title: Jon Heder

text: In 2005, Heder had a supporting role as a clerk in a new age bookstore in the romantic comedy "Just Like Heaven". In 2006, he appeared in the comedy film "The Sasquatch Gang;" and had a starring role with Rob Schneider and David Spade in producer Adam Sandler's "The Benchwarmers" (2006), a comedy about three men making up for lost chances by creating their own Little League baseball team. Also in 2006, Heder was the voice of the character Skull in the animated film "Monster House", and starred in the comedy "School for Scoundrels", opposite Billy Bob Thornton and Jacinda Barrett. He co-starred in 2007 with Will Ferrell in the well-received "Blades of Glory" (2007) where, as in many of his films, he plays an absurd, slapstick caricature—this time, one of two rival figure skaters who must team up in a pairs competition.


title: Jon Heder

text: Heder's second turn at voice acting came in 2007 when he voiced Chicken Joe, a surfing chicken, in the animated film "Surf's Up". His first foray into web television was the 2008 web series "Woke Up Dead," which he produced and starred in. The live-action, sci-fi comedy thriller follows Drex, a USC student who wakes up underwater in the bathtub one morning and suspects he may be dead.


title: Jon Heder

text: Heder and his twin brother, Dan, star together as villains in the fourth installment of the popular internet martial arts comedy series "Sockbaby". Heder's performance in "When in Rome" was praised by "New York Times" critic A. O. Scott: "Jon Heder as a goofy street magician is the funniest of the bunch." In 2012, Heder returned to the role that made him famous by supplying the voice of Napoleon Dynamite in the Fox Network animated series, "Napoleon Dynamite", which debuted in January 2012. In 2013, Heder appeared in the music video for "On Top of the World" with numerous other Utah-based actors and musicians, and in 2014 he appeared in the music video for the Chromeo song "Old 45s".


title: Jon Heder

text: In January 2017, Heder reprised his role as Chicken Joe in "", the direct-to video sequel to "Surf's Up".


title: Jon Heder

text: Heder has been married to Kirsten Bales since 2002, having met her while attending Brigham Young University. They are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and have four children.


title: Anne Rice

text: Anne Rice (born Howard Allen Frances O'Brien; October 4, 1941 – December 11, 2021) was an American author of gothic fiction, erotic literature, and Christian literature.


title: Anne Rice

text: She was best known for her series of novels "The Vampire Chronicles". Books from "The Vampire Chronicles" were the subject of two film adaptations—"Interview with the Vampire" (1994) and "Queen of the Damned" (2002).


title: Anne Rice

text: Born in New Orleans, Rice spent much of her early life in the city before moving to Texas, and later to San Francisco. She was raised in an observant Catholic family but became an agnostic as a young adult. She began her professional writing career with the publication of "Interview with the Vampire" (1976), while living in California, and began writing sequels to the novel in the 1980s. In the mid-2000s, following a publicized return to Catholicism, Rice published the novels "" and "", fictionalized accounts of certain incidents in the life of Jesus. Several years later she distanced herself from organized Christianity, citing disagreement with the Catholic Church's stances on social issues but pledging that faith in God remained "central to [her] life." However, she later considered herself a secular humanist.


title: Anne Rice

text: Rice's books have sold over 100 million copies, making her one of the best-selling authors of modern times. While reaction to her early works was initially mixed, she gained a better reception with critics in the 1980s. Her writing style and the literary content of her works have been analyzed by literary commentators. She was married to poet and painter Stan Rice for 41 years, from 1961 until his death from brain cancer in 2002 at age 60. She and Stan had two children, Michele, who died of leukemia at age five, and Christopher, who is also an author.


title: Anne Rice

text: In addition to her vampire novels, Rice authored books such as "The Feast of All Saints" (adapted for television in 2001) and "Servant of the Bones", which formed the basis of a 2011 comic book miniseries. Several books from "The Vampire Chronicles" have been adapted as comics and manga by various publishers. Rice also authored erotic fiction under the pen names Anne Rampling and A. N. Roquelaure, including "Exit to Eden", which was later adapted into a 1994 film.


title: Anne Rice

text: Born in New Orleans on October 4, 1941, Howard Allen Frances O'Brien was the second of four daughters of parents of Irish Catholic descent, Howard O'Brien and Katherine "Kay" Allen O'Brien. Her father, a Naval veteran of World War II and lifelong resident of New Orleans, worked as a personnel executive for the U.S. Postal Service and authored one novel, "The Impulsive Imp", which was published posthumously. Her older sister, Alice Borchardt, later became an author of fantasy and historical romance novels.


title: Anne Rice

text: Rice spent most of her youth in New Orleans, which forms the backdrop against which many of her works are set. She and her family lived in the rented home of her maternal grandmother, Alice Allen, known as "Mamma Allen," at 2301 St. Charles Avenue in the Irish Channel, which Rice said was widely considered a "Catholic Ghetto". Allen, who began working as a domestic shortly after separating from her alcoholic husband, was an important early influence in Rice's life, keeping the family and household together as Rice's mother sank deeper into alcoholism. Allen died in 1949, but the O'Briens remained in her home until 1956, when they moved to 2524 St. Charles Avenue, a former rectory, convent, and school owned by the parish, to be closer to both the church and support for Katherine's addiction. As a young child, Rice studied at St. Alphonsus School, a Catholic institution previously attended by her father.


title: Anne Rice

text: However, according to the authorized biography "Prism of the Night", by Katherine Ramsland, Rice's father was the source of his daughter's birth name: "Thinking back to the days when his own name had been associated with girls, and perhaps in an effort to give it away, Howard named the little girl Howard Allen Frances O'Brien." Rice became "Anne" on her first day of school, when a nun asked her what her name was. She told the nun "Anne," which she considered a pretty name. Her mother, who was with her, let it go without correcting her, knowing how self-conscious her daughter was of her real name. From that day on, everyone she knew addressed her as "Anne", and her name was legally changed in 1947. Rice was confirmed in the Catholic Church when she was twelve years old and took the full name Howard Allen Frances Alphonsus Liguori O'Brien, adding the names of a saint and of an aunt, who was a nun. "I was honored to have my aunt's name," she said, "but it was my burden and joy as a child to have strange names."


title: Anne Rice

text: When Rice was fifteen years old, her mother died as a result of alcoholism. Soon afterward, she and her sisters were placed by their father in St. Joseph Academy. Rice described St. Joseph's as "something out of "Jane Eyre" ... a dilapidated, awful, medieval type of place. I really hated it and wanted to leave. I felt betrayed by my father."


title: Anne Rice

text: In November 1957, Rice's father married Dorothy Van Bever. On the subject of the couple's first meeting, Rice recalled, "My father wrote her a formal letter inviting her to lunch which I hand-delivered to her house ... I was so nervous. In the note he enclosed a pin which she was to wear if she accepted the invitation. The next day she had the pin on." In 1958, when Rice was sixteen, her father moved the family to north Texas, purchasing their first home in Richardson. Rice first met her future husband, Stan Rice, in a journalism class while they were both students at Richardson High School.


title: Anne Rice

text: Graduating from Richardson High in 1959, Rice completed her freshman year at Texas Woman's University in Denton and transferred to North Texas State College for her sophomore year. She dropped out when she ran out of money and was unable to find employment. Soon after, she moved to San Francisco and stayed with the family of a friend until she found work as an insurance claims processor. She persuaded her former roommate from Texas Woman's University, Ginny Mathis, to join her, and they found an apartment in the Haight-Ashbury district. Mathis acquired a job at the same insurance company as Rice. Soon after, they began taking night courses at University of San Francisco, an all-male Jesuit school that allowed women to take night courses. For Easter vacation Anne returned home to Texas, rekindling her relationship with Stan Rice. After her return to San Francisco, Stan Rice came for a week-long visit during summer break. He returned to Texas, Rice moved back in with the Percys, and Mathis left San Francisco in August to enroll in a nursing program in Oklahoma. Some time later, Anne received a special delivery letter from Stan Rice asking her to marry him. They married on October 14, 1961, in Denton, Texas, soon after she turned twenty years old, and when he was just weeks from his nineteenth birthday.


title: Anne Rice

text: The Rices moved back to San Francisco in 1962, experiencing the birth of the hippie movement firsthand as they lived in the Haight-Ashbury district, Berkeley, and later the Castro District. "I'm a totally conservative person," she later told "The New York Times", "In the middle of Haight-Ashbury in the 1960s, I was typing away while everybody was dropping acid and smoking grass. I was known as my own square." Rice attended San Francisco State University and obtained a B.A. in political science in 1964. Their daughter Michele, later nicknamed "Mouse", was born to the couple on September 21, 1966, and Rice later interrupted her graduate studies at SFSU to become a Ph.D. candidate at the University of California, Berkeley. She soon became disenchanted with the emphasis on literary criticism and the language requirements. In Rice's words, "I wanted to be a writer, not a literature student."


title: Anne Rice

text: Rice returned to San Francisco State in 1970 to finish her studies in creative writing and graduated with an M.A. in 1972. Stan Rice became an instructor at San Francisco State shortly after receiving his own M.A. in creative writing from the institution, and later chaired the creative writing department before retiring in 1988. Her daughter was diagnosed with acute granulocytic leukemia in 1970, while Rice was still in the graduate program. Rice later described having a prophetic dream—months before Michele became ill—that her daughter was dying from "something wrong with her blood." Michele died in 1972, shortly before she would have turned six.


title: Anne Rice

text: Rice's son Christopher was born in Berkeley, California, in 1978; he became a best-selling author in his own right, publishing his first novel at the age of 22. Rice, an admitted alcoholic, and her husband, Stan Rice, quit drinking in mid-1979 so their son would not have the life that she had as a child. In 2008, Rice posted a YouTube video to celebrate 28 years of her sobriety.


title: Anne Rice

text: Rice cited Charles Dickens, Virginia Woolf, John Milton, Ernest Hemingway, William Shakespeare, the Brontë sisters, Jean-Paul Sartre, Henry James, Arthur Conan Doyle, H. Rider Haggard, and Stephen King as influences on her work. She repeatedly returned to King's "Firestarter" for inspiration, saying "I study the novel "Firestarter" whenever I'm blocked. Reading the first few pages of "Firestarter" helps to get me going."


title: Anne Rice

text: In 1973, while still grieving the loss of her daughter (1966–1972), Rice took a previously written short story and turned it into her first novel, the bestselling "Interview with the Vampire". She based her vampires on Gloria Holden's character in "Dracula's Daughter": "It established to me what vampires were—these elegant, tragic, sensitive people. I was really just going with that feeling when writing "Interview With the Vampire". I didn't do a lot of research." After completing the novel and following many rejections from publishers, Rice developed obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). She became obsessed with germs, thinking that she contaminated everything she touched, engaged in frequent and obsessive hand washing and obsessively checked locks on windows and doors. Of this period, Rice says, "What you see when you're in that state is every single flaw in our hygiene and you can't control it and you go crazy."


