of the country band Old 97's; their courtship and wedding were featured in an episode of "A Wedding Story". She gave birth to their son Jefferson Texas "Tex" Hammond in 2007. They divorced in 2010. She later met Jared Griffin through Twitter, and the two married on June 27, 2012.<ref name="Tara/Grey Interview"></ref> The couple's son Harlan was born in 2014, and a daughter named Mariposa followed in 2016. Their marriage ended the following year.


title: Black magic

text: Black magic, also known as dark magic, has traditionally referred to the use of supernatural powers or magic for evil and selfish purposes, specifically the seven magical arts prohibited by canon law, as expounded by Johannes Hartlieb in 1456. During his period of scholarship, A. E. Waite provided a comprehensive account of black magic practices, rituals and traditions in "The Book of Ceremonial Magic" (1911).


title: Black magic

text: It is also sometimes referred to as the "left-hand path". In modern times, some find that the definition of black magic has been convoluted by people who define magic or ritualistic practices that they disapprove of as black magic.


title: Black magic

text: The seven artes prohibitae or "artes magicae", arts prohibited by canon law, as expounded by Johannes Hartlieb in 1456, their sevenfold partition reflecting that of the artes liberales and artes mechanicae, were:


title: Black magic

text: The division between the four "elemental" disciplines (viz., geomancy, hydromancy, aeromancy, pyromancy) is somewhat contrived. Chiromancy is the divination from a subject's palms as practiced by the Romani (at the time recently arrived in Europe), and scapulimancy is the divination from animal bones, in particular shoulder blades, as practiced in peasant superstition. Nigromancy contrasts with this as scholarly "high magic" derived from High Medieval grimoires such as the "Picatrix" or the "Liber Rasielis".


title: Black magic

text: Practitioners of necromancy or demonic magic in the late Middle Ages usually belonged to the educated elite, as the contents of most grimoires were written in Latin. Demonic magic was usually performed in groups surrounding a spiritual leader in possession of necromantic books. One such case in 1444, Inquisitor Gaspare Sighicelli took action against a group active in Bologna. Marco Mattei of Gesso and friar Jacopo of Viterbo confessed to taking part in magical practices.


title: Black magic

text: The art of geomancy was one of the more popular forms of magic that people practiced during the Renaissance period. Geomancy was a form of divination where a person would cast sand, stone, or dirt on the ground and read the shapes. The Geomantic figures would then tell them "anything" based on geomancy charts that were used to read from the shape.


title: Black magic

text: Hydromancy, a form of divination using water, is typically used with scrying. Water is used as a medium for scrying to allow the practitioner to see illusionary pictures within it. Hydromancy originated from Babylonia and was popular during Byzantine times whereas in medieval Europe, it was associated with witchcraft.


title: Black magic

text: Aeromancy divination consisted in tossing sand, dirt, or seeds into the air and studying and interpreting the patterns of the dust cloud or the settling of the seeds. This also includes divination coming from thunder, comets, falling stars, and the shape of clouds.


title: Black magic

text: Pyromancy is the art of divination which consisted of signs and patterns from flames. There are many variations of pyromancy depending on the material thrown into a fire and it is thought to be used for sacrifices to the gods and that the deity is present within the flames with priests interpreting the omens conveyed.


title: Black magic

text: Chiromancy is a form of divination based on reading palms and based on intuitions and symbolism with some symbols tying into astrology. A line from a person's hand that resembles a square is considered a bad omen whereas a triangle would be a good omen. This idea comes from the trine and square aspect in the astrological aspects.


title: Black magic

text: Scapulimancy was a form of divination using an animal's scapula. The scapula would be broken and based on how it was broken, it could be used to read the future. It was generally broken by heating it with hot coals until it broke.


title: Black magic

text: Like its counterpart white magic, the origins of black magic can be traced to the primitive, ritualistic worship of spirits as outlined in Robert M. Place's 2009 book, "Magic and Alchemy". Unlike white magic, in which Place sees parallels with primitive shamanistic efforts to achieve closeness with spiritual beings, the rituals that developed into modern black magic were designed to invoke those same spirits to produce beneficial outcomes for the practitioner. Place also provides a broad modern definition of both black and white magic, preferring instead to refer to them as "high magic" (white) and "low magic" (black) based primarily on intentions of the practitioner employing them. He acknowledges, though, that this broader definition (of "high" and "low") suffers from prejudices because good-intentioned folk magic may be considered "low" while ceremonial magic involving expensive or exclusive components may be considered by some as "high magic", regardless of intent.