title: Anne Rice

text: In August 1974, after a year of therapy for her OCD, Rice attended the Squaw Valley Writer's Conference at Squaw Valley, conducted by writer Ray Nelson. While at the conference, Rice met her future literary agent, Phyllis Seidel. In October 1974, Seidel sold the publishing rights to "Interview with the Vampire" to Alfred A. Knopf for a $12,000 advance of the hardcover rights, at a time when most new authors were receiving $2,000 advances. "Interview with the Vampire" was published in May 1976. In 1977, the Rices traveled to both Europe and Egypt for the first time.


title: Anne Rice

text: Following the publication of "Interview with the Vampire", while living in California, Rice wrote two historical novels, "The Feast of All Saints" and "Cry to Heaven", along with three erotic novels ("The Claiming of Sleeping Beauty", "Beauty's Punishment", and "Beauty's Release") under the pseudonym A. N. Roquelaure, and two more under the pseudonym Anne Rampling ("Exit to Eden" and "Belinda"). Rice then returned to the vampire genre with "The Vampire Lestat" and "The Queen of the Damned", her bestselling sequels to "Interview with the Vampire".


title: Anne Rice

text: Shortly after her June 1988 return to New Orleans, Rice penned "The Witching Hour" as an expression of her joy at coming home. Rice also continued her "Vampire Chronicles" series, which later grew to encompass ten novels, and followed up on "The Witching Hour" with "Lasher" and "Taltos", completing the "Lives of the Mayfair Witches" trilogy. She also published "Violin", a tale of a ghostly haunting, in 1997. Rice appeared on an episode of "" that aired in 2000.


title: Anne Rice

text: Rice called "", published in 2005, the beginning of a series chronicling the life of Jesus. After moving to Rancho Mirage, California in 2006, Rice wrote a second volume "", published in March 2008, and was working on a third "Christ the Lord: Kingdom of Heaven" in November 2008. She also wrote the first two books in her "Songs of the Seraphim" series, "Angel Time" and "Of Love and Evil", and her memoir "Called Out of Darkness: A Spiritual Confession".


title: Anne Rice

text: On March 9, 2014, Rice announced on her son Christopher's radio show, "The Dinner Party with Christopher Rice and Eric Shaw Quinn", that she had completed another book in the "Vampire Chronicles", titled, "Prince Lestat", a "true sequel" to "Queen of the Damned". The book was released on October 28, 2014. In 2015, a sequel to the "Sleeping Beauty" trilogy, "Beauty's Kingdom", was released.


title: Anne Rice

text: Following its debut in 1976, "Interview with the Vampire" received many negative reviews from critics, causing Rice to retreat temporarily from the supernatural genre. When "The Vampire Lestat" debuted in 1985, reaction—both from critics and from readers—was more positive, and the first hardcover edition of the book sold 75,000 copies. Upon its publication in 1988, "The Queen of the Damned" was given an initial hardcover printing of 405,000 copies. The novel was a main selection of the Literary Guild of America for 1988, and reached the #1 spot on "The New York Times" Best Seller list, staying on the list for more than four months.


title: Anne Rice

text: Rice's novels are well regarded by many members of the LGBT+ community, some of whom have perceived her vampire characters as allegorical symbols of isolation and social alienation. Similarly, a reviewer writing for "The Boston Globe" observed that the vampires of her novels represent "the walking alienated, those of us who, by choice or not, dwell on the fringe." On the subject, Rice herself commented, "From the beginning, I've had gay fans, and gay readers who felt that my works involved a sustained gay allegory ... I didn't set out to do that, but that was what they perceived. So even when Christopher was a little baby, I had gay readers and gay friends and knew gay people, and lived in the Castro district of San Francisco, which was a gay neighborhood."


title: Anne Rice

text: Rice's writings have also been identified as having had a major impact on later developments within the genre of vampire fiction. "Rice turns vampire conventions inside out," wrote Susan Ferraro of "The New York Times". "Because Rice identifies with the vampire instead of the victim (reversing the usual focus), the horror for the reader springs from the realization of the monster within the self. Moreover, Rice's vampires are loquacious philosophers who spend much of eternity debating the nature of good and evil."


title: Anne Rice

text: In addition, Rice's writing style has been heavily analyzed. Ferraro, in a statement typical of many reviewers, described Rice's prose as "florid, both lurid and lyrical, and full of sensuous detail". However, others have criticized her writing style as both verbose and overly philosophical. Author William Patrick Day comments that her writing is often "long, convoluted, and imprecise". "The New York Times" critic Michiko Kakutani wrote that "Anne Rice has what might best be described as a Gothic imagination crossed with a campy taste for the decadent and the bizarre."


title: Anne Rice

text: In June 1988, following the success of "The Vampire Lestat" and with "The Queen of the Damned" about to be published, the Rices purchased a second home in New Orleans, the Brevard–Rice House, built in 1857 for Albert Hamilton Brevard. Stan took a leave of absence from his teaching, and together they moved to New Orleans. Within months, they decided to make it their permanent home.


title: Anne Rice

text: Rice returned to the Catholic Church in 1998 after decades of atheism. She fell into a coma, later determined to be caused by diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), on December 14, 1998, and nearly died. She was later diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 1, and was insulin-dependent. Following the advice of her husband, Rice underwent gastric bypass surgery shortly after his death and shed 103 pounds in 2003.


title: Anne Rice

text: Rice nearly died again from an intestinal blockage or bowel obstruction, a common complication of gastric bypass surgery, in 2004. In 2005, "Newsweek" reported, "[Rice] came close to death last year, when she had surgery for an intestinal blockage, and also back in 1998, when she went into a sudden diabetic coma; that same year she returned to the Roman Catholic Church, which she'd left at 18." Her return did not come with a full embrace of the Church's stances on social issues; Rice remained a vocal supporter of equality for gay men and lesbians (including marriage rights), as well as abortion rights and birth control, writing extensively on such issues.


title: Anne Rice

text: While promoting her book "" in October 2005, Rice announced in "Newsweek" that she would now use her life and talent of writing to glorify her belief in God, but she did not renounce her earlier works, citing a connection in her earlier work with the state of her spiritual life.


title: Anne Rice

text: I had experienced an old-fashioned, strict Roman Catholic childhood in the 1940s and 1950s ... we attended daily Mass and Communion in an enormous and magnificently decorated church... Stained-glass windows, the Latin Mass, the detailed answers to complex questions on good and evil—these things were imprinted on my soul forever...


title: Anne Rice

text: I left this church at age 18... I wanted to know what was happening, why so many seemingly good people didn't believe in any organized religion yet cared passionately about their behavior and value of their lives... I broke with the church... I wrote many novels that without my being aware that they reflected my quest for meaning in a world without God.


title: Anne Rice

text: In the moment of surrender, I let go of all the theological or social questions which had kept me from [God] for countless years. I simply let them go. There was the sense, profound and wordless, that if He knew everything I did not have to know everything, and that, in seeking to know everything, I'd been, all of my life, missing the entire point. No social paradox, no historic disaster, no hideous record of injustice or misery should keep me from Him. No question of Scriptural integrity, no torment over the fate of this or that atheist or gay friend, no worry for those condemned and ostracized by my church or any other church should stand between me and Him. The reason? It was magnificently simple: He knew how or why everything happened; He knew the disposition of every single soul. He wasn't going to let anything happen by accident! Nobody was going to go to Hell by mistake.


title: Anne Rice

text: Rice announced that she had made plans to leave New Orleans on her website on January 18, 2004. She cited living alone since the death of her husband and her son moving to California as the reasons for her move. Rice put the largest of her three homes up for sale on January 30, 2004, and moved to a gated community in Kenner, Louisiana. "Simplifying my life, not owning so much, that's the chief goal", said Rice. "I'll no longer be a citizen of New Orleans in the true sense." She sold two New York City condominiums in March and April 2005. After completing "Christ the Lord: Out of Egypt", Rice left New Orleans in 2005 shortly before the events of Hurricane Katrina in August. None of her former New Orleans properties was flooded, and Rice remained a vocal advocate for the city and related relief projects.


title: Anne Rice

text: After leaving New Orleans, Rice first settled in La Jolla, California, describing the weather there as "like heaven" in November 2005. She left La Jolla less than a year after moving there, stating in January 2006 that the weather was too cold. She purchased a six-bedroom home in Rancho Mirage, California in late 2005 and moved there in 2006, allowing her to be closer to her son in Los Angeles.


title: Anne Rice

text: Rice auctioned off her large collection of antique dolls at Thierault's in Chicago on July 18, 2010. Rice also auctioned off her wardrobe, jewelry, household possessions and collectibles featured in her many books on eBay starting in mid-2010 through early 2011. She sold a large portion of her library collection to Powell's Books.


title: Anne Rice

text: Rice publicly announced her disdain for the current state of Christianity on her Facebook page on July 28, 2010:


title: Anne Rice

text: Today I quit being a Christian... I remain committed to Christ as always but not to being 'Christian' or to being part of Christianity. It's simply impossible for me to 'belong' to this quarrelsome, hostile, disputatious, and deservedly infamous group. For ten years, I've tried. I've failed. I'm an outsider. My conscience will allow nothing else.


title: Anne Rice

text: My faith in Christ is central to my life. My conversion from a pessimistic atheist lost in a world I didn't understand, to an optimistic believer in a universe created and sustained by a loving God is crucial to me. But following Christ does not mean following His followers. Christ is infinitely more important than Christianity and always will be, no matter what Christianity is, has been, or might become.


title: Anne Rice

text: Following her announcement, Rice's critique of Christianity was commented upon by numerous journalists and pundits. In an interview with the "Los Angeles Times", Rice elaborated on her view regarding being a member of a Christian church: "I feel much more morally comfortable walking away from organized religion. I respect that there are all kinds of denominations and all kinds of churches, but it's the entire controversy, the entire conversation that I need to walk away from right now." In response to the question, "How do you follow Christ without a church?" Rice replied: "I think the basic ritual is simply prayer. It's talking to God, putting things in the hands of God, trusting that you're living in God's world and praying for God's guidance. And being absolutely faithful to the core principles of Jesus' teachings." Rice participated in the "I Am Second" project in 2011 with a short documentary about her spiritual journey. Rice stated that she was a secular humanist in a Facebook post on April 14, 2013. She said that Christ is still central to her life, but not in the way he is presented by organized religion, in a July 28, 2014 Facebook post.


title: Anne Rice

text: Rice died from complications of a stroke at a hospital in Rancho Mirage, California on December 11, 2021, at the age of 80. According to a statement from Rice's son Christopher Rice, the family planned to inter her at the family mausoleum at Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans.


title: Anne Rice

text: In 1994, Neil Jordan directed a motion picture adaptation of "Interview with the Vampire", based on Rice's own screenplay. The movie starred Tom Cruise as Lestat, Brad Pitt as the guilt-ridden Louis, and a young Kirsten Dunst in her breakout role as the deceitful child vampire Claudia.


title: Anne Rice

text: A second film adaptation, "Queen of the Damned," was released in February 2002, starring Stuart Townsend as the vampire Lestat and singer Aaliyah as Akasha. The movie combined plot points from both the novel "The Queen of the Damned", as well as from "The Vampire Lestat". Produced on a budget of $35 million, the film recouped only $30 million at the U.S. box office. On her Facebook page, Rice distanced herself from the film, and stated that she feels the filmmakers "mutilated" her work in adapting the novel.


title: Anne Rice

text: The 1994 film "Exit to Eden," based loosely on the book Rice published as Anne Rampling, stars Rosie O'Donnell and Dan Aykroyd. The work was transformed from a BDSM-themed love story into a police comedy, and was widely considered a box-office failure, receiving near-universal negative reviews.


title: Anne Rice

text: A film adaptation of "Christ the Lord" was reported to be in the early stages of development in February 2012. It was reported that Chris Columbus had signed on to produce, and that Cyrus Nowrasteh had already completed the script. On November 8, 2014, during an interview with her long-time editor, Victoria Wilson, at the Chicago Humanities Festival, Rice revealed that filming had finished on the movie and was going into post-production. The film, titled "The Young Messiah", was released in 2016.


title: Anne Rice

text: In August 2014, Universal Pictures had acquired the rights to Rice's "Vampire Chronicles". However, in November 2016, when Universal Pictures did not renew the contract, the film and television rights reverted to Rice, who began developing "The Vampire Chronicles" into a television series with her son, Christopher.


title: Anne Rice

text: In 1997, Rice wrote the story for a television pilot entitled "Rag and Bone", featuring elements of both horror and crime fiction. Screenwriter James D. Parriott penned the screenplay, and the pilot ultimately aired on CBS, starring Dean Cain and Robert Patrick.


title: Anne Rice

text: "The Feast of All Saints" was made into a Showtime original miniseries in 2001, directed by Peter Medak and starring James Earl Jones and Gloria Reuben. As of 2002, NBC had plans to adapt Rice's "Lives of the Mayfair Witches" trilogy into a miniseries, but the project never entered production.


title: Anne Rice

text: "Earth Angels" was a presentation pilot written by Rice, produced by Imagine Television and 20th Century Fox Television, and picked up by NBC. Set in New York City, it followed angels in human form battling against evil. Four parts of Anne Rice's story treatment for the series were published in 1999 as a bonus in the comic book series called "Anne Rice's Tale of the Body Thief".


title: Anne Rice

text: In November 2016, Rice announced on Facebook that the rights to her novels were reverted to her despite earlier plans for other adaptations. Rice said that she and her son, author Christopher Rice, would be developing and executive producing a potential television series based on the novels. In April 2017, they teamed up with Paramount Television and Anonymous Content to develop a series. As of early 2018, Bryan Fuller was involved with the creation of a potential TV series based on the novels. On July 17, 2018, it was announced that the series was in development at streaming service Hulu and that Fuller had departed the production. As of December 2019, Hulu's rights had expired and Rice was shopping a package including all film and TV rights to the series. In May 2020, it was announced that AMC had acquired the rights to "The Vampire Chronicles" and "Lives of the Mayfair Witches" for developing film and television projects. Anne and Christopher Rice were to serve as executive producers on any projects developed.


title: Anne Rice

text: On April 25, 2006, the musical "Lestat", based on Rice's "Vampire Chronicles" books, opened at the Palace Theatre on Broadway after having its world premiere and preview run at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco, California, in December 2005. With music by Elton John and lyrics by Bernie Taupin, it was the inaugural production of the newly established Warner Brothers Theatre Ventures. Despite Rice's own overwhelming approval and praise, the show received disappointing attendance and largely negative reviews from critics. "Lestat" closed a month later on May 28, 2006, after just 33 previews and 39 regular performances. The release of the cast recording of the show is reportedly on hold indefinitely.


title: Anne Rice

text: Several of Anne Rice's novels have been adapted into comic books and manga. Below is a list of adaptations to date, along with their publishers and years of publication.


title: Anne Rice

text: Rice initially expressed an adamant stance against fan fiction based on her works, and particularly in opposition to such fiction based on "The Vampire Chronicles", releasing a statement on April 7, 2000, that disallowed all such efforts, citing copyright issues. She subsequently requested that FanFiction.Net remove stories featuring her characters. In 2012, "Metro" reported that Rice developed a milder stance on the issue. "I got upset about 20 years ago because I thought it would block me," she said. "However, it's been very easy to avoid reading any, so live and let live. If I were a young writer, I'd want to own my own ideas. But maybe fan fiction is a transitional phase: whatever gets you there, gets you there."


title: Siamese cat

text: The Siamese cat (; แมวสยาม, Maeo Seeaam) is one of the first distinctly recognized breeds of Asian cat. Derived from the Wichianmat landrace, one of several varieties of cat native to Thailand (formerly known as Siam), the original Siamese became one of the most popular breeds in Europe and North America in the 19th century. The carefully refined, more extreme-featured, modern-style Siamese is characterized by blue almond-shaped eyes; a triangular head shape; large ears; an elongated, slender, and muscular body; and various forms of point colouration. Other than colouration, the modern-style Siamese bears little resemblance to the original stock, and the more moderate, traditional, or "old-style" Siamese, with a much rounder head and body, has been re-established by multiple registries as the Thai cat. The International Cat Association describes the modern Siamese as affectionate, social, intelligent, and playful into adulthood, often enjoying a game of fetch. Siamese tend to seek human interaction and also like companionship from other cats.


title: Siamese cat

text: The Siamese (sometimes in the traditional form) is among the foundation stock of several other breeds developed by crossbreeding with other cats; some examples are the Oriental Shorthair and Colorpoint Shorthair, developed to expand the range of coat patterns; the long-haired variant most often dubbed the Himalayan; and hair-mutation breeds, including the Cornish Rex, Sphynx, Peterbald, and blue-point Siamese cat. The Siamese cat comes in two distinct variations: traditional, with a rounded head (though not as rounded as the later American Apple-head mix) and a slightly chubby body; or the modern Siamese, which is very skinny and has a wedge-shaped head. The long-haired Siamese is recognized internationally as a Balinese cat. Siamese cats are one of the more common breeds to have non-white irises.


title: Siamese cat

text: A description and depiction of the Wichienmaat (Siamese cat) first appears in a collection of ancient manuscripts called the Tamra Maew (The Cat-Book Poems), thought to originate from the Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351 to 1767 AD). Over a dozen are now kept in the National Library of Thailand, while others have resurfaced outside of Thailand and are now in the British Library and National Library of Australia. In addition to the old Siamese cat, the Tamra Maew also describes other heritage cats of Thailand including the Korat cat (Malet), which are still bred for preservation in Thailand today and has become popular in other countries, and Konja cat (Black cat), Suphalak (a controversy in Burmese cat).


title: Siamese cat

text: When the capital city Ayutthaya was sacked on 7 April 1767 at the end of the Burmese–Siamese war, the Burmese army burned everything in sight. It returned to Burma, taking Siamese noblemen and royal family members with them as captives. Buddha images were hacked apart for their gold, and all the royal treasures were stolen. A Thai legend has it that the King of Burma Hsinbyushin found and read the poem for the Thai cats in the Tamra Maew. The poem describes Thai cats as being as rare as gold, and anyone that owns this cat will become wealthy. He told his army to round up all the Suphalak cats and bring them back to Burma along with the other treasures. Today in Thailand, this legend is told as a humorous explanation of the rarity of Thai cats.


title: Siamese cat

text: The pointed cat known in the West as "Siamese", recognized for its distinctive markings, is one of several breeds of cats from Siam described and illustrated in manuscripts called "Tamra Maew" (Cat Poems), estimated to have been written from the 14th to the 18th century. In 1878, U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes received the first documented Siamese to reach the United States, a cat named "Siam" sent by the American Consul in Bangkok. In 1884, the British Consul-General in Bangkok, Edward Blencowe Gould (1847–1916), brought a breeding pair of the cats, Pho and Mia, back to Britain as a gift for his sister, Lilian Jane Gould (who, married in 1895 as Lilian Jane Veley, went on to co-found the Siamese Cat Club in 1901). In 1885, Gould's UK cats Pho and Mia produced three Siamese kittens—Duen Ngai, Kalohom, and Khromata—who were shown with their parents that same year at London's Crystal Palace Show. Their unique appearance and distinct behaviour attracted attention, but all three of the kittens died soon after the show, their cause of death not documented.


title: Siamese cat

text: By 1886, another pair (with kittens) was imported to the UK by Eva Forestier Walker (surnamed Vyvyan after 1887 marriage) and her sister, Ada. Compared to the British Shorthair and Persian cats that were familiar to most Britons, these Siamese imports were longer and less "cobby" in body types, had heads that were less rounded with wedge-shaped muzzles and had larger ears. These differences and the pointed coat pattern, which had not been seen before in cats by Westerners, produced a strong impression—one early viewer described them as "an unnatural nightmare of a cat." Over the next several years, fanciers imported a small number of cats, forming the base breeding pool for the entire breed in Britain. It is believed that most Siamese in Britain today are descended from about eleven of these original imports. In their early days in Britain, they were called the "Royal Cat of Siam", reflecting reports that they had previously been kept only by Siamese royalty. Later research has not shown evidence of any organised royal breeding programme in Siam. The original Siamese imports were medium-sized, rather long-bodied, muscular, graceful cats with moderately wedge-shaped heads and ears that were comparatively large but in proportion to the size of the head. The cats ranged from substantial to slender but were not extreme either.


title: Siamese cat

text: In the 1950s–1960s, as the Siamese was increasing in popularity, many breeders and cat show judges began to favor the more slender look. As a result of generations of selective breeding, they created increasingly long, fine-boned, narrow-headed cats. Eventually, the modern show Siamese was bred to be extremely elongated, with a lean, tubular body, long, slender legs, a very long, very thin tail that tapers gradually into a point, and a long, wedge-shaped head topped by extremely large, wide-set ears.


title: Siamese cat

text: By the mid-1980s, cats of the original style had largely disappeared from cat shows. Still, a few breeders, particularly in the UK, continued to breed and register them, resulting in today's two types of Siamese: the modern, "show-style", standardized Siamese, and the "Traditional Siamese", both descended from the same distant ancestors, but with few or no recent ancestors in common, and effectively forming distinct sub-breeds, with some pressure to separate them entirely.


title: Siamese cat

text: In addition to the modern Siamese breed category, The International Cat Association (TICA) and the World Cat Federation (WCF) now accept Siamese cats of the less extreme type, and any "wichianmat" cat imported directly from Thailand, under the new breed name Thai. Other, mostly unofficial, names for the traditional variety are "Old-style Siamese" and "Classic Siamese", with an American variation nicknamed "Applehead" (originally a derogatory nickname due to its extremely rounded features compared to a true Siamese).


title: Siamese cat

text: The breed standard of the modern Siamese calls for an elongated, tubular, and muscular body and a triangular head, forming a perfect triangle from the tip of the nose to each tip of the ear. The eyes are almond-shaped and light blue, while the ears are large, wide-based, and positioned more toward the side of the head. The breed has a long neck, a slender tail, and fur that is short, glossy, fine, and adheres to the body with no undercoat. Its pointed colour scheme and blue eyes distinguish it from the closely related Oriental Shorthair. The modern Siamese shares the pointed colour pattern with the Thai, or traditional Siamese, but they differ in head and body type.


title: Siamese cat

text: The pointed pattern is a form of partial albinism, resulting from a mutation in tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin production. The mutated tyrosinase enzyme is heat-sensitive; it fails to work at normal body temperatures but becomes active in cooler (< 33 °C) areas of the skin. This results in dark colouration in the coolest parts of the cat's body, including the extremities and the face, which is cooled by the passage of air through the sinuses. All Siamese kittens, although pure cream or white at birth, develop visible points in the first few months of life in colder parts of their body. By the time a kitten is four weeks old, the points should be sufficiently clearly distinguishable to recognise which colour they are. Siamese cats tend to darken with age, and generally, adult Siamese living in warm climates have lighter coats than those in cool climates. Originally the vast majority of Siamese had seal (extremely dark brown, almost black) points, but occasionally Siamese were born with "blue" (a cool grey) points, genetically a dilution of seal point; chocolate (lighter brown) points, a genetic variation of seal point; or lilac (pale warm gray) points, genetically a diluted chocolate. These colours were considered "inferior" seal points and were not qualified for showing or breeding. These shades were eventually accepted by the breed associations and became more common through breeding programmes specifically aimed at producing these colours. Later, outcrosses with other breeds developed Siamese-mix cats with points in other cat colours and patterns, including red and cream points, lynx (tabby) points, and tortoise-shell ("tortie") points.


title: Siamese cat

text: In the United Kingdom, all pointed Siamese-style cats are considered part of the Siamese breed. In the United States, a major cat registry, the Cat Fanciers' Association, considers only the four original fur colours as Siamese: seal point, blue point, chocolate point, and lilac point. Oriental Shorthair cats with colour points in colours or patterns aside from these four are considered colour point Shorthairs in that registry. The World Cat Federation has also adopted this classification, treating the colour point Short hair as a distinct breed.


title: Siamese cat

text: Many Siamese cats from Thailand had a kink in their tails, but over the years, this trait has been considered a flaw. Breeders have largely eradicated it, but the kinked tail persists among street cats in Thailand.


title: Siamese cat

text: Siamese are usually very affectionate and intelligent cats, renowned for their social nature. Many enjoy being with people and are sometimes described as "extroverts". Often they bond strongly with a single person. They have a distinctive miaow that has been compared to the cries of a human baby and are persistent in demanding attention. These cats are typically active and playful, even as adults, and are often described as more dog-like in behavior than other cats. Some Siamese are extremely vocal, with a loud, low-pitched voice—known as a "Weezer" - from which they get one of their nicknames.


title: Siamese cat

text: Siamese cats, due to their desire to be near people or other cats, occasionally suffer from depression or separation anxiety if left alone for long periods of time, and it is for this reason that Siamese cats are often bought in pairs so that they can keep each other company.


title: Siamese cat

text: Based on Swedish insurance data, which tracked cats only up to 12.5 years, Siamese and Siamese-derived breeds have a higher mortality rate than other breeds. The median lifespan of the Siamese group was somewhere between 10 and 12.5 years; 68% lived to 10 years or more and 42% to 12.5 years or more. Siamese Scooter holds the record as the world's oldest male cat, dying at the age of 30. The majority of deaths were caused by neoplasms, mainly mammary tumors. The Siamese also has a higher rate of morbidity. They are at higher risk of neoplastic and gastrointestinal problems, but have a lower risk of feline lower urinary tract disease. Vet clinic data from England shows a higher median lifespan of 14.2 years.


title: Siamese cat

text: The most common variety of progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) in cats (among them the Abyssinian, the Somali, and the big group of Siamese-related breeds) is related to a mutation on the rdAc-gene, for which a DNA test is available.


title: Siamese cat

text: The same albino allele that produces coloured points means that Siamese cats' blue eyes lack a "tapetum lucidum", a structure which amplifies dim light in the eyes of other cats. The mutation in the tyrosinase also results in abnormal neurological connections between the eye and the brain. The optic chiasm has abnormal uncrossed wiring; many early Siamese were cross-eyed to compensate, but like the kinked tails, the crossed eyes have been seen as a fault, and due to selective breeding the trait is far less common today. Still, this lack of a "tapetum lucidum" even in uncross-eyed cats, causes reduced vision for the cat at night. This trait has led to their dependence on and interest in humans, which affects their hunting ability, a desirable trait for many owners. However, it makes them vulnerable to urban dangers such as night-time vehicular traffic. Unlike many other blue-eyed white cats, Siamese cats do not have reduced hearing ability.


title: Siamese cat

text: Furthermore, the Siamese cat is more prone than other breeds to lung infections, especially in kittenhood, such as feline osteochondrodysplasia, vestibular disease and feline hyperesthesia syndrome.


title: Siamese cat

text: Siamese cats have been protagonists in literature and film for adults and children since the 1930s. Clare Turlay Newberry's "Babette" features a Siamese kitten escaping from a New York apartment in 1937. British publisher Michael Joseph recorded his relationship with his Siamese cat in "Charles: The Story of a Friendship" (1943). The "Siamese Cat Song" sequence ("We are Siamese if you please") in Disney's "Lady and the Tramp" (1955), featuring cats "Si" and "Am", both titled after the former name of Thailand, where the breed originated, became "notorious for its racist depiction of the Siamese cats". Si and Am are known in the film to wreak havoc against Lady, a fish inside a bowl in efforts to "make it drown" and furniture in the house. The 1958 film adaptation of "Bell, Book and Candle" features Kim Novak's own Siamese cat as "Pyewacket", a witch's familiar. "The Incredible Journey" (1961) by Sheila Burnford tells the story of three pets, including Siamese cat "Tao", as they travel through the Canadian wilderness searching for their beloved masters. The book was a modest success when first published but became widely known after 1963 when it was loosely adapted into a film of the same name from Walt Disney. Disney also employed the same Siamese in the role of "DC" for its 1965 crime caper "That Darn Cat!", with "The New York Times" commenting "The feline that plays the informant, as the F.B.I. puts it, is superb. [...] This elegant, blue-eyed creature is a paragon of suavity and grace".


title: Gaul

text: Gaul () was a region of Western Europe first described by the Romans. It was inhabited by Celtic and Aquitani tribes, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy (only during Republican era, Cisalpina was annexed in 42 BC to Roman Italy), and Germany west of the Rhine. It covered an area of . According to Julius Caesar, Gaul was divided into three parts: Gallia Celtica, Belgica, and Aquitania.


title: Gaul

text: Archaeologically, the Gauls were bearers of the La Tène culture, which extended across all of Gaul, as well as east to Raetia, Noricum, Pannonia, and southwestern Germania during the 5th to 1st centuries BC.


title: Gaul

text: During the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, Gaul fell under Roman rule: Gallia Cisalpina was conquered in 204 BC and Gallia Narbonensis in 123 BC. Gaul was invaded after 120 BC by the Cimbri and the Teutons, who were in turn defeated by the Romans by 103 BC. Julius Caesar finally subdued the remaining parts of Gaul in his campaigns of 58 to 51 BC.


title: Gaul

text: Roman control of Gaul lasted for five centuries, until the last Roman rump state, the Domain of Soissons, fell to the Franks in AD 486.


title: Gaul

text: While the Celtic Gauls had lost their original identities and language during Late Antiquity, becoming amalgamated into a Gallo-Roman culture, "Gallia" remained the conventional name of the territory throughout the Early Middle Ages, until it acquired a new identity as the Capetian Kingdom of France in the high medieval period. "Gallia" remains a name of France in modern Greek (Γαλλία) and modern Latin (besides the alternatives "Francia" and "Francogallia").


title: Gaul

text: The Greek and Latin names Galatia (first attested by Timaeus of Tauromenium in the 4th century BC) and "Gallia" are ultimately derived from a Celtic ethnic term or clan "Gal(a)-to-". The "Galli" of "Gallia Celtica" were reported to refer to themselves as "Celtae" by Caesar. Hellenistic etymology connected the name of the Galatians (Γαλάται, "Galátai") to the supposedly "milk-white" skin (γάλα, "gála" "milk") of the Gauls. Modern researchers say it is related to Welsh "gallu", , "capacity, power", thus meaning "powerful people".


title: Gaul

text: Despite superficial similarity, the English term "Gaul" is unrelated to the Latin "Gallia". It stems from the French "Gaule", itself deriving from the Old Frankish "*Walholant" (via a Latinized form "*Walula"), literally the "Land of the Foreigners/Romans". "*Walho-" is a reflex of the Proto-Germanic "*walhaz", "foreigner, Romanized person", an exonym applied by Germanic speakers to Celts and Latin-speaking people indiscriminately. It is cognate with the names Wales, Cornwall, Wallonia, and Wallachia. The Germanic "w-" is regularly rendered as "gu-" / "g-" in French (cf. "guerre" "war", "garder" "ward", "Guillaume" "William"), and the historic diphthong "au" is the regular outcome of "al" before a following consonant (cf. "cheval" ~ "chevaux"). French "Gaule" or "Gaulle" cannot be derived from Latin "Gallia", since "g" would become "j" before "a" (cf. "gamba" > "jambe"), and the diphthong "au" would be unexplained; the regular outcome of Latin "Gallia" is "Jaille" in French, which is found in several western place names, such as, La Jaille-Yvon and Saint-Mars-la-Jaille. Proto-Germanic "*walha" is derived ultimately from the name of the Volcae.


title: Gaul

text: Also unrelated, in spite of superficial similarity, is the name "Gael". The Irish word "gall" did originally mean "a Gaul", i.e. an inhabitant of Gaul, but its meaning was later widened to "foreigner", to describe the Vikings, and later still the Normans. The dichotomic words "gael" and "gall" are sometimes used together for contrast, for instance in the 12th-century book "Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib".


title: Gaul

text: As adjectives, English has the two variants: "Gaulish" and "Gallic". The two adjectives are used synonymously, as "pertaining to Gaul or the Gauls", although the Celtic language or languages spoken in Gaul is predominantly known as Gaulish.


title: Gaul

text: There is little written information concerning the peoples that inhabited the regions of Gaul, save what can be gleaned from coins. Therefore, the early history of the Gauls is predominantly a work in archaeology, and the relationships between their material culture, genetic relationships (the study of which has been aided, in recent years, through the field of archaeogenetics) and linguistic divisions rarely coincide.


title: Gaul

text: Before the rapid spread of the La Tène culture in the 5th to 4th centuries BC, the territory of eastern and southern France already participated in the Late Bronze Age Urnfield culture (c. 12th to 8th centuries BC) out of which the early iron-working Hallstatt culture (7th to 6th centuries BC) would develop. By 500 BC, there is strong Hallstatt influence throughout most of France (except for the Alps and the extreme north-west).


title: Gaul

text: Out of this Hallstatt background, during the 7th and 6th century BC presumably representing an early form of Continental Celtic culture, the La Tène culture arises, presumably under Mediterranean influence from the Greek, Phoenician, and Etruscan civilizations, spread out in a number of early centers along the Seine, the Middle Rhine and the upper Elbe. By the late 5th century BC, La Tène influence spreads rapidly across the entire territory of Gaul.


title: Gaul

text: The La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age (from 450 BC to the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC) in France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, southwest Germany, Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia and Hungary. Farther north extended the contemporary pre-Roman Iron Age culture of northern Germany and Scandinavia.


title: Gaul

text: A major archaeogenetics study uncovered a migration into southern Britain in the Bronze Age, during the 500-year period 1,300–800 BC. The newcomers were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from Gaul. The authors describe this as a "plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain".


title: Gaul

text: The major source of materials on the Celts of Gaul was Poseidonios of Apamea, whose writings were quoted by Timagenes, Julius Caesar, the Sicilian Greek Diodorus Siculus, and the Greek geographer Strabo.


title: Gaul

text: In the 4th and early 3rd century BC, Gallic clan confederations expanded far beyond the territory of what would become Roman Gaul (which defines usage of the term "Gaul" today), into Pannonia, Illyria, northern Italy, Transylvania and even Asia Minor.


title: Gaul

text: By the 2nd century BC, the Romans described Gallia Transalpina as distinct from Gallia Cisalpina. In his "Gallic Wars", Julius Caesar distinguishes among three ethnic groups in Gaul: the Belgae in the north (roughly between the Rhine and the Seine), the Celtae in the center and in Armorica, and the Aquitani in the southwest, the southeast being already colonized by the Romans.


title: Gaul

text: While some scholars believe the Belgae south of the Somme were a mixture of Celtic and Germanic elements, their ethnic affiliations have not been definitively resolved. One of the reasons is political interference upon the French historical interpretation during the 19th century.


title: Gaul

text: In addition to the Gauls, there were other peoples living in Gaul, such as the Greeks and Phoenicians who had established outposts such as Massilia (present-day Marseille) along the Mediterranean coast. Also, along the southeastern French Mediterranean coast, the Ligures had merged with the Celts to form a Celto-Ligurian culture.


title: Gaul

text: In the 2nd century BC Mediterranean Gaul had an extensive urban fabric and was prosperous. Archeologists know of cities in northern Gaul including the Biturigian capital of Avaricum (Bourges), Cenabum (Orléans), Autricum (Chartres) and the excavated site of Bibracte near Autun in Saône-et-Loire, along with a number of hill forts (or oppida) used in times of war. The prosperity of Mediterranean Gaul encouraged Rome to respond to pleas for assistance from the inhabitants of Massilia, who found themselves under attack by a coalition of Ligures and Gauls. The Romans intervened in Gaul in 154 BC and again in 125 BC. Whereas on the first occasion they came and went, on the second they stayed. In 122 BC Domitius Ahenobarbus managed to defeat the Allobroges (allies of the Salluvii), while in the ensuing year Quintus Fabius Maximus "destroyed" an army of the Arverni led by their king Bituitus, who had come to the aid of the Allobroges. Rome allowed Massilia to keep its lands, but added to its own territories the lands of the conquered tribes. As a direct result of these conquests, Rome now controlled an area extending from the Pyrenees to the lower Rhône river, and in the east up the Rhône valley to Lake Geneva. By 121 BC Romans had conquered the Mediterranean region called "Provincia" (later named "Gallia Narbonensis"). This conquest upset the ascendancy of the Gaulish Arverni peoples.


title: Gaul

text: The Roman proconsul and general Julius Caesar pushed his army into Gaul in 58 BC, ostensibly to assist Rome's Gaullish allies against the migrating Helvetii. With the help of various Gallic clans (e.g. the Aedui) he managed to conquer nearly all of Gaul. While their military was just as strong as the Romans', the internal division between the Gallic tribes guaranteed an easy victory for Caesar, and Vercingetorix's attempt to unite the Gauls against Roman invasion came too late. Julius Caesar was checked by Vercingetorix at a siege of Gergovia, a fortified town in the center of Gaul. Caesar's alliances with many Gallic clans broke. Even the Aedui, their most faithful supporters, threw in their lot with the Arverni but the ever-loyal Remi (best known for its cavalry) and Lingones sent troops to support Caesar. The Germani of the Ubii also sent cavalry, which Caesar equipped with Remi horses. Caesar captured Vercingetorix in the Battle of Alesia, which ended the majority of Gallic resistance to Rome.


title: Gaul

text: As many as a million people (probably 1 in 5 of the Gauls) died, another million were enslaved, 300 clans were subjugated and 800 cities were destroyed during the Gallic Wars. The entire population of the city of Avaricum (Bourges) (40,000 in all) were slaughtered. Before Julius Caesar's campaign against the Helvetii (Switzerland), the Helvetians had numbered 263,000, but afterwards only 100,000 remained, most of whom Caesar took as slaves.


title: Gaul

text: After Gaul was absorbed as "Gallia", a set of Roman provinces, its inhabitants gradually adopted aspects of Roman culture and assimilated, resulting in the distinct Gallo-Roman culture. Citizenship was granted to all in 212 by the Constitutio Antoniniana. From the third to 5th centuries, Gaul was exposed to raids by the Franks. The Gallic Empire, consisting of the provinces of Gaul, Britannia, and Hispania, including the peaceful Baetica in the south, broke away from Rome from 260 to 273. In addition to the large number of natives, Gallia also became home to some Roman citizens from elsewhere and also in-migrating Germanic and Scythian tribes such as the Alans.


title: Gaul

text: The religious practices of inhabitants became a combination of Roman and Celtic practice, with Celtic deities such as Cobannus and Epona subjected to interpretatio romana. The imperial cult and Eastern mystery religions also gained a following. Eventually, after it became the official religion of the Empire and paganism became suppressed, Christianity won out in the twilight days of the Western Roman Empire (while the Christianized Eastern Roman Empire lasted another thousand years, until the invasion of Constantinople by the Ottomans in 1453); a small but notable Jewish presence also became established.


title: Gaul

text: The Gaulish language is thought to have survived into the 6th century in France, despite considerable Romanization of the local material culture. The last record of spoken Gaulish deemed to be plausibly credible concerned the destruction by Christians of a pagan shrine in Auvergne "called Vasso Galatae in the Gallic tongue". Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish helped shape the Vulgar Latin dialects that developed into French.


title: Gaul

text: The Vulgar Latin in the region of Gallia took on a distinctly local character, some of which is attested in graffiti, which evolved into the Gallo-Romance dialects which include French and its closest relatives. The influence of substrate languages may be seen in graffiti showing sound changes that matched changes that had earlier occurred in the indigenous languages, especially Gaulish. The Vulgar Latin in the north of Gaul evolved into the langues d'oil and Franco-Provencal, while the dialects in the south evolved into the modern Occitan and Catalan tongues. Other languages held to be "Gallo-Romance" include the Gallo-Italic languages and the Rhaeto-Romance languages.


title: Gaul

text: Following Frankish victories at Soissons (AD 486), Vouillé (AD 507) and Autun (AD 532), Gaul (except for Brittany and Septimania) came under the rule of the Merovingians, the first kings of France. Gallo-Roman culture, the Romanized culture of Gaul under the rule of the Roman Empire, persisted particularly in the areas of Gallia Narbonensis that developed into Occitania, Gallia Cisalpina and to a lesser degree, Aquitania. The formerly Romanized north of Gaul, once it had been occupied by the Franks, developed into Merovingian culture instead. Roman life, centered on the public events and cultural responsibilities of urban life in the "res publica" and the sometimes luxurious life of the self-sufficient rural villa system, took longer to collapse in the Gallo-Roman regions, where the Visigoths largely inherited the status quo in the early 5th century. Gallo-Roman language persisted in the northeast into the Silva Carbonaria that formed an effective cultural barrier, with the Franks to the north and east, and in the northwest to the lower valley of the Loire, where Gallo-Roman culture interfaced with Frankish culture in a city like Tours and in the person of that Gallo-Roman bishop confronted with Merovingian royals, Gregory of Tours.


title: Gaul

text: The Druids were not the only political force in Gaul, however, and the early political system was complex, if ultimately fatal to the society as a whole. The fundamental unit of Gallic politics was the clan, which itself consisted of one or more of what Caesar called "pagi". Each clan had a council of elders, and initially a king. Later, the executive was an annually-elected magistrate. Among the Aedui, a clan of Gaul, the executive held the title of "Vergobret", a position much like a king, but his powers were held in check by rules laid down by the council.


title: Gaul

text: The regional ethnic groups, or "pagi" as the Romans called them (singular: "pagus"; the French word "pays", "region" [a more accurate translation is 'country'], comes from this term), were organized into larger multi-clan groups, which the Romans called "civitates". These administrative groupings would be taken over by the Romans in their system of local control, and these "civitates" would also be the basis of France's eventual division into ecclesiastical bishoprics and dioceses, which would remain in place—with slight changes—until the French Revolution.


title: Gaul

text: Although the clans were moderately stable political entities, Gaul as a whole tended to be politically divided, there being virtually no unity among the various clans. Only during particularly trying times, such as the invasion of Caesar, could the Gauls unite under a single leader like Vercingetorix. Even then, however, the faction lines were clear.


title: Gaul

text: The Romans divided Gaul broadly into "Provincia" (the conquered area around the Mediterranean), and the northern Gallia Comata ("free Gaul" or "long-haired Gaul"). Caesar divided the people of Gallia Comata into three broad groups: the "Aquitani"; "Galli" (who in their own language were called "Celtae"); and "Belgae". In the modern sense, Gaulish peoples are defined linguistically, as speakers of dialects of the Gaulish language. While the Aquitani were probably Vascons, the Belgae would thus probably be a mixture of Celtic and Germanic elements.


title: Gaul

text: The Gauls practiced a form of animism, ascribing human characteristics to lakes, streams, mountains, and other natural features and granting them a quasi-divine status. Also, worship of animals was not uncommon; the animal most sacred to the Gauls was the boar which can be found on many Gallic military standards, much like the Roman eagle.


title: Gaul

text: Their system of gods and goddesses was loose, there being certain deities which virtually every Gallic person worshipped, as well as clan and household gods. Many of the major gods were related to Greek gods; the primary god worshipped at the time of the arrival of Caesar was Teutates, the Gallic equivalent of Mercury. The "ancestor god" of the Gauls was identified by Julius Caesar in his "Commentarii de Bello Gallico" with the Roman god Dis Pater.


title: Gaul

text: Perhaps the most intriguing facet of Gallic religion is the practice of the Druids. The druids presided over human or animal sacrifices that were made in wooded groves or crude temples. They also appear to have held the responsibility for preserving the annual agricultural calendar and instigating seasonal festivals which corresponded to key points of the lunar-solar calendar. The religious practices of druids were syncretic and borrowed from earlier pagan traditions, with probably indo-European roots. Julius Caesar mentions in his Gallic Wars that those Celts who wanted to make a close study of druidism went to Britain to do so. In a little over a century later, Gnaeus Julius Agricola mentions Roman armies attacking a large druid sanctuary in Anglesey in Wales. There is no certainty concerning the origin of the druids, but it is clear that they vehemently guarded the secrets of their order and held sway over the people of Gaul. Indeed, they claimed the right to determine questions of war and peace, and thereby held an "international" status. In addition, the Druids monitored the religion of ordinary Gauls and were in charge of educating the aristocracy. They also practiced a form of excommunication from the assembly of worshippers, which in ancient Gaul meant a separation from secular society as well. Thus the Druids were an important part of Gallic society. The nearly complete and mysterious disappearance of the Celtic language from most of the territorial lands of ancient Gaul, with the exception of Brittany, can be attributed to the fact that Celtic druids refused to allow the Celtic oral literature or traditional wisdom to be committed to the written letter.


title: Sutton Foster

text: Sutton Lenore Foster (born March 18, 1975) is an American actress, singer and dancer. She is known for her work on the Broadway stage, for which she has won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical twice, in 2002 for her role as Millie Dillmount in "Thoroughly Modern Millie", and in 2011 for her performance as Reno Sweeney in "Anything Goes", a role which she reprised in 2021 for a production in London and for which she received a nomination for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical. Her other Broadway credits include "Little Women", "The Drowsy Chaperone", "Young Frankenstein", "Shrek the Musical", "Violet", and "The Music Man". On television, Foster played the lead role in the short-lived ABC Family comedy-drama "Bunheads" from 2012 to 2013. From 2015 to 2021, she starred in the TV Land comedy-drama "Younger".


title: Sutton Foster

text: Foster was born on March 18, 1975 in Statesboro, Georgia, and raised in Troy, Michigan. At the age of 15, she was a contestant on the reality competition show "Star Search" and also auditioned for the cast of "The Mickey Mouse Club". She left Troy High School before graduating (she received her diploma via correspondence courses) to join the national tour of "The Will Rogers Follies" directed by Tommy Tune. She then attended Carnegie Mellon University for one year, but left to pursue a theatrical career full-time. In May 2012, she received an honorary doctorate from Ball State University, "in recognition of her outstanding career in theater, television and music and for her contributions to the educational experience and professional growth of Ball State students." Her older brother, Hunter Foster, is also an actor.


title: Sutton Foster

text: After touring in the role of Sandy Dumbrowski in the musical "Grease" throughout 1995, Foster transferred to the Broadway production in 1996. She left to appear in the ensemble of the Broadway musical "The Scarlet Pimpernel" in 1997, and after that closed she returned as the Star to Be in the revival of "Annie". In 1998, Foster appeared in "What the World Needs Now" at the Old Globe Theatre, before she began touring with "Les Misérables" as Eponine Thenardier. She then understudied the same role on Broadway in 2000.


title: Sutton Foster

text: Foster left "Les Misérables" to join the ensemble of "Thoroughly Modern Millie" in its pre-Broadway run at the La Jolla Playhouse. Original leading lady Kristin Chenoweth landed a television series shortly after rehearsals began and was replaced with Erin Dilly as Millie and Foster as her understudy. After apparent clashes between the creative team, a "mutual" decision was made for Dilly to leave the production. With only nine days remaining before the first preview, Foster took over the role of Millie Dilmount. During a hiatus (before "Millie" was set to open on Broadway), Foster appeared in "Dorian" at Goodspeed Musicals, "The Three Musketeers" at the American Musical Theatre of San Jose, and "South Pacific" at the Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera.


title: Sutton Foster

text: "Thoroughly Modern Millie" finally opened on Broadway at the Marquis Theatre in 2002, to positive reviews. "The New York Daily News" reviewer said: "newcomer Sutton Foster, who has the pert look, the silver voice and the dazzling legwork to make an extraordinarily winning Millie." Clive Barnes, reviewing for the "New York Post" wrote "Newcomer Sutton Foster's own star turn as Millie is perfectly charming, but as a star she doesn't twinkle, glitter or light up Broadway like a Christmas tree defying a July noon. But she has a good voice and is cutely agreeable." The "Newsday" reviewer wrote: "She has a smile that may remind you of Mary Tyler Moore, the gawky comic precision of the young Carol Burnett, the lyricism of a romantic heroine and a smallish but vibrant voice as accurate as it is expressive. As [Millie], another of New York's prototypical small-town girls with big-city dreams, [Sutton Foster] appears unfazed by the burden of a character created onscreen by Julie Andrews. The newcomer takes the big stage with an uninhibited what-the-heck comfort level and the discipline to go with her instincts." "Time Magazine" wrote: "she's [Sutton Foster] got the full package: girlish gawkiness and Broadway brass, the legs and the lungs. Foster is a big reason the show is just about the cutest thing to hit Broadway since Annie's dimples, with perkily retro songs by Jeanine Tesori and clever staging by director Michael Mayer..." Foster went on to win the 2002 Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical, the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical, and the Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical for her performance. During the run, Foster appeared in concert versions of "Chess" and "Funny Girl", before leaving in 2004.


title: Sutton Foster

text: Upon leaving, Foster did a concert version of "Snoopy! The Musical" and returned to the Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera for a production of "Me and My Girl" to wrap up the year. In May 2005, Foster co-starred as Jo March opposite Maureen McGovern as Marmee in the musical adaptation of Louisa May Alcott's classic novel "Little Women", for which she was nominated for her second Tony Award. The production closed after just a few months.


title: Sutton Foster

text: She returned to Broadway at the Marquis Theatre in May 2006 in "The Drowsy Chaperone", a spoof of 1920s musicals. She played Janet van de Graaff, a famous Broadway starlet who opts to forgo a stage career in favor of married life. The musical had a pre-Broadway run at the Ahmanson Theatre, Los Angeles in November to December 2005. Her performance earned her a third Tony nomination.


title: Sutton Foster

text: Foster left the musical in 2007 and co-starred in Mel Brooks' musical adaptation of his film "Young Frankenstein" as the Swedish yodeling fräulein Inga, first at the Paramount Theatre and then on Broadway from October 2007 to July 2008.


title: Sutton Foster

text: In 2007, Foster guest-starred on the children's musical puppet show "Johnny and the Sprites" and in a three-episode story arc on the HBO sitcom "Flight of the Conchords".


title: Sutton Foster

text: She left the show to play Princess Fiona in "Shrek the Musical", which opened on Broadway on December 14, 2008. For this role, Foster won her second Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical and was nominated for her fourth Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical. She played her final performance on January 3, 2010, when the show closed on Broadway. Foster participated in a reading of a work-in-progress new musical, "Bonnie and Clyde: A Folktale", in June 2009. Her brother, Hunter is writing the music for this musical.


title: Sutton Foster

text: Foster's debut solo album "Wish" was released by Ghostlight Records in February 2009. The songs range from jazz to pop to cabaret to Broadway. In 2010, Foster promoted the album with concert performances in Boston, New York City, Chicago, the Orange County Performing Arts Center in Orange County, California, and Washington, D.C.


title: Sutton Foster

text: Foster starred as Nurse Fay Apple in the New York City Center's Encores! production of "Anyone Can Whistle", which played from April 8 to 11, 2010. Foster made her Off-Broadway debut in Paul Weitz's comedy "Trust" with Zach Braff, Bobby Cannavale and Ari Graynor which began previews July 23, 2010 with an official opening August 12, running through September 12, 2010 at Second Stage Theatre. Foster and Seth Rudetsky participated in the one night only Actors Fund benefit concert version of "They're Playing Our Song" on August 30, 2010, at the Gerald W. Lynch Theater, John Jay College, New York. The full cast included Efé, Kaitlyn Davidson, Alex Ellis, Maynard, Matt Loehr, and Jesse Nager, and was directed by Denis Jones.


title: Sutton Foster

text: Foster taught a Spring Semester master class at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts Undergraduate Department of Drama, beginning in January 2010. It culminated in a cabaret performance at Joe's Pub in May titled "From Rodgers To Heart". She taught the master class again in Fall Semester 2010, culminating in another performance at Joe's Pub, "Crazy for Gershwin". Both were musically directed by Deborah Abramson. She is now on the faculty of NYU's New Studio on Broadway. Foster taught a week-long master class session at Ball State University (Muncie, IN) in January 2010. She continued her relationship with Ball State in September 2010 by working with students in the classroom, teaching master classes, and performing workshops for students of the Department of Theatre and Dance.


title: Sutton Foster

text: She also guest-starred in an episode of the NBC legal drama "" (opposite comedian Kathy Griffin), which aired on March 3, 2010.


title: Sutton Foster

text: Foster performed at the 33rd Annual Kennedy Center Honors in a tribute to Jerry Herman, singing "Before the Parade Passes By." She performed at the Kennedy Center Honors the following year in a tribute to Barbara Cook. She made a third appearance at the Kennedy Center Honors in 2013, performing for the tribute to Shirley MacLaine.


title: Sutton Foster

text: Foster performed a concert tour, "An Evening With Sutton Foster" from September 2010 to May 2011, performing songs from both her Broadway career and her solo album.


title: Sutton Foster

text: Foster played Reno Sweeney in the Broadway revival of "Anything Goes", which began performances on March 10, 2011, at the Stephen Sondheim Theatre and officially opened on April 7, 2011. Foster won her third Outer Critics Circle Award and second Drama Desk Award and Tony Award for her performance. Foster's final performance was on March 11, 2012, when she was replaced by Stephanie J. Block. Foster left to film the television comedy-drama "Bunheads", which premiered on ABC Family on June 11, 2012. Foster played the lead role in this short-lived 2012 ABC Family drama, developed by Amy Sherman-Palladino, the creator of "Gilmore Girls". She played former Las Vegas showgirl Michelle, who impulsively marries a man, moves to his small town, and begins teaching ballet lessons at her new mother-in-law's dance studio. She won the Gracie Award and received a nomination at the 3rd Critics' Choice Television Awards for Best Actress in a Comedy Series. The series was cancelled after a single season.


title: Sutton Foster

text: In the spring of 2012, she returned to Ball State, teaching classes, mentoring the interdisciplinary team that wrote the musical "The Circus in Winter", and co-directing the Department of Theatre and Dance's Spring 2012 production of "The Drowsy Chaperone"; she also spoke at commencement and received an Honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts degree for her continued engagement with Ball State students. Foster continued her relationship with Ball State in October 2012, performing in the staged reading of "The Circus in Winter" at the National Alliance for Musical Theatre's Festival of New Musicals at New World Stages in New York.


title: Sutton Foster

text: In 2013, Foster starred as Kerry in "Psych" actor James Roday's comedic thriller "Gravy". In 2014, she appeared opposite Robin Williams in the comedy "The Angriest Man in Brooklyn".


title: Sutton Foster

text: From March to August 2014, Foster starred in the Roundabout Theatre Company production of the musical "Violet" at the American Airlines Theatre. Foster received her sixth Tony Award nomination for her performance.


title: Sutton Foster

text: She made her Carnegie Hall debut in April 2015, with guest appearances from Joshua Henry and Megan McGinnis. This was part of a new tour effort "An Evening With Sutton Foster: Broadway In Concert", which continued through 2016.


title: Sutton Foster

text: She later was cast as the lead character of Liza Miller in the TV Land single-camera comedy-drama pilot "Younger", created by Darren Star. It was originally set to be released January 13, 2015 but she stated on January 31 in an interview at TETA TheatreFest 2015 in Houston, Texas that the release was delayed. The series premiered on March 31, 2015, and was renewed for a second season, which began airing in January 2016, shortly after it was renewed for a third season, set for a release at the end of the year. In July 2016, season three began filming, and the series was renewed for a fourth season. Season three aired to positive reviews in late 2016, and season 4 aired in summer 2017 with further positive reviews.


title: Sutton Foster

text: In 2016, she starred opposite Aaron Tveit and Betty Buckley in the Stephen Schwartz revue "Defying Gravity" in Australia.


title: Sutton Foster

text: She appeared in the Off-Broadway revival of "Sweet Charity" as Charity Hope Valentine at the Pershing Square Signature Center from November 2, 2016 (previews) to January 8, 2017.


title: Sutton Foster

text: Also in 2016, Foster played the role of Violet in the miniseries "" opposite her ex-husband, Christian Borle. The two perform a musical within the Summer episode about the history of Stars Hollow. She appeared on the game show "Match Game", broadcast on ABC in June 2016. She also made guest appearances on "The Good Wife" and "Mad Dogs".


title: Sutton Foster

text: In 2017, she once again returned to Ball State, this time to co-direct the Department of Theatre and Dance's Spring production of "Shrek: The Musical".


title: Sutton Foster

text: During December 2017, she performed as a guest artist for the Mormon Tabernacle Choir's annual Christmas concerts.


title: Sutton Foster

text: In December 2017 Foster, along with Jonathan Groff, performed a selection of songs from many shows. This is the "Live From Lincoln Center" performance from The Appel Room at Lincoln Center, which originally aired on PBS on April 20, 2018.


title: Sutton Foster

text: From July through October 2021, Foster reprised her role as Reno Sweeney in "Anything Goes" at the Barbican Theatre in London, earning rave reviews from British critics. For her performance, Foster was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical. The production was broadcast in UK cinemas on 28th November and 1st December 2021. The recorded performance also played at US cinemas on March 27 and 30, 2022 and later aired on the PBS series "Great Performances".


title: Sutton Foster

text: In October 2021, she published a book titled "Hooked," in which she opens up about how she used crafts, specifically cross-stitching, collaging and crocheting, to get through significantly challenging milestones in her life. She shares how using crafts as creative outlets helped her deal with painful experiences in her life and remain present and resilient.


title: Sutton Foster

text: In December 2021, she returned to Broadway, starring as Marian Paroo opposite Hugh Jackman in a revival of "The Music Man". For her performance, Foster received her seventh nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical and also won the Drama League Award for Distinguished Performance.


title: Sutton Foster

text: Foster met actor Christian Borle in college, and married him on September 18, 2006. The couple divorced in 2009. Foster and Borle still remain friends and continue to support each other's work. On September 19, 2013, Foster confirmed that she became engaged to screenwriter Ted Griffin. She and Griffin married on October 25, 2014. In April 2017, Foster announced that she and her husband adopted a baby girl, born March 5, 2017.


title: Sutton Foster

text: Foster is a self-proclaimed dog lover and has had three dogs since her Broadway debut: Linus, Mabel, and Brody.


title: Sutton Foster

text: She makes artwork which she sells online and occasionally at art exhibits. She has collaborated with visual artist Julien Havard, who previously worked as her dresser for nine years, beginning with "Thoroughly Modern Millie".


title: Sutton Foster

text: In December 2021, Foster tested positive for COVID-19 and was forced to miss performances of "The Music Man". Her swing, Kathy Voytko, stepped in for her to prevent the show from shutting down.


title: Sutton Foster

text: Over her career, she has been recognized by the Tony Awards and Laurence Olivier Awards for her work on the Broadway stage and London theatre for:


title: Scott Glenn

text: Theodore Scott Glenn (born January 26) is an American actor. His roles have included Pfc Glenn Kelly in "Nashville" (1975), Wes Hightower in "Urban Cowboy" (1980), astronaut Alan Shepard in "The Right Stuff" (1983), Emmett in "Silverado" (1985), Captain Bart Mancuso in "The Hunt for Red October" (1990), Jack Crawford in "The Silence of the Lambs" (1991), John Adcox in "Backdraft" (1991), Montgomery Wick in "Vertical Limit" (2000), Roger in "Training Day" (2001), Ezra Kramer in "The Bourne Ultimatum" (2007), Kevin Garvey Sr. in "The Leftovers" (2014–2017), and as Stick in both "Daredevil" (2015–2016) and "The Defenders" (2017).


title: Scott Glenn

text: Glenn has Irish and Native American ancestry. During his childhood, he was regularly ill, and for a year was bed-ridden, including having scarlet fever. Through intense training programs, he recovered from his illnesses, also overcoming a limp.


title: Scott Glenn

text: After graduating from a Pittsburgh High School, Glenn entered the College of William & Mary, where he majored in English. He joined the United States Marine Corps for three years, then worked for about seven months in 1963 as a news and sports reporter for the "Kenosha News", in Kenosha, Wisconsin. He tried to become an author, but found he could not write dialogue that satisfied the readers. To learn the art of dialogue, he began taking acting classes.


title: Scott Glenn

text: Glenn made his Broadway debut in "The Impossible Years" in 1965. He joined George Morrison's acting class, helping direct student plays to pay for his studies and appearing onstage in La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club productions.


title: Scott Glenn

text: In 1968, he joined The Actors Studio and began working in professional theatre and TV. Two of Glenn's early television roles were as Hal Currin in the 1966 crime series "Hawk", starring Burt Reynolds, and Calvin Brenner on the CBS daytime serial "The Edge of Night". In 1970, director James Bridges offered him his first movie role, in "The Baby Maker", released the same year.


title: Scott Glenn

text: Glenn spent eight years in Los Angeles, California, acting in small roles in films and doing TV stints, including a TV movie "Gargoyles." In 1978, Glenn left Los Angeles with his family for Ketchum, Idaho, and worked as a barman, huntsman, and mountain ranger, occasionally acting in Seattle stage productions. He appeared in Francis Ford Coppola's "Apocalypse Now" (1979) and worked with directors such as Jonathan Demme and Robert Altman.


title: Scott Glenn

text: In 1980, he appeared as ex-convict Wes Hightower in Bridges' "Urban Cowboy". After that, he starred in the World War II horror film, "The Keep" (1983), and action films such as "Wild Geese II" (1985) opposite Laurence Olivier, "Silverado" (1985), and "The Challenge" (1982), and drama films such as "The Right Stuff" (1983), TV film "Countdown to Looking Glass" (1984), "The River" (1984), and "Off Limits" (1988) as he alternately played good guys and bad guys during the 1980s. He returned to Broadway in "Burn This" in 1987. That same year, he tried his hand at gangster movies when he starred as the real-life sheriff turned gunman Verne Miller in the movie "Gangland: The Verne Miller Story", which was given a theatrical release only in Finland and went straight to video in the U.S.


title: Scott Glenn

text: In the beginning of the 1990s, Glenn's career was at its peak as he appeared in several well-known films, such as "The Hunt for Red October" (1990), "The Silence of the Lambs" (1991), "Backdraft" (1991), and "The Player" (1992). He played a vicious mob hitman in a critically acclaimed performance in "Night of the Running Man" (1995). Later, he gravitated toward more challenging movie roles, such as in the Freudian farce "Reckless" (1995), tragicomedy "Edie & Pen" (1997), and Ken Loach's sociopolitical declaration "Carla's Song". In the late 1990s, Glenn alternated between mainstream films ("Courage Under Fire" (1996), "Absolute Power" (1997)), independent projects ("Lesser Prophets" (1997) and "Larga distancia" (1998), written by his daughter Dakota Glenn) and TV ("Naked City: A Killer Christmas" (1998). He was also cast in a supporting role in "Training Day" (2001). Glenn was cast in the FX drama "Sons of Anarchy" (2008), as Clay Morrow, but he was replaced after an early pilot episode by Ron Perlman. He portrayed Eugene van Wingerdt in a leading role in the thriller film "The Barber". Glenn acted in the 2011 film "Sucker Punch" as Wise Man.


title: Scott Glenn

text: Glenn appeared in the drama "Freedom Writers", in which he played the father of Hilary Swank's character, and in "The Bourne Ultimatum" and "The Bourne Legacy" as CIA Director Ezra Kramer.


title: Scott Glenn

text: He played the character Stick in Netflix's television series "Daredevil" and returned to the character in "The Defenders" series a year later.


title: Scott Glenn

text: He married Carol Schwartz in 1968 and upon their marriage, Glenn converted to Judaism, his wife's faith, from Catholicism. They have two daughters.


title: Enemy (2013 film)

text: Enemy is a 2013 psychological drama film directed by Denis Villeneuve and produced by M. A. Faura and Niv Fichman. Written by Javier Gullón, it was loosely adapted from José Saramago's 2002 novel "The Double". The film stars Jake Gyllenhaal in a dual role as two men who are physically identical, but different in personality. Mélanie Laurent, Sarah Gadon, and Isabella Rossellini co-star. It is an international co-production of companies from Spain, France and Canada.


title: Enemy (2013 film)

text: "Enemy" premiered in the Special Presentation section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival on 8 September. Upon its wide release by A24 on 14 March 2014, the film earned $3.4 million at the box office and received positive reviews. "Enemy" earned ten nominations at the 2nd Canadian Screen Awards, winning five, including Best Director for Villeneuve, and Canadian Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress for Gadon. It was named Best Canadian Film of the Year at the Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 2014.


title: Enemy (2013 film)

text: A man attends an erotic show at an underground club, which culminates with a naked woman on the verge of crushing a live tarantula under her platform high-heel.


title: Enemy (2013 film)

text: Adam Bell, a college history professor, lives a quiet, monotonous life in Toronto. He rents a film, "Where There's a Will There's a Way", on the recommendation of a colleague, and spots an actor who looks strikingly like himself, briefly, in the film as a bellhop. Searching online, Adam identifies the actor as Anthony Claire, whose stage name is Daniel Saint Claire. Adam rents the other two films in which Anthony has appeared and becomes obsessed with the man, who appears to be his physical twin. Immediately afterwards, Adam searches some boxes in his own house and finds a photo of someone who looks like himself, with a woman's hand over his shoulder. However, part of the photo is torn out, making the woman impossible to identify.


title: Enemy (2013 film)

text: Adam stalks Anthony, visiting his talent agency, where he is mistaken for Anthony and given a confidential letter. Discovering Anthony's apartment in Mississauga, Adam calls the home, but reaches Anthony's pregnant wife, Helen. She also mistakes Adam's voice for Anthony's and assumes it's a joke, but Adam insists he is not Anthony. This frightens Helen, and Adam abruptly ends the call.


title: Enemy (2013 film)

text: Adam calls again later and reaches Anthony, who assumes Adam is a stalker and tells him not to call again. Helen confronts Anthony about the phone call and Adam's existence, but Anthony insists he knows nothing. Unconvinced, Helen researches Adam, discovers the college where he teaches, and finds him. Helen is visibly stunned at his exact resemblance to her husband, though Adam does not realize who Helen is.


title: Enemy (2013 film)

text: Anthony eventually calls Adam, and they agree to meet in a hotel room, where they discover that they are perfectly identical, even having the same scar. Adam is taken aback by Anthony's direct personality, says the meeting was a mistake, and swiftly departs. The two men begin having similar dreams, or perhaps the same dream, featuring first a naked woman with a spider's head, and later a giant skyscraper-sized spider walking amidst the buildings of the city where they live.


title: Enemy (2013 film)

text: The next day, Anthony is now stalking Adam. He sees Adam's girlfriend, Mary, whom he finds attractive. Anthony plots to accuse Adam of sleeping with his wife, and shame and manipulate Adam into letting him sleep with Mary to 'get even'. He demands Adam's clothes and car keys for a night, after which he promises to disappear forever. Adam complies. Anthony impersonates him and takes Mary to the hotel.


title: Enemy (2013 film)

text: Meanwhile, Adam goes to Anthony's apartment in retaliation, and is let inside. The building concierge desperately asks 'Anthony' to take him back to the underground sex club. Inside the apartment, Adam finds a framed photo on a shelf which looks like the one he had found earlier in his own house, but now the photo is intact, and the woman is revealed to be Helen. Adam tries to act as Anthony in front of Helen, but it appears that she recognizes his nicer demeanor. She pretends not to notice and cuddles with him. Later that night, however, Helen wakes to find Adam crying and apologizing; she tells him she prefers him and asks him to stay, then has sex with him.


title: Enemy (2013 film)

text: Back at the hotel, Mary panics during sex when she notices Anthony's wedding-ring mark and asks who he really is. Anthony claims he has always had the mark. She forces Anthony to drive her home; the two get into a fight in the car which results in a high-speed crash, presumably killing them both.


title: Enemy (2013 film)

text: The next day, Adam dresses in Anthony's clothes and finally opens the confidential letter received earlier. He finds the key to the underground sex club, given only to select members. He resolves to go there, and tells Helen that he's going out, but she doesn't respond. As he enters the bedroom, he sees, instead of Helen, a room-sized tarantula cowering against the rear wall. Adam, with a resigned look, sighs.


title: Enemy (2013 film)

text: A review in Indiewire compared the film to Christopher Nolan's "Memento", and called it an "engrossing Kafka-esque provocative psychological thriller" that "doesn't reveal itself easily".


title: Enemy (2013 film)

text: Both director Villeneuve and leading actor Gyllenhaal spoke of their desire to make the film a challenging exploration of the subconscious. To Villeneuve, "Enemy" is ultimately about repetition: the question of how to live and learn without repeating the same mistakes.


title: Enemy (2013 film)

text: Regarding the two physically identical characters, Villeneuve hints: "You don't know if they are two in reality, or maybe from a subconscious point of view, there's just one. It's maybe two sides of the same persona … or a fantastic event where you see another [self]."


title: Enemy (2013 film)

text: Gyllenhaal says that "Enemy" is "about a man who is married, his wife is pregnant, and he’s having an affair. He has to figure himself out before he can commit to life as an adult."


title: Enemy (2013 film)

text: Forrest Wickman of "Slate" points out that the opening line of the film, "Chaos is order yet undeciphered", is from the José Saramago novel "The Double", on which the film is based. Wickman suggests that "Enemy" is "a parable about what it's like to live under a totalitarian state without knowing it," and adds that the central irony is that even though the main character is an expert on the ways of totalitarian governments, he does not see the web that has overtaken the city until he is already stuck in it. To Wickman, "Enemy" suggests that this tendency to create totalitarian regimes is part of human nature, that it comes from within us, citing Villeneuve: "Sometimes you have compulsions that you can't control coming from the subconscious … they are the dictator inside ourselves."


title: Enemy (2013 film)

text: "Enemy" received generally positive reviews from critics, with many critics comparing the movie's style and atmosphere to the works of David Lynch. It has a 71% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 122 reviews, and a rating average of 6.6/10. The site's consensus states: "Thanks to a strong performance from Jake Gyllenhaal and smart direction from Denis Villeneuve, "Enemy" hits the mark as a tense, uncommonly adventurous thriller." The film also has a score of 61 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 30 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". A. O. Scott, movie critic for "The New York Times", wrote: "In any case, much of the fun in "Enemy," which is tightly constructed and expertly shot, lies in Mr. Gyllenhaal's playful and subtle performances... Its style is alluring and lurid, a study in hushed tones and yellowy hues, with jolts of anxiety provided by loud, scary music." "Enemy" was also praised by David Ehrlich of Film.com for having "the scariest ending of any film ever made."


title: Enemy (2013 film)

text: "Enemy" opened in a single theater in North America and grossed $16,161. Expanding later, the widest release for the film was 120 theaters. It ended up earning $1,008,726 domestically and $2,388,721 internationally for a total of $3,397,447.


title: Enemy (2013 film)

text: "Enemy" earned ten nominations at the 2nd Canadian Screen Awards, winning five, including Best Director for Villeneuve, and Canadian Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress for Gadon.


title: Tyler Posey

text: Tyler Garcia-Posey (born October 18, 1991) is an American actor and musician. He performed in his early years in a number of children's film and television roles, for which he was twice nominated for a Young Artist Award. He was known for his roles as Raul Garcia in "Doc" (2001–2004) and Ty Ventura in "Maid in Manhattan" (2002). As an adult, he is known for playing the central character Scott McCall in the MTV series "Teen Wolf" (2011–2017), although he has since been cast in a number of film roles and has also peformend in voice acting roles. In late 2011 to 2012, he won a number of youth acting awards, including a Teen Choice Award, and was nominated for several others. He was active for several years in the band Lost in Kostko, which he co-founded in 2009.


title: Tyler Posey

text: Posey was born in Santa Monica, California, to Cyndi Terese Garcia and actor-writer John Posey. He grew up in Santa Clarita, California. Posey has two brothers. He is of Mexican descent on his mother's side.


title: Tyler Posey

text: Posey has worked steadily in film and television. In February 2002, he appeared in the film "Collateral Damage"; in December of that year, he played the main character's son in the romantic comedy "Maid in Manhattan". He auditioned for the role of Jacob Black in the "Twilight" film series in 2007 but lost the role to his friend Taylor Lautner. The two regularly auditioned for the same roles as child actors.


title: Tyler Posey

text: That same year, Posey voiced a character in the pilot of the Disney original cartoon "SheZow", which aired on May 4 as a part of the Shorty McShorts' Shorts miniseries. In 2012, he co-starred in the film "White Frog". In 2011, Posey was cast in his breakout role as the lead in the MTV television series "Teen Wolf," which is based on the 1985 film. Posey plays high school student Scott McCall, who is bitten by a werewolf and must keep this fact secret while protecting his loved ones from a host of supernatural threats and beings. In 2015, he also became a co-producer for the fifth season of "Teen Wolf".


title: Tyler Posey

text: On May 24, 2017, Posey was cast as Lucas Moreno in the Blumhouse supernatural thriller film "Truth or Dare". The film was released in theaters on April 13, 2018.


title: Tyler Posey

text: On September 25, 2017, it was announced that Posey would join the third season of the VH1 slasher television series "Scream", starring in the role of Shane. The season premiered on July 8, 2019.


title: Tyler Posey

text: On February 20, 2019, it was announced that Posey would star as Michael Emerson in The CW's television reboot series of "The Lost Boys". On July 29, 2019, it was announced The CW was unhappy with the pilot and that Posey, along with most of the rest of the cast, would be recast.


title: Tyler Posey

text: On November 18, 2019, it was announced that Posey would star in Netflix's animated "Fast & Furious" television series "", which premiered on December 26, 2019.


title: Tyler Posey

text: Posey used to front and play guitar in the band Disappearing Jamie, formerly known as Lost in Kostko. Their first performance was at The Roxy in Los Angeles in 2012. Lost in Kostko released their eight-track EP "You're Going to Need a Towel" in 2011. Posey announced the band's breakup via Instagram on July 17, 2013.


title: Tyler Posey

text: In December 2016, Posey was a guest DJ at Emo Nite LA's second anniversary at the Echoplex in Los Angeles